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Bhidauni

2026-05-05T07:57:00Z

Meeekil: Made Initial Entry First Draft

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bhidauni
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Yamuna Express way milestone near Bhidauni Village.jpg
| image_alt = The milestone is made in front of the way of turning entrance into village road.

| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Bhidauni on the map of Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|27|45|25|N|77|41|40|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mathura district|Mathura]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Lok Sabha]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mant (Assembly constituency)]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Vidhan Sabha]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Mathura]]
| government_type = [[Local government in India]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| leader_title1 = Pradhan
| leader_name1 = Laxmi Devi <ref>{{cite news |title=The swearing-in ceremony of the newly elected head and ward members was completed in the Gram Panchayat Bhidauni |url=https://editionweek.com/bhidauni-gram-panchayat-oath-ceremony-2021/ |access-date=24 October 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815162727/https://editionweek.com/bhidauni-gram-panchayat-oath-ceremony-2021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| elevation_m = 189
| population_total = 3256
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym = 
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Local
| demographics1_info2 = [[Braj Bhasha]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 281205
| registration_plate = UP85 ''XXXX''
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Vrindavan]], [[Bajna, India|Bajna]], [[Khair]], [[Raya, Uttar Pradesh|Raya]], [[Mathura]]
| website = {{url|http://bhidauni.com}}
}}
'''Bhidauni''' is a village and [[Gram panchayat]] of two villages, [[Kewat Nagla]] and Bhidauni officially known as [[Bhidauni Bangar]] located between the [[Yamuna]] river and [[Yamuna Expressway]]<ref>{{cite news |title=एक्सप्रेस वे पर कट की मांग |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-14378690.html |access-date=25 July 2016 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> in the [[Mant Tehsil|Mat Tehsil]] of [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is situated approximately 45 kilometers (28 miles) away from Mathura City, on the Raya Road connecting via Mant to Naujheel Road.<ref name="Village:Bhidauni Bangar">{{cite web|title=Village:Bhidauni Bangar|url=http://garv.gov.in/garv2/dashboard/village/123925|website=garv.gov.in|access-date=14 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914220447/http://garv.gov.in/garv2/dashboard/village/123925|archive-date=14 September 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>



== History ==
Bhidauni is a large village and gram panchayat in [[Nauhjheel]] Block of [[Mant Tehsil]] in [[Mathura district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]. <ref>{{cite news |title=बारिश के लिए तप पर बैठा युवक |language=hi |work=Amar Ujala |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura/austerity-mathura-news-agr4525696101 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref> It is situated near the Yamuna river and is part of the Braj region. The village developed as an agricultural settlement and later gained importance due to its proximity to the Yamuna Expressway. Nearby Surir became a local commercial centre for villagers. <ref>{{cite news |title=बड़ों को छोड़ा, छोटे भूमाफिया पर पुलिस का शिकंजा |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/151513174314-agra-news |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=HINDI |first1=NYOOOZ |title=बड़ों को छोड़ा, छोटे भूमाफिया पर पुलिस का शिकंजा {{!}} Agra NYOOOZ |url=https://www.hindi.nyoooz.com/news/agra/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8-%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE_175252/ |access-date=31 July 2020 |work=NYOOOZ HINDI |language=hindi}}</ref>

== Geography==
At an average elevation of 189 meters (600 feet), Bhidauni is situated just 2 kilometers (1.2 miles) away from the Yamuna Expressway, also known as the Taj Expressway, which connects Agra to Greater Noida and Delhi.

{| class="wikitable sortable|right"
|-
| State code || 09
|-
| District code|| 145
|-
| Tahsil code || 00762
|-
|Gram Panchayat Code: || 78175 <ref>{{cite web |title=Panchayati Raj Department - Govt of Uttar Pradesh |url=http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/Reports/PB2FormReport?ReportType=Filled&District=MATHURA |website=panchayatiraj.up.nic.in |access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Village code || 123925 <ref name="Village:Bhidauni Bangar"/><ref>{{cite web |title=ग्राम का नाम : भिदौनी बांगर |url=https://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/gramKhatauniPrint.jsp?pageId=RGPPR&gram=123925&kt=vk |website=upbhulekh.gov.in |access-date=1 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201172029/https://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/gramKhatauniPrint.jsp?pageId=RGPPR&gram=123925&kt=vk |archive-date=1 February 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=BhuLekh - भिदौनी बांगर|journal=Upbhulekh.gov.in|volume=13422|url=http://upbhulekh.gov.in/public/village_list_new.jsp?iPageNo=269|access-date=19 April 2017}}</ref>
|}

=== Topography ===
According to the geographical location of Bhiduni village, it is a rural area in the foothills of Yamuna, the plains here are full of sand, which collects river and rain water every year in the area near the river. The soil of Bhidauni Khadar is mainly sandy and alluvial soil is also found in some part of the village.

=== Climate ===
The climate of Bhidauni has a semi-arid climate which is a tropical monsoon one. Mild winters, dry summers, hot sun and hot winds are common in the village, which is also known as rural heat, and is the monsoon season. There is a slight variation in the monsoon, but it rains here with occasional light showers, not as heavy as monsoon in other parts of India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Extended weather forecast for Bhidauni bangar: 15 days forecast for Bhidauni bangar, Uttar pradesh |url=https://www.skymetweather.com/forecast/weather/india/uttar%20pradesh/mathura/bhidauni%20bangar/extended-forecast |website=www.skymetweather.com |access-date=23 November 2021}}</ref>



=== Water Management ===
There is a problem of saline water in the village. The village man has to bring the nearby tubewell and well water to the portable drinking water. farmer's now using deep borewell for farming.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Gram Panchayat / PRI / Village Committee|first1=Bhidauni|title=SCHEMES HANDED OVER TO COMMUNITY|url=http://indiawater.gov.in/IMISWeb/Reports/rws/Schemes/Rep_EntryHandedtoCommunity_PRIDetails.aspx?BlockId=owjcYWgXTpHfixfpfLpEKw%3D%3D&DistrictName=EQjeZD3Zpkc%3D&StateName=EviwSIOpgOPcPzx1ySAj7g%3D%3D&BlockName=hKzt0G4dew6R3zqLssUiIg%3D%3D|website=indiawater.gov.in|access-date=21 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="jagran.com">{{cite web|title=खेतों में उग आया गेहूं का मामा-गुल्ली डंडा 11946010|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-11946010.html|website=jagran|access-date=14 March 2017}}</ref><ref name="15 फीट और खिसका जलस्तर- Amarujala">{{cite web|title=15 फीट और खिसका जलस्तर- Amarujala|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura/low-water-level-in-naujheel|website=Amar Ujala|access-date=14 March 2017|language=en}}</ref> With the problem of salt water now drinking water is also being contaminated.<ref>{{cite news|title=दूसरे दिन भी पीने को पानी लेकर आए टैंकर 16094400|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-16094400.html|access-date=10 June 2017|work=jagran}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DEENDAYAL UPADHYAYA GRAM JYOTI YOJANA-PROGRESS OF VILLAGE ELECTRIFICATION|url=http://www.ddugjy.gov.in/mis/portal/villcoverdetails.jsp?villcd=01747600&estcd=09&edtcd=17&blkcd=0160&elect_status=U&elect_status1=D&elect_status2=&t=0|website=www.ddugjy.gov.in|access-date=24 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125015941/http://www.ddugjy.gov.in/mis/portal/villcoverdetails.jsp?villcd=01747600&estcd=09&edtcd=17&blkcd=0160&elect_status=U&elect_status1=D&elect_status2=&t=0|archive-date=25 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Population ===
The residents or natives of Bhidauni and surroundings are called ''Brijwasi''. The village had a population of 3,256 at the time of the [[Census of India, 2011|2011 census of India]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Polling Stations List for Lok Sabha Elections 2014|agency=empowering india}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ननरभरचक नभमभरलल 2014 भिदौनी|url=http://164.100.180.82/Rollpdf/AC082/S24A082P178.pdf|access-date=14 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002170920/http://164.100.180.82/Rollpdf/AC082/S24A082P178.pdf|archive-date=2 October 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Human sex ratio|sex ratio]] was 880 and [[child sex ratio]] is 890. [[Uttar Pradesh]] state average for both ratios is 912 and 902 respectively.
[[File:Cute Indian child with her mother.jpg|thumb|Indian child with turban from Bhidauni Village]]
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Particulars !! Total !! Male !! Female !! Comments
|-
| Total No. of Houses || 485 || — || — || rowspan=8|(census 2011)<ref>{{cite web |title=Census of India 2011 (Bhidauni, Uttar Pradesh) |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0914_PART_B_DCHB_MATHURA.pdf |access-date=10 August 2020}}</ref>
|-
| Population || 3,256 || 1,732 || 1,524
|-
| Child (0–6) || 582 || 308 || 274
|-
| Schedule Caste || 977 || 506|| 471
|-
| Literacy || 64.36% || 76.76% || 50.24%
|-
| Total Workers || 1,111 || 817 || 294
|-
| Main Worker || 701 || 0 || 0
|-
| Marginal Worker|| 410 || 0 || 0
|}

There are no people from [[Scheduled Tribe]]s in the village. The [[Schedule Caste]]s, constitute 30.01% of the population

=== Ethnicity ===
The caste system is a prominent social system in Bhidauni village, which is primarily determined by an individual's karma. The system is divided into four varnas - Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra, with sub-castes further dividing each varna. The village has scheduled castes like Jatav and Valmiki, along with other backward castes such as Baghel, Kumhar, and Khatik. The general castes consist of Brahmin and Thakur, with a similar ratio of 45%, and one house of Baniya. <ref>{{cite news |title=The UP Caste Calculus: What the State's Poll History Tells Us about Who Stands Where |url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/the-up-caste-calculus-what-the-states-poll-history-tells-us-about-who-stands-where-4283663.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=News18 |date=4 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=आधुनिक भारत में जाति का सवाल |url=http://www.jansatta.com/index.php/component/content/article/20-2009-09-11-07-46-16/11683-2012-02-16-04-12-40/ |access-date=23 November 2021 |date=30 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730095539/http://www.jansatta.com/index.php/component/content/article/20-2009-09-11-07-46-16/11683-2012-02-16-04-12-40/ |archive-date=30 July 2013 }}</ref>

Apart from the Hindu castes, However, a small minority of Muslim families also reside in the village. In total, there are eight Hindu castes in the village - Brahmin, Thakur, Baniya, Jatav, Baghel, Kumhar, Nai (Barber), and Kadhere. The caste system and religion have a significant influence on the village's cultural practices and social hierarchy, affecting everything from marriage customs to economic opportunities.

The interplay between caste and religious diversity in Bhidauni village shapes the social and cultural practices of the community and reflects the complex tapestry of India's diversity.

There is a small, separate village for Kewat or Mallah, located approximately 2 kilometers away from Bhidauni village. Several Mallah families reside in this village.

=== Religion ===
Hinduism and Islam are the two main religions practiced in the village, Hinduism is the predominant religion in the village, and the most celebrated festivals are dedicated to Lord Krishna. Janmashtami, the birthday of Lord Krishna, is one of the most important festivals in Bhidauni. The entire village comes alive with the sounds of bhajans, kirtans, and the smell of delicious sweets and snacks. People decorate their houses with lights and flowers, and the temple of Lord Krishna is beautifully decorated with flowers, lights, and rangolis. Devotees gather in large numbers to offer prayers and seek the blessings of Lord Krishna.

Raksha Bandhan is another festival that is widely celebrated in Bhidauni. It is a festival that celebrates the bond between brothers and sisters. Sisters tie rakhi, a sacred thread, on their brothers' wrists as a symbol of their love and protection. Brothers, in turn, pledge to protect their sisters throughout their lives. The festival is celebrated with great enthusiasm, and families come together to share sweets and gifts.

Diwali and Holi are two other major festivals celebrated in the village. Diwali, the festival of lights, is celebrated with the lighting of diyas and candles, decorating homes with rangolis, and bursting crackers. People also visit each other's houses to exchange sweets and gifts. Holi, the festival of colors, is celebrated with the throwing of colors and water on each other. People sing and dance to the beat of dhol and enjoy delicious food and sweets.

Islam is the second-largest religion in Bhidauni, and the village has no mosque Muslims families offer prayers inside thair house and they pray five times a day. The month of Ramadan is an important festival for Muslims, and people fast from dawn to dusk and break their fast in the evening with a feast. Eid-ul-Fitr and Eid-ul-Adha are two other major festivals celebrated by Muslims in the village.

=== Languages ===
The native language of Bhidauni is [[Hindi]] and [[Braj Bhasha]].{{Citation needed|date=November 2021}}

== Government and politics ==
=== Civic Administration ===
Bhidauni is administrated by a Pradhan (Head of Village) who is an elected representative. The village follows the Panchayati raj system.<ref>{{cite web|title=District: Mathura, Block: NAUJHIL, Gram Panchayat: BHIDAUNI BANGAR|url=http://fcs.up.nic.in/upfood/fcsportal/ERCMSMasterCorrection/FPS_Report_Public/ERCMS_Mas_Town_VillageFilter_Public.aspx?dcode=145&bcode=001986&panchayat=058626&Area=R|website=fcs.up.nic.in|publisher=fcs up|access-date=16 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717013251/http://fcs.up.nic.in/upfood/fcsportal/ERCMSMasterCorrection/FPS_Report_Public/ERCMS_Mas_Town_VillageFilter_Public.aspx?dcode=145&bcode=001986&panchayat=058626&Area=R|archive-date=17 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===List of Gram Pradhan===

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|-align=center
! Name !! Reserved !! Caste !! Tenure !! Total !! Opposition !! Margin !! Achievement !! Remark
|-
| Ram Ballabh Bhattacharyya || General || Kayastha || 1952 to 1954 || 2 year || || || ||
|-
| Kumar || General || Thakur|| 1954–1958 || 3 Year || || || ||
|-
| Babu Lal || General ||Brahmin|| (1959–60) – (1985) || 25 Year || || || ||
|-
| Kisan Lal Thakur || General || Thakur ||1985–1990 || 5 Year || || || Fields Distribution ||
|-
| Lala Ram || General ||Brahmin|| 1990–1995 || 5 year || || || Road Development ||
|-
| Rammo || SC || Valmiki|| 1995–2000 || 5 year || || || ||
|-
| Laccho || OBC (Female) || Nishad (Female) || 2000–2005 || 5 year || || || ||
|-
| Khushi Ram Thakur || General || Thakur || 2005–2010 || 5 year || || || ||
|-
| Meera Devi<ref>{{cite web|last1=State Election Commission|first1=Gram Panchayat|title=panchayat samanya nirvachan 2010|website=sec.up.nic.in|url=http://sec.up.nic.in/site/fonts/gpp_0703.pdf|publisher=State Election Commission Uttar Pradesh|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Service|first1=Samiksha Bharti News|title=67 में से 33 महिला बनेंगी प्रधान|url=http://mathuraxpress.com/news/index.php/modules-menu/6339-67-33|access-date=19 April 2017|work=Mathuraxpress.com|language=en-gb}}</ref> ||General (Female) || Thakur || 2010–2015 || 5 Year || Dr. Mahesh Rawat || || Roads Development ||
|-
| Kartar Singh<ref>{{cite web|title=Panchayati Raj Department - Govt of Uttar Pradesh|url=http://panchayatiraj.up.nic.in/pblc_pg/Reports/PB2FormReport?ReportType=Filled&District=MATHURA|access-date=2020-09-16|website=panchayatiraj.up.nic.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Election|first1=Gram Panchayat|title=State Election Commission Uttar Pradesh 2015, Lucknow|url=http://sec.up.nic.in/ElecLive/WinnerList.aspx|website=sec.up.nic.in|publisher=State Election Commission Uttar Pradesh|access-date=14 December 2015}}</ref>|| SC || Jatav|| 25 Dec 2015 to 25 Dec 2020 Onwards<ref>{{cite web|title=UP Panchayat Election 2020: एक से मतदाता सूची का पुनरीक्षण, 29 दिसंबर को आएगी वोटर लिस्ट|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/story-up-panchayat-election-2020-latest-update-voter-list-will-come-on-december-29-gram-pradhan-bdc-district-panchayat-member-1-october-3492124.html|access-date=2020-09-16|website=Hindustan|language=hindi}}</ref>|| 5 year || Rammo Valmiki || 39.91% || School, Roads ||
|-
| Laxmi Devi || General (Female)<ref>{{cite news |title=मथुरा पंचायत चुनाव: जिला पंचायत सदस्य से लेकर ग्राम प्रधान तक आरक्षण घोषित, यहां देखें पूरी सूची |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/agra/up-panchayat-chunav-2021-news-caste-wise-reservation-for-gram-pradhan-releases-in-mathura?pageId=2 |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> || Brahmin || Assumed office 3 May 2021 <ref>{{cite news |title=State Election Commission::UP |url=http://sec.up.nic.in/site/WinnerListPRI2021.aspx |access-date=14 June 2021 |work=sec.up.nic.in}}</ref>|| 5Y || Meera Devi || 57 || Safai Abhiyan ||
|}

===Ward Members ===
Current civic administration body of village consists of 14 ward members elected in 2021.<ref>{{cite news |title=The swearing-in ceremony of the newly elected head and ward members was completed in the Gram Panchayat Bhidauni |url=https://editionweek.com/bhidauni-gram-panchayat-oath-ceremony-2021/ |access-date=28 October 2021 |archive-date=15 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815162727/https://editionweek.com/bhidauni-gram-panchayat-oath-ceremony-2021/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Politics===
[[Mant (Assembly constituency)]] is the Vidhan Sabha constituency.<ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=11 Nov 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref> [[Mathura (Lok Sabha constituency)]] is the parliamentary constituency.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/parliamentary-constituencies/mathura.html#sthash.Np3vzKmF.dpuf|title=Mathura General (Lok Sabha) Election Results 2019|website=elections.in|access-date=2 March 2021}}</ref>


=== Civic Utility / Amenities / Services ===
;Medical/health
There is no hospital or health centre in the village, so its residents have to go to nearby towns and cities for treatment.<ref>{{cite news |title=भिदौनी में बालिका की मौत, आठ मिले डेंगू मरीज |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-girl-dies-in-bhidauni-eight-dengue-patients-found-22099602.html |access-date=19 October 2021 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> After years in 2020–21, dozens of people died of dengue fever in Bhidauni village, hundreds of people have come under dengue fever, on the orders of the village district magistrate, the primary school of the village has been made a temporary hospital and a 24-hour ambulance facility has been made. People have taken it as an epidemic.<ref>{{cite news |title=भिदौनी में प्राथमिक विद्यालय में बनाया अस्थायी अस्पताल |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura/temporary-hospital-built-in-primary-school-in-bhidauni-mathura-news-mtr5077106166 |access-date=28 October 2021 |work=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=बुखार से तड़पते बच्‍चों को बांट दी एक्‍सपायरी दवा, मथुरा के गांव में सामने आई बड़ी लापरवाही - Big negligence distribution of expired medicine to fever patients children health deteriorated in Mathura |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/agra-city-big-negligence-distribution-of-expired-medicine-to-fever-patients-children-health-deteriorated-in-mathura-22157571.html |access-date=5 May 2024 |work=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

;Cowshed (Gaushaala)

Disturbed by the bovine wandering in the open in the village, farmers barricaded the wires on the land of cows and closed more than 200 cows in the open and a temporary cowshed has been built, the villagers provided fodder water for the cows a committee has been constituted to take care of and according to the Department of Revenue, this gaushala has been built on government land and for this, there are assurances by the officials about some grants from the government, but till now neither the grant from the Yogi government nor any facility has been received for the gaushala.<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रशासन ने नहीं दी सरकारी मदद, गोशाला में 25 गोवंश मरे |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura/govance-die-in-mthura-mathura-news-agr4328929189 |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

== Economy ==
The village's main occupation is agriculture. Farmers mainly produce [[wheat]], [[Mustard plant|mustard]] (or [[rapeseed]]), [[potato]] and other vegetables. Production of [[Paddy field|paddy]] has been introduced recently with the introduction of deep bore-wells. Sub-soil water is the main source of irrigation. Farmer use tractors for farm works. Many families there live in poverty. Some are farm workers, some of the people go to neighbouring cities for extra income or their livelihood. <ref name="15 फीट और खिसका जलस्तर- Amarujala"/> Some people work near the cities and some are involved in defence services. There are also poor labourers who work at the local brick kilns<ref>{{cite news|title=बुग्गी चालक को उठा ले गए बोलेरो सवार 16121178|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-16121178.html|access-date=18 July 2017|work=jagran}}</ref>


== Transport ==

Villagers have been using their personal vehicles to reach travel from one place to other villages and the city. For travelling to nearby villages motorcycle, Tractor are more popular. Bullcart or camel cart are still used in villages as means of transport.

=== By Rail ===
Mathura Railway Junction around {{convert|45|km}} is the nearest railway junction.

The nearest railway stations in and around Bhidauni Bangar:
* Chhata Railway Station {{cvt|39.6|km}}.
* Kosi Kalan Railway Station, {{cvt|42.8|km}}.
* Raya Railway Station {{cvt|31.9|km}}. (via Raya — Mant Rd)

=== By Road ===
[[File:Bhidauni Road.jpg|thumb|The Road is connect to Bhidauni village & Surir village to main that connects farmers.]]
Bhidauni Village is connected to major road Yamuna Expressway though Raya Cut & Vrindavan Cut and Surir bypass is also afflicted to get off but not an authorized Stop. Raya  — Bajna Road also connects to Mathura and in fact shortest way to reach Bhidauni vai [[Surir]] by road.

=== By Air ===
Airports present near Bhidauni are:
*Aligarh Airport {{cvt|46.6|km}}.
*Agra Air Force Station {{cvt|73.0|km}}.
*Safdarjung Airport {{cvt|102.3|km}}.

==Education ==
There is a primary school and Government Higher Secondary School run by the Uttar Pradesh Board of Secondary Education, there is a hand pump and a summerable pump for the provision of fresh water for the children, there is a children's play garden which is in the school courtyard around which And green trees are planted. There is also a private school, Hariram Inter College, which is recognized by the Uttar Pradesh government, but the children of the village study up to Intermediate.<ref>{{cite news |title=न्याय पंचायत स्तरीय खेल प्रतियोगिता आयोजित |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura/story-nyay-panchayat-level-sports-competition-organized-2703781.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=रास्ते के विवाद में झगड़ा, चार गिरफ्तार |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura/story-quarrel-over-road-dispute-four-arrested-4872199.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=आओ बच्चों आपका स्वागत है.. |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/mathura-mathura-21419834.html |access-date=23 November 2021 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

===Schools===
[[File:Junior High School Bhidauni.jpg|thumb|Government Junior High School near bhidauni village.]]
* Prathmik Vidyalaya Bhidauni <ref>{{cite news |title=Mathura News: बेसिक स्कूल के बच्चों ने कबड्डी में दिखाया दम |url=https://circle.page/post/1180287 |access-date=22 August 2019 |work=Circle.com |language=en}}{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
*Junior High School Bhidauni (Purva Madhyamik Vidyalaya)
* Government Higher Secondary School <ref>{{cite web |title= GOVT HSS BHIDAUNI N MATHURA (10213), MATHURA, AGRA DIVISION - SCHOOLDETAIL|url=http://madhyamikshiksha.upsdc.gov.in/en-us/School-Detail/School/10213-govt-hss-bhidauni-n-mathura-mathura-agra-division |access-date=4 November 2019 |work=madhyamikshiksha.upsdc.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>
* Kundan Lal Hariram Inter College

===Colleges===
* [[Rashtriya Inter College Surir]], Uttar Pradesh 281205<ref>{{cite web|title=RASHTRIYA INTER COLLEGE SURIR MATHURA|url=http://upmspboard.com/About-College-RASHTRIYA-INTER-COLLEGE-SURIR-MATHURA.html|website=upmspboard.com|access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref> 

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Bhidauni}}
* [https://www.facebook.com/Bhidauni Official Facebook Page]

{{Portal|India}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Adjacent communities
| Centre = Bhidauni
| North = [[Chaumuha Tehsil]]
| Northeast =
| East = [[Hathras district]]
| Southeast =
| South = [[Mant Tehsil|Mat Tehsil]]
| Southwest = [[Chaumuha Tehsil|Chaumuha]]
| West = [[Chhata Tehsil]]
| Northwest =
}}
{{Mathura district}}
{{Villages in Mant Tehsil}}
{{Villages in Mathura district}}
{{Local government in India}}

[[Category:Villages in Mathura district]]

Mangalasutra

2026-05-04T17:10:42Z

Meeekil: starting pg.

{{short description|Necklace, tied around the bride's neck in Hindu weddings}}
{{about|the necklace|the 1966 film|Mangalasutram (film)|the Buddhist discourse|Mangala Sutta}}
{{redirect|Thaali}}
{{more citations needed|date=October 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
[[File:Indian Mangalsutra.jpg|thumb|Indian Mangalsutra with black beads]]
A '''mangala sutra''' ({{Langx|engvar=in|sa|मङ्गलसूत्रम्|translit=maṅgalasūtram}}), or '''tali''' (ISO: ''tāḷi''), is a necklace worn by certain groups of married women from the Indian subcontinent. It is typically associated with [[Hindu wedding|Hindu weddings]], during which a ceremony known as the {{Language with name/for|sa-Latn|Mangalya Dharanam|wearing the auspicious}} may be conducted, upon which the mangalasutra is tied around the neck of the bride by the groom. Depending on regions and communities, its use is attested among some non-Hindus, though the rituals and beliefs attached to it may differ. Similarly, this necklace and its ceremonial use are not a systematic element of Hindu matrimonial traditions, being absent, at least historically, in several communities.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Flueckiger |first=Joyce Burkhalter |title=Material acts in everyday Hindu worlds |date=2020 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-1-4384-8011-4 |series=SUNY series in Hindu studies |location=Albany (N.Y.) |pages=24-27 |chapter=Agency of Ornaments: Identity, Protection, and Auspiciousness}}</ref>

''Mangalasutra'' literally means "an auspicious thread"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ruffle |first=Karen G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zfrcuM57kywC&pg=PA173 |title=Gender, Sainthood, & Everyday Practice in South Asian Shi'ism |date=2011 |publisher=Univ of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-3475-6 |pages=173 |language=en}}</ref> that is knotted around the bride's neck and is worn by her for the remainder of her marriage. It is usually a [[necklace]] with black beads strung from a black or yellow [[yarn|thread]] prepared with [[turmeric]]. Sometimes gold, white or red beads are also added to the mangala sutra, depending on regional variation. The necklace serves as a [[Visual markers of marital status|visual marker of marital status]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hinduism.about.com/od/matrimonial1/a/mangalsutra.htm|title=Mangalsutra Necklace - Hindu Symbol of Love & Marriage|author=Subhamoy Das|work=About.com Religion & Spirituality|access-date=8 May 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513102744/http://hinduism.about.com/od/matrimonial1/a/mangalsutra.htm|archive-date=13 May 2016}}</ref>

The tying of the mangala sutra is a common practice in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Nepal]]. The idea of sacred thread existed for centuries, even going back to the [[Sangam period]]. But the nature of these auspicious threads has evolved over time and varies widely according to various communities.

==Names==
The nuptial chain can take several names depending on languages, while its Sanskrit denomination, {{Transliteration|sa|maṅgalasūtram}}, remains the most widespread one:
* {{Langx|ta|மாங்கல்யம்|mangalyam}}, or {{Lang|ta|திருமாங்கல்யம்}}, {{Transliteration|ta|thirumangalyam}}
* {{langx|mr|मंगळसूत्र|mangala sutra}}
* {{langx|kn|ಮಾಂಗಲ್ಯ ಸೂತ್ರ|mangalyasutra}}
* {{Langx|te|మాంగళ్యము|mangalyamu}}, or {{Lang|te|మంగళసూత్రము}}, {{Transliteration|te|mangalasutramu}}, or {{Lang|te|పుస్తెలు}}, {{Transliteration|te|pustelu}}
The root word ''Tali'' can also be mentioned, common among languages from Southern India and Ceylon Island:

* {{langx|ta|தாலி|tali}}
* {{Langx|kn|ತಾಳಿ|tali}}
* {{langx|te|తాళి|tali}}
* {{Langx|tcy|ತಾಲಿ|tali}}
* {{langx|ml|താലി|tali}}
* {{langx|si|තැල්ල|thella}}

In [[Southern India]], the notion of tali (or {{Transliteration|te|puste}} in Telugu, {{Transliteration|mr|vati}} in Marathi) mainly designates the [[pendant]] mounted to the necklace, while mangala sutra or mangalyam refers to the necklace in its whole, respecting its initial meaning.
<gallery class="center" caption="The ''Mangalya Dharanam'' ceremony">
File:Reddy Thali.jpg|A mangala sutra before being tied around a bride's neck.
File:Mangalsutra.jpg|The sacred ceremony of tying the mangala sutra, in a North Indian wedding.
File:Tying the mangalsutra.png|Tying of the mangala sutra in a Telugu mixed marriage.
</gallery>

== History ==
The mangala sutra's origin dates back to the 4th century CE, referred to as the mangalya sutra in the ''[[Lalita Sahasranama]]'',{{sfn|Tagare|1958a}}{{sfn|Rocher|1986|p=157|ps=, with footnotes}} and the ''[[Purananuru]]'', a [[Sangam literature|Sangam]] text, mentions a sacred marriage tali upon [[Ay dynasty|Ay]] country women neck.<ref>{{cite web |title=Poem: Purananuru - Part 127 by George L. III Hart |url=https://www.poetrynook.com/poem/purananuru-part-127 |website=www.poetrynook.com}}</ref> It also finds a mention in the 6th century CE as a single yellow thread that was tied around the bride for protection from other men and evil spirits.

The concept of mangala sutra has evolved over centuries, and has become an integral part of marriages among several Indian communities. Historian of Indian jewellery, Usha Balakrishnan, explains that the mangala sutra had previously referred to a literal thread as opposed to an item of jewellery.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2021-11-05|title=How the concept of Mangal Sutra has evolved over the centuries|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/research/how-the-concept-of-mangal-sutra-has-evolved-over-the-centuries-7607983/|access-date=2021-11-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The significance of the mangala sutra is described by [[Adi Shankara]] in the ''[[Soundarya Lahari]]''. According to Hindu tradition, the mangala sutra is worn for the long life of the husband. As told by religious customs and social expectations, married women should wear mangala sutra throughout their life as it is believed that the practice enhances the well-being of her husband. Bridal jewellery in ancient times also worked as a financial security against old age and widowhood, even though women did have property rights.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite book|author=Laurie Patton |title=Jewels of Authority: Women and Textual Tradition in Hindu India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmbRCwAAQBAJ |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-535064-7 |page=39}}</ref>

There are many communities in India among whom the mangala sutra seems to be absent, and other forms of marital tokens are traditional. For example, in large parts of North India, [[Vermilion|vermillion]] on hair parting ([[sindoor]]), [[Toe ring|toe rings]] (''bichiya''), and glass [[Bangle|bangles]] indicate the marital status of a woman.<ref name=":3" /> Such as the [[Choora|chooras]] of the [[Punjabis]] or the ''shaka pola'' of the [[Bengalis]], a pair of [[Seashell|shell]] and [[red coral]] bangles. In [[Kashmir Valley|Kashmir]], [[Kashmiri Pandits|Pandit]] women receive a pair of [[dejhoor]] upon their wedding, an ear pendant whose shape can change according to the families, the clans, or the regions of the valley.

==Designs==
[[File:Kailasa Gowri Nomu.jpg|thumb|543x543px|Married [[Telugu people|Telugu]] women on the occasion of ''Kailasa Gowri [[Vrata|Nommu]]''. A [[Religious fasting|fast]] where rituals are conducted on mangalasutras.]]
Mangala sutras are made in a variety of designs. The common ones are the ''Lakshmi tali'' worn by the [[Telugu people|Telugus]] of [[Telangana]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]], which contain images of [[Lakshmi]], the goddess of auspiciousness, ''ela tali'' or ''minnu'' worn by the [[Malayali|Malayalees]] of [[Kerala]], and the ''Kumbha tali'' worn by the [[Tamils]] of the [[Kshatriya|Kshatriya caste]] in [[Tamil Nadu]]. The design is chosen by the groom's family according to prevalent customs. [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]] and [[Marwari people|Marwaris]] from [[Rajasthan]] often use a diamond pendant in a gold chain, which is merely ornamental in nature and is not a substitute for the mangala sutra in the traditional sense. [[Marathi people|Marathis]] of [[Maharashtra]] wear a pendant of two ''vati'' ornaments shaped like tiny bowls. The mangala sutra of the [[Kannada people|Kannadigas]] of [[Karnataka]] is similar to that of the [[Marathi people|Marathis]], except that it usually has one vati. Nowadays, many fashion-conscious families opt for lighter versions, with a single vati or a more contemporary style.

[[Konkani people]] ([[Goans]], [[Mangaloreans]], [[Bombay East Indians]] and others, including Hindus) wear three necklaces around their necks, referred to as ''dharemani'' or ''muhurtmani'' (big golden bead), ''mangalasutra'' with one or two gold discs and ''kasitali'' with gold and coral beads. In [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], the two coin-sized gold discs are separated by 2-3 beads of different kinds. By tradition, one disc comes from the bride's family and another from the groom's side.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-27|title=Mangalsutra From Different States of India|url=https://www.kuberbox.com/blog/mangalsutra-different-states-india/|access-date=2020-12-02|website=KuberBox Jewellery Blog|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3" />

Certain non-Hindu religious groups also wear nuptial chains akin to the mangala sutra, such as [[Saint Thomas Christians|Syrian Christians]] ([[Eastern Christians]]), [[Tamil Jains]] (also known as the Nainars), the [[Mappila Muslims|Mappilas]] of Kerala, and the [[Dakhni People|Dakhnis]] of [[Hyderabad State|Hyderabad]] ([[Muslims]]).<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=K. S. |title=People of India : Tamil Nadu |date=2001 |volume=XL |issue=3 |pages=1438 |series=People of India / Anthropological Survey India. K. S. Singh |chapter=Tamil Jain |edition=1. publ |place=Madras |publisher=Affiliated East-West Press |isbn=978-81-85938-88-2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Miller |first=Roland E. |title=Mappila Muslim Culture : How a Historic Muslim Community in India Has Blended Tradition and Modernity |publisher=[[SUNY Press]] |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-438-45600-3 |location=Albany |pages=146-153 |chapter=Key Life Moments: Birth, Marriage, Death}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Ilyas |first=Ferya |date=2013-12-01 |title=Hyderabadi heritage: Deccan diaries |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/637743/hyderabadi-heritage-deccan-diaries |access-date=2026-04-24 |website=[[The Express Tribune]] |language=en}}</ref> Such necklaces were also used among Indian [[Jews]] of the [[Konkan]] (the [[Bene Israel]]) and of [[Kingdom of Cochin|Cochin]] (both [[Malabari Jews|Malabaris]] and [[Paradesi Jews|Paradesis]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Katz |first=Nathan |title=Who Are the Jews of India? |date=2001 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=978-0-520-21323-4 |editor-last=Katz |editor-first=Nathan |location=Berkeley, CA |pages=119-120 |chapter=An Identity Transformed : The Bene Israel}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=The Jews of India: a story of three communities |date=2003 |publisher=[[Israel Museum]] |isbn=978-965-278-179-6 |editor-last=Slapak |editor-first=Orpa |edition=New print |series=Catalogue / The Israel Museum |location=Jerusalem |pages=131-135 |chapter=Dress : Tradition and Innovation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=MK. |first=Sunil Kumar |date=2025-05-17 |title=Paradesi past, living legacy |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/tracking-indian-communities/paradesi-past-living-legacy/ |access-date=2026-04-24 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The practices associated with these mangala sutras may be similar to those observed in Hindu contexts, while differing in their ritual significance. The tying of the necklace by the groom and its wearing throughout married life constitute common features, though certain variations exist. The transmission of the ornament may occur between the mother-in-law and the daughter-in-law in some Muslim communities, or between the sister-in-law and the wife among Cochin Jews.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> The forms of these ornaments likewise vary, as in the ''minnu'', a pendant worn by Saint Thomas Christian women, featuring a cross, whereas the ''kali poath'' (also spelled ''kali poth'' or ''kalipoth ka laccha''), worn by Deccani Muslim women, is characterized by its distinctive arrangement of black beads.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Mangalsutra.png|A traditional [[Andhradesa|Andhraite]] mangalasutra displayed on a [[betel]] leaf, smeared with [[turmeric]].
File:Nasrani Syrian Christian Minnu.jpg|A ''minnu'', pendant of the [[Saint Thomas Christians]] mangalasutra, with a cross of 21 beads.
File:A thaali- pillaiyar thaali.jpg|A ''Pillaiyar Thali'', or [[Ganesha]] pendant, used for mangala sutras from Tamil Nadu.
File:A thamiar-thaali.jpg|A ''thamarai thali'', or [[Lotus flower|Lotus]] pendant, used for mangala sutras from Tamil Nadu.
File:A thennaimaraththaali.jpg|A ''thennaimara thali'', or [[Coconut tree]] pendant, used for mangala sutras from Tamil Nadu.
File:A- thaali koundars.jpg|A mangala sutra pendant peculiar to the [[Kongu Vellalar|Gounder]] community.
File:A- thaali vanniyar.jpg|A mangala sutra pendant peculiar to the [[Vanniyar]] community.
File:Elai Thali Bottu.png|A mangala sutra pendant peculiar to the Tamil Nadu [[Vokkaliga|Vokkaligas]].
File:Knanaya Thaali.jpg|alt=Knanaya Christian Thaali for wedding|A mangala sutra pendant peculiar to the [[Knanaya|Knanayas]].
File:Amman thali.jpg|An ''Amman thali kodi'', a [[Shakti]]-based [[Sri Lankan Tamils|Sri Lankan Tamil]] mangala sutra.
File:Diamon Mangalsutra.webp|Modern mangalsutra with a [[diamond]] covered fancy pendant.
File:Thali-maala.JPG|An ''Ela thali'', a [[Keralite]] mangalsutra with a [[leaf]]-shaped pendant.
File:Kinnauri Tarmani Necklace.jpg|A ''Tarmani'', or ''Trimani'', is a nuptial chain worn among the [[Kinnaur district|Kinnauris]].
File:ಮಂಗಳಸೂತ್ರ.jpg|A [[Kannadigas|Canarese]] model of mangala sutra, with one disk pendant.
File:WLA vanda marriage necklace.jpg|A mangalasutra from the 19th century, produced in [[Madurai]].
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[Hindu wedding]]
*[[Sindoor]]
*[[Karva Chauth]]
*[[Pativrata]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book |last1=Rocher |first1=Ludo |author-link=Ludo Rocher |title=The Purāṇas |date=1986 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden |isbn=3-447-02522-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Tagare |first=G. V. |title=The Brahmanda Purana |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-brahmanda-purana |year=1958a |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt.}}
*{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Ganesh |title=An Ornament of Beauty}}
*"An Ornament of Beauty," by Ganesh Joshi published in ''Woman's Era'', January 2007.

{{Indian wedding}}

[[Category:Indian wedding]]
[[Category:Culture of India]]
[[Category:Necklaces]]
[[Category:Jewellery of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Wedding objects]]

George Rankin (judge)

2026-05-03T13:45:40Z

Meeekil: new.

{{Short description|British judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = George Claus Rankin
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| image = Sir George Claus Rankin.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Calcutta High Court|8th Chief Justice]] of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start1 = 1926
| term_end1 = 1934
| appointer1 = [[George V]]
| predecessor1 = [[Lancelot Sanderson]]
| successor1 = [[Harold Derbyshire]]
| office2 = Judge of [[Calcutta High Court]]
| term_start2 = 1918
| term_end2 = 1926
| appointer2 = [[George V]]
| birth_date = 12 August 1877
| birth_place = [[Lamington, South Lanarkshire]]
| death_date = 8 April 1946
| children =
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[University of Edinburgh]]|[[Trinity College, Cambridge]]}}
| occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[Judge]]
| profession = [[Chief Justice]]
| education = [[M.A.]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sir George Claus Rankin''' [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|PC]] (12 August 1877 – 8 April 1946) was a British judge in [[British Raj|colonial India]].

Rankin was born in [[Lamington, South Lanarkshire|Lamington, Lanarkshire]], the son of Rev. Robert Rankin. He was educated at the [[University of Edinburgh]], where he graduated M.A., and where his essay on “Democracy in literature” was awarded the Edinburgh University Club of London Triennial Prize in 1898,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rankin|first=George C.|date=1898|title=Democracy in literature|hdl=1842/27236 |url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/27236|language=en}}</ref> and [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. He was admitted at Lincoln's Inn and called to the bar in 1904. He served in the [[First World War]] with the [[Royal Garrison Artillery]].<ref>''Cambridge University Alumni, 1261-1900''</ref>

He went to India in 1918<ref>George Claus Rankin, ''Background to Indian Law'' (Cambridge: University Press, 1946), p. vii.</ref> and served first as a puisne judge of the [[High Court of Calcutta]], and then as Chief Justice, from 1926 to 1934.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/pdf_files/former_chief_justice.pdf |title=Former Chief Justices of the High Court of Calcutta. |access-date=12 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822044941/http://calcuttahighcourt.nic.in/pdf_files/former_chief_justice.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While in India, in 1919 he was given a temporary commission as Major in the Calcutta University Infantry of the [[Indian Defence Force]].<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/31924/pages/6093/page.pdf ''London Gazette'', 1 June 1920, p. 609.]</ref>

Upon his return to Britain, he was sworn to the [[Privy Council]],<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34146/pages/2121 ''London Gazette'', 29 March 1935, p. 2121.]</ref> entitling him to sit on the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]],<ref>[http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34211/pages/6697/page.pdf ''London Gazette'', 25 October 1935, p. 6697.]</ref> at that time the [[court of last resort]] for India and other parts of the British Empire.

== Arms ==
{{Infobox COA wide
|image = Sir George Claus Rankin Escutcheon.png
|motto = Super Flumina<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/baz_manning/22272561452/in/album-72157659963928316/ |title=Lincoln's Inn Great Hall, Ec27 Rankin, G |author=Baz Manning |website=Flickr |date=13 July 2009 |access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>}}

==Publications==
*George Claus Rankin, ''Background to Indian Law'' (Cambridge: University Press, 1946).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{succession box | before=Sir [[Lancelot Sanderson]] | title=[[Calcutta High Court#List of Chief Justices|Chief Justice of Bengal]] | years=1926–1934 | after=Sir [[Harold Derbyshire]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rankin, George Clause}}
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:Judges of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Members of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]]
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Calcutta High Court]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
[[Category:People from South Lanarkshire]]
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{{UK-law-bio-stub}}
{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Phooli (film)

2026-05-01T22:59:21Z

Meeekil: stub

{{short description|2024 Hindi film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Phooli
| image = Phooli film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name =
| director = [[Avinash Dhyani]]
| writer = Avinash Dhyani
| producer = Manish Kumar Avinash Dhyani Lalit Jindal Rajeev Sharma Capt. Manoj Kumar Singh
| starring = Riya Baluni Avinash Dhyani Suruchi Saklani Prince Juyal
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ramesh Samant
| editing = Dhananjay Dhyani
| music = [[Avinash Dhyani]]
| studio = Padma Siddhi Films Dream Sky Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2024|06|07}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://filminformation.com/releases/phooli-7th-june-2024/|title=PHOOLI 7th June, 2024 – Film Information|first=Film|last=Information|date=16 May 2024|access-date=26 May 2024|archive-date=26 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526183934/https://filminformation.com/releases/phooli-7th-june-2024/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Phooli''''' is an [[India|Indian]] [[Hindi]]-language [[drama]] film, written and directed by [[Avinash Dhyani]]. The film was released in cinemas on June 7, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/phooli-poster-out-avinash-dhyani-film-in-theatres-on-june-7-1688285|title=Phooli Poster Out: Avinash Dhyani's Film Is All About Believing In The Magic That Lies Within|date=10 May 2024|website=news.abplive.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/hindi/bollywood-news/avinash-dhyani-film-phooli-to-release-on-7-june-entertainment-news-article-110182731|title=Avinash Dhyani ने नए चाइल्ड आर्टिस्ट के साथ क्यों बनाई "फूली"? इस तारीख को रिलीज होगी फिल्म}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The film is about a young girl Phooli, who aspires to study and follow her dreams. It shows her hardships and her desire to learn, but her situation prevents her from pursuing her education. Afterwards, a ''Jaadugar'' (magician) enters her life, encouraging her to do well in her studies and helping her get through difficult circumstances.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/hindi-news/entertainment-hindi/new-child-actors-will-be-seen-in-director-avinash-dhyanis-film-phooli-this-is-why-there-is-no-big-star-in-the-movie-6935631/|title=डायरेक्टर अविनाश ध्यानी की फिल्म फूली में नजर आएंगे नए चाइल्ड एक्टर्स, इस वजह मूवी में नहीं है कोई बड़ा स्टार|website=www.india.com}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Riya Baluni as Phooli
* [[Avinash Dhyani]] as Mahendra Sarkar (Jaadugar)
* Suruchi Saklani as elder Phooli
* Prince Juyal as Parveen
* Rishi Raj Bhatt as Phooli’S Father Dillu
* Sanjay Agarwal as Robin
* Vijay Bhatt as Teacher
* Bhagat Singh Ghusain as Kaka

==Production==
This is directed by Avinash Dhyani and produced by Manish Kumar, Avinash Dhyani, Lalit Jindal, Rajeev Sharma, and Capt. Manoj Kumar Singh. co-produced by Sanjay Agrawal, Mohit Tyagi, Smriti Hari and Ravinder Bhat. The film was entirely shot in [[Uttrakhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dainiktribuneonline.com/news/lifestyle/avinash-dhyanis-film-phooli-shot-in-uttarakhand-in-theatres-on-june-7|title=उत्तराखंड में शूट हुई अविनाश ध्यानी की फिल्म 'फूली', 7 जून को सिनेमाघरों में|date=7 May 2024}}</ref>
The film is entirely shot on iphone 13 max pro, and it's a increbdible detail.

== Reception ==
The film received rather positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Phooli Movie Review: Magician Mentor Gives Wings To Struggling Young Girl's Aspirations In This Heartwarming Tale |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/bollywood/phooli-movie-review-magician-mentor-gives-wings-to-struggling-young-girls-aspirations-in-this-heartwarming-tale-review-110776316 |access-date=2024-08-13 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kabir |first=Mahpara |date=2024-06-04 |title=Phooli Movie Review: Avinash Dhyani's Film Is A Magical Tale Emphasizing The Value Of Education |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/movies/phooli-movie-review-avinash-dhyani-film-is-a-magical-tale-emphasizing-the-value-of-education-1693845 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> Film Information, however, was more mixed about the production.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Information |first=Film |date=2024-06-07 |title='PHOOLI' REVIEW {{!}} 7 June, 2024 – Film Information |url=https://filminformation.com/featured/phooli-review-7-june-2024/ |access-date=2024-08-12 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The film has been screened in numerous schools, where it has received widespread appreciation from teachers. They have encouraged students and their parents to watch it and draw inspiration from its message. The Uttarakhand Government also greatly appreciated the film, providing a subsidy to its makers in recognition of its impact.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|qid=Q126126941|id=tt32383877}}
* {{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=phooli}}

{{Portal bar|India|Bollywood|Films}}
[[Category:2024 films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Uttarakhand]]

Ranjit Makkuni

2026-04-30T10:52:43Z

Meeekil: started

{{short description|Indian multimedia artist and designer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Ranjit Makkuni 
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = Ranjit Makkuni in front of the Flute Tree sculpture.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption = Ranjit Makkuni in front of his Flute Tree sculpture (2011)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| disappeared_date = 
| disappeared_place =
| disappeared_status =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| citizenship =
| education = [[IIT Kharagpur]]
| alma_mater = [[University of California, Los Angeles]]
| occupation =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
| style =
| height = 
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Ranjit Makkuni''' is an international multimedia artist and designer,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ranjitmakkuni.world|title= Web site of Ranjit Makkuni's Asia centric design|publisher=ranjitmakkuni.world}}</ref> the honorary director of the design think tank, the ''Sacred World Research Laboratory,''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacredworld.info |title= Sacred World Research |publisher=sacredworld.info}}</ref> as well as a musician,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/RanjitMakkuniBliss|title= Community page of Ranjit Makkuni Bliss |publisher=community page }}</ref> [[sitar]] player,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ranjitmakkuni.com/ |title=Web site of Ranjit Makkuni Sensitive Sitar Player |publisher=community page |access-date=28 April 2013 |archive-date=3 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203080427/http://www.ranjitmakkuni.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> songwriter,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mamahamayexperience.world |access-date=16 August 2023 |title=The Wayback Machine has not archived that URL.}}{{Dead link |date=August 2023}}</ref> and author.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.in/Books-Ranjit-Makkuni/s?rh=n%3A976389031%2Cp_27%3ARanjit+Makkuni | title=Online Shopping site in India: Shop Online for Mobiles, Books, Watches, Shoes and More - Amazon.in }}</ref>

His multimedia museum works are intersections between traditional and modern art, design and technology, such that the results help both traditional and modern cultures. They are intended to show that the wisdom of traditional communities can positively negate the homogenizing influences of modern technology; and that the intelligence, creativity and sense of freedom afforded by modern design and technology can reciprocally help traditional artists.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacredworld.info/aboutus.htm|title=Sacred World, Research Mission and About Us|publisher=sacredworld.info|access-date=11 October 2012|archive-date=30 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130024128/http://www.sacredworld.info/aboutus.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

His major works are several museum projects: ''[[Eternal Gandhi Multimedia Museum]]'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eternalgandhi.org |title=Eternal Gandhi MMM |publisher=Eternalgandhi.org |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref>
''Planet Health Museum'',<ref name="bare_url_a">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacredworld.info/planethealth.htm |title=Sacred World |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616220343/http://www.sacredworld.info/planethealth.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ''The Goddess and Temples of Music'',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacredworld.info/goddess.htm |title=Sacred World |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=17 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617005746/http://www.sacredworld.info/goddess.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> and ''The Crossing: Living, Dying and Transformation in Banaras''.<ref name="bare_url">{{cite web |url=http://www.sacredworld.info/crossing.htm |title=Sacred World |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=16 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616023748/http://www.sacredworld.info/crossing.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Education and research==
[[File:The E Egg Crossing Project.jpg|thumb|E Egg from the Crossing Project, a culturally personalized wireless information retrieval device, 1999]]
Makkuni obtained a B.Arch. from [[IIT Kharagpur]], and a Masters in Design Theory and Methods from [[University of California, Los Angeles]] (UCLA). He has been a scientific consultant to [[HP Labs]] [[Palo Alto]], HP Labs [[Bangalore]], and a member of the Explorer's club of the [[Interaction Design Institute Ivrea|Ivrea Institute of Design]], Ivrea, Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://interactionivrea.org/en/people/institute/explorersclub/index.asp |title=Institute 2001–2005: Explorer's Club |publisher=Interactionivrea.org |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> He is a member of the mentoring group of [[Nehru Memorial Museum & Library|Nehru Memorial Museum]], New Delhi, constituted by the [[Prime Minister of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nehrumemorial.com/museum.php|title=Nehru Memorial Museum |publisher=nehrumemorial.com}}</ref>

==Works done at Xerox Palo Alto Research Center==
In 1985, Makkuni joined the System Concepts Lab of [[PARC (company)|PARC]], becoming part of the group which developed the object-oriented [[programming language]] [[Smalltalk]]-80 and the world's first [[graphical user interface]].<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://archive.org/details/internetdreamsar00stef | url-access = registration | page = [https://archive.org/details/internetdreamsar00stef/page/95 95] | quote = thangka. | title = Internet Dreams: Archetypes, Myths, and Metaphors | publisher = MIT Press | isbn = 9780262692021 | last1 = Stefik | first1 = Mark | date = 1997-05-09}}</ref> From that base, Makkuni pioneered explorations in [[computer-aided design]] (CAD), [[gesture recognition]] interfaces, and multimedia applications to develop the Active Learning Project at PARC.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vislab.cs.vt.edu/~quek/Classes/Aware+EmbodiedInteraction/PAPERS/Mak89.pdf |title=The electronic sketch book of Tibetan Thangka painting |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616020833/http://vislab.cs.vt.edu/~quek/Classes/Aware+EmbodiedInteraction/PAPERS/Mak89.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="books.google">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=swKMGQAACAAJ | title = Banaras : The Crossing Project | isbn = 9788188934140 | last1 = Makkuni | first1 = Ranjit | last2 = Khanna | first2 = Madhu | date = 2006-01-01| publisher = Sacred World Foundation }}</ref> These have been demonstrated as museum exhibitions in the US, India, Europe and Thailand (see Bibliography – Exhibitions below), transforming people's perceptions of traditional cultures, and presenting an Asian approach to interaction with computing technology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-02-26/sacred-tech|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203135258/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2007-02-26/sacred-tech|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 3, 2013|publisher=Business Week|title=Sacred Tech|accessdate=2007-02-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.domusweb.it/en/magazine/887/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130218075328/http://www.domusweb.it/en/magazine/887/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 February 2013 |title=Domus 887 – Magazine – Domus |publisher=Domusweb.it |date=2005-11-25 |accessdate=2012-10-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://atcasa.corriere.it/Tendenze/Personaggi/2011/11/25/ranjit-makkuni.shtml |title=Intervista a Ranjit Makkuni – Personaggi – Tendenze – AT Casa |work=Corriere della Sera |accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.archimuse.com/publishing/ichim03/060C.pdf |title=Ecole du Louvre Paris 03: Cultural institutions and digital technology |publisher=Archimuse.com |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference |last=Makkuni |first=Ranjit |date=2004 |editor-last=Russell |editor-first=F.W. |editor2-last=Bovermann |editor2-first=Tina |title=Culturally Rooted Innovation |url=https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000140274/PDF/140274eng.pdf.multi |conference=Dialogue among civilizations: the International Expert Symposium on a Culture of Innovation and the Building of Knowledge Societies, 9 to 11 November 2003 |pages=31–36 |via=UNESDOC Digital Library}}</ref>

In 1989, ''The Electronic Sketchbook of Tibetan Thangka Painting'' was displayed in the [[Asian Art Museum of San Francisco]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://vislab.cs.vt.edu/~quek/Classes/Aware+EmbodiedInteraction/PAPERS/Mak89.pdf |title=Ranjit Makkuni: The electronic sketch book of Tibetan Thangka painting: The Visual Computer |publisher=Vislab.cs.vt.edu |accessdate=2012-10-26 |archive-date=16 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616020833/http://vislab.cs.vt.edu/~quek/Classes/Aware+EmbodiedInteraction/PAPERS/Mak89.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> This project represents one of the world's first multimedia applications of any kind<ref>{{cite journal|title=Ranjit Makkuni: The electronic sketch book of Tibetan Thangka painting: The Visual Computer | doi=10.1007/BF02153752 | volume=5|issue = 4|journal=The Visual Computer|pages=227–242|author=Makkuni Ranjit|year = 1989| s2cid=2467983 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/vdb/vdb89.html|title=Ranjit Makkuni: A Diagrammatic Interface to a Database of Thangka Imagery: in Tosiyasu L. Kunii (Ed.): Visual Database Systems. Proceedings of the IFIP TC2/WG 2.6 Working Conference on Visual Database Systems. Tokyo, Japan, 3–7 April 1989, North-Holland 1989|access-date=26 May 2014|archive-date=27 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140527213048/http://www.informatik.uni-trier.de/~ley/db/conf/vdb/vdb89.html|url-status=dead}} {{ISBN|978-0-444-87334-7}}</ref> and a pioneering example of a computer based cultural learning tool.

During 1994–1997, he worked with scholars at the [[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]], New Delhi, to develop the ''Gita-Govinda Multimedia Experience'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ignca.nic.in/gita.htm |title=Gita Govinda – Multimedia Project |publisher=Ignca.nic.in |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref> a pioneering demonstration of a physical-virtual multimedia document based on the poet [[Jayadeva]]’s 12th century love poem, the [[Gita Govinda]]. This project brought the footprints of multimedia computing technology to India.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8RaLnK7ejjsC&dq=system+concepts+of+cultural+learning+documents&pg=PA35 |title=Interactive Dramaturgies: New Approaches in Multimedia Content and Design – Heide Hagebölling – Google หนังสือ |accessdate=2012-10-17|isbn=9783540442066 |last1=Hagebölling |first1=Heide |year=2004 |publisher=Springer }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacredworld.info/pdf/gita_sanskrit.pdf |title=The Asian Age: December 11, 1997 |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacredworld.info/pdf/gita_the_medium.pdf |title=Business standard Weekend: The medium and the message: 3 January 1998 |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
[[File:Planet Health Museum.jpg|thumb|The Ayurveda Story installation, Planet Health Museum, 2010]]

==Works done at Sacred World Research Laboratory==
From 1998 until 2002, Makkuni conceived and directed ''The Crossing Project: Living, Dying, and Transformation in Banaras''<ref name="bare_url" /><ref name="books.google" /><ref>{{cite web|author=Austria |url=http://www.aec.at/prix/jp/winners/2002-prix-gewinner-interactive-art/ |title=ARS Electronica | Prix Ars Electronica |publisher=Aec.at |accessdate=2012-10-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://retiary.org/idea/idea5/idea_5/crossing/crossing.htm |title=The Crossing Project on The IDEA #5 |publisher=Retiary.org |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035549/http://retiary.org/idea/idea5/idea_5/crossing/crossing.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hindu.com/2001/04/23/stories/13230074.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060712100307/http://www.hindu.com/2001/04/23/stories/13230074.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2006-07-12 |title=Crossing cultural walls |date=2001-04-23 |work=[[The Hindu]] |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Simeone |first=Luca |url=http://www.analisiqualitativa.com/magma/0103/articolo_06.htm |title=L'interaction design come strumento di ricerca antropologica: the crossing project di Ranjit Makkuni |publisher=Magma |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://antropologiaculturale.wordpress.com/ |title=Antropologia Culturale – Roma |publisher=Antropologiaculturale.wordpress.com |date=2008-10-29 |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacredworld.com/asp/Interactive%20Media%20Design%20.htm |title=Sacred World Foundation |publisher=Sacredworld.com |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=15 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415100816/http://sacredworld.com/asp/Interactive%20Media%20Design%20.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> which developed a panorama of digital information access devices and technologies personalized by the cultural traditions of Banaras. The project brought together Western Information Access Knowledge systems and Indian notions of 'connection' and interaction based on India's city of Knowledge, Banaras. The project was a pioneering demonstration of physical computing, and culturally personalized computing hardware and interactions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacredworld.info/pdf/12.%20design%20torino%20italy.pdf |title=Ranjit Makkuni |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/NDTV-Show-Special.aspx?ID=335 |title=Picture Perfect- NDTV Good Times |publisher=Goodtimes.ndtv.com |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225021108/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special.aspx?ID=335 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/feb2007/id20070226_426602.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228102602/http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/feb2007/id20070226_426602.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 28, 2007 |title=Sacred Tech |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=2007-02-26 |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/613973.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110130051626/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/Print/613973.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 30, 2011 |title=Tech meets Tradition |work=Hindustan Times |date=2010-10-16 |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref>

[[File:Unity Pillar Eternal Gandhi Multimedia Museum.jpg|thumb|left|People hold hands to light up the Unity Pillar, Eternal Gandhi Multimedia Museum, 2006]]
[[File:GoddessExhibition.png|thumb|Goddess and Temples of Music 2012]]

From 2003 until 2005, Makkuni visualized and directed ''the Eternal Gandhi Multimedia Museum'', New Delhi,<ref name=Eternal_Gandhi>{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4isOaqbgygsC&dq=ranjit+makkuni+eternal+gandhi&pg=PT1 | title = Eternal Gandhi: Design of the Multimedia Museum | isbn = 9788175256422 | last1 = Makkuni | first1 = Ranjit | year = 2007| publisher = Eternal Gandhi }}</ref> one of the world's first digital multimedia museums. Located at the site where Mahatma Gandhi attained martyrdom, the museum preserves the historical events of Gandhiji's life in digital form but also presents a spectrum of information technology visions inspired by Gandhian thought. The project revives the values by which India obtained freedom; it also redefines those values in order to animate modern products and design. Through a collection of over 50 originally designed works of technology and art, the project interpreted Gandhian thought in the design of new technology and illustrated how village aesthetics and creativity can shape modern design.<ref name=Eternal_Gandhi /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacredworld.info/pdf/ID%20magazine%20award.pdf |title=2006 Annual Design Review: Certificate of Excellence |publisher=Sacredworld.com |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>

In 2010, Makkuni built the ''Planet Health Museum'',<ref name="bare_url_a" /><ref>{{cite web |work=Social Post |url=http://www.oneindia.com/2010/10/12/healthminister-azad-inaugurates-planet-health-museum-in.html |title=Health Minister Azad inaugurates 'Planet Health Museum' in New Delhi | India – Oneindia News |publisher=Oneindia |date=2010-10-12 |access-date=2012-10-06 |archive-date=3 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903220429/http://news.oneindia.in/2010/10/12/healthminister-azad-inaugurates-planet-health-museum-in.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dspace.mah.se/bitstream/handle/2043/14112/AAA%20Ranjit_Simeone.pdf?sequence=2 |title=Syncretic technologies. The learning potential of cross-cultural, non-textual interactive art: the case of Ranjit Makkuni's Planet Health Museum in Dehli |publisher=Dspace.mah.se |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> an interactive museum that allows people to access traditional Green philosophy and the concept and experience of health from the perspectives of ''Ayurveda and Yoga''. Starting from the concept of health and Indian perspectives of the body, the project illustrated new visions and tools for a healthy society and planet. The project presents this vision across a spectrum of disciplines using many forms of visual and performing arts, ancient sciences and modern interaction design to communicate the vision. Planet Health Museum has also been studied for its use of [[interactive art]] as educational device.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Simeone |first=Luca |url=https://www.academia.edu/6219958 |title=Syncretic technologies. The learning potential of cross-cultural, non-textual interactive art: the case of Ranjit Makkuni's Planet Health Museum in Delhi |journal=American Anthropological Association 110th Annual Meeting |date=January 2011 |publisher=American Anthropological Association |accessdate=2014-10-06}}</ref>

Makkuni's 2012 exhibition, ''The Goddess and Temples of Music''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/NDTV-Show-special.aspx?ID=335 |title=Picture Perfect- NDTV Good Times |publisher=Goodtimes.ndtv.com |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=25 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121225021108/http://goodtimes.ndtv.com/Ndtv-Show-Special.aspx?ID=335 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacredworld.info/pdf/8.%20Abitare_magazine%20-%20italy.pdf |title=Design Come Dea |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> project puts forth a vision of the beauty and spirituality of the feminine, and hopes to inspire in people respect for Woman, based on the world's Goddess traditions. Using the forms of musical instruments and music as a tool to unravel the language of the sacred feminine, the project transforms Modern Man's perceptions, illustrating possibilities for a positive, compassionate, sustainable way of life.

The project presents both traditional and new instruments based on Indian [[veena]]-based instruments, sitar, Burmese harp, Thai xylophone, Korean kayagum, and Javanese and Balinese gamelan. New instruments with embedded computation demonstrate tactile computing, i.e., interaction with computers through gesture and kinaesthetic action. In addition, through responsive computing, people by their position, gesture, and movements control musical events in the environment.

In 2013, Makkuni launched ''Musical Landscapes and the Goddesses of Music'' at the National Museum, New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/exploring-musical-landscapes/article5403475.ece |title=Exploring Musical Landscapes|work=The Hindu |date=2013-11-29 |accessdate=2013-11-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/goddess-and-her-music.html|title=Goddess and Her Music|work=The Pioneer|date=2013-12-05|accessdate=2013-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/372571/ragas-create-interactive-artworks.html|title=Ragas create interactive art works|work=Deccan Herald|date=2013-12-05 |accessdate=2013-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bridges-of-eastasian-countries/1204559/1|title=Bridges of East Asian Countries|work=The Indian Express|date=2013-12-07 |accessdate=2013-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/education/student/United-by-Music/2013/12/04/article1926909.ece|title=United By Music|work=The New Indian Express|date=2013-12-04|accessdate=2013-12-04|archive-date=5 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905022722/http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/student/United-by-Music/2013/12/04/article1926909.ece|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.dailypioneer.com/vivacity/goddess-and-her-music.html|title=Goddess and Her Music|work=The Pioneer|date=2013-12-05 |accessdate=2013-12-05}}</ref> This exhibition explores the science, art and spirituality of Music, and its reflections in the Goddess images across Asian cultures. An expanded version titled ''Music and Goddess'' was presented in 2014 at the National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.felworld.com/Lifestyle-News/India/Mumbai/Ranjit-Makkuni-founder-of-Sacred-World-presented-an-exhibition-of--Music-and-Goddess-_1597|title=Ranjit Makkuni founder of Sacred World presented an exhibition on 'Music and Goddess'|work=felworld.com |date=2014-10-31 |accessdate=2014-10-31}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/sound-check-on-asian-divinity/15718199|title=Sound Check on Asian Divinity|work=Mid Day|date=2014-10-29 |accessdate=2014-10-29}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://returnoftheprodigal.wordpress.com/2014/11/16/art-focus-ranjit-makkuni/|title=art focus – music and goddess – ranjit makkuni (sacred world)|work=Return of the Prodigal|date=2014-11-16|accessdate=2014-11-16}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.designof.net/article.php?ID=867|title=Happening, New Interfaces, Exhibition: Musical Landscapes and The Goddess by Makkuni Ranjit|work=www.designof.net/|date=2014-10-31|accessdate=2014-10-31|archive-date=2 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141102200607/http://www.designof.net/article.php?ID=867|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Installation view of goddesses.jpg|thumb|Installation view, Musical Landscapes and the Goddesses of Music, 2013]]

==Design for a Compassionate Web==
In 2018, Makkuni was invited by Professor Alfredo Ronchi to participate in the WSIS conference, Geneva, panel on Cybersecurity. Through his presentation titled, "The Betrayal of the IT Revolution," he was one of the first to show how the benefits of information access to the web had been negated by the IT nightmare which has had deep impacts on the society at levels of connection, health, psychological wellbeing, and hence, deep questions to privacy and fundamental freedoms and 'Truth' are awaiting answers. The presentation also showed how developing nations feel shortchanged by the IT revolution because they have traded investments in ecological resources and traditional social capital (in terms of harmonious communities and ecosystems), for the promise of a 'smartness' revolution that has never delivered.

This topic has been the subject of many of his songwriting endeavors through the Jazz, Rock band "Mahamaya Experience."<ref name="Mahamaya Experience">{{cite web|url=http://www.mahamayaexperience.world |title= Mahamaya Experience |publisher=MahamayaExperience.world |accessdate=2022-08-22}}</ref>

In two follow ons to the 2018 WSIS conference, the 2022 conference explored the topic of Digital Entrapment,<ref name="WSIS forum on digital entrapment">{{cite web|url=https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/freedomfromdigitalentrapment |title= Freedom from Entrapment! |publisher=ranjitmakkuni.world }}</ref> and the 2023 WSIS conference asked the question as to whether Digital Tech was resilient or green? <ref name="WSIS forum on whether digital tech is green">{{cite web|url=https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/isdigitaltechgreen |title= Is Digital Tech Resilient or Green |publisher=ranjitmakkuni.world }}</ref>

==Health, Wellbeing and an Abundant Mother Earth==
In a follow up to the WSIS 2018 presentation, Makkuni argued for the Freedom from Digital Entrapment at the WSIS 2022 forum.<ref name="ranjitmakkuni.world">{{cite web | url=https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/freedomfromdigitalentrapment | title=Freedom from Entrapment | Ranjit Makkuni }}</ref> In the forum he campaigned for the design of a humanized technology, at the levels of user interfaces and device design, web architecture and media design, with the goal of creating health & wellbeing for technology users. With the impacts that globalization economics and IT have had on the environment in developing economies, he presented a vision that will allow mankind to become rooted in the commitment to ecological awareness, potentially leaving future generations with an 'abundant Mother Earth', especially as the world today lies at the cusp of irreversible environmental degradation.<ref name="ranjitmakkuni.world"/>

==Reclaiming humanity in the digital age==
In Makkuni’s 2025 work, “Mahamaya Reflections,” he explores the concept of Mahamaya—the grand illusion that veils true reality—and its relevance in today’s hyper-connected, digitized world. In this book, and in his address at WSIS 2025, Makkuni argues that while digital technology promised liberation and connection, it has instead contributed to social fragmentation, anxiety, and ecological crisis. He contends that the seductive illusion of technological progress—Mahamaya—blinds society to the erosion of empathy, creativity, and our vital connection to nature. Through the work, Makkuni offers both philosophical insight and guidance for reclaiming the world's humanity in the digital age, advocating a “Human, Humane, and Humanity First” approach that emphasizes the restoration of compassion, mindfulness, and authentic connection amidst rapid technological advancement.<ref name="ranjitmakkuni.world"/>

==Awards==
* Co-recipient of the Mahavir Mahatma award 2005, India for the propagation of peace.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/Oneness-Initiative/articleshow/1651354.cms |title=Mahavir Mahatma Awards 2005 – Oneness Initiative – Times Foundation |work=The Times of India |date=2005-04-20 |accessdate=2012-10-26 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713025334/http://timesfoundation.indiatimes.com/Oneness-Initiative/articleshow/1651354.cms |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Asian Cultural Council fellowship, New York, 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianculturalcouncil.org/our-grantees/|title=Asian Cultural Council|work=asianculturalcouncil.org|access-date=25 October 2012|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105121831/http://www.asianculturalcouncil.org/our-grantees|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Ars Electronica award for Interactive art, Linz, 2002.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://90.146.8.18/en/archives/prix_archive/prix_projekt.asp?iProjectID=11703 |title=ARS Electronica ARCHIVE |publisher=90.146.8.18 |accessdate=2012-10-06 |archive-date=19 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180519052722/http://90.146.8.18/en/archives/prix_archive/prix_projekt.asp?iProjectID=11703 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Japan Media Arts Festival]], 2002.<ref>{{cite web |title=6th Digital Art (Interactive) Division Jury Selections |url=https://j-mediaarts.jp/award/single/the-crossing/index.html }}</ref>
* ID Magazine award, New York, 1998.
* ID Magazine award, New York, 2002.
* ID Magazine award, New York, 2005.<ref>{{Cite magazine |date=November 2002 |title=The Crossing Project |url=http://sacredworld.info/pdf/4.%20ID%20MAGAZINE.pdf |magazine=I.D. |pages=58–59 |via=sacredworld.info |issn=}}</ref>
* Nomination for National Award for Design, USA, 2012.
* A award, Italy, 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adesignaward.com/press-release.php?ID=25246 |title=A' Design Award and Competition – Press Release: Makkuni Ranjit secures the famed A' Design Award |publisher=Adesignaward.com |date=2012-05-04 |accessdate=2012-10-06}}</ref>
* A award, Italy, Cultural Heritage and Culture Industry Design Award for 2013 – 2014, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adesignaward.com/design.php?ID=32723 |title=Musical Landscapes and The Goddess Happening; New Interfaces; Exhibition by Makkuni Ranjit|publisher=Adesignaward.com |date=2014-04-15 }}</ref>

==Bibliography – books==
* ''Banaras: The Crossing. Living, Dying and Transformation in Banaras'', 2003, Co authored with Dr. [[Madhu Khanna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacredworld.info/pdf/wisdom%20should%20be%20accessible.pdf |title=Writers' World – Interview/Ranjit Makkuni |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* ''Eternal Gandhi Multimedia Museum, design of the museum'', 2007.<ref>Makkuni, Ranjit (2007). Eternal Gandhi: Design of the Multimedia Museum. {{ISBN|9788175256422}}.</ref>
* ''Music and Goddess'', 2014.<ref>Makkuni, Ranjit (2014). Music & Goddess{{cite web | url = http://epaper2.mid-day.com/epaper/29-oct-2014-252-edition-Mumbai-Page-1.html | title = The Sounds of Asia | author1 = Mid Day, Mumbai | year = 2014 | access-date = 29 October 2014 | archive-date = 29 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141029214200/http://epaper2.mid-day.com/epaper/29-oct-2014-252-edition-Mumbai-Page-1.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* ''World as Woman'', 2024.<ref>Makkuni, Ranjit (2024). World as Woman {{cite book | title = World as Woman | author1 = Ranjit Makkuni | year = 2024 | id = {{ASIN|819322390X|country=in}} }}</ref>

==Bibliography – museums==
* ''Planet Health Museum'', Sacred World Research Laboratory, New Delhi, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacredworld.info/pdf/13.pdf |title=Capturing and Disseminating India's Cultural Health Heritage |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* ''Eternal Gandhi Multimedia Museum'', Sacred World Research Laboratory, Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti, New Delhi, 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacredworld.info/pdf/prime%20minister.pdf |title=Untitled |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>

==Bibliography – exhibitions==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
* ''Music and Goddesses'', National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai, 2014.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://epaper2.mid-day.com/epaper/29-oct-2014-252-edition-Mumbai-Page-1.html | title = The Sounds of Asia | author1 = Mid Day, Mumbai | year = 2014 | access-date = 29 October 2014 | archive-date = 29 October 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141029214200/http://epaper2.mid-day.com/epaper/29-oct-2014-252-edition-Mumbai-Page-1.html | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* ''Musical Landscapes and the Goddesses of Music'', National Museum, New Delhi, 2013.
* ''Goddess and her Temples of Music'', National Museum, New Delhi, 2013.
* ''So Many Minds II'', Contributing artist, CMU art museum, Thailand, 2013.
* ''New India Designscape'', Contributing artist, Triennale Design Museum, Milan, 2012.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.1fmediaproject.net/2012/12/13/new-india-designscape-triennale-design-museum-milan/ | title = New India Landscape | author1 = Triennale Museum, Milan | year = 2012 | access-date = 28 April 2013 | archive-date = 4 September 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140904060506/http://www.1fmediaproject.net/2012/12/13/new-india-designscape-triennale-design-museum-milan/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.domusweb.it/en/design/2013/02/15/new-india-designscape.html | title = New India Landscape | author1 = Domus|year = 2013}}</ref>
* ''So Many Minds I'', Contributing artist, CMU art museum, Thailand, 2011.
* ''Sacred Touch'', Winter Olympics, Vancouver, Canada, 2010.
* ''Eternal Gandhi'', Technology Center, Jaipur, 2008.
* ''Eternal Gandhi'', Science City, Ahmadabad, 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sacredworld.info/pdf/e-gandhi.pdf |title=Salon Signs |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* ''Eternal Gandhi'', International Convention Centre, Pune, 2006.
* ''Eternal Gandhi'', Prince of Wales Museum, Mumbai, 2006.
* ''Eternal Gandhi'', National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_a-story-of-experiments-in-multimedia_1013680 |title=A story of experiments in multimedia – Mumbai – DNA |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=2006-02-18 |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
{{col-break}}
* ''Secrets of Shiva'', National Gallery, Bangkok, 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sacredworld.info/pdf/11.%20phanmanee%20-%20thailand.pdf |title=Secrets of Shiva |publisher=Sacredworld.info |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* ''The Crossing Project: Living, Dying and Transformation in Banaras'', OK Center for the Arts, Linz, 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ok-centrum.at/?q=content/presse/cyberarts-02-prix |title=CyberArts 02: Prix Ars Electronica Exhibition | OK Offenes Kulturhaus OĂ– |publisher=Ok-centrum.at |date=2002-09-22 |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* ''The Crossing Project: Living, Dying and Transformation in Banaras'', Asia Society, New York, 2002.<ref>{{cite web|author=Current Exhibitions Upcoming Exhibitions Past Exhibitions |url=http://asiasociety.org/new-york/exhibitions/banaras-luminous-city |title=Banaras: The Luminous City | New York |date=11 June 2002 |publisher=Asia Society |accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* ''The Crossing Project: Living, Dying and Transformation in Banaras'', National Gallery of Modern Art, Mumbai, 2002.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vithal C. Nadkarni|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-03/mumbai/27132415_1_benares-information-technology-exhibition |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103085634/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-01-03/mumbai/27132415_1_benares-information-technology-exhibition |url-status=dead |archive-date=2013-01-03 |title=Expo brings digital avatar of Ganga |date=2002-01-03 |work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref>
* ''The Crossing Project: Living, Dying and Transformation in Banaras'', India Habitat Centre, New Delhi. 2001.
* ''Gita-Govinda Multimedia Experience'', Indira Gandhi National Center for the Arts, New Delhi, 1997.
* ''Electronic Sketch Book of Tibetan Thangka Painting'', Asian Art Museum, San Francisco, 1989.
{{col-end}}

{{listen|filename=Raga Bag Bhim, Ranjit Makkuni.ogg|title=Raga Malkauns|description=2000, Sitar Jhalla, Raga Malkauns, Ranjit Makkuni & Mithilesh Jha
|filename2=RagaSri, Ranjit Makkuni.ogg|title2=Raga Sri|description2=2003, Live Sitar Improvisation, Raga Sri, Ranjit Makkuni & Mithilesh Jha
|filename3=RanjitMakkuniRagaBagBhim.ogg|title3=Raga Bag Bhim|description3=2012, Raga Bag Bhim, Ranjit Makkuni & Mithilesh Jha}}

<gallery widths="154px" heights="200px" perrow="5" caption="">
File:music and goddess 3.JPG|Children hug the 'calm lotus' sculpture to hear musical passages that create calm, 2014
File:Ranjit Makkuni, Sitar.png|Ranjit Makkuni, sitar player
</gallery>

==Sitar music==
Makkuni studied sitar under the tutelage of [[ustad]] Ali Akbar Khan, and carries jewels of composition from bygone eras.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indiahabitat.org/calendar/july2k5/calen2.htm |title=India Habitat Centre – Calendar of Events |publisher=Indiahabitat.org |accessdate=2012-10-17 |archive-date=25 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125150009/http://indiahabitat.org/calendar/july2k5/calen2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Mahamaya Jazz Rock project (2015-present)==
The Mahamaya Experience, Mahamaya for short, presents a set of experimental musical works created by Ranjit during 2015 till present. The instrumental works span a variety of diverse musical genres that includes classical Asian music, Indian and South East Asian and East Asian scales executed through predominantly string instruments including sitar, guitars, and world music rhythms. The songs span expression in the genres of [[Opera]], [[Funk]], [[Rock music|Rock]], [[Pop rock]] and Classical Asian genres.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://aprilskelter.medium.com/the-mahamaya-experience-mahamaya-for-short-accords-a-set-of-experimental-musical-works-created-by-7ea0dedfa470 |title=THE MAHAMAYA EXPERIENCE: Of Pure Bliss and Musical Trancendence |date=31 December 2020 }}</ref><ref>web|url= https://broken8records.com/blogs/reviews/mahamaya-experience-s-mama-consciousness-is-a-sonic-tapestry-of-the-divine-feminine |title=Mahamaya Experience’s ‘Mama Consciousness’ Is A Sonic Tapestry of the Divine Feminine |</ref>

The songs of the Mahamaya Experience address themes of illusion, spirituality, and the urgent need for ecological and cultural renewal. Tracks like “Village Songs” have been highlighted for their powerful commentary on rejecting consumerism and embracing sustainable, traditional ways of life, with reviewers noting its “powerful message” about the value of environmental and cultural heritage.<ref>FolknRock review of Mahamaya Experience, accessed June 2025.</ref> Other reviews of the Mahamaya Experience’s music praise the band’s ability to blend contemporary sonics with traditional sounds, producing pieces that are “gorgeous and drawn out, gentle and drifting, focused yet wonderfully and wilfully meandering.”<ref>Dave Franklin, "Get Off the Glass" review, Dancing About Architecture, https://dancing-about-architecture.com/get-off-the-glass-mahamaya-experience-reviewed-by-dave-franklin/</ref> Specific reviews of “Postpone My Nirvana,”<ref>“Postpone My Nirvana” review, Mahamaya Experience official website, https://www.mahamayaexperience.world/postpone-my-nirvana</ref> and “Butterfly Sitar Jam”<ref>“Butterfly Sitar Jam” review, Mahamaya Experience official website, https://www.mahamayaexperience.world/butterflysitarjam</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://dancing-about-architecture.com/butterfly-sitar-jam-mahamaya-experience-reviewed-by-dave-franklin/ | title=Butterfly Sitar Jam - Mahamaya Experience (Reviewed by Dave Franklin) | date=21 January 2023 }}</ref> emphasize the group’s innovative approach to world music, their mission to inspire reflection and healing, and their celebration of diversity and unity through a unique musical journey that bridges tradition and modernity.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/
* https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/music-and-goddess-ngma-opening
* https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/planet-health-museum
* https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/eternal-gandhi-exhibition-ngma
* https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/the-crossing-project
* https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/tech-firsts-legacy-of-ranjit-makkuni
* https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/betrayal-of-the-it-revolution
* https://www.ranjitmakkuni.world/freedomfromdigitalentrapment
* https://www.mahamayaexperience.world

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Makkuni, Ranjit}}
[[Category:Indian multimedia artists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian designers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:IIT Kharagpur alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni]]
[[Category:Exhibition designers]]
[[Category:Indian sitar players]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:Indian jazz musicians]]
[[Category:Funk musicians]]
[[Category:Gesture recognition]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Sikha Shahi

2026-04-30T06:12:49Z

Meeekil: Added A Entry

[[File:Sikh Empire tri-lingual.jpg|thumb|Maharaja Ranjit Singh's Sikh Empire at its peak in c. 1839]]
{{History of Pakistan}}
'''Sikha-Shahi''' is used to denote the high-handedness of a ruler. The term originated during the rule of Maharaja Ranjit Singh of the Sikh Empire<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tandon|first=Prakash|url=https://archive.org/details/punjabicentury180000tand|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/punjabicentury180000tand/page/10 10]|title=Punjabi Century, 1857-1947|date=1968|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-01253-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nevile|first=Pran|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbstDwAAQBAJ&dq=sikha+shahi&pg=PT15|title=Lahore|date=2006-07-07|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|isbn=978-93-86651-91-4|language=en}}</ref> in [[Punjab]], which stretched from the [[Kashmir Valley]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DqAHweWRUs0C&dq=sikha+shahi&pg=PA200|title=The Valley of Kashmir|date=2005|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-1630-1|language=en}}</ref> to the mouth of the [[Khyber Pass]]. About 70 per cent of the subjects of the Sikh ruler were Muslim.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Prof M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NbUB_ACAR5QC&dq=sikha+shahi&pg=PR39|title=HISTORY OF ISLAM (2 Vols. Set)|date=2002|publisher=Adam Publishers & Distributors|isbn=978-81-7435-019-0|language=en}}</ref>
Allegedly, during the [[Sikh period in Lahore]], curb to religious freedom and economic suppression were imposed on Muslim subjects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2016/10/30/back-to-sikha-shahi-rule/|title=Back to Sikha Shahi rule?|website=Pakistan Today|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> The Sikh rule was dubbed 'Sikha-Shahi' by the aggrieved [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslim]] elite.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1156166|title=COLUMN:The uses of language snobbery:Urdu & the identity politics|last=Kamal|first=Ajmal|date=2015-01-11|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> The phrase now refers to the rule of a monarchy<ref>{{cite web | last=Shehzad | first=Rizwan | title='Arbitrary rule': Sharif asks people to revolt against 'sikha shahi' | website=The Express Tribune | date=2018-03-06 | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1652018/1-arbitrary-rule-sharif-asks-people-revolt-sikha-shahi/ | access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> or unfavourable court orders<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/21-Dec-2017/court-must-act-against-nawaz-for-sikha-shahi-remark-kaira|title=Court must act against Nawaz for 'Sikha Shahi' remark: Kaira|date=2017-12-21|website=The Nation|language=en|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref> in Pakistan, especially in the Punjab province.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6mLH_rImHYC&dq=sikha+shahi&pg=PT28|title=Soldier Sahibs: The Men Who Made the North-West Frontier|date=2012-06-21|publisher=John Murray Press|isbn=978-1-84854-720-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1393389|title=Ex-PM talks about power of vote again|last=Reporter|first=The Newspaper's Staff|date=2018-03-06|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=2020-03-20}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Battle of Shopian]]
* [[Sikh period in Lahore]]
* [[Treaty of Amritsar (1846)]]
* [[Religious discrimination in Pakistan]]
* [[Chhota Ghallughara]]
* [[Vadda Ghalughara]]
* [[Military coups in Pakistan]]
* [[Sikh Empire]]
* [[Islam and Sikhism]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{Sikh Empire}}
{{Sikhism in Pakistan}}

[[Category:Pakistani words and phrases]]
[[Category:Political terminology in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Sikh Empire]]

Epic Bharat

2026-04-27T14:46:30Z

Meeekil:

{{short description|Indian Hindi-language television channel}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television channel
| name = Epic Bharat
| logo =
| logo_size =
| country = India
| area =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| language = Hindi
| picture_format = [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| owner = [[IN10 Media Network]]
| sister_channels = [[Ishara TV|Epic Parivaar]] Filamchi Bhojpuri [[Gubbare (TV channel)|Gubbare TV]] [[ShowBox]] [[Epic TV]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|df=yes|2023|04|01}}
| replaced_by =
| former_names =
| online_serv_1 = [[Epic ON]]
| online_chan_1 = [https://www.epicon.in/live-tv/nazara-live-tv Nazara]
}}

'''Epic Bharat''' is an Indian [[Hindi-language]] [[general entertainment]] [[television channel]] owned by [[IN10 Media Network]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IN10 Media Network launches Nazara |url=https://www.campaignindia.in/article/in10-media-network-launches-nazara/482631 |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Campaign India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-30 |title=IN10 Media Network launches second Hindi GEC |url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/media/in10-media-network-launches-second-hindi-gec-11680160686060.html |access-date=2023-08-19 |website=Live Mint}}</ref> The network's programming includes family dramas, romantic serials, thrillers and crime serials.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IN10 मीडिया नेटवर्क जल्द लॉन्च करेगा नया हिंदी जनरल एंटरटेनमेंट 'नज़ारा' |url=https://www.samachar4media.com/tv-media-news/in10-media-network-announces-launch-of-second-general-entertainment-channel-nazara-59658.html |access-date=2023-04-30 |website=Media News – Samachar4media |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530051734/https://www.samachar4media.com/tv-media-news/in10-media-network-announces-launch-of-second-general-entertainment-channel-nazara-59658.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IN10 मीडिया नेटवर्क जल्द लॉन्च करेगा नया हिंदी जनरल एंटरटेनमेंट 'नज़ारा' |url=https://www.samachar4media.com/tv-media-news/in10-media-network-announces-launch-of-second-general-entertainment-channel-nazara-59658.html |access-date=2023-04-02 |website=Samachar4media |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530051734/https://www.samachar4media.com/tv-media-news/in10-media-network-announces-launch-of-second-general-entertainment-channel-nazara-59658.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IN10 Media Network to launch Hindi GEC Nazara - ET BrandEquity |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/media/in10-media-network-to-launch-hindi-gec-nazara/99109047 |access-date=2023-05-01 |website=ETBrandEquity}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IN10 Media Network launches second Hindi GEC – Nazara |url=https://www.afaqs.com/news/media/in10-media-network-launches-second-hindi-gec-nazara |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Afaqs |date=30 March 2023 }}</ref>

==History==
In 2023 IN10 Media announced that it would launch a new Hindi language Entertainment channel on 1 April 2023. Eventually the channel was launched on [[DD Free Dish]].

==Programming==
===Current broadcast===
{|Class=wikitable sortable
! style="background:lightpink;"| Premiere Date
! style="background:lightpink;"| Show
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor=" sky blue" |'''Acquired Shows'''
|-
|rowspan="3"|2025
|''[[Rang Jaun Tere Rang Mein]]''
|-
|''[[Deewani]]''
|-
|''[[Bindiya Sarkar]]''
|}

=== Former shows ===
'''Original shows'''
{|Class=wikitable sortable
! style="background:lightpink;"| Year
! style="background:lightpink;"| Show
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023-2024
|''[[Do Chutki Sindoor]]''
|-
|''[[Beti Hamari Anmol]]''
|-
|''[[Laal Banarasi]]''<ref>{{Cite web |title=वाराणसी के बुनकर समाज के लिए बागी हुई गौरी, लेकिन, कारोबारी सावी से प्यार ने ला दिया इस मोड़ पर |url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/television/in10-media-nazara-tv-is-all-set-to-introduce-a-new-show-for-its-hindi-viewer-laal-banarasi-serial-2023-05-08 |access-date=2023-05-08 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dhartiputra Nandini]]''
|-
|2024–2025
|''[[Dahej Daasi]]''
|}

'''Acquired shows'''
{|Class=wikitable sortable
! style="background:lightpink;"| Year
! style="background:lightpink;"|Show
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|[[Ramayan (1987 TV series)|''Ramayan'']]
|-
|[[Luv Kush|''Uttar Ramayana'']]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023-2024
|''[[Teen Bahuraaniyaan]]''
|-
|''[[Mere Sai - Shraddha Aur Saburi]]''
|-
|''[[Crime Patrol (TV series)|Crime Patrol]]''
|-
|''[[Do Dil Bandhe Ek Dori Se]]''
|-
|rowspan="5"|2024
|''[[Bhagonwali – Baante Apni Taqdeer]]''
|-
|''[[Bhagyavidhata (TV series)|Bhagyavidhata]]''
|-
|''[[Santoshi Maa (TV series)|Santoshi Maa]]''
|-
|''[[Jamai Raja (2014 TV series)|Jamai Raja]]''
|-
|''Maa Shakti''
|-
|rowspan="5"|2024–2025
|''[[Mrs. Kaushik Ki Paanch Bahuein]]''
|-
|''[[Piya Ka Ghar (TV series)|Piya Ka Ghar]]''
|-
|''[[Chotti Bahu]]''
|-
|''[[Afsar Bitiya]]''
|-
|''[[Waaris (2016 TV series)|Waaris]]''
|-
|rowspan="2"|2025
|''[[Woh Apna Sa]]''
|-
|''[[Main Bhi Ardhangini]]''
|}

==See also==
* [[Ishara TV]]
*[[Epic TV]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Television stations in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television stations]]
[[Category:Television channels and stations established in 2023]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television channels in India]]
[[Category:IN10 Media Network]]

{{India-tv-station-stub}}

Battle of Katwa (1742)

2026-04-22T02:12:05Z

Meeekil: Made Some Post More To Come

{{Short description|Part of First Maratha invasion of Bengal}}{{For|other battles|Battle of Katwa}}
{{aI-generated|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Katwa
| place = [[Katwa]], [[West Bengal]]
| partof = [[First Maratha invasion of Bengal]]
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| combatant2 = {{Tree list}}
*[[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] [[Maratha Empire]]
**[[File:Nagpur State flag.png|20px]][[Kingdom of Nagpur]]
{{Tree list/end}}
| commander1 = [[Alivardi Khan]] [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan]] Mahdi Nisar Khan Abdul Ali Khan Saif Khan
| commander2 = [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar]]
| strength1 = 16,000–17,000<ref name="sA" />
| strength2 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Heavy
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Maratha invasions of Bengal}}
| casualties1 = Heavy
| date = 27 September 1742
| result = [[Bengal Subah]] victory<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n82/mode/1up 58]}} "'There was little loss on either side', as the English factory letter reports; but the Nawab's victory was complete, the Marathas had to leave all their tents, equipment and property behind"{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Rahim|1971|p=293}} "ভাস্কর পণ্ডিত মহা ধূমবামের সহিত দুর্গা পূজা করিতেছিলেন। আলীবর্দীর আক্রমণে ভীত হইয়া তিনি কাটোয়া হইতে পলায়ন করেন (২৭শে সেপ্টেম্বর, ১৭৪২)।" {{Translation|Bhaskar Pandit was worshipping Durga with great splendour. Fearing the attack of Alivardi, he fled from Katwa (September 27, 1742)}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mishra|1970|p=21}} "The Marathas were defeated on 27th September, 1742 and they fled away."</ref>
| map_type = West Bengal#India
| map_relief = yes
| map_size = 320
| map_mark = Big battle symbol.svg
| map_marksize = 12
| map_label = '''Battle of Katwa'''
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|38|27|N|88|7|50|E|display=inline,title}}
}}

The '''Battle of Katwa''' was a decisive engagement fought on 27 September 1742 between the forces of Nawab [[Alivardi Khan]] of Bengal and the [[Maratha Empire|Maratha]] general [[Bhaskar Ram Kolhatkar|Bhaskar Pandit]] during the [[Maratha invasions of Bengal]]. Launching a surprise dawn attack amid the [[Durga Puja]] festivities at Daihat, Alivardi exploited flooded terrain to neutralize Maratha cavalry superiority. After an initial rout, the nawab executed a daring night crossing of the [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]] and [[Ajay River]] at Uddharanpur, overcoming the collapse of a boat-bridge that drowned 1,500 of his men. A force of 3,000 Bengal troops then struck the Maratha western flank, scattering the enemy toward Katwa and inflicting heavy losses.

== Background ==
During the monsoon interlude of 1742, both Alivardi and Maratha's were waiting for reinforcement. Bhaskar Pandit, dispatched two captains to his [[Raghuji I]] in [[Nagpur]] with urgent pleas for fresh troops, but these entreaties went unheeded. Determined to seize the initiative, Alivardi resolved to strike the Marathas before the roads dries.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1943|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24396/page/n479/mode/1up 458]}}</ref>

== Prelude ==
Alivardi Khan camped in the suburbs of [[Murshidabad]], and devoted himself to fortifying his forces in anticipation of renewed hostilities with the Marathas once the monsoon season had concluded. The nawab's artillery underwent reorganization; a number of war elephants were trained to precede his own mount in formation; and a formidable flotilla was assembled by requisitioning vessels from [[Dhaka]], [[Malda district|Malda]], and [[Rajmahal]]. Alivardi further solicited assistance from the Mughal emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] ({{Reign|1719|1748}}) in [[Delhi]] and directed appeals to his deputies at [[Patna]] and [[Purnia|Purnea]] for support against the Maratha incursions. At the time [[Zain ud-Din Ahmed Khan|Zain ud-Din]] deputy of Patna received the nawab's summons.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n97/mode/1up 75]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mishra|1970|pp=20–21}}</ref> Accordingly, Zain-ud-Din proceeded to Murshidabad at the head of 5,000 [[cavalry]] and between 6,000 and 7,000 [[infantry]], accompanied by Mahdi Nisar Khan and Abdul Ali Khan. Saif Khan likewise arrived from Purnea with a contingent of 5,000 men.<ref name="sA">{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n97/mode/1up 75]}} "… Mahdi Nisar Khan and Abdul Ali Khan, paternal uncle and maternal grand-uncle respectively of the historian [[Ghulam Hussain Khan|Ghulam Husain]], at the head of 5,000 cavalry and about 6,000 or 7,000 infantry. Saif Khan also came from Purneah with 5,000 soldiers."{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n80/mode/1up 56]}} "… when the reinforcements called up by him from his deputies in Purnia and Patna would reach him. They came to him accompanied by 5,000 and 12,000 men respectively, before the rainy season was over"{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Mishra|1970|p=21}} "Mahdi Nissar Khan and Abdul Ali Khan, paternal uncle and maternal grand-uncle respectively of Ghulam Husain. He was accompanied by 5,000 cavalry and 6,000 or 7,000 infantry"</ref>

== Battle ==
Alivardi subsequently departed the suburbs of Murshidabad with his two nephews, his kinsman Abdul Ali Khan, and a disciplined and well-equipped force, while the terrain remained sodden and partially inundated. Meanwhile, Bhaskar Pandit was observing the [[Durga Puja]] festivities at Daihat,{{Efn|approximately five miles southeast of Katwa}} levying contributions from certain zamindars of western Bengal. On the third day of the festival, 27 September 1742, the nawab launched a dawn assault upon the Maratha encampment. Caught unawares, the Marathas fled toward [[Katwa]], abandoning a portion of their baggage and equipment. After several days' march, the nawab arrived at a position on the eastern bank of the [[Bhagirathi River]], opposite Katwa. At this juncture, the smaller [[Ajay River]] flows westward into the Bhagirathi. The principal Maratha force was encamped west of the Bhagirathi, facing the Ajay, while a detachment stood ready with artillery aboard a sloop anchored in the Bhagirathi adjacent to Katwa. Despite maintaining vigilant defenses, the Marathas held their fortified position; the nawab's artillery bombardment across the river, sustained for eight days, failed to dislodge them.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n97/mode/1up 76]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|pp=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n80/mode/1up 56–57]}}</ref>

The western flank of the Maratha army remained inadequately defended, prompting the nawab to devise a plan to assault it by secretly crossing both the Bhagirathi and the Ajay rivers. For several miles upstream from Katwa, both banks of the Bhagirathi lay beyond Maratha control. This enabled the nawab to construct a temporary bridge of boats across the Bhagirathi at [[Uddharanpur]] and to ferry his army to the north bank of the Ajay. The vessels were then released downstream, one or two at a time, until they reached the Ajay's confluence with the Bhagirathi, approximately one mile above the Maratha encampment. Utilizing these boats, the nawab directed the erection of a bridge across the Ajay before dawn, intending to cross the river undetected and evade Maratha notice. As the Bengal troops commenced crossing, however, one or two boats in the bridge's center gave way, resulting in the drowning of 1,500 soldiers. The structure was swiftly repaired, and before the first light of dawn appeared in the east, some 2,500–3,000 Bengal troops had gained the south bank of the Ajay. Advancing rapidly for a mile, they launched a sudden assault on the Maratha camp. The Marathas fled at once, without ascertaining the enemy's numbers or offering resistance. The Bengal forces pursued them relentlessly, inflicting heavy casualties. In the morning, the nawab dispatched reinforcements including elephants, cannon, and additional troops from the Ajay's opposite bank and soon arrived personally at the battlefield.<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n99/mode/1up 77]}}{{Break}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sarkar|1964|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007/page/n81/mode/1up 57]}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
Bhaskar fled to [[Panchet|Pachet]] and his detachments scattered in [[Bardhaman|Burdwan]], [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]], [[Hijli]].<ref>{{Harvard citation no brackets|Datta|1939|p=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485/page/n100/mode/1up 78]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Third Maratha invasion of Bengal]]
* [[Battle of Naubatpur (1745)]]
* [[Siege of Barabati (1745)]]
* [[Siege of Cuttack (1749)]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Kalikinkar |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.279485 |title=Alivardi and His Times |date=1939 |publisher=University of Calcutta |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007 |title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire 1739-1754 |date= |publisher=Orient Longman Ltd |year=1964 |edition=3rd |volume=I |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Rahim |first=M. A. |title=Bangladesher Itihas |date=1971 |publisher=M. Alam Iden Press |editor-last=Rahim |editor-first=M. A |editor-link=Muhammad Abdur Rahim |edition=1st |location=Dhaka |pages=285–305 |language=bn |trans-title=Bangladesh's History |editor-last2=Abdul Momin |editor-first2=Chowdhury |editor-link2=Abdul Momin Chowdhury |editor-last3=Mahmood |editor-first3=A. B Mahiuddin |editor-last4=Islam |editor-first4=Sirajul |editor-link4=Sirajul Islam}}
* {{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |author-link=Jadunath Sarkar |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_History_of_Bengal.html?id=DiUKAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y |title=The History of Bengal |date=1943 |publisher=The University of Dhaka |volume=II |location=Ramna, Dhaka |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mishra |first=Shree Govind |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/History_of_Bihar_1740_1772.html?id=iwEt0AEACAAJ |title=History of Bihar, 1740-1772 |date=1970 |publisher=Lawrence Verry Incorporated |isbn=978-0-8426-0172-6 |language=en}}
{{refend}}

[[Category:Conflicts in 1742]]
[[Category:1742 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Bengal Subah]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Maratha Empire]]

Kadamtala–Kurti Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:28:05Z

Meeekil: new...

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Tripura State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kadamtala-Kurti
| state = [[Tripura]]
| district = [[North Tripura district|North Tripura]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tripura East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tripura East]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| mla = [[Islam Uddin]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| latest_election_year = 2023
| electors = {{formatnum:47157}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14875-tripura-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Tripura General Legislative Election 2023 - Tripura - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in|access-date=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = Kadamtala–Kurti Assembly constituency map.svg
| constituency_no = 54
}}

'''Kadamtala-Kurti Legislative Assembly constituency''' is one of the 60 [[Tripura Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Tripura]] state in [[India]].<ref name="knowBLO">{{cite web |url=http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |title=Information of BLO |website=ermstripura.nic.in |accessdate=22 January 2021 |archive-date=28 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128112151/http://ermstripura.nic.in/officerlogin/outviews/viewBLO.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[North Tripura district]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Fayzur Rahaman || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Islam Uddin]]
|-
| [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadamtala–Kurti<ref>{{cite news |date=2 March 2023 |title=Tripura Assembly election results 2023: Check full list of winners |language=en |work=The Indian Express |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220141112/https://indianexpress.com/elections/tripura-election-results-2023-constituency-winners-list-8473554/ |archive-date=20 December 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Islam Uddin]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,012 |percentage=49.65% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dilip Tanti |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=18,120 |percentage=44.95% |change={{increase}}6.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Hasim |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=1,061 |percentage=2.63% |change={{increase}}1.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopal Krishna Deb |party=Independent politician |votes=636 |percentage=1.58% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=480 |percentage=1.19% |change={{increase}}0.05 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,892 |percentage=4.69% |change= {{decrease}}14.18 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=40,309 |percentage=85.53% |change= {{decrease}}2.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,157 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.86 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{decrease}}7.19 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadamtala–Kurti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2018 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228163855/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2018.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Islam Uddin]] |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=20,721 |percentage=56.84% |change={{increase}}14.20 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tinku Roy |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=13,839 |percentage=37.96% |change={{increase}}20.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Giyas Uddin Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=936 |percentage=2.57% |change={{decrease}}34.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=417 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rasamay Nath |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=363 |percentage=1.00% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=6,882 |percentage=18.88% |change= {{increase}}13.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,455 |percentage=88.28% |change= {{decrease}}3.16 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 41,416 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.96 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |swing= {{increase}}14.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Tripura Legislative Assembly election]]: Kadamtala–Kurti<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Tripura|title=Form 20 {{!}} Final Result Sheet {{!}} General Election to the Tripura Legislative Assembly - 2013 |url=http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228165655/http://ceotripura.nic.in/sites/default/files/2024-01/Form20_2013.pdf|archive-date=28 February 2024 |access-date = 20 June 2020}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Fayzur Rahaman |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=14,514 |percentage=42.64% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Matin Chowdhury |party=Indian National Congress |votes=12,585 |percentage=36.98% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Arijit Nath |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,070 |percentage=17.83% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Abdul Kayum |party=Janata Dal (United) |votes=487 |percentage=1.43% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fazlur Rahaman |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes=379 |percentage=1.11% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,929 |percentage=5.67% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=34,035 |percentage=91.22% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,326 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Tripura Legislative Assembly]]
* [[North Tripura district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Tripura}}

{{coord|24.46|92.2|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kadamtala-Kurti Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:North Tripura district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Tripura]]
[[Category:Politics of Tripura]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Tripura]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Jammu–Baramulla line

2026-04-19T11:00:14Z

Meeekil:

{{Short description|Railway line in northern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Jammu–Baramulla line Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramula Rail Link (USBRL)
| other_name =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| color =
| logo =
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| image = KatraRailwayStation.jpg
| image_width = 330px
| image_alt =
| caption = [[Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Katra railway station|SVD Katra]] is an important railway station on the Jammu–Baramulla line
| system =
| locale = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| start = {{rws|Jammu Tawi}}
| end = {{rws|Baramulla}}
| routes =
| daily_ridership =
| ridership2 =
| open = 6 June 2025
| event1label =
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| owner = [[Indian Railways]]
| character =
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| linelength_km =
| linelength_mi =
| linelength = 324 km
| tracklength_km =
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| tracks = 1
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]]
| old_gauge =
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| electrification = Yes
| speed_km/h = 110-130
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| elevation_m = 1730<ref name=highest>{{cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/budget/budget-2013-budget/indian-railways-more-than-broad-metre-and-narrow-gauges-638762.html|title=Indian Railways: More than broad, metre and narrow gauges|website=FirstPost|date=25 February 2013}}</ref>
| elevation_ft =
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| website =
| map = {{switcher
|{{maplink-road|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-width=290|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=line|stroke-width=3|id=Q387255|}} Jammu–Baramulla line highlighted in red<hr>
|Show interactive map
|{{Jammu–Baramulla line|inline=1}}
|Show BSicon diagram map
}}
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Jammu–Baramulla line'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/kashmir-railway/|title=Jammu-Baramulla line|work=Railway Technology}}</ref> (including the '''Udhampur–Srinagar–Baramula Rail Link (USBRL)''' subsection) is a 324 km long [[railway]] between the cities of [[Jammu]] and [[Baramulla]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] India. It is fully operational as of 7 June 2025. Connecting the [[Kashmir Valley]] with the rest of India, this rail link has major [[Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo|geostrategic importance]] for the [[Indian Armed Forces|Indian armed forces]]. It has reduced the travel time between Jammu and [[Srinagar]] from 7 hours to 3 hours;<ref name=printstat1/> it also connects the important religious pilgrimage sites of [[Vaishno Devi|Mata Vaishno Devi Temple]] and [[Amarnath Temple]].<ref name=amar1>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2025-06-01 |title=PM set to flag off train to Kashmir on June 6, address rally at Katra Stadium |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/pm-set-to-flag-off-train-to-kashmir-on-june-6-address-rally-at-katra-stadium/ |access-date=2025-06-02 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref>

Completed in several phases, this link entails several engineering achievements including the [[Chenab Bridge]] - world's highest railway bridge, the [[Anji Khad Bridge]] - India's first cable-stayed railway bridge,<ref name=printstat1/> the [[Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel]] (Banihal railway tunnel) - India's [[List of rail tunnels in India by length|longest railway tunnel]] as of 2025,<ref name="usbrl.org"/> and the [[USBRL Tunnel 33|T33 tunnel]], which, while short, is immensely challenging as it punches through the [[Main Boundary Thrust]] of the Himalayas.

==History==
[[File:Jammu Tawi to Delhi - Rail side views 02.JPG|thumb|alt=Long orange-and-white passenger train in a station|[[Jammu Tawi railway station]].]]

In 1972, Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] opened the newly laid railway line from Kathua to Jammu Tawi, and in 1983 she laid foundation stone for Jammu-Udhampur section of railway line. In 1994, while the Jammu-Udhampur line was still under-construction it's extension to Baramulla was announced by the Prime minister PV Narsimharao.

In 2005, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh inaugurates the operational Jammu-Udhampur railway line construction of which was delayed by 21 years,<ref name="Udhampur"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050414/main2.htm|work=Online Edition of The Tribune, dated 2005-04-14|title=Manmohan flags off first Udhampur-Jammu train|author=S.P. Sharma & Tripti Nath|access-date=13 August 2008}}</ref> He also inaugurated Anantnag-Mazhom section in 2008,<ref name="Iso">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200810120322.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 2008-10-12|title=Manmohan flags off first train in Kashmir Valley|access-date=12 October 2008|location=Chennai, India|date=12 October 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707193644/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200810120322.htm|archive-date=7 July 2009}}</ref><ref name="PR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/prime-minister-flags-off-kashmir-valleys-dream-train-31183-2008-10-10 |title=Prime Minister flags off Kashmir Valley's dream train |date=11 October 2008 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Mazhom/[[Pattan]]-Baramulla section in 2009,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sonia-inaugurates-intl-airport-in-srinagar/423534/|title=Valley train reaches Baramulla|date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200902140334.htm|work=Online edition of The Hindu, dated 2009-02-14|title=Train between Baramulla, Anantnag to be flagged off today|author=PTI|location=Chennai, India|date=14 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090609/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/002200902140334.htm|archive-date=7 July 2009}}</ref> Anantnag-Qazigund section in 2009,<ref name="Qazigund">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=53658|title=Prime Minister dedicates Anantnag-Quazigund rail line in Kashmir to nation|date=28 October 2009|work=Press Release, Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=2 December 2009}}</ref> Qazigund-Banihal section in 2013.

In January 2025, [[Jammu railway division|Jammu Railway Division]] was inaugurated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as a newly created division carved out from the [[Firozpur railway division|Firozpur Division]], and the responsibility for the Jammu-Baramaulla line was transferred from Firozpur Division to Jammu Railway Division.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Times |first1=Hindustan |title=PM Modi inaugurates Jammu rail division, says will boost development in region |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/pm-modi-inaugurates-jammu-railway-division-101736153718424.html |access-date=9 January 2025}}</ref>

===Accidents===

During the construction there were several fatal accidents, including death of Altaf Hussain, a Hindustan Construction Company (HCC) labourer in June 2005 by a tunnel collapse in Tathyar, the drowning of two girls in an excavated ditch on 16 May 2007, the death of Nepali labourer Tika Ram Balwari after being struck by a boulder in the Uri Varmul on 14 February 2008, the death of five occupants after a dump truck rolled into a deep gorge in Lower Juda More (near Kouri in [[Reasi district]]) on 18 April 2008,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080419/j&k.htm#3#3|work=Online edition of The Tribune, dated 2008-04-18|title= Six labourers killed, 2 hurt in Reasi mishap |access-date=16 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080419/j&k.htm#3| title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Jammu & Kashmir }}</ref> and the death of two workers, Abdul Rahman (age 34) and Jumma Baksh (24) at Chenab River bridge on 27 March 2011 when the basket in which they were riding (attached to a crane) unhooked and fell over 100 metres.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110328/j&k.htm#3|work=Online edition of The Tribune, dated 2011-03-27|title=2 killed at rail project site |access-date=13 August 2011}}</ref>

==Features==

The railway crosses over 750 bridges and pass through over {{convert|100|km|abbr=on}} of tunnels.<ref name=bridg1>{{cite web|url=http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/tender/annexure1.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031208010318/http://www.konkanrailway.com/website/tender/annexure1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=8 December 2003 |work=Official webpage of the Konkan Railway Corporation Limited |title=Salient Design Features of the Chenab and Anji Khad bridges |access-date=14 August 2008 }}</ref>

=== Bridges ===
[[File:Railway bridge in banihal.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Rail bridge, photographed from the track|Rail bridge in Banihal.]]

Main bridges are:<ref name=printstat1/><ref name=bridg1/>

* [[Chenab Rail Bridge|Chenab Bridge]]:<ref name=printstat1/> {{convert|1315|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} {{convert|11215|m|mi|abbr=on}} above the riverbed the arch bridge on the [[Chenab River]] is world's highest railway bridge as it is {{convert|35|m}} higher than the top of the [[Eiffel Tower]].<ref name="Base"/> Design with similar structure to [[West Virginia]]'s [[New River Gorge Bridge]], the Chenab bridge construction used the [[weathering steel]] for an environmentally-friendly appearance and to also eliminate the need for painting.

* [[Anji Khad Bridge]]: {{convert|657|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} bridge {{convert|186|m|abbr=on}} above the riverbed is India's first cable-stayed railway bridge.<ref name=printstat1/>

=== Tunnels ===

* [[Banihal-Qazigund Railway Tunnel]]: 11.215-km (7-mile) long, 8.4 m wide and 7.39 m high tunnel is India longest rail tunnel in 2025, which also includes a 3 m-wide service road for maintenance and emergency use. Rail tunnel's average elevation of 1760 m is 440 m below the existing road tunnel.<ref name="usbrl.org"/> The tunnel facilitates transportation during winter (when inclement weather closes the Srinagar-Jammu highway), and halves the distance between [[Quazigund]] and Banihal (35 km by road and 17.5 km by train).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/indian-railways-pir-panjal-tunnel-kashmir-valley-asia-second-longest-tunnel-125590-2012-12-27|title=Indian Railways makes history, runs train through Asia's second longest tunnel|date=28 December 2012 }}</ref> The Banihal railway station is 1,702 m (5,584 ft) above mean sea level, and trains run from Banihal to Qazigund through the tunnel. The 5 km [[Banganga River (Jammu and Kashmir)|Banganga]] section was expected to be operational before the completion date of 2017–18 for the entire project.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://usbrl.org/curr-pcdo-jk.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304060007/http://usbrl.org/curr-pcdo-jk.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 }}</ref> Built with the [[New Austrian tunnelling method]], and a number of challenges have been encountered while tunnelling through the geologically young, unstable [[Sivalik Hills]], requiring drastic solutions with steel arches and several feet of [[shotcrete]] and lattice girder support.

=== Gradient ===

Although the rail line is being built through a mountainous region, a one-percent [[ruling gradient]] has been set to provide a safe, smooth, reliable journey. [[Bank engine]]s will not be required, making the journey quicker and smoother. It will use {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[broad gauge]] continuous welded rail laid on concrete sleepers, with a minimum [[Radius of curvature|curve radius]] of 676 m. The maximum speed will be {{convert|100|km/h|mph}}.<ref name="Base"/> Provision for future track doubling is made on major bridges.

===Safety===

There are [[Closed-circuit television]] cameras at major bridges, tunnels and stations, and all major bridges and tunnels are illuminated. [[Railway signal|Three-aspect colour-light signalling]] is installed on the route for safety, and [[GSM-R]] equipment will be installed in the future to improve its quality.

===Maintenance ===

Maintenance workshop is at [[Badgam]], north of Srinagar. It is owned-operated by [[Indian Railways]]'s [[Jammu railway division|Jammu Railway Division]] of [[Northern Railway zone|Northern zone]].<ref name=printstat1/><ref name="The Economic Times">{{Cite news|title=Centre approves Baramulla-Kupwara rail link|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/centre-approves-baramulla-kupwara-rail-link/articleshow/66868141.cms|access-date=2022-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/chenab-rail-bridge-to-be-ready-by-next-year/articleshow/77314251.cms|title=Chenab rail bridge to be ready by next year|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=2 August 2020 }}</ref>

==Construction==

The total project cost in 2022 was INR28,000 crore (~US$3.5 billion).<ref name="cost1">{{cite web|url= https://newsonair.com/2022/02/17/another-engineering-marvel-railways-making-indias-first-ever-cable-stayed-rail-bridge/ |work= NewsOnAir |title= Another Engineering marvel: Railways making India's first-ever cable-stayed rail bridge |date= 17 February 2022 | access-date= 2022-09-14}}</ref>

===Challenges===
[[File:Baramula Banihal DEMU train near Qazigund.jpg|thumb|alt=Train rounding a snowy curve|Training rounding a snow-laden curve in Qazigund.]]

The line was one of the most difficult rail project undertaken on the [[Indian subcontinent]]. The young [[Himalayas]] are geologically surprising and problematic.<ref name="Base"/> The track's alignment presents one of the greatest railway engineering challenges ever faced; only [[Tibet]]'s [[Qingzang Railway]], completed in 2006 across permafrost and climbing to over {{convert|5000|m|abbr=on}} above sea level, is comparable. Although the Indian temperatures are less severe, the region experiences harsh winters with heavy snowfall. In the Pir Panjal Range, most peaks exceed {{convert|15000|ft|m|abbr=on}} in height.

===Construction entities===
{{anchor|Project execution agencies}}
[[File:Kashmir Valley Railway 143.jpg|thumb|alt=Long passenger train at a large station|[[Srinagar railway station]] with passenger train.]]

[[Indian Railways]] (IR) is overall responsible for the construction of {{convert|25|km|adj=on}} Udhampur-Katra section. IR's subsidiary [[Konkan Railway Corporation]] was responsible for the construction of {{convert|90|km|adj=on}} Katra-Laole section, arguably the line's most difficult portion, with over 92 percent tunnels or bridges—{{convert|12|km}} of bridges and {{convert|72|km}} of tunnels. [[Ircon International]], a [[Public sector undertakings in India|public-sector company]], was responsible for the construction of {{convert|175|km|adj=on}} Dharam-Qazigund-Baramulla section and [[Hindustan Construction Company]] built the {{convert|11215|m|mi|abbr=on}} Pir Panjal tunnel on this section at the cost of [[Indian rupee|₹]]900 [[crore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hccindia.com/projects.asp?parentId=3&childId=17 |work=Official webpage of HCC |title=UDHAMPUR-SRINAGAR-BARAMULLA NEW B.G. RAILWAY LINE PROJECT:PIR PANJAR TUNNEL (ZONE VA and VB) |access-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026024145/http://www.hccindia.com/projects.asp?parentId=3&childId=17 |archive-date=26 October 2007 }}</ref> [[Shapoorji Pallonji Group#Subsidiaries|Afcons Infrastructure Limited]] and South Korea's Ultra Engineering designed and built the Chenab Bridge for around ₹974 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.afcons.com/022_rail_metro.html|work=Official webpage of AFCONS|title=Bridges, Flyovers and Viaducts|access-date=23 September 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080708111142/http://www.afcons.com/022_rail_metro.html  |archive-date = 8 July 2008}}</ref> [[Gammon India]] and South Africa's Archirodon Construction built the Anji Khad Bridge for ₹745 crore.

===Phases===

The construction of railway line was divided into four phases:<ref name="Base">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=43772&kwd=|work=Press Release, Press Information Bureau, Government of India, dated 2008-10-16|title=Train-Link for J & K Prosperity|author=Harish Kunwar|access-date=25 November 2008}}</ref>

* ''Phase-1'', operational since 2005, 53 km long from Jammu to [[Udhampur]], was built over 21 years.<ref name="Udhampur">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=9418|work=Press Release, Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=13 April 2005|title=A landmark development: Jammu-Udhampur rail line|author=Harsh Bhal|access-date=13 August 2008}}</ref>

* ''Phase-2'', operational since 4 July 2014, 25 km from Udhampur to Katra,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=45390|title=Inauguration of Udhampur-Katra rail line delayed by a year|access-date=23 July 2009|archive-date=29 September 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929064606/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=45390|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="leg2">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Katra-to-be-linked-by-rail-line-by-May-next-year/articleshow/2694761.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022111822/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-01-12/india/27758580_1_rail-line-katra-base-camp|url-status=live|archive-date=22 October 2012|title=Katra to be linked by rail line by May next year|access-date=26 November 2008|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=12 January 2008}}</ref> includes 7 tunnels and 30 bridges.<ref name="indiatimes1">{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/JK-Trains-to-go-up-to-Katra-from-February/articleshow/29333123.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140127030747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-25/india/46600661_1_seven-tunnels-vaishno-devi-estimated-10-million-devotees | url-status=live | archive-date=2014-01-27 | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=J&K: Trains to go up to Katra from February}}</ref>

* ''Phase-3'', operational since 13 December 2024, 111 km from Katra to [[Banihal]], has a total of 35 tunnels (includes 27 main and 8 escape tunnels),<ref name=printstat1/> 62 bridges and a number of tunnels totalling 100 km out of total 129 km route length was most difficult section of the overall project. It required 262 km of access roads connecting 147,000 people in 73 villages; 160 km, connecting 29 villages, is completed.<ref name="usbrl.org">{{cite web|url=http://usbrl.org/aboutus.php|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110509140742/http://usbrl.org/aboutus.php|url-status=usurped|archive-date=9 May 2011|title=Welcome to Northern Railway Construction Organization (USBRL Project), INDIA}}</ref>

* ''Phase-4'', operational since 26 June 2013, 135 km long section from [[Banihal]] to Baramulla runs across the [[Pir Panjal Range]] from Baramulla to Banihal.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=880327578480812032|user=RailMinIndia|title=2/FIVE NEW HALT STATIONS INCLUDE...|date=29 June 2017}}</ref>

==Route==
{{Jammu–Baramulla line}}

This rail link makes several tourist and religious locations more easily accessible at faster travel speed and shorter travel time: [[Katra, Jammu and Kashmir|Katra]] - the base town of the Vaishno Devi|Shri Mata Vaishno Devi shrine, [[Reasi]], [[Pahalgam]], [[Aharbal]], [[Gulmarg]], [[Verinag]], [[Qazigund]], [[Anantnag]], and Mazhom near [[Pattan]], [[Dal Lake]], [[Lolab Valley]] and [[Mughal Road]].

==Train services==
[[File:Kashmir railway line near Banihal railway station.jpg|thumb|alt=Station with overhead walkway and mountains in the background|[[Banihal railway station]].]]

===Passenger services ===

[[Vande Bharat Express]], air-conditioned, medium to long-distance train service operated by Indian Railways runs on this route.<ref name=printstat1/> The heated and air-conditioned coaches have wide windows, sliding doors, reclining seats, and a snow-cutting [[cowcatcher|cattle guard]] is attached to the front of the train to clear snow from the tracks during winter. Due to the valley's cold climate, the 1,400-[[horsepower]] diesel engine has a heating system for quick, trouble-free starts. Coaches have a public-information system (display and announcements) and a [[pneumatic]] [[Suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] for riding comfort. There is a compartment for the [[Physical disability|physically disabled]], with wider doors.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/News_By_Industry/Transportation/History_and_hope_ride_on_Kashmirs_hi-tech_train/articleshow/3584258.cms|work=Online edition of the Economic Times, dated 2008-10-11|title=History and hope ride on Kashmir's hi-tech train|access-date=11 December 2008|date=11 October 2008}} {{Dead link|date=May 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

===Freight service ===

Freight service (grain and petroleum products) run between the 10–12 daily passenger trains.

== Future extension==
{{anchor | Extension | Future }}

See [[Jammu railway division#Future|planned new rail lines in Jammu and Kashmir]].

==Alternate connectivity==

Jammu-Baramulla line provides partial rail connectivity to Kargil and Leh, which have the following alternative existing and under-construction connectivity.

* Rail
** [[Bhanupli–Leh line]] - under-construction, via Manali, [[Darcha]], [[Pangi Valley]], and [[Miru, Ladakh|Meroo]].

* Road
** [[National Highway 1 (India)|NH-1]] Uri-[[Leh]], existing, via Baramulla, Srinagar, [[Drass, Ladakh|Drass]] and [[Kargil]].

** [[Leh–Manali Highway]], existing, via Meroo, Pangi, and Darcha.

==Present status==

* June 2025: The construction of the entire route from Jammu to Baramulla was complete and made operational when [[Narendra Modi|Prime Minister Narendra Modi]] flagged off a Jammu-Baramulla train on 6 June 2025,<ref name=printstat1>[https://theprint.in/india/jk-will-be-given-the-status-of-a-state-by-pm-modi-says-cm-omar-abdullah/2649525/ J&K will be given the status of a state by PM Modi, says CM Omar Abdullah], The Print, 6 Jun 2025.</ref> with future plans for [[Jammu_railway_division#Future|several new rail lines extensions]] across Kashmir Valley.<ref name=printext2>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2023/sep/12/rail-network-in-jammu-and-kashmir-likely-to-be-extended-to-loc-2614030.html|title=Rail network in Jammu and Kashmir likely to be extended to LoC|date=12 September 2023}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Future_of_rail_transport_in_India#Geo|Geostrategic border rail lines of India]]
* [[Mughal Road]]
* [[Indian Railways]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100705083200/http://www.iricen.gov.in/projects/622/DESIGN.pdf Design features of Jammu Baramulla line]
*[http://www.openstreetmap.org/browse/relation/1352286 Railway Map on Openstreetmap]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110809052522/http://iricen.gov.in/IRICEN1/projects/824/ankurjain.pdf Pir Panjal Railway Tunnel T80 By N.A.T.M]

{{Railways in Northern India}}
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jammu-Baramulla line}}
[[Category:Jammu railway division|*]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Transport in Baramulla]]
[[Category:Transport in Jammu]]
[[Category:Transport in Katra, Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Transport in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Transport in Udhampur]]

Thokchom Satyabrata Singh

2026-04-18T17:31:53Z

Meeekil: Added A Biography

{{short description|Indian politician|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thokchom Satyabrata Singh
| birth_name =
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1 March 1974}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office3 = Member of the [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Yaiskul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yaiskul]]
| term_start3 = 19 March 2017
| term_end3 =
| predecessor3 = Elangbam Chand Singh
| successor3 =
| office1 = [[List of speakers of the Manipur Legislative Assembly|Speaker of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 24 March 2022
| leader1 = Biren Singh Y Khemchand Singh
| predecessor1 = [[Yumnam Khemchand Singh]]
| office2 = Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Law & Legislative Affairs of Manipur, Labour & Employment [[Government of Manipur]]
| term_start2 = 2020
| term_end2 = 2022
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| father = Th. Birchand Singh
| other_party =
| spouse =
| children =
| website =
| alma_mater = [[Manipur University]] ([[Master of Science|M.Sc]] in [[Botany]])
| profession =
}}
'''Thokchom Satyabrata Singh''' is a [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] politician from [[Manipur]]. He has been elected in [[Manipur Legislative Assembly]] election in 2017 and 2022 from [[Yaiskul (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Yaiskul constituency]] as a candidate of Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yaiskul, Manipur Assembly Election Results 2022 LIVE Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/yaiskul-manipur-assembly-election-results-2022-live-updates-1923446-2022-03-10 |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=ECI |title=Election Result 2017 Manipur |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3713-manipur-general-legislative-election-2017}}</ref> He is the current Speaker of Manipur Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-24 |title=Thokchom Satyabrata Singh elected as new Manipur assembly Speaker |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/thokchom-satyabrata-singh-elected-as-new-manipur-assembly-speaker-101648100756789.html |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

He was the State Cabinet Minister for Consumer Affairs, Food & Public Distribution, Law & Legislative Affairs of Manipur, Labour & Employment in 2020–2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=Official website Chief Minister of Manipur |url=http://www.cmmanipur.gov.in/cabinet/ |website=www.cmmanipur.gov.in |access-date=8 March 2022}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Thokchom Satyabrata}}
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Manipur]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Manipur MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Speakers of the Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Manipur University alumni]]

{{Manipur-BJP-politician-stub}}

Huvina Hippargi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:05Z

Meeekil: done

{{Short description|Former Assembly constituency in Karnataka, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Huvina Hippargi
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Karnataka]]
| district = [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]]
| division = [[Belagavi division|Belagavi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency|Bijapur]]
| constituency_no = 218
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2008
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| electors =
}}
'''Huvina Hippargi Assembly constituency''' was one of the constituencies in [[Karnataka]] state assembly in India until 2008 when it was made defunct. It was part of [[Bijapur Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || P. G. Ninganagounda || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || K. D. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Organisation)}}
|-
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Patil Basangouda Somanagouda || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || Basanagoud Somanagoud Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Shivputrappa Madiwalappa Desai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || Basanagoud Somanagoud Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || Shivputrappa Madiwalappa Desai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Basanagoud Somanagoud Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Shivputrappa Madiwalappa Desai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}
==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Huvina Hippargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivputrappa Madiwalappa Desai |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 39,224 |percentage = 43.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil. B. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 32,927 |percentage = 36.61% |change = {{decrease}}19.50 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Malakendragouda Basangowda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 12,774 |percentage = 14.20% |change = {{increase}}6.27 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Mahmadumar Rajapatel |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,767 |percentage = 1.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sangangouda Dyamangowda |party = Kannada Nadu Party |votes = 1,652 |percentage = 1.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hosakoti Namdev Ramappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 1,591 |percentage = 1.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,297 |percentage = 7.00% |change = {{decrease}}14.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,949 |percentage = 58.67% |change = {{decrease}}4.70 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 89,935}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,302 |ref = |change = {{increase}}12.33 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}12.50 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Huvina Hippargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagoud Somanagoud Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 46,088 |percentage = 56.11% |change = {{increase}}24.02 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivputrappa Madiwalappa Desai |party = Janata Dal (United) |votes = 28,492 |percentage = 34.69% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Rayana Gouda Basanagouda |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 6,510 |percentage = 7.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Talikoti Imamsab Dastageersa |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 1.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,596 |percentage = 21.42% |change = {{increase}}4.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 86,487 |percentage = 63.37% |change = {{increase}}2.26 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 82,132}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,355 |percentage = 5.04% |change = {{increase}}1.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,471 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.65 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}6.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1994 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Huvina Hippargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivputrappa Madiwalappa Desai |party = Janata Dal |votes = 35,849 |percentage = 49.12% |change = {{increase}}18.51 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil. B. S |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 23,422 |percentage = 32.09% |change = {{decrease}}20.75 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kumbar. B. S |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 6,080 |percentage = 8.33% |change = {{increase}}7.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil. S. G |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 4,707 |percentage = 6.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Madar. R. M |party = Independent politician |votes = 686 |percentage = 0.94% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chittaragi. R. T |party = Independent politician |votes = 659 |percentage = 0.90% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Naikodi. S. G |party = Independent politician |votes = 491 |percentage = 0.67% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,427 |percentage = 17.03% |change = {{decrease}}5.21 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 75,362 |percentage = 61.11% |change = {{decrease}}2.95 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 72,987}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,375 |percentage = 3.15% |change = {{decrease}}1.59 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,331 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.71 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1989 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Huvina Hippargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagoud Somanagoud Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 36,588 |percentage = 52.84% |change = {{increase}}6.95 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shivputrappa Madiwalappa Desai |party = Janata Dal |votes = 21,193 |percentage = 30.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basanagoud Linganagoud |party = Janata Party |votes = 10,582 |percentage = 15.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Biradar Nanagoud Mallanagoud |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 598 |percentage = 0.86% |change = {{decrease}}0.63 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 15,395 |percentage = 22.24% |change = {{increase}}16.00 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,680 |percentage = 64.06% |change = {{decrease}}6.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 69,237}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 3,443 |percentage = 4.74% |change = {{increase}}2.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 113,452 |ref = |change = {{increase}}27.69 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.72 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Huvina Hippargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shivputrappa Madiwalappa Desai |party = Janata Party |votes = 31,748 |percentage = 52.12% |change = {{increase}}17.49 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagoud Somanagoud Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,949 |percentage = 45.89% |change = {{decrease}}12.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Sanganagouda Irappagouda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 910 |percentage = 1.49% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,799 |percentage = 6.24% |change = {{decrease}}17.88 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,419 |percentage = 70.25% |change = {{increase}}3.49 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,909}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,510 |percentage = 2.42% |change = {{decrease}}1.34 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,847 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.59 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}6.62 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Huvina Hippargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Basanagoud Somanagoud Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,320 |percentage = 58.74% |change = {{increase}}55.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basanagoud Linganagoud |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,872 |percentage = 34.63% |change = {{decrease}}18.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basana Gouda Hanamantgouda |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,945 |percentage = 5.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mathapathi Basavaraj Rudrayya |party = Independent politician |votes = 478 |percentage = 0.93% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 12,448 |percentage = 24.12% |change = {{increase}}15.69 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 53,633 |percentage = 66.76% |change = {{decrease}}2.93 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 51,615}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 2,018 |percentage = 3.76% |change = {{increase}}0.44 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 80,336 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}5.97 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Huvina Hippargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Basangouda Somanagouda |party = Janata Party |votes = 26,814 |percentage = 52.77% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Kumaragouda Adiveppagouda |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 22,531 |percentage = 44.34% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shankaragouda Dandappagouda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 1,472 |percentage = 2.90% |change = {{decrease}}37.76 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,283 |percentage = 8.43% |change = {{decrease}}8.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,563 |percentage = 69.69% |change = {{increase}}4.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 50,817}}
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,746 |percentage = 3.32% |change = {{increase}}3.32 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,419 |ref = |change = {{increase}}50.23 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |swing = {{decrease}}5.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Huvina Hippargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = K. D. Patil |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 18,331 |percentage = 57.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = L. R. Naik |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,855 |percentage = 40.66% |change = {{decrease}}27.64 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ganakumar Basayyaeerayya |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 433 |percentage = 1.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,476 |percentage = 17.32% |change = {{decrease}}19.28 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,810 |percentage = 65.36% |change = {{increase}}10.99 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 31,619}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 50,201 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.19 }}
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}10.33 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Huvina Hippargi <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. Ninganagounda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,189 |percentage = 68.30% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. K. Martandappa |party = Swatantra Party |votes = 7,050 |percentage = 31.70% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,139 |percentage = 36.60% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,114 |percentage = 54.37% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 22,239}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 44,353 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}

{{Coord|16.558522|76.076502|region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bijapur district, Karnataka]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Mysore State]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]

Alongtaki Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:32:17Z

Meeekil: Made Some Entry W/ Infobox.

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Alongtaki Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Alongtaki
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Mokokchung district|Mokokchung]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1964
| constituency_no = 30
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Temjen Imma Along]]
| incumbent_image = Temjen Imma Along.jpg
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| electors = {{formatnum:16007}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Alongtaki''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Mokokchung district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1964]] || rowspan=2 | Zulutemba Jamit || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1969]] || {{Full party name with color|Nagaland Nationalist Organisation}}
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || rowspan=2 | Bendangtoshi Ao || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || Tiamaran || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || rowspan=2 | Tiameren Imchen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]] || Tongpangnungshi || {{Party name with color|Independent}}
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || Tongpang Nungshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Tiameren || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || Sakusangba || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || Dr. Benjongliba Aier
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || rowspan=2 | [[Temjen Imna Along]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Temjen Imna Along]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=9,274 |percentage=62.50|change={{up}}12.32}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=J. Lanu Longchar|party=Janata Dal (United)|votes=5,526|percentage=37.24|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[None of the Above]]|party=NOTA|votes=38|percentage=0.26
|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,748 |percentage=25.26|change=24.54 }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=14,838|percentage=92.70|change={{up}}9.97}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,007 |change ={{up}}11.11}}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= 12.32 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Temjen Imna Along]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,981 |percentage=50.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Benjongliba Aier |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,895 |percentage=49.46% |change=-5.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=43 |percentage=0.36% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=86 |percentage=0.72% |change=-10.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,919 |percentage=82.73% |change= -10.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,407 |change =4.21% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -4.95% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Benjongliba Aier |party=Naga People's Front |votes=7,087 |percentage=55.13% |change=-4.67% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Moatoshi Longkumer]]|party=Independent politician|votes=5,596|percentage=43.53%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Imlitemsu|party=Indian National Congress|votes=172|percentage=1.34%|change=-34.07%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,491 |percentage=11.60% |change=-12.80% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=12,855|percentage=92.98%|change=8.75%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,825 |change =-26.86% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= -4.67% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Sakusangba |party=Naga People's Front |votes=9,521 |percentage=59.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiameren Aier |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,637 |percentage=35.40% |change=-4.79% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Merenchiba |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=467 |percentage=2.93% |change=-56.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rose Mary Jamir |party=Independent politician |votes=220 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imlitemsu |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=91 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,884 |percentage=24.39% |change=4.77% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,922 |percentage=84.30% |change= -1.61% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,903 |change =30.74% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -0.01% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiameren |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,423 |percentage=59.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Saku Aier |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,988 |percentage=40.19% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,435 |percentage=19.62% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,411 |percentage=85.84% |change= 85.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,459 |change =14.41% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 13.59% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Tongpang Nungshi |party=Indian National Congress }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,638 |change =25.84% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tongpangnungshi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,605 |percentage=46.22% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiameren |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,931 |percentage=29.42% |change=-26.15% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aomeri |party=Independent politician |votes=2,190 |percentage=21.98% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imlitemsu |party=Naga People's Front |votes=222 |percentage=2.23% |change=-42.21% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,674 |percentage=16.80% |change=5.67% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,963 |percentage=99.38% |change= 1.20% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,043 |change =64.86% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.34% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiameren Imchen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,305 |percentage=55.56% |change=20.74% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imnanungsang |party=Naga People's Front |votes=2,643 |percentage=44.44% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=662 |percentage=11.13% |change=5.94% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,948 |percentage=98.18% |change= -0.25% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,092 |change =-0.05% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 20.74% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiameren Imchen |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,082 |percentage=34.83% |change=4.38% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aomeri |party=Independent politician |votes=1,772 |percentage=29.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imnanungsang |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,240 |percentage=20.74% |change=-4.40% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Mao Longkumer |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=884 |percentage=14.79% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=310 |percentage=5.19% |change=3.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,978 |percentage=98.42% |change= 13.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,095 |change =-7.61% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 3.09% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiamaran |party=Independent politician |votes=1,769 |percentage=31.74% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bendangtoshi Ao |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,697 |percentage=30.45% |change=-13.87% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nungsang Ao |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,401 |percentage=25.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aomari |party=Independent politician |votes=693 |percentage=12.43% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=72 |percentage=1.29% |change=-10.07% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,573 |percentage=85.27% |change= -5.94% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,597 |change =53.45% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= -23.94% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bendangtoshi Ao |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,156 |percentage=55.68% |change=16.50% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiameren |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,716 |percentage=44.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=440 |percentage=11.36% |change=-5.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,872 |percentage=91.21% |change= 8.36% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,299 |change =-33.81% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |swing= 16.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bendangtoshi Ao |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,084 |percentage=39.18% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zulutemba Jamit |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,211 |percentage=22.77% |change=-10.86% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tiameren Ao |party=Independent politician |votes=1,130 |percentage=21.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Mungsangmoren |party=Independent politician |votes=856 |percentage=16.09% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Reubenson |party=Independent politician |votes=38 |percentage=0.71% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=873 |percentage=16.41% |change=7.08% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=5,319 |percentage=82.85% |change= -1.15% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,495 |change =54.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |loser=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |swing= 5.55% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1969 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1969 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Zulutemba Jamit |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=1,185 |percentage=33.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yimsentsulak |party=Independent politician |votes=856 |percentage=24.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bendangtoshi Ao |party=Independent politician |votes=851 |percentage=24.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yongkongnuken |party=United Front of Nagaland |votes=517 |percentage=14.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Reubenson |party=Independent politician |votes=85 |percentage=2.41% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nokchumeren |party=Independent politician |votes=30 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=329 |percentage=9.34% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=3,524 |percentage=84.00% |change= 84.00% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 4,200 |change =32.83% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |loser=Independent politician |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1964 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1964 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Alongtaki}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=Zulutemba Jamit |party=Independent politician |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 3,162 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Mokokchung district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.55|94.44|display=title}}

[[Category:Mokokchung district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1964]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Nagaland]]

P. Vasudevan

2026-04-11T12:43:05Z

Meeekil: stub

{{Short description|Indian Politician}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = P. Vasudevan
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1950|6|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = Perumalcheri
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = Member of the [[Tamilnadu]] [[Legislative Assembly]] for [[Maduranthakam (state assembly constituency)|Maduranthakam]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[S. K. Venkatesan]]
| successor1 = K. Gayathri Devi
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Rice Mill Owner
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}
'''P. Vasudevan''' is an [[India]]n [[politician]] and a former member of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]. He is from Perumalcheri village in the [[Cheyyur taluk]] of the [[Chengalpattu district]]. Vasudevan has completed up to the tenth grade in school education. He belongs to the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party. He won the election from the [[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency]] in the 2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election and became a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA).<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 67-69.</ref>

==Electoral performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Maduranthakam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=P. Vasudevan |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=57,610 |percentage=51.10% |change=+11.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=S. D. Ugamchand |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=45,916 |percentage=40.73% |change=-9.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=L. S. Raveendranath |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=4,070 |percentage=3.61% |change=-0.72 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=N. Venkatesan |party=Independent politician |votes=1,895 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=M. Abiramalingam |party=Puratchi Bharatham Katchi |votes=1,215 |percentage=1.08% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=T. Maduraimuthu |party=Independent politician |votes=700 |percentage=0.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,694 |percentage=10.37% |change= 0.53% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=112,730 |percentage=61.99% |change= -9.21% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 181,901 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= 1.31% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1950 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

K. Kalavathi

2026-04-07T21:30:15Z

Meeekil: new...

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = K. Kalavathi
| image =
| image size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1956|5|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Unanthangal
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the Legislative Assembly, Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
| constituency1 = [[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency|Senthamangalam]]
| term_start1 = 2001
| term_end1 = 2006
| predecessor1 = [[C. Chandrasekaran]]
| successor1 = [[K. Ponnusamy (DMK politician)|K. Ponnusamy]]
| office2 =
| constituency2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| successor2 =
| term_start3 =
| term_end3 =
| term_start4 =
| term_end4 =
| party = [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse =
| alma_mater =
| relations =
| children =
| profession = Farmer
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| website =
}}

'''K. Kalavathi''' is an [[Indian politician]] and a former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) of [[Tamil Nadu]]. She hails from the village of Unanthangal in the [[Namakkal district]]. Having completed her high school education, Kalavathi, representing the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), contested and won the [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from the [[Senthamangalam Assembly constituency]] to become an MLA.<ref>Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly "WHO'S WHO Twelfth Assembly 2001. Chennai-600009: Legislature Assembly Secretariat, Chennai-600009. April 2002. p. 275-277</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
===2001===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]: Senthamangalam<ref>{{cite web| last = Election Commission of India|title = Statistical Report on General Election 2001|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|date = 12 May 2001 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006173934/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2001/Stat_Rep_TN_2001.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=K. Kalavathi |party=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=61,312 |percentage=55.64% |change=+18.57 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=Chinumathi Chandrasekaran |party=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=43,497 |percentage=39.48% |change=-16.66 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Mani |party=Independent politician |votes=2,128 |percentage=1.93% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=K. Saiyakali |party=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |votes=1,467 |percentage=1.33% |change=+0.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=V. Kuppusamy |party=Independent politician |votes=812 |percentage=0.74% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=17,815 |percentage=16.17% |change= -2.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=110,186 |percentage=58.37% |change= -5.60% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 188,776 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |loser=Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam |swing= -0.50% }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2001–2006]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Seetha Payanam

2026-04-05T17:25:56Z

Meeekil: Added New Page!

{{short description|2026 film directed by Arjun Sarja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Seetha Payanam
| image = Seetha Payanam.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
| screenplay = Arjun
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Sai Madhav Burra]]
}}
| story = Arjun
| producer = Arjun
| starring = [[Niranjan Sudhindra]] [[Aishwarya Arjun]]
| cinematography = G. Balamurugan
| editing = Ayoob Khan
| music = [[Anup Rubens]]
| studio = [[Sree Raam Films International]]
| distributor = [[Asian Cinemas]] Sree Raam Films International 
| released = {{Film date|2026|02|14|df=yes}}
| runtime = 152 minutes<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 February 2026|title=Seetha Payanam|url=https://cbfcindia.gov.in/cbfcAdmin/search-result.php?recid=Q0EwNzI4MDEyMDI2MDAwMTA=|website=[[Central Board of Film Certification]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Seetha Payanam''''' ({{translation|Seetha's Journey}}) is a 2026 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[road film|road]] [[romantic drama film|romantic drama]] film written, directed and produced by [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] under the banner of [[Sree Raam Films International]]. The films stars [[Niranjan Sudhindra]] and [[Aishwarya Arjun]] (in their Telugu debut), with Arjun and [[Dhruva Sarja]] making special appearances in the film. The film was also dubbed in Kannada, Tamil, and Malayalam with the former being titled ''Seetha Payana'' and the latter two having the same title, respectively.

''Seetha Payanam'' was theatrically released on 14 February 2026, coinciding with [[Valentine's Day]] and received mixed reviews from critics.

== Plot ==
Seetha loses her mother in childhood, and her father, Rajendra Prasad, raises her with immense love, becoming both mother and father. They share a close bond, but Seetha always avoids the topic of marriage. She travels from [[Vizag]] to [[Hyderabad]] for work, where she meets Abhi. During the journey, a few unexpected incidents change her life. What exactly happened on the trip? What roles do Giri and Pawan play? And finally, does Seetha get married or not? The answers unfold on screen.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Aishwarya Arjun]] as Seetha
* [[Niranjan Sudhindra]] as Dr. Abhiram "Abhi"
* [[Sathyaraj]] as Rajendra Prasad, Seetha's father
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Anjaneyulu, Abhi's grandfather
* [[Kovai Sarala]]
* [[Bithiri Sathi]]
* [[Saran Shakthi]]
* Siri Hanumanth
* [[Mani Chandana]]
* [[Sumithra (actress)|Sumithra]] as Anjaneyulu's wife and Abhi's grandmother
* Sahasra
* [[Dubbing Janaki]]
* Raj Kumar
* Naga Mahesh
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]]
* Jabardasth Phani
* Narra Srinivas
* [[Fish Venkat]]
* Mallesh Yadav
* Prathibha Prathap
* Rafi
* [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as Giri (special appearance)
* [[Dhruva Sarja]] as Pawan (special appearance)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/06/dhruva-sarja-to-play-pawan-in-seetha-payanam-makers-unveil-character-poster|title=Dhruva Sarja to play Pawan in Seetha Payanam; makers unveil character poster|date=6 October 2025|website=Cinema Express|access-date=15 February 2026|archive-date=14 February 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260214104730/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2025/Oct/06/dhruva-sarja-to-play-pawan-in-seetha-payanam-makers-unveil-character-poster|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

==Production==
Reports that [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] directing [[Vishwak Sen]] in the Telugu debut film of [[Aishwarya Arjun]] came in May 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2022/May/18/arjun-sarja-to-direct-vishwak-sen-31567.html|title=Arjun Sarja to direct Vishwak Sen|date=18 May 2022|website=Cinema Express}}</ref> After a fallout, both Arjun and Viswak Sen decided to part ways.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 February 2024 |title=Vishwak Sen breaks his silence on turning down the collaboration with Arjun Sarja: 'One bad day is better than a bad film' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishwak-sen-opens-up-about-turning-down-collaboration-with-arjun-sarja/articleshow/107862393.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |via= |access-date=17 February 2026 |archive-date=6 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306193259/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/vishwak-sen-opens-up-about-turning-down-collaboration-with-arjun-sarja/articleshow/107862393.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

The film's title was officially announced in October 2024 with [[Niranjan Sudhindra]] replacing Vishwak Sen, marking his Telugu debut.<ref>{{Cite web|date=17 October 2024|title=Arjun Sarja's next directorial titled 'Seetha Payanam'|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-sarjas-next-directorial-titled-seetha-payanam/articleshow/114303613.cms|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2024|title=Arjun Sarja to star in his directorial ‘Seetha Payana’; first look out|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-sarja-to-star-in-his-directorial-seetha-payana-first-look-out/article68841306.ece|website=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=15 February 2026|archive-date=22 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241222214242/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/arjun-sarja-to-star-in-his-directorial-seetha-payana-first-look-out/article68841306.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2026 |title=Arjun Sarja: I have no issues with Vishwak Sen; we may work together again |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2026/Feb/12/arjun-sarja-i-have-no-issues-with-vishwak-sen-we-may-work-together-again |website=Cinema Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/kannada/news/2026/Feb/09/niranjan-sudhindra-i-am-ready-to-face-a-new-audience-across-languages|title=Niranjan Sudhindra: I am ready to face a new audience across languages|first=A.|last=Sharadhaa|date=9 February 2026|website=Cinema Express}}</ref>

== Music ==
The soundtrack and background score are composed by [[Anup Rubens]]. The audio rights were acquired by [[Saregama]].<ref>{{Cite tweet |number=1927643149276680277 |user=SreeRaamFilms |title=The audio rights of #SeethaPayanam have been officially bagged by the prestigious @saregamasouth 🎼Get ready to experience the magic of love with the #SeethaPayanamTeaser Today at 4.32 PM ❤️‍🔥 |author=Sree Raam Film International |author-link=Sree Raam Films International |date=28 May 2025 |access-date=18 February 2026 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260218002720/https://x.com/SreeRaamFilms/status/1927643149276680277 |archive-date=18 February 2026 |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Divya Shree of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 2.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "While it impresses with performances, visuals, and intent, it falls short of becoming a truly memorable cinematic experience".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seetha Payanam Movie Review: A scenic road movie weighed down by too many detours |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/seetha-payanam-review/movie-review/128384068.cms |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en|date=15 February 2026|last=Shree|first=Divya}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Cinema Express]]'' rated the film 1.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "''Seetha Payanam'' turns out to be a tedious journey rather than an emotional one".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2026-02-14 |title=Seetha Payanam Movie Review: Seetha’s journey turns tedious with a routine narrative |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2026/Feb/14/seetha-payanam-movie-review-seethas-journey-turns-tedious-with-a-routine-narrative |access-date=2026-02-17 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|28199950}}

{{Arjun Sarja}}

[[Category:2020s road movies]]
[[Category:2026 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2026 films]]
[[Category:2026 Indian films]]
[[Category:2026 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films about father–daughter relationships]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arjun Sarja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anup Rubens]]
[[Category:Indian drama road movies]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]

Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency

2026-03-30T11:38:22Z

Meeekil: Made Basic Details W/ Refs.

{{short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Odisha}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bhadrak (SC) {{Small|OD-7}}
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Odisha/Bhadrak.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency
| state = [[Odisha]]
| established = 1962
| reservation = SC
| electors = 17,73,928{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
| incumbent_image = Avimanyu Sethi MP 2024.jpg
| mp = [[Avimanyu Sethi]]
| party = {{flagicon image|BJP flag.svg}}[[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Soro (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Soro]] [[Simulia (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simulia]] [[Bhandaripokhari (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhandaripokhari]] [[Bhadrak (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]] [[Basudevpur (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Basudevpur]] [[Dhamnagar (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Dhamnagar]] [[Chandabali (Odisha Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Chandabali]]
}}

'''Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 21 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Odisha]] state in eastern [[India]].

== Assembly Segments ==
Assembly Constituencies which constitute this Parliamentary Constituency, after delimitation of Parliamentary Constituencies and Legislative Assembly Constituencies of 2008 are:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.electionsinindia.com/odisha/bhadrak/electiondata.aspx |accessdate=25 March 2014|title =17 - Bhadrak Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) Constituency}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|41
|[[Soro Assembly constituency|Soro]] (SC)
| rowspan="2" |[[Balasore district|Balasore]]
|[[Madhab Dhada]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|42
|[[Simulia Assembly constituency|Simulia]]
|[[Padma Lochan Panda]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|43
|[[Bhandaripokhari Assembly constituency|Bhandaripokhari]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhadrak district|Bhadrak]]
|[[Sanjib Kumar Mallick]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|44
|[[Bhadrak Assembly constituency|Bhadrak]]
|[[Sitansu Sekhar Mohapatra]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
|45
|[[Basudevpur Assembly constituency|Basudevpur]]
|Ashok Kumar Das
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|46
|[[Dhamnagar Assembly constituency|Dhamnagar]] (SC)
|[[Suryabanshi Suraj]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|47
|[[Chandabali Assembly constituency|Chandabali]]
|[[Byomakesh Ray]]
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|{{party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|}

== Elected members ==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|44.19}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|41.78}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|34.19}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|30.37}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|52.47}}
{{bar percent|1999|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|58.52}}
{{bar percent|1998|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.99}}
{{bar percent|1996|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|47.04}}
{{bar percent|1991|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|43.34}}
{{bar percent|1989|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|57.25}}
{{bar percent|1984|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|55.49}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}|58.46}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}|60.97}}
{{bar percent|1971|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|45.5}}
}}

Since its formation in 1962, 16 elections have been held till date.

List of members elected from Bhadrak constituency are
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kanhu Charan Jena]]
| rowspan="3" {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|[[Dharanidhar Jena]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent}}
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Bairagi Jena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Lok Dal}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|[[Ananta Prasad Sethi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Mangaraj Mallik]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Muralidhar Jena]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal|rowspan=6}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Bhadrak 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=15&pcname=Bhadrak&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Bhadrak 2014 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=16&pcname=Bhadrak&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: Bhadrak 2019 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/pc/www.indiavotes.com/pc/detailsearch?eid=17&pcname=Bhadrak&submit= |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>
|[[Manjulata Mandal]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Bhadrak lok sabha election results 2024: Bhadrak Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/odisha/bhadrak-constituency-result-18507 |access-date=2025-07-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Avimanyu Sethi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1st June 2024 in 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4th June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Avimanyu Sethi]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Manjulata Mandal]] by a margin of 91,544 votes.<ref name=":3" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Bhadrak]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Avimanyu Sethi]]
|votes = 5,73,319
|percentage = 44.19
|change = {{increase}}4.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Manjulata Mandal]]
|votes = 4,81,775
|percentage = 37.13
|change = {{decrease}}2.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ananta Prasad Sethi]]
|votes = 2,21,874
|percentage = 17.10
|change = {{increase}}0.12
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 5,478
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 91,544
|percentage = 7.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 13,03,583
|percentage = 73.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Manjulata Mandal]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Avimanyu Sethi]] by a margin of 28,803 votes.<ref name=":2" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhadrak]]<ref name="FP Par Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates (Phase-IV) (PC) |url = http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase4/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%284th%20Phase-PC%20Wise%29.pdf |website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Lok Sabha Elections 2019 candidate list for Odisha |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/lok-sabha-elections-2019-candidate-list-for-odisha/articleshow/68686594.cms |accessdate=18 April 2019 |work=Business Insider India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Manjulata Mandal]]
|votes = 5,12,305
|percentage = 41.86
|change = {{decrease}}4.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Avimanyu Sethi]]
|votes = 4,83,502
|percentage = 39.51
|change = {{increase}}19.45
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Madhumita Sethi
|votes = 2,07,811
|percentage = 16.98
|change = {{decrease}}12.88
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,536
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Muralidhar Jena
|votes = 4,708
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Tilottama Jena
|votes = 3,327
|percentage = 0.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 28,803
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,28,046
|percentage = 73.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|swing = {{decrease}}4.59
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Arjun Charan Sethi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate Sangram Keshari Jena by a margin of 1,79,359 votes.<ref name=":1" />

{{Election box begin |
|title = [[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhadrak]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Bhadrak|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS187.htm?ac=7|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|accessdate=17 May 2014|archive-date=18 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140518012450/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS187.htm?ac=7|url-status=dead}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|votes = 5,02,338
|percentage = 46.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Sangram Keshari Jena
|votes = 3,22,979
|percentage = 29.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sarat Dash
|votes = 2,16,617
|percentage = 20.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Ramesh Chandra Jena
|votes = 11,930
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Arjun Charan Mallik
|votes = 7,607
|percentage = 0.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 6,750
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,79,359
|percentage = 16.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,81,971
|percentage = 73.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Arjun Charan Sethi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Ananta Prasad Sethi]] by a margin of 54,938 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin|
|title = [[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Bhadrak]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Arjun Charan Sethi]]
|votes = 416,808
|percentage = 30.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Ananta Prasad Sethi]]
|votes = 361,870
|percentage = 26.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ratha Das
|votes = 122,431
|percentage = 8.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 54,938
|percentage = 5.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,29,162
|percentage = 67.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==
{{Noteslist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

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{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Odisha}}
{{Odisha elections}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhadrak Lok Sabha constituency}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Odisha]]
[[Category:Bhadrak district]]
[[Category:Balasore district]]

Pancharatra

2026-03-28T14:47:30Z

Meeekil: update lead for consistency for accuracy

{{Short description|Ancient Indian religious movement around Narayana-Vishnu (Vaishnavism)}}
{{distinguish|Panchatantra}}
{{italic title}}
{{Vaishnavism}}
{{Hinduism}}
'''''Pancharatra''''' ([[IAST]]: ''Pāñcarātra'') was a religious movement in [[Hinduism]] that originated in late 3rd-century BCE around the ideas of [[Narayana]] and the various avatar and forms of [[Vishnu]] as their central deities.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p321"/><ref name=britpancharatra>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pancharatra Pancharatra: religious movement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810041230/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pancharatra |date=2016-08-10 }}, Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref> The movement later merged with the [[Bhagavata Sampradaya|Bhagavata tradition]] and contributed to the development of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name=britpancharatra/><ref name="Gonda1977p39"/> The Pancharatra movement created numerous literary treatises in Sanskrit called the ''Pancharatra Samhitas'', and these have been influential [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] texts within the theistic Vaishnava movements.<ref name="Gonda1977p39">{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title=Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEkqAAAAYAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-01743-5|pages=39–41}}</ref><ref name="GOS">Oriental Institute, Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda (1940). Gaekwad Oriental Series, Issue 86, p.7.</ref>

Literally meaning ''five nights'' (''pañca'': five, ''rātra'': nights),<ref name="encyclopedia">Jones, Constance and Ryan, James D. (2007). Encyclopedia of Hinduism, p.321-322. Infobase Publishing. {{ISBN|0816075646}}</ref> the term ''Pancharatra'' has been variously interpreted.<ref name="encyclopedia1"/><ref name=buitenen291>{{cite journal | last=van Buitenen | first=J. A. B. | title=The Name "Pañcarātra" | journal=History of Religions | publisher=University of Chicago Press | volume=1 | issue=2 | year=1962 | doi=10.1086/462449 | pages=291–299| s2cid=224807810 }}</ref> The term has been attributed to a sage Narayana who performed a sacrifice for five nights and became a transcendent being and one with all beings.<ref name=britpancharatra/><ref name="encyclopedia"/><ref name="sharma">Sharma, C. D. (1991). Critical Survey Of Indian Philosophy, p.336. Motilal Banarsidass Publications. {{ISBN|8120803655}}</ref> The Pancharatra Agamas constitute some of the most important texts of many Vaishnava philosophies including the [[Madhva Sampradaya]] or [[Brahma Sampradaya]] of [[Madhvacharya]] and the [[Sri Vaishnava Sampradaya]] of [[Ramanuja]].<ref name="sharma"/> The Pancharatra Agamas are composed of more than 200 texts;<ref name="encyclopedia1">Datta, Amaresh (1987). Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo, p.95. Sahitya Akademi. {{ISBN|8126018038}}</ref> likely composed between 600 CE to 850 CE.<ref name="encyclopedia1"/>

The ''[[Shandilya Bhakti Sutra|Shandilya Sutras]]'' (~100 CE)<ref>{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|page=xxviii|access-date=2017-07-15|archive-date=2022-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|url-status=live}}</ref> are the earliest known texts that systematized the devotional [[Bhakti]] pancharatra doctrine. 2nd-century CE inscriptions in South India suggest that Pancharatra doctrines were known there by then.<ref name=britpancharatra/> The 8th-century [[Adi Shankara]] criticized elements of the Pancharatra doctrine along with other theistic approaches, stating the doctrine was against monistic spiritual pursuits and non-Vedic.<ref name=britpancharatra/><ref name="Chatterjee2008p107">{{cite book|author=Suthren Hirst|editor1= Nile Green|editor2 =Mary Searle-Chatterjee|title= Religion, Language, and Power|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=h7WSAgAAQBAJ|year= 2008|publisher= Routledge|isbn= 978-1-135-89287-6|pages=107–108}}</ref> The 11th-century [[Ramanuja]] developed a qualified monism doctrine ([[Vishishtadvaita]]) which bridged ideas of the Pancharatra movement and those of monistic ideas in the [[Vedas]].<ref name="Glucklich2008p178">{{cite book|author=Ariel Glucklich|title=The Strides of Vishnu: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC&pg=PA178|year= 2008|publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-971825-2|pages=178–180, 66–70}}</ref> The Pancharatra theology is a source of the primary and secondary [[avatar]]-related doctrines in traditions of [[Hinduism]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p493"/>

==History==
Pancharatra has likely roots in 3rd-century BCE, as a religious movement around the ideas of a sage Narayana, who much later becomes identified as an avatar of [[Vishnu]].<ref name=britpancharatra/><ref name="JonesRyan2006p321">{{cite book|author1=Constance Jones|author2=James D. Ryan|title=Encyclopedia of Hinduism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|year=2006|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7564-5|pages=321–322|access-date=2017-07-15|archive-date=2022-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221020070415/https://books.google.com/books?id=OgMmceadQ3gC|url-status=live}}</ref>

The earliest use of the word Pancharatra is found in section 7.1.10 of the ''Taittiriya Samhita'', a Vedic text.<ref name="Dalal2010p293"/> The section describes a person going through a Pancharatra ritual to become a master of rhetorics.<ref name="Dalal2010p293">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=293}}</ref> The section 13.6 of the ''[[Shatapatha Brahmana|Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa]]'' mentions Nārāyaṇa as the primordial divinity who performs this offering.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p321"/> The Narayaniya section of the [[Mahabharata]] (XII, 335–351) refers to seven rishis who say the Pancharatra ritual was made consistent with the Vedas.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Studies in the Purāṇic records on Hindu rites and customs|last=Hazra |first=R. C. |date=1987|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=9788120804227|edition= 2nd|location=Delhi|oclc=29942414}}</ref> Though the five day ritual is mentioned along with many other sacrifices in the Vedic text, the origins of Pancaratra devotees and their tradition is unclear.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p493">{{cite book|author=James G. Lochtefeld|title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z|url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch |url-access=registration|year=2002|publisher =The Rosen Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/493 493]}}</ref> The movement merged with the ancient Bhagavata tradition also around [[Krishna-Vāsudeva]], and contributed to the development of [[Vaishnavism]].<ref name=britpancharatra/><ref name="Gonda1977p39"/>

According to [[J. A. B. van Buitenen]], the word "Pancharatra" is explained in ''Naradiya Samhita'' as referring to a tradition of "five knowledges".<ref name=buitenen291/> Similarly, [[Jan Gonda]] states that the term "nights" in "five nights" in the Pancharatra tradition may be a metaphor for inner darkness, and "came to mean – how, we do not know", though indeed there have been many interpretations such as "five systems", "five studies" and "five rituals".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title= Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEkqAAAAYAAJ |year= 1977|publisher= Harrassowitz|isbn= 978-3-447-01743-5|pages= 46–50 with footnotes}}</ref>

The 1st-century works by [[Shandilya (Rishi)|Shandilya]] are the earliest known systematization of the Pancharatra doctrine.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p321"/><ref name=britpancharatra/> This doctrine was known and influential around then, as is attested by the 2nd-century CE inscriptions in South India.<ref name=britpancharatra/> Evidence suggests that they co-existed with the Bhagavata tradition in ancient times.<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p493"/>

[[Adi Shankara]], while possibly himself from a Pancharata-background<ref>See [https://en.Bharatpedia.org/wiki/Adi_Shankara#cite_note-Vaishnava-12 Adi Shankara, note on Vaishnavism].</ref>criticized elements of the Pancharatra doctrine along with other theistic approaches stating it was against monistic spiritual pursuits and non-Vedic.<ref name=britpancharatra/><ref name="Chatterjee2008p107"/><ref>{{cite book|author=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|title=Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRcql-QBhRwC|year=1995|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0999-0|pages=284–285}}</ref> According to Suthren Hirst, Shankara supported the use of icons and temple worship if it focussed as a means to comprehend [[Brahman]] as the sole metaphysical reality. However, he opposed devotional theism as an end in itself and the goal of spiritual pursuits.<ref name="Chatterjee2008p107"/> The Pancharatra tradition has historically disagreed with claims of it being non-Vedic, states Gonda, and Pancharatra texts explicitly state that, "Pancharatra is Vedic, it originates in the [[Sruti]]" and that the "Pancharatra precepts and practices should be observed by anyone who has allegiance to the Vedas".<ref>{{cite book|author=Jan Gonda|title=Medieval Religious Literature in Sanskrit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XEkqAAAAYAAJ| year=1977| publisher =Harrassowitz| isbn=978-3-447-01743-5|pages=49–50 with footnotes}}</ref>

The 11th-century [[Ramanuja]], the influential [[Sri Vaishnavism]] scholar, was born in Pancharatra tradition, disagreed with Shankara, and developed a qualified monism doctrine which integrated ideas of Pancharatra movement and those of monistic ideas in the Vedas.<ref name="Glucklich2008p178"/><ref>{{cite book|author=S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|title=Some Contributions of South India to Indian Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vRcql-QBhRwC|year=1995|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0999-0|page=285}}, Quote: "The establishment of the teaching of the Pancharatra as Vedic in character and as one form of Vaishnavism was one of the achievements of Ramanuja".</ref> Ramanuja stated that the Vishnu of Pancharatra is identical to Vedanta's [[Brahman]], where Purusha reflects the eternal soul that is Vishnu, and Prakriti the impermanent ever changing body of Vishnu.<ref name="Glucklich2008p178"/>

[[Vishnu]] worshipers of today, represented in a wide spectrum of traditions, generally follow the system of Pancharatra worship. The concept of Naḍa and Naḍa-Brahman appear already in Sāttvata [[Samhita]] or Sāttvata Tantra and in Jayākhya Samhita, two texts considered most canonical of Pancharatra texts.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

[[Madhvacarya|Ānanda Tīrtha]] the founder of Madhva line has written in his commentary on [[Mundaka Upanishad]]:
<ref>dvapariyair janair viṣṇuḥ pancarātrais ca kevalam
kalau tu nāma-mātreṇa pujyate bhagavan hariḥ</ref>
"In [[Dvapara Yuga]], [[Vishnu]] is exclusively worshiped according to the principles of the Pancharatra Scripture, but in this age of [[Kali Yuga]], the Supreme Lord Hari is worshiped only by the chanting of his Holy Name."{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

[[Jiva Gosvami]] had stated in his ''Paramātma Sandārbha'', forming part of six principal Sandārbhas, or philosophical treatises of [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], that, "Seeing that the imperfect scriptures in the modes of passion and ignorance bring only a host of troubles, and also seeing that the original [[Veda]]s are very difficult to follow properly, and thus being very dissatisfied with both of these, the all-knowing scripture authors affirm the superiority of the Pancharatras, which describe the pure absolute truth, [[Narayana]], and the worship of the Lord, which is very easy to perform."

== Divine Manifestation==
{{Quote box
| quote = '''The nature of [[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]] (soul)'''
<poem>
In the Pancharatra system, the soul is one with the Supreme,
but is also an individual.
Even in a state of salvation it retains the individuality,
to realize the bliss of union with the Supreme.
</poem>
| source = Nanditha Krishna<ref name=nandithak135>{{cite book|author=Nanditha Krishna|title=The Book of Vishnu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f9cSlaLMlgEC |year=2009|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-306762-7|page=135}}</ref>
| bgcolor = #f0faff
| align = right
}}
The Pancharatra theology developed over time. It presents a dualistic theory on how creation manifested from a godhead, as the Purusha-Prakriti and as the masculine-feminine manifestations of the divine.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p321"/><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p493"/><ref name="Jacobsen2008p130">{{cite book|author=Knut A. Jacobsen|title=Theory and Practice of Yoga : 'Essays in Honour of Gerald James Larson|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPK2spNnwm4C|year=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-3232-9|pages=130–134|access-date=2017-07-15|archive-date=2023-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031081855/https://books.google.com/books?id=jPK2spNnwm4C|url-status=live}}, Quote: "The dualism of Samkhya-Yoga is fundamental to the Pancaratra tradition."</ref> It states that the creation emerged through ''vyuhas'' (arrangements).<ref name="JonesRyan2006p321"/> In the beginning, states Pancharatra doctrine, there was only Narayana as the highest changeless god and as explained by their concept of [[Caturvyūha|Caturvyuha]], this supreme god-head transformed into four earthly emanations, the first of which was [[Vāsudeva]]-[[Krishna]] (Vāsudeva literally means "indwelling deity")<ref name=doriss39>Doris Srinivasan (1979), "[https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111096 Early Vaiṣṇava imagery: Caturvyūha and variant forms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216112731/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20111096 |date=2019-12-16 }}", ''Archives of Asian art'', Volume 32, pp. 39-40, 43-54</ref> Further arrangements or emanations followed, secondly into [[Saṅkarṣaṇa]] ([[Balarama]])<ref name="Dalal2010p293"/> as the lord over all life, thirdly into [[Pradyumna]] creating mind, and lastly into [[Aniruddha]] as ego (''ahamkara''). Thereafter, Brahma emerged from Aniruddha who created the empirical universe. Thus, the divinity was and is everywhere in Pancaratra, but in different aspects, one form or phase emerging from the previous.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p321"/><ref name="Lochtefeld2002p493"/>

In the 11th century CE, [[Ramanuja]], a founder of [[Sri Vaishnava]] traditions, formalized the Pancharatra system for his followers. His philosophy of worship of [[Narayana]] was based on the pancaratric teachings.

Ramanuja taught that the deity absolute, [[Parabrahman]], manifests in five possible aspects: Para, [[Vyuha]], Vibhava, [[Antaryamin]], and Archa. Living beings can interact with the divine through one or another of these five:<ref>Siddheshwar R Bhatt (1968), ''The Philosophy of the Pancharatra: Advaitic Approach'', Ganesh, page 38-41</ref><ref name=nandithak135/><ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=458–459 }}</ref>

*Para: the invisible,  eternal supreme ;
*Vyuha: the invisible, impermanent supreme in form;
*Vibhava: also called the ''Avatara'', are the incarnations of the supreme in various ''yuga'' (eras in Hindu cosmology) such as the [[Dashavatara]];
*Antaryamin: not directly perceptible but can be inferred, the aspect of supreme whose presence can be felt by the devotee;
*Archa: visible icon form, filled with symbolism, consecrated in temples or revered images inside home (Shalagrama, conch shell, festive decorations), a means to remember and meditate on the supreme.

===Influence===
The Vyuha-related Pancharatra theology is a source of the primary and secondary [[avatar]]-related doctrines in traditions of [[Hinduism]], particularly [[Sri Vaishnavism]].<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p493"/> According to Barbara Holdrege, a professor and comparative historian of religions, the Pancharatra doctrines influenced both Sri Vaishnavism and [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], albeit a bit different.<ref name="Holdrege2015p73"/> In Sri Vaishnavism, Vishnu-Narayana is supreme, while [[Vāsudeva]], Samkarsana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha are the four Vyuhas. In Gaudiya Vaishnavism, the Vyuha theory is more complex, Krishna (Vāsudeva) is "Svayam Bhagavan" (the ultimate or Para Brahman) who manifests as Vyuhas, and he along with Samkarsana, Pradyumna and Aniruddha are the Vyuhas and the Purusha-avataras of the material realm.<ref name="Holdrege2015p73">{{cite book|author=Barbara A. Holdrege|title=Bhakti and Embodiment: Fashioning Divine Bodies and Devotional Bodies in Krsna Bhakti |year=2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R9FgCgAAQBAJ | publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-1-317-66910-4|pages=73–75}}</ref>

The Pāñcarātra is considered authoritative by the [[Shri Vaishnavism|Śrī Vaiṣṇava sampradāya]] ([[Viśiṣṭādvaita]]), [[Sadh Vaishnavism|Madhva sampradāya]] ([[Dvaita]]), [[Pushtimarg|Vallabha sampradāya]] ([[Shuddhadvaita|Śuddhādvaita]]), and [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gauḍīya sampradāya]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Colas|first=Gérard|title=Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism Online |publisher=Brill |year=2018 |editor-last=Jacobsen |editor-first=Knut A. |chapter=Vaiṣṇava Saṃhitās
|editor-last2=Basu |editor-first2=Helene |editor-last3=Malinar |editor-first3=Angelika |editor-last4=Narayanan |editor-first4=Vasudha}}</ref>

==Practices==
[[File:Prince of Wales Museum Bombay si0079.jpg|thumb|11th-century [[Vaikuntha Chaturmurti]]. It is one of the iconic representation of the Pancharatra Vyuhas theory found in some medieval Hindu temples.<ref>[http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/museums/pw3.html Vaikuntha Chaturmurti] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104013637/http://www.art-and-archaeology.com/india/museums/pw3.html |date=2018-01-04 }}, Gujarat, 11th century, Prince of Wales Museum, Art and Archeology Magazine</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last=Gail | first=Adalbert J. | title=On the Symbolism of Three- and Four-Faced Visnu Images: A Reconsideration of Evidence | journal=Artibus Asiae | volume=44 | issue=4 | year=1983 | doi=10.2307/3249614 | pages=297–307| jstor=3249614 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Jitendra Nath Banerjea|title=Religion in Art and Archæology: Vaishṇavism and Saivism|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=EIXXAAAAMAAJ|year= 1968|publisher= University of Lucknow|pages=32–34}}</ref>]]
The Pancharatra tradition taught the ''Panchakala'' or five observances practiced every day:<ref name="Dalal2010p293"/><ref>{{cite book|author=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|year=2008|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|pages=512–513|access-date=2017-07-15|archive-date=2023-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702115436/https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hudson2008p491">{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1|pages=491–492}}</ref>
# ''Abhigamna'' or ablutions and morning prayers to god.
# ''Upadana'' or collecting worship materials.
# ''Ijya'' or worship with offerings.
# ''[[Svādhyāya|Svadhyaya]]'' or daily study.
# ''[[Yoga]]'' and [[Dhyāna in Hinduism|meditation]].

The significance of divine manifestation theology in Pancaratra tradition is it believes that an understanding of the process by which Vishnu-Narayana emerged into empirical reality and human beings, can lead one to reverse the process. Through practicing the reversal and moving from the empirical to ever more abstract, according to Pancaratra, human beings can access immanent Vāsudeva-Krishna and thereby achieve salvific liberation ([[moksha]]).<ref name="Lochtefeld2002p493"/><ref>Mitsunori MATSUBARA (1994), The Concept of Vāsudeva as the Hindu Bhagavat, Journal of Esoteric Buddhism, Vol. 184, pp. L158-L157, context: L164-L157, {{doi|10.11168/jeb1947.1994.L164}}</ref>

===Temples===
The Vaishnava temples and arts since the [[Gupta Empire]], states Doris Srinivasan, attempted to present the Pancaratra ideas. In this system, states Srinivasan, "[[Vāsudeva]], literally, "the indwelling deity," is the first emanation and the fountainhead of the successive emanations, which may be represented either anthropomorphically or theriomorphically in Hindu art". As one circumambulates the ancient and medieval Vaishnava cave temples, the devotee walks past from the icon representing Vāsudeva (most abstract) and then the successive ''[[Vyuha]]s'' (literally, "orderly arrangement").<ref name=doriss39/>

== Pancharatra Texts ==
The [[Shandilya Bhakti Sutra|Bhaktisūtras of Shandilya]] were one of the earliest systematic treatises on the Pancaratra doctrine.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p321"/><ref name=britpancharatra/> The Pancaratra literature constitutes the [[Agama (Hinduism)|Āgama]] texts of Vaishnavism.<ref name="JonesRyan2006p321"/> Like the Shaivism counterpart, it not only presents the theology, but describes the details, symbolism and procedures of Vaishnava temples building and rituals. According to the Pancharatra tradition, there are 108 ''[[samhita]]s'', but its texts list over 200 ''samhitas''.<ref name="Dalal2010p293"/> Many Pancaratra texts have been lost. Some surviving Pancaratra texts, with their general focus, are:<ref name="JonesRyan2006p321"/><ref name="Dalal2010p293"/>
*''Sasvata Samhita'': treatise on divine manifestations (''vyuhas''), forty six incarnations of Vishnu, and worship methodology<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|pages=13, 459}}</ref>
*''Ahirbudhnya Samhita'': discusses philosophy, vyuha theory, alphabet and rituals<ref>{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=13}}</ref>
*''Hayashirsha Samhita'': rituals and deities<ref name="Dalal2010p293"/>
*''Padma Samhita'': Panchakala practices for the devotee, festivals and mantras<ref name="Hudson2008p491"/><ref name="Dalal2010p293"/>
*''Paushkara Samhita'': iconography and worship, believed to be a gem along with ''Satvata Samhita''<ref name="Dalal2010p293"/><ref>{{cite book|author=D Dennis Hudson|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMCxbOezDi4C |year=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-970902-1|pages=450–451}}</ref>
*''Maha Sanatkumara Samhita'': a large text on religious practice<ref name="Dalal2010p293"/>
*''Isvara Samhita'': meditation, worship and rituals.<ref name="Dalal2010p293"/>
*''Valmiki Samhita:'' Vishishtadvaita, important in the worship of Rama and Sita.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Karpatri |first=Swami |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/ramayan-mimansa-karpatri-swami/page/n764/mode/1up |title=Ramayan Mimansa |publisher=Radha Krishna Dhanuka Prakashan Sansthan |year=2001 |edition=1st |location=Mathura |pages=688 |chapter=20}}</ref>

===List of agamas===
The Pancharatra texts are samhitas and tantras which both classify as Agama due to subject matter. The Agamas are predominantly divided into Saiva, Sakta and Vaishnava Agamas. The Vaishnava Agamas are Pancharatra Agama and Vaikhanasa Agama and they conclude Brahman as [[Narayana]] or [[Vishnu]]. The [[Mahabharata]] subscribes to the Pancharatra philosophy in its Narayaniya section. Author Vishnulok Bihari Srivastava says, "Pancharatra has been discussed in the Narayanopakhyana section of [[Mahabharata]]. It has been mentioned that Narada had imbibed the essence of this tantra from Sage [[Nara-Narayana|Narayana]]. It has been accepted as part of Veda named Ekayana. As many as 215 Pancharatra Samhitas have been mentioned in Kapinjala Samhita".<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eaCbv1NcbHwC&pg=PT215|title=Dictionary of Indology|page=215|author=Vishnulok Bihari Srivastava|publisher=Pustak Mahal|year=2009|isbn=9788122310849|access-date=2020-12-25|archive-date=2023-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231031081856/https://books.google.com/books?id=eaCbv1NcbHwC&pg=PT215#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> Given is a list of Saṃhitās based on the list of published and unpublished, complete and incomplete Saṃhitās from the catalogue prepared by Sadhu Parampurushdas and Sadhu Shrutiprakashdas:<ref name="Sadhu 2002">{{cite book |author=Sadhu |first1=Parampurushdas |url=https://archive.org/details/catalogueofpancaratrasamhitaswaminarayanaaksharpithgujarat2002/mode/1up |title=Catalogue of Pancaratra Samhita |last2=Sadhu |first2=Shrutiprakashdas |publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith |year=2002 |isbn=81-7526-206-0 |edition=1st}}</ref>
{{div col|rules=yes|gap=2em|small=yes|colwidth=20em}}
*Agastya-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Agastya Samhita|author=Pandit Bhavnath Jha|publisher=Mahavir Mandir Prakashan|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/agastya-samhita-sage-agastya-bhavanath-jha/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Anantākhya-saṃhitā
*Aniruddha-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Sree Anirudha Samhita one of Divyasamhita in Pancharatra|author=A. Sreenivasa Iyengar|publisher=Mahavir Mandir Prakashan|year=1956|url=https://archive.org/details/aniruddhasamhita/page/n27/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Ahirbudhnya-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Ahirbudhnya-Samhita of the Pancharatragama|author=Pandit M. D. Ramanujacharya|publisher=The Adhyar Library and Research Center|year=1966|url=https://archive.org/details/AhirbudhnyaSamhitaSanskritAdyar/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Ānanda-saṃhitā
*Īśvara-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Isvarasamhita|author=M. A. Lakshmithathachar|publisher=Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts New Delhi and Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt. Ltd. Delhi|year=2009|url=https://archive.org/details/isvarasamhita02sanskritengtranslbyvvaradachariandgtripathi/page/n3/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Īśvara-saṃhitā (Nṛsiṃhakalpa)
*Upendra-saṃhitā
*Umā-saṃhitā
*Aupagāyana-saṃhitā
*Kaṇva-saṃhitā
*Kapiñjala-saṃhitā
*Kapila-saṃhitā
*Kāśyapa-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Kasyapa Samhita|publisher=Sri Yathiraja Sampathkumaramuni of Melkote|year=1933|url=https://archive.org/details/pancaratra-agamas/Kasyapa%20Samhita%20%5BSkt%5D/}}</ref>
*Kāśyapottara-saṃhitā
*Khagapraśna-saṃhitā
*Khagendra-saṃhitā
*Khageśvara-saṃhitā
*Gajendra-saṃhitā
*Garga-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Shrigarg-Samhita|author1=P. Shri Ramnarayan Dutt Shastri Pandey|author2=P. Shri Gadadhar Sharma|author3=P. Shri Ramadhar Shukla|publisher=Gitapress, Gorakhpur|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/shri-garg-samhita-with-hindi-trans.-series-no.-517-2-pages-missing-gita-press/page/n3/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Govinda-saṃhitā
*Gautama-saṃhitā
*Citraśikhaṇḍi-saṃhitā
*Jayākhya-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Jayakhyasamhita|author=Embar Krishnamacharya|publisher=Oriental Institute Baroda|year=1931|url=https://archive.org/details/jayakhya/page/n1/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Jayottara-saṃhitā
*Jñānāmṛtasāra-saṃhitā
*Jñānārṇava-saṃhitā
*Tantratilaka-saṃhitā
*Trayaśatottara-saṃhitā
*Dūrvāsā-saṃhitā
*Narasiṃhapādma-saṃhitā
*Nalakūbara-saṃhitā
*Nārada-saṃhitā
*Nāradīya-saṃhitā
*Nārasiṃha-saṃhitā
*Nārāyaṇa-saṃhitā
*Pañcapraśna-saṃhitā
*Padmanābha-saṃhitā
*Padmodbhava-saṃhitā
*Parama-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Paramasamhita|author=Dr. S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar|publisher=Baroda Oriental institute|year=1940|url=https://archive.org/details/paramasamhitaenglishsanskritbydrskrishnaswamiaiyangar1940enhancedscan/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Paramapuruṣa-saṃhitā
*Parāśara-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Parasara Samhita|publisher=Sri Pancharatra Agama Samrakshana Trust, Srirangam|year=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.382804/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Pādma-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Padma Samhita|author=Smt. Seetha Padmanabhan|publisher=Pancaratra Parisodhana Parishad|year=1974|url=https://ia804509.us.archive.org/22/items/pancaratra-agamas/Padma%20Samhita%20-%20Gnana%2CYoga%26Kriya%20Padas%20%5BSkt%5D.pdf}}</ref>
*Pādma-saṃhitā-tantram
*Pārameśvara-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Sri Paramesvara Samhita|author=Shri Govindacharya|publisher=Trishir Purasthakalyanamudralaya|year=1953|url=https://ia804509.us.archive.org/22/items/pancaratra-agamas/Paramesvara%20Samhita%20%5BSkt%5D.pdf}}</ref>
*Pārameṣṭhya-saṃhitā
*Pārāśarya-saṃhitā
*Purāṇa-saṃhitā
*Puruṣottama-saṃhitā
*Pūrṇa-saṃhitā
*Pauṣkara-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Sree Poushkara Samhita|author=His Holiness Sree Yatiraja Sampathkumara Ramanuja Muni of Melkote|publisher=Chaukhambha Sanskrut Series Office|year=1934|url=https://ia804509.us.archive.org/22/items/pancaratra-agamas/Paushkara%20Samhita%20%5BSkt%5D.pdf}}</ref>
*Pradyumna-saṃhitā
*Prahlāda-saṃhitā
*Balapauṣkara-saṃhitā
*Bṛhadbrahma-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Bruhadbrahmasamhita|author=V.S.R.R. Shankar Shastri Venegaonkar|publisher=Hari Narayan Apte|year=1912|url=https://archive.org/details/brhadbrahmasamhita}}</ref>
*Bṛhaspati-mahātantram
*Bodhāyana-tantram
*Brahma-tantram
*Brahma-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Shribrahmasamhita|author=Shri Haridas Shastri|publisher=Shri Gadadhar Gaurhari Press|year=1981|url=https://archive.org/details/brahma_samhita_hindi/page/n15/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Bhāgavata-saṃhitā
*Bhāradvāja-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Narada Pancharatra - Bharadvaj Samhita|author=Khemraj Shrikrishnadas|publisher=Venkateshwar Steam Press, Mumbai|year=1905|url=https://archive.org/details/np_bhsamhita/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Bhārgava-saṃhitā
*Maṅkaṇa-saṃhitā
*Mahākāla-pañcarātram
*Mahālakṣmī-saṃhitā
*Mahāsanatkumāra-saṃhitā
*Māyāvaibhava-saṃhitā
*Mārkaṇḍeya-saṃhitā
*Māheśvara-tantram
*Lakṣmī-tantram <ref>{{cite book|title=Lakshmi-Tantra|author=Pandit V. Krishnamacharya|publisher=The Adyar Library and Research Centre|year=1975|url=https://archive.org/details/LakshmiTantra}}</ref>
*Vālmīki-saṃhitā
*Varāha-saṃhitā
*Vāmana-saṃhitā
*Vāyu-saṃhitā
*Vāsiṣṭha-saṃhitā
*Vāsudeva-saṃhitā
*Viśva-saṃhitā
*Viśvāmitra-saṃhitā
*Viśveśvara-saṃhitā
*Viṣṇu-tantram
*Viṣṇu-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Vishnu Samhita|author=M. M. Dr. T. Ganapati Sastri|publisher=Nag Publishers|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/vishnusamhitammganapatishastridrnpunni1992ocr/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Viṣṇutattva-saṃhitā
*Viṣṇutilaka-saṃhitā
*Viṣṇumandira-saṃhitā
*Viṣṇurahasya-saṃhitā
*Viṣṇusiddhānta-saṃhitā
*Viṣvaksena-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Visvaksena Samhita|author=Lakshmi Narasimha Bhatta|publisher=Kendriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati|year=1972|url=https://archive.org/details/vishvaksena-samhita-of-lakshmi-narasimha-bhatta-series-no.-17-kendriya-sanskrit-vidyapith-tirupati/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Vihagendra-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Vihagendra Samhita|publisher=The Thanjavur Maharaja Serfojis Sarasvati Mahal Library Publications|year=2015|url=https://archive.org/details/vihagendra-samhita-series-no.-476-thanjavur-sarasvati-mahal-series/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Vihageśvara-saṃhitā
*Vṛddhapādma-saṃhitā
*Vaihāyasī-saṃhitā
*Vyāsa-saṃhitā
*[[Shandilya Samhita|Śāṇḍilya-saṃhitā]]<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sandilya Samhita - Bhakti Khanda|author=Mahamahopadhyaya Gopinath Kaviraj, M.A.|publisher=Mr. H. P. Dutt|year=1935|url=https://ia804509.us.archive.org/22/items/pancaratra-agamas/Sandilya_Samhita_Bhakti_Kanda.pdf}}</ref>
*Śukapraśna-saṃhitā
*Śeṣa-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Shesh Samhita|author=Lakshmipuram Shrinivasacharya|publisher=Shri Mahishur Dharmasanstha|year=1935|url=https://archive.org/details/shesha_samhita/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Śaunaka-saṃhitā
*Śaunakīya-saṃhitā
*Śrī-śāstram
*Śrīkālaparā-saṃhitā
*Śrīdhara-saṃhitā
*Śrīpraśna-saṃhitā
*Saṅkarṣaṇa-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Naradapancatantram - Sankarsana-Samhita|author=Acaryasri Vrajvallabh Dwivedi|publisher=Swaminarayan Aksharpith, Amdavad|year=2004|url=https://archive.org/details/NaradPanchratramSankarshanSamhitaEd.VrajVallabhaDwivedi/page/n5/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Sanaka-saṃhitā
*Sanat-saṃhitā
*Sanatkumāra-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Sanat-kumar-Samhita|author=Shri Haridas Shastri|publisher=Shri Gadadhara Gaurahari Press|date=n.d.|url=https://archive.org/details/sanatkumarasamhita}}</ref>
*Sananda-saṃhitā
*Sātyaki-tantram
*Sātvata-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Satvata-Samhita|author=Dr. Sudhakar Malaviya|publisher=Chaukhambha Sanskrut Series Office, Varanasi|year=2007|url=https://archive.org/details/hindisanskritsatvatasamhitadr.sudhakarmalaviyasattvata}}</ref>
*Sārasamuccaya-saṃhitā
*Sāṃvarta-saṃhitā
*Sudarśana-saṃhitā
*Suparṇapraśna-saṃhitā
*Hayagrīva-tantram
*Hayaśīrṣa-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Hayasirsa Pancaratra (Adi Kanda)|author=Dr. Kali Kumar Dutta Sastri|publisher=The Asiatic Society|year=1976|url=https://archive.org/details/hayashirsha-pancaratra-adi-khanda-sanskrit-with-english-exordia-and-addendum-1976/mode/2up}}</ref>
*Haṃsapārameśvara-saṃhitā
*Hiraṇyagarbha-saṃhitā
*(Śrī)kālottara-saṃhitā
*(Śrīman)nārāyaṇa-saṃhitā <ref>{{cite book|title=Shrimannarayana-Samhita|publisher=Vedic Culture Center, New Delhi|year=1990|url=https://ia804509.us.archive.org/22/items/pancaratra-agamas/Narayana%20Samhita%20%5BSkt%5D.pdf}}</ref>

{{div col end}}

Many more Samhitas, of which only the name is known and are non-extant, are listed in the work as well.<ref name="Sadhu 2002"/>

In the [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]] of Srirangam, the Paramesvara Samhita, a variant of the Paushkara Samhita, is in adherence.

In the [[Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram|Varadaraja Perumal Temple]] of Kanchipuram, the Jayakhya Samhita is followed.

In the [[Cheluvanarayana Swamy Temple]] of Melukote, the Ishvara Samhita is followed.

In the Pundarikaksha Swamy Temple of Tiruvellarai, the Padma Samhita is followed.

In Tirukkudantai of Kumbakonam, Aravamudhan Sarangapani, a form of Vishnu, is worshipped with the Sriprasna Samhita.

[[Gaudiya Vaishnavism|Gaudiya Vaishnava]]s follow the [[Brahma Samhita]] and the Naradiya Samhita.

The [[Sreevallabha Temple]] of Kerala follows the Durvasa Samhita and the Ahirbudhnya Samhita.

{{Pancaratra}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
* {{Citation | last=Hudson | first=Dennis |title=Early Evidence of the Pancaratra Agama as Chapter 8 in The Roots of Tantra |year=2002 |publisher=SUNY Press}}

==Further reading==
*S. N. Dasgupta, A History of Indian Philosophy, vol. 3 (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1975); Sanjukta Gupta, trans., Laksmi Tantra: A Pancaratra Text.
*Orientalia Rheno-Trajectina, Vol. 15 (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972); S. Rangachar, Philosophy of Pancaratras (Mandya: Sridevi Prakashana, 1991).
* Aiyangar, Pandit M. Duraiswami, and Venugopalacharya, Pandit T. Sri Pancaratraraksa of Sri Vedanta Desika. The Adyar Library and Research Centre, Madras, India, 1996.
* Apte, Dr. P. P. (edited). Pauskara Samhita. Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha, Tirupati Series No.54, Tirupati, India, 1991.
* Gupta, Sanjukta. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pENlKmZ4r94C Laksmi Tantra, A Pancaratra Text]. E.J.Brill, Leiden Netherlands 1972, reprint Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, 2003.
* Krishnamacharya, Pandit V. (edited). Ahirbudhnya-Samhita of the Päncaräträgama (vol I and II). The Adyar Library and Research Centre, Madras, India, 1986.
* Matsubara, Mitsunori, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LEMqAAAAYAAJ Pancaratra Samhitas and Early Vaisnava Theology]'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi, 1994, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1221-5}}
* Matsubara, Mitsunori, ''Monotheistic Theory of the early Vaisnavas, Vyuha Theory in the Early Pancaratra'', 1990.
* Matsubara, Mitsunori, ''The Formation of the Pancaratra's Theory of the Four Vyuhas'', 1991.
* Otto Schrader, F., ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OlgLAQAAIAAJ Introduction to the Pancaratra and the Ahirbudhnya Samhita]'', Adyar Library, Madras 1916. Second edition 1973.
* Rangachar, S., ''Philosophy of Pancaratras'', Sri Devi Prakashana, Mandya (Karnatak) 1991.
* Rao, S.K. Ramachandra. The Ägama Encyclopedia: Päncharäträgama. Volume IV, Sri Satguru Publications, Delhi, India, 2005.
* Sarma, Pandit K. Ramachandra (edited). Pauñkarägama. The Adyar Library and Research Centre. Madras, India, 1995.
* Siddhantashastree, Rabindra Kumar. Vaisñavism Through the Ages. Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, 1985.
* Sutton, Nicholas, ''Religious Doctrines in the Mahabharata'', Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi 2000.

==External links==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-3/d/doc209939.html The ''{{IAST|Pañcarātra}}'' Literature], Surendranath Dasgupta, 1940
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/parama-samhita The Parama Samhita (English translation)]: A Pancaratra Manual, translation by Krishnaswami Aiyangar, 1940
* [https://archive.org/details/pancaratra-agamas Pancharatra Agamas] on [[Internet Archive]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pancaratra}}
[[Category:Vaishnavism]]

Church of the Transfer of the Relics of the Holy Father Nicholas, Baja

2026-03-19T15:06:53Z

Meeekil:

{{Short description|Serbian Orthodox church in Baja, Hungary}}
{{Infobox church
| name = Church of the Transfer of the Relics of the Holy Father Nicholas
| fullname =
| dedication = [[Saint Nicholas]]
| color =
| image = Görögkeleti szerb templom (2130. számú műemlék).jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pushpin map =
| pushpin label position =
| pushpin map alt =
| pushpin mapsize = 200px
| map caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|46.18215|18.94989|format=dms|type:landmark_region:HU|display=inline,title}}
| osgridref =
| denomination = [[Serbian Orthodox Church]]
| architect =
| style = [[Baroque]]
| status = [[Church (building)|Church]]
| functional status = Active
| years built = 1775<ref name="Eparhija">{{Cite web|url=https://www.serbdiocese.hu/eparhija/parohije/arhijerejsko-namesnistvo-mohacko/ |title=Архијерејско намесништво мохачко |publisher=Eparchy of Buda |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>
| heritage designation =
| constructed_date =
| archdiocese = [[Eparchy of Buda]]
| country = Hungary
| location = [[Baja, Hungary|Baja]], [[Bács-Kiskun County]]
}}

The '''Church of the Transfer of the Relics of the Holy Father Nicholas''' ({{langx|sr|Црква преноса моштију светог оца Николаја|Crkva prenosa moštiju svetog oca Nikolaja}}; {{langx|hu|Szent Miklós Görögkeleti Plébániatemplom}}) is an [[Eastern Orthodoxy|Eastern Orthodox]] church located in [[Baja, Hungary|Baja]], [[Hungary]]. It is under jurisdiction of the [[Eparchy of Buda]] of the [[Serbian Orthodox Church]].

The church is located in the central part of the old town of Baja with Serb community institutions in the nearby building.<ref name="Dnevnik">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnevnik.rs/drustvo/tocak-istorije-oslabio-nekada-jaku-srpsku-zajednicu-u-baji-12-08-2017 |title=Точак историје ослабио некада јаку српску заједницу у Баји |publisher=[[Dnevnik (Novi Sad)]] |author=Milorad Mitrović |date=12 August 2017 |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> The church is the oldest out of three Serbian Orthodox churches in the town, two of which survived until today.<ref name="Danube Tourism">{{Cite web|url=https://www.danubetourism.eu/szent-miklos-gorogkeleti-plebaniatemplom-baja/ |title=Szent Miklós Görögkeleti Plébániatemplom, Baja |publisher=Danube-Limes Touristic and Meeting Management Nonprofit LTD. |date=n.d. |access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref> The [[iconostasis]] was built by the Markoviny brothers in the 18th century.<ref name="Danube Tourism"/> The paintings of the iconostasis were done by a Belgrade icon painter Arszenije Teodorovity in 1792.<ref name="Danube Tourism"/>

==See also==
*[[Eparchy of Buda]]
*[[Serbs of Hungary]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Serbian Orthodox churches|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:18th-century Eastern Orthodox church buildings]]
[[Category:Serbian Orthodox church buildings in Hungary|Baja]]
[[Category:Churches completed in 1775]]
[[Category:Eparchy of Buda churches]]
[[Category:Baja, Hungary]]

{{Hungary-church-stub}}
{{Eastern-Orthodox-church-stub}}

Henna (film)

2026-03-17T06:14:25Z

Meeekil:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Henna
| image = Henna (1991).jpg
| caption = Original poster
| director = [[Randhir Kapoor]]
| producer = [[Randhir Kapoor]] [[Rajiv Kapoor]]
| writer = [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]] [[Jainendra Jain (screenwriter)|Jainendra Jain]] [[Hasina Moin]] V. P. Sathe
| narrator = [[Shammi Kapoor]]
| starring = [[Rishi Kapoor]] [[Zeba Bakhtiar]] [[Ashwini Bhave]]
| music = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cinematography = [[Radhu Karmakar]]
| editing = Jethu Mundal
| studio = R. K. Studios Chembur
| distributor = R. K. Films Ltd. Digital Entertainment [[Eros Entertainment]] [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| released = {{Film date|1991|06|28|df=y}}
| runtime = 184 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = [[Hindi]] [[Urdu]]
| budget = {{INR|4 [[crore]]}}<ref name=in>{{cite news |last1=Jain |first1=Madhu |title=Raj Kapoor's dream film Henna releases |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19910731-raj-kapoors-dream-film-henna-releases-814613-1991-07-31 |access-date=27 May 2021 |work=[[India Today]]|date=31 July 1991|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212609/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/raj-kapoors-dream-film-henna-releases/1/318566.html|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-07 |title=How Pakistani Writer Haseena Moin Contributed To Raj Kapoor's Henna |url=https://www.news18.com/movies/how-pakistani-writer-haseena-moin-contributed-to-raj-kapoors-henna-7237831.html |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=[[News18]] |language=en}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR|12 crore}}<ref name=":0" />
}}
'''''Henna''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Musical film|musical]] [[romantic drama]] film written by [[Khwaja Ahmad Abbas]], produced and directed by [[Randhir Kapoor]]. It stars [[Rishi Kapoor]], along with Pakistani actress [[Zeba Bakhtiyar]] in the title role and [[Ashwini Bhave]]. The film was planned and started by director [[Raj Kapoor]], but due to his death before the filming, it was shot by his eldest son Randhir.<ref name=in /> The dialogues of the film were written by the Pakistani writer [[Haseena Moin]]. The film was a major critical and commercial success and was also [[List of Indian submissions for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|India's submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]], but was not accepted as a nominee.<ref>Margaret Herrick Library, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</ref>

==Plot==
Chandar Prakash ([[Rishi Kapoor]]), who lives in [[Srinagar]], is due to be engaged and married to Chandni Kaul ([[Ashwini Bhave]]), whom he calls 'Chand'. On the day of the engagement, he meets with an accident and mistakenly strays into the Pakistani side of [[Kashmir]]. A native girl, Henna ([[Zeba Bakhtiar]]), falls in love with him; this is amidst the India-Pakistan tensions in [[Kashmir]], which leads to him being suspected by the Pakistani police of being an Indian spy.

Beautiful Henna Khan lives a transient life near the river [[Jhelum]], in Pakistan, with her widowed dad, Khan Baba, and three brothers, Ashraf, Razzak and Zaman. One day, she comes across an unconscious man who has washed ashore. Khan Baba, Gul Bibi (the village doctor) and Henna take this stranger in and nurse him back to health, only to find out that he has lost his memory. The man, in his sleep cries out the name "Chand!", thus everyone starts calling him by that name. Soon, he is well enough to walk around and starts working for Gul Bibi, helping her make clay pots. Henna falls in love and wishes to marry him, much to the chagrin of Daroga Shahbaaz Khan ([[Raza Murad]]), who has already been married twice; according to Shariat law, he can marry twice more. Khan Baba arranges the marriage of Henna and Chand; a day is set for the marriage. On the day of the wedding, Chand finally regains his memory. The family finds out that “Chand” is actually Chandar, and he is neither a Muslim nor Pakistani. He is from India, having strayed across the border into Pakistan after a car accident. The group decides to ensure a safe passage for Chand to get back home.

The first attempt is foiled, due to one of Henna’s brothers colluding with Shahbaaz Khan. The second attempt succeeds, but Henna ultimately loses her life in the chaos.

The film ends with Chandar asking why war must be.

==Cast==
*[[Rishi Kapoor]] as Chandar Prakash / Chand
*[[Zeba Bakhtiar]] as Henna Khan
*[[Ashwini Bhave]] as Chandni Kaul
*[[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Devraj Kaul
*[[Reema Lagoo]] as Anuradha Kaul
*[[Saeed Jaffrey]] as Khan Baba
*[[Farida Jalal]] as Bibi Gul
*[[Mohnish Behl]] as Captain Surendra
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as Ashraf
*[[Shafi Inamdar]] as Pak Police Superintendent Iqbal
*[[Dilip Dhawan]] as Razzaq
*[[Arun Verma]] as Zaman
*[[Arun Bakshi]] as Pak Police Constable Nawabdin
*[[Raza Murad]] as Pak Police Daroga Shahbaaz Khan

==Production==
The [[Kashmir]] part of the film was shot in [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]. Some parts were shot in Pakistan ([[Murree]], [[Islamabad]]), [[Switzerland]] and [[Austria]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jain |first1=Madhu |title=Henna: Labour of love |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19910731-raj-kapoors-dream-film-henna-releases-814613-1991-07-31 |website=[[India Today]] |date=31 July 1991 |language=en |access-date=27 May 2021}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Henna
| type = [[Soundtrack album]]
| artist = [[Ravindra Jain]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1991
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by [[Ravindra Jain]] and the lyrics were penned by Jain, [[Naqsh Lyallpuri]] and Maulana Qudsi.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pandya|first=Haresh|date=13 October 2015|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/ravindra-jain-musician/295572|title=Ravindra Jain Profile|work=Outlook India|access-date=17 April 2021}}</ref><ref name="Hindu1">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/star-under-a-shadow/article5376230.ece|title=Star under a shadow|work=The Hindu |date=21 November 2013|accessdate=24 January 2017}}</ref> According to [[Box Office India]], with around 22,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack was the year's sixth highest-selling album.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-01-02 |title=BoxOffice India.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |access-date=2024-11-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102010439/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=284&catName=MTk5MC0xOTk5 |archive-date=2 January 2010 }}</ref>

* "Main Hoon Khush Rang Henna" was listed at #7 on [[Binaca Geetmala|Binaca Geetmala annual list 1991]].<ref name=thsept02>{{cite news|title=It's all in the name|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/09/08/stories/2002090800070400.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040324233911/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mag/2002/09/08/stories/2002090800070400.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 March 2004|access-date=13 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=8 September 2002}}</ref>

* "Naar Daana Anar Daana" was listed at #20 on [[Binaca Geetmala|Binaca Geetmala annual list 1991]].<ref name=thsept02/>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s) !! Lyricist
![[Raga]]
|-
| 1
| "Main Hoon Khush Rang Henna" (Happy)
| rowspan=2|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| rowspan=3|Ravindra Jain
|[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]]
|-
| 2
| "Naar Daana Anar Daana"
|
|-
| 3
| "Der Na Ho Jaye Kahin"
| Lata Mangeshkar, [[Suresh Wadkar]], Mohd. Sayeed, Farid Sabri, Satish
|[[Puriya Dhanashree]]
|-
| 4
| "Chitthiye Ni Dard Firaaq Valiye"
| Lata Mangeshkar
| Naqsh Lyallpuri
|
|-
| 5
| "Marhaba Sayyedi"
| [[Mohammed Aziz]]
| Maulana Qudsi
|
|-
| 6
| "Janewale O Janewale"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar
| rowspan=5|Ravindra Jain
|
|-
| 7
| "Bedardi Tere Pyar Ne"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|
|-
| 8
| "Vash Malle"
| Mohammed Aziz
|
|-
| 9
| "Main Hoon Khushrang Henna" (Sad)
| Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Aziz
|[[Bhairavi (Hindustani)]]
|-
| 10
| "Main Der Karta Nahin"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Suresh Wadkar
|
|}

== Production ==
=== Casting ===
The lead role of Henna, before offering to Zeba it was first offered to Hina Durrani to be the lead heroine in ''Henna'' after [[Raj Kapoor]] met her in [[India]] during her visit with her mother [[Noor Jehan]] in 1982 but she refused.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/urdu/entertainment-57142253|title=نور جہاں: سارا جہاں 'ملکہ ترنم' کا دیوانہ تھا اور وہ اعجاز کی دیوانی|website=BBC News|date=23 December 2022}}</ref> Later he asked [[Salma Agha]] to do the lead role in the film due to her busy schedule so she refused it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-raj-kapoor-dreamed-of-launching-his-cousin-in-henna-destiny-had-other-plans-the-actress-once-starred-opposite-raj-babbar/articleshow/123918041.cms|title=When Raj Kapoor dreamed of launching his cousin in 'Henna'|website=Times of India|date=September 16, 2025}}</ref> Then Kapoor wanted to cast [[Shehnaz Sheikh]] but she refused to work in the movie. So after her refusal [[Haseena Moin]] recommended [[Zeba Bakhtiar]], thus Zeba was cast in the title role of Henna.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dunyanews.tv/en/Entertainment/599921-Pakistani-actors-refused-offers-Bollywood|title=Pakistani actors who refused offers from Bollywood|website=Dunya News|date=2 May 2021}}</ref>

==Reception==
''Henna'' was a superhit, especially given the locations it was shot in, and for the excellent musical score by [[Ravindra Jain]], which spawned internationally-known hits such as "Main Hoon Khush Rang Henna", "Naar Daana Anar Daana" and "Der Na Ho Jaye Kahin".<ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 2020 |title=The Best Films Of Rishi Kapoor - Bobby Has Historic Numbers |publisher=boxofficeindia.com |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6050 |access-date=1 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=RIP Rishi Kapoor: 'Henna' will be remembered forever|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-rishi-kapoor-henna-will-be-remembered-forever-831921.html|website=DeccanHerald|date=30 April 2020|language=en|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=2 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200502013723/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/rip-rishi-kapoor-henna-will-be-remembered-forever-831921.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Zeba Bakhtiar's performance in the title role was much acclaimed, garnering her a nomination under the Best Actress category at the [[37th Filmfare Awards]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine|title=TheNews Weekly Magazine|website=www.thenews.com.pk|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/history-filmfare-best-actress-award/|title=Filmfare Best Actress Award - History-US|date=10 March 2009 |access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050109/spectrum/main7.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=www.tribuneindia.com|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> She, alongside [[Salma Agha]] and [[Saba Qamar]], is one of the only Pakistani actresses to be nominated at the Filmfare Awards.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangobaaz.com/saba-qamar-first-pakistani-actress-filmfare-awards|title=Saba Qamar Just Became The First Pakistani Actress To Be Nominated For 'Best Actress' At The Filmfare Awards, In 25 Years|last=Babar|first=Sarah|date=18 January 2018|website=MangoBaaz|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630021800/https://www.mangobaaz.com/saba-qamar-first-pakistani-actress-filmfare-awards|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/pakistani-artistes-in-india-15841.html|title=Pakistani artistes in India|website=filmfare.com|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/tracing-back-the-pakistani-presence-in-bollywood-1.306092|title=Tracing back the Pakistani presence in Bollywood|website=The National|date=11 October 2014 |access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> Farida Jalal's performance as Bibi Gul was also much appreciated; she won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://faridajalal4indianfilms.zimbile.com/|title=farida jalal actress- Mobile Website Powered By Zimbile - Free Mobile webapps For Africa|website=faridajalal4indianfilms.zimbile.com|access-date=30 June 2019|archive-date=30 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190630021756/http://faridajalal4indianfilms.zimbile.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/celebs/farida-jalal/awards.html|title=Farida Jalal Awards & Nominations List|website=FilmiBeat|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref> The film also picked up several other nominations, including Best Film and Best Director.

The film marked the debut of actress Ashwini Bhave, who played one of the prominent roles in the story. She subsequently gained much popularity from the success of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/ashwini-bhave/3984|title=Ashwini Bhave - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|website=BookMyShow|access-date=30 June 2019}}</ref>

== Awards ==

; [[37th Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-awards/filmfare-awards-winners/bollywood/1992/101|title=37th Filmfare Awards |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

'''Won'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] – [[Farida Jalal]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] – [[Radhu Karmakar]]

'''Nominated'''

* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]] – [[Randhir Kapoor]], [[Rajiv Kapoor]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] – Randhir Kapoor
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] – [[Zeba Bakhtiar]]
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] – [[Saeed Jaffrey]]
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]] – Zeba Bakhtiar
*[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]] – [[Ravindra Jain]] for "Main Hoon Khush Rang Henna"

==See also==
* [[List of submissions to the 64th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film]]
* [[List of Indian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0121352|title=Henna}}

{{Raj Kapoor}}
{{K. A. Abbas}}
{{Indian submission for Academy Awards}}

[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1990s Urdu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ravindra Jain]]
[[Category:Films set in India]]
[[Category:Films set in Islamabad]]
[[Category:Films set in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films set in Lahore]]
[[Category:Films set in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films set in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Austria]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Islamabad]]
[[Category:Films shot in Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:India–Pakistan relations in popular culture]]
[[Category:Kashmir conflict in films]]
[[Category:R. K. Films films]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Films set in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Manali, Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films shot in Himachal Pradesh]]

Raksha Raj

2026-03-16T23:34:36Z

Meeekil: post.

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian name|Raksha|Raj}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Raksha Raj
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name = Della Raj
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| other_names =
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2008{{endash}}present
| height =
| spouse = {{marriage|Arkaj|2022}}<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanams-appu-aka-raksha-raj-ties-the-knot-with-arkaj/articleshow/91076251.cms |title=Santhwanam's Appu aka Raksha Raj ties the knot with Arkaj |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>
| notable_works = [[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]
[[Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu]]
}}
'''Raksha Raj''' is an Indian Actress who works in [[Malayalam]] Television series and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films. She is known for playing the role of '' Aparna'' in [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet ]]'s TV series [[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]].

==Filmography==
===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Lollipop (2008 film)|Lollipop]]''
| Rosebella's friend
| rowspan="2" | [[Malayalam]]
|
|-
| 2009
| ''[[Malayali (film)|Malayali]]''
| Daya
|<ref name=".0"/>
|-
| 2011
| ''Avan Appadithan''
| Devi
| rowspan="7" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|<ref name=".0">{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/actress-raksha-raj-as-aparna-thambi-in-santhwanam-serial/articleshow/78749525.cms |title=സോളമന്‍റെ സ്വന്തം സോഫി ഇനി 'സാന്ത്വന'ത്തിലെ അപ്പു |website=Malayalam.samayam.com |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| ''Sandiyar''
| Kayalvizhi
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/previews/sandiyar/articleshow/39168249.cms |title=Sandiyar |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Kamara Kattu]]''
| Malarkodi
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/first-look-kamara-kattu-imagegallery-kollywood-pdlqxXbjjjcic.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311175038/http://www.sify.com/movies/First-look-Kamara-Kattu-imagegallery-Kollywood-pdlqxXbjjjcic.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 March 2015 |title=First look: 'Kamara Kattu' |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> <ref name="A">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/music-over-money/article7021425.ece |title=Music over money |first=S. R. Ashok |last=Kumar |date=23 March 2015 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2015
| ''[[Thoppi]]''
| Nagu
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/thoppi-a-film-close-to-my-heart-raksha-raj/ |title='Thoppi' a film close to my heart: Raksha Raj |website=The Indian Express |date=14 November 2014 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/chippys-special-memory-with-mammootty-to-sajins-wedding-check-out-these-unseen-throwback-pictures-of-santhwanam-actors/photostory/85721074.cms|title=Chippy's special memory with Mammootty to Sajin's wedding: Check out these unseen throwback pictures of Santhwanam actors|work=The Times of India|date= |access-date=22 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Pandiyoda Galatta Thaangala]]''
| Yamini
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FxFqs-a4SHs |title=Raksha Raj Actress Speaks About Pandiyoda Galatta Thangala Movie Interview | TOC |date=9 June 2016 |access-date=14 January 2022 |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2017
| ''Yen Inthamayakam''
| Anusha
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-details/yen-inthamayakam/movieshow/61315567.cms |title=Yen Inthamayakam Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes |accessdate=14 January 2022 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/210717/a-film-on-social-media-menace.html |title=A film on social media menace |work=Deccan Chronicle|date=21 July 2017 }}</ref>
|-
| 2021
| ''Uthra''
| Uthra
|
|-
| 2024
| ''Makudi''
| Devika
| rowspan="2" | Malayalam
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/makudi-malayalam-movie-from-tomorrow-starring-sudheer-karamana-shw6xu|title=സുധീര്‍ കരമനയ്‍ക്കൊപ്പം പുതുമുഖങ്ങള്‍; 'മകുടി' തിയറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക്|website=Asianet News|access-date=10 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025
| ''Khajuraho Dreams''
| Meetubhai wife
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://malayalam.samayam.com/tv/celebrity-news/actress-raksha-raj-makes-her-film-debut-with-chandhu-nadh-and-sreenath-bhasi-starrer-khajuraho-dreams-ovie/articleshow/87188498.cms |title='സാന്ത്വന'ത്തിലെ അപ്പു, ശ്രീനാഥ് ഭാസിക്കും ചന്തുനാഥിനും ഒപ്പം; താരം ഇനി സിനിമയിൽ |website=Malayalam.samayam.com |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=യുവതാരങ്ങളുടെ മൾട്ടി സ്റ്റാർ‍ റോഡ് മൂവി 'ഖജുരാഹോ ഡ്രീംസ്'; ഡിസംബർ 5ന് തിയറ്ററുകളിൽ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2025/11/28/khajuraho-dreams-malayalam-movie-release-date-announced.html |website=Manorama Online}}</ref>
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | '''TV series'''
|-
| 2020
| ''[[Namukku Paarkkuvan Munthirithoppukal]]''
| Sofia
| [[Surya TV]]
| TV debut
| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/watch-this-bts-video-from-namukku-parkkuvan-munthirithoppukal-is-hilarious/articleshow/77143304.cms |title=Watch: This BTS video from 'Namukku Parkkuvan Munthirithoppukal' is hilarious |work=The Times of India |date=24 July 2020 |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|-

| 2020{{endash}}2024
| ''[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]]''
| Aparna
| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
| Breakthrough role
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanams-appu-aka-raksha-raj-ties-the-knot-with-arkaj/articleshow/91076251.cms|title='Santhwanam's Appu aka Raksha Raj ties the knot with Arkaj|website=The Times Of India|date=25 April 2022 }}</ref>
|-

| 2024
| ''Premam''
| Neelima
| Pocket FM
| Web series
|
|-
|2024{{endash}}2025||''[[Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu]]''||Janaki|| [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatv.in/janakiyudeyum-abhiyudeyum-veedu/|title=Janakiyudeyum Abhiyudeyum Veedu Upcoming Malayalam Television Serial on Asianet|website=Kerala TV|date=20 May 2024 }}</ref>
|-
|2026||''Dheera 2''||Sreelakshmi|| [[DD Malayalam]] ||||
|-
| colspan="6" style="text-align:center;" | '''TV shows'''
|-
| 2020
| ''Onamamangam''
| Guest
| Surya TV
|
| <ref>{{cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxwhvY7W2Io|title=Onamamangam with your favourite artists {{!}} Onam Special Show {{!}} Surya TV|publisher=Surya TV|access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2021
| ''Vishu Dhamaka''
| Guest
| rowspan="6" | Asianet
|
| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/vishu-specials/3477/a-star-studded-vishu/1100052932|title=Vishu Dhamaka|website=[[Disney+ Hotstar]]|access-date=27 July 2022|archive-date=30 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930071409/https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/vishu-specials/3477/a-star-studded-vishu/1100052932|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music Season 3]]''
| rowspan="2" | Contestant
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/santhwanam-actors-to-have-a-blast-in-start-music-watch-teaser/articleshow/87488132.cms |title=Santhwanam actors to have a blast in 'Start Music'; watch teaser |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 January 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Start Music Aaradhyam Paadum|Start Music Season 4]]''
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/start-music-this-dance-video-of-kk-menon-and-raksha-is-too-hilarious-to-miss/articleshow/94171728.cms?from=mdr |title=Start Music: This dance video of KK Menon and Raksha is too hilarious to miss |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=11 October 2022}}</ref>
|-
| 2024
| ''[[Bigg Boss (Malayalam TV series) season 6]]''
| Guest
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bigg Boss Malayalam 6: Yuva Krishna and Raksha Raj meet the housemates, Baby Sasha steals the spotlight|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/bigg-boss-malayalam-6-yuva-krishna-and-raksha-raj-meet-the-housemates-baby-sasha-steals-the-spotlight/articleshow/110960120.cms|website=The Times Of India|date=13 June 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Rowspan=2|2025||''Enkile Ennodu Para''||Contestant|| ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment-news/enkile-ennodu-para-new-game-show-on-asianet-sabumon-swetha-menon-slr6c9 | title=ഏഷ്യാനെറ്റില്‍ പുതിയ ഗെയിം ഷോ; 'എങ്കിലേ എന്നോട് പറ' അവതരിപ്പിക്കാന്‍ സാബുവും ശ്വേതയും | date=22 October 2024 }}</ref>
|-
| ''Maveli Kottaram''
| Janaki
| Telefilm
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/entertainment/asianet-onam-2025-tv-premieres-and-special-programs-articleshow-lg5wo59 |title=From Empuraan to Thudarum: Asianet’s Onam Schedule Is Packed With Blockbusters|website=[[Asianet News]] |access-date=5 September 2025}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|12588062}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raksha Raj}}
[[Category:Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Bari Path

2026-03-16T10:17:13Z

Meeekil:

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name = Bari Path
| settlement_type = Road
| pushpin_map = India Patna # India Bihar
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Patna, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|25|37|11|N|85|10|43|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Bihar]]
| subdivision_type2 = City
| subdivision_name2 = [[Patna]]
| named_for = [[Professor Abdul Bari]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| population_density_sq_mi = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Spoken
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 800006
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Urban planning|Planning agency]]
| blank_info_sec1 = Patna Metropolitan Area Authority
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| nickname = Abdul Bari Path
}}

'''Bari Path''' is a road in [[Patna]], the capital of [[Bihar]]. It was named after [[Abdul Bari (professor)|Professor Abdul Bari]] in 1948 following his murder in [[Khusrupur|Khusrupur, Patna]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार की पहली राजनीतिक हत्या की कहानी, जब बीच सड़क पर बिहार प्रदेश कांग्रेस के अध्यक्ष को मार दी गई थी गोली |url=https://news4nation.com/news/bihar-ke-pehli-rajneetik-hatya-ki-kahani-849118 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=news4nation.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdul Bari Path Patna |url=https://www.pmc.bihar.gov.in/siteassets/pdfs/Road%20Type.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ashraf |first=Md Umar |date=2018-03-06 |title=प्रोफ़ेसर अब्दुल बारी : भारत का एक गुमनाम स्वातंत्रता सेनानी |url=https://www.heritagetimes.in/pro-abdul-bari/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Heritage Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=मजदूर नेता का शहादत दिवसः जानिये हिंदू-मुस्लिम एकता के नायक प्रो. अब्दुल बारी को |url=https://www.hindi.awazthevoice.in/india-news/Martyrdom-Day-of-the-Labor-leader-Know-Prof-Abdul-bari-the-hero-of-Hindu-Muslim-unity-1477.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.hindi.awazthevoice.in |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-15 |title=50 मुस्लिम स्वतंत्रता सेनानी, जिनके साथ इतिहास ने |url=https://www.muslimtoday.in/hindi/50-muslim-freedom-fighter/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=विज़न मुस्लिम टुडे |language=hi-IN}}</ref> Bari House was situated on this road. [[Mahatma Gandhi]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-04 |title=प्रो अब्दुल बारी: जिन्हें गांधी ने बिहार में अपनी आखिरी उम्मीद बताया था |url=http://www.updeshtimesnews.com/archives/23123 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Updesh Times News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Headlines |first=Beyond |date=2019-03-28 |title=जब गांधी ने प्रोफ़ेसर अब्दुल बारी से पूछा —क्या अभी तक ज़िन्दा हैं? |url=https://beyondheadlines.in/2019/03/prof-abdul-bari/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=BeyondHeadlines |language=en-US}}</ref> came to Bari House on 29 March 1947, the day after Bari's death. It connects Gandhi Chowk<ref>{{Cite web |title=कोरोना के इलाज में डाक्टरों की मदद करेगा "सोनू सूद" |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/bhagalpur/story-quot-sonu-sood-quot-to-help-doctors-in-corona-39-s-treatment-3453361.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> to [[Gandhi Maidan]], runs parallel to [[Ashok Rajpath]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar's Capital should be shifted out of Patna {{!}} ummid.com |url=https://www.ummid.com/news/2015/January/08.01.2015/on-bihar-capital.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.ummid.com}}</ref> It connects with Ashok Rajpath in many points, such as in Ramna Road, Khazanchi Road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pincode of Bari Road Near Masjid Bakerganj Patna_ |url=https://www.getpincode.info/bari-road-near-masjid-bakerganj-patna |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.getpincode.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पटना के हर इलाकों के नाम में छिपा है एक इतिहास |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-every-area-in-patna-in-have-hidden-history-18625884.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=Faryal Rumi|date=2 Sep 2019 |title=Karbigahiya and Bari Path roads to be widened soon {{!}} Patna News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/karbigahiya-and-bari-path-roads-to-be-widened-soon/articleshow/70938630.cms |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=News |first=India TV |title=Naya Tola Patna Pin Code {{!}} Postal Code (Zip Code) of Naya Tola Patna, Patna, Bihar, India |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/bihar/patna/naya-tola-patna |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=www.indiatvnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=इस इमारत में छिपा है 400 साल का अतीत, पटना के महागिरजाघर के तहस-नहस होने की कहानी |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-the-huge-building-of-patna-cathedral-was-built-in-only-700-rupees-emperor-jahangir-had-given-permission-22304450.html |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-25 |title=पटना: 2500 साल पुराना गौरवमयी इतिहास वाला जिला आज भगवा का गढ़ |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/patna-bihar-assembly-election-2020-rjd-jdu-bjp-ljp-atsn-1135609-2020-09-25 |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

== Landmarks ==
{{unsourced|section|date=January 2023}}
* [[Noori Masjid]]
* Madarsa Islamia Shamsul Hoda
* Hakeem Saleh Dawa Khana
* Ramna Road
* Khazanchi Road
* Machuatoli
* Hathua Market
* P N Anglo Sanskrit School

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Roads in Bihar]]
[[Category:Geography of Patna]]

Debesh Chattopadhyay

2026-03-14T05:37:56Z

Meeekil: new

{{short description|Indian actor, film and theatre director}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|most of this article is written in a promotional tone and in a format more closely resembling a résumé than a Wikipedia article|article|date=October 2015}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Debesh Chattopadhyay
| image = DEBESH CHATTOPADHYAY.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Chattopadhyay in 2014
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actor, theatre and film director<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/theatre/Debesh-Chattopadhyay-to-turn-filmmaker/articleshow/21778362.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Debesh Chattopadhyay to Turn Filmmaker|access-date=2018-05-29|last1=Ghosh|first1=Madhusree|archive-date=9 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190609153637/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/theatre/Debesh-Chattopadhyay-to-turn-filmmaker/articleshow/21778362.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kaahon.com/details.aspx?ID=Wall_141018074720&title=Debesh%20Chattopadhyay%20refers%20Group%20Theatre%20just%20as%20a%20coinage|website=kaahon.com|title=Debesh Chattopadhyay|access-date=2019-05-29}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
}}

'''Debesh Chattopadhyay''' (also '''Chatterjee''') is an [[Bengali language|Indian Bengali]] film & theatre director and actor.<ref name="Spotlight on Brain theatre">{{cite news|title=Spotlight on Brain theatre|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120212/jsp/calcutta/story_15122885.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203124240/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120212/jsp/calcutta/story_15122885.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=20 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph (Calcutta)|location=Calcutta, India|first=Sebanti|last=Sarkar|date=12 February 2012}}</ref> He has also acted in a few Bengali films.<ref name="Debesh Chattopadhyay filmography">{{cite web|title=Debesh Chattopadhyay filmography|url=http://www.gomolo.com/about-debesh-chattopadhyay/4147|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=20 December 2012|archive-date=29 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129080332/http://www.gomolo.com/about-debesh-chattopadhyay/4147|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Career ==
Chattopadhyay is associated with theatre since 1984. At that time he was 18 years old. In 1989 he joined Bengali theatre group ''Shilpayan'' and became a full-time theatre artist. In 1992 he joined theatre group ''Ganakrishti'' and acted in the play ''Manyobor Bhool Korchen''. He also worked in the theatre group ''Theatron''. ''[[Sansriti]]''.<ref name="Debesh Chattopadhyay biography">{{cite web |title=Debesh Chattopadhyay biography |url=http://www.theatresansriti.org/debesh-chattopadhyay.html |access-date=20 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901220205/http://theatresansriti.org/debesh-chattopadhyay.html |archive-date=1 September 2012 }}</ref>

===As a documentary film maker===

Documentary film on ‘Satu Sen’ which is financed by the [[National School of Drama]], Delhi.
Documentary film ‘Dreams Unlimited’ on ‘Natyamela 2008’ produced by Paschim Banga Natya Academy.
Documentary film on ‘Rangakarmi -A Journey’ based on the activities and contribution of the theatre group ‘RANGAKARMI’ (Director- Usha Ganguly).
Documentary film on ‘Habib Tanvir’ produced by Paschim Banga Natya Academy.

==As a film maker==
''[[Natoker Moto - Like a Play]]'' (Based on the life and career of the deceased actress Keya Chakraborty)
''[[IYE - The Others]]'' (Inspired by Peter Bischel's Kindergarten Stories)

===As a theatre workshop instructor===

Physically and mentally challenged children of SANCHAR, BIKRAMSHILA (NGO).
Theatre workers of different theatre groups of West Bengal.
School children (St. Augustine’s, South Point, Kolkata).
Minerva Natyasanskriti Charchakendra for repertoire.
Paschim Banga Natya Academy, Theatrical Workshop (Residential), at Kaliagange, Uttar Dinajpur.

===As a theatre seminar speaker===

Seminars organised by N S D, [[Paschim Banga Natya Akademi|Paschimbanga Natya Academy]], Nandipat, Rangakala, Sayak, Rangroop, Abhinayan, Rupantar, Ajitesh Natya Academy, Natya Srijoni, Natyasodh, Kathakriti, Prachya etc.

===As a visiting lecturer===

Indian Institute Of Science, Bangalore on ‘ Neuroscience & Theatre’ in 2009.
Wigan & Leigh College India on ‘Acting’ for Design Faculty in 2008.
Govt. College, Bashirhat on ‘Absurd Drama’ for Arts Faculty in 2007.

===As a research associate===

Senior Fellowship on ‘Neuroscience & Theatre’ financed by Ministry Of Culture, Govt Of India.

===Honours===

* 50 Emerging Stars of India by The Week (Independence Day special Issue 2003).
* Best Playwright of the Year in 2002, by West Bengal Youth Council .
* Best Play of the Year in 2007, by Information & culture Dept., Govt. of West Bengal for the play "Surjo-Pora Chhai".
* Best Playwright of the Year in 2008, Satyen Mitra Award by Theatre Workshop for play "Surjo-Pora Chhai".
* Best Director of the Year in 2008, Shyamal Sen Smriti Puraskar by Theatre Group SwapnaSandhani for the play "Surjo-Pora Chhai".
* Best Director of the Year in 2009, by Information & Culture Dept., Govt. of West Bengal for the play "Dream Dream".
* Best Play of the Year in 2010, by Sudrak for the play "Dream Dream".
* Dinabandhu Mitra Smriti Sammanana in 2011, by Bongaon Natyacharcha Kendra.
* Best Director of the Year in 2012, rajat Jayanti Swarak Samman from Anya Theatre, for "DEVI SARPAMASTA".
* NAVENDU SMRITI SAMMAN 2012 To The Director Debesh Chattopadhyay, for "BIKELE BHORER SHORSHE PHOOL".
* ZEE GAURAV AWARD To The Director Debesh Chattopadhyay, for " BIKELE BHORER SHORSHE PHOOL".
* ZEE GAURAV AWARD for best production " BIKELE BHORER SHORSHE PHOOL".
* ZEE GAURAV JURI AWARD To The Writer Debesh Chattopadhyay, for " BRAIN".

== Works ==

=== Plays ===
(in alphabetical order)
* ''Agnibarshi'' (''Theatre Canvas'')
* ''Brain'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Bikele Bhorer Shorshe Phool'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Break Fail'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Chena Dukhho Chena Sukh'' (''Mukhomukhi'')
* ''Debi Sarpamasta'' (''Minerva Repertory Theatre'')<ref name="Snake-headed goddess">{{cite news|title=Snake-headed goddess|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110904/jsp/calcutta/story_14457440.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203155457/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110904/jsp/calcutta/story_14457440.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|access-date=20 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph (Calcutta)|location=Calcutta, India|first=A|last=Scene|date=4 September 2011}}</ref>
* ''Dream Dream'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Fandi Gram'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Griha Prabesh'' (''Onyo Theatre'')<ref name="Griha Prabesh review">{{cite news |title=Griha Prabesh review |url=http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-53 |access-date=20 December 2012 |newspaper=Ananda Bazar Patrika |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112083028/http://my.anandabazar.com/content/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE-53 |archive-date=12 January 2013 }}</ref>
* ''Hayabadana'' (''THEATRE CANVAS'')
* ''Nekre o Bhera'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Shey'' (''Sansriti'')<ref name="Shey review">{{cite news |title=Shey review |url=http://www.abpananda.newsbullet.in/entertainment/54-more/26316-2012-07-30-14-45-12 |access-date=20 December 2012 |newspaper=Ananda Bazar Patrika |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801225908/http://abpananda.newsbullet.in/entertainment/54-more/26316-2012-07-30-14-45-12 |archive-date=1 August 2012 }}</ref>
* ''Surjo Pra Chai'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Tetri Kahani'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Fetaru'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Siddhidata''(''Sansriti'')
* ''Tughlak''(''Sansriti'')
* ''Maow''(''Sansriti'')
* ''Saudagorer Nouka'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Chand Manasar Kissa'' (''Sansriti'')
* ''Kothakar Choritro Kothay Rekhecho'' (''Sansriti'')
* “Khokkos” (“Sansriti”)
* “Antigone”(“Sansriti”)

=== Films ===
* ''The Play'' (Unreleased)
* ''Chaplin'' (2011)
* ''[[Herbert (film)|Herbert]]''

=== TV series ===
* [[Harano Sur (TV series)|Harano Sur]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swati|date=2020-12-07|title=টেলিভিশনে অভিনয় শুধুমাত্র রোজগারের কারণ হয়ে দাঁড়ালে সরে যাব: দেবেশ|url=http://radiobanglanet.com/debesh-chattopadhyay-sun-bangla-serial-harano-sur/|access-date=2020-12-25|website=RadioBanglaNet|language=en-US|archive-date=7 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207152405/http://radiobanglanet.com/debesh-chattopadhyay-sun-bangla-serial-harano-sur/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Theatre personality Debesh Chattopadhyay to play a classical singer in 'Harano Sur' - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/theatre-personality-debesh-chattopadhyay-to-play-a-classical-singer-in-harano-sur/articleshow/79422614.cms|access-date=2020-12-25|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210051542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/theatre-personality-debesh-chattopadhyay-to-play-a-classical-singer-in-harano-sur/articleshow/79422614.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ''[[Chhotolok]]'' on [[ZEE5]]
* ''[[Kaalratri (TV series)|Kaalratri]]'' on [[Hoichoi]]

==Awards==
FCCI Award for Best Debut Director (Natoker Moto) at HBFF-2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://filmcriticscircle.com/fcci-awards/|website=www.filmcriticscircle.com|title=NM|access-date=2019-05-29|archive-date=26 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126222101/http://filmcriticscircle.com/fcci-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> Citation: "For the sensitive cinematic portrayal of the struggle of a dedicated artistic soul in a powerful visual odyssey that reinforces cinema, theater and lived life." Jury members: [[Siladitya Sen]], [[Madhu Eravankara]], and [[Dalton L]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4594209}}
* [http://www.theatresansriti.org Theatre Sansriti website]

{{Bengali theatre}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chattopadhyay, Debesh}}
[[Category:1960s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali theatre personalities]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Haathkadi (1995 film)

2026-03-03T23:32:51Z

Meeekil: revised

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Hathkadi
| image = Haathkadi 1995 poster.png
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Tatineni Rama Rao]]
| producer = A. V. Subbarao
| story = Karaikudi Narayanan
| starring = [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] [[Shilpa Shetty]] [[Shakti Kapoor]]
| music = [[Anu Malik]]
| editing = Gowtham Raju
| cinematography = Prasadbabu
| studio = Prasad Art Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1995|03|31|df=y}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}3 crore<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3008|title=Haathkadi – Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref>
| gross = {{INR}}8,29 crore ( India Nett) <ref name="auto"/>
}}
'''Hathkadi''' ({{translation|Handcuffs}}) is a 1995 [[Hindi]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[T. Rama Rao]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haathkadi (Released) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/haathkadi-7886 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231116193705/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/haathkadi-7886 |url-status=live |archive-date=16 November 2023 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> starring [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]], [[Shilpa Shetty]] and [[Shakti Kapoor]]. The film was an average grosser in Big Cities in North India but a big hit in small cities and villages in North India. Lekar Tujhko Jaaonga Dulhan song was very popular and also responsible for its box office success in small centres in North India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Haathkadi 1995 Movie Box Office Collection, Budget and Unknown Facts – KS Box Office |date=14 September 2020 |url=https://ksboxoffice.com/haathkadi-1995-movie-box-office-collection-budget-and-unknown-facts/movies-facts/ |access-date=12 March 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haathkadi - Movie - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=3008 |access-date=12 March 2022 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Assistant Commissioner of Police, Suraj Chauhan, is an honest and diligent police officer. These qualities in him are instilled in him due to the presence of corrupt politicians and police officers like the Home Minister Bhavani Shankar, Suraj's Deputy Inspector General. Suraj has a brother, who is a crime reporter for the Indian Times. Home Minister Bhavani Shankar goes to a function held by an adoption center for orphan girls. There, he encounters a pretty girl and instantly feels infatuated with her. He asks the DIG to ask the Mayor's wife to bring her to him, since the Mayor's wife is the owner of the adoption center. At first, the Mayor's wife resists and says no, but when the DIG threatens to tell the truth about her past endeavours in dealing with prostitutes to her husband, she agrees. That night, when the Mayor's wife brings the girl to Bhavani Shankar, little does he know that Arun is on an assignment for his newspaper. Arun discovers and records a video of Bhavani Shankar raping the same girl from the adoption center. The next night, Arun goes to see the Mayor, only to show him the misdeed that Home Minister Bhavani Shankar has committed. Filled with anger and disgust, the Mayor and Arun head to the police department to have Home Minister Bhavani Shankar arrested for this. But unfortunately, the Mayor's wife overhears them and informs the DIG about this. On the way to the police station, Arun and the Mayor are blocked and then ruthlessly killed by Chakku Pande ([[Puneet Issar]]), a special hired goon of Bhavani Shankar. Suraj is enraged and aggrieved at the loss of his brother and swears to avenge his death. As Suraj finally starts coming more in contact with Bhavani Shankar, he realises his bad character and that Bhavani Shankar is the one behind his brother's killing. After that, Suraj goes to Chakku Pande to get him to confess to the killing he did, according to the order given by Bhavani Shankar. But Chakku Pande denies it and thus is beaten up by Suraj. Chakku Pande gets sent to jail by Suraj until he decides to confess to his crime. Then one night, Bhavani Shankar hires a few goons to have Chakku Pande killed. But Chakku Pande survives due to Suraj and the police and claims he will protest against Bhavani Shankar. To Suraj's surprise, when he takes Chakku Pande to a huge public function to confess this truth, Chakku Pande puts the blame on Suraj. After that, the lights go out, and a gunshot is heard. When the lights come back on, Chakku Pande is dead, and a possible suspect is seen running away through the crowd by Suraj. Presuming that Suraj is the killer (which he is not), the evil police officers of Bhavani Shankar arrest Suraj and send him to jail for the murder of Chakku Pande. But when he reaches jail, he is surprised to see that he has a lookalike, Rajnikant. Rajnikant is a simple man with strong positive morals who came to jail because he killed a man who tried to rape his wife. And when Rajnikant realises that the evil politicians put Suraj in jail in the first place, he suggests that Suraj and Rajnikant can switch places so that Suraj can leave as Rajnikant, since Rajnikant's sentence is almost over. And from here starts a fun and action-filled story of how Suraj and Rajnikant join forces to finally accomplish Suraj's goal of avenging his brother.

== Cast ==
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as ACP Suraj Chauhan / Rajnikant (Dual Role)
*[[Madhoo]] as Rani
*[[Shilpa Shetty]] as Neha
*[[Arun Govil]] as Arun Chauhan
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Bhavani Shankar
*[[Kiran Kumar]] as DIG Vijaykumar
*[[Tej Sapru]] as Inspector Prabhakar
*[[Alok Nath]] as Chief Minister
*[[Satyen Kappu]] as Chandraprakash
*[[Puneet Issar]] as Chakku Pandey, the killer
*[[Vijayalalitha]] as Lata
*[[Laxmikant Berde]] as Pyarelal
*[[Jayalalitha (actress)|Jayalalitha]] as Sub-inspector Phoolan Devi
*[[Vishwajeet Pradhan]] as Baccha Thakur
*[[Ishrat Ali]] as Guruji of Bhavani Shankar

== Music ==
Lyrics are by [[Maya Govind]] and one song each by [[Dev Kohli]] and Anu Malik himself.
#"Aanan Faanan Aanan Faanan" – [[Swarnalatha]], [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya|Abhijeet]], [[Anu Malik]]
#"Jawani Me Aag Lagi" – [[Chithra K S]], Anu Malik
#"Mera Chandi Jaisa Tan" – Swarnalatha, Anu Malik
#"Amma Amma" – Abhijeet, Swarnalatha
#"Janta Hu Manta Hu" – [[S P Balasubramaniam]], Chithra K S
#"Lml Baba Lml" – [[Alisha Chinai]], Anu Malik

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0260066|title=Hathkadi}}
{{T. Rama Rao}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1995 films]]
[[Category:1995 action films]]
[[Category:1995 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1995 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by T. Rama Rao]]
[[Category:Films scored by Anu Malik]]
[[Category:Indian action films]]

Naguva Hoovu

2026-03-03T22:22:58Z

Meeekil: Improved wording and formatting

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Naguva Hoovu
|image =
|caption =
|director = [[R. N. K. Prasad]]
|producer = [[R. N. Sudarshan]]
|writer = [[Shylashri]]
|narrator =
|starring = {{ubl|[[R. N. Sudarshan|Sudarshan]]|[[Shylashri]]|[[K. S. Ashwath]]}}
|music = [[G. K. Venkatesh]]
|cinematography = R. N. K. Prasad
|editing = {{ubl|Venkatraman|Ramesh}}
|studio = Sri Sudarshan Chitralaya
|released = {{Film date|1971}}
|runtime = 139 mins
|country = India
|language = [[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|budget =
}}

'''''Naguva Hoovu''''' ({{audio|Kn-ನಗುವ ಹೂವು.ogg|pronunciation}}; {{translation|The Smiling Flower}}) is a 1971 Indian [[Kannada language]] film, directed by cinematographer [[R. N. K. Prasad]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/the-directors-natural-choice/article2911538.ece|title=The director's natural choice|work=The Hindu|date=20 February 2012}}</ref> produced by actor [[R. N. Sudarshan]] and written by actress [[Shylashri]]. Besides Sudarshan and Shylashri, the film stars [[K. S. Ashwath]], Ranga, [[R. Nagendra Rao]] and [[B. V. Radha]] in pivotal roles.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Naguva-Hoovu-1982/9219801933|title= Naguva Hoovu (1971)|publisher= Nth wall|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140714200614/http://www.nthwall.com/ka/Naguva-Hoovu-1982/9219801933|archive-date= 14 July 2014|df= dmy-all}}</ref> The film won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]] at the [[18th National Film Awards]].<ref>{{cite web |title= 18th National Film Awards |url= http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp|publisher= Directorate of Film Festival}}</ref>
The film had musical score and soundtrack composed by [[G. K. Venkatesh]] to the lyrics of [[R. N. Jayagopal]].

==Cast==
* [[R. N. Sudarshan|Sudarshan]]
* [[Shylashri]]
* Ranga
* [[K. S. Ashwath]]
* [[R. Nagendra Rao]]
* [[B. V. Radha]]
* [[Balakrishna (Kannada actor)|Balakrishna]]
* Ganapathi Bhat
* [[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]]
* [[Vijayasree]]
* [[B. Jayashree]]
* Master Chandrashekar
* Hanumanthachar
* Vijayakumar
* [[B. Jaya (actress)|B. Jaya]]

==Soundtrack ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Title !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
|"Gulaabi Oh Gulaabi" || [[P. Susheela]] || [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
|-
|"Onde Ondu Hoovu" || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[S. Janaki]] || R. N. Jayagopal
|-
|"Ee Shubhadinade" || P. Susheela || R. N. Jayagopal
|-
|"Irabeku Irabeku" || [[R. N. Sudarshan|Sudarshan]] || R. N. Jayagopal
|-
|}

==Awards==
* [[18th National Film Awards|1970-71]] - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
; This film screened at IFFI 1992 Kannada cinema Retrospect.

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.raaga.com/channels/kannada/moviedetail.asp?mid=k0000780 Naguva Hoovu Songs at Raaga]

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Kannada}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Naguva Hoovu}}
[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Best Kannada Feature Film National Film Award winners]]

{{1970s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Sandip Mandi

2026-02-14T11:26:17Z

Meeekil: update section as per guidelines further and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Notability|1=Sports|date=September 2025}}
{{No significant coverage (sports)|date=September 2025}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Sandip Mandi
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2002|6|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kalyani, West Bengal]], India
| height = 1.76 m
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|Left-back]]
| currentclub = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| clubnumber = 16
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[DSK Shivajians FC|DSK Shivajians]]
| youthyears2 = 2018–2020
| youthclubs2 = [[Tata Football Academy]]
| years1 = 2020–2023
| clubs1 = [[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]
| caps1 = 9
| goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2020–2023
| clubs2 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps2 = 12
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2023
| clubs3 = [[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
| caps3 = 10
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2023–
| clubs4 = [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
| caps4 = 21
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2018
| nationalteam1 = [[India national under-17 football team|India U17]]
| nationalcaps1 = 2
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| club-update = 15:04, 8 April 2024 (UTC)
| ntupdate = 24 March 2018
}}
'''Sandip Mandi''' (born 11 June 2002) is an Indian professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Full-back|left-back]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]].

== Playing career ==
===Jamshedpur===
Mandi made his senior debut for [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] at the age of 17 in February 2020 against [[ATK FC|ATK]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/at-17-sandip-mandi-is-ready-to-take-on-the-big-boys/cid/1733807|title=At 17, Sandip Mandi is ready to take on the big boys|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Career statistics ==
=== Club ===
{{updated|8 April 2024}}<ref>{{soccerway|sandip-mandi/547577}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Indian Super League]]
|3||0||1{{efn|name=DurandCup|Appearance(s) in [[Durand Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|4||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
|5||0||3{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||8||0
|-
|[[2022–23 Jamshedpur FC season|2022–23]]
|0||0||4{{efn|name=DurandCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!12!!0!!8!!0!!0!!0!!20!!0
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Jamshedpur FC Reserves and Academy|Jamshedpur B]]
|[[2020 I-League Qualifiers|2019–20]]
| rowspan="1" |[[I-League 2|I-League 2nd Division]]
|4||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||4||0
|-
|[[2022 Reliance Foundation Development League|2022]]
| rowspan="1" |[[Reliance Foundation Development League|RF Development League]]
|5||0|| colspan="2" |—|| colspan="2" |—||5||0
|-
! colspan="2" |Total
!9!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!9!!0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Mohammedan SC (Kolkata)|Mohammedan]]
|[[2022–23 I-League|2022–23]]
| rowspan="2" |[[I-League]]
|10||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||11||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[Inter Kashi]]
|[[2023–24 I-League|2023–24]]
|17||0||4{{efn|name=SuperCup}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||21||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!48!!0!!13!!0!!0!!0!!61!!0
|}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Soccerway|id=sandip-mandi/547577|name=Sandip Mandi}}

{{Inter Kashi FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mandi, Sandip}}
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:Mohammedan SC (Kolkata) players]]
[[Category:Inter Kashi FC players]]
[[Category:Men's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

{{India-footy-defender-stub}}

Ronkini Gupta

2026-02-10T03:08:22Z

Meeekil: new.

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ronkini Gupta
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =1984
| birth_place =
| other names =
| education =
| alma_mater = St Xavier’s College, [[Mumbai]]
| occupation = playback singer
| years_active =
| known_for = [[Filmfare nominations and acclaimed Classical Singing]]
| spouse =
}}

'''Ronkini Gupta''' (born 1984) is a Hindustani classical vocalist and playback singer who participated in the [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Saregamapa Popular Choice Award]] reality show aired on [[Zee TV]] in 2004. She sang the critically acclaimed song "Rafu" in [[Tumhari Sulu]] (2017) for which she was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]].<ref name="a">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-the-official-list-of-nominations-for-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018/articleshow/62554021.cms|title=63rd Jio Filmfare Awards 2018: Official list of nominations - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=23 January 2018|access-date=19 August 2019|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224231040/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-the-official-list-of-nominations-for-63rd-jio-filmfare-awards-2018/articleshow/62554021.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>
She sang two songs in the 2018 released film [[Sui Dhaaga]] for [[Anu Malik]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/sui-dhaaga-music-review-anu-malik-helps-ronkini-gupta-to-shine-bright-like-a-diamond/|title=Sui Dhaaga Music Review: Anu Malik Helps Ronkini Gupta To Shine Bright Like A Diamond!|date=2018-09-27|work=Koimoi|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en-US|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154626/https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-movies/music-reviews/sui-dhaaga-music-review-anu-malik-helps-ronkini-gupta-to-shine-bright-like-a-diamond/|url-status=live}}</ref> "Chaav Laaga" with [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]] and "Tu Hi Aham" which is her solo song in the film. She is a Sangeet Visharad and her singing repertoire covers [[Khyal|Khyaal]], Fusion, and Bollywood. Doverlane National Merit and Artist Aloud Award. She has performed with Elan on many stages and has also travelled the world with the Indian Broadway show "Bharati" as the lead vocalist.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharatitheshow.com/|title=Bharati The Show|website=bharatitheshow.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150219/http://www.bharatitheshow.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> She composed in [[Mr Ya Miss]] (2005) and lent voice to [[Jai Maharashtra Dhaba Bhatinda]] (2013), [[Aankhon Dekhi]] (2014), [[Pyaar Vali Love Story]] (2014), Hrudyantar (2017), Taleem (2016), "Rafu" in [[Tumhari Sulu]] (2017), "Chaav Laaga" with Papon and "Tu Hi Aham" as a solo song in Sui Dhaaga. Both the songs in Sui Dhaaga received widespread acclaim and firmly established her as a noteworthy singer of her generation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://boxofficeindia.co.in/sui-dhaaga-made-india-music-review-anushka-sharma-and-varun-dhawans-soundtrack-earthy-and-completely|title=Sui Dhaaga - Made in India music review: Anushka Sharma and Varun Dhawan's soundtrack is earthy and completely desi|date=2018-09-28|work=Box Office India|access-date=2018-09-30|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930193023/https://boxofficeindia.co.in/sui-dhaaga-made-india-music-review-anushka-sharma-and-varun-dhawans-soundtrack-earthy-and-completely|url-status=dead}}</ref> She is widely known for her ability to superbly blend her classical training with contemporary musicality.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/suitably-mellow/article20049367.ece|title=Suitably mellow|last=Nair|first=Vipin|date=2017-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418043602/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/suitably-mellow/article20049367.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and musical training==
Ronkini hails from [[Jamshedpur]], the steel city of India. A distinction holder - ''Sangeet Visharad'' from [[Akhil Bharatiya Gandharva Mahavidyalaya Mandal|Gandharva Mahavidyalaya]] in Hindustani Classical, she has trained under, Shri Chandrakant Apte, an exponent of the [[Gwalior Gharana]] in her formative years (1990-2000). She has further honed her skills under [[Dilshad Khan|Ustad Dilshad Khan]] (2000–01) Pt. Samaresh Chowdhary (2003–04) and Late Ustad [[Abdul Rashid Khan]] Sahab (2005-2007).

Winning her way through several inter-school and inter-state level competitions, she went on to win a National Level Merit (Hindustani Classical Vocal category) at the prestigious [[Dover Lane Music Conference]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/feminine-ragas-one-mumbai-event-celebrates-the-fairer-sound/story-oGvPTuMeZMycIfFy17VajJ.html|title=Feminine ragas? One Mumbai event celebrates the fairer sound|date=2018-04-06|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150402/https://www.hindustantimes.com/more-lifestyle/feminine-ragas-one-mumbai-event-celebrates-the-fairer-sound/story-oGvPTuMeZMycIfFy17VajJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref> in Kolkata, in the year 2000 when she was only 16.

==Career==
She participated in the 2004 edition of [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Hindi|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]] world series (earlier Sa Re Ga Ma Pa). She became the winner of the contest jointly with [[Hrishikesh Ranade]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/steel-city-magic-in-success-stories/cid/1667526|title=Steel city magic in success stories|website=telegraphindia.com|access-date=15 February 2023|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329162428/https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/steel-city-magic-in-success-stories/cid/1667526|url-status=live}}</ref> Later, she composed two songs for the film [[Mr Ya Miss]] titled "Kanha" for [[Sonu Nigam]]. Her debut Bollywood playback was for the highly acclaimed film [[Aankhon Dekhi]] (2014), directed by [[Rajat Kapoor]]. She sang "<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/tumhari-sulu-music-review-this-concoction-of-uplifting-songs-is-redolent-of-loving-others-and-yourself-4209109.html|title=Tumhari Sulu music review: This concoction of uplifting songs is redolent of loving others, and yourself|work=Firstpost|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-US|archive-date=26 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180826150420/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/tumhari-sulu-music-review-this-concoction-of-uplifting-songs-is-redolent-of-loving-others-and-yourself-4209109.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rafu" for [[Vidya Balan]] in [[Tumhari Sulu]] (2017) for which she was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]].<ref name=a/> She was nominated yet again in 2019 for [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] for the chartbuster song Chaav Laga from [[Sui Dhaaga]].

SBroadwayls across the country with her solo recitals and has performed at various prestigious stages namely [[Sawai Gandharva Bhimsen Festival|Sawai Gandharv Mahotsav]] (2022), Maharana Kumbha Sangeet Samaroh, Udaipur (2022), Pancham Nishad- Pratahswar(2021), [[Durga Jasraj|Utsaah by Durga Jasraj]] (2021)Banyan Tree Festival- Barkha Ritu (2020), [[Kala Ghoda Arts Festival|Kalaghoda Festival]] (2019), Melbourne Classical Arts Society Festival (2019), to name a few. She released an independently produced Indian classical album titled Mere Kheyaal Se in 2020, where she recorded four tracks in four different ragas, which are her own original bandishes, shot and recorded live. She is often quoted by the musical maestro AR [[A. R. Rahman|Rahman]] in his list of favourite artists.

Ronkini Gupta has a band called The Kheyaal-e-Jazz Projekt (Ronkini Gupta Collective), which is a classical fusion band. The band has won the Artist Aloud Music Awards for 2016 and 2018<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/mobile-digital/platforms/180405-6th-edition-artist-aloud-music-awards|title=6th Edition of Artist Aloud Music Awards concluded on a star-studded note|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814084844/http://www.radioandmusic.com/biz/mobile-digital/platforms/180405-6th-edition-artist-aloud-music-awards|url-status=live}}</ref> and has also been featured on [[Kappa TV]] with their OSTs- Aye Ri Chandni,<ref>{{Citation|last=Mathrubhumi Kappa TV|title=Aye Ri Chandni - The Kheyaal E Jazz Project - Music Mojo Season 5 - KappaTV|date=2018-07-11|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxqj2qxr89A|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-date=29 March 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329162427/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mxqj2qxr89A|url-status=live}}</ref> Khaare Se Naina and Jhoothi Batiyaan. She has also contributed additional vocals towards [[Coke Studio (India)|Coke Studio]] Season 4 with [[Sachin–Jigar|Sachin Jigar]] for the song "Laadki". She sang the highly acclaimed ''Hamse Toh Woh Behtar Hai''<ref name="Humse">{{ YouTube |title= Hamse Toh Woh Behtar Hai |id=xP0LEwX0Ot0}}</ref> for [[Mukhbir - The Story of a Spy|Mukhbir]], a Zee OTT presentation, released in 2022.

==Discography==
===Composer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Singer
|-
| 2005 || [[Mr Ya Miss]] || "Kanha" || [[Sonu Nigam]]
|-
|}

===Playback singer===
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Film !! Song !! Co-singer(s) !! Composer
|-
| 2013 || [[Jai Maharashtra Dhaba Bhatinda]] || "Awkhalase Sparsh Te" || [[Rahul Vaidya]], [[Vaishali Samant]], [[Krishna Beura]] || [[Nilesh Moharir]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2014 || [[Aankhon Dekhi]] || "Kaise Shukh Soyein" || Solo || Saagar Desai
|-
|[[Pyaar Vali Love Story]] || "Jahan Jaun Tujhe Paun" || [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]] || Pankaj Padghan, [[Amitraj]] and [[Samir Saptiskar]]
|-
| 2016 || [[Taleem]]|| "Ishakacha Baan" || [[Swapnil Godbole]]|| Praful Karlekar
|-
|rowspan="3"| 2017 || [[Tumhari Sulu]] || "Rafu" || Solo || Santanu Ghatak
|-
| [[Hrudayantar]] || "Kabhi Mili" || Solo || [[Praful Karlekar]]
|-
|[[Dry Day]]|| "Gori Gori Paan" || [[Trupti K]], [[Atharv S]]|| Ashwin Srinivasan
|-
|rowspan="2"|2018
|rowspan="2"|[[Sui Dhaaga]]
|"Chaav Laaga"
|[[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]]
|rowspan="2"|[[Anu Malik]]
|-
|"Tu Hi Aham"
|Solo
|-
|2019
|Khari Biscuit
|Tula Japnaar Aahe
|[[Adarsh Shinde]]
|[[Amitraj|Amit Raj]]
|-
|2020
|[[List of HBO Max original programminga|Cheesecake]]
|Tu Chala Kahan
|Nihar Shembekar
|Santanu Ghatak
|-
|2021
|[[Ajeeb Daastaans|Geeli Puchhi- Ajeeb Daastaans]]
|Sang Rehna
|Solo
|[[Alokananda Dasgupta]]
|-
|2021
|[[Operation MBBS|Operation MBBS 2]]
|Jee ke dekhenge
|Solo
|Kartik Rao
|-
|2022
|[[Looop Lapeta|Loop Lapeta]]
|Beqaraar
|Solo
|[[Santanu Ghatak]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2025
|[[Mangla (film)|Mangla]]
|All Female Songs
|Solo
|Santanu Ghatak
|-
|''[[Parinati (2025 film)|Parinati]]''
|Aag
|Solo
|Praful Swapnil
|}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Award !! Song !! Film !! Result
|-
| 2016 || [[Artist Aloud Award for Best Composition]]|| "[[Ritu Basant Ki]]"
<ref>{{Citation|last=aslimusicglobal|title=Ritu Basant Ki|date=2015-12-16|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIcINU04Pi0&t=76s|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref>
|[[The Kheyaal-E-Jazz Projekt]]|| {{Won}}
|-
| 2018 || [[Artist Aloud Award for Best Hindi Song]]|| "[[Aye Ri Chandni]]<ref>{{Citation|last=aslimusicglobal|title=Ronkini Gupta Collective - Aye Ri Chandni (The Kheyaal-e-Jazz Project)|date=2016-06-21|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qvxMIB7b0U|access-date=2018-08-26|archive-date=21 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621174200/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8qvxMIB7b0U&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}</ref>" ||[[The Kheyaal-E-Jazz Projekt]]|| {{Won}}
|-
| 2018 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] || "Rafu" || [[Tumhari Sulu]] || {{nom}}
|-
| 2019 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer]] || "[[Chaav laga]]" || [[Sui Dhaaga]] || {{nom}}
|-
|2019
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Playback|Star Screen Award for Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Chaav Laaga
|[[Sui Dhaaga]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2020
|Maharashtra Cha Favourite Kon, Zee Talkies Award
|Tula Japnaar Aahe
|[[Khari biscuit|Khari Biscuit]]
|{{Won}}
|-
|2020
|[[Filmfare Marathi Awards|Filmfare Award Marathi for Best Female Playback Singer]]
|Tula Japnaar Aahe
|[[Khari biscuit|Khari Biscuit]]
|{{Nominated}}
|-
|2020
|[[Zee Chitra Gaurav Puraskar]]
|Tula Japnaar Aahe
|[[Khari biscuit|Khari Biscuit]]
|{{Nominated}}
|}

<big>''Other Awards''</big>

* 2000: Doverlane Music Conference : All India Rank 4 in Indian Classical Vocal
* 2018: NITIE Award for Recognition of Significant Contribution in the field of Singing<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pincus|first=Robert|date=2018-11-29|title=Final Report|doi=10.2172/1483787|osti=1483787|s2cid=195536168 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gupta, Ronkini}}
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian film score composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women composers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian composers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Singers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Hindustani singers]]
[[Category:Gwalior gharana]]
[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa participants]]
[[Category:Singing talent show winners]]

Legal opium production in India

2026-02-05T13:33:11Z

Meeekil: minor edit

{{Short description|none}}
'''Legal cultivation of [[opium]]''' for medicinal purposes is carried out in [[India]], only in selected areas, under free licensing conditions. India is the world's largest manufacturer of legal opium for the pharmaceutical industry according to the CIA World Factbook.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india/|title=CIA World Factbook|website=[[CIA]]|access-date=2021-01-24|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318202107/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/india|url-status=dead}}</ref> India is one among 12 countries in world where legal cultivation for medical use is permissible within the ambit of [[United Nations]], [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs 1961]]. In India legal cultivation is done primarily in [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Datta|first=PT Jyothi|title=Centre pilots private poppy cultivation and extraction of opium with new technology|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/centre-pilots-private-poppy-cultivation-and-extraction-of-opium-with-new-technology/article23752496.ece|access-date=2021-03-01|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref> Despite producing poppy for opium production India depends heavily on imports to meet need of [[Poppy seed]] for edible purposes<ref>{{Cite web|title=West Bengal to Bid for Permission to Cultivate Poppy|url=https://thewire.in/agriculture/west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-poppy-cultivation|access-date=2021-03-01|website=The Wire}}</ref> and domestic [[Codeine]] demand for medical purposes (more than 30% by imports).
Opium is heavily imported from its top producing nations like [[Afghanistan]]. There is also an account of Opium [[black market|black marketing]] in India.

<ref>{{Cite web|last=Datta|first=PT Jyothi|title=Centre pilots private poppy cultivation and extraction of opium with new technology|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/centre-pilots-private-poppy-cultivation-and-extraction-of-opium-with-new-technology/article23752496.ece|access-date=2021-03-01|website=@businessline|language=en}}</ref>

==Background==
The cultivation of poppy in India for [[Opium]] production has occurred since as early as 1000CE, where it was called "Dhanwantri Nighantu".<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 14, 2024 |title=Overview, CBN |url=http://cbn.nic.in/en/about/overview/ |access-date=15 August 2024 |website=Central Bureau of Narcotics}}</ref> It was also cultivated in the early 16th Century. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Shrivastava |first1=Vinay |title=The History of Opium in Central India During the 20th Century |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145505 |website=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |pages=767–776 |date=2003}}</ref> It constituted 15% of revenue of [[British Raj]] from [[Colonial India]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Doctor|first=Vikram|title=Union Budget 2012: Opium trade tucked away among the budget papers|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/union-budget-2012-opium-trade-tucked-away-among-the-budget-papers/articleshow/12309921.cms|access-date=2021-03-01}}</ref> The legalized cultivation and management of produce under strict government control continued in India even post independence.

[[Opium poppies|Opium poppy]] (Papaver somniferous) plant is the source of opium gum which contains psychoactive alkaloids. Some of these alkaloids include [[Morphine]], [[Codeine]] and [[Thebaine]]. Morphine is one of the most widely used analgesic in the world and is the precursor to [[Heroin]], also known as diacetylmorphine. In case of extreme and excruciating pain such as that of terminally ill cancer patients, nothing alleviates the suffering except morphine. Codeine is commonly used in manufacture of cough syrups.

The [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985|NDPS act]] empowers the Central Government to permit and regulate cultivation of opium poppy for medical and scientific purposes. The Government of India notifies the tracts where opium cultivation can be licensed as well as the General Conditions for issuance of license every year. These notifications are commonly referred to as Opium Policies. Opium cultivation is permitted in the notified tracts in the states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] The General Conditions, among others, include a Minimum Qualifying Yield (MQY) to be tendered by the cultivators of each of these three states, to be eligible for license in the succeeding year.

Presently, the [[Central Bureau of Narcotics]] (CBN), is responsible for overall supervision of cultivation as per provisions of the [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985]]. The produce from licensed cultivators are procured solely by government fixing strict norms on quantity and quality. The produce is then supplied by government to [[Opium and Alkaloid Works|Government Opium and Alkaloid Factories (GOAF)]].

== Process of cultivation ==
Each year the Central Government notifies the selected tracts where such cultivation will be permitted, and the general conditions for eligibility of the licence. The essential condition for issue of licence is, fulfillment of minimum qualifying yield (MQY) criterion, specified in number of kilograms per hectare. Cultivators who have tendered at least this quantity in the previous year are eligible for licence. The licence among other conditions, specifies the maximum area in which the opium crop can be sown.

If farmer realizes that the yield will be less than MQY then they have only an option of destroying the entire crop with government permission. If a farmer produces less than MQY then they may face legal action and will lose their license.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-17|title=Opium crop failure: No high for these farmers in times of drought|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/opium-crop-failure-theres-no-high-for-these-farmers-in-times-of-drought/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>

The Central Bureau of Narcotics (CBN), [[Gwalior]] (Madhya Pradesh) under the Narcotics Commissioner issues licenses to the farmers to cultivate opium poppy. Some places where opium is grown are [[Pratapgarh, Rajasthan|Pratapgarh]] in [[Rajasthan]]; [[Mandsaur]], [[Ratlam]], [[Neemuch]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]]; and [[Barabanki, Uttar Pradesh|Barabanki]], [[Bareilly]], [[Lucknow]] & [[Faizabad]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]]. For the crop year 2008-09, total number of licences issued was 44821, while MQY was fixed at 56 kg/ha for Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and 49 kg/ha for Uttar Pradesh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbn.nic.in/html/opiumcbn.htm|title=Opium Poppy - an Overview|publisher=Central Bureau of Narcotics|access-date=2009-03-16}}</ref> Officers of [[Central Bureau of Narcotics]] measure each field and exercise controls to ensure that no excess cultivation takes place.

The crop year starts from November and ends on March every year. The extraction of opium takes place during the months of February and March. Farmers still use the traditional method where they lance each poppy capsule manually with a special blade like tool, a process known as lancing. The lancing is done in late afternoon or evenings. The opium latex which oozes out and congeals in the night is scraped and collected manually the next morning. Each poppy capsule is given three to four lancings.

All such opium collected is required to be necessarily tendered to the government, at specially set up opium collection centres, in early April. Opium is checked for quality and consistency and weighed at the centres. Prices are paid which are fixed by the Government in slab rates, depending on the quality and quantity of opium tendered. 90% of payment is made to the cultivators, directly in their bank account through e-payment method. Final payment is made after laboratory testing at opium factory after confirming that no adulterants have been found.<ref>{{cite web|author=David Mansfield|title=An analysis of licit opium cultivation:India and Turkey|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf20/fco_adidu_licitcultivation|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322025241/http://www.fco.gov.uk/resources/en/pdf/pdf20/fco_adidu_licitcultivation|archive-date=2009-03-22|access-date=2009-03-16}}</ref> All the opium procured is sent to Government Opium and Alkaloid Factories situated at [[Neemuch]] and [[Ghazipur]]. Opium is dried and processed at these factories for export and is also used for extraction of various alkaloid products like [[Codeine phosphate]], [[Thebaine]], [[Morphine sulphate]], [[Noscapine]] that are sold for pharmaceutical operations. But manufacturing of drugs such as Crude cocaine, ecgonine and diacetylmorphine (commonly known as heroin) and their salts are illegal and completely prohibited.<ref>{{cite web|title=Opium - An overview|url=https://goaf.gov.in/opium-an-overview.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721155714/https://goaf.gov.in/opium-an-overview.html|archive-date=2011-07-21|access-date=2009-03-16|publisher=Government Opium & Alkaloid Factories}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bera|first=Sayantan|date=2017-09-08|title=The opium trap|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/6goxa4WRLKwlfonpAIFntM/The-opium-trap.html|access-date=2021-03-01|website=mint|language=en}}</ref>

The state of [[West Bengal]] was trying to obtain permission to cultivate poppy since poppy seeds (khus khus) is an integral part of [[Bengali cuisine]] and hence has a huge domestic demand.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mamata wants nod for poppy cultivation|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/mamata-wants-nod-from-centre-for-poppy-cultivation-in-bengal/cid/1700509|access-date=2021-03-01|website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Diversion and illegal production ==
There are rampant diversions and illegal productions of opium found in India and India is regarded as third largest illicit opium producer in the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Paoli|first1=Letizia|last2=Greenfield|first2=Victoria A.|last3=Charles|first3=Molly|last4=Reuter|first4=Peter|date=2009|title=The global diversion of pharmaceutical drugs|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02511.x|journal=Addiction|language=en|volume=104|issue=3|pages=347–354|doi=10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02511.x|pmid=19207342 |issn=1360-0443|url-access=subscription}}</ref> The diverted opium finds its way into [[North West India]]n states like [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], where it forms an integral component in illegal drug trafficking.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Mohan|first1=D.|last2=Sundaram|first2=K. R.|last3=Sharma|first3=H. K.|date=1986-05-01|title=A study of drug abuse in rural areas of Punjab (India)|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0376-8716%2886%2990036-0|journal=Drug and Alcohol Dependence|language=en|volume=17|issue=1|pages=57–66|doi=10.1016/0376-8716(86)90036-0|pmid=3487439 |issn=0376-8716|url-access=subscription}}</ref> There is a ban on sale and trade of poppy husk (doda chura), a leftover from fields that was widely used in informal drug market in states like Rajasthan from 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-05-01|title=Doda or death? Addicts forced to choose after poppy husk ban|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/doda-or-death-addicts-forced-to-choose-after-poppy-husk-ban/story-NNDtbpHi5BZ7BijgEpoAzH.html|access-date=2021-03-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> The wide difference between the prices in the illegal market (Rs. 60,000 - 120,000/- per kg) and government rates (Rs. 1800/- per kg) is one factor that prompts diversion and rampant corruption in enforcement.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bera|first=Sayantan|date=2017-09-08|title=The opium trap|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/6goxa4WRLKwlfonpAIFntM/The-opium-trap.html|access-date=2021-03-01|website=mint|language=en}}</ref> There are strict laws against diversion in India. If caught then a farmer will lose their license to cultivate poppy and will be booked under [[Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985|Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act]].

Opium addicts registered with the State Governments are supplied prescription opium by the Governments as part of deaddiction. The Government Opium and Alkaloid Works at Ghazipur and Neemuch sell opium to the State Governments who, in turn, supply it to the addicts.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Team|first=ThePrint|date=2018-10-03|title=Will making prescription opium available help solve Punjab's drug menace or aggravate it?|url=https://theprint.in/talk-point/will-making-prescription-opium-available-help-solve-punjabs-drug-menace-or-aggravate-it/128822/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

There are also instances of reduction in crop due to theft, attacks from animals, weather events like hailstorms, drought and attack of [[Parrot|Parrots]] which are often accused as diversion.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=P|first1=Samyak|last2=ey|date=2020-05-09|title=India's opium crop is drying up in lockdown, but the parrots are not complaining|url=https://theprint.in/india/indias-opium-crop-is-drying-up-in-lockdown-but-the-parrots-are-not-complaining/417118/|access-date=2021-03-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Opium and Alkaloid Works]]
*[[Papaver somniferum]]
*[[Opium Wars]]
*[[Jamsetjee Jejeebhoy]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Opium in India]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Legal Opium Production In India}}

Priyakanta Laishram

2026-02-01T13:31:17Z

Meeekil: info.

{{Short description|Indian actor, director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Priyakanta Laishram
| image = Priyakanta Laishram.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Priyakanta Thoi Laishram
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=y|1998|11|07}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal East district|Imphal East]], Manipur, India
| alma_mater = [[University of Mumbai]] [[Panjab University]] [[Amity University, Noida]]
| occupation = Actor, film director, film producer, writer, film editor
| years_active = 2009–present
| height = 5 ft 8 in
| spouse =
| children =
| parents = Harendra Laishram Jibanlata Laishram
| relatives = Caroline Laishram (sister)
| awards =
| website =
}}

'''Priyakanta Laishram''' (born 7 November 1998) is an Indian actor, film director, film producer, [[Screenplay|screenwriter]], and [[Editing|film editor]] from the [[Meitei people|Meitei]] ethnicity of [[Imphal]], Manipur who predominantly works in [[Cinema of Manipur|Manipuri films]]. Known for his socially relevant and unconventional films, he began making children's films at the age of 9 using a [[Nokia N70]] mobile phone, receiving recognitions including The Youngest Filmmaker 2009 from [[Nokia]] and Manipur's Rising Star 2011 from [[Asian News International]]. His directorial work includes [[Oneness (film)|''Oneness'']], notable for being [[Manipur]]’s first film centered on [[Same-sex relationship|same-sex relationships]]. Laishram has won numerous accolades for his films, including a [[Government of Manipur|Manipur State Film Award]] and the Best Director ''Northeast'' award at the [[Prag Cine Awards|Prag Cine Awards.]]

Some of his notable works are ''[[Oneness (film)|Oneness]]'', ''[[The Foul Truth]]'', ''Up-Close With Priyakanta Laishram, [[Spaced Out - Panthung Di Kadaaida!]], [[Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup?]],'' ''[[It's Not My Choice]]'' and ''I am Special''.

== Early life and education ==
He was born on 7 November 1998 in the [[Imphal East district]] of [[Manipur]]. His father Harendra Laishram is a [[Manipur Police|Manipur Police Officer]] and his mother Jibanlata Laishram was an actress. His elder sister Caroline Laishram is a fashion designer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2022 |title=Priyakanta Laishram : Manipur's First "Openly Queer" Filmmaker |url=https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishram-manipurs-first-openly-queer-filmmaker/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260121092546/https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishram-manipurs-first-openly-queer-filmmaker/ |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=15 August 2023 |work=Signpost News}}</ref>

After suffering from [[Amyoltrophic lateral sclerosis|Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]], his mother died in 2016. At the age of 16, he moved to [[Chandigarh]] to attend his [[senior secondary school]]. He then switched to [[Mumbai]] to pursue his bachelor's degree.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Rangnekar |first=Sharif |date=24 June 2023 |title='I knew I wasn't transgender but I had no idea who I was': Manipuri filmmaker Priyakanta Laishram |url=https://scroll.in/article/1051143/i-knew-i-wasnt-transgender-but-i-had-no-idea-who-i-was-manipuri-filmmaker-priyakanta-laishram |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120054548/https://scroll.in/article/1051143/i-knew-i-wasnt-transgender-but-i-had-no-idea-who-i-was-manipuri-filmmaker-priyakanta-laishram |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=Scroll.in}}</ref>

At [[Mumbai University]], Laishram earned a bachelor of arts in mass media with a concentration in advertising. He also holds an [[honours degree]] in Sociology from [[Chandigarh]]'s [[Panjab University]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Sagolsem |first=Daniel |date=9 May 2023 |title=Priyakanta Laishram: Torchbearer of Manipur queer cinema |url=https://nenow.in/entertainment/priyakanta-laishram-torchbearer-of-manipur-queer-cinema.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120054956/https://nenow.in/entertainment/priyakanta-laishram-torchbearer-of-manipur-queer-cinema.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=Northeast Now}}</ref> He completed his [[Master's degree]] in [[Journalism]] [[Mass communication|and Mass Communication]] with distinction from [[Amity University, Noida]] in 2024.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last=Hijam |first=Araba |date=13 March 2025 |title=Why Priyakanta Laishram's Best Director Win Feels Like Our Own Victory |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/3/13/Araba-Hijam-Some-victories-extend-beyond-personal-achievement-they-symbolize-defiance-resilience-and-the-c.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120055305/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/3/13/Araba-Hijam-Some-victories-extend-beyond-personal-achievement-they-symbolize-defiance-resilience-and-the-c.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref>

== Career ==

=== 2007–2011: Mobile phone filmmaking ===
Priyakanta Laishram started making short films when he was 9 years old by using a mobile phone, [[Nokia N70]]. At the age of 11, his first full length [[children's film]], ''Lammuknarure'' was released in 2009.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Esha |date=25 April 2022 |title=A Manipur film tackles sexual identity for first time |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/a-manipur-film-tackles-sexual-identity-for-first-time-7885549/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260120075211/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/a-manipur-film-tackles-sexual-identity-for-first-time-7885549/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

Later that year, he directed two more children's films, ''Achumbadi Amarni'', shot on Nokia N70 and ''Chan-Thoibi'' shot on [[Cyber-shot|Sony Cyber-shot]] camera. He received recognition as [[Manipur]]'s Rising Star by [[Asian News International]], The Youngest Filmmaker 2009 by [[Nokia]], and Youth Icon 2009 by Mongba Hanba Magazine.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news |last=Mahanta |first=Puja |date=31 December 2022 |title=Manipuri Cinema needs content improvement, says state's first gay-themed movie director Priyakanta Laishram |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/manipuri-cinema-needs-content-improvement-says-states-first-gay-themed-movie-director-priyakanta-laishram-491158-2022-12-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260120064250/https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/manipuri-cinema-needs-content-improvement-says-states-first-gay-themed-movie-director-priyakanta-laishram-491158-2022-12-31 |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=India Today NE}}</ref>[[File:Priyakanta Laishram on the set of his children’s film in 2007.jpg|left|thumb|263x263px|''Laishram'' in 2007, at the age of 9 shooting his short film on ''[[Nokia N70]].'']]

=== 2015–Present: Socially relevant and unconventional short films ===
Laishram stated the following in an interview with ''[[Scroll.in]]'' on his transition from making films for children on mobile phones to social issue-based films:<blockquote>"My film-making journey so far has had two phases. I was nine-years-old when I began making films with a Nokia N70 mobile phone. When I made those films, I was a child. Therefore, they had a stronger kid vibe. The second phase began after my senior secondary education. Sexual identity crisis, sexual harassment/abuse, mom’s [[ALS]] diagnosis and her death, living by myself in Chandigarh and Mumbai, exploring my sexuality, coming out, and dad's remarriage – many such life-altering events occurred between the first and second phases of my film-making journey, and I also discovered who I was.<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>Since the second stage of his career as a filmmaker, Laishram has gained recognition for drawing attention to [[social issue]]s that are either shameful or taboo.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Whiso |first=David |date=6 January 2023 |title=Priyakanta Laishram: A Hidden Gem of Manipuri Cinema |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/priyakanta-laishram-a-hidden-gem-of-manipuri-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120060012/https://thefrontiermanipur.com/priyakanta-laishram-a-hidden-gem-of-manipuri-cinema/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Frontier Manipur}}</ref> His films are known for focusing on [[Taboo|taboo subjects]] such as [[child abuse]], [[male rape]], [[LGBT|LGBTQ]] issues, [[gender neutrality]], and [[Drug abuse|drug menace.]]<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |last=Eba Fatima |first=Syeda |date=24 July 2023 |title=Priyakanta Laishram on Bollywood breaking silence on Manipur violence: Unimaginable damage has already been done. |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/horrific-manipur-incident-bollywood-s-delayed-response-to-violence-against-women-in-northeast-india-101690194008631.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120060325/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/horrific-manipur-incident-bollywood-s-delayed-response-to-violence-against-women-in-northeast-india-101690194008631.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
[[File:Priyakanta Laishram (Age 11) in 2009.jpg|thumb|262x262px|''Laishram'' in 2009, at the age of 11 receiving a ''[[Nokia]]'' award from the then [[IPS officer|IPS]] Officer ''[[Thokchom Radheshyam Singh|Thokchom Radheshyam]].'']]In 2015, he wrote, edited, and directed the film ''[[It's Not My Choice]]'', which stars [[Bishesh Huirem]], the first Indian to represent India in [[Miss International Queen 2016]], and depicts the story of a young [[transgender]] person named Sanathoi who is deprived of her basic rights.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 February 2024 |title=Bishesh Huirem starrer "It's Not My Choice" screened at Rajabhat University, Thailand |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/7/IMPHAL-Feb-6The-multiple-award-winning-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-was-screened-at-Rajabha.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120060725/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/7/IMPHAL-Feb-6The-multiple-award-winning-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-was-screened-at-Rajabha.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date= |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nautiyal |first=Sarah |date=19 August 2024 |title=Like Fireflies In The Endless Dark: Emerging Queer Narratives In The Region Of North East India |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2024/08/19/like-fireflies-in-the-endless-dark-emerging-queer-narratives-in-the-region-of-north-east-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120062034/https://feminisminindia.com/2024/08/19/like-fireflies-in-the-endless-dark-emerging-queer-narratives-in-the-region-of-north-east-india/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=Feminism In India}}</ref> For the movie, Laishram was featured in ''[[Gaylaxy (magazine)|Gaylaxy Magazine]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Kumam |first=Davidson |date=6 March 2017 |title=In Conversation with Priyakanta Laishram, A Young Manipuri Filmmaker |url=https://www.gaylaxymag.com/exclusive/15405/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308063413/https://www.gaylaxymag.com/exclusive/15405/ |archive-date=8 March 2017 |access-date=10 May 2023 |work=Gaylaxy Magazine}}</ref> ''The film received critical acclaim upon its premiere, with critics applauding Laishram's direction and writing in particular. ''[[The Sangai Express]]'' wrote, "Priyakanta Laishram's ability to maintain a straightforward and concise screenplay and dialogue without becoming didactic in conveying his intended message is truly praiseworthy. It is undeniable that he excels in his writing and directorial skills, as evidenced by his remarkable work in this film," <ref name=":15">{{Cite news |last=Hijam |first=Brainee |date=2 February 2024 |title=Manipuri film IT'S NOT MY CHOICE triumphs in every aspect |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/2/Brainee-HijamThe-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-Eina-Khankhiba-Natte-which-runs-for-14-minu.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120062543/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/2/2/Brainee-HijamThe-2015-Manipuri-short-film-It-s-Not-My-Choice-Eina-Khankhiba-Natte-which-runs-for-14-minu.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> while ''E-Pao'' cited the film as "One of the most impactful films on [[transgender]] visibility".''<ref>{{Cite news |last=Atom |first=Sangita |date=25 November 2022 |title=It's Not My Choice (Eina Khankhiba Natte) |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Its_Not_My_Choice_Eina_Khankhiba_Natte_Review_By_Sangita_Atom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120062807/https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Its_Not_My_Choice_Eina_Khankhiba_Natte_Review_By_Sangita_Atom |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=E-Pao}}</ref>'' Laishram won Best Film On Social Cause at the Highland Independent Film Festival 2015, Best Story and Best Filmmaker For A Cause at the Jalandhar Short Film Festival 2015.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ningthoujam |first=Suman |date=6 February 2024 |title=It's Not My Choice: A Film To Endure For Many Years To Come |url=https://signpostnews.com/its-not-my-choice-a-film-to-endure-for-many-years-to-come/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260120063658/https://signpostnews.com/its-not-my-choice-a-film-to-endure-for-many-years-to-come/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |work=Signpost News}}</ref>

In 2017, he wrote, edited, and directed ''I Am Special'', a [[Docufiction|documentary-fiction]] film about [[Disability|differently abled]] individuals.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=16 January 2026 |title=English-Manipuri Docu-Fiction ‘I Am Special’ to Be Screened Across North India |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/englishmanipuri-docu-fiction-i-am-special-screened-north-india/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120071131/https://ukhrultimes.com/englishmanipuri-docu-fiction-i-am-special-screened-north-india/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=Ukhrul Times}}</ref> The film comprises six segments and draws on two real-life narratives, including that of his mother, who had amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), along with four fictionalized stories. ''I Am Special'' is the first English-language docufiction film made by a Manipuri.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma Upadhyay |first=Ankur |date=19 January 2026 |title=Priyakanta Laishram’s I AM SPECIAL (2017) and the ethics of disability representation |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2026/1/18/ankur-sharma-upadhyay-disability-representation-in-indian-cinema-has-long-struggled-to-find-balance-in-a-socie.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120071615/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2026/1/18/ankur-sharma-upadhyay-disability-representation-in-indian-cinema-has-long-struggled-to-find-balance-in-a-socie.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> He received the Out of the Box Award at the Symbiosis Allied Media Awards for the film in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 January 2026 |title='I am Special' screening from Jan 21 |url=https://epaper.poknapham.in/editionname/ThePeoplesChronicle/POKNAP_TPC/page/3/article/POKNAP_TPC_20260116_3_11 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120072159/https://epaper.poknapham.in/editionname/ThePeoplesChronicle/POKNAP_TPC/page/3/article/POKNAP_TPC_20260116_3_11 |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=Poknapham |pages=3}}</ref> ''[[Poknapham]]'' reviewed the film positively, noting that the film treats disability as a lived condition shaped by social attitudes, access, and everyday experience, with clarity and care.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Philem |first=Baby |date=21 January 2026 |title='I AM SPECIAL': The quiet power of seeing disability as life |url=https://epaper.poknapham.in/articledetails/ThePeoplesChronicle/POKNAP_TPC/page/4/article/POKNAP_TPC_20260121_4_2/zoom |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260121080438/https://epaper.poknapham.in/articledetails/ThePeoplesChronicle/POKNAP_TPC/page/4/article/POKNAP_TPC_20260121_4_2/zoom |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=Poknapham |pages=4}}</ref>

Later in the year, he featured in the [[Kangana Ranaut]] starrer ''The Bollywood Diva,'' a [[music video]] produced by [[All India Bakchod]] and directed by [[Tanmay Bhat]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title=8 Actors From Manipur Who Featured In Malayalam, Hindi, and Assamese Movies and Series |url=http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.8_Actors_From_Manipur_Who_Featured_In_Malayalam_Hindi_and_Assamese_Movies_and_Series |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120065655/https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.8_Actors_From_Manipur_Who_Featured_In_Malayalam_Hindi_and_Assamese_Movies_and_Series |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=17 April 2023 |work=}}</ref>

His 2018 movie ''[[Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup?]]'' was the first [[Cinema of India|Indian film]] to deal with [[gender neutral]] fashion and [[Male cosmetics|men's make-up]], for which he won Best Multimedia Influencer Award at the Lifestyle Young Influencer Awards 2018 in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 September 2023 |title=Former top model Inder Bajwa stars in Manipur filmmaker's award winning film |url=https://nenow.in/entertainment/former-top-model-inder-bajwa-stars-in-manipur-filmmakers-award-winning-film.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120072641/https://nenow.in/entertainment/former-top-model-inder-bajwa-stars-in-manipur-filmmakers-award-winning-film.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=16 September 2023 |work=Northeast Now}}</ref> The film was premiered at [[St. Regis Hotels & Resorts|St. Regis, Mumbai]] in 2018.<ref name=":10" /> Apart from boys and men who wear make-up and gender neutral clothes in real life, Inder Bajwa (Former Top Model), [[Thounaojam Strela Luwang]], [[Bala Hijam]], [[Nimrit Kaur Ahluwalia]], Peden Ongmu Namgyal ([[Miss Diva Supranational]] 2017) and other renowned faces were also featured in the film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 April 2023 |title=2018 Manipuri film Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup is no less than a revolution |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/pdf/2023/April/16%20April.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115092540/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imphaltimes.com%2Fpdf%2F2023%2FApril%2F16%2520April.pdf |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=15 August 2023 |work=Imphal Times}}</ref> Upon release, the film received positive response.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |date=5 October 2023 |title=Priyakanta Laishram's 'Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup?' Shatters Stereotypes |url=https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishrams-who-said-boys-cant-wear-makeup-shatters-stereotypes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260121093220/https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishrams-who-said-boys-cant-wear-makeup-shatters-stereotypes/ |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=Signpost News}}</ref>

His next movie was ''[[The Foul Truth]]'' in 2019. The film was about a boy who is a survivor of [[male rape]] and [[child sexual abuse]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=17 August 2023 |title=Manipuri film 'The Foul Truth' talks about hidden truth of male rape |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipuri-film-the-foul-truth-talks-about-hidden-truth-of-male-rape.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120073258/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipuri-film-the-foul-truth-talks-about-hidden-truth-of-male-rape.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=18 August 2023 |work=Northeast Now}}</ref> The film was also known for being the first film from [[Northeast India]] to accentuate the hidden truth about [[male rape]]. Laishram played the role of a [[sexual assault]] survivor in the movie, which earned him critical acclaim for his performance.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=10 December 2021 |title=Priyakanta Laishram "ONENESS" is all set to reveal the invisible crime of Gay Honor Killing |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/priyakanta-laishram-oneness-all-set-reveal-invisible-crime-gay-honor-killing-manipurs-first-gay-themed-movie-411189-2021-12-10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260120073542/https://www.indiatodayne.in/breaking-news/story/priyakanta-laishram-oneness-all-set-reveal-invisible-crime-gay-honor-killing-manipurs-first-gay-themed-movie-411189-2021-12-10 |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=India Today NE}}</ref> The film received rave reviews for its theme, direction, dialogue and performances.<ref name=":8" /> For his portrayal of a sexual assault survivor, Laishram received acting recognition at several film festivals between 2018 and 2019, with the film also receiving awards in categories including social issues and technical achievements such as screenplay and sound design, acknowledging his contributions as a director, producer, writer, and sound designer.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Yumnam |first=Debabrata |date=18 August 2023 |title=Priyakanta Laishram's 'The Foul Truth' Is The Gruesome Reality Of Society. |url=https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishrams-the-foul-truth-is-the-gruesome-reality-of-society/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260121093602/https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishrams-the-foul-truth-is-the-gruesome-reality-of-society/ |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=18 August 2023 |work=Signpost News}}</ref> The film was screened at 33 international [[film festival]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ningthoujam |first=Aditi |date=5 October 2023 |title=Manipuri film 'The Foul Truth' to be screened at Chiang Mai University, Thailand |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.The_Foul_Truth_to_be_screened_at_Chiang_Mai_University_2023 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120074809/https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.The_Foul_Truth_to_be_screened_at_Chiang_Mai_University_2023 |archive-date=20 January 2026 |work=E-Pao}}</ref> Praising Laishram's performance, ''[[The Sangai Express]]'' wrote, "He gives a solid performance as the sexual assault survivor 'Thoithoiba' and brilliantly brings out the nuances to deliver a compelling act. He succeeds in spreading his stamp all over the film".<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=6 October 2023 |title=The Foul Truth captures and taps into the evil truth of mankind |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/10/6/Sangita-AtomThe-Foul-Truth-Amakpa-Achumba-directed-by-Priyakanta-Laishram-is-every-bit-a-game-changer-Af.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120075000/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/10/6/Sangita-AtomThe-Foul-Truth-Amakpa-Achumba-directed-by-Priyakanta-Laishram-is-every-bit-a-game-changer-Af.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=7 October 2023 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref>

In 2020, his talk-show ''Up-Close With Priyakanta Laishram'' was released on his YouTube channel <ref name=":2" />and raises various [[social issue]]s including those pertaining to progressive discussions around [[Gender role|gender roles]], [[patriarchy]], and [[Social norm|societal norms]]. Known for its fresh perspective, the show sparked widespread online debate, trolling, and criticism.<ref name=":9" />

In 2021, his film ''[[Spaced Out - Panthung Di Kadaaida!]]'' based on the topic of teen [[Substance abuse|drug abuse]] was released. ''The Frontier Manipur'' describes the film as a "meaningful" and unflinchingly honest look at teenage drug addiction, stating that it is “a harrowing film experience that will not be forgotten once the credits roll.”<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2022 |title=SPACED OUT - Panthung Di Kadaaida: A meaningful Manipuri flick on teen drug abuse |url=https://thefrontiermanipur.com/spaced-out-panthung-di-kadaaida-a-meaningful-manipuri-flick-on-teen-drug-abuse/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115093515/https%3A%2F%2Fthefrontiermanipur.com%2Fspaced-out-panthung-di-kadaaida-a-meaningful-manipuri-flick-on-teen-drug-abuse%2F |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=2023-03-31 |website=The Frontier Manipur}}</ref>''[[The Sangai Express]]'' describes the film as a “poignant and powerful exploration of teenage substance abuse,” while noting that its short runtime limits character development and narrative depth. For his portrayal of a teen drug abuser, Panthoi, Laishram won Best Actor in a Leading Role at the Human Rights & Social Issues Film Festival 2019, [[Tokyo]]. Additionally, he won Best Actor in Drama and Best Screenplay at the Short & Non-Feature Motion Pictures Wave Festival 2020-2021, [[Delhi]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite news |date=11 August 2024 |title=A deep dive into despair 'Spaced Out - Panthung Di Kadaaida!' confronts substance abuse |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/8/11/Debabrata-YumnamThe-2021-Manipuri-film-SPACED-OUT-Panthung-Di-Kadaaida-is-a-poignant-and-powerful-expl.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120075826/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/8/11/Debabrata-YumnamThe-2021-Manipuri-film-SPACED-OUT-Panthung-Di-Kadaaida-is-a-poignant-and-powerful-expl.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Ningthoujam |first=Aditi |date=19 June 2025 |title=SPACED OUT - Panthung Di Kadaaida!: A Brave Take on a Silent Epidemic |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Spaced_Out_Panthung_Di_Kadaaida_A_Brave_Take_on_a_Silent_Epidemic |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120080146/https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Spaced_Out_Panthung_Di_Kadaaida_A_Brave_Take_on_a_Silent_Epidemic |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=E-Pao}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Angom |first=Rinku |date=22 June 2025 |title=SPACED OUT - Panthung Di Kadaaida!, is a Slow-Burning Portrait of a Boy Unraveling |url=https://signpostnews.com/spaced-out-panthung-di-kadaaida-is-a-slow-burning-portrait-of-a-boy-unraveling/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260121093821/https://signpostnews.com/spaced-out-panthung-di-kadaaida-is-a-slow-burning-portrait-of-a-boy-unraveling/ |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=Signpost News}}</ref>

=== 2024: Debut Feature Film ===
Laishram's 2024 debut feature film, ''[[Oneness (film)|Oneness]]'', is the first Manipuri film to explore same-sex relationships.<ref name=":0" /> The movie is based on a tragic true story of a Manipuri [[Gay men|gay]] youth. Alongside Priyakanta, the film stars [[Maya Choudhury]], Suraj Ngashepam, and Sachinker Sagolsem in the lead roles.<ref name=":1" /> The film made its world premiere at the 2024 [[KASHISH Pride Film Festival]], South Asia's largest queer film festival,<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 April 2024 |title=Manipuri film “Oneness” makes historic debut at South Asia's biggest Queer Film Festival |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipuri-film-oneness-makes-historic-debut-at-south-asias-biggest-queer-film-festival.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120081049/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/manipuri-film-oneness-makes-historic-debut-at-south-asias-biggest-queer-film-festival.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=Northeast Now}}</ref> in [[Mumbai]] on May 17, 2024, at [[Cinépolis|Cinepolis]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=21 May 2024 |title=Priyakanta's 'Oneness' steals spotlight at Pride Film Fest |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/5/21/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-May-20-Manipuri-filmmaker-and-actor-Priyakanta-Laishram-has-taken-the-Kashish.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120081219/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/5/21/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-May-20-Manipuri-filmmaker-and-actor-Priyakanta-Laishram-has-taken-the-Kashish.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> [[Elle (India)]] listed the film as one of the top eight,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tarafdar |first=Aditi |date=15 May 2024 |title=From Kaathal to La Vénus d'Argent, Here Are 8 Films To Watch Out For At The Kashish Pride Film Festival This Year |url=https://elle.in/8-films-kashish-pride-film-festival/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120081352/https://elle.in/8-films-kashish-pride-film-festival/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=Elle}}</ref> while [[Mid-Day]] named it one among the 10 films to watch at KASHISH 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ahire |first=Aakanksha |date=13 May 2024 |title=10 feature films to watch out for at KASHISH Pride Film Festival 2024 |url=https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/photo/in-photos-10-feature-films-to-watch-out-for-at-kashish-pride-film-festival-2024-in-mumbai-lgbtqia-queer-festival-100613/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120081536/https://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/culture/photo/in-photos-10-feature-films-to-watch-out-for-at-kashish-pride-film-festival-2024-in-mumbai-lgbtqia-queer-festival-100613/1 |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=21 May 2024 |work=Mid-Day}}</ref> The film was subsequently officially selected and screened at the [[Bangalore Queer Film Festival|14th Bangalore Queer Film Festival]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Alwin Soji |first=Benjamin |date=23 August 2024 |title=The upcoming edition of 'Bangalore Queer Film Festival' features an increased number of Indian films than ever before |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Aug/23/the-upcoming-edition-of-bangalore-queer-film-festival-features-an-increased-number-of-indian-films-than-ever-before |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120082005/https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2024/Aug/23/the-upcoming-edition-of-bangalore-queer-film-festival-features-an-increased-number-of-indian-films-than-ever-before |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=The Indian Express - Indulge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Triveni |first=Shradha |date=23 August 2024 |title=Bangalore Queer film festival opens on August 23, to screen 50 movies |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/queer-film-fest-opens-today-screens-50-movies-3161056 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823022552/https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/queer-film-fest-opens-today-screens-50-movies-3161056 |archive-date=23 August 2024 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=Deccan Herald}}</ref> and the [[2nd Eikhoigi Imphal International Film Festival]],<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 January 2025 |title=State gears up for 2nd EIIFF |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/1/31/IMPHAL-Jan-30-Manipur-is-gearing-up-to-host-the-second-edition-of-the-Eikhoigi-Imphal-International-Film-Fe.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120083040/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2025/1/31/IMPHAL-Jan-30-Manipur-is-gearing-up-to-host-the-second-edition-of-the-Eikhoigi-Imphal-International-Film-Fe.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> along with several other film festivals.<ref>{{Cite news |date=1 February 2025 |title=Three Assamese Films Selected For Screening At 2nd North East India Film Festival In Manipur |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/three-assamese-films-selected-for-screening-at-2nd-north-east-india-film-festival-in-manipur |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120083346/https://www.sentinelassam.com/north-east-india-news/assam-news/three-assamese-films-selected-for-screening-at-2nd-north-east-india-film-festival-in-manipur |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=The Sentinel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2025 |title=Manipuri Film ONENESS Endures as a Festival Standout |url=https://ukhrultimes.com/manipuri-film-oneness-endures-as-a-festival-standout/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120083528/https://ukhrultimes.com/manipuri-film-oneness-endures-as-a-festival-standout/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=Ukhrul Times}}</ref>

Upon its release, the film received generally positive reviews across various aspects. ''Imphal Review of Arts and Politics'' praised Priyakanta Laishram’s emotionally raw performance, empathetic direction, restrained screenplay, and sound design in ''Oneness'', calling it “a defiant cinematic stand against deep-rooted socio-cultural intolerance.”<ref name=":11">{{Cite news |last=Yaikhom |first=Dia |date=10 May 2025 |title=“Oneness”: A Defiant Cinematic Stand Against Deep-Rooted Socio-Cultural Intolerance |url=https://imphalreviews.in/oneness-a-defiant-cinematic-stand-against-deep-rooted-socio-cultural-intolerance/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120083751/https://imphalreviews.in/oneness-a-defiant-cinematic-stand-against-deep-rooted-socio-cultural-intolerance/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=Imphal Review of Arts and Politics}}</ref> ''[[The Sangai Express]]'' wrote, "Priyakanta Laishram is a meticulous filmmaker whose work on ''Oneness'' has set new standards in Manipuri cinema. Known for his dedication, smart work, and critical analysis, Priyakanta has brought a unique vision to this film. His portrayal of Ivan Martin, the film’s protagonist, stands out as the best performance among the entire cast."<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 August 2024 |title=ONENESS: A landmark in Manipuri cinema breaks barriers |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/8/9/Reviewed-by-Laishram-Malemnganba-Meitei-Mocha-Laishram-Khuman-ABOUT-THE-FILM-ONENESS-directed-by-Pr.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120084007/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2024/8/9/Reviewed-by-Laishram-Malemnganba-Meitei-Mocha-Laishram-Khuman-ABOUT-THE-FILM-ONENESS-directed-by-Pr.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> ''E-Pao'' described the film as "a masterclass in storytelling, acting, and filmmaking, helmed by Priyakanta Laishram’s vision and talent." It further stated, "''Oneness'' is a bold, pioneering film that pushes the boundaries of Manipuri cinema".<ref name=":12"> {{Cite news |date=20 December 2024 |title=Oneness - A Brave, Pioneering Triumph in Manipuri Cinema |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Oneness_A_Brave_Pioneering_Triumph_in_Manipuri_Cinema_By_David_Whiso |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120084158/https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Oneness_A_Brave_Pioneering_Triumph_in_Manipuri_Cinema_By_David_Whiso |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=E-Pao}}</ref> ''Screen Echoes Manipur'' included his portrayal of Ivan Martin among the "Best 8 Performances in Manipuri Cinema in the Last Decade."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Manipur |first=Screen Echoes |date=21 June 2025 |title=Best 8 Performances In Manipuri Cinema In The Last Decade - A Decade of Breakthroughs in a System Resistant to Change - |url=https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Best_8_Performances_in_Manipuri_Cinema_in_the_last_Decade |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120084347/https://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.movies.Best_8_Performances_in_Manipuri_Cinema_in_the_last_Decade |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=}}</ref>

At the [[Prag Cine Awards|Prag Cine Awards 2025]], Priyakanta Laishram won Best Director ''Northeast'',<ref name=":9" /> which also earned him nominations for Best Film ''Northeast'' and Best Actor ''Northeast.''<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |date=15 February 2025 |title=Manipuri Film ‘Oneness’ Earns Four Nominations at Prag Cine Awards Northeast 2025 |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/manipuri-film-oneness-earns-four-nominations-at-prag-cine-awards-northeast-2025/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120084743/https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/manipuri-film-oneness-earns-four-nominations-at-prag-cine-awards-northeast-2025/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=Imphal Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=10 March 2025 |title=Priyakanta Laishram wins Best Director Northeast at Prag Cine Awards 2025 for ONENESS |url=https://www.imphaltimes.com/news/priyakanta-laishram-wins-best-director-northeast-at-prag-cine-awards-2025-for-oneness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113071552/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imphaltimes.com%2Fnews%2Fpriyakanta-laishram-wins-best-director-northeast-at-prag-cine-awards-2025-for-oneness%2F |archive-date=13 January 2026 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=Imphal Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=11 March 2025 |title=Priyakanta bags best director award |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com//Encyc/2025/3/11/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-10-Filmmaker-and-actor-Priyakanta-Laishram-was-honoured-with-the-Best-Dire.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120085127/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com//Encyc/2025/3/11/By-Our-Staff-ReporterIMPHAL-Mar-10-Filmmaker-and-actor-Priyakanta-Laishram-was-honoured-with-the-Best-Dire.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 March 2025 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref> In the 17th edition of the [[Government of Manipur|Manipur State Film Awards]] in 2025, presented by the [[Government of Manipur]] and the Manipur State Film Development Society, Laishram was conferred with the Special Jury Award for the film.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=27 June 2025 |title=Manipur’s Queer Film ONENESS Wins 2 State Govt. Film Awards |url=https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/manipurs-queer-film-oneness-wins-2-state-govt-film-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120085426/https://northeasttoday.in/northeast/manipurs-queer-film-oneness-wins-2-state-govt-film-awards/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=Northeast Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2025 |title=Debutant directors shine at 17th Manipur state film awards, Dr. Arambam Lokendra honoured |url=https://assamtribune.com/north-east/debutant-directors-shine-at-17th-manipur-state-film-awards-dr-arambam-lokendra-honoured-1582610 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120085833/https://assamtribune.com/north-east/debutant-directors-shine-at-17th-manipur-state-film-awards-dr-arambam-lokendra-honoured-1582610 |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=The Assam Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=27 June 2025 |title='Laangoi' adjudged best feature film, Dr A Lokendra honoured |url=https://epaper.poknapham.in/editionname/ThePeoplesChronicle/POKNAP_TPC/date/2025-06-27/page/3/article/POKNAP_TPC_20250627_3_10 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120090032/https://epaper.poknapham.in/editionname/ThePeoplesChronicle/POKNAP_TPC/date/2025-06-27/page/3/article/POKNAP_TPC_20250627_3_10 |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=28 June 2025 |work=The People's Chronicle}}</ref> He won the Best Film Editor Award at the [[Sailadhar Baruah|8th Sailadhar Baruah Film Awards]] in 2025, marking his first honor in the Best Editing category.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 January 2026 |title=8th Sailadhar Baruah Film Awards (NE) 2025: Winners Announced |url=https://www.nktv.in/8th-sailadhar-baruah-film-awards-ne-2025-winners-announced/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120090233/https://www.nktv.in/8th-sailadhar-baruah-film-awards-ne-2025-winners-announced/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 January 2026 |work=NKTV Plus}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=3 January 2026 |title=Sailadhar Baruah Film Awards (NE) 2025 Results Announced |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-sailadhar-baruah-film-awards-ne-2025-results-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120090454/https://www.sentinelassam.com/cities/guwahati-city/assam-sailadhar-baruah-film-awards-ne-2025-results-announced |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=13 January 2026 |work=The Sentinel}}</ref>

Laishram cited the following when discussing how his entire filmography has shown how he has grown up:<blockquote>''"All my films have witnessed how I have grown up. They have given me the voice I never had, the voice suppressed by the general public and the mainstream media, and they helped me to understand others and myself better. The responsibility I feel as a filmmaker today makes me more and more aware of the issues of society, who I am as a person, and what I need to do as a filmmaker."''<ref name=":4" /> </blockquote>

== Public and off-screen image ==
''The Frontier Manipur'' describes Priyakanta Laishram as "A Hidden Gem Of Manipuri Cinema", who breaks several barriers with his mere perspective and changing the narrative with his thought-provoking scripts.<ref name=":0" /> He is cited as the "Torchbearer Of Manipur Queer Cinema" by ''Northeast Now'', who also calls him a rare creature who has mastered the art of using the cinematic medium to expose societal wrongdoings and malpractices in an industry replete with old school directors.<ref name=":3" />

In 2025, Priyakanta Laishram was featured as one of the nine artists in ''The North-Eastern Chronicle''<nowiki/>'s list of 'Emerging Artists from Northeast India You Should Watch in 2025,' recognizing his contributions to cinema and his role in pushing the boundaries of regional storytelling.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 March 2025 |title=Emerging Artists from Northeast India You Should Watch in 2025 |url=https://www.northeasternchronicle.in/news/northeast-top-emerging-artist-25/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115095149/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northeasternchronicle.in%2Fnews%2Fnortheast-top-emerging-artist-25%2F |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=14 June 2025 |work=The North-Eastern Chronicle}}</ref>

Priyakanta Laishram has often faced backlash in Manipur for his bold cinematic choices, particularly for films challenging traditional socio-cultural norms. Several reports highlight that his work has drawn [[Troll (slang)|trolling]], [[cyberbullying]], [[Threat|threats]], and calls for bans. Despite these persistent challenges, critics note that Laishram continues to speak through his art with conviction, often becoming a symbol of resistance and courage within a largely conservative cinematic landscape.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":11" />

In addition to his work in film-making, Laishram is known for speaking up for a variety of causes and social issues. He made a number of statements about the situation of Manipur during the [[2023 Manipur violence]] in an effort to restore peace and normalcy. He argued the ignorance and prejudiced views of those in authority on the horrific war, concentrating solely on the viral video of two women and ignoring other heinous crimes.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 July 2023 |title=Filmmaker Priyakanta Laishram cries for help, asks, "Do the remaining residents of Manipur have to strip off?" |url=https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/filmmaker-priyakanta-laishram-cries-for-help-asks-do-the-remaining-residents-of-manipur-have-to-strip-off.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120091027/https://nenow.in/north-east-news/manipur/filmmaker-priyakanta-laishram-cries-for-help-asks-do-the-remaining-residents-of-manipur-have-to-strip-off.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=Northeast Now}}</ref>

Laishram said in an interview with ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' that Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Bollywood]] celebrities' two and a half months of total silence is a very long time and that it is truly very depressing to see how our culture and nation consistently wait for some terrible events to happen before taking a stand for something, even if it means endangering the lives of others. He continued, saying it's awful how the government and the mainstream film industries always ignore what happens in India's northeastern parts but continuously respond to what happens in other foreign countries.<ref name=":6" />

In 2016, Laishram spoke out in favor of the [[LGBTQ]] community, pleading for an end to [[Section 377]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2016 |title=Northeastern LGBTQ community demand freedom from Section 377 on Independence Day |url=https://thenortheasttoday.com/states/tripura/northeastern-lgbtq-community-demand-freedom-from-section/cid2553590.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115094806/https%3A%2F%2Fthenortheasttoday.com%2Fstates%2Ftripura%2Fnortheastern-lgbtq-community-demand-freedom-from-section%2Fcid2553590.htm |archive-date=15 January 2026 |access-date=6 August 2023 |work=The Northeast Today}}</ref> He also actively supports [[children with cancer]] through volunteer work.<ref name=":7" />

In 2023, he made a statement about [[Recognition of same-sex unions in India|same-sex unions in India]], saying that the legal system needed to be set up to protect and enhance human rights and promote marriage equality. He stated that the lack of legal recognition of same-sex marriage denies social benefits and increases prejudice and violence.<ref name=":4" />

Regarding the ban on Manipuri actress [[Soma Laishram]], he denounced organizations and civic bodies in Manipur for their continued practice of banning and cancelling actors for trivial reasons. He talked on how the general populace in Manipur views artists as inferior and treats them poorly.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 September 2023 |title=Soma Laishram is not at fault |url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/soma-laishram-is-not-at-fault/article67344705.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120091406/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/soma-laishram-is-not-at-fault/article67344705.ece |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=4 October 2023 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

Laishram represented Manipur at the Rainbow Lit Fest in [[New Delhi]] in both 2020 and 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 December 2023 |title=Santa Khurai, Priyakanta Laishram represent Manipur at Rainbow Literature Festival 2023 |url=https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/IMPHAL-Dec-15Noted-transgender-rights-activist-and-writer-Santa-Khurai-and-actor-filmmaker-Priyakanta-Laish.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120091633/https://www.thesangaiexpress.com/Encyc/2023/12/15/IMPHAL-Dec-15Noted-transgender-rights-activist-and-writer-Santa-Khurai-and-actor-filmmaker-Priyakanta-Laish.html |archive-date=20 January 2026 |work=The Sangai Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2023 |title=Rainbow Lit Fest 2023 Concludes On A High Note |url=https://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/Rainbow-Lit-Fest-2023-Concludes-On-A-High-Note/13-12-2023-502046/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260115094417/https%3A%2F%2Feverythingexperiential.com%2Farticle%2Frainbow-lit-fest-2023-concludes-on-a-high-note-502046 |archive-date=15 January 2026 |work=Everything Experiential Business World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 November 2020 |title=Rainbow Lit Fest – Digital & One |url=https://rainbowliteraturefestival.com/digital-one-schedule/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231219111510/https://rainbowliteraturefestival.com/digital-one-schedule/ |archive-date=19 December 2023 |access-date=20 January 2026 |website=Rainbow Literature Festival}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{{Pending films key}}

=== As a director, producer, writer and editor ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Director
!Producer
!Writer
!Editor
!Note
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="3" |2009
|''Lammuknarure''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|A [[children's film]] shot on [[Nokia N70]] mobile phone.
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3" />
|-
|''Achumbadi Amarni''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|His second [[children's film]] shot on [[Nokia N70]] mobile phone.
|-
|''Chan-Thoibi''
|{{yes}}
|
|
|
|A [[children's film]] shot on [[Sony Cyber-shot]] camera.
|-
|2015
|''[[It's Not My Choice]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|A [[short film]] addressing transgender issues.
|<ref name=":15" />
|-
|2017
|''I am Special''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|A [[Docufiction|docufiction film]] focusing on the lives and experiences of [[disabled]] individuals.
|<ref name=":3" />
|-
|2018
|''[[Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup?]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|The first [[India]]n film on [[gender neutrality|gender neutral]] fashion and [[Male cosmetics|men's make-up]]; an [[educational film]].
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|2019
|''[[The Foul Truth]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|A short film addressing [[male rape]] and [[child sexual abuse]].
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|2021
|''[[Spaced Out - Panthung Di Kadaaida!]]''
|{{yes}}
|
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|A non-feature fiction film addressing [[Drug abuse|teenage substance abuse]] and its surrounding circumstances.
|<ref name=":17" />
|-
|2024
|''[[Oneness (film)|Oneness]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|Manipur’s first film based on a [[same-sex relationship]]; also marks his debut [[feature film]].
|<ref name=":11" />
|-
|2026
| {{Pending film|Interlude}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|A [[Short film|live-action short.]]
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Konthoujam |first=Charles |date=25 August 2025 |title=Priyakanta Laishram Begins Work on INTERLUDE, with Narmada Shougaijam and Baggee Tonjam in Lead Roles |url=https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishram-begins-work-on-interlude-with-narmada-shougaijam-and-baggee-tonjam-in-lead-roles/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260121094702/https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishram-begins-work-on-interlude-with-narmada-shougaijam-and-baggee-tonjam-in-lead-roles/ |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=10 October 2025 |work=Signpost News}}</ref>
|}

=== As an actor ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Ref.
|-
|2017
|''I am Special''
|Himself
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|2018
|''[[Who Said Boys Can't Wear Makeup?]]''
|Himself
|<ref name=":10" />
|-
|2019
|''[[The Foul Truth]]''
|Thoithoiba
|<ref name=":16" />
|-
|2021
|''[[Spaced Out - Panthung Di Kadaaida!]]''
|Panthoi Sagolsem
|<ref name=":17" />
|-
|2024
|[[Oneness (film)|''Oneness'']]
|Ivan Martin
|<ref name=":11" />
|}

== Talk show ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Platform
!Ref.
|-
|2020
|''Up-Close With Priyakanta Laishram''
|Host
|[[YouTube]]
|<ref name=":2" />
|}

== Selected honors and awards ==

=== Honors ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Ref.
|-
|2009
|The Youngest Filmmaker by [[Nokia]].
|<ref name=":5" />
|-
|2011
|Manipur's Rising Star by [[Asian News International]].
|<ref name=":0" />
|}

=== Selected film awards and nominations ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Awards
!Category
!Film
!Result
!Ref.
|-
|rowspan="5"|2025
|rowspan="3"| [[Prag Cine Awards]]
|Best Director ''Northeast''
|rowspan="5"|''[[Oneness (film)|Oneness]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":9" />
|-
|Best Actor ''Northeast''
|{{nominated}}
|rowspan="2"|<ref name=":13" />
|-
|Best Film ''Northeast''
|{{nominated}}
|-
|17th [[Government of Manipur|Manipur State Film Awards]]
|Special Jury Award
|{{won}}
|<ref name=":14" />
|-
|8th [[Sailadhar Baruah|Sailadhar Baruah Film Awards]]
|Best Film Editor
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 January 2026 |title=Apot adjudged ‘best film’ at 8th Sailadhar Baruah Film Awards |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2026/01/15/apot-adjudged-best-film-at-8th-sailadhar-baruah-film-awards/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260120100843/https://theshillongtimes.com/2026/01/15/apot-adjudged-best-film-at-8th-sailadhar-baruah-film-awards/ |archive-date=20 January 2026 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=The Shillong Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=13 January 2026 |title=Priyakanta Laishram Wins Best Film Editor for ‘Oneness’ |url=https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishram-wins-best-film-editor-for-oneness/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260121094337/https://signpostnews.com/priyakanta-laishram-wins-best-film-editor-for-oneness/ |archive-date=21 January 2026 |access-date=20 January 2026 |work=Signpost News}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name|nm12915716}}
* {{Instagram|priyakanta.laishram}}
* {{YouTube|h=priyakantalaishram}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laishram, Priyakanta}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian film directors]]
[[Category:Meitei people]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Male actors from Manipur]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ actors]]
[[Category:1998 births]]

Arun Kumar V.R.

2026-01-29T01:41:46Z

Meeekil: Made Initial Bio W/ Refs.

{{short description|Indian film producer}}
{{Orphan|date=August 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Arun Kumar V.R.
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = Arun Kumar V.R.
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1975|03|01}}
| birth_place =
| occupation = [[Film producer]] [[distributor]] exhibitor
| years_active = 2000–present
| spouse = Nisha
| children = 2
}}

'''Arun Kumar V.R.''' is an Indian [[film producer]], [[Film distributor|distributor]], [[movie theatre|cinema exhibitor]] who works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]]. He began his career as executive producer in 2011 with [[Amal Neerad]] productions and started career as producer in [[Malayalam]] films in 2021. He established the film production house Film roll, which exclusively produces Malayalam films. He is an active member of Malayalam film producers Association.<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/apr/13/rajeev-ravis-kuttavum-shikshayumgets-release-date-2289235.html|title=Rajeev Ravi's Kuttavum Shikshayum gets release date|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 April 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="thenewsminute">{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajeev-ravis-kuttavum-shikshayum-asif-ali-based-true-story-136684|title=Rajeev Ravi's 'Kuttavum Shikshayum' with Asif Ali is based on true story|website=The News Minute|date=2 November 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="onmanorama">{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/04/kuttavum-shikshayum-trailer-action-packed-police-investigation.html|website=onmanorama.com|title=Kuttavum Shikshayum trailer: An action-packed police investigation|access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="cinemaexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/dec/18/it-is-a-wrap-for-kuttavum-shikshayum-21836.html|title=It is a wrap for Kuttavum Shikshayum|website=Cinema express|date=18 December 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
|-
|2022
|[[Kuttavum Shikshayum (2021 film)]]<ref name="newindianexpress"/>
|(producer)
|-
|2022
|''[[Thuramukham (2022 film)]]'', The Harbour
|(executive producer)
|-
|2018
|[[Varathan]]
|(executive producer)
|-
|2017
|CIA: [[Comrade in America]]
|(executive producer)
|-
|2014
|[[Iyobinte Pusthakam]]
|(executive producer)
|-
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|8755772}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/trailer-of-asif-alis-investigation-thriller-kuttavum-sikshayum-malayalam-news-294439|title=WATCH: Trailer of Asif Ali's investigation thriller Kuttavum Sikshayum - Malayalam News|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=5 September 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.lntrend.com/movies/malayalam/kuttavum-sikshayum/|title=Kuttavum Sikshayum (2021) | Kuttavum Sikshayum Movie | Kuttavum Sikshayum Malayalam Movie|website=LN Trend|access-date=23 December 2021|archive-date=23 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223150324/https://www.lntrend.com/movies/malayalam/kuttavum-sikshayum/|url-status=dead}}
*{{cite web|url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/news/kuttavum-shikshayum-films-first-look-poster-released/|title=Kuttavum Shikshayum: Film's First Look Poster Released|website=Silverscreen India|date=2 November 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thebulletintime.com/news/kuttavum-shikshayum-release-date/|title=Kuttavum Shikshayum Release Date, Cast, Plot - The Latest News|website=The Bulletin Time|access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/apr/13/rajeev-ravis-kuttavum-shikshayumgets-release-date-2289235.html|title=Rajeev Ravi's Kuttavum Shikshayum gets release date|website=The New Indian Express|date=13 April 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/rajeev-ravis-kuttavum-shikshayum-asif-ali-based-true-story-136684|title=Rajeev Ravi's 'Kuttavum Shikshayum' with Asif Ali is based on true story|website=The News Minute|date=2 November 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/makers-of-kuttavum-shikshayum-launches-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/79016178.cms|title=Kuttavum Shikshayum: Makers of 'Kuttavum Shikshayum' launches the first look poster | Malayalam Movie News|website=Times of India|date=3 November 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web |url=https://theprimetime.in/kuttavum-sikshayum-trailer-is-out/ |title=Kuttavum Sikshayum Trailer Is Out - The PrimeTime News |website=[[ThePrimetime]] |date=3 September 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/may/23/asif-ali-to-play-a-cop-in-rajeev-ravis-next-1980592.html|title=Asif Ali to play a cop in Rajeev Ravi's next|website=The New Indian Express|date=22 May 2019 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-trailer-rajeev-ravis-kuttavum-sikshayum-shows-cop-drama-154851|title=Watch: Trailer of Rajeev Ravi's Kuttavum Sikshayum shows cop drama|website=The News Minute|date=4 September 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/trailer-of-asif-alis-investigation-thriller-kuttavum-sikshayum-malayalam-news-294439|title=WATCH: Trailer of Asif Ali's investigation thriller Kuttavum Sikshayum - Malayalam News|website=IndiaGlitz.com|date=5 September 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2021/09/04/kuttavum-shikshayum-trailer-action-packed-police-investigation.html|website=onmanorama.com|title=Kuttavum Shikshayum trailer: An action-packed police investigation|access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2020/dec/18/it-is-a-wrap-for-kuttavum-shikshayum-21836.html|title=It is a wrap for Kuttavum Shikshayum|website=Cinema express|date=18 December 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/dec/11/rajasthan-schedule-of-rajeev-ravi-thriller-over-2234545.html|title=Rajasthan schedule of Rajeev Ravi thriller over|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 December 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/apr/14/location-still-of-asif-ali--rajeev-ravis-film-out-2129662.html|title=Location still of Asif Ali- Rajeev Ravi's film out|website=The New Indian Express|date=14 April 2020 |access-date=23 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/people/arun-kumar-v-r-165302/filmography|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224061007/https://www.cinestaan.com/people/arun-kumar-v-r-165302/filmography|url-status=live|archive-date=24 December 2021|title=Arun Kumar V.R movies and filmography|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=25 December 2021}}
*{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/celebs/arun-kumar-v-r.html|title=അരുണ്കുമാര് വി ആര് (Arun kumar V R): മൂവീസ്, പ്രായം, ജീവചരിത്രം, ഫോട്ടോസ്, അഭിനയിച്ച സിനിമകള്, ചിത്രങ്ങൾ - Filmibeat Malayalam|website=malayalam.filmibeat.com|access-date=25 December 2021}}
*{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/makers-of-kuttavum-shikshayum-launches-the-first-look-poster/articleshow/79016178.cms|title=Kuttavum Shikshayum: Makers of 'Kuttavum Shikshayum' launches the first look poster | Malayalam Movie News|website=Times of India|access-date=25 December 2021}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:V.R., Arunkumar}}
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kerala]]
[[Category:Film producers from Kochi]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1974 births]]

Sardar Singh of Bikaner

2026-01-22T15:59:51Z

Meeekil:

{{Short description|Maharaja of Bikaner from 1851 to 1872}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Maharaja Sardar Singh
| title = [[Maharaja]]
| image = MET DT4008 CRD.jpg
| caption = Portrait by Chotu, {{circa|1860–70}}
| succession = [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| reign = {{Nowrap|7 August 1851 – 16 May 1872}}
| coronation = 19 August 1851
| predecessor = [[Ratan Singh of Bikaner|Ratan Singh]]
| successor = [[Dungar Singh]]
| birth_date = {{birth date|1818|09|18|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1872|05|16|1818|09|18|df=yes}}
| spouse = Sisodiniji Pratap Kanwarji of [[Pratapgarh State]]

Sisodiniji Ranawatji Mehtab Kanwarji of [[Udaipur]]-[[Mewar]]

Kachwahiji (Narukiji) Bhoor Kanwarji of [[Alwar State]]

Bagheliji Padam Kanwarji of [[Rewa State]]

Bhatiyaniji (Rawalotji) Hukam Kanwarji of [[Jaisalmer State]]

Bhatiyaniji Govind Kanwarji of Jakhan in [[Marwar]]

Bhatiyaniji (Pugalyaniji) Chand Kanwarji of [[Pugal]] in [[Bikaner State]]

Bhatiyaniji (Pugalyaniji) Kishan Kanwarji of [[Pugal]] in [[Bikaner State]]

Bhatiyaniji (Pugalyaniji) Takht Kanwarji of [[Pugal]] in [[Bikaner State]]

Bhatiyaniji (Rawalotji) Man Kanwarji of Gadiyala in [[Bikaner State]]

Bhatiyaniji (Rawalotji) Heer Kanwarji of Gadiyala in [[Bikaner State]]

Kachwahiji (Kumbhawatji) Kundan Kanwarji of Baleri in [[Bikaner State]]

Kachwahiji (Kumbhawatji) Suraj Kanwarji of Baleri in [[Bikaner State]]

Tanwarji Dev Kanwarji of Kelawa in [[Marwar]]

Tanwarji Yadav Kanwarji of Lakhasar in [[Bikaner State]]
| father = Maharaja [[Ratan Singh of Bikaner|Ratan Singh]]
| mother = Maharaniji Shekhawatji Raj Kanwarji d.of Rawal Ranjit Singh of [[Dundlod]] in [[Jaipur State]]
| house = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Bikaner.svg}} [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]
| dynasty = [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]
}}
'''Maharaja Sardar Singh''' was the [[Maharaja|Rathore-Rajput]] ruler of its Bikawat subclan of [[Bikaner State]] from the year 1851 until his death in 1872.

==Birth==
Singh was born on 13 September 1818 as the eldest son of [[Ratan Singh of Bikaner|Ratan Singh]] and his wife, Raj Kanwar, from [[Shekhawati]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Rajvi Amar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |pages=i, 501–503,520 |language=en}}</ref>

==Succession==
Upon the death of his father on 7 August 1851, he succeeded him as the [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sinh |first=Ranbir |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EduAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Shekhawats |date=2001 |publisher=Publication Scheme |isbn=978-81-86782-74-3 |pages=342 |language=en}}</ref>

== Coronation ==
His coronation was held on 19 August 1851.<ref name=":0" /> The [[coronation]] ceremony of Sardar Singh followed a pattern similar to the coronations of the [[Maharaja|Maharajas]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] before him. His day began with the application of ointment in sacred oil and a purificatory bath in [[saffron]] water.<ref name=":3" /> He then worshipped [[Ganesha|Ganesh]], followed by prayers to various gods, goddesses, and family deities at Har Mandir in [[Junagarh Fort|Junagarh]].<ref name=":3" /> When the preparations were completed in the Karan Mahal, the nobat ({{Translation|beating of kettle drums with clarinet}}) was played in the chaubara ({{Translation|open room with four doors}}) just opposite the Karan Mahal.<ref name=":3" /> Then, he was brought to Karan Mahal, where the sandalwood throne of the Emperors of Kannauj was placed.<ref name=":3" /> He was wearing a [[Saffron (color)|saffron]] colored court dress.<ref name=":3" /> He moved toward the throne and offered a mujra ({{Translation|obeisance or formal salutation}}), by joining both hands, bending slightly, and bowing three times from a distance.<ref name=":3" /> As recorded in ''Desh Darpan'' ({{Translation|Mirror of the Country}}), a historical account of Bikaner’s rulers, he bowed and paid homage 21 times in between.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Gopi Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgscAAAAIAAJ |title=The Historians and Sources of History of Rajasthan |last2=Bhatnagar |first2=V. S. |date=1992 |publisher=Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan |pages=24 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Waseem |first=Shah Mohammad |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dShuAAAAMAAJ |title=هندوستان ميں فارسى تاريخ نگارى: ٧١ويں صدى كے آخرى نصف سے ٨١ويں صدى كے پهلے نصف تک فارسى تاريخ نگارى كا ارتقاء |date=2003 |publisher=Kanishka Publishers |isbn=978-81-7391-537-6 |pages=80 |language=en}}</ref> Afterward, he bowed near the throne and concluded the mujra by performing it three times in the full [[Durbar (court)|durbar]].<ref name=":3" /> Chiefs of Mahajan and Bhukarka were standing on the left of the throne, while the Chiefs of Bidasar and Rawatsar were standing on the right.<ref name=":3" /> All four had the hereditary privilege to mark the Raj Tilak ({{Translation|coronation ceremony}}).<ref name=":3" /> He initially inquired of the chiefs on the left of the throne whether he should proceed to ascend.<ref name=":3" /> They responded that, by the blessings and will of Lakshminathji and Mataji ([[Karni Mata]]), he should do so.<ref name=":3" /> He then posed the same question to the chiefs on the right, and they gave the same reply.<ref name=":3" /> Following this, he ascended the throne.<ref name=":3" /> Afterward, the [[Chowdhury]] of Runiya came forward and applied a tilak on Sardar Singh’s forehead.<ref name=":3" /> An uncle of his applied tilak on his forehead before the four premier chiefs of Bikaner—Mahajan, Bidasar, Rawatsar, and Bhukarka—who, as per tradition, were to place tilak turn by turn, one after the other, while all other nobles and ministers attending the durbar remained standing.<ref name=":3" /> A 101-gun salute was fired to commemorate his coronation.<ref name=":3" /> Afterward, a 19-gun salute was fired to signify that he was the 19th ruler of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].<ref name=":3" /> Then, a descendant of Bela Parihar (master of the horse of [[Rao Bika]]), who was in the care of the state horses, marked the tilak, and state heirlooms were worshipped.<ref name=":3" /> After all the ceremonies were completed, the members of the royal family, chiefs and nobles, ministers, officers, and dignitaries who had assembled presented their nazars ({{Translation|offerings, gifts or tributes}}) to him.<ref name=":3" /> Afterwards, he was presented with paintings of [[Krishna]] and of all his predecessors.<ref name=":3" /> To accept them, he rose from his seat and received them.<ref name=":3" /> Then, he went to Har Mandir again, where arti was performed as usual.<ref name=":3" /> He also went to Devi-Dwara and presented offerings to [[Nagnechiya Maa]].<ref name=":3" /> Following this, he walked to the Khas-Deodhi of [[Junagarh Fort|Junagarh]] and conducted the worship of the [[Ganesha|Ganesh]] image fixed over that gate.<ref name=":3" /> Once all the rituals associated with the coronation were concluded, he participated in a feast alongside the chiefs and nobles, during which sweetened wheat porridge, mung beans, and rice cooked with ghee were served.<ref name=":3" /> He informed [[James Broun-Ramsay, 1st Marquess of Dalhousie|James Broun-Ramsay]], then [[Governor-General of India]], by sending a kharita of his coronation on 19 August 1851.<ref name=":3" /> It was submitted on his behalf by the then Agent to the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] for Rajputana through [[Henry Miers Elliot]].<ref name=":3" />

His [[coronation]] was attended by Karni Singh, the [[Rao (title)|Rao]] of [[Pugal]], who was the first in his family to attend the coronation of any [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]].<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Sardeshpande |first=S. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zChuAAAAMAAJ |title=Pugal, the Desert Bastion |date=1989 |publisher=Lancer |isbn=978-81-7062-060-0 |pages=58 |language=en}}</ref> He did so on the condition that Sardar Singh marry his daughter.<ref name=":6" />

== Reign ==
He had, in 1851, requested on behalf of the [[Thakur (title)|Thakur]] of [[Dundlod]], who was related to him, that [[Ram Singh II]] issue the necessary orders for the restoration of his villages back to [[Dundlod]], which were usurped by Shyam Singh of Bissau.<ref name=":0" /> Accordingly, [[Ram Singh II]] assigned the [[Raja]] of [[Khandela]] to settle the dispute.<ref name=":0" /> He had appointed 18 diwans ({{Translation|Prime Minister}}) from the start of his reign up to 1869.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-07 |title=Maharaja Sardar Singh of Bikaner (ca. 1860-70) |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/07-Jun-2019/maharaja-sardar-singh-of-bikaner-ca-1860-70 |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=The Friday Times |language=en}}</ref>

When the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] broke out, he didn't forget the treaty that was signed by his ancestor, Surat Singh, on behalf of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] and [[Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings|Francis Rawdon-Hastings]] on behalf of the [[British Government]].<ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=Rathore |first=L. S. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9EluAAAAMAAJ |title=Maharaja Sadul Singh of Bikaner: A Biography of the Co-architect of India's Unity |date=2005 |publisher=Books Treasure |isbn=978-81-900422-0-8 |pages=30–31 |language=en}}</ref> According to this treaty, signed on 9 March 1818 at [[Delhi]], the friends and enemies of one party were the friends and enemies of both.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |last=Department |first=India Foreign and Political |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X7If217KeokC |title=A Collection of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads, Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries |date=1909 |publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India |pages=338–339,343–345 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> He provided shelter to European fugitives.<ref name=":9" /> [[Sirsa]], [[Hisar (city)|Hissar]], and [[Hansi]]—the British territories that shared borders with [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]—were in the hands of rebel forces.<ref name=":10" /> He proceeded in person to these places along with his troops to assist British forces.<ref name=":10" /> The forces at his disposal consisted of regular, well-disciplined infantry and cavalry, and a large auxiliary camel force.<ref name=":2" /> He was accompanied by his leading nobles and the levies they raised to support Sardar.<ref name=":2" /> He had his troops repulse 3,000 rebels near Hazaripur.<ref name=":10" /> They captured 7,000 animals and 92 rebels.<ref name=":10" /> Six hundred followers of [[Tatya Tope]] surrendered to him.<ref name=":3" /> When, in November 1858, [[Queen Victoria]], by a proclamation, announced amnesty to all rebels not involved in the murder of British officers and civilians, Sardar persuaded many rebels to surrender.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Indian Uprising of 1857 and its aftermath |url=https://www.lhistoire.fr/english-version/the-indian-uprising-of-1857-and-its-aftermath |access-date=2025-02-01 |website=www.lhistoire.fr |language=fr}}</ref> [[George St Patrick Lawrence|G. St. P. Lawrence]], in his official dispatch to the [[British government of India|Government of India]], described his services as follows:<ref name=":2" />{{Blockquote|text=Sardar Singh, Maharaja of Bikaner, has from the commencement of the outbreak actively exhibited the most loyal friendship and devotion to the British Government, and warmly co-operated with us in the field. The Government of India is already well acquainted with the Raja’s services in rescuing, affording refuge to, and supplying the wants of, several europeans. The troops of this province were employed under General van Cortlandt in Hansee and Hissar.
The excellent conduct of the Maharaja, who at the head of his troops proceeded to his own frontier, there prepared to join us where and whenever required, presented a most notable example, not only to his own dependants, but to the princes of Rajputana, and displayed a spirit and energy not elsewhere met with.
I consider the Maharaja is deserving of the highest scale of reward which the Government may be pleased to sanction to the most meritorious of Rajput states.|sign=[[George St Patrick Lawrence|G. St. P. Lawrence]]}}On 21 December 1860, the then Agent to the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] in [[Rajputana]] wrote a letter to the Secretary to the [[British government of India|Government of India]], Foreign Department, which mentioned the services of Sardar Singh in the following words:<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Maharaja Of Bikaner |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.115745 |title=Minute On Certain Points Relating To The Indian States And Their Rulers. |date=1915 |pages=26–27}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=His Highness, who at the commencement of the outbreak at once proceeded to his extreme border to assist us, and by his courage and the example of his loyalty checked disaffection and gave confidence to the wavering. No Prince in Rajputana save Bikaner took the field in person in our favour without hesitation. No Prince gave the like aid in searching out and rescuing fugitives, though all gave their hospitable shelter and support, and no other Prince exhibited such purely disinterested motives in giving us his active assistance; and none but the Bikaner Raja suffered so heavy a loss of Rajput kindred and chiefs whilst fighting purely in our cause. It was for these reasons that i considered, and still consider, the loyalty and good services of the Bikaner Raja superior to those of any other chief in Rajputana, including Jaipur.}}
[[Queen Victoria]], upon learning of his services, sent a kharita through [[Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax|Charles Wood]], the [[Secretary of State for India]], which was presented to him in a durbar.<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":2" /> It mentioned:

{{Blockquote|text=It is in such times that the true quality of friendship is best tested; and it will ever be among the most cherished recollections of Her Majesty that Your Highness and other princely representatives of the ancient houses of Rajpootana were, during the eventful years which have just passed, among the most steadfast of her friends.}}

Before his reign, [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]'s copper coins were poorly made and varied in weight.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |last=Webb |first=William Wilfrid |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ut-Se3oBWDMC |title=The Currencies of the Hindu States of Rájputána |date=1893 |publisher=Constable & Company |pages=53–63 |language=en}}</ref> He improved their stamping and quality.<ref name=":7" /> No smaller silver coins were issued before him, but he and his successor, [[Dungar Singh]], issued coins of half, quarter, and eighth of a rupee.<ref name=":7" /> His coinage bore the name of the Mughal emperor until 1859, when he replaced with the name of [[Queen Victoria|Victoria]].<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8upCEQAAQBAJ |title=Complete Guide for Rajasthan Computer Instructor Basic/ Senior Paper 1 & 2 conducted by RSMSSB |publisher=Disha Publication Inc |isbn=978-93-5564-240-0 |pages=34 |language=en}}</ref> The new coinage bore the inscription: '''Aurang árái Hind wa Inglistán [[Queen Victoria]]''' ({{Translation|[[Queen Victoria]], the ornament of the thrones of [[India]] and [[England]]}}).<ref name=":7" />

During the first part of his reign, [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] was very well administered, but for much of his reign, [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] reached the lowest point of its fortunes.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2" /> His feudatories were always in constant revolt against him, and his armies were unable to reduce them to obedience and manage his dominions.<ref name=":2" /> [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] fell into heavy debt, and its yearly spending was much higher than its income.<ref name=":2" />

==Architecture==
He had, before his succession, built a fort at [[Sardarshahar]], a name he gave to the settlement that grew around it.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tORAAQAAMAAJ |title=Provincial Series: Central Provinces |date=1908 |publisher=Superintendent of Gevernment Printing |pages=404, 421 |language=en}}</ref> In 1808, the armies of [[Kingdom of Marwar|Jodhpur]] laid waste to Gajner, which was the family hunting seat.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Goetz |first=Hermann |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.14228/ |title=Art and Architecture of Bikaner State |date=1950 |pages=75,78,80–82}}</ref> Gajner remained a ruin until his reign.<ref name=":4" /> He built the Sardar Niwas Palace at Gajner.<ref name=":4" /> He added the Ratan Niwas, the Moti Mahal, and the top storeys of the [[zenana]] to the [[Junagarh Fort]].<ref name=":4" /> He enlarged the hall of Gaj Mandir in [[Junagarh Fort|Junagarh]] by double and redecorated it.<ref name=":4" /> He renovated the ''Kanwar-pade-ka-Mahal'' ({{Translation|the palace of eldest prince}}) located within it.<ref name=":4" /> He also built Ratan Parol, the topkhana ({{Translation|artillery establishment}}), and some small quarters in the southern extension of [[Junagarh Fort|Junagarh]].<ref name=":4" />

==Personality and public image==
[[File:Maharaja Sardar Singh.jpg|thumb|Sardar Singh by Rahim]]
He was a man of towering personality.<ref name=":3" /> He was said to be a real prince in accordance with the Indian traditions.<ref name=":2" /> He had a face with a white complexion and a white beard.<ref name=":3" /> He was known for his handsomeness.<ref name=":3" /> It is said that when [[Ram Singh II]] learned of this, he came to [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]] incognito just to see him.<ref name=":3" />

He had cultivated for him the image of a ruler who was known for his pomp and display.<ref name=":2" /> His feelkhana ({{Translation|stable of the elephants}}) had ninety-nine elephants.<ref name=":3" /> In spite of having very dwindling state finances and a large debt, he kept a very large military establishment.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Purcell |first=Hugh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1crDwAAQBAJ |title=Maharajah of Bikaner: India |date=2010-12-14 |publisher=Haus Publishing |isbn=978-1-907822-11-7 |pages=5–7 |language=en}}</ref>

==Death==
He died on 16 May 1872 at Gajner.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Karni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=07sBAAAAMAAJ |title=The Relations of the House of Bikaner with the Central Powers, 1465-1949 |date=1974 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers |isbn=978-0-8364-0457-9 |pages=163 |language=en}}</ref> He left behind no legitimate issue, nor any declaration regarding the adoption of a successor to him, but a morganatic son who, per traditions, could not succeed him.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Panikkar |first=K. M. |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.7276/ |title=His highness the Maharaja of Bikaner : a biography |date=1937 |publisher=Oxford University Press, London |pages=18–25}}</ref> In such cases of [[intestacy]], per [[Rajput]] traditions, an heir is adopted from the collateral branches nearest to the deceased, and this is what was followed.<ref name=":2" /> He had, in his lifetime, brought up [[Dungar Singh]] and Jaswant Singh as members of his family.<ref name=":1" /> Both of them were descendants of Maharaja Gaj Singh's second son, Maharajkumar Chhatar Singh.<ref name=":1" /> [[Dungar Singh]] was the son of Maharaj Lal Singh and Jaswant Singh was the son of Maharaj Mukan Singh. <ref name=":2" /> Both Maharaj Lal Singh and Maharaj Mukan Singh were great grandsons of Maharajkumar Chhatar Singh and thereby his nearest of kin and cousin.<ref name=":2" /> Lal was being considered the [[heir presumptive]].<ref name=":2" /> However, in accordance with traditions and customs, the choice of successor remained with his eldest wife, Bhatianjiji, and she chose his son [[Dungar Singh]].<ref name=":1" /> His youngest wife, Pugalianiji, favoured the adoption of Jaswant Singh.<ref name=":1" /> This led to the formation of two groups: one in favour of Dungar Singh's succession, and the other in favour of Jaswant Singh.<ref name=":1" /> When Burton, who was at the time dispensing his duties as the Assistant to the Agent to the [[Governor-General of India|Governor-General]] in [[Rajputana]], got to know of what was happening in [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]], he came here on 22 May 1872 to look into the matter and ultimately decided in favour of Bhatianjiji.<ref name=":1" /> Accordingly, [[Dungar Singh]] was adopted as son and successor to Sardar Singh and Jaswant Singh's family retained status of brother of the Maharaja or Maharaj.<ref name=":2" />

== Titles and styles ==

* [[His Highness]] Sri Raj Rajeshwar Maharajadhiraj Narendra [[Maharaja]] Shiromani Sardar Singh Bahadur, [[Maharaja]] of [[Bikaner State|Bikaner]]<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wfUvAQAAIAAJ |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: Princely states in colonial India-I |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |pages=200 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
[[Category:1818 births]]
[[Category:1872 deaths]]
[[Category:Maharajas of Bikaner]]
[[Category:Hindu monarchs]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Rajasthani people]]

Kalasapura, Chikmagalur

2026-01-22T09:30:21Z

Meeekil: stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kalasapura
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.277295|N|75.934740|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Chikkamagaluru district|Chikmagalur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of taluks of Karnataka|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Chikmagalur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Grama Panchayath
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 10.65
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 890
| population_total = 3836 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/601/download/2052/DH_2011_2916_PART_B_DCHB_CHIKMAGALUR.pdf|access-date=9 January 2026|title=Census Data Handbook 2011}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 577146 <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiapost.gov.in/post-office-details-name?officename=Kalasapura%20S.O|access-date=9 January 2026|title=Postal Code Kalasapura S.O}}</ref>
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 08262
| registration_plate = KA-18
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Kalasapura
| image_seal =
| image_caption =
}}
'''Kalasapura''' is a village in Chikkamagaluru taluk in the [[Chikkamagaluru district]] of [[Karnataka]], India. It is also one of the most populous village in the district.{{Cn|date=January 2026}}

It lies on Chikmagalur-Javagal main road. No major highways pass through the villlage. It is located 22 km southeast of its district headquarter [[Chikmagalur]] and 225 km from state capital [[Bengaluru]].{{Cn|date=January 2026}}

There is no railway connectivity to the village. The nearest major railway junction is [[Arsikere Junction railway station|Arasikere Junction]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/directions?engine=fossgis_osrm_car&route=13.2801373%2C75.9341419%3B13.3137821%2C76.253199#map=11/13.2132/76.1262|access-date=20 January 2026|title=Direction to nearest major railway junction}}</ref>{{Cn|date=January 2026}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Chikmagalur district]]

Battle of Balasore

2025-12-28T06:38:33Z

Meeekil: Made Some Details W/ Sources

{{Short description|Battle between Mughals and Europeans in Balasore, 1647}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Balasore
| place = [[Balasore]], [[Bengal Subah]] (present-day [[Odisha]], [[India]])
| partof = [[Dano-Mughal War]]
| date = 26 December 1647
| coordinates = {{Coord|region:IN-OR_type:city(144,000)|qid=Q641098|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| result = See [[#Aftermath|Aftermath]]
| combatant1 = {{flag|Danish India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} [[Willem Leyel]] {{flagicon|Danish India}} Christen Clausen
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} Malik Beg {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} Local nawab
| units1 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} ''Christianhavn'' {{flagicon|Danish India}} ''The Bengali Prize''
| units2 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} Unknown
| strength1 = 5 Ships
| strength2 = Multiple ships 16 guns 1,000 men
| casualties2 = 1 ship 8 elephants
| casualties3 = {{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} 9–12 ships
| casualties1 = None
| image = Moored boats from Arakan or Chittagong.jpg
| caption = Moored boats near the Bengali Coast, by Thomas Prinsep in {{circa}} 1828.
| image_size = 335
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Dano-Mughal War}}
| combatant3 = {{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} [[East India Company|British East India]] {{Flagicon|VOC}} [[Dutch India]]
| commander3 = {{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} Richard Hudson
| units3 = Unknown
| strength3 = {{flagicon image|British East India Company flag.svg|23px}} +13 ships {{Flagicon|VOC}} 2 ships {{Flagicon|VOC}} 60 men
}}
The '''Battle of Balasore''' ({{Langx|da|Slaget ved Balasore}}) was an engagement between [[Bengalis|Bengali]] and [[English language|English]] ships against Danish ships at [[Balasore]]. When the English failed to persuade the Danes, the Bengalis started attacking the English vessel, yet the English were rescued by the Dutch.

== Background ==
{{Further|Conflict between Willem Leyel and Bernt Pessart}}
In 1643 [[Willem Leyel]] deposed governor [[Bernt Pessart]] as ''[[overhoved]]'' of [[Danish India]].{{Sfn|Knudsen|2017}} In the preceding year, Pessart had declared war on the [[Mughal Empire]].{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=448}} Leyel continued the privateering war against the Mughals as a source of revenue and income.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=}}

In 1647 the privateer war still waged, and in December of that year, a noticeable incident was recorded by the English at Balasore.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=}}

== Battle ==
The English at Balasore was given a good reception at Balasore.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=163}} Yet when a Danish fleet of five ships, including ''Christianshavn'' and ''The Bengali Prize'', appeared things suddenly started to change.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=163}} The Danes had come to settle their long-standing grievances and debts against the Mughal authorities by force.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1950|p=215}}

=== Confrontation with the Danish ===
[[File:Charles D'Oyly06.jpg|left|thumb|[[Mosque]] on the Booragunga Branch of the [[Ganges]]. A typical view from Bengal at that time.]]
Danes seized one of the [[Moors|Moorish]] ships with eight elephants at the harbour.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=164}} At the request of Governor Malik Beg, the English twice attempted to persuade the escaping Danish fleet.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1950|p=215}} When this proved a failure for the English, the Mughals informed the English that they now would have to compensate for the damage made by the Danes since both Europeans were [[Christians]].{{Sfn|Sarkar|1950|p=215}}{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=164}}
=== Prelude ===
The English then tried to escape the harbour, yet were [[blockade]]d by the Mughals, who placed guns at strategic points and summoned a large force of soldiers.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=164}} Meanwhile, a letter from the [[Nawab]] arrived with a captain and 500 [[cavalry]], demanding to meet the English outside of the town.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=174}} The English factors refused the demands of the letter.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=175}}

=== Battle ===
When the Nawab heard the English rejection he called {{Abbr|c|circa}} 1.000 soldiers and placed nine guns in strategic positions around the harbour.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=175}}{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=164}} The following day additional guns were planted.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=175}} The English could not leave the harbour and the [[Budhabalanga River]] because of a blockade.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=175}}{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=164}} The Bengalis had already seized 3-4 English boats and 6-8 smaller vessels in the river.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=175}}

Things escalated when the Bengalis fired at the British [[warehouse]] in Balasore.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=175}} The English took position with their guns and an ensuing confrontation lasted four hours.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=175}}

Because of the blockade, the [[Dutch East India Company]]'s business was stopped and was thus forced to join the English course.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=175}} The Dutch send 60 men and 2 ships to Balasore, which unprovoked the attack on the English.{{Sfn|Foster|1914|p=175}}

== Aftermath ==
At the time of the Battle the Danes had presumably already managed to bring themselves and their [[Prize (law)|prize]] to safety. The war between the Danes and Mughals in Bengal hindered the prospects of trade between the English and Dutch at Balasore.{{Sfn|Sarkar|1950|p=215}}

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|First Anglo-Maratha War}}
* {{Annotated link|Cattle War}}
* {{Annotated link|Loss of the St. Jacob}}
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}
* {{Annotated link|Capture of St. Michael}}
* {{Annotated link|Skirmish at the Strait of Malacca}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==
* {{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |isbn= |edition= |location=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |url= |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=9788763530231 |edition= |location=Copenhagen}}
* {{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/928692.pdf |title=Søhistoriske Skrifter |publisher=Handels- og Søfartsmuseet Kronborg |year=1999 |isbn= |edition= |volume=XXI |location=Copenhagen |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite book |last=Leyel |first=Willem |url=https://www.sa.dk/ao-soegesider/da/other/index-creator/149/103799/23436633 |title=Rentekammerafdelingen: Willum Leyels arkiv (1639–1648) |publisher=Danske Kancelli |year=1644 |isbn= |edition= |volume= |location= |language=Danish}}
* {{Cite journal |last=Sarkar |first=Jagadish |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/44140917 |title=Notes on Balasore and the English in the First Half of the Seventeenth Century |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |year=1950 |edition= |volume=13 |pages=209–219 |jstor=44140917 |language=}}
* {{Cite book |last=Foster |first=William |url=https://ia801409.us.archive.org/32/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.223801/2015.223801.The-English_text.pdf |title=THE ENGLISH FACTORIESIN INDIA 1646— 1650 |publisher=Oxford |year=1914 |isbn= |edition= |volume= |location= |language=}}

* {{Cite web |last=Knudsen |first=Karin |date=2017 |title=Kolonien Trankebar |url=https://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/402582377.html |website=Trankebar Foreningen}}

[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:1640s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the Dutch East India Company|Balasore]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving the British East India Company|Balasore]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company|Balasore]]
[[Category:Naval battles involving Denmark–Norway]]

Something Something 2

2025-12-27T00:38:13Z

Meeekil: Article updated with improved flow

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Something Something 2
| image = Something Something 2 poster.jpg
| alt = Poster of Oriya film Something Something 2
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sudhakar Vasanth]]
| producer = Anuprash Mohanty
| writer = Nirmal Nayak
| starring = [[Anubhav Mohanty]] [[Barsha Priyadarshini]]
| music = Prem Anand
| studio = Vishnupriya Arts and Graphics
| released = {{Film date|2014|6|14|df=y}}
| runtime =140 minutes
| language = [[Odia language|Odia]]
| country = India
| gross =
}}

'''''Something Something 2''''' is a [[List of Ollywood films of 2014|2014]] Indian [[Cinema of Odisha|Oriya]] [[Oriya language|language]] [[Comedy drama]] film directed by [[Sudhakar Vasanth]] and starring [[Anubhav Mohanty]] and [[Barsha Priyadarshini]] in the lead roles. It was produced under the banner of Vishnupriya Art and Graphics by Anuprash Mohanty and released on 14 June 2014. The film is sequel to 2012's ''Something Something'' and the first sequel to be produced by the [[Odia film|Odia]] film industry. This movie is a remake of 2007 Kannada movie ''[[Milana (film)|Milana]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=Seven-2016-duds-Tolly-remakers-should-learn-from-25042017101038|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728162245/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31812&articlexml=Seven-2016-duds-Tolly-remakers-should-learn-from-25042017101038|archive-date=2018-07-28|title=Seven 2016 duds Tolly 'remakers' should learn from|author=Shreyanka Mazumdar}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=- YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wnTaTS4X9Zo |url-status=dead |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> It was an average grosser Odia movie.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2014/dec/26/no-hits-few-to-remember-698378.html|title=No Hits few to remember|publisher=NewIndianExpress.com|date=2014-12-26}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Anubhav Mohanty]] as Shree Ram
* [[Barsha Priyadarshini]] as Shayira Banu and Bhumi
* Dhirendra Nath
* Hari
* [[Premanidhi Majhi]] as ram

== Music ==
Singers: Udit Narayan, Human Sagar (Prema Hei Jae Re), Krishna Beaura, Abhijeet Bhatacharya, Dj Papu, Ira Mohanty.
Title Track has been sung by Bollywood singer [[Abhijeet Bhattacharya]].
{{Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)

| title1 =
| extra1 =
| length1 =

| title2 =
| extra2 =
| length2 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3980990}}

{{Sudhakar Basant}}

[[Category:2010s Odia-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Odia remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:2014 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]

{{Odia-film-stub}}
{{2010s-romantic-comedy-film-stub}}

Old Malda–Abdulpur line

2025-11-16T09:24:18Z

Meeekil: done

{{Short description|Railway line in India and Bangladesh}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Old Malda–Abdulpur line
| color =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = Railway line in Bangladesh and India
| system =
| status = Functioning
| locale = {{plainlist|*[[Bangladesh]]
*[[India]]}}
| start = [[Abdulpur Junction railway station]]
| end = [[Old Malda Junction railway station]]
| stations = 26
| routes =
| ridership =
| open = 1930
| close =
| owner = {{plainlist|*[[Bangladesh Railway]]
*[[Indian Railways]]}}
| operator =
| character =
| depot =
| stock =
| linelength =
| tracklength =
| notrack =
| gauge = [[Broad-gauge]], {{RailGauge|1676mm}}
| ogauge =
| minradius =
| racksystem =
| el =
| speed = 100 km/h
| elevation =
| website =
| map = {{Old Malda–Abdulpur line|inline=yes}}
| map_state =
}}
'''Old Malda–Abdulpur line''' was built in 1930 during the [[British India]]n rule. At present, the Bangladesh part of the railway line is operated and maintained under [[Bangladesh Railway]] and the Indian part of the railway line is managed and maintained by [[Indian Railways]].<ref>{{Cite Banglapedia|article=Railway|author=Quazi Abul Fida}}</ref>

==History==
In 1878, the [[Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line]] was divided into two sections. The first leg was a 185 km journey on the East Bengal State Railway from Calcutta railway station (now [[Sealdah railway station|Sealdah]]) to Damukdia Ghat on the south bank of the [[Padma River]], followed by a second journey across the river by ferry. The North Bengal Railway's 336 km meter gauge line connected Saraghat on the north bank of the Padma with [[Siliguri]].<ref name=njp>{{cite web| url = http://www.irfca.org/docs/rinbad-siliguri.html|title = India: the complex history of the junctions at Siliguri and New Jalpaiguri | publisher= [[Indian Railway Finance Corporation]]|access-date = 12 July 2019}}</ref> The Howrah–New Jalpaiguri main line was gradually converted to broad gauge. The [[Hardinge Bridge]] was opened in 1915, while the Saraghat–Sirajganj line was built by the Sara–Sirajganj Railway Company between 1915-16. Then in 1930, the Abdulpur–Amnura broad gauge line was opened as a branch of the Saraghat–Sirajganj line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.railway.gov.bd/brief_history.asp |title=Brief History |publisher=[[Bangladesh Railway]] |access-date=11 July 2019|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220203245/http://www.railway.gov.bd/brief_history.asp |archive-date=20 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/in-focus/news/railways-colonial-bengal-1726765|title=Railways in colonial Bengal|newspaper=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|access-date=11 July 2019}}</ref>

==Rohanpur–Singhabad transit==
It is currently functioning as an active transit and is connected to [[Singhabad railway station]] in [[Malda district]], India. The railway entered India for the transport of goods from Bangladesh to [[Nepal]] through an agreement signed on 15 August 1978.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.nitdb.org/Ex_Sum_Singhabad-Rohanpur_Route.pdf | title = Executive Summary | access-date = 12 November 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120426032103/http://www.nitdb.org/Ex_Sum_Singhabad-Rohanpur_Route.pdf | archive-date = 26 April 2012 | url-status = dead }}</ref> A new route between Bangladesh and India was provided for through a renegotiation on 6 September 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5208/Addendum+to+MOU+between+India+and+Bangladesh+to+facilitate+overland+transit+traffic+between+Bangladesh+and+Nepal |title = Addendum to MOU between India and Bangladesh to facilitate overland transit traffic between Bangladesh and India, 6 September 2011| publisher = [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] | access-date = 4 March 2013}}</ref>

Bangladesh started using this transit in 2011 by exporting fertilizers to Nepal. The Singabad–Rohanpur transit point is used from [[Raxaul Junction railway station]] near the border of Nepal to [[Khulna railway station]] in Bangladesh without any transshipment charges.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5147/Joint+Statement+on+the+occassion+of+the+visit+of+the+PM+of+India+to+Bangladesh |title = Joint Statement on the occasion of the visit of the PM of India to Bangladesh, 7 September 2011| work = Item No. 40 | publisher = Ministry of External Affairs (India) | access-date = 4 March 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html|title=Bangladesh export to Nepal thru India resumes tomorrow|publisher=[[Priyo.com|Priyo]]|access-date=12 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406181147/http://news.priyo.com/business/2011/07/11/bangladesh-export-nepal-thru-i-31397.html|archive-date=6 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Branch line==
A branch of the Old Malda–Abdulpur line runs from Amnura to [[Chapainawabganj]]. The line has two stations. Namely: [[Amnura Bypass railway station]] and [[Chapainawabganj railway station]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyinqilab.com/article/80305/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%9C-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8|title=রেলমন্ত্রী আজ আমনুরা বাইপাস রেলপথ উদ্বোধন করবেন|lang=bn|newspaper=[[Daily Inqilab]]|access-date=7 February 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Transport in Rajshahi]]
[[Category:Rajshahi Division]]
[[Category:Malda district]]
[[Category:Bangladesh–India relations]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in Bangladesh]]
[[Category:5 ft 6 in gauge railways in India]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 1930]]
[[Category:Cross-border railway lines in Bangladesh]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Old Malda-Abdulpur line}}

Ramkinkar Baij (film)

2025-11-15T23:34:51Z

Meeekil: basic add page and corrected details for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox film
| director = Ritwik Ghatak
| producer = Ritwik Ghatak
}}
[[File:Ramkinkar Documentary Scene.JPG|right|thumb|A scene from the documentary]]
'''''Ramkinkar Baij''''' (or '''''Ramkinkar''''')- is an incomplete personality study or documentary on sculptor [[Ramkinkar Baij]] created by legendary filmmaker [[Ritwik Ghatak]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Ramkinkar - Documentary|url=http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/518669|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090526035636/http://ftvdb.bfi.org.uk/sift/title/518669|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 May 2009|publisher=BFI Because Films Inspire|accessdate=1 March 2012}}</ref> He started creating the film in 1975. The film was almost complete but it still remained unfinished for the death of Ritwik Ghatak.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ghaṭaka|first=R̥tvikakumāra|title=Calaccitra, mānusha ebaṃ āro kichu|year=2005|publisher=De'ja Pābaliśiṃ|location=Kalakātā|isbn=81-295-0397-2|pages=359|edition=1. De'ja saṃskaraṇa.}}</ref>

==Film==
In July 1975 Ghatak commenced shooting on the sculptor at Shantiniketan for a stretch of four days. The movie is a biographical (personality study) film where Baij has been featured as a political icon too. In the film, Ramkinkar Baij speaks about the problems that he faces in his life. He speaks about how he has shielded his dripping roof with his oil paintings. Ghatak asks him what he is going to do for the show that is coming soon. Ramkinkar answers to this question: "As the paintings are made by oil on canvas water will not do any damage to them. I can pull them out for the show. But my worry is what I will replace them with to stop the rainwater. It costs hundred rupees to buy grass for thatching. It is very expensive.’<ref>{{cite web|title=At Ram Kinkar's Santiniketan: An Essay Plus Photo Feature|url=https://johnyml.blogspot.com/2011/08/at-ram-kinkars-santiniketan-essay-plus.html|accessdate=29 February 2012}}</ref>

==Cast and crew==
*Producer, Director, Screenplay: [[Ritwik Ghatak]]
*Financial assistance: Mohan Biswas
*Photography: Nirmal, [[Sunil Jana]]

==See also==
*[[List of works of Ritwik Ghatak]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mtErm-QeEMM Documentary at Youtube]

{{Ritwik Ghatak}}

[[Category:Documentary films about visual artists]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:1970s unfinished films]]
[[Category:Films about sculptors]]

{{1970s-bio-documentary-film-stub}}

Karan Singh (magician)

2025-11-03T03:04:28Z

Meeekil: bio...

{{Short description|Indian magician (born 1991)}}
{{COI|reason=promotional material SPA|date=July 2021}}
{{infobox YouTube personality
| name = Karan Singh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|07|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Patna, Bihar]], India
| occupation = Magician/Streamer
| youtube_handle = KaranSinghMagic
| youtube_display_name = Karan Singh Magic

| youtube_years_active =
| youtube_genre =
| youtube_subscribers = 607 thousand
| youtube_views = 62.7 million
| stats_update = 30 October 2025
}}

'''Karan Singh''' (born 19 July 1991) is an Indian [[Magic (illusion)|magician]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=I have tricks up my sleeve no one in the world has seen before- Illusionist Karan Singh|url=http://everythingexperiential.businessworld.in/article/I-have-tricks-up-my-sleeve-no-one-in-the-world-has-seen-before-Illusionist-Karan-Singh/24-02-2017-113420|access-date=2021-07-06|website=Everything Experiential|language=en}}</ref> He is known for using his audience as a prop while performing on stage<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-21|title='Mind' it: Delhi illusionist uses audience as prop|url=https://www.asianage.com/life/more-features/211216/mind-it-delhi-illusionist-uses-audience-as-prop.html|access-date=2021-07-06|website=The Asian Age}}</ref> and 'the mentalist who figured out [[Shah Rukh Khan]]'s ATM Pin' by ''[[GQ (Indian edition)|GQ India]]''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2018-02-15|title=The 26-year-old mentalist who figured out Shah Rukh Khan's ATM pin|url=https://www.gqindia.com/magazine-story/shah-rukh-khan-atm-pin-karan-singh/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=GQ India|language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Singh was born in Mumbai, India.<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2016-12-16|title=Magic happens|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/magic-happens/article16866546.ece1|access-date=2021-07-13|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He spent the first four years of his life in Mumbai. His family moved to Delhi after his father's transfer. He attended [[The Mother's International School, New Delhi|The Mother's International School]] in Delhi. He enrolled in the [[Sri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College|Shri Guru Tegh Bahadur Khalsa College]] of the [[Delhi University|University of Delhi]] to work toward a [[Bachelor of Commerce|bachelor's degree in Commerce]].<ref name=":5"/> However, he dropped out of college in the third year to pursue magic full-time.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-25|title=Aamir Khan gave me the idea for a trick I do: Delhi-based illusionist Karan Singh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/aamir-khan-gave-me-the-idea-for-a-trick-i-do-delhi-based-illusionist-karan-singh/story-89dfwFu8fUdyFBeHBGi0gL.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|language=en}}</ref>

== Professional career ==
Singh's first exposure to magic occurred in 2002 at a summer camp in Tirthan near [[Kullu]] [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] where he met a magician named Ishammudin Khan who taught him his first two tricks.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=The Inspiring Journey of Master Psychological Illusionist Karan Singh Magic|url=https://www.thetribalbox.com/the-inspiring-journey-of-master-psychological-illusionist-karan-singh-magic|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Tribal Box|language=en-in|archive-date=2021-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713173431/https://www.thetribalbox.com/the-inspiring-journey-of-master-psychological-illusionist-karan-singh-magic|url-status=dead}}</ref> For his initial years, he performed only those two tricks until he stumbled upon [[David Blaine]] on television.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}

In 2007, at the age of 16, he performed his first show for the 12th graders' farewell at his school. Following this, he did a series of magic shows at kid's birthday parties dressed up as [[Aladdin (Disney character)|Aladdin]].<ref name=":5" />

Singh gained popularity after his first commercial show- 'Karan Singh Magic: Saltus' at [[Siri Fort Auditorium]], [[New Delhi]]. Sponsored by [[Pepsi]], where Singh performed for former Pepsi Chairperson and CEO [[Indra Nooyi]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite magazine |date=2012-10-01|title=Rising Star|url=https://youthincmag.com/rising-star-8|access-date=2021-07-13|magazine=Youth Incorporated |language=en-GB}}</ref>

During the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]] [[pandemic]], all outdoor events were cancelled and thus, Singh could no longer perform public shows. He began performing as an online medium with a mind-reading show on Zoom. He has performed more than 800 digital shows as of 16 June 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-14|title=Artistes have gone online but how fulfilling is it to perform for a screen?|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/artistes-have-gone-online-but-how-fulfilling-is-it-to-perform-for-a-screen/1990756/|access-date=2021-07-13|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/c/KaranSinghMagic Karan Singh's channel] on [[YouTube]]
*{{Twitter|karansinghmagic}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/@KaranSinghBoomer/ Karan Singh Boomer] second channel on [[YouTube]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Karan}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Entertainers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian magicians]]
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

List of Karnataka state symbols

2025-11-01T06:17:32Z

Meeekil: basic adjust section for clarity and updated info per standard format

{{Short description|None}}
The following are official '''state symbols of the Indian state of [[Karnataka]]'''.

{|class="wikitable" id="karnataka-state-symbols-table"
|-
! width=90 | Title
! style="width:300px;"| Symbol
! Kannada
! Image
! Notes
|-
| State government banner ||[[Flag of Karnataka|Banner of Karnataka]] ||ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಚಿಹ್ನೆ || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Flag of Karnataka, India.png|200px]] ||The banner depicts the emblem of the state on a white background.
|-
| State emblem || [[Emblem of Karnataka]] ||ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಅಧಿಕೃತ ಲಾಂಛನ || align=center|[[File:Karnataka emblem.svg|200px]] ||
|-
| State motto ||''[[Satyameva Jayate]]'' (''Truth alone triumphs'') ||ಸತ್ಯಮೇವ ಜಯತೆ ||[[File:Emblem of India.svg|200px]] ||Taken from [[Mundaka Upanishad]]. Inscribed in the [[Devanagari]] script.
|-
| State song || "[[Jaya Bharata Jananiya Tanujate]]"<ref>{{cite web|title = Poem declared 'State song'|url = http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160101052709/http://www.thehindu.com/2004/01/11/stories/2004011103410400.htm|url-status = dead|archive-date = 1 January 2016|access-date = 27 January 2016|work = [[The Hindu]]|date = 11 January 2004}}</ref> || ಜಯ ಭಾರತ ಜನನಿಯ ತನುಜಾತೆ || align=center|[[File:Kuvempu1.jpg|200px]] || Officially declared on 6 January 2004.
|-
| State animal || [[Elephas maximus|Asian elephant]]<ref name="karn">{{cite web | url=http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#ka | title=States and Union Territories Symbols | work=knowindia.gov.in | access-date=16 February 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112080035/http://knowindia.gov.in/knowindia/national_symbols.php?id=16#ka | archive-date=12 November 2013 | df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name="kar">{{cite web | url=http://www.karnataka.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20I%20Introduction.pdf | title=A handbook of Karnataka 2010: Chapter 1 Introduction | work=karnataka.gov.in | date=2010 | access-date=16 February 2016 | page=35 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150106105518/http://www.karnataka.gov.in/gazetteer/HandbookKarnataka2010/Chapter%20I%20Introduction.pdf | archive-date=6 January 2015}}</ref> (''Elephas maximus'')|| ಏಷ್ಯನ್ ಆನೆ || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Elephas maximus (Bandipur).jpg|200px]] ||
|-
| State bird || [[Coracias indica|Indian roller|blue jay]]<ref name="karn"/><ref name="kar"/> (''Coracias indica'')|| ನೀಲಕಂಠ ಪಕ್ಷಿ|| style="text-align:center;"| [[File:IndianRoller1.jpg|200px]]||
|-
| State butterfly || [[Southern birdwing]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-gets-its-own-butterfly/article18470618.ece|title=State gets its own butterfly|last=The|first=Hindu|date=May 17, 2017|access-date=3 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/southern-birdwing-state-butterfly-karnataka-20382|title=Karnataka declares Southern Birdwing as state butterfly|author=Deepa Mohan|website=Citizen Matters|date=2 August 2017|access-date=4 September 2020}}</ref> (''Troides minos'')||ಸರ್ದನ್ ಬರ್ಡ್ ವಿಂಗ್ || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Troides minos 06680.jpg|200px]] ||It was chosen in 2017.
|-
| State flower || [[Nelumbo nucifera|Lotus]]<ref name="karn"/><ref name="kar"/> ||ಕೆಂದಾವರೆ ಹೂ|| style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Sacred lotus Nelumbo nucifera.jpg|200px]] ||
|-
| State tree || [[Santalum album|Sandalwood]]<ref name="karn"/><ref name="kar"/> (''Santalum album'') ||ಗಂಧದ ಮರ || style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Sandal leaf.jpg|200px]]
|
|-
|State fish ||[[Hypselobarbus carnaticus|Carnatic carp]] (''Puntius carnaticus'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nfdb.gov.in/PDF/Fish%2520%26%2520Fisheries%2520of%2520India/2.State%2520Fishes%2520of%2520India.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjJ___y8s_rAhVDeX0KHeByCk0QFjAKegQIBxAB&usg=AOvVaw0pG02wLf6KbkTXc6hulnx0|title= State Fishes of India|website=nfdb.gov.in |access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> || ಕೊರಚ, ಗಿಡ್ಪಕ್ಕೆ, ಗೆಂಡಾಯಿ, ಮಚಲು ||style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Barbus carnaticus Mintern 137.jpg|200px]] ||
|-
|State fruit ||[[Mangifera indica|Mango]] (''Mangifera indica'')<ref>{{cite web|url=http://karnatakastatecouncil.in/national-fruit-of-india|website=Karnataka State Council|title=State Fruit of Karnataka|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> ||ಮಾವಿನ ಹಣ್ಣು ||style="text-align:center;"|[[File:Mangifera indica (Manguier 4).jpg|200px]] ||
|-
| State foundation day || [[Karnataka Rajyotsava|Karnataka Day]] (1 November)||ಕನ್ನಡ ರಾಜ್ಯೋತ್ಸವ ದಿನ (''ನವೆಂಬರ್ 1'') ||style="text-align:center;"| ||Karnataka state formed on 1 November 1956.
|-
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Symbols of Indian states}}
{{Karnataka topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karnataka state symbols}}
[[Category:Karnataka-related lists|State symbols]]
[[Category:Lists of Indian state symbols by state|Karnataka]]

9th Vijay Awards

2025-11-01T04:08:31Z

Meeekil: minor rework layout for clarity additionally and fixed typos after review

{{Short description|Indian film awards ceremony in 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox award
| name = 9th Vijay Awards
| subheader =
| current_awards =
| image =
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for="Excellence for [[Film|cinematic]] achievements in [[Tamil cinema]]"
| sponsor = poorvika
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|25}}
| location = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| presenter = poorvika [[STAR Vijay]]
| host = [[Dhivyadharshini]] [[C Gopinath|Gobinath]]
| preshow_host =
| acts = [[Shruthi Haasan]] [[Prabhu Deva]] [[Tamannaah]]
| reward = [[Statuette]]
| year = 2006
| year2 =
| holder =
| website = {{URL|http://www.vijayawards.in}}
| network = [[STAR Vijay]]
| runtime =
| ratings =
| producer =
| director =
| best_film =
| best_director =
| most_awards =
| most_nominations =
| image2 =
| image2size =
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| previous = [[8th Vijay Awards|8th]]
| main = [[Vijay Awards]]
| next = [[10th Vijay Awards|10th]]
}}
The '''9th Vijay Awards''' ceremony honouring the best of the Tamil film industry in 2014 was held on 25 April 2015 at Chennai. The event was hosted by [[C Gopinath|Gopinath]] and [[Divyadharshini]].

== Jury ==
[[R Balki]], [[K. Bhagyaraj]], [[Yugi Sethu]], [[KV Anand]] and [[Nadhiya Moidu]] are the juries of 9th Edition Vijay Awards.<ref name=juvijay>{{cite web|title=Meet the Jury |url=http://www.vijayawards.in/#!the-jury/c23u1 |website=[[STAR Vijay]] |access-date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130419112731/http://www.vijayawards.in/ |archive-date=19 April 2013 }}</ref>

== Winners and nominees ==
Source:<ref name=award>{{cite news|title=Vijay Awards 2015 – Complete list of winners |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |access-date=6 May 2015 |work=[[Sify]] |date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506043201/http://www.sify.com/movies/vijay-awards-2015-complete-list-of-winners-news-tamil-pe0nhUfhdeigd.html |archive-date=6 May 2015 }}</ref><ref name=vaone>{{cite news|last1=Upadhyaya |first1=Prakash |title=9th Vijay Awards 2015: Complete Winners' List & Photos |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2015-winners-list-photos-live-updates-630385 |access-date=6 May 2015 |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=26 April 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506045445/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-2015-winners-list-photos-live-updates-630385 |archive-date=6 May 2015 }}</ref>

=== Jury awards ===

{| class="wikitable" |
|+
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|-
|
* '''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''' – [[Dhanush]]
**''[[Goli Soda]]'' – Bharath Seeni
**''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]'' – Kathiresan
**''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]'' – K. Chandramohan
**''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'' – [[Studio Green|K. E. Gnanavel Raja]]
|
* '''[[Karthik Subbaraj]]''' – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[Mysskin]] – ''[[Pisaasu]]''
**[[Pa. Ranjith]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[R. Parthiepan]] – ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
**[[Vijay Milton]] – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|-
|
* '''[[Dhanush]]''' – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
**[[Dinesh Ravi|Dinesh]] – ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
**[[Karthi]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
**[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Kaththi]]''
|
* '''[[Amala Paul]]''' – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
**[[Lakshmi Menon (actress)|Lakshmi Menon]] – ''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]''
**[[Nithya Menen]] – ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]''
**[[Sridivya]] – ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]''
**[[Vedhicka]] – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|-
|
* '''[[Kalaiyarasan]]''' – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[Guru Somasundaram]] – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[Radharavi]] – ''[[Pisaasu]]''
**[[Rajkiran]] – ''[[Manjapai]]''
**[[Samuthirakani]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
|
* '''[[Riythvika]]''' – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[Kovai Sarala]] – ''[[Aranmanai]]''
**[[Seetha]] – ''[[Goli Soda (2016 film)|Goli soda]]''
**[[Saranya Ponvannan]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
**[[Suhasini Mani Ratnam]] – ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]''
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Comedian|Best Comedian]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Villain|Best Villain]]
|-
|
* '''[[Thambi Ramaiah]]''' – ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
**[[Karunakaran (actor)|Karunakaran]] – ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]''
**[[Munishkanth|Ramdoss]] – ''[[Mundasupatti]]''
**[[N. Santhanam|Santhanam]] – ''[[Aranmanai]]''
**[[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
|
* '''[[Bobby Simha]]''' – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[Prashant Narayanan]] – ''[[Nedunchaalai]]''
**[[Prithviraj Sukumaran|Prithviraj]] – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
**[[Charles Vinoth|Vinoth]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**Vijay Murugan – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actor|Best Debut Actor]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress|Best Debut Actress]]
|-
|
* '''[[Dulquer Salmaan]]''' – ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]''
**[[Abhinay Vaddi]] – ''[[Ramanujan (film)|Ramanujan]]''
**[[Chandran]] – ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]''
**Naga Sai Prasad – ''[[Pisaasu]]''
**[[Santhosh Prathap]] – ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
|
* '''[[Malavika Nair (actress, born 1996)|Malavika Nair]]''' – ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
**[[Akhila Kishore]] – ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
**[[Anandhi (actress)|Anandhi]] – ''[[Kayal (film)|Kayal]]''
**[[Catherine Tresa]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[Shivada Nair]] – ''[[Nedunchaalai]]''
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|-
|
* '''[[Anirudh Ravichander]]''' – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
**[[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]''
**[[D. Imman]] – ''[[Jilla]]''
**[[Santhosh Narayanan]] – ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
**[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] – ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]''
|
* '''[[Gavemic U Ary]]''' – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[Murali G.|G. Murali]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**Gokul Benoy – ''[[Pannaiyarum Padminiyum]]''
**[[R. D. Rajasekhar]] – ''[[Arima Nambi]]''
**[[Nirav Shah]] – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|-
|
* '''[[Vivek Harshan]]''' – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[Anthony (film editor)|Anthony]] – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
**[[Kishore Te]] – ''[[Nedunchaalai]]''
**[[Praveen K. L.]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[V. J. Sabu Joseph|Sabu Joseph VJ]] – ''[[Vallinam]]''
|
* '''[[Sabu Cyril]]''' – ''[[Lingaa]]''
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|-
|
* '''[[Pradeep Kumar (singer)|Pradeep Kumar]]''' - "Agayam Theepiditha" (''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'')
**[[Abhay Jodhpurkar]] - "Vinmeen" (''[[Thegidi]]'')
**[[Haricharan (singer)|Haricharan]] - "Sandi Kuthirai" (''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'')
**Prasanna - "Koodamela Koodavechi" (''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]'')
**[[Vishal Dadlani]] - "Aathi" (''[[Kaththi]]'')
|
* '''[[Uthara Unnikrishnan]]''' - "Nadhi Pogum Koozhangal" (''[[Pisaasu]]'')
**[[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]] - "Idhayam" (''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'')
**[[Shreya Ghoshal]] - "Kandangi Kandangi" (''[[Jilla]]'')
**[[Shakthisree Gopalan]], Dheekshitha - "Naan Nee" (''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'')
**[[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]] - "Pudhiya Ulagai" (''[[Yennamo Yedho]]'')
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Story, Screenplay Writer|Best Story, Screenplay Writer]]
! align="center" |Best Dialogue
|-
|
* '''[[Vijay Milton]]''' – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
**[[Karthik Subbaraj]] – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[R. Parthiepan]] – ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
**Ram – ''[[Mundasupatti]]''
**[[Velraj]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
|
* '''[[R. Parthiepan]]''' – ''[[Kathai Thiraikathai Vasanam Iyakkam]]''
**[[AR Murugadoss]] – ''[[Kaththi]]''
**[[H. Vinoth|Vinoth]] – ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]''
**[[Raju Murugan]] & Paramu – ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
**[[Velraj]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best Background Score
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|-
|
* '''[[Santhosh Narayanan]]''' – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
**[[A. R. Rahman]] – ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]''
**[[Anirudh Ravichander]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
**[[Arrol Corelli]] – ''[[Pisaasu]]''
**[[Sean Roldan]] – ''[[Mundasupatti]]''
|
* '''[[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]''' - "Aathangara Orathil" (''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]'')
**[[Dhanush]] - "Amma Amma" (''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'')
**[[Na. Muthukumar]] - "Azhagu" (''[[Saivam]]'')
**[[Vairamuthu]] - "Maatram Ondru" (''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'')
**[[Yugabharathi]] - "Manasula Soora Kaathu" (''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]'')
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Choreographer|Best Choreographer]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director|Best Stunt Director]]
|-
|
* '''Shobi''' - "Oruthi Mela" (''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'')
**[[Baba Bhaskar]] - "What a Karavaad" (''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'')
**[[Brinda (choreographer)|Brinda]] - "Darling Dambakku" (''[[Maan Karate]]'')
**[[Raju Sundaram]] - "Sandi Kuthirai" (''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]'')
**[[Sathish Krishnan]] - "Kaagidha Kappal" (''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'')
|
* '''Supreme Sunder''' – ''[[Goli Soda]]''
**[[Anbariv]] – ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
**[[Anal Arasu]] – ''[[Kaththi]]''
**[[Kanal Kannan]] – ''[[Poojai]]''
**[[Stunt Silva]] – ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Make Up]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|-
|
* '''[[Pattanam Rasheed]], Pattanam Sha, Siva, Promod''' – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
**Gothandapani & [[Banu (makeup artist)|Banu]] – ''[[Lingaa]]''
**Lalitha Rajamanikam, Mari Nagendra & Gopi – ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]''
**Vinoth Sukumaran – ''[[Mundasupatti]]''
**Vinoth Sukumaran – ''[[Jigarthanda (2014 film)|Jigarthanda]]''
|
* '''Perumal and [[Niranjani Ahathian]]''' – ''[[Kaaviya Thalaivan (2014 film)|Kaaviya Thalaivan]]''
**[[Deepali Noor]] – ''[[Kaththi]]''
**James – ''[[Mundasupatti]]''
**Nikhaar Dhawan – ''[[Lingaa]]''
**Sathya NJ, [[Vasuki Bhaskar]] & Moorthy – ''[[Maan Karate]]''
|-
! align="center" |Best Debut Director
! align="center" |Best Child Artist
|-
|
* '''Ram''' – ''[[Mundasupatti]]''
**Deekay – ''[[Yaamirukka Bayamey]]''
**[[Raju Murugan]] – ''[[Cuckoo (2014 film)|Cuckoo]]''
**[[Velraj]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
**[[H. Vinoth|Vinoth]] - ''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]''
|
* '''[[Sara Arjun]]''' – ''[[Saivam]]''
**Gaurav Kalai – ''[[Poovarasam Peepee]]''
**Rahul – ''[[Mundasupatti]]''
**Ray Paul – ''[[Saivam]]''
**[[Yuvina Parthavi]] – ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Contribution to Tamil Cinema|Contribution to Tamil Cinema]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center" |'''[[M. Saravanan (producer)|AVM. Saravanan]]'''
|-
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Find of the Year|Best Find of the Year]]
! align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Best Crew|Best Crew]]
|-
|'''[[Raju Murugan]]'''

|
* '''''[[Sathuranga Vettai]]'''''
|}

;Special Jury Awards
* '''[[Soundarya Rajinikanth]]''' – ''[[Kochadaiyaan]]''
* [[Studio Green]] – '''''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]'''''

=== Favorite awards ===
{| class="wikitable" |
|-
!align="center"|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Hero|Favorite Hero]]
!align="center"|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Heroine|Favorite Heroine]]
|-
|
* '''[[Rajinikanth]]''' – ''[[Lingaa]]''
**[[Vijay (actor)|Vijay]] – ''[[Kaththi]]''
**[[Dhanush]] – ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]''
**[[Suriya]] – ''[[Anjaan (2014 film)|Anjaan]]''
**[[Ajith Kumar]] – ''[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]''

|
* '''[[Hansika Motwani]]''' – ''[[Maan Karate]]''
**[[Nayanthara]] – ''[[Idhu Kathirvelan Kadhal]]''
**[[Samantha Ruth Prabhu]] – ''[[Kaththi]]''
**[[Sri Divya]] – ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]''
**[[Shruti Haasan]] – ''[[Poojai]]''
|-
!align="center"|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Film|Favorite Film]]
!align="center"|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favorite Director]]
|-
|
* '''[[Kaththi]]'''
**[[Aranmanai]]
**[[Goli Soda]]
**[[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]
**[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]
|
* '''[[AR Murugadoss]]''' – [[Kaththi]]
**[[Hari (director)|Hari]] – [[Poojai]]
**[[KS Ravikumar]] – [[Lingaa]]
**[[Siva (director)|Siva]] – [[Veeram (2014 film)|Veeram]]
**[[Sundar C]] – [[Aranmanai]]
|-
! colspan="2" align="center" |[[Vijay Award for Favourite Song|Favourite Song]]
|-
| colspan="2" align="center"|
* '''[[Anirudh Ravichander]] - "Amma Amma" from ''[[Velaiyilla Pattathari]]'''''
** [[D Imman]] - "Koodamela Koodavechu" from ''[[Rummy]]''
** [[Anirudh Ravichander]] - "[[Selfie Pulla]]" from ''[[Kaththi]]''
** [[Santhosh Narayanan]] - "Naan Nee" from ''[[Madras (film)|Madras]]''
** [[Harris Jayaraj]] - "Aathangara Orathil" from ''[[Yaan (film)|Yaan]]''
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb event|0002360/2014|9th Vijay Awards (2015)}}

[[Category:Vijay Awards]]
[[Category:2015 Indian film awards]]

Bagaha Lok Sabha constituency

2025-10-14T15:04:51Z

Meeekil: Made Basic Details V1.

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Lok Sabha in Bihar, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Bagaha
| type = LS
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| established = 1952
| abolished = 2008
| assembly_cons =
| reservation = SC
}}
'''Bagaha''' was a [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Bihar]] state in eastern India till 2008.

==Assembly segments==
Bagaha Lok Sabha constituency comprised six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments, which were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://westchamparan.bih.nic.in/html/election.htm|title=Election Section of the District at a Glance|publisher=West Champaran district website|access-date=2009-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090423132907/http://westchamparan.bih.nic.in/html/election.htm|archive-date=2009-04-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>
# [[Valmiki Nagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Valmiki Nagar]]
# [[Ramnagar, Paschim Champaran (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramnagar]]
# [[Shikarpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Shikarpur]]
# [[Sikta (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Sikta]]
# [[Lauriya (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lauriya]]

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951–52 Indian general election|1952]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Bhola Raut]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress| rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1977|1977]]
|[[Jagannath Prasad Swatantra]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1980|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhola Raut]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1984|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1989|1989]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Mahendra Baitha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1991|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samata Party| rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1998|1998]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1999|1999]]
|rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}" |
|rowspan="2" |[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 2004|2004]]
|[[Kailash Baitha]]
|-
| colspan="4" |{{center|''2009 onwards : See [[Valmiki Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Valmiki Nagar]]''}}
|}
== Election results ==
===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1991 Indian general election]]: Bagaha}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Mahendra Baitha]]
|votes = 1,82,265
|percentage = 46.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kanchan Baitha
|votes = 1,33,690
|percentage = 34.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narsingh Baitha
|votes = 57,717
|percentage = 14.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 48,575
|percentage = 12.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 3,92,368
|percentage = 45.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[West Champaran district]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

{{coord|27.1|84.1|display=title}}

[[Category:Politics of West Champaran district]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:2008 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2008]]

Kkoi Dil Mein Hai

2025-10-10T01:48:01Z

Meeekil: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kkoi Dil Mein Hai.png
| caption =
| runtime = approx. 24 minutes
| creator = [[Ekta Kapoor]]
| writer = {{ubl|[[Anil Nagpal]]|Dheeraj Sarna}}
| creative_director = {{ubl|Vanita Jain|Nim Sood}}
| director = {{ubl|Anil V. Kumar|[[Rajeev Khandelwal]]<ref name=title/>|Ravindra Gautam|Anil Vishwakarma<ref name=show>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/special/y2k3/kdmh.htm |title=Indiantelevision.com's First Take on Sony's 'Kkoi Dil Mein Hai' |date=22 December 2003|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref>|Manish Om Singhania}}
| producer = [[Ekta Kapoor]] & [[Shobha Kapoor]]
| editor =
| music = Jai Walia<ref name=title/>
| cinematography =
| company = [[Balaji Telefilms]]
| starring = [[Kkoi Dil Mein Hai#Cast|see below]]
| opentheme = "Kkoi Dil Mein Hai" by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] & [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]<ref name=title>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z9-GmmzrvQY |title=Kkoi Dil Mein Hai - Balaji telefilms - Sony Entertainment India|website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ONnn-UCFj40|title= Kkoi Dil Mein Hai Title 2 - Balaji telefilms - Sony Entertainment India|website= [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
| country = India
| network = [[Sony Entertainment Television (India)|Sony TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2003|12|21|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2005|2|24|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k3/nov/nov226.htm|title=Sony to debut Balaji's next 'Kkoi Dil Mein Hai'|date=2003-11-29|website=Indian Television Dot Com|language=en|access-date=2020-10-11}}</ref>
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 60
}}

'''''Kkoi Dil Mein Hai''''' is an Indian television [[romantic comedy]] series that aired on [[Sony Entertainment Television|Sony TV]]. The series premiered in December 2003 and ended its run in 2005.<ref name=show/> The show starred [[Eijaz Khan]] and [[Poorva Gokhale]] in lead roles.<ref name=eijaz>{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/eijaz-khan-i-am-tasting-life-for-the-first-time-in-a-fulfilling-way/|title=Eijaz Khan: I am tasting life for the first time in a fulfilling way | date=16 July 2012}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040328070723/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2003/12/22/stories/2003122200660200.htm "Saga of friends"] ''The Hindu'', Chennai, 22 Dec 2003. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</ref><ref>Chaitanya, Tanya. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow-times/Two-to-tango/articleshow/440452.cms "Two to tango!"] ''The Times of India'', 23 Jan 2004. Retrieved 8 December 2011.</ref><ref>Pillai, Sreedhar. [https://web.archive.org/web/20060527041433/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/02/21/stories/2005022100050200.htm "Teenagers head for TV"] ''The Hindu'', 21 Feb 2005. Retrieved 8 December 2011.</ref> The opening theme song was sung as a duet by famous singers [[Shreya Ghoshal]] and [[Sunidhi Chauhan]].<ref name=title/> The show garnered some controversy for featuring a scene of [[marital rape]].<ref name=eijaz/>

==Plot==
Kajal ([[Poorva Gokhale]]) is a simple and bubbly girl from a Gujarati family and best friend of the rich and narcissistic Krutika. Their friendship hits rock bottom when they both fall for rich and handsome Samay ([[Sandeep Baswana]]), the heir of the Punj business empire. Samay reciprocates Kajal's feelings and they plan to get married. A jealous and deranged Krutika orchestrates a kidnapping and blackmail plot with help of her mother and gets Kajal forcefully married to Samay's younger playboy brother Arjun ([[Eijaz Khan]]) and herself marries Samay by duping him. Arjun gradually starts falling deeply in love with Kajal and gives up his wild lifestyle. Kajal reluctant at first also falls in love with Arjun. Things get complicated as Samay, still in love with Kajal turns to alcohol to drown his sorrow and hates Krutika, even refusing to recognize her as his wife. A still deranged Krutika blaming Kajal for her miseries tries to complicate her life. Arjun and Kajal meanwhile have a successful marriage and Kajal gets pregnant and gives birth to their son. Krutika hires Sahil (Arjun's lookalike) to be with Kajal as Arjun. In the last episode Sahil goes to Kajal's mother to ask what really happened between Kajal and Krutika. Kajal's mother tells him the whole story. Sahil tells Krutika's plan in front of Punj family. Krutika gets arrested and Kajal forgives Sahil saying she always knew, she just played along so that she can know why he is acting to be Arjun. The serial ends with Kajal putting garland on Arjun's photo saying that she has only Armaan now but Samay tells her that he is also with her and they hug.

==Cast==
* [[Poorva Gokhale]] as Kajal Arjun Punj (née Agarwal) - ''Eldest vivacious daughter of Agarwal family''
* [[Amit Sadh]] / [[Eijaz Khan]] as Arjun Punj - ''Younger son of Punj family and Kajal's husband''
* [[Sandeep Baswana]] / [[Hiten Tejwani]] as Samay Punj - ''Kajal's ex flame and Krutika's ex-husband''
* [[Karishma Tanna]] as Krutika - ''Samay's obsessive ex-wife and childhood friend of Kajal''
* [[Jennifer Winget]] as Preeti Agarwal - ''Kajal's docile younger sister''
* [[Kiran Juneja]] as Neetu Punj - ''Samay and Arjun's Mother''
* [[Suchitra Pillai]] as Anjana: Neetu's younger sister; Samay and Arjun's maternal aunt
* Salim Shah as Manmeet Punj - ''Samay and Arjun's Father''
* [[Eijaz Khan]] as Sahil - Lookalike of Arjun Punj
* Natasha Rana as Malini: Krutika's Mother
* [[Seema Pahwa]] as Kajal's Mother
* Prabhat Bhattacharya / Vishal Puri as Raj Punj: Manmeet's younger brother; Samay and Arjun's paternal uncle
* Siddharth Choudhary as Kushal Rai: An industrialist; Arjun's best friend and murderer; Kajal's former boss

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|0401952}}

{{Balaji Telefilms}}

[[Category:Balaji Telefilms television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Sony Entertainment Television original programming]]
[[Category:2003 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2005 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Television shows set in Pune]]

Rahul Ram

2025-09-13T04:09:03Z

Meeekil: entry.

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox musical artist 
| caption =
| image = File:Rahul Ram 01.jpg
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| alias =
| instrument = Bass Guitar
| genre = [[Political satire]]
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 1991–present
| label =
| associated_acts = [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]]
Aisi Taisi Democracy
| website =
}}
'''Rahul Ram''' is an Indian bass guitarist, social activist and music composer. He plays bass guitar for musical band [[Indian Ocean (band)|Indian Ocean]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Bennett, Dawe|first=Andy, Kevin|title=Guitar Cultures Authors|year=2001|publisher=Berg|isbn=978-1-85973-434-6|pages=215|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YQqvFoCYsWsC&pg=PA202 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Susan Allen Nan, Zachariah Cherian Mampilly, Ekmeleddin (FRW) Ihsanoglu|title=Peacemaking: From Practice to Theory|date=30 November 2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO, 2011|isbn=978-0-313-37576-7|pages=873|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hx0p4RCdD4wC&pg=PA14 }}</ref> which he joined in 1991.<ref>[http://blogcritics.org/music/article/interview-rahul-ram-of-indian-ocean/ Interview of Rahul Ram] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110824025029/http://blogcritics.org/music/article/interview-rahul-ram-of-indian-ocean/ |date=24 August 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Indian Ocean's Rahul Ram Is on a Roll|work=Rolling Stone India| url = http://rollingstoneindia.com/indian-oceans-rahul-ram-is-on-a-roll/ |author= Megha Mahindru |date=1 February 2013| accessdate = 30 August 2014}}</ref> He is also one of the three members of '[[Aisi Taisi Democracy]],' along with [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] and [[Sanjay Rajoura]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bose|first=Meghnad|date=2019-04-22|title='If Not Modi, Then Who?' Comedians of Aisi Taisi Democracy Answer|url=https://www.thequint.com/elections/if-not-modi-then-who-comedians-of-aisi-taisi-democracy-answer|access-date=2020-10-03|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref>

==Biography==
[[File:Rahul Ram.jpg|thumb|Ram performing in café ''May day'' near [[Jana Natya Manch]], New Delhi]]
Rahul was born into a [[Kannadiga]] family, the son of noted botanist late Professor [[H.Y. Mohan Ram]] and late Dr Manasi Ram, also a botanist and a founding faculty member of the Botany Department at Miranda House, University of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Doyen of Indian botanists no more|work=The Tribune India|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/doyen-of-indian-botanists-no-more/608653.html|author=Chandrabhaal Tripathi|date=22 June 2018|accessdate=22 June 2018|archive-date=21 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621233520/http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/musings/doyen-of-indian-botanists-no-more/608653.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He is a nephew of the late [[H. Y. Sharada Prasad]], who was best known as the media adviser to [[Indira Gandhi]].

After schooling at [[St. Xavier's School, Delhi]], he took a [[bachelor's degree]] in Chemistry at [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] and followed this up with an [[Master of Science|MSc]] degree in chemistry from [[Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur|IIT Kanpur]]. Next, he took a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] degree (1986–90) in Environmental Toxicology from [[Cornell University]], which he attended on an [[Andrew Dickson White|Andrew White]] scholarship. His doctoral research on environmental toxicology is what moved him to become an activist with the [[Narmada River|Narmada Bachao Andolan]] (1990–95). His stint with that activist group consumed five years of his life immediately after he took his doctorate from Cornell.

Concurrently with his Narmada activism, Rahul had joined the Indian Ocean band in 1991, soon after returning to India with his doctorate. Later, he went to America to learn to play the [[Alto saxophone]], which he intends to bring to the band's music. Inside his group, he is known as Logic Baba because of his rationality.<ref>[http://www.indianoceanmusic.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=11&Itemid=116 Rahul Ram's page on the Indian Ocean website]</ref> He has composed music and done playback singing in [[Bollywood]].<ref>{{IMDb name|0707868}}</ref> Rahul, along with [[Indian Ocean (band)| Indian Ocean]] member Asheem Chakrabarty, sung the song 'Yaara Maula' in an [[Anurag Kashyap]] film [[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]], a Hindi movie based on student politics. Rahul also created tribute videos for independent artists for ThankYouForMusic an event by Songdew.<ref>[https://songdew.com/ Songdew – ThankYouForMusic]</ref>

==Discography==
Rahul Ram's band Indian Ocean has also given music for the following films:
#SWARAJ—The Little Republic (2002)
#[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]] (2004)
#[[Hulla]] (2008)
#Live in Concert (DVD) (2008)
#Beware Dogs(2008)
#Bhoomi (2009)
#[[Yeh Mera India]] (2009)
#[[Gulaal (film)|Gulaal]] (2009)
#[[Mumbai Cutting]] (2009)
#[[Leaving Home – the Life & Music of Indian Ocean|Leaving Home – The Life and Music of Indian Ocean]] (2010)
#[[Peepli Live]] (2010)
#[[Satyagraha (film)|Satyagraha]] (2013)
#[[Katiyabaaz]] (Powerless, 2014), a documentary film
#[[Masaan]] (2015)
#[[Gulabo Sitabo]] (2020)
#[[Sarileru Neekevvaru]] (2020) (Hindi dub released in 2022)
# [[Khufiya]] (2023)

In 2015, Indian Ocean composed the music for critically acclaimed [[Masaan]] (2015), in which Rahul Ram collaborated with writer [[Varun Grover (writer)|Varun Grover]] and [[Swanand Kirkire]] for two songs and an original composition Bhor. Rahul toured with Being Indian original series 'Aisi Taisi Democracy,' the coming together of three prolific talents - stand-up comedian and social-satirist [[Sanjay Rajoura]], stand-up comedian, writer and lyricist [[Varun Grover (writer)]] joined him.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aisi Taisi Democracy comes to Kolkata with The Aazaadi Tour 2019|url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/theater/2019/may/17/aisi-taisi-democracy-comes-to-kolkata-with-the-aazaadi-tour-2019-14978.html|access-date=2020-10-03|website=www.indulgexpress.com}}</ref>

Rahul also acted in [[A. R. Rahman]]'s multi-lingual musical film ''[[99 Songs]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-22|title=Here's why AR Rahman prefers to be 'politically illiterate'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-here-s-why-ar-rahman-prefers-to-be-politically-illiterate-2814560|access-date=2020-10-03|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?265268 Rahul Ram's Interview by Outlook India]
{{Indian Ocean (band)}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ram, Rahul}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Indian male composers]]
[[Category:St. Stephen's College, Delhi alumni]]
[[Category:IIT Kanpur alumni]]
[[Category:Indian rock musicians]]
[[Category:Cornell University alumni]]
[[Category:Male bass guitarists]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Telugu cinema]]

Bhāskara (Bhedabheda Vedanta)

2025-08-18T10:48:04Z

Meeekil: Made New Article W/ Sources

{{Short description|Indian philosopher (8th-9th century CE)}}
'''Bhāskara''' (8th-9th century CE){{sfn|Nicholson}} was an [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosopher]] and proponent of the [[Bhedabheda]] school of [[Vedanta]] philosophy. He wrote commentaries on the [[Brahma Sutras]], and contested [[Adi Shankara|Shankara]]'s doctrine of [[Maya (illusion)|māyā]].{{sfn|Prabhavananda|1979|p=299}}

== Life and Historical Context ==
Bhaskara was a Vedantin philosopher who lived around 8th century CE, a date inferred from his critical references to the theories of Shankara. He is also known to have preceded [[Vāchaspati Misra]], who later cited his work. Most of Bhaskara's writings have been lost, with only his [[Brahma Sutras]] commentary and portions of his [[Bhagavad Gita]] commentary surviving. His philosophical ideas may have influenced development of [[Vishishtadvaita]] and [[Kashmir Shaivism]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Ingalls |first=Daniel H. H. |date=1967 |title=Bhāskara the Vedāntin |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1397045 |journal=Philosophy East and West |volume=17 |issue=1/4 |pages=61–67 |doi=10.2307/1397045 |issn=0031-8221|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Tenets ==
Bhaskara's philosophy, expounded in his commentary on Brahma Sutras, is called ''Aupādhika Bhedābhedavāda'' ("Difference and Non-difference Based on Limiting Conditions"), defending ''Bhedābhedavāda'' against Shankara's interpretations.{{sfn|Nicholson}} Bhaskara affirms the reality of the world and individual selves, rejecting [[Advaita Vedanta|Advaita]]'s view that the world is ultimately illusory. He views [[Brahman]] as the supreme reality that becomes multiple through real transformations caused by limiting conditions, taking both causal form (''kāraṇa-rūpa'') and an effect form (''kārya-rūpa''), being one as cause and multiple as effect, much like gold is one substance but can appear as many bracelets.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan |url=http://archive.org/details/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life |title=Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan - Brahma Sutra, The Philosophy of Spiritual Life |others=Sabyasachi Mishra |pages=39-44 |language=English}}</ref>

Bhaskara insists that suffering is real and rejects Shankara's illusionism (''maya-vada''), arguing that it is unprovable and similar to Buddhist thought.<ref name=":1" />

Bhaskara rejects the concept of ''jivan-mukti'' (liberation in this life), asserting that liberation is attained only after the death of the physical body and requires ''jñāna-karma-samuccaya-vada,'' meaning both knowledge and action.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Nicholson |first=Andrew J. |title=Bhedabheda Vedanta |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://iep.utm.edu/bhed-ved/#SH1b}}
* {{Citation |last=Prabhavananda |first=Swami |authorlink=Swami Prabhavananda |year=1979 |orig-year=1962 |title=Spiritual Heritage of India |publisher=Vedanta Press |isbn=0-87481-035-3}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/a-history-of-indian-philosophy-volume-3/d/doc7601.html The Bhāskara School of Philosophy, by Surendranath Dasgupta] From: A History of Indian Philosophy Volume 3
* Andrew J. Nicholson, [http://www.iep.utm.edu/b/bhed-ved.htm Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Bhedabheda Vedanta]

{{Hinduism footer small}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskara}}
[[Category:Vedanta]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian philosophers]]

Ram Nath Chawla

2025-08-10T09:35:09Z

Meeekil: minor update section per standard format and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian aircraft pilot}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =
| name = Ram Nath Chawla
| honorific_suffix =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image =Ram Nath Chawla.jpg
| caption =
| office = Wing Commander [[Indian Air Force]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| president =
| primeminister =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| president1 =
| primeminister1 =
| office2 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1903|12|01}}
| death_date =23 February 1986
| placeofburial_label =
| placeofburial =
| birth_place =[[Kasur]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]], [[British India]]
| death_place =
| alma_mater =
| nickname =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1933–1947) {{flag|India}} (from 1947)
| rank =
| branch =
| serviceyears =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards =
}}

'''Ram Nath Chawla''' (1 December 1903 – 23 February 1986) was an Indian [[Aircraft pilot|pilot]] who in March 1930, in an attempt to win a flying competition set by the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]], was the first Indian to fly an aircraft from India to England. He was the [[pilot in command|main pilot]] of a [[de Havilland DH.60|de Havilland Gipsy Moth]] and was accompanied by 17-year-old [[Aspy Merwan Engineer]], his [[First officer (aeronautics)|co-pilot]]. The journey took 17 days.

He was later commissioned into the equipment branch of the [[Indian Air Force]], becoming its senior officer, before he retired in 1953.

== Early life ==
Ram Nath Chawla was born 1 December 1903.<ref name="BharatRakshak">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/1626|title=Service Record for Flight Lieutenant Ram Nath Chawla 1626 EQPT at Bharat Rakshak.com|website=Bharat Rakshak|language=en-gb|access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> After completing High School in [[Kasur]],<ref name="Sapru2014"/> he studied civil engineering at the [[University of Nottingham]]<ref name="Express">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2017/mar/19/flashback-of-first-flier-who-flew-farthest-in-1930-1582930.html|title=Flashback of first flier who flew farthest in 1930|date=19 March 2017|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=19 February 2019}}</ref> and took flying lessons at the nearby [[Hucknall Aerodrome]]. In 1928, he received his flying licence from the [[Royal Aero Club|Aero Club of London]].<ref name="Sapru2014"/><ref name=Fyzee1991>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDbAAAAMAAJ&q=chawla|title=Aircraft and engine perfect: the story of JRD Tata who opened up skies for his country|last=Fyzee|first=Murad|date=1991|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Pub. Co.|isbn=9780074601204|language=en|page=39}}</ref>

== Family ==
Ram Nath Chawla was fourth among five brothers. His family consisted of his wife, one daughter, Bimla Khetarpal (Chawla being her maternal surname), and two sons, Jung Bahadur Chawla and Avtar Chawla. He lived in small town called, Kasur, now in Pakistan before partition of India but had to leave all their belongings in Pakistan (like millions of others) when the partition of India took place.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}}

== Early flying career ==
In November 1929, keen on promoting aviation, the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]], 48th Iman of the [[Isma'ilism|Ismailai]] sect of Muslims,<ref name="Chowdhury2018">{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TGpUDwAAQBAJ&q=aspy&pg=PA368|title=Defence of Europe by Sikh Soldiers in the World Wars|last=Chowdhry|first=Mohindra S.|date=2018|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|isbn=9781788037983|chapter=7. Sikhs in the Second World War|pages=369|language=en}}</ref> announced a £500 prize<ref name="Chowdhury2018" /> for the first Indian to fly solo between India and England, in either direction, within a one-month time frame.<ref name="Rao2000">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pBCIAwAAQBAJ&q=Aga+Khan+1929+flight+prize&pg=PP8|title=J. R. D. TATA|last=Rao|first=Prof L. S. Seshagiri|date=2000|publisher=Sapna Book House (P) Ltd.|isbn=9788128017438|language=en}}</ref>

Unable to cover the cost of participating, Chawla teamed up with 17-year-old Aspy Merwan Engineer, who had recently received his flying licence and a [[de Havilland DH.60|de Havilland Gipsy Moth]] aircraft as a birthday gift.<ref name="Express"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Tributes/1074-Engineers.html|title=Brothers-in-Arms : The Flying Engineer Brothers|last=Singh|first=Farida|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com|language=en-gb|access-date=8 March 2019|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219183357/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Tributes/1074-Engineers.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 3 March 1930, with Chawla as the main pilot, they both flew the aircraft from Karachi, to [[Croydon Airport]], England, taking 17 days.<ref name="spsAviation"/><ref name="FlightMay1930">{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%200519.html?search=chawla|title=1930 {{!}} 0519 {{!}} Flight Archive|website=www.flightglobal.com|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=21 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221054656/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%200519.html?search=chawla|url-status=dead}}</ref> After losing their way a number of times, they were received at Croydon by a welcoming crowd and presented with garlands of flowers by the Mayor of London and rewarded with 7,500 rupees from the Indian government.<ref name="Sapru2014">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SEa6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT442|title=Combat Lore: Indian Air Force 1930-1945|last=Sapru|first=Somnath|publisher=KW Publishers|year=2014|isbn=9789383649259|page=442}}</ref><ref name="spsAviation">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sps-aviation.com/story/?id=578|title=Aspy Engineer (1912–2002) – SP's Aviation|website=www.sps-aviation.com|access-date=16 February 2019}}</ref><ref name="Burge1930">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V0zOAAAAMAAJ&q=r.+n.+chawla+air|title=The Air Annual of the British Empire|last=Burge|first=Cyril G.|date=1930|publisher=Gale & Polden.|language=en}}</ref> Members of the Punjab Association and officials from the [[Air Ministry]] were also present.<ref name=Cluett1980/>

On 27 March 1930, ''The Wallington and Carshalton Times'' captured the arrival at Croydon with a photograph of both pilots and the headline "From India's coral strand". Under the image were the words "Victor’s laurels".<ref name=Cluett1980>{{Cite book|title=Croydon Airport: the great days, 1928-1939 : [by] Douglas Cluett, Joanna Nash, Bob Learmonth.|last1=Cluett|first1=Douglas|last2=Nash|first2=Joanna|last3=Learmonth|first3=Bob|last4=Sutton Libraries and Arts Services|date=1980|publisher=London Borough of Sutton Libraries and Arts Services|isbn=0950322482|location=Sutton, Surrey (Central Library, St Nicholas Way, Sutton, Surrey)|pages=16–18|language=en|chapter=2. Life at the Airport|oclc=16475697}}</ref>

A reception was held on 10 April 1930.<ref name="FlightApril1930">{{Cite web|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%200464.html?search=chawla|title=1930 {{!}} 0464 {{!}} Flight Archive|website=www.flightglobal.com|access-date=20 February 2019}}</ref> Aspy Engineer shortly returned to Karachi and won the prize, beating [[J. R. D. Tata]] by a few hours and winning over [[Man Mohan Singh (pilot)|Man Mohan Singh]] due to a technical issue.<ref name="spsAviation"/>

The 1965 ''Who's Who of Aviation Directory of Asia'' describes Chawla as "the first Indian to pilot an aircraft from Karachi to Croydon, UK in 1930".<ref name="Sapru2014"/>

== The Aga Khan Award ==
He won the [[Aga Khan III|Aga Khan]] Award for the first Indian to make a flight to and from England to India. Source: https://www.britishpathe.com/video/from-india-in-17-days.

== Later flying career ==
In 1934, Chawla flew from India to England, solo, in a [[de Havilland Puss Moth]].<ref name="Sapru2014"/>

On 1 August 1940, following training at [[PAF Base Faisal]], [[Karachi]], he was commissioned into the [[Royal Air Force]] as an equipment officer.<ref name="Sapru2014"/> After the [[partition of India]], Chawla became the senior most equipment officer in the [[Indian Air force]].<ref name="EngineerMemoirs1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/ww2/veterans/1188-aspy-engineer.html|title=Air Marshal Aspy Engineer's Recollections|last=Engineer|first=Air Marshal Aspy|website=www.bharat-rakshak.com|language=en-gb|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=17 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190217030257/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/history/ww2/veterans/1188-aspy-engineer.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> He retired as a wing commander in 1953 and logged 960 hours as a civilian pilot.<ref name="Sapru2014"/>

==Death==
Chawla died on 23 February 1986.<ref name="BharatRakshak"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.britishpathe.com/video/from-india-in-17-days From India In 17 Days 1930], Movie footage of arrival at Croydon with Aspy Engineer, March 1930
*[https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/search.aspx?ArchiveSearchForm%24search=chawla&ArchiveSearchForm%24fromYear=&ArchiveSearchForm%24toYear=&x=0&y=0 Chawla, ''Flight'' Journal]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chawla, Ram Nath}}
[[Category:1903 births]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Indian aviators]]
[[Category:Croydon Airport]]
[[Category:1986 deaths]]

Gaudavaho

2025-08-03T20:40:50Z

Meeekil: done.

{{short description|Epic poem by Vākpatirāja}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Gaudavaho
| author = Vākpatirāja
| title_orig = गउडवहो
| orig_lang_code = PRA
| translator = Narhari Govind Suru
| country = [[Ancient India]]
| language = [[Prakrit]]
| subject = Life of king [[Yashovarman]]
| genre = [[Mahakavya]]
| pub_date = 8th century
| exclude_cover = yes
}}

'''''Gaudavaho''''' ("Slaying of the [[Gauda kingdom|Gauda]] king"), also known as '''Gauḍavaha''', is an 8th-century [[Prakrit]]-language epic poem by Vākpatirāja. It narrates the exploits of the poet's patron, king [[Yashovarman]], who ruled in northern India. The poem deifies the king as an incarnation of the god [[Vishnu]], and credits him with several military achievements, including slaying of the Gauda king.

A little over 1200 verses of the text are known from several manuscripts. According to some scholars including [[Georg Bühler]], the surviving text is only a prelude to the larger poem that Vakpati intended to write, and possibly never finished.

== Authorship ==

Gaudavaho was composed by Vakpati-raja (Prakrit: "Bappai-rāa"{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxix}}), a court poet of king [[Yashovarman]]. He wrote in the first half of the 8th century. He states that he was known as ''Kavi-raja'' (Prakrit: "Kairāa",{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxxviii}} "king of poets"), an epithet possibly awarded to him by his patron Yashovarman.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=vii}} [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'' suggests that both Vakpati and [[Bhavabhuti]] were court poets of Lalitaditya.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=liv-lv}} Vakpati's reference to Bhavabhuti in ''Gaudavaho'' suggests that Bhavabhuti was not alive when ''Gaudavaho'' was composed. He appears to have been younger than Bhavabhuti, and probably a pupil or admirer of Bhavabhuti.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=lxx}}

Vakpati was well-versed with the works of earlier poets such as [[Bhasa]], [[Kalidasa]], and [[Subandhu]].{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=vii}} He highly praised the Prakrit language, and composed two poems in it: Mahumaha-viyayo (''Madhumatha-vijaya'') and ''Gaudavaho''. The first poem, which was composed earlier, is a [[Lost literary work|lost work]]: Vakpati describes it as far superior to ''Gaudavaho''.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=vii}}

Vallabhadeva's ''Subhashitavali'' suggests that his father's name was Harsha-deva; a verse is attributed to Harsha-deva in ''Subhashita Ratna Bhandagara''. Soddhala's ''Udaya-sundari-katha'' states that Vakpati was born in a royal family. A verse in [[Halayudha]]'s commentary on [[Pingala]]'s work also suggests that Vakpati was a prince as well as a poet. However, a note on Halayudha's verse in ''Dasharupavaloka'' states that the Vakpati referred to here is to the 10th century [[Paramara dynasty|Paramara]] king [[Vakpati Munja]]. A verse in ''[[Yashastilaka|Yashas-tilaka]]'' states that Vakpati-raja was imprisoned by Yashovarman, and composed his poem in the prison.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=lx}}

''Bappabhatti-Suri-Charita'', a biography of the [[Jainism|Jain]] leader [[Bappabhattisuri|Bappabhatti-suri]], claims that Vakpati was born in the Paramara royal family, and was imprisoned by king "Yashodharma". Vakpati wrote ''Gaudavaho'' in prison, and impressed by his poetic merit, Yashodharma freed him. Vakpati was a good friend of Bappabhatti, and converted from [[Brahmanism]] to [[Śvetāmbara]] sect of Jainism. A similar story is narrated in other Jain works, including Rajashekhara Suri's ''[[Prabandha Kosha]]'' and Prabhachandra Suri's ''Prabhavaka-charita''. However, these works wrongly state that ''Mahumaha-vijayo'' was composed after ''Gaudavaho''. Also, these stories do not allude to any association between Vakpati and Yashovarman: instead, they state that Vakpati was patronized by [[Āma]], who is described as a son of Yashovarman. These Jain accounts can be dismissed as unreliable: they are mostly fabrications, aimed at showing how Bappabhatti was able to convert notable people including Vakpati to Jainism.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=lxi=lxv}}

== Organization ==

''Gaudavaho'' is organized in form of verses (''gatha''s) grouped into ''kulika''s or ''kulaka''s (group of verses with one theme, idea, or topic).{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=vii, xlix}} But, it is not divided into cantos or chapters: this form was later adopted by Kutuhala for ''Lilavati''.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=vii}} Pandit's critical edition contains 1209 verses, plus another 26 verses in the appnedix.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=i}}

The language of ''Gaudavaho'' can be described as [[Maharashtri Prakrit]].{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xcviii}} Vakpati's poetic style appears to be a mixture of "Gaudi" and "Vidarbhi", more of "Gaudi".{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=lxxxv}} The poem uses [[Arya metre|Arya]] and [[Gatha (India)|Gatha]] [[metre (poetry)|metres]], except in verses 60 and 61, which use the Samagalitaka metre.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxxviii}}

== Critical editions ==

In the 1870s, German Indologist [[Georg Bühler]] came across a manuscript of ''Gaudavaho'' at the Jaina Bhandara, [[Jaisalmer]]. He requested Indian scholar Shankar Pandurang Pandit to work on a [[critical edition]] of the text. Pandit consulted three more manuscripts from the [[Jain literature|Jaina]] collections of western India, as well as Haripala's [[Sanskrit]] language commentary on ''Gaudavaho''. His critical edition - Bombay Sanskrit and Prakrit Series #34 - was published in 1887.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=vii}}

In 1927, N. B. Utgikar released a reprint of Pandit's edition, with notes from Bühler and Jacobi.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=vii-viii}}

In 1975, Narhari Govind Suru came up with an updated critical edition with an English translation. This edition incorporated 26 additional ''gatha''s into the main text without translation; Pandit's edition included these ''gatha''s in the appendix.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xii}}

== Completeness of the surviving text ==

The poem's title suggests that the slaying of the Gauda king would be its major theme. However, the surviving text mentions the incident only once.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=i}} Out of more than 1200 verses, only 3 or 4 verses describe the conflict with the Gauda king.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xliv}} Moreover, the last ''gatha'' states that the life of the king "will now be narrated", asking the audience to listen.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=i}}

Scholars such as [[Johannes Hertel]] and N. B. Utgikar regard the surviving text as a complete work, and believe that Vakpati had no intention of writing more. According to Utgikar, the last part of the poem refers to the composition of the preceding verses. The prominence of "Gauda" in the title of the poem can be attributed to the staunch rivalry between Yashovarman and the king of Gauda.{{sfn|S. M. Mishra|1971|pp=137-139}}

Other scholars, such as Pandit and Bühler, theorize that the surviving text of ''Gaudavaho'' is only a prelude to the larger work that Vakpati planned to write, but possibly could not complete.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=viii, xliii-xliv}} The [[colophon (publishing)|colophon]] of three manuscripts describes the surviving text of ''Gaudavaho'' as ''katha-pitham'' (Prakrit: ''kahāvīḍhaṃ'' in two manuscripts, ''gāhāvīḍhaṃ'' in another). Bühler notes that ''katha-pitham'' is the title of the introductory parts of [[Somadeva]]'s ''[[Kathasaritsagara|Katha-sarit-sagara]]'' and Kshemendra's ''Brhat-katha-manjari'', both of which are Sanskrit-language adaptations of ''[[Brihatkatha]]''.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xliv}}

[[Hermann Jacobi]] opposes this theory, stating that the surviving text is too large to have formed only a prelude of a larger work, and the poet would not have included the best part of his work (such as descriptions of natural scenery) in a prelude. Jacobi theorizes that the surviving text is an abridgement of Vakpati's complete text: the later redactors seem to discarded the parts that were not of interest to poets.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xliv-xlv}} This may also explain why the number of verses differs between manuscripts: the largest manuscript has 133 more verses than the shortest one.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xlvi}} Jacobi notes that Haripala's commentary on ''Gaudavaho'' is titled ''Haripala-Virachita-Gaudavadha-Sara-Tika'' ("Commentary on the [[epitome]] of Gaudavaho, written by Haripala"). This suggests that the manuscript available to Haripala contained only an abridged version (''sāra'' or epitome) of Gaudavaho.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xlvi}} [[Moriz Winternitz]] also regards the surviving text as a summary of a longer poem.{{sfn|S. M. Mishra|1971|p=137}}

N. G. Suru disagrees with Jacobi, stating that several post-Kalidasa poets enjoyed voluminous writing, focusing on quantity over quality. Therefore, it is possible that Vakpati planned to write a very large poem, although he may have not been able to finish it. He may have included the description of natural scenery in the prelude, because he intended to focus on the main theme (the killing of the Gauda king) in the subsequent parts of the poem. Suru states that the different number of verses in various manuscripts may result from preferences of the copyists. Suru further argues that Haripala wrote a commentary on the manuscript with the least number of verses, and he himself admits that he is commenting on an earlier part of ''Gaudavaho''.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xlvi-xlviii}}

The last verse in two manuscripts of ''Gaudavaho'', written in the ''upajati'' metre, suggests that the work is finished. Suru regards this verse as an addition by the copyists, noting that it refers to the completion of the ''katha-pitham'' (prelude). If it referred to the completion of ''Gaudavaho'', it would be in contradiction with the preceding verse, which states that the story of the king will now be told.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xlviii-xlix}}

According to the [[Kashmir]]i poet [[Kalhana]]'s ''[[Rajatarangini]]'', Yashovarman was defeated by and became a vassal of the Kashmiri king [[Lalitaditya Muktapida|Lalitaditya]].{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=liv-lv}} Yashovarman's defeat may have prevented Vakpati from completing his work.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=lxxiv}}{{sfn|S. M. Mishra|1971|p=142}} Indologist [[A.K. Warder]] theorizes that the ''Gaudavaho'' may have been composed after Yashovarman's defeat against Lalitaditya, as the poem features an "atmosphere of nostalgia" with "bitter verses on good and evil, on the vanity of the present age when success is reserved for mediocrity and jealously withheld from excellence."{{sfn|A. K. Warder|1972|p=42}}

== Plot ==

=== Prelude ===

Vakpati invokes several gods in the first 61 verses. He starts with [[Brahma]], and then refers to [[Vishnu]] and his incarnations including [[Narasimha]], [[Varaha]], [[Vamana]], [[Kurma]], [[Mohini]], and [[Krishna]].{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=ii}} Next, the poet invokes [[Shiva]] and his aspects such as [[Ardhanarishvara]]. He then refers to Shiva's son [[Kartikeya]], and Shiva's consort [[Parvati]], naming her various aspects including [[Mahishasura|Mahishasura Mardini]], [[Kali]], and [[Chamunda]]. He further invokes [[Saraswati]], [[Surya]], [[Shesha]], [[Ganesha|Ganapati]], [[Lakshmi]], and [[Kamadeva|Kama]], and [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]].{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=iii}}{{sfn|Nandini Bhowmik|2004|p=77}}

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=What is real is made to look unreal and the unreal looks perfectly real, while sometimes the thing is pictured exactly as it stands. Such are the ways of good poets.
|source = ''Gaudavaho'' verse 66{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=8}}
}}
In the next 36 verses, Vakpati talks about poets, their impact, their challenges, the language used by them (Sanskri or Prakrit), their aspirations, and their disappointments.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=iii-iv}}

Vakpati then glorifies his patron Yashovarman, calling him the Lord of the Earth, deifying him as an incarnation of Vishnu. He states that the king of gods - [[Indra]] - invites Yashovarman to share his throne.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=v-vi}} The poet then describes a mythological episode of how Indra cut the wings of the flying mountains.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=vi-viii}} Next, Vakpati talks about Yashovarman's courtesans playing water-sports in the bathing tanks of defeated enemies. He then describes [[pralaya]], the periodic dissolution of the world, stating that its sole survivor - Vishnu - had incarnated as Yashovarman.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=viii}} The next 10 verses describe the pitiful condition of the widows of the enemy kings.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=ix}}

=== Expeditions ===

Vakpati then states that after Yashovarman's [[Rājyābhiṣeka|coronation ceremony]], as soon as the rainy season ended, the king launched a campaign for world conquest. The gods, the celestial nymphs, and the bards celebrated this event. Yashovarman's army comprised four units: infantry, cavalry, chariots, and elephants: Vakpati describes the horses and elephants in more detail.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=ix}}

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=You strike terror even with these pillars decorated with cloth dyed red, prominently displaying, as it were, circular heaps of flesh (from animals) butchered for your offering.
|source = ''Gaudavaho'' verse 322, addressing the goddess [[Vindhyavasini]]{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=37}}
}}
The poet then describes the winter season, stating that Yashovarman marched to the [[Son River|Shona river]] and then to the [[Vindhya]] mountains. There, the Shabara tribals directed him to the temple of the goddess [[Vindhyavasini]]. The king worshipped the goddess, and Vakpati describes these ceremonies and the goddess in great detail. He uses various names for the goddess, including Madhavi, Bhairavi, Chandi, Narayani, Shankari, Kali, Shabari, Gauri, and Tapasi.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=x}} Vakpati then narrates the king's thoughts upon seeing a dead body in the temple precinct.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xi-xii}} Vakpati continues with poetic descriptions of the summer season, followed by that of the rainy season.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xiii-xiv}}

Next, he describes the killing of the [[Gauda kingdom|Gauda]] king. The allies of the Gauda king initially deserted him and fled away, but later, they re-grouped and joined him on the battlefield. Yashovarman defeated them in a fierce fight, seized the fleeing Gauda king, and killed him.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xv}}

Yashovarman then marched along the coast, and defeated the Vanga king.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xv}} He proceeded to the South, where the southern king cordially submitted before him. His army crossed the [[Malaya Mountains]], and reached the sea shore, where [[Vali (Ramayana)|Vali]] and [[Ravana]] once roamed about. Yashovarman then defeated the [[Parasika kingdom|Parasikas]] in a fierce battle as part of his world-conquest, just like Raghu had done in the past (a reference to Kalidasa's ''[[Raghuvaṃśa]]'').{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xvi}} He marched to the western mountain ranges, and collected tribute from the local rulers. Vakpati narrates how the ancient king [[Pṛthu]] had leveled the mountains, which had now grown in size.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xvi-xvii}}

Vakpati states that Yashovarman then arrived on the banks of the river [[Narmada]], and encamped there. The poet personalizes the river, and describes her love for the royal sage [[Kartavirya]]. Next, the king visited the sea shore, and stayed at the site of the [[samudra-manthana|churning of the ocean]]. His army then marched across the desert region of [[Marwar|Maru-desha]] (Marwar).{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xvii}}

Vakpati then describes Yashovarman's arrival in the suburbs of the Shrikantha ([[Thanesar]]) city, where the ancient king [[Janamejaya]] had performed a [[Sarpa Satra|snake sacrifice]] ceremony to avenge his father's death. The poet provides a graphic description of the ceremony.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xviii}} The king then moved to [[Kurukshetra]], where he enjoyed water-sports with his lovers in the lake which was the site of the fight between [[Bhima]] and [[Duryodhana]]. Vakpati alludes to episodes from the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', including the fight between [[Karna]] and [[Arjuna]].{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xix}}

According to the poet, Yashovarman then visited [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|Ayodhya]] and built a "palatial temple" there in one day. Vakpati narrates how the gods transported the city of Ayodhya to heaven as requested by the ancient king [[Harishchandra]].{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xix-xx}} After Ayodhya, the king proceeded to the slopes of the [[Mount Mandara|Mandara mountain]], where the local rich people offered him gifts. His army then proceeded northwards, and visited the [[Himalayas|Himalayan region]], including the vicinity of the [[Mount Kailash|Kailasa mountain]]. Vakpati describes the natural scenery, as seen by the king's army, in detail.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xx-xxi}} He then describes the pitiful state of the kings subjugated by Yashovarman.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxiv}}

=== After the end of expeditions ===

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=They look beautiful with a pair of their rounded breasts, swelling at the prospect of getting from their lover a close embrace, which look very much like a pair of wheels of the [[Kamadeva]]'s chariot heading towards their lover.
|source = ''Gaudavaho'' verse 759, describing the king's lovers{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxvii}}
}}
Vakpati then describes erotic scenes involving the army soldiers and their wives after the end of the expedition.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxv}} He then narrates how panegyrists glorified the king using poetic exaggerations and described how the king's lovers undressed before they got into bed with him. Vakpati mentions that now the king focused solely on love-making. The wives of the king of Magadha (or Gauda) were made to wave [[fly-whisk]]s over the king, like the slave girls, and cried at their plight.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxvi}} The poet then describes the king's love scenes and playful activities with his lovers.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xxvii-xxviii}} Next, he narrates the grooming and make-up activities of these ladies after bath.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxviii}}

=== Autobiography ===

The poet then provides an autobiographical note, stating that he held the title "Kavi-raja" (king of poets), and that poet Kamalayudha highly respected him. He describes his work as "spray particles of poetic nectar churned out from the ocean of [[Bhavabhuti]]'s works". He enjoyed reading the works of poets such as [[Bhasa]], Jvalanamitra, Kuntideva, [[Kalidasa]], [[Subandhu]], and Harichandra. He also enjoyed reading scritpures, works on grammar and [[mimamsa]], prosody, [[Bharata Muni|Bharata]]'s ''[[Natya Shastra]]'', Gautama's [[Nyaya Sutras]], lgendary texts (such as the [[Ramayana]] and the [[Mahabharata]]), and the works of other excellent poets. Vakpati then praises himself, calling his poetic speech "full of sentiment, full of substance, brilliant and solid in thought".{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxix}}

=== Story behind composition ===

Vakpati then describes what led him to compose ''Gaudavaho''. He states that one day, in the assembly, the audience requested him to tell them about king Yashovarman, especially the slaying of the Gauda king. Vakpati praises the king, calling him a manifestation of the god [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xxx-xxxi}}

{{Quote box |width=25em |align=right |salign = right
|quote=Men who have acquired great merits look down upon great Lakshmi (the goddess of wealth) as most insignificant, and of no consequence. Hence is Lakshmi's hatred and hostility towards merits, not without reason, of course.
|source = ''Gaudavaho'' verse 922{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=103}}
}}

Vakpati then devotes 150 verses to describe the "dry and insipid worldly life" of his period, venting out his frustrations about sycophancy of courtiers, nepotism, fraud, poverty, stinginess of rich people, lack of respect for the non-wealthy, and general wickedness in the society.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xxxi-xxxiii}} The poet then states that in this sordid world, it would be rewarding to hear about king Yashovarman's virtues.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=xxxiv-xxxv}} He then glorifies the king, narrating how god [[Shiva]] tested him by appearing as a lion before him, calling him as an incarnation of Vishnu multiple times, and describing him as a member of the [[lunar dynasty]].{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxxv}}

Vakpati states that now "Gaudavaho, a big enterprise" will be narrated. The assembly then disperses to meet the next morning.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxxv}} The poet describes the sunset and the moon-rise. He states that he decided to sleep, finding himself unable to continue narrating the king's exploits because doing so incorrectly would weaken the king's glory.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxxvi}} However, he did not get sleep, and used the night to compose 42 verses describing love scenes involving young women applying make-up, couples flirting and drinking wine together, hugging and kissing, enjoyment of sex, and sleep afterwards. He then describes the end of the night and the sunrise.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxxvii}}

After waking up and finishing his morning routine, Vakpati prepares to narrate the king's life, describing it as similar to the life of [[Chanakya]]. A great assembly of gods, [[apsara|nymphs]], men, women, and birds gathers in an open auditorium (as had happened in Bhavabhuti's play ''[[Uttararamacarita]]'').{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxxvii}} As Vakpati starts his narration, there is perfect silence. He states that he is now going to talk about the king's life, and asks the audience to listen.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=xxxviii}}

== Historicity ==

''Gaudavaho'' is ''[[prashasti]]''-kavya, aimed at glorifying Vakpati's patron, king Yashovarman.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=i}} The surviving text of the poem does not contain much historical narrative: it focuses more on mythological episodes, and on other topics found commonly in ''mahakavya''s, such as natural scenery and march of armies.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|p=viii}}

Historian [[V. V. Mirashi]] calls ''Gaudavaho'' "mostly a fictionalised piece" that does not name any of the defeated kings, and appears to be modeled on Kalidasa's ''Raghuvaṃśa'' and [[Harishena]]'s panegyric on [[Samudragupta]]. That said, Yashovarman's subjugation of the eastern king of [[Gauda kingdom|Gauda]] or [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] appears to be a true event.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=liii-liv}} According to commentator Haripala, as well as several later scholars, the text uses the terms "Magadha king" and "Gauda king" to refer to the same person. According to this theory, during Yashovarman's time, Magadha was a part of Gauda, or vice versa.{{sfn|S. M. Mishra|1971|p=144}} According to Mirashi, the defeated king was probably Jivitagupta II, the last known ruler of the [[Later Gupta dynasty]]. An inscription found at [[Nalanda]] in Magadha describes Yashovarman as a famous king who destroyed all his enemies with his sword.{{sfn|N. G. Suru|1975|pp=liii-liv}} Shyam Manohar Mishra, relying on Jain texts, believes that the kings of Gauda and Magadha were two different persons, and the Gauda king was named Dharma.{{sfn|S. M. Mishra|1971|p=144}} Amita Bhattacharya notes that in the poem, learned people request Vakpati to narrate the killing of "the lord of the Magadhas" and Vakpati's reply refers to "the king of the Gaudas". This suggests that the poet identified the king of Gauda with the king of Magadha.{{sfn|Amita Bhattacharya|1975|p=40}} Bhattacharya identifies the defeated king as Vishnugupta, the father of Jivitagupta II, and states that the Gauda region may have been a part of the Later Gupta kingdom at the time.{{sfn|Amita Bhattacharya|1975|p=41}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=A. K. Warder |author-link=A. K. Warder |title=An Introduction to Indian Historiography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nCluAAAAMAAJ |year=1972 |publisher=Popular Prakashan }}
* {{cite journal |author=Amita Bhattacharya |title=The Gauda king referred to in Vākpatirāja's Gaudavaho |journal=Proceedings of the Indian History Congress |volume=36 |year=1975 |pages=38–42 |jstor=44138832 }}
* {{cite book |editor=N. G. Suru |title=Gaudavaho by Vakpatiraja |year=1975 |series=Prakrit Text Series No. 18 |publisher=Prakrit Text Society |location=Ahmedabad |oclc=463112812 |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/001364/1 }}
* {{cite book |author=Nandini Bhowmik |title=Vākpatirāja's Gauḍavaho: Historical and Social Aspects |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zf9jAAAAMAAJ }}
* {{cite journal |author=S. M. Mishra |title=A note on the title of Vākpati's poem Gaudavaho and the identification of the king of Gaud |journal=Bhāratī: Bulletin of the College of Indology |volume=15 |year=1971 |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iu1tAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA137 }}
{{ref end}}

[[Category:Prakrit literature]]
[[Category:8th-century poems]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Panchatantra]]

Andhra Natyam

2025-03-29T02:09:54Z

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{{Short description|Type of dance}}
{{Italic title}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{One source| date = August 2019}}
{{Cleanup|date=February 2022|reason=Badly formatted}}
}}
{{Use Indian English|date = August 2019}}
{{Infobox dance
| name = Andhranatyam
| image =
| image_size = 260
| caption = Andhranatyam official logo depicting Agama, Asthana and Prabandha Nartanam styles
| origin = [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]
| genre = [[Indian classical dance]]
}}
'''''Andhranatyam''''' is a dance in the Nattuva Mela tradition, one of the two ancient dance traditions in [[India]]. Natya Mela which is performed by men, and Nattuva Mela which women perform.

Andhranatyam, the ancient classical temple dance of Andhra which has been in vogue for the past 2000 years. It was performed in the [[Buddhist temple|Buddhist Aramas]], temples, and royal courts by the cultured and dedicated female artists. Andhranatyam is formerly known with different names like Aradhana, Kacheri, Darbar, Kelika, Chinna Melam, Mejuvani, and Dasi Ata, etc.

Unlike other female dances like Bharatanatyam, temple, and court dances, Andhranatyam had become inert at one point in time. It was later revived in 1970 and is being propagated for the last 50 years at national and international platforms, particularly in the Telugu-speaking regions

==The Repertoire==
Andhranatyam includes beautiful, delicate body movements with graceful gestures and slenderness of the Kaisiki Vritti, performed by the female artists. It has [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]], [[Asthana (clan)|Asthana]], and [[Prabandha (Telugu)|Prabandha]] styles in it. It is performed in Marga tradition in temples as prescribed in Agama sastras. With a tinge of the Desi tradition, it is performed in the classical style in temple asthanas and courts of kings called Kacheri, Darbar ata, etc. The Prabandha style is famous for its classical regional rendition with lokadharmi.

Andhranatyam is a combination of Agama, Asthana, and [[Prabandha]] traditions, which a female artiste can showcase on the same stage and in the same performance. It is an Eka Patra Kelika, i.e. a solo performance by a female artist. It has been designed and is being depicted as one of the earliest female-oriented dance traditions, with a well-knit repertoire to suit the modern theatre.

The distinct feature of Andhranatyam is the process that depicts the ancient tradition to suit the current stage. The repertoire contains the three traditions: Agama nartanam, Asthana nartanam, and Prabandha nartanam.

=== Agama Nartanam ===
Agama Nartanam, also called as Temple Dance. This form of repertoire is dedicated to the temple deities and performed in the temples. The usage of traditional Kumbha Harathi as a part of the worship to the God is done.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.andhranatyam.org/the-repertoire|title=Repertoire | Andhra Natyam|website=Andhranatyam-Perini}}</ref>

In addition to the items in the image to the right, the following items are also performed:
#Kauthams
# Kaivarams
# Ashtadikpalaka Aaradhana
# Navasandhi
# Adhyatma Ramayana Keerthanas, etc.

=== Asthana Nartanam ===

This form of the repertoire is performed in King's courts<ref name="auto"/>

In the Asthana sampradaya, selected items like Sabda, Swara, Sahithya Pallavis, Sabdam or salam jatis, Padavarnams, Padams, Javalis, Slokas, etc. are performed. Asthana kelika in a temple is different from a kelika in the court of a king. According to the king's taste, the former leads the audience towards spiritualism, whereas the latter is for entertainment for kings, scholars, intellectuals, and others. Saatvikabhinayam predominates in the depiction of Padam. Slokabhinayam is unique to the version of "Anvayam." Padyams are also performed as part of the repertoire.

=== Prabandha Nartanam ===

This form of repertoire is performed in public places used as a method for story telling.<ref name="auto"/>

Kalapams are performed as part of the Prabandha nartanam. The Kalapams are Bhamakalapam, Gollakalapam, Radhamadhavam, etc. In Nattuva Mela tradition, the Bhamakalapam was performed for nine nights outside the temple and called Navajanardhana Parijatham. Earlier it was performed for nine consecutive nights at Kunti Madhava Temple by Late Pendyala Satyabhama and artists from the same family of Pithapuram.

== See also ==
* [[Perini Sivatandavam]]
* [[Vilasini Natyam]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Dance in India}}

[[Category:Classical dance genres of India]]
[[Category:Culture of Andhra Pradesh]]

Hebbal, Bangalore

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#REDIRECT [[Hebbal, Bengaluru]]

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K. Gangavaram mandal, Konaseema district

2024-10-29T04:33:43Z

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#REDIRECT [[K. Gangavaram mandal]]

Wah! Wah! Kya Baat Hai!

2024-09-08T22:50:28Z

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#REDIRECT [[List of programmes broadcast by Sony SAB#Reality/non-scripted programming]]

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Dadade

2024-07-08T19:00:55Z

Meeekil: added.

{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Dadade
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| etymology =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|19.8541106|N|73.0346244|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Palghar district|Palghar]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluka]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Vikramgad]]
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| seat_type = [[Panchayat]]
| seat =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_m = 108
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 5251
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| area_code_type = 
| area_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[2011 Census of India|2011 census]] code
| blank_info_sec1 = 551772
| footnotes =
}}
'''Dadade''' is a village in the [[Palghar district]] of [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. It is located in the [[Vikramgad]] [[taluka]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |title=Maharashtra villages |publisher=Land Records Information Systems Division, NIC |accessdate=2015-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095320/http://dolr.nic.in/dolr/mpr/revenuevillagedirectorypdf/Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Demographics ==

According to the [[2011 census of India]], Dadade has 851 households. The effective literacy rate (i.e. the literacy rate of population excluding children aged 6 and below) is 61.69%.<ref name="census_2011"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Demographics (2011 Census)<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |title=District census data |work=[[2011 Census of India]] |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations |accessdate=2015-08-17 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002001310/http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/PCA%20CDB-2721-F-Census.xlsx |archivedate=2015-10-02 }}</ref>
! !! Total !! Male !! Female
|-
| Population || 5251 || 2622 || 2629
|-
| Children aged below 6 years || 866 || 419 || 447
|-
| [[Scheduled caste]] || 2 || 1 || 1
|-
| [[Scheduled tribe]] || 5189 || 2588 || 2601
|-
| Literates || 2705 || 1554 || 1151
|-
| Workers (all) || 2407 || 1243 || 1164
|-
| Main workers (total) || 2288 || 1149 || 1139
|-
| Main workers: Cultivators || 1583 || 780 || 803
|-
| Main workers: Agricultural labourers || 626 || 308 || 318
|-
| Main workers: Household industry workers || 5 || 1 || 4
|-
| Main workers: Other || 74 || 60 || 14
|-
| Marginal workers (total) || 119 || 94 || 25
|-
| Marginal workers: Cultivators || 16 || 7 || 9
|-
| Marginal workers: Agricultural labourers || 97 || 84 || 13
|-
| Marginal workers: Household industry workers || 1 || 1 || 0
|-
| Marginal workers: Others || 5 || 2 || 3
|-
| Non-workers || 2844 || 1379 || 1465
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Vikramgad taluka}}

[[Category:Villages in Vikramgad taluka]]