Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ashok Shandilya

2023-10-09T10:01:23Z

Mediagroup:

{{Short description|Indian billiards player}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| nationality = India
| birth_date = 30 November 1968
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|English billiards}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|English billiards singles}}
{{MedalGold|[[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]]|English billiards doubles}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|English billiards singles}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Cue sports at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's English billiards doubles|doubles]]}}
}}
'''Ashok Shandilya''' is an Indian billiards player.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2002-04-12 |title=Ashok Shandilya crowns himself with glory |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/magazine/ashok-shandilya-crowns-himself-with-glory/article29636115.ece |access-date=2023-10-07 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> He won the [[IBSF World Billiards Championship]] in 2002, and was runner-up in 1990, 1997, 2001, and 2007.
==Career==
He won the 2002 [[ACBS English Billiards Asian Championships|Asian Billiards Championship]], defeating 16-year old Pankaj Advani by 5:4.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-03-26 |title=Shandilya crowned Asian Billiard Champion |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/shandilya-crowned-asian-billiard-champion/articleshow/4781407.cms |access-date=2023-10-07 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Mushtaq Solanki

2023-10-07T08:09:22Z

Mediagroup:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| constituency = [[Arya Nagar Assembly constituency|Arya Nagar]]
| birth_date = 13 January 1955
| death_date = 2 June 2006
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| title = Haji
| term_start = 1996
| term_end = 2006
| relations = [[Irfan Solanki]] (son)
| nationality = [[India]]n
| predecessor = [[Mahesh Chandra]]
| succeeded = [[Irfan Solanki|Haji Irfan Solanki]]
}}

'''Haji Mushtaq Solanki''' (13 January 1955 – 2 June 2006, Hindi: हाजी मुश्ताक़ सोलंकी) was an Indian politician. He was the member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]] from Arya Nagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-03-04 |title=MLA in the eye of the storm has a nearly clean slate |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/mla-in-the-eye-of-the-storm-has-a-nearly-clean-slate/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Mushtaq Solanki joined the [[Samajwadi Party]] in 1993. After that, in the year 1996, he was elected a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Arya Nagar Assembly constituency|Arya Nagar Assembly]]. Later, he was again elected a member of Uttar Pradesh in 2002, but due to illness, he could not complete his term.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-03 |title=Mushtaq Solanki passes away |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mushtaq-solanki-passes-away/story-ycTgcIOnzHZV1lJVmcfYIL.html |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=HAJI MUSHTAQ SOLANKI |url=https://www.electwise.in/politician/haji-mushtaq-solanki/ |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=Electwise |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
<references />
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1997–2002]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 2002–2007]]

Hafiz Mohammad Umar

2023-10-06T18:33:39Z

Mediagroup:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of [[Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| term_start = 1985
| term_end = 1989
| nationality = [[India]]n
| constituency = [[Arya Nagar Assembly constituency|Arya Nagar]]
}}

'''Hafiz Mohammad Umar''' ([[Hindi]]: हाफ़िज़ मोहम्मद उमर, [[Urdu]]: حافظ محمد عمر) is an Indian Politician. He was the member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly]] from [[Arya Nagar Assembly constituency|Aryanagar]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2002-08-22 |title=Cong MLA involved in power theft |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/cong-mla-involved-in-power-theft/articleshow/19804542.cms |access-date=2023-10-06 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=MPost |date=2019-11-24 |title=UP: 2 ex-mins among 10 leaders expelled by Cong |url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/nation/up-2-ex-mins-among-10-leaders-expelled-by-cong-387308 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.millenniumpost.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Political life ==
Mohammad Umar was first elected as a member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from Arya Nagar in the year 1985 on the [[Indian National Congress]] ticket.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1985–1989]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politician stubs]]

Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2023

2023-10-02T10:05:24Z

Mediagroup: Created page with '{{short description|Indian reality television program}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}} {{Infobox television | list_episodes = 1 | executive_producer = | producer = Zee Studios Television Full Screen Entertainment | editor = | camera = Multi-camera | runtime = 90 minutes | company = Full Screen Entertainment | network =...'

{{short description|Indian reality television program}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| list_episodes = 1
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Zee Studios|Zee Studios Television]] Full Screen Entertainment
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 90 minutes
| company = Full Screen Entertainment
| network = [[Zee TV]] [[Zee5]]
| num_seasons = 31
| first_aired = {{Start date|2023|8|26|df=y}}
| last_aired = present
| related = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]
}}
| num_episodes = 12 
| language = Hindi
| image =
| director =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| genre = Singing reality television
| creator = [[Gajendra Singh (producer)|Gajendra Singh]]
| based_on =
| developer = Gajendra Singh
| writer =
| creative_director = Neeraj Sharma
| country = India
| presenter = [[Aditya Narayan]]
| judges = {{plainlist|
* [[Anu Malik]]
* [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
* [[Neeti Mohan]]
}}
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme = Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar
| endtheme =
| composer =
}}
'''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2023''' is the 31st season of the longest running singing reality show of India ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]'' that airs from 26 August 2023 on [[Zee TV]] and digitally on [[Zee5]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/all-you-need-to-know-about-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-2023-launch-on-zee-tv/|title=All you need to know about 'Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' 2023 launch on ZEE TV|date=19 August 2023|website=www.bizasialive.com}}</ref>

== Auditions ==
The major auditions were went in July 2023 in major big cities of India.<ref>[https://thelivenagpur.com/2023/07/28/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-2023-auditions-to-be-held-from-july-29/ Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2023’ auditions to be held from July 29]</ref>

The viewers had special chance to be spotted raw by judges in an auditions. In this launch the channel's Business Head Aparna Bhosle stated in an Interview with a media house "Over the years, our viewers have played an active role in shaping the journeys of their favorite contestants on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa through public voting that kicks in mid-season. However, the endeavour of involving our audience in nominating talent right from the auditions of this season lies in the insight that there is great joy in being a talent scout. Enabling audiences to spot and recommend talent to us not only ensures that we don't miss out on some rare, hidden gems while also turning our viewers into cheerleaders who will root for these contestants all through the season." <ref>[https://www.adgully.com/zee-tv-gives-viewers-the-power-to-scout-talent-for-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-2023-133228.html Zee TV gives viewers the power to scout talent for Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2023]</ref>

== Top 12 finalists ==
The top 12 contestants of ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2023'' Zee TV are:
{{plainlist|
*Nishtha Sharma
*Ranita Banerjee
*Abdul Shaikh
*Albert Kaboo Lepcha
*Sonia Gazmer
*Vejayalakshmi Puli
*Vastav Kumar
*Sneha Bhattacharya
*Bullet B-one
*Rik Basu
*Sana Arora
*Aaroh Shankar - Eliminated on 1st October, 2023|}}

Source - Prabhat Jagran<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=myX0BQ9xHtU|title=SaReGaMaPa 2023 TOP 12 Contestants Names List Announced!|via=www.youtube.com}}</ref>

==Judges and host==
The show is being judged by singer, composer, lyricist [[Anu Malik]], [[Himesh Reshammiya]] and Indian Playback Singer [[Neeti Mohan]] while the show is hosted by Indian Playback Singer, Television presenter [[ Aditya Narayan]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tellychakkar.com/tv/tv-news/neeti-mohan-joins-sa-re-ga-ma-pa-2023-judging-panel-230724|title=Neeti Mohan Joins Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2023 Judging Panel!|website=Tellychakkar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-contestants-mesmerize-judges-earn-playback-chance-from-himesh-reshammiya_199830|title=Sa Re Ga Ma Pa contestants mesmerize judges, earn playback chance from Himesh Reshammiya|website=India Forums}}</ref>

== Original Songs ==
The show introduced a new segment called OG Song which means every week 1 contestant will get a chance to record their Original Song and will release under [[Zee Music Company]] campaigned as a part of Zee Music Originals series in collaboration with Zee TV. <ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sa-re-ga-ma-pa-set-to-return-with-new-format-of-spontaneous-challenges/articleshow/103066091.cms?utm_source=whatsapp&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=AmpArticleshowicon|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa' set to return with new format of spontaneous challenges]</ref>

===List of Original Songs released in Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2023===
*''' Mere Soneya''' by ''' Albert Kabo'''<ref>[https://www.indiaforums.com/article/madhuri-dixit-mesmerized-by-albert-lepchas-mere-soneya-captures-it-live-on-sa-re-ga-ma-pa_200719%3fmode=amp|Madhuri Dixit, mesmerized by Albert Lepcha's 'Mere Soneya' - captures it live on Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Sa Re Ga Ma Pa]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television seasons]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Zee TV original programming]]

Bhekuli Biya

2023-09-08T11:53:18Z

Mediagroup: Initiated a new article outline.

'''Bhekuli Biya''', also known as frog marriage, is a traditional practice deeply rooted in Assam, India. Also referred to as "Mandooka Parinaya" and "Banger Biye" in various regions of India,<ref name="life" /> this ritual takes place during the dry summer months with the aim of invoking rain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Rabin Dev |last2=Singh |first2=Shri Bhagwan |title=Aspects of History and Culture |publisher=Ramanand Vidya Bhawan|language=English |page=60 |isbn=}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Datta |first=Bīrendranātha |title=Folkloric Foragings in India's North-East |publisher=Anundoram Borooah Institute of Language, Art, and Culture |language=English |page=32}}</ref>

As per Assamese tradition, their ancestors have a poem that describes how farmers question the clouds, asking why there is no rain. In response, the clouds explain that if the frogs do not croak, there won't be rain. The monsoon marks the frogs' mating season, and when they croak to call their mates, it triggers rainfall. This is how the croaking of frogs is linked to rainfall.<ref name=life>{{cite web |url=https://lifebeyondnumbers.com/frog-marriages-drought-rain/|title=India’s Drought Terror And The Curious Case Of Frog Marriages |last=Tanima |website= lifebeyondnumbers.com|publisher=|access-date=September 8, 2023|quote=}}</ref>

==Etymology==
The word "Bhekuli" is an Assamese word, which means "frog".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.xobdo.org/dic/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80|title= "Bhekuli" in Xobdo dictionary|last= |first= |website=xobdo.org |publisher=|access-date=September 8, 2023|quote=}}</ref> And the word "Biya" means "marriage". So, Bhekuli Biya literally means "frog marriage".<ref name=etymology>{{cite web |url=http://www.assaminfo.com/culture/76/bhekuli-biya-or-frog-weddings.htm|title=Bhekuli biya or frog weddings |last= |first= |website=assaminfo.in |publisher=|access-date=|quote=}}</ref>

==Celebration==
The ceremony is usually performed by a priest or elder of the village. The two frogs are caught and cleaned, and then dressed in traditional Assamese wedding clothes. They are then seated on a platform and tied together with a red thread. The priest then performs a puja, or prayer, asking for the rain god's blessings.<ref name=tradition>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/locals-resort-to-frog-wedding-to-get-respite-from-heatwave-in-assam-605269.html|title= Locals Resort To Age-Old Tradition Of Frog Wedding To Get Respite From Heatwave In Assam|last=Dutta |first=Srishti B |website= |publisher=[[India Times]]|access-date=|quote=}}</ref> Vermilion is applied to the female frog's forehead to signify her as the male frog's life partner.<ref name="mojo" />

After the puja, the frogs are released into a nearby pond or stream. It is believed that if the frogs stay together, it will be a sign that the rain god has been appeased and that rain will soon follow.<ref name="mojo" />

The marriage ceremony was performed as per Assamese customs and rituals. Organizing the marriage of frogs is part of Assamese folk culture.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.time8.in/frogs-married-off-in-assams-sivasagar-to-please-rain-gods/|title= Frogs Married Off In Assam’s Sivasagar To Please Rain Gods|last=Webdesk |first=Time8 |website= |publisher=Time8|access-date=September 8, 2023|quote=}}</ref> This belief stems from the idea that by marrying two frogs, the rain god, Varun Devta from Hindu mythology, will be appeased and send much-needed rain.<ref name=mojo>{{cite web |url=https://www.eastmojo.com/news/2019/08/28/heats-on-assam-villagers-hold-frog-wedding-to-appease-rain-god/|title=Heat’s on: Assam villagers hold ‘frog wedding’ to appease rain god |last= |first= |website= |publisher=East Mojo|access-date=September 8, 2023|quote=}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Assam]]
[[Category:Assamese culture]]

RJN

2023-09-06T10:47:30Z

Mediagroup: Created disambiguation

'''RJN''' may refer to:

* [[Council of National Unity]] (''Rada Jedności Narodowej'', ''RJN''), a defunct quasi-parliament of the Polish Underground State during World War I
* [[Rafsanjan Airport]] (IATA: RJN), an airport in Rafsanjan, Iran
* [[Rajnandgaon railway station]] (Indian Railways station code: RJN), a railway station in Chhattisgarh, India
* [[Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas]], an Indian trust overseeing the building of The Ram Mandir in Ayodhya

{{Disambiguation}}

Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana

2023-07-20T09:59:56Z

Mediagroup: Just published an informative work.

{{Multiple issues|
{{copy edit|date=July 2023}}
{{orphan}}
}}

{{Infobox project
| name = Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana (ABVKY)
| country = [[India]]
| primeminister = [[Narendra Modi]]
| launched =July 1, 2018
| website = [https://www.esic.gov.in/abvky official website]
}}

'''The Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana''' (ABVKY) is a government welfare scheme launched by the [[Government of India|Central Government of India]]. Initially introduced as a pilot project for a two-year period, the scheme was designed to provide financial relief to individuals who faced unemployment during the [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=नौकरी छूटने पर बेरोजगारी भत्ता चाहिए? तुरंत कराएं रजिस्ट्रेशन- जानें कौन है याग्य और कैसे उठाएं फायदा |url=https://www.zeebiz.com/hindi/personal-finance/atal-beemit-vyakti-yojana-jobless-can-do-registration-for-unemployment-allowance-benefits-esi-pf-organized-sector-72809 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[Zee Business]] |language=Hindi}}</ref> Due to its perceived effectiveness and the continued impact of the pandemic on employment, the scheme was subsequently extended until June 30, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre extends Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana till June 30, 2022{{!}} Check eligibility criteria, how to apply and benefits |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/centre-extends-atal-beemit-vyakti-kalyan-yojana-till-june-30-2022-check-eligibility-criteria-how-to-apply-and-benefits-1859645-2021-10-01 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Sharma |first=Yogima Seth |title=Labour ministry extends unemployment benefits under ESIC for another two years |work=[[The Economic Times]] |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/labour-ministry-extends-unemployment-benefits-under-esic-for-another-two-years/articleshow/98099313.cms |access-date=2023-07-19 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Can job loss insurance help if you get laid off? Here's the truth |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/personal-finance/can-job-loss-insurance-help-if-you-get-laid-off-heres-the-answer-twitter-meta-firing-15160581.htm |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[CNBC TV18]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Overview==
The ABVKY was introduced in 2018 under the auspices of the [[Employees' State Insurance|Employees' State Insurance Corporation]] (ESIC). The primary objective of the scheme was to offer support and employment opportunities to individuals who lost their jobs during the unprecedented [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]], with a specific focus on workers in various industrial sectors.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=छूट गई है नौकरी और चाहिए बेरोजगारी भत्ता तो इस तरह कराएं रजिस्ट्रेशन, उठाएं इस योजना का लाभ |url=https://www.abplive.com/business/unemployment-allowance-atal-beemit-vyakti-kalyan-yojana-know-about-the-details-of-this-scheme-and-esi-organised-sector-2052143 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[ABP News]] |language=hi}}</ref>

==Benefits==
The Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana provides financial assistance in the form of unemployment allowances to eligible beneficiaries. The amount of the allowance is a percentage of the average daily wages earned by the insured person during the relevant contribution period.<ref>{{Cite news |title=अब 30 जून 2022 तक ले सकेंगे अटल बीमित व्यक्ति कल्याण योजना का लाभ, इसमें नौकरी जाने पर सरकार देती है भत्ता |work=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/business/news/now-till-june-30-2022-you-will-be-able-to-take-the-benefit-of-atal-insured-persons-welfare-scheme-the-government-gives-allowance-if-you-lose-your-job-128916629.html}}</ref> The allowance is paid directly to the beneficiary's bank account for a maximum period of up to 90 days during the course of the unemployment spell.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unemployment scheme: Govt says claims through affidavit form no longer required |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/unemployment-scheme-govt-says-claims-through-affidavit-form-no-longer-required-11604832536346.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=BW Online |title=Under ABVKY Unemployment Benefit Enhanced To 50% From 25%: Centre |url=http://businessworld.inhttps//www.businessworld.in/article/Under-ABVKY-Unemployment-Benefit-Enhanced-To-50-From-25-Centre-/10-02-2022-420192 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[Businessworld]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Eligibility criteria==
To avail the benefits of the Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana, individuals must meet certain eligibility criteria. The scheme is exclusively available to those employees who are registered under the [[Employees' State Insurance]] (ESI) scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABVKY स्कीम: बेरोजगारों को 3 माह तक पैसे देती है सरकार, अब मिली ये राहत |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/business/story-modi-government-scheme-atal-beemit-vyakti-kalyan-yojana-abvky-lost-job-check-big-relief-business-news-india-4264245.html |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[Hindustan (newspaper)]] |language=hi}}</ref>

* '''Employees in the Private Sector''': Individuals employed in private sector companies that deduct [[Provident fund|Provident Fund]] (PF) or [[Employees' State Insurance]] (ESI) from their monthly salaries are eligible to participate in the scheme.
* '''ESI Card Holders''': Employees working in private companies and factories, who have obtained obtained an ESI card, can benefit from the ABVKY. This card serves as a crucial document for availing the scheme's benefits.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana |url=https://www.esic.gov.in/abvky |website=esic}}</ref>
* '''Income Limit''': The scheme is accessible to those employees whose monthly income is Rs. 21,000 or less.<ref>{{Cite web |title=CG Launches Scheme for Unemployed Scholars, Check Eligibility and Benefits |url=https://results.amarujala.com/current-affairs/atal-beemit-vyakti-kalyan-yojana-for-unemployed-persons-registration-eligibility-benefits-details-here |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[Amarujala]]}}</ref>

==Application process==
Individuals who qualify for the scheme can apply for benefits under the Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana by submitting relevant documents, such as the ESI card or the necessary paperwork from their employing company, to establish their eligibility for the scheme.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unemployment allowance: Govt giving 50% of salary to unemployed, here's how to avail |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/personal-finance/report-unemployment-allowance-govt-giving-50-of-salary-to-unemployed-here-s-how-to-avail-2911289 |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Govt Scheme ABVKY: कोरोना काल में खो दी नौकरी, चिंता न करें इस योजना से घर बैठे पाएं आधी तनख्वाह |url=https://www.amarujala.com/education/govt-scheme-atal-beemit-vyakti-kalyan-yojana-registration-for-unemployment-allowance |access-date=2023-07-19 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Employees State Insurance Corporation]] (ESIC)
* [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in India]]
* [[Indian government response to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic]]

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
* [https://www.esic.gov.in/abvky Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana]
* [https://www.esic.nic.in/attachments/publicationfile/4ea1be1aa73b1f590ab4f1e0a4e72403.pdf Atal Beemit Vyakti Kalyan Yojana] on [[Employees' State Insurance]]

[[Category:Government schemes in India]]

Guru Maneyo Granth

2023-04-07T15:24:37Z

Mediagroup: Shared a valuable resource.

{{Short description|Historic statement of the 10th Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh}}
[[File:Painting of Guru Gobind Singh anointing the Adi Granth as the eternal ‘Guru’ of the Sikhs, circa 1900.webp|thumb|Painting of Guru Gobind Singh anointing the Adi Granth as the eternal ‘Guru’ of the Sikhs, circa 1900]]{{Guru Granth Sahib sidebar}}
{{italic title}}
[[File:Guru Granth Sahib.jpg|right|300px|thumb|With his words "''Guru Maneyo Granth'',''"'' [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh]] installed the [[Adi Granth]] as the [[Sri Guru Granth Sahib]] as the eternal Sikh Guru]]

'''''Guru Maneyo Granth''''' ([[Gurmukhi]]: ਗੁਰੂ ਮਾਨਿਓ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ or ਗੁਰੂ ਮਾਨਯੋ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ ''gurū māni'ō gratha''; English: "Granth be Thy Guru") refers to the historic statement of the 10th [[Sikh Guru]], [[Sri Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Singh]] (1666–1708) shortly before his demise on affirming the sacred scripture [[Adi Granth]] as his successor, thereby terminating the line of human Gurus. Installed as the [[Guru Granth Sahib]], it is now the central holy scripture of [[Sikhism]], and the eternal living [[Guru]] of all [[Sikhs]]. It is central to Sikh worship as it is said to imbibe the one light of the creator manifested in the Ten Sikh Gurus‐one spirit in ten forms. <ref>{{cite news |title=The making of the eternal Guru |url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/10/26/stories/2008102650010100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029054436/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2008/10/26/stories/2008102650010100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 29, 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref>

The event on 20 October 1708 at [[Nanded]] (in present-day [[Maharashtra]]), when Guru Gobind Singh installed Adi Granth as the Guru of Sikhism, was recorded in a ''Bhatt Vahi'' (a bard's scroll) by an eyewitness, Narbud Singh,<ref>{{cite book
| last = Singh
| first = Gurbachan
| author2 = Sondeep Shankar
| title = The Sikhs : Faith, Philosophy and Folks
| publisher = Roli & Janssen
| year = 1998
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/sikhsfaithphilos0000gurb/page/55 55]
| isbn = 81-7436-037-9
| url = https://archive.org/details/sikhsfaithphilos0000gurb/page/55
}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Granth be Thy Guru: Guru Maneyo Granth |last=Kainth |first=Gursharan Singh |year=1999 |publisher=Daya Books |isbn=81-86030-97-2 |page=28 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j5q-57WsVTkC&q=Guru+Maneyo+Granth |chapter=3. Historical Background of Sri Guru Granth Sahib |access-date=2020-10-21 |archive-date=2022-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183501/https://books.google.com/books?id=j5q-57WsVTkC&q=Guru+Maneyo+Granth |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=hugh>{{cite book
| last = Partridge
| first = Christopher Hugh
| title = Introduction to World Religions
| year = 2005
| pages = 223
}}</ref> and is now celebrated as [[Guru Gaddi|Gurgaddi]] (Guru Gaddi Divas). Guru Gobind Singh's statement is part of the central chant "''Sabh Sikhan ko Hukam Hai, Guru Maneyo Granth''."<ref>{{cite news |title=Chants of Guru Maneyo Granth rend the air |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/54307/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=January 23, 2010 |archive-date=November 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118183506/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/chants-of-guru-maneyo-granth-rend-the-air/ |url-status=live }}</ref> October 2008 marked the tercentenary year of Guruship of Guru Granth Sahib and was marked by major celebrations by Sikhs worldwide.<ref>{{cite news |title=Guru Maneyo Granth |author=Jagmohan Singh |url=http://worldsikhnews.com/19%20March%202008/Guru%20Maniyo%20Granth.htm |publisher=World Sikh News |access-date=January 23, 2010 |archive-date=February 7, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207033836/http://worldsikhnews.com/19%20March%202008/Guru%20Maniyo%20Granth.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Nanded especially saw yearlong celebrations the same year at [[Takht Sri Hazur Sahib]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Non-Sikh family donates van for Gurgaddi Divas fest |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071114/punjab1.htm#6 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |access-date=January 23, 2010 |archive-date=December 16, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216015241/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20071114/punjab1.htm#6 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Adi Granth to Guru Granth Sahib==
[[File:Sri Guru Granth Sahib Nishan.jpg|left|180px|thumb|Illuminated [[Adi Granth]] folio with the seal of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. The manuscript is of the Lahore recension, late 17th to early 18th century.]]
{{Quote box| width=20%|align=right|quote=
{{fs interlinear|lang=pa
|ਸੱਬ ਸਿੱਖਣ ਕੋ ਹੁਕਮ ਹੈ ਗੁਰੂ ਮਾਨਯੋ ਗ੍ਰੰਥ
|Sab sikhan kō hukam hai gurū mānyō granth
|All Sikhs are commanded to take the Granth as Guru.}}
|source=- [[Guru Gobind Singh]], October, 1708, [[Nanded]]|}}

The composition of the sacred Granth contains renderings of the hymns (''bani'') of six Sikh Gurus (from Guru Nanak to Guru Arjun as well as the ninth Guru, Guru Tegh Bahadur) of the Sikh faith along with fifteen Bhagats, eleven Bhatts, and three Gursikhs (Bhai Sundar Ji, Bhai Satta Ji, Bhai Balwand Ji). It was composed in this form in the year 1604 with the later addition of Guru Tegh Bahadur's ''bani'' (sacred compositions). Its blessings are sought by the true seeker with a devout heart. The Sikh religion sincerely believes that in each of the succeeding Gurus the spirit, the light of God which manifested in Guru Nanak, was operating and passed on to the next Sikh Guru. Guru Ram Das says in the Siri Guru Granth Sahib, "''Waho Waho Satgur Nirankar Hai, Jis Ant Na Paravar''," meaning, "The Lord descends in this world in the form of The Satguru, but only some rare soul/devotee is able to recognise him." (SGGS, ''Ang'' 1421)

The sacred Granth is installed in all Sikh holy places of worship and treated as the presiding presence of the Guru, an embodiment of Divine Truth. The devotees of the ''sangat'' or congregation gather in solemn assembly to pray and seek the blessings of the Supreme. This comes through in the mystical wisdom contained within the words of ''Gurbani'' and it stands for realization of the Truth. The Gurus' word, called ''shabad'' is taken as the mystic experience of the Guru.

In the words of Bhai Gurdas, a great scholar of the Guru's time, "In the word is the Guru, and the Guru is in the word (''shabad''). In other words, the human body was not the Guru, but the light of the word (''shabad'') within the heart was their real personality." When the human mind dives deeper and deeper into the Guru's word, all mental impurities depart and the wisdom of the Guru permeates the human soul. As a result, the devotee attains the divine light and wisdom which leads him to contemplate and meditate on God's name (''Naam''). In light of the above realities, the Sikh religion makes the holy Granth the living master of the Sikh ''Panth''.

Before Guru Gobind Singh, the tenth Guru, left his human body, he conferred the Guruship to the [Adi Granth]. He then delivered a self-composed hymn:

<blockquote>

* Agya bhai Akal ki tabhi chalayo Panth. Sabh Sikhan ko hukam hai '''Guru manyo Granth'''. Guru Granth Ji manyo pargat Guran ki deh.
Jo Prabhu ko milo chahe khoj shabad mein le. Raj karega Khalsa aqi rahei na koe, Khwar hoe sabh milange bache sharan jo hoe."

*Translation:

"Under orders of the Immortal Being, the Panth was created. All Sikhs are enjoined to accept the Granth as their Guru.
Consider the Guru Granth as an embodiment of the Gurus.Those who want to meet God, can find Him in its hymns. The pure Khalsa shall rule, and the impures will be left no more, Those separated will unite and all the devotees of the Guru shall be saved."</blockquote>

He also offered his obeisance to the sacred Granth, thus conveying his Light to it. This historic development which took place in October 1708 ensured that the order of the Khalsa brotherhood always remained an abiding force for Sikh ''Panth'' unity.

== Mul Mantar ==


{{main|Mul Mantar}}
[[File:Guru Granth Sahib manuscript with the text contained in an undrawn circular boundary, from the Rawalpindi Collection.jpg|thumb|Opening page of a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript with the text contained in an undrawn circular boundary, from the Rawalpindi Collection]]
The [[Guru Granth Sahib]] begins with the ''[[Mul Mantar]]'', an iconic verse created by Nanak:
:{{lang-pa|ੴਸਤਿਨਾਮੁਕਰਤਾਪੁਰਖੁਨਿਰਭਉਨਿਰਵੈਰੁਅਕਾਲਮੂਰਤਿਅਜੂਨੀਸੈਭੰਗੁਰਪ੍ਰਸਾਦਿ॥}}
:[[ISO 15919]] [[transliteration]]: ''Ika ōaṅkāra sati nāmu karatā purakhu nirabha'u niravairu akāla mūrati ajūnī saibhaṅ gura prasādi jap ade sache jugade sache, haibhi sach, Nanake hosee bhee sache''
:Simplified transliteration: Ik ōaṅkār sat nām kartā purkh nirbha'u nirvair akāl mūrat ajūnī saibhaṅ gur prasād jap, aad sach, jugad sach, hai bhee sach, Nanak hosi bhee sach.

Historical events have clearly brought out that when Guru Nanak Dev appeared before the Supreme Lord, he himself presented to him a cup of God's name known as ''Amrita'' to propagate to his subjects. Guru Nanak Dev received the Mul Mantar in his divine consciousness and it defines the fundamental directive spiritual philosophy of Sikhism. It appears in the very beginning of Sri Guru Granth Sahib ahead of [[Japji]].

It is composed of two elements: the figure ''ik'' (1) and the symbol ''onkar''. The term ''ik onkar'' in full form is meant to describe the transcendent formless God as creator, sustainer, and dissoluter. The symbol ''onkar'' gives the mystical interpretation of the immanent spirit of God and his becoming aspect which created the universe. There is a belief that the universe was created through a primordial sound (''kavao'') known as first wisdom of God. It acts as an intermediary between the creator and his creation. God is spirit and pure light (''Jyoti'') that excites every human mind to realize the truth.

In Sikh mysticism, while meditating on Mul Mantar and its repetition believed to lead the soul to absorption in the absolute. The Mul Mantar and the Gurmantra Waheguru - the Name of god in Sikhism, repeated constantly induce a high spiritual state. The Gurmantra Waheguru - Naam unites the individual soul with the God. The Mul Mantar invokes all qualities of God. It is called the fate remover. Thus God's name is not a syllable word but a code to unfold the mystic properties of divine spirit which controls the cosmic and human being through invisible law of nature. Real name of god implies expression of his pervasive personality and concrete truth of His existence. Naam demands moulding of our personality which is meant opening of our inner self to establish personal touch with reality. Therefore, one has to be ethically strong, thoughtful and rightly meditative to attain this higher truth which is immediate and principle of man. Birth as a human being is to be taken as an opportunity to achieve liberation. It is because the achievement of emancipation is possible to man alone and that too on this earth. The history of a particular individual, the number of times he experiences rebirth depends entirely upon the quality of his will, upon the moral effort he puts forth.

To sum up, Sri Guru Granth Sahib of Sikh faith is a unique spiritual measure which gives an analytical view of the divine laws which are hidden from human gaze. Each chosen word of the text encodes the secret power of the eternity and blueprints of his working in the fleeting world of forms.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''Guru Manyo Granth'', by Harnam Dass Sahrai. Lokgeet Prakashan, 1989.

{{Sikhism}}
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}
[[Category:1708 in India]]
[[Category:1700s neologisms]]
[[Category:History of Sikhism]]
[[Category:Sikh scripture]]
[[Category:Sikh terminology]]
[[Category:Punjabi words and phrases]]
[[Category:Quotations from religion]]

Hindu Munnani

2022-06-25T13:08:41Z

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{{Infobox Indian political party
| party_name = Hindu Munnani
| logo = [[File:Hindu_munnani_logo.jpg|250px|Symbol of Hindu Munnani.]]
| founder = Ramagopalan, [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS)
| foundation = 1980
| split = [[Hindu Makkal Katchi]]
| ideology = [[Hindutva]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.hindumunnani.org/}}
}}
{{Discrimination sidebar}}
{{Islamophobia}}
'''Hindu Munnani''' is a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalist]] organisation based in the [[Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. Hindu Munnani was set up by [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] (RSS)<ref name="Parvathy AA" /> The organisation was founded in 1980 by [[Ramagopalan]], a member of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|RSS]] and since its formation served as the platform for RSS and its subsidiaries known as the [[Sangh Parivar]].<ref name="Parvathy AA">{{cite book |last1=Parvathy |first1=A. A. |title=Hindutva, Ideology, and Politics |publisher=Deep & Deep Publications |isbn=978-81-7629-450-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpaEt8npT0sC&dq=Hindu+Makkal+Katchi+rss&pg=PA211 |access-date=20 December 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

The organisation promoted a Hindu [[Communal violence|communal]] identity and used it as a [[Mass mobilization|political mobilisation]] strategy. The [[AIADMK]] government in the 1990s was in alliance with the Hindutva aligned [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] which enabled Hindu Munnani in organizing [[Vinayaka Chathurthi]] processions in major cities of [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Parvathy AA" /> The state government's support of [[Rama Gopalan]]'s activity made him a follower of [[Jayalalitha]]. Due to the proximity, a faction of the group broke away and found another group named [[Hindu Makkal Katchi]] in 1993. The [[militant]]s of the Hindu Munnani used ''vituperative'' and [[Islamophobia|abusive]] language against the Muslims. The provocative speeches against [[Islam]] and [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] polarized the social atmosphere of the region. Their [[Islamophobia|anti-Muslim]] speeches and activities led to formation of Muslim group [[Al Umma]].<ref name="Parvathy AA" />

The activities of [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh|R.S.S]]., Hindu Munnani and [[Hindu Makkal Katchi]] continued uninterrupted under Jayalalitha. The [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] alliance with AIADMK led to further spread of RSS ideology in Tamil Nadu. These organisations used [[religious festival]]s to combine their strength and caused [[riot]]s.<ref name="Parvathy AA" />

==Activities==
The Hindu Munnani first gained public awareness in 1982 when it began to [[Incitement to ethnic or racial hatred|incite]] the [[Hindus|Hindu]] population of [[Ramanathapuram district]] against the [[1981 Meenakshipuram conversion|Meenakshipuram conversions]] by Ishaatul Islam Sabha of South India.<ref name="rajamohan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume16/Article5.htm|title=Tamil Nadu: The Rise of Islamist Fundamentalism |access-date=16 June 2008|publisher=Faultlines|author=P. G. Rajamohan}}</ref><ref name="katju">{{cite book | title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b70nKb-8YuMC&pg=PA34| last=Katju| first=Manjari| year=2003| pages=34| publisher=Orient Longman | isbn=978-81-250-2476-7}}</ref>

However, the most remarkable achievement of the Hindu Munnani was the organisation of [[Vinayaka Chathurthi]] processions in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="Chathurthi">{{cite news|last = Hoskote|first = Ranjit|title = From pedestal to pavement|work = The Hindu: Magazine|date = 12 September 2004}}</ref><ref name="chathurthi2">{{cite journal|author=C. J. Fuller |author-link=Chris Fuller (academic) |title=The 'Vinayaka Chaturthi' Festival and Hindutva in Tamil Nadu |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |year=2001 |volume=43 |issue=24 |url=http://www.epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/5410.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318163700/http://www.epw.org.in/epw/uploads/articles/5410.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 March 2009 }}</ref><ref name="chathurthi3">{{cite book | title=The Renewal of the Priesthood| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GEFuDcK7i44C&q=vinayaga+chathurthi+hindu+munnani&pg=PA132| last=Fuller| first=C. J.| year=2003| pages=132| publisher=Princeton University Press| isbn=978-0-691-11657-0}}</ref><ref name="chathurthi4">{{cite book | title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=To6XSeBUW3oC&q=vinayaga+chathurthi+hindu+munnani&pg=PA266| last=Fuller| first=C. J.| year=2004| pages=265| publisher=Princeton University Press | isbn=978-0-691-12048-5}}</ref> On 16 May 2006, the Hindu Munnani organised the Silver Jubilee celebrations of the installation of the ''shivalinga'' in the Jalakanteswarar temple in [[Vellore]].<ref name="jalakanteswarar">{{cite news|last = Murthi|first = P. V. V.|title = Silver Jubilee |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/10/stories/2006031000280300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121195608/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/03/10/stories/2006031000280300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=21 November 2007 |date = 10 March 2006|work = [[The Hindu]]|access-date = 17 June 2008}}</ref>

The [[Vinayaka Chaturthi|Vinayaga Chathurthi]] celebrations organised by the Hindu Munnani were often accompanied by sporadic incidents of [[communal violence]].<ref name="Vinayaga_Chathurthi_2">{{cite news|title = Hindu Munnani to hold 'satyagraha'|url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/28/stories/2004092813870400.htm|work = The Hindu|date = 28 September 2004|access-date = 17 June 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090916075630/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/09/28/stories/2004092813870400.htm|archive-date = 16 September 2009|url-status = usurped}}</ref><ref name="Vinayaga_Chathurthi_3">{{cite news|title=7,000 cops to be kept on toes in city |url=http://newstodaynet.com/11sep/ld4.htm |work=News Today |access-date=17 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819152311/http://newstodaynet.com/11sep/ld4.htm |archive-date=19 August 2007 }}</ref> In 1993, there were bomb attacks made on the R.S.S. state headquarters at [[Chintadripet]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="rajamohan" /> Islamic organisations were found guilty for the blasts and a crackdown was launched on extremist Islamic organisations.<ref name="rajamohan" />

[[1997 Coimbatore riots]] occurred between 29 November 1997 and 1 December 1997 in [[Coimbatore]] triggered by a murder of a police constable [[allegedly]] by some Muslim youth over a dispute of detention of Al-Ummah functionaries by the police.<ref name="Coimbatore Frontline">{{Cite web|title=Confrontation in Coimbatore|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/politics/article30160583.ece|access-date=1 April 2021|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref> The policemen revolted in response to the murder of the constable and in concert with the members of Hindu Munnani and Hindu Makkal Katchi, attacked Muslims and Muslim-owned properties. Clashes erupted between both the communities and the police reportedly opened fire targeting the Muslims killing '''ten'''. Many Muslim youth were [[beaten]] to death or [[Death by burning|burnt alive]]. Muslim-owned businesses in different parts of the city were [[looted]] and [[arson|burnt]] down. At the end of the riots, 18 Muslims and 2 Hindus lost their lives.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070802/main3.htm|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>

During the visit of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) leader [[L. K. Advani]] and Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] to Coimbatore in 1998, [[1998 Coimbatore bombings|a series of thirteen blasts rocked the city]], killing over fifty-eight people. The Coimbatore bombings were considered a response to the 1997 Coimbatore riots.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rediff On The NeT Special: Scarred for life|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/1998/nov/27coim.htm|access-date=1 April 2021|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=SUBRAMANIAN|first=T. S.|title=Found guilty|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/article30192538.ece|access-date=1 April 2021|website=Frontline|language=en}}</ref>

In 2007, there were clashes between the '''Hindu Munnani''' and the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) over the remarks made by [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] leader [[Vedanti]] on [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] President and Chief Minister [[Karunanidhi]].<ref name="karuna">{{cite news
|title='Fatwa' against Karunanidhi: Case registered against Vedanti
|url=http://newindpress.com/NewsItems.asp?ID=IEL20070925062315&Page=H&Title=Top+Stories&Topic=0
|work=The New Indian Express
|access-date=17 June 2008 }}{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> DMK cadres attacked the Hindu Munnani state headquarters in Chennai on motorbikes.<ref name="DMK-BJP faceoff">{{cite news|title = BJP-DMK face off: Hindu Munnani office in Chennai vandalized
|url=http://india.merinews.com/catFull.jsp?articleID=126587|work = Merinews|date = 23 September 2007|access-date = 17 June 2008}}</ref>

In September 2017, Six members of Hindu Munnani were arrested in connection with the murder of [[Communist Party of India|CPI]] member K. [[Kanagaraj]] in [[Virudhunagar district]], Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Hindu Munnani cadre among six held in CPI man's murder|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/hindu-munnani-cadre-among-six-held-in-cpi-mans-murder-virudhunagar/article19655621.ece|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

In March 2020, Hindu Munnani [[Terrorism|attacked]] a mosque in [[Coimbatore]] during a communal tension.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Thomas|first=Wilson|title=Petrol bomb hurled at Coimbatore mosque|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/petrol-bomb-hurled-at-coimbatore-mosque/article30994690.ece|access-date=21 September 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Murders ===
Thirukovilur Sundaram, In 1981, Hindu Munnani leader, Thirukovilur Sundaram was murdered at R. S. Puram in [[Coimbatore]] by [[Islamic fundamentalism|Islamic fundamentalists]].<ref name="Murder of Hindu Munnani Leader">{{cite news|title = Hindu Munnani leader killed by Islamic fundamentalists|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/arguments-begin-in-blasts-case/article3100049.ece
|work = The Hindu|date = 4 July 2006}}</ref>

S Vellaiappan, He was a senior leader of Hindu Munnani in [[Vellore]]. He was murdered by a gang of 8 people when he was headed towards Ramakrishna Math on his motorbike in July 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindu Munnani leader murdered |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Hindu-Munnani-leader-murdered/articleshow/20867216.cms |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

K. P. S. Suresh Kumar, He was the president of the Hindu Munnani for Thiruvallur East district. He was originally from Kanyakumari. It is alleged that he was murdered by people from [[Al Ummah]], an Islamic terrorist organisation,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Murders of right-wing leaders in Tamil Nadu linked to terror group Al Mammah|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/murders-of-right-wing-leaders-in-tamil-nadu-linked-to-terror-group-al-ummah/|website = The Indian Express|date = 20 August 2014|access-date = 2 February 2016}}</ref> in June 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Hindu Munnani Leader Hacked to Death |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/jun/19/Hindu-Munnani-Leader-Hacked-to-Death-626220.html |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=The New Indian Express }}</ref> Three members were detained by the police in August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 3 suspected Al Ummah men detained for Hindu Munnani leader's murder|url = http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/3-suspected-al-ummah-men-detained-for-hindu-munnani-leaders-murder/|website = The Indian Express|date = 7 August 2014|access-date = 2 February 2016}}</ref>

[[Jeevaraj]], He was Hindu Munnani's [[Tirunelveli]] town secretary. He was murdered by his wife due to illicit [[adulterous]] relationship with other girl in July 2014.<ref name="auto">{{cite news |title=Wife arrested for murder of Hindu Munnani functionary |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/Wife-arrested-for-murder-of-Hindu-Munnani-functionary/articleshow/37933849.cms |access-date=20 February 2021 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

C Sasikumar, A member in Coimbatore, A gang chased him on motorcycles and attacked him with sickles. He suffered injuries and died in Coimbatore Medical College and Hospital (CMCH).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hindu Munnani leader Sasikumar murder case: NIA chargesheet against two PFI members|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/hindu-munnani-leader-sasikumar-murder-case-nia-files-chargesheet-against-two-79205|access-date=21 September 2021|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[P. Thanulinga Nadar]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==References==
* <cite id="rsstn">K. Suryanarayana Rao (2002). ''The Story of R. S. S and Hindu Resurgence in Tamil Nadu''</cite>

==External links==
*[http://hindumunnani.org/ Official Website Of Hindu Munnani]
{{Sangh Parivar}}
{{Hindu Nationalism}}

[[Category:Anti-communist organizations]]
[[Category:Anti-communism in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Christian sentiment in India]]
[[Category:Anti-Islam sentiment in India]]
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Water supply and sanitation in India

2022-05-01T18:39:02Z

Mediagroup: Page crafted.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Distinguish|Irrigation in India|Environment of India}}
{{Use dmy dates}}{{EngvarB|date = January 2014}}

{| style="width: 25em; font-size: 90%; text-align: left;" class="infobox"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;" colspan="2"|<big>India: Water and Sanitation</big>
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center" | [[File:Flag of India.svg|100px]]
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;" colspan="3"|Data
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Access to basic drinking water source
|valign="top"| 90% (2019)<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene: 2017 update and SDG baselines |url=https://washdata.org/sites/default/files/documents/reports/2019-05/JMP-2017-report-final.pdf |publisher=World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) |publication-place=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-151289-3}}</ref><ref name="JMP UNICEF">{{cite web
|last = World Health Organization
|author-link = World_Health_Organization
|author2 = UNICEF
|title = Joint Monitoring Program
|url = https://washdata.org/data/household#!/dashboard/new}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Access to basic sanitation
|valign="top"| 90% (2020)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Rashmi |title=What's holding back India's complete ODF status? |url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/waste/what-s-holding-back-india-s-complete-odf-status--63574 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=[[Down To Earth (magazine)|Down To Earth]]}}</ref><ref name="JMP UNICEF" />

* Safely Managed Sanitation: 50%
* Basic Sanitation: 40%
* Limited Sanitation: 14%
* No access to sanitation (Open Defecation): 8%
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Average urban water use (liter/capita/day)
|valign="top"| 126 (2006)<ref name="WSP Kuwasip"/>
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Average urban water and sewer bill for 20m3
|valign="top"| {{USD}}2 (2007)<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://www.adb.org/publications/2007-benchmarking-and-data-book-water-utilities-india |title=2007 Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India |publisher=Asian Development Bank, Government of India |year=2007 |isbn=978-971-561-648-5 |page=3}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Share of household [[water metering|metering]]
|valign="top"| 55 percent in urban areas (1999)<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban Areas |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/23362613/Status-of-Water-Supply-Sanitation-and-Solid-Waste-Management-in-Urban-Areas-Part-1# |url-access=limited |publisher=National Institute of Urban Affairs |pages=xix–xxvi, 28 |via=[[Scribd]]}} The evaluation is based on a survey of all 23 metropolitan cities in India (cities with more than 1 million inhabitants) and a representative sample of 277 smaller cities with an aggregate population of 140 million. The survey was carried out in 1999.</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Share of collected [[sewage treatment|wastewater treated]]
|valign="top"| 27% (2003)<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Panse |first=Dayanand B. |title=Ecological sanitation - a need of today! Progress of EcoSan in India |url=http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-innovative-ecosan-network-india-progress-text-2006.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122810/http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-innovative-ecosan-network-india-progress-text-2006.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=DWA, Hennef and GTZ, Eschborn |page=3}} This figure refers to 921 Class I Cities and Class II Towns in 2003–04.</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Annual investment in water supply and sanitation
|valign="top"| {{USD}}5 / capita<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Draft Report of the Steering Committee on Urban Development for Eleventh Five Year Plan (2007-2012) |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp11/str11_hud1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063649/http://planningcommission.nic.in/aboutus/committee/strgrp11/str11_hud1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |publisher=[[Planning Commission (India)]]}}</ref>
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:lightblue;" colspan="3"|Institutions
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Decentralization to municipalities
|valign="top"| Partial
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|National water and sanitation company
|valign="top"| No
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Water and sanitation regulator
|valign="top"| No
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Responsibility for policy setting
|valign="top"| State Governments; Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation, Ministry of Urban Development and Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation at the Federal Level
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Sector law
|valign="top"| No
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Number of urban service providers
|valign="top"| 3,255 (1991)
|-
! style="text-align:left; vertical-align:top;"|Number of rural service providers
|valign="top"| about 100,000
|}
India faces challenges ranging from [[Water source|sourcing water]] for its megacities to its [[Water distribution system|distribution network]] which is largely [[Intermittent water supply|intermittent]] with continuous distribution networks just beginning to emerge. [[Non-revenue water]] is a challenge.

The share of Indians with access to [[Improved water source|improved sources of water]] increased significantly from 72% in 1990 to 88% in 2008.<ref name="JMP" /> In 1980, rural sanitation coverage was estimated at 1%. By 2018, it reached 95%.<ref name="JMP">UNICEF/WHO [[Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation]] estimate for 2008 based on the 2006 [[Demographic and Health Survey]], the 2001 census, other data and the extrapolation of previous trends to 2010.</ref><ref name="health_11thplan">{{cite web |author= |title=Health and Family Welfare and AYUSH : 11th Five Year Plan |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch3.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707022607/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/11th/11_v2/11v2_ch3.pdf |archive-date=7 July 2010 |access-date=19 September 2010 |publisher=[[Planning Commission of India]] |page=78}}</ref> However, many people still lack access to water and sewage infrastructure.

== Water supply ==

=== Cities ===
In 2005 none of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million distributed water for more than a few hours per day, despite generally sufficient infrastructure. Owing to inadequate water pressure people struggle to collect water even when it is available.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Project Information Document (PID) Concept Stage. Delhi Water Supply & Sewerage |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/458421468035082934/text/36065.txt |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230101082144/https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/458421468035082934/text/36065.txt |archive-date=1 January 2023 |access-date=1 January 2023 |website=World Bank}}</ref> Service benchmarking carried out in 2006 in 28 cities found the average duration of supply was 3.3 hours per day, with a range from one hour every three days to 18 hours per day.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip" /> A 2007 study showed that in 20 cities the average duration of supply was only 4.3 hours per day. The longest duration of supply was 12 hours per day in [[Chandigarh]], and the lowest was 0.3 hours per day in [[Rajkot]].<ref name=":2" /> In 2015, 88% of the total population had access to [[Improved water source|at least basic]] water,{{Efn|The term "at least basic water" is a {{as of|2016|alt=new}} term since 2016, and is related to the previously used "[[improved water source]]". According to Indian norms, access to improved [[water supply]] exists if at least 40  litres/capita/day of safe drinking water are provided within a distance of 1.6  km or 100  meter of elevation difference, to be relaxed as per field conditions. There should be at least one pump per 250 persons.{{According to whom}}}} or 96% in urban areas and 85% in rural areas. That is, there were still 150 million people without access to at least basic water.{{Citation needed}}

In Delhi land usage for residential area varies widely from planned colonies to unplanned slums. Despite the large piped network, with some areas receiving intermittent water supply, there are large areas that lack coverage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aijaz |first=Rumi |title=Water supply in Delhi: Five key issues |url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/water-supply-in-delhi-five-key-issues-67477/ |access-date=2023-01-02 |website=ORF |language=en-US}}</ref> Reliance on dubious private water vendors is costly. For example, in Delhi water trucks get water from illegal wells on the banks of the Yamuna River for 0.75 rupees per gallon (about US$2.70/m3).<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sethi |first1=Aman |title=At the Mercy of the Water Mafia, Foreign Policy, July/August 2015 |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/07/17/at-the-mercy-of-the-water-mafia-india-delhi-tanker-gang-scarcity/ |access-date=11 October 2015 |website=[[Foreign Policy]]}}</ref>
[[File:Home water filters, water purifiers, and bottled water in India.jpg|thumb|In India, Delhi has the highest usage of household water purifiers/filters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Harikishan |title=12% of urban India relies on bottled water, 1 in 4 homes has a purifier |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/12-of-urban-india-relies-on-bottled-water-1-in-4-homes-has-a-purifier-6142062/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-01-12 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Basic gravity water filter, electric reverse osmosis and ultraviolet filters visible.<ref>{{Citation |title=Household Water Filter Evaluation Ahmedabad, India |work=Comprehensive Initiative on Technology Evaluation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref> Standard 20l bottled water visible.]]

The supply of cities that depend on surface water is threatened by pollution, increasing [[water scarcity]] and conflicts among users. For example, [[Bangalore]] depends to a large extent on water pumped since 1974 from the [[Kaveri]] river, whose waters are disputed between the states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. As in other Indian cities, the response to water scarcity is to transfer more water over large distances at high costs. In the case of Bangalore 500,000 cubic meter of water is pumped per day over a distance of 100 km, thus increasing the city's supply by two-thirds.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rao |first=Lalitha |title=Stage-IV of Cauvery water supply scheme underway |url=http://www.projectsmonitor.com/NEWPROJECTS/stageiv-of-cauvery-water-supply-scheme-underway |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715123433/http://www.projectsmonitor.com/NEWPROJECTS/stageiv-of-cauvery-water-supply-scheme-underway |archive-date=15 July 2011 |website=Project Monitor}}</ref>

[[Jamshedpur]] provided 25% of its residents with continuous water supply in 2009.<ref name=":7">{{Cite book |title=Every Drop Counts: Learning from Good Practices in Eight Asian Cities |url=https://www.adb.org/publications/every-drop-counts-learning-good-practices-eight-asian-cities |website=Asian Development Bank |page=22 |publisher=Asian Development Bank |isbn=978-92-9092-030-4}}</ref> In 2021, some parts of Mumbai got 24 hour supply, others got 19 hours supply or less.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Laxman |title=Mumbai: BMC set to wind up project supplying 24-hr water to city |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/mumbai-bmc-set-to-wind-up-project-supplying-24-hr-water-to-city-7214717/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> [[Puri]] became the first city in India to get a piped 24 hour continuous drinking water quality water supply.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wallen |first=Joe |title=How Puri became the first Indian city to provide clean drinking water for all |language=en-GB |work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/science-and-disease/puri-became-first-indian-city-provide-clean-drinking-water/ |access-date=2023-01-05 |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> [[Trivandrum]] is the largest Indian city and the only million agglomeration that enjoys uninterrupted hygienic water supply.<ref name=":3" />{{Better source needed|reason=Above it says Puri was the first to get a drinkable 24*7 supply}} Chennai has two [[desalination]] plants ate the [[Nemmeli Seawater Desalination Plant|Nemmeli]] and [[Minjur Seawater Desalination Plant|Minjur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chennai to get more desal after Nemmeli award |url=https://www.globalwaterintel.com/news/2010/1/chennai-to-get-more-desal-after-nemmeli-award |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Global Water Intelligence}}</ref>

=== Towns ===
[[Malkapur, Karad|Malkapur]] is the first Indian town to provide 24*7 water supply with 100 percent coverage. The program started in 2008 as a pilot project and soon covered the entire city. The connection is 100 percent metered with telescopic tariff.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Malkapur 24X7 Water Supply Scheme |url=https://darpg.gov.in/sites/default/files/40.%20Success%20Story%20of%20Malkapur%2024X7%20Water%20Supply%20System.pdf |publisher=Malkapur Nagarpanchayat, Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran}}</ref>

=== Rural ===
Kaapil has been successful in providing continuous piped water supply to all households.{{Citation needed}}

=== Other water sources ===

==== Rainwater harvesting ====
In the early 21st century, India began heavily investing in [[Rainwater harvesting#India|rainwater harvesting]] infrastructure and policy as an urgent response to water scarcity. <ref>{{Cite journal |editor-last=Kumar |editor-first=M. Dinesh |editor2-last=Ghosh |editor2-first=Shantanu |editor3-last=Patel |editor3-first=Ankit |editor4-last=Singh |editor4-first=Om Prakash |editor5-last=Ravindranath |editor5-first=R. |title=Rainwater harvesting in India: some critical issues for basin planning and research |url=https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/47964/ |journal=Land Use and Water Resources Research |doi=10.22004/ag.econ.47964}}</ref> In 2001, Tamil Nadu became the first Indian state to make rainwater harvesting compulsory in every building to avoid groundwater depletion. In Rajasthan, rainwater harvesting has traditionally been practiced by the people of the Thar Desert. Increase in rainwater harvesting efforts across the nation have revived ancient water harvesting systems in Rajasthan, such as the chauka system from the Jaipur district. Other large cities like Pune, Mumbai and Bangalore all have varying rules for mandatory rainwater harvesting, especially in new buildings. In 2002, the Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai required all new buildings over 1000 square meters to have rainwater harvesting infrastructure. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Button |first=Cat |title=Domesticating water supplies through rainwater harvesting in Mumbai |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2017.1339949 |journal=Gender & Development |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=269–282 |doi=10.1080/13552074.2017.1339949 |issn=1355-2074}}</ref> The law was expanded in 2007 to 300 square meters. The goal was to ensure buildings had enough water to last them through non-monsoon seasons. The process included a catchment system, an initial flush, and extensive filtering. As of 2021, the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (BMC) reported 3000 newly constructed or redeveloped buildings with rainwater harvesting infrastructure. <ref>{{Cite journal |title=India Rainwater Harvesting Market, By Type (Rain Barrel System, Dry System, Wet System, Green Roof System), By Harvesting Method (Above Ground {Ground Surface and Storage Tank}, Under Ground), By Application (Residential, Commercial, Industrial and Agricultural), By Region, By Competition Forecast & Opportunities, 2018-2028 |url=https://www.techsciresearch.com/report/india-rainwater-harvesting-market/14736.html |journal=TechSci Research}}</ref> However, many residents have complained that the stored water is contaminated, turning saline and brackish. Experts and residents argue that BMC authorities have done little to take implementation seriously, and the actual effectiveness of the rainwater harvesting mandate is unknown. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Johari |first=Aarefa |title=Mumbai could save water through its mandatory rainwater harvesting rule – but no one seems to care |url=https://scroll.in/article/929966/mumbai-could-save-water-through-its-mandatory-rainwater-harvesting-rule-but-no-one-seems-to-care |access-date=2023-05-12 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

While rainwater harvesting in an urban context has gained traction in recent years, evidence points toward rainwater harvesting in rural India since ancient times. <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Pandey |first=Deep Narayan |last2=Gupta |first2=Anil K. |last3=Anderson |first3=David M. |title=Rainwater harvesting as an adaptation to climate change |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24107712 |journal=Current Science |volume=85 |issue=1 |pages=46–59 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref> The type of system varied depending on the geography and culture of the region. Himachal Pradesh, for example, relied on ''kuhls'', <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kuhl, kohli and a lost tradition |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/kuhl-kohli-and-lost-tradition |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=India Water Portal Hindi}}</ref> a community-owned rainwater irrigation system. Maharashtra predominately used ''bhandara phads'', a [[check dam]] which lowers the velocity of flow from rivers and reduces erosion. On the onset of British rule in the early 19th century, many of these systems were abandoned. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rainwater harvesting in India: Traditional and contemporary |url=https://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/rainwater-harvesting-india-traditional-and-contemporary |access-date=2023-05-10 |website=India Water Portal Hindi}}</ref> Environmentalists and scholars now believe that agricultural communities should revive ancient techniques to allow for rainwater harvesting to source the water needs of the community. <ref name=":03" />

== Sanitation ==
In 2015, 44% had access to basic sanitation, or 65% in urban areas and 34% in rural areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India |url=https://washwatch.org/en/countries/india/summary/statistics/ |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113120952/https://washwatch.org/en/countries/india/summary/statistics/ |archive-date=13 November 2016 |access-date=2017-04-12 |website=WASHwatch.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> In 2017, at least [[Improved sanitation|basic sanitation]] increased to 59.5%. Between 2014 and 2019, the Government in India claims to have built around 110 million toilets, all across India, due to which the basic sanitation coverage went up from 38.7% in October 2014 to 93.3% in 2019.<ref name="data.unicef.org">{{Cite web |title=Data Warehouse |url=https://data.unicef.org/resources/data_explorer/unicef_f/?ag=UNICEF&df=GLOBAL_DATAFLOW&ver=1.0&dq=.WS_PPL_S-ALB..&startPeriod=2014&endPeriod=2019 |website=UNICEF Data}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last1=Regan |first1=Helen |last2=Suri |first2=Manveena |title=Half of India couldn't access a toilet 5 years ago. Modi built 110M latrines -- but will people use them? |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/05/asia/india-modi-open-defecation-free-intl-hnk-scli/index.html |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dashboard. Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) 2.0 |url=https://sbm.gov.in/sbmgdashboard/statesdashboard.aspx |access-date=2019-02-18 |website=Swachh Bharat Mission - Gramin |publisher=Ministry of Jal Shakti}}</ref>

For years, most Indians depended on on-site sanitation facilities which means mainly [[pit latrine]]s in rural areas. The government has been investing heavily in building sanitation units, in a nation-wide campaign called the Swachh Bharat Mission. Between 2014 and 2020, the Indian government managed to make household toilets accessible to over 99% of the population.<ref name="India's Toilet-Building Revolution">{{cite web |author=McCarthy |first=Niall |title=India's Toilet-Building Revolution |url=http://www.statista.com/chart/14924/indias-toilet-building-revolution/ |access-date=December 17, 2020 |publisher=Statista}}</ref> This translates to a total of 110 million toilets build since 2014, according to Statista. Preceding this success is the success of the Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai that has provided access to sanitation for a quarter million slum dwellers.<ref name="WB 2006a">{{cite web |others=Water and Sanitation Feature Story |title=Water Supply & Sanitation – Reaching the Poor Through Sustainable Partnerships: The Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai, India |url=https://documents.worldbank.org/en/publication/documents-reports/documentdetail/380341468258301005/reaching-the-poor-through-sustainable-partnerships-the-slum-sanitation-program-in-mumbai-india |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=World Bank}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobson |first=Mark |title=Mumbai Slum: Dharavi |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/text3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505084934/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/text3.html |archive-date=5 May 2007 |website=National Geographic}}</ref> Sewage, where available, is often in a bad state. In Delhi the sewage network has lacked maintenance over the years and overflow of raw [[sewage]] in open drains is common, due to blockage, settlements and inadequate pumping capacities.<ref name="creaking" /> The capacity of the 17 existing [[wastewater treatment plants]] in Delhi is adequate to cater a daily production of waste water of less than 50% of the drinking water produced.<ref name=":6" /> Of the 892 million people in the world that [[open defecation|defecate openly]], some 15 million live in India, making it the country with the highest number of people who defecate in the open.<ref name="rediff_toilet">{{cite web |author=Sharma |first=Betwa |title=665 million Indians still defecate in open: UN |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/oct/15/in-india-665-million-defecate-in-open-un.htm |access-date=19 September 2010 |publisher=Rediff News}}</ref> This has serious public health implications.{{Citation needed}}

A specific Indian problem is also the (officially prohibited) "[[manual scavenging]]" which is connected to the officially banned [[caste system]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hobson |first=Kevin |title=Indian Caste System and The British |url=https://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/h_es/h_es_hobso_caste_frameset.htm |access-date=2019-02-18 |website=InfinityFoundation.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Singh |first=Sahana |title=Why is the world so obsessed with India's caste system? |url=http://indiafacts.org/why-is-the-world-so-obsessed-with-indias-caste-system |website=India Facts}}</ref> and relates to unsafe and undignified emptying of toilets and pits, as well as handling of raw, untreated [[human waste|human excreta]].[[File:Holiness of Ganga.jpg|alt=|thumb|Millions depend on the [[Ganges river|Ganga river]].]]As of 2003, it was estimated, that only 27% of India's [[wastewater]] was being treated, with the remainder flowing into rivers, canals, groundwater or the sea.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wallace |first=Bruce |title=The World - Drawing a curtain on old ways - In India, a villager uses his own strategy in a campaign to encourage the use of toilets instead of the great outdoors. |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-toilet6sep06,0,2934595,full.story?coll=la-home-center |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20090505110554/http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-toilet6sep06,0,2934595,full.story |archive-date=22 November 2013 |website=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> For example, the sacred [[Ganges]] river is infested with diseases and in some places "the Ganges becomes black and septic. Corpses, of semi-cremated adults or enshrouded babies, drift slowly by."<ref name="creaking">{{cite news |title=Special report : Creaking, groaning: Infrastructure is India's biggest handicap |newspaper=The Economist |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749787 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> In 2008, NewsWeek described Delhi's sacred [[Yamuna River]] as "a putrid ribbon of black sludge" where the concentration of fecal bacteria is 10,000 times the recommended safe maximum despite a 15-year program to address the problem.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Overdorf |first=Jason |title=India: An Environmental Mess |url=https://www.newsweek.com/india-environmental-mess-91207 |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=Newsweek}}</ref> [[Cholera]] epidemics are not unknown.<ref name=":8" />

Based on a survey of human rights experts administered by the Human Rights Measurement Initiative in 2019, India is doing only 67.0% of what should be possible at its level of income on the right to water, and is performing at only 63.6% of what should be possible at its level of income on the right to basic sanitation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quality of Life Overview - India|url=https://www.rightstracker.org/country/IND?tab=report-esr|website=Rights Tracker|publisher=Human Rights Measurement Initiative|access-date=5 May 2023}}</ref>

== Health impact ==
{{see also|Health_in_India#Health_Issues}}
The lack of adequate sanitation and safe water has significant negative health impacts including diarrhoea, referred to by travellers as the ''Delhi Belly'' ([[Travelers' diarrhea]]),<ref>{{cite web |author=Cunha |first=John P. |editor-last=Shiel Jr. |editor-first=William C. |editor2-last=Davis |editor2-first=Charles Patrick |title=Travelers' Diarrhea: Learn About Antibiotics and Treatment |url=http://www.medicinenet.com/travelers_diarrhea/article.htm |access-date=29 July 2015 |work=MedicineNet}}</ref> and experienced by about 10 million visitors annually.<ref>{{cite web |last=Chopp |first=Chris |title=Fullstopindia.com Is For Sale |url=http://www.fullstopindia.com/2010/01/10-ways-to-avoid-travelers-diarrhea-in-india/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220145529/http://www.fullstopindia.com/2010/01/10-ways-to-avoid-travelers-diarrhea-in-india/ |archive-date=20 February 2011 |access-date=30 March 2011 |website=FullStopIndia.com |df=dmy-all}}</ref> The dismal working conditions of sewer workers are another concern. A survey of the working conditions of sewage workers in Delhi showed that most of them suffer from chronic diseases, respiratory problems, skin disorders, allergies, headaches and eye infections.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Rupa |others=Survey by Dr Ashish Mittal |title='My life cleaning Delhi's sewers' |language=en-GB |work=BBC |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7872770.stm |access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref> Various other cities in India have a record of unsafe drinking water. Municipal water in Visakhapatnam is contaminated with too much chlorine and pharmaceuticals which cause headache, short-term memory loss and loss of focus.{{Citation needed}}

== Responsibility for water supply and sanitation ==
According to the Indian Constitution, legislating regarding matters related to provision of drinking water supply and sanitation is responsibility of the [[States of India|State]] governments as it falls in the [[State List|state list]] included in its seventh schedule. The 73rd and the 74th Amendment to the constitution required the state governments to devolve provision of drinking water and sanitation services to the [[Panchayati Raj]] Institutions (PRI) in rural areas or municipalities in urban areas, called [[Urban Local Bodies]] (ULB). At present, the arrangements for provision of these services vary. In some states, parastatal agencies are involved in provision of either of the two services or both. Further, within states, different arrangements are also observed for rural and urban areas. For example, in urban and rural areas of Kerala, drinking water is supplied by the [[Kerala Water Authority]] a parastatal agency. In Maharashtra on the other hand, ULBs provide drinking water supply in most urban areas, but [https://mjp.maharashtra.gov.in/en Maharashtra Jeevan Pradhikaran] provides drinking water in most rural areas and a few urban areas as well.

Highly centralised decision-making and approvals at the state level, which are characteristic of the Indian civil service, affect the management of water supply and sanitation services. For example, according to the World Bank in the state of Punjab the process of approving designs is centralised with even minor technical approvals reaching the office of chief engineers. A majority of decisions are made in a very centralised manner at the headquarters.<ref name="World Bank Punjab 2006, Annex 1">World Bank:[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/11/27/000020953_20061127111653/Rendered/INDEX/37377.txt Punjab Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Project Appraisal Document ], 2006, Annex 1</ref> In 1993 the Indian constitution and relevant state legislations were amended in order to decentralise certain responsibilities, including water supply and sanitation, to municipalities. Since the assignment of responsibilities to municipalities is a state responsibility, different states have followed different approaches. According to a Planning Commission report of 2003 there is a trend to decentralise capital investment to engineering departments at the [[Districts of India|district]] level and operation and maintenance to district and gram panchayat levels.<ref>{{Cite web |others=WHO UNICEF sponsored |title=India Assessment 2002. Water Supply and Sanitation |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/wtrsani.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106004412/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/wtrsani.pdf |archive-date=6 January 2006 |publisher=Planning Commission, Government of India |pages=23–26}}</ref>

=== Policy and regulation ===
The responsibility for water supply and sanitation at the central and state level is shared by various Ministries. At the central level three Ministries have responsibilities in the sector: the Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation (until 2011 the Department of Drinking Water Supply in the Ministry of Rural Development) is responsible for rural water supply and sanitation; the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (India)|Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation]] and the Ministry of Urban Development share the responsibility for urban water supply and sanitation. Except for the National Capital Territory of Delhi and other Union Territories, the central Ministries only have an advisory capacity and a limited role in funding. Sector policy thus is a prerogative of state governments.

'''National Urban Sanitation Policy'''. In November 2008 the government of India launched a national urban sanitation policy with the goal of creating what it calls "totally sanitized cities" that are open-defecation free, safely collect and treat all their wastewater, eliminate [[manual scavenging]] and collect and dispose solid waste safely. As of 2010, 12 states were in the process of elaborating or had completed state sanitation strategies on the basis of the policy. 120 cities are in the process of preparing city sanitation plans. Furthermore, 436 cities rated themselves in terms of their achievements and processes concerning sanitation in an effort supported by the Ministry of Urban Development with the assistance of several donors. About 40% of the cities were in the "red category" (in need of immediate remedial action), more than 50% were in the "black category" (needing considerable improvement) and only a handful of cities were in the "blue category" (recovering). Not a single city was included in the "green category" (healthy and clean city). The rating serves as a baseline to measure improvements in the future and to prioritize actions. The government intends to award a prize called Nirmal Shahar Puraskar to the best sanitation performers.<ref>{{cite web |last= |year=2010 |title=New Sanitation Award Creates Healthy Competition Among Indian Cities |url=http://www.wsp.org/wsp/node/1040 |access-date=21 August 2012 |website=Water and Sanitation Program, World Bank}}</ref>

====Wastewater treatment ====
[[File:Wastewater stream.jpg|thumb|Picture of a wastewater stream]]
In India, wastewater treatment regulations come under three central institutions, the ministries of forest, climate change housing, urban affairs and water.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Schellenberg|first1=Tatjana|last2=Subramanian|first2=Vrishali|last3=Ganeshan|first3=Ganapathy|last4=Tompkins|first4=David|last5=Pradeep|first5=Rohini|title=Wastewater Discharge Standards in the Evolving Context of Urban Sustainability–The Case of India|journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science|language=en|volume=8|doi=10.3389/fenvs.2020.00030|s2cid=215790363|issn=2296-665X|doi-access=free}}</ref> The various water and sanitation policies such as the "National Environment Policy 2006" and "National Sanitation Policy 2008" also lay down wastewater treatment regulations. State governments and local municipalities hold responsibility for the disposal of sewage and construction and maintenance of "sewerage infrastructure". Their efforts are supported by schemes offered by the Government of India, such as the National River Conservation Plan, Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, National Lake Conservation Plan. Through the Ministry of Environment and Forest, India's government also has set up incentives that encourage industries to establish "common facilities" to undertake the treatment of wastewater.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Kaur|first1=R|last2=Wani|first2=SP|last3=Singh|first3=AK|editor4-last=Lal|editor4-first=K|title=Wastewater production, treatment and use in India|url=https://www.ais.unwater.org/ais/pluginfile.php/356/mod_page/content/128/CountryReport_India.pdf|access-date=2020-11-17|website=AIS}}</ref>

Recent initiatives include the 'National Water Policy 2012' that promotes efficient use and water management, recycling and reuse of wastewater, water supply and sanitation, and efficient water pricing.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |title=National Water Policy (2012) |url=http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/NWP2012Eng6495132651_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180712102455/http://mowr.gov.in/sites/default/files/NWP2012Eng6495132651_1.pdf |archive-date=12 July 2018 |access-date=2020-11-15 |website=Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India}}</ref>

=== Service provision ===
'''Urban areas'''. Institutional arrangements for water supply and sanitation in Indian cities vary greatly. Typically, a state-level agency is in charge of planning and investment, while the local government ([[Urban Local Bodies]]) is in charge of operation and maintenance.<ref name=":3" /> Some of the largest cities have created municipal water and sanitation utilities that are legally and financially separated from the local government. However, these utilities remain weak in terms of financial capacity. In spite of decentralisation, ULBs remain dependent on capital subsidies from state governments. Tariffs are also set by state governments, which often even subsidise operating costs.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch6_1.pdf |title=10th Plan, p. 613 |access-date=11 June 2007 |archive-date=21 August 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821113757/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch6_1.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Furthermore, when no separate utility exists, there is no separation of accounts for different activities within a municipality. Some states and cities have non-typical institutional arrangements. For example, in [[Rajasthan]] the sector is more centralised and the state government is also in charge of operation and maintenance, while in [[Mumbai]] the sector is more decentralised and local government is also in charge of planning and investment.<ref name=":3" /> In 2012 the Delhi Jal Board contracted out operations and management in three zones of the city to private companies under performance-based contracts to reduce non-revenue water. The Vasant Vihar-Mehrauli zone is operated by SMPL Infrastructure of India, Malviya Nagar by [[Suez Environnement]] and the Nangloi zone by Veolia Environnement.<ref name="GWI Delhi">{{cite web|title=Delhi Jal Board focuses on its finances|url=http://www.globalwaterintel.com/archive/14/10/general/delhi-jal-board-focuses-its-finances.html|publisher=Global Water Intelligence|access-date=27 December 2013}}</ref>

'''Private sector participation.''' The private sector plays a limited, albeit recently increasing role in operating and maintaining urban water systems on behalf of ULBs. For example, the Jamshedpur Utilities & Services Company (Jusco), a subsidiary of [[Tata Steel]], has a lease contract for [[Jamshedpur]] (Jharkhand), a management contract in [[Haldia]] (West Bengal), another contract in [[Mysore]] (Karnataka) and since 2007 a contract for the reduction of [[non-revenue water]] in parts of [[Bhopal]] (Madhya Pradhesh).<ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/ The Financial Express]: [http://www.financialexpress.com/news/jusco-reaches-bhopal-aims-for-other-cities-under-jnurm/212545/ Jusco reaches Bhopal, aims for other cities under JNURM], 25 August 2007</ref> The French water company [[Veolia]] won a management contract in three cities in [[Karnataka]] in 2005.<ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org">[[World Bank]]:[http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTWAT/Resources/4602122-1213366294492/5106220-1234469721549/21.5_India_Karnatka_Alvarado.pdf Introducing 24/7 water supply – Challenges in three cities in Karnataka, India]. Retrieved 29 March 2009.</ref><ref name="web.worldbank.org">[[World Bank]]: [http://web.worldbank.org/external/projects/main?pagePK=64283627&piPK=73230&theSitePK=40941&menuPK=228424&Projectid=P082510 Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project]. Retrieved 29 March 2009.</ref> In 2002 a consortium including [[Thames Water]] won a pilot contract covering 40,000 households to reduce non-revenue water in parts of [[Bangalore]], funded by the [[Japan Bank for International Cooperation]]. The contract was scaled up in 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=D.S. |first=Madhumathi |title=Bangalore water board upbeat on project to plug leakage |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/08/stories/2003120800771300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040314060725/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2003/12/08/stories/2003120800771300.htm |archive-date=14 March 2004 |website=The Hindu Business Line}}</ref> The Cypriot company Hydro-Comp, with two Indian companies, won a 10-year concession contract for the city of [[Latur City]] (Maharashtra) in 2007 and an operator-consultant contract in [[Madurai]] (Tamil Nadu).<ref>[http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Latur+water+supply+project+is+replicable+across+India-a0202434389 The Latur water supply project is replicable across India], Interview with Ashok Natarajan, Managing Director of Hydro Comp Enterprises, 1 March 2009</ref> Furthermore, the private Indian infrastructure development company SPML is engaged in build-operate-transfer (BOT) projects, such as a bulk water supply project for [[Bhiwandi]] (Maharashtra).<ref>Dealcurry.com:[http://dealcurry.com/20100621-SPML-Infra-To-Raise-PE-Funding-For-Bhiwandi-Water-Project.htm SPML Infra To Raise PE Funding For Bhiwandi Water Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225065319/http://dealcurry.com/20100621-SPML-Infra-To-Raise-PE-Funding-For-Bhiwandi-Water-Project.htm }}, 21 June 2010</ref>

'''Rural areas'''. There are about a 100,000 rural water supply systems in India. At least in some states, responsibility for service provision is in the process of being partially transferred from State Water Boards and [[Districts of India|district]] governments to [[Panchayati Raj]] Institutions (PRI) at the block or village level (there were about 604 districts and 256,000 villages in India in 2002, according to [[Subdivisions of India]]. Blocks are an intermediate level between districts and villages). Where this transfer has been initiated, it seems to be more advanced for single-village water schemes than for more complex multi-village water schemes. Despite their professed role Panchayati Raj Institutions, play only a limited role in provision of rural water supply and sanitation as of 2006. There has been limited success in implementing decentralisation, partly due to low priority by some state governments.<ref name="World Bank Punjab 2006, Annex 1"/> Rural sanitation is typically provided by households themselves in the form of latrines.

== Innovative approaches ==
{{see also | Har ghar jal}}

A number of innovative approaches to improve water supply and sanitation have been tested in India, in particular in the early 2000s. These include [[community-led total sanitation]], demand-driven approaches in rural water supply, a public-private partnerships to improve the continuity of urban water supply in Karnataka, and the use of [[microcredit for water supply and sanitation|microcredits in water supply and sanitation]] to women in order to improve access to water.

=== Total Sanitation Campaign ===
{{main|Total Sanitation Campaign}}
In 1999 a demand-driven and people-centered sanitation program was initiated under the name [[Total Sanitation Campaign]] (TSC) which has some similarities with [[community-led total sanitation]] (CLTS), but is not the same. It evolved from the limited achievements of the first structured programme for rural sanitation in India, the Central Rural Sanitation Programme, which had minimal community participation. The main goal of Total Sanitation Campaign is to eradicate the practice of [[open defecation]] by 2017. Community-led total sanitation is not focused on building infrastructure, but on preventing open defecation through self-awareness and shame. In Maharashtra where the program started more than 2000 [[Gram Panchayat]]s have achieved "open defecation free" status. Villages that achieve this status receive monetary rewards and high publicity under a program called Nirmal Gram Puraskar.<ref>[http://www.irc.nl/page/103 IRC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408090411/http://www.irc.nl/page/103 }}:[http://www.irc.nl/page/35966 India: Unrealistic approach hampers rural sanitation programme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081005020454/http://www.irc.nl/page/35966 }}, 1 June 2007</ref><ref>Benny George:[https://web.archive.org/web/20201201123012/http://www.ivcs.org.uk/IJRS/April2009/incentivising%20sanitation%20coverage%20in%20rural%20india.pdf Nirmal Gram Puraskar: A Unique Experiment in Incentivising Sanitation Coverage in Rural India], International Journal of Rural Studies (IJRS), Vol. 16, No. 1, April 2009</ref>

A new sanitation campaign was launched as [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] (Clean India Mission) in October 2014.

As of 1 December 2017, Total Sanitation Coverage throughout India has risen to 73% up from 42% on October 2, 2014, the day Swachh Bharat Abhiyan was launched.<ref>{{citation |url=http://sbm.gov.in/sbmdashboard/ |title=Swachh Bharat Abhiyan Report Stats |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928152538/http://sbm.gov.in/sbmreport/home.aspx |archive-date=28 September 2017 |df=dmy }}</ref>

=== Demand-driven approaches in rural water supply ===
Most rural water supply schemes in India use a centralised, supply-driven approach, i.e. a government institution designs a project and has it built with little community consultation and no capacity building for the community, often requiring no water fees to be paid for its subsequent operation. Since 2002 the Government of India has rolled out at the national level a program to change the way in which water and sanitation services are supported rural areas. The program, called ''Swajaldhara'', decentralises service delivery responsibility to rural local governments and user groups. Under the new approach communities are being consulted and trained, and users agree up-front to pay a tariff that is set at a level sufficiently high to cover operation and maintenance costs. It also includes measures to promote sanitation and to improve hygiene behaviour. The national program follows a pilot program launched in 1999.<ref>Ministry of Rural
Development, Department of Drinking Water Supply:[http://ddws.gov.in/swajaldhara.htm Swajaldhara] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510030643/http://ddws.gov.in/swajaldhara.htm }}, updated on 31 March 2009. Retrieved 15 April 2010.</ref>

According to a 2008 World Bank study in 10 Indian states, ''Swajaldhara'' results in lower capital costs, lower administrative costs and better service quality compared to the supply-driven approach. In particular, the study found that the average full cost of supply-driven schemes is {{INRConvert|0.038|k|1}} per cubic meter, while it is only {{INRConvert|0.026|k|1}} per cubic meter for demand-driven schemes. These costs include capital, operation and maintenance costs, administrative costs and coping costs incurred by users of malfunctioning systems. Coping costs include travelling long distances to obtain water, standing in long queues, storing water and repairing failed systems. Among the surveyed systems that were built using supply-driven approach system breakdowns were common, the quantity and quality of water supply were less than foreseen in designs, and 30% of households did not get daily supply in summer. The poor functioning of one system sometimes leads to the construction of another system, so that about 30% of households surveyed were served by several systems. As of 2008 only about 10% of rural water schemes built in India used a demand-driven approach. Since water users have to pay lower or no tariffs under the supply-driven approach, this discourages them to opt for a demand-driven approach, even if the likelihood of the systems operating on a sustainable basis is higher under a demand-driven approach.<ref name="Misra">[http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2008/07/23/000333037_20080723003033/Rendered/PDF/447910PP0P09411741301PUBLIC10PAPER2.pdf World Bank:Inefficiency of Rural Water Supply Schemes in India], Smita Misra, 2008</ref>

=== Achieving continuous water supply in Karnataka ===
In the cities of [[Hubli]], [[Belgaum]] and [[Gulbarga]] in the state of [[Karnataka]], the private operator [[Veolia]] increased water supply from once every 2–15 days for 1–2 hours, to 24 hours per day for 180,000 people (12% of the population of the 3 cities) within 2 years (2006–2008). This was achieved by carefully selecting and ring-fencing demonstration zones (one in each city), renovating the distribution network, installing meters, introducing a well-functioning commercial system, and effective grass-roots social intermediation by an NGO, all without increasing the amount of bulk water supplied. The project, known by its acronym as KUWASIP (Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project), was supported by a {{USD}}39.5 million loan from the [[World Bank]]. It constitutes a milestone for India, where no large city so far has achieved continuous water supply. The project is expected to be scaled-up to cover the entire area of the three cities.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip">{{cite web |last= |title=The Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project: 24x7 Water Supply is Achievable |url=http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP_Karnataka-water-supply.pdf |url-status=deviated |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160120220844/http://www.wsp.org/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/WSP_Karnataka-water-supply.pdf |archive-date=20 January 2016 |access-date=20 August 2012 |publisher=World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) |type=Field Note}}</ref><ref name="siteresources.worldbank.org"/><ref name="web.worldbank.org"/>
Karnataka Urban Infrastructure Development & Finance Corporation (KUIDFC) has taken up North Karnataka Urban Sector Investment Program (NKUSIP) covering 25 towns. Ilkal is one of the Project town, where 24 X 7 water supply project was implemented. The construction activities commenced in February 2013 and 24 X 7 water supply is commissioned in September 2015. The system is running successfully since then.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tamaki |first=Keiichi |title=24/7 Normalized Water Supply Through Innovative Public-Private Partnership: Case Study from Ilkal Town, Karnataka, India |url=https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/7503 |website=Think Asia |publisher=Asian Development Bank Institute}}</ref>

=== Microcredit for water connections in Tamil Nadu ===
{{Further|Microcredit for water supply and sanitation}}
In [[Tiruchirapalli]] in Tamil Nadu, the NGO Gramalaya, established in 1987, and women self-help groups promote access to water supply and sanitation by the poor through microcredit. Among the benefits are that women can spend more time with their children, earn additional income, and sell surplus water to neighbours. This money contributes to her repayment of the WaterCredit loan. The initiative is supported by the US-based non-profit [[Water Partners International]].<ref>[http://www.water.org/waterpartners.aspx?pgID=1015 Water Partners International:Mrs. Manonmani's Story] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616043138/http://www.water.org/waterpartners.aspx?pgID=1015 }}</ref>

=== Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company ===

The Jamshedpur Utilities and Services Company (JUSCO) provides water and sanitation services in [[Jamshedpur]]. Until 2004 a division of Tata Steel provided water to the city's residents. However, service quality was poor with intermittent supply, high water losses and no metering.<ref name=":7" /> To improve this situation and to establish good practices that could be replicated in other Indian cities, JUSCO was set up as a wholly owned subsidiary of Tata Steel in 2004.

Efficiency and service quality improved substantially over the following years. The level on [[non-revenue water]] decreased from an estimated 36% in 2005 to 10% in 2009; one quarter of residents received continuous water supply (although the average supply remained at only 7 hours per day) in 2009; the share of metered connections increased from 2% in 2007 to 26% in 2009; the number of customers increased; and the company recovered its operating costs plus a portion of capital costs. Identifying and legalising illegal connections was an important element in the reduction of non-revenue water. The utility prides itself today of the good drinking water quality provided and encourages its customers to drink from the tap. The utility also operates a wastewater treatment plant that meets discharge standards. The private utility pays salaries that are higher than civil service salaries and conducts extensive training programs for its staff. It has also installed a modern system to track and resolve customer complaints. Furthermore, it conducts independent annual customer satisfaction surveys. Together with Ranhill Malaysia it won a 25-year concession contract for providing the water supply in [[Haldia]] City, West Bengal.<ref name=":7" />

=== Fecal sludge management ===
Many small and medium towns in India have started deploying [[fecal sludge management]] (FSM) for dealing with human excreta instead of waiting for [[sewerage]] systems. It deals with excreta contained in on-site sanitation systems like pits and septic tanks (called as fecal sludge). It involves removal of fecal sludge from on-site sanitation system its conveyance to a facility where it is treated. In sewerage systems, sizeable share of the capital expenditure is towards laying network. {{Citation needed}} In deploying FSM, the waste is conveyed through vacuum emptier trucks or other vehicles using existing road network, thereby drastically reducing the capital expenditure. {{Citation needed}} Already 30 towns have FSM services operational and they are at various stages of planning in 700 other towns across the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=NFSSM Alliance|url=https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-01/NITI-NFSSM-Alliance-Report-for-digital.pdf|title=Faecal Sludge and Septage Management in Urban Areas: Service and Business models|publisher=NITI Aayog|year=2021}}</ref> It is rapidly being adopted in the states of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Tamil Nadu with support of members of the [https://nfssmalliance.org/ NFSSM Alliance].<ref name=":0" />

== Efficiency of utilities==
There are only limited data on the operating efficiency of utilities in India, and even fewer data on the efficiency of investments. Two indicators of operating efficiency are non-revenue water and labour productivity.

'''Non-revenue water'''. According to the results of a Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) Program carried out by the Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) in 2006 in 28 cities, the average level of [[non-revenue water]] (NRW) was 44 percent.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip"/> Another study of 20 cities by the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission with the support of the Asian Development Bank showed an average level of [[non-revenue water]] (NRW) of 32%. However, 5 out of the 20 cities did not provide any data. For those that provided data there probably is a large margin of error, since only 25% of connections are metered, which makes it very difficult to estimate non-revenue water. Also, three utilities in the sample show NRW levels of less than 20%, two of which have practically no metering, which indicates that the numbers are not reliable and actual values are likely to be higher.<ref name=":2" /> In Delhi, which was not included in the ADB study, non-revenue water stood at 53% and there were about 20 employees per 1000 connections. Furthermore, only 70% of revenue billed was actually collected.

'''Labour productivity'''. Concerning [[labour productivity]], the 20 utilities in the sample had on average 7.4 employees per 1,000 connections, which is much higher than the estimated level for an efficient utility.<ref name=":2" /> A survey of a larger sample of Indian utilities showed an average ratio of 10.9 employees per 1,000 connections.<ref name=":3" />

== Tariffs, cost recovery and subsidies ==

[[Water tariff|Water and sewer tariffs]] in India are low in both urban and rural areas. In urban areas they were set at the equivalent of about {{USD}}0.10 per cubic meter in 2007 and recovered about 60% of operating and maintenance costs, with large differences between cities. Some cities such as Kolkata do not bill residential users at all. In rural areas the level of cost recovery often is even lower than in urban areas and was estimated at only 20% in rural Punjab. Subsidies were estimated at {{USD}}1.1 billion per year in the mid-1990s, accounting to 4% of all government subsidies in India. 70% of those benefiting from the subsidies are not poor.

=== Urban areas ===
'''Metering.''' [[Water metering]] is the precondition for billing water users on the basis of volume consumed. Estimates of the share of customers metered vary depending on the study quoted. According to the results of a Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) Program carried out by the Ministry of Urban Development in 2006 in 28 cities, the share of metering was 50 percent.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip"/> According to a 1999 survey of 300 cities about 62% of urban water customers in metropolitan areas and 50% in smaller cities are metered (average 55%). However, meters often do not work so that many "metered" customers are charged flat rates. Bangalore and Pune are among the few Indian cities that meter all their customers. Many other cities have no metering at all or meter only commercial customers.<ref name=":3" /> Users of standposts receive water free of charge. A 2007 study of 20 cities by the [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] with the support of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) showed that only 25% of customers of these utilities were metered. Most other customers paid a flat tariff independent of consumption. Some utilities, such as the one serving [[Kolkata]], actually do not bill residential users at all.<ref>[[Asian Development Bank]]:[http://www.adb.org/publications/2007-benchmarking-and-data-book-water-utilities-india Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India], 2007, p. 9</ref>

'''Tariff levels'''. According to the same ADB study the average tariff for all customers – including industrial, commercial and public customers – is {{INRConvert|0.0049|k|1}} per cubic meter.<ref name=":2" /> According to a 2007 global water tariff survey by the OECD the residential water tariff for a consumption of 15 m3 was equivalent to {{USD}}0.15 per m3 in Bangalore, {{USD}}0.12 per m3 in Calcutta, {{USD}}0.11 per m3 in New Delhi and {{USD}}0.09 per m3 in Mumbai. Only Bangalore had a sewer tariff of {{USD}}0.02 per m3. The other three cities did not charge for sewerage, although the better-off tend to be the ones with access to sewers.<ref>OECD/Global Water Intelligence Water Tariff Survey 2007, quoted in Peter Gleick:[https://books.google.com/books?id=_wd-s1FB7VEC&dq=oecd+gwi+water+tariff+survey&pg=PT338 The World's Water 2008–2009], p. 321-322</ref>

'''Tariff structure.''' The tariff for customers that are effectively metered is typically a uniform linear tariff, although some cities apply increasing-block tariffs.<ref name=":3" />

'''Affordability.''' Urban water tariffs were highly affordable according to data from the year 2000. A family of five living on the poverty line which uses 20 cubic meter of water per month would spend less than 1.2% of its budget on its water bill if it had a water meter. If it did not have a water meter and was charged a flat rate, it would pay 2.0% of its budget. This percentage lies below the often used affordability threshold of 5%. However, at that time the average metered tariff was estimated at only {{USD}}0.03 per m3, or less than three times what it was estimated to be in 2007.<ref name="tariffs">National Institute of Urban Affairs (NIUA), 2002, Status of Water Supply, Sanitation and Solid Waste Management in Urban India, quoted in: World Bank/PPIAF/Water and Sanitation Program/World Bank Institute:[http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/418200752957_scorecard.pdf Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: A Scorecard for India], 2002, p. 7-8</ref> Apparently no more up-to-date estimates on the share of the average water bill in the budget of the poor are available.

'''Cost recovery.''' According to a 2007 study of 20 cities the average rate of cost recovery for operating and maintenance costs of utilities in these cities was 60%. Seven of the 20 utilities generated a cash surplus to partially finance investments. [[Chennai]] generated the highest relative surplus. The lowest cost recovery ratio was found in [[Indore]] in Madhya Pradesh, which recovered less than 20% of its operating and maintenance costs.<ref name=":2" /> According to the results of a Service Level Benchmarking (SLB) Program carried out by the Ministry of Urban Development in 2006 in 28 cities, cost recovery was 67% on average.<ref name="WSP Kuwasip"/>

'''Delhi example'''. Between 2011 and 2013 Delhi Jal Board (DJB) has increased its revenues by 50 percent and reduced operating subsidies from the National Capital Territory of Delhi. It owes {{INRConvert|350|b|1}} in debt, but hopes that the debt will be converted into a grant. The utility focuses on improving its customer database, meter reading through hand-held devices, billing and bill collection under a new manager, Debashree Mukherjee, who took the helm of the utility in 2012.<ref name="GWI Delhi"/> As of 2004, in [[Delhi]] revenues were just sufficient to cover about 60% of operating costs of DJB; maintenance was, as a result, minimal. In the past, the Delhi utility has relied heavily on government financial support for recurrent and capital expenditures in the magnitude of {{INRConvert|3|b|1}} per year and {{INRConvert|7|b|1}} respectively. Accounts receivable represent more than 12 months of billing, part of it being non-recoverable.<ref name=":6" /> The average tariff was estimated at {{USD}}0.074/m3 in 2001, compared to production costs of {{USD}}0.085/m3, the latter probably being a very conservative estimate that does not take into account capital costs.<ref>[http://www.adb.org/Water/Indicators/Profiles/Delhi_city.pdf Delhi ADB 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010125148/http://www.adb.org/Water/Indicators/Profiles/Delhi_city.pdf }} The same source estimates the working ratio at 2.45, which implies that current revenues must be less than half of recurrent costs</ref>

'''Challenges faced in attempting to increase tariffs.''' Even if users are willing to pay more for better services, political interests often prevent tariffs from being increased even to a small extent. An example is the city of [[Jabalpur]] where the central government and the state government financed a {{INRConvert|130|m|1}} water supply project from 2000–2004 to be operated by the Jabalpur Municipal Corporation, an entity that collected only less than half of its operational costs in revenues even before this major investment. Even so, the municipal corporation initially refused to increase tariffs. Only following pressure from the state government it reluctantly agreed to increase commercial tariffs, but not residential tariffs.<ref>[[Global Water Partnership]]:[http://www.gwptoolbox.org/index.php?option=com_case&id=151&Itemid=45 Malay Raj MukerjeeIndia: Issues in introducing a realistic water pricing regime in urban local bodies]</ref>

=== Rural areas ===

Cost recovery in rural areas is low and a majority of the rural water systems are defunct for lack of maintenance. Some state governments subsidise rural water systems, but funds are scarce and insufficient.<ref>Planning Commission:[http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch5_5.pdf 10th Plan, p. 604] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070727055634/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch5_5.pdf }}</ref> In rural areas in [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], operation and maintenance cost recovery is only about 20%. On one hand, expenditures are high due to high salary levels, high power tariff and a high number of operating staff. On the other hand, revenue is paid only by the 10% of the households who have private connections. Those drawing water from public stand posts do not pay any water charges at all, although the official tariff for public stand post users is {{INRConvert|0.015|k|1}} per month per household.<ref name="World Bank Punjab 2006, Annex 1"/>

=== Subsidies and targeting of subsidies ===

There are no accurate recent estimates of the level of subsidies for water and sanitation in India. It has been estimated that transfers to the water sector in India amounted to {{INRConvert|54708|m|1}} per year in the mid-1990s, accounting for 4% of all government subsidies in India. About 98% of this subsidy is said to come from State rather than Central budgets.<ref>Srivastava, D.K. and Sen, T.K. (1997), Government Subsidies in India, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi, quoted in: World Bank/PPIAF/Water and Sanitation Program/World Bank Institute:[http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/418200752957_scorecard.pdf Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: A Scorecard for India], 2002, p. 8</ref> This figure may only cover recurrent cost subsidies and not investment subsidies, which are even higher (see below). There is little targeting of subsidies. According to the World Bank, 70% of those benefiting from subsidies for public water supply are not poor, while 40% of the poor are excluded because they do not have access to public water services.<ref name="WBI tariffs">World Bank/PPIAF/Water and Sanitation Program/World Bank Institute:[http://www.wsp.org/wsp/sites/wsp.org/files/publications/418200752957_scorecard.pdf Water Tariffs and Subsidies in South Asia: A Scorecard for India], 2002, p. 12</ref>

== Investment and financing ==
Investment in urban water supply and sanitation has increased during the first decade of the 21st century, not least thanks to increased central government grants made available under [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] under the Congress government until 2014 and the [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] (Clean India Mission) under the BJP government since 2014, alongside loans from the [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]].

=== Investment ===
The [[Eleventh Five-Year Plan (India)|Eleventh Five-Year Plan]] (2007–2012) foresaw investments of {{INRConvert|1270.25|b|1}} for urban water supply and sanitation, including urban (stormwater) drainage and solid waste management.<ref name=":5" />

=== Financing ===
The funding of government programmes for water supply and sanitation is shared by the central government, states and other contributors, with the share contributed by various stakeholders varying between programmes and over time. For example, as of 2016 the states pay 60% and the central government pays 40% for investments financed under the Clean India Mission and the National Rural Drinking Water Programme. Until 2015 the central government had funded 75% of the Clean India Mission.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tracking Policy and Budgetary Commitments for Drinking Water and Sanitation: A Study of Select States|url=http://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Tracking-Policy-and-Budgetary-Commitments-for-Drinking-Water-and-Sanitation-1.pdf|publisher=Centre for Budget and Governance Accountability (CBGA)|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

Under the 11th Plan (2007–12) 55% of the investments were to be financed by the central government, 28% by state governments, 8% by "institutional financing" such as HUDCO, 8% by external agencies and 1.5% by the private sector. Local governments were not expected to contribute to the investments. The volume of investments was expected to double to reach 0.7% of GDP. Also, it implied a shift in financing from state governments to the central government.<ref name=":5" /> During the 9th Plan only 24% of investments were financed by the central government and 76% by state governments. Central government financing was heavily focused on water supply in rural areas.<ref name="Planning Commission 2003, p. 51-53">[[Planning Commission of India]]:[http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/genrep/wtrsani.pdf India Assessment 2002, Water Supply and Sanitation, a WHO-UNICEF sponsored study], 2003, p. 51-53</ref>

=== Institutions ===
The current system of financing water supply and sanitation is fragmented through a number of different national and state programs. This results in simultaneous implementation with different and conflicting rules in neighbouring areas. For example, in rural areas different programs undermine each other, adversely affecting demand driven approaches requiring cost sharing by users.

State budgets the major source of financing for water supply and sanitation. State Financing Corporations (SFC) play an important role in making recommendations regarding the allocation of state tax revenues between states and municipalities, criteria for grants, and measures to improve the financial position of municipalities. According to the Planning Commission, SFCs are in some cases not sufficiently transparent and/or competent, have high transactions costs, and their recommendations are sometimes not being implemented.<ref>Planning Commission:[http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch6_1.pdf 10th Plan (2002–2007), p. 611] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821113757/http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/10th/volume2/v2_ch6_1.pdf }}</ref> An important source of financing are loans from [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]] Ltd (HUDCO), a Central government financial undertaking. HUDCO loans to municipal corporations need to be guaranteed by state governments. HUDCO also on-lends loans from foreign aid, including Japanese aid, to states. The [[Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission]] (2005-2014) played an important role in financing urban water supply and sanitation through central government grants. However, its grants were limited to the 35 largest cities in the country and 28 other selected cities, so that most cities with less than 1 million inhabitants were not eligible to receive grants from this mission. It was replaced by the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation]] (AMRUT), the new government's flagship programme for urban development. In addition, in 2014 the new government announced its high-profile [[Swachh Bharat Abhiyan]] (Clean India Mission) that aims at eradicating [[open defecation]] by 2019, covering 4,041 cities and towns. The programme has received funding and technical support from the [[World Bank]], corporations and state governments under the [[Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan]] and [[Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan]] schemes.<ref name="indiatimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-02-17/news/59232518_1_india-open-defecation-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-toilets|title=Swachh Bharat Abhiyaan: Government builds 7.1 lakh toilets in January|work=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref> Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is expected to cost over {{INRConvert|620|b}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/india/swachh-bharat-abhiyan-with-a-broom-in-hand-pm-modi-to-lead-from-the-front_1478677.html|title=PM Modi's 'Swachh Bharat Abhiyan' set for mega launch Thursday; schools, offices gear up for event|work=[[Zee News]] }}</ref> An amount of {{INRConvert|90|b}} was allocated for the mission in [[2016 Union budget of India]].<ref name=et>{{citation |title=Budget 2016: Swachh Bharat Abhiyan gets Rs 9,000 crore |url=http://economictimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/budget-2016-swachh-bharat-abhiyan-gets-rs-9000-crore/articleshow/51193662.cms |work=[[The Economic Times]] }}</ref> In 2015 the government introduced a 0.5% service tax on air travel, telephony, eating out and banking to finance the Clean India Campaign.<ref>{{cite web|title=New steps to make Swachh Bharat, or Clean India Campaign, a reality|url=http://www.ircwash.org/news/tax-raise-realise-india%E2%80%99s-dream|publisher=IRC - Supporting water, sanitation and hygiene services for life|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref> A budget tracking study revealed that the shift of policy focus from water to sanitation as part of the Clean India Campaign has resulted in a cut in government spending on rural water supply. A Parliamentary Standing Committee report found that the government would be unable to achieve its 2017 target of providing 50% rural households with piped water.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dietvorst|first1=Cor|title=The decision to divert funding from water to sanitation turned sour when drought struck India.|url=http://www.ircwash.org/news/can-you-spend-too-much-sanitation|publisher=IRC|access-date=28 July 2016}}</ref>

During the 2019 [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] of India, Prime Minister Narendra Modi confirmed that the target of half of the country's households provided of piped water wasn't reached. He also announced that the Government had decided to promote the Jal Jeevan Mission with a starting endowment fund of Rs 3.5 trillion and the goal "to provide to all households in rural India safe and adequate water through individual household tap connections by 2024".<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-jal-jeevan-mission | title = What is Jal Jeeval Mission | newspaper = Business Standard India | year = 2019 | publisher = Business Standard | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103121320/https://www.business-standard.com/about/what-is-jal-jeevan-mission | archive-date = January 3, 2020 | url-status = live}}</ref>
The Jal Jeevan Mission subsumed the older National Rural Drinking Water Programme (NRDWP), preserving the goal "to provide Functional Household Tap Connection (FHTC) to every rural household" by 2024.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/JJM_note.pdf | title = Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) | page = 1 | publisher = [[Ministry of Drinking Water and Sanitation]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20191123081359/https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/JJM_note.pdf/ | archive-date = November 23, 2019 | url-status = live}}</ref> At the 107th [[Indian Science Congress]] held in January 2020 in [[Bengaluru]], Modi declared that "technology is the strength of the Jal Jeevan Mission" and young Indian scientists have the "responsibility to develop cheap and effective technology for the recycling of water", which represents a new frontier for all of them.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-india-needs-logical-temperament-to-give-direction-to-socioeconomic-development-pm/story-82yJdEd1bKJXjBp8s7q4oK.html | title = Rural India's economic strength linked to young scientists: PM in Bengaluru | date = January 3, 2020 | journal = [[Hindustan Times]] | location = Bengaluru | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200103061146/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/new-india-needs-logical-temperament-to-give-direction-to-socioeconomic-development-pm/story-82yJdEd1bKJXjBp8s7q4oK.html | archive-date = January 3, 2020 | url-status = live}}</ref>

In 1996 Tamil Nadu introduced a public-private partnership, the Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund (TNUDF), to channel both grants and loans to cities in the state. TNUDF has received funding from the [[World Bank]], Japanese [[JICA]] and [[KfW]] from Germany. It also mobilizes funding from the capital market through a water and sanitation pooled fund, under which several municipalities joined together to issue a bond in the local market. TNUDF so far is the only functioning state-level fund that channels loans to ULBs in India.<ref>{{cite web|last=Tamil Nadu Urban Development Fund|title=Water and Sanitation Pooled Fund|url=http://www.tnudf.com/wspf.asp|access-date=20 August 2012}}</ref> In 2012 the state of Orissa has created an Urban Development Fund modelled on the example of Tamil Nadu.

== External cooperation ==

In absolute terms India receives almost twice as much development assistance for water, sanitation and water resources management as any other country, according to data from the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]]. India accounts for 13 per cent of commitments in global water aid for 2006–07, receiving an annual average of about {{USD}}830 million (€620 million), more than double the amount provided to China. India's biggest water and sanitation donor is Japan, which provided {{USD}}635 million, followed by the World Bank with {{USD}}130 million.<ref>[[Financial Times]]:[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ec5ab47a-2309-11de-9c99-00144feabdc0.html?nclick_check=1 India gets biggest share of aid for water and hygiene], 7 April 2009</ref><ref>[[OECD]], 2007:[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/60/42265683.pdf Measuring Aid to Water Supply and Sanitation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100525044541/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/2/60/42265683.pdf }}, p. 3</ref> The annual average for 2004–06, however, was about half as much at {{USD}}448 million, of which Japan provided {{USD}}293 million and the [[World Bank]] {{USD}}87 million.<ref>OECD:Aid to the water sector commitments, India, calculated from the following pivot table:[https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090200/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/16/14/41812948.xls Water focus charts: Disbursements 2004–2006]</ref> The [[Asian Development Bank]] and Germany are other important external partners in water supply and sanitation.

In 2003 the Indian government decided it would only accept bilateral aid from five countries (the United Kingdom, the United States, Russia, Germany and Japan). A further 22 bilateral donors were asked to channel aid through nongovernmental organisations, United Nations agencies or multilateral institutions such as the European Union, the Asian Development Bank or the World Bank.<ref>Gareth Price, [[Chatham House]]:[http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/3199_wp200904.pdf India's aid dynamics: from recipient to donor?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617014553/http://www.chathamhouse.org.uk/files/3199_wp200904.pdf }}, Asia Programme Working Paper, September 2004, p. 4</ref>

=== Asian Development Bank ===

India has increased its loans from the [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) since 2005 after the introduction of new financing modalities, such as the multitranche financing facility (MFF) which features a framework agreement with the national government under which financing is provided in flexible tranches for subprojects that meet established selection criteria. In 2008 four MFFs for urban development investment programs were under way in North [[Karnataka]] ({{USD}}862 million), [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] ({{USD}}1,260 million), [[Rajasthan]] ({{USD}}450 million), and [[Uttarakhand]] ({{USD}}1,589 million). Included in these MFFs are major investments for the development of urban water supply and sanitation services.<ref>[https://archive.today/20130703163214/http://www.adb.org/features/country-water-action-testing-innovative-financing Asian Development Bank:Country Water Action: India. Testing Innovative Financing], December 2008</ref>

=== Germany ===

Germany supports access to water and sanitation in India through financial cooperation by [[KfW]] development bank and technical cooperation by [[GTZ|GIZ]]. Since the early 1990s both institutions have supported [[watershed management]] in rural [[Maharashtra]], using a participatory approach first piloted by the Social Center in Ahmednagar and that constituted a fundamental break with the previous top-down, technical approach to watershed management that had yielded little results.<ref>In German: [http://www.jesuiten.de/jesuitenmission.ch/pdf/jhs2005_4.pdf Interview mit Pater Hermann Bacher SJ], Jesuiten 4/2005 {{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The involvement of women in decision-making is an essential part of the project. While the benefits are mostly in terms of increased agricultural production, the project also increases availability of water resources for rural water supply.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Project - Erosion Protection in India. Getting Women Involved in Decision-Making Processes |url=http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Development_policy_positions/Gender/Project_-_Erosion_protection_in_India.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727204443/http://www.kfw-entwicklungsbank.de/EN_Home/Development_policy_positions/Gender/Project_-_Erosion_protection_in_India.jsp |archive-date=27 July 2011 |website=[[KfW]]}}</ref> In addition, GIZ actively supports the introduction of [[ecological sanitation]] concepts in India, including community toilets and decentralised wastewater systems for schools as well as small and medium enterprises. Many of these systems produce biogas from wastewater, provide fertiliser and irrigation water.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sustainable Sanitation in India. Examples from Indo-German Development Cooperation |url=http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-sustainablesanitation-india-2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807122633/http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-ecosan-sustainablesanitation-india-2008.pdf |archive-date=7 August 2011 |publisher=[[Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit]] (GTZ)}}</ref>

===Israel===
Israel is providing advanced water management technology and expertise to India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Ritu |others=Advertorial |title=India & Israel: Cooperation on water management |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/agriculture/india-israel-cooperation-on-water-management/articleshow/61767010.cms |access-date=2023-01-01}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=The current source is insufficiently reliable ([[BP:NOTRS]]). It clearly states that it is an advertorial.}}

=== Japan ===

As India's largest donor in the sector the [[Japan International Cooperation Agency]] (JICA) finances a multitude of projects with a focus on capital-intensive urban water supply and sanitation projects, often involving follow-up projects in the same locations. Projects approved between 2006 and 2009 cover parts of Assam, Kerala, the [[Hogenakkal Integrated Drinking Water Project|Hogenakkal Water Supply and Fluorosis Mitigation Project]] in Tamil Nadu, [[Goa]], [[Agra]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]], and [[Bangalore]].<ref>[[JICA]]:[http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/oda_loan/economic_cooperation/index.html Ex-Ante Evaluation]. Retrieved 18 March 2010.</ref>

'''Evaluation of past projects'''. An ex-post evaluation of one large program, the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Program, showed that "some 60%–70% of the goals were achieved" and that "results were moderate". The program was implemented by the [[Housing and Urban Development Corporation]] from 1996 to 2003 in 26 cities. The evaluation says that "state government plans were not based on sufficient demand research, including the research for residents' willingness to pay for services", so that demand for connections was overestimated. Also fees (water tariffs) were rarely increased despite recommendations to increase them. The evaluation concludes that "HUDCO was not able to make significant contributions to the effectiveness, sustainability, or overall quality of individual projects. One of the reasons that not much attention was given to this problem is probably that there was little risk of default on the loans thanks to state government guarantees."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sonoda |first=Hajime |title=Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Improvement Program |url=http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2006/pdf/project33_full.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928015901/http://www.jica.go.jp/english/operations/evaluation/oda_loan/post/2006/pdf/project33_full.pdf |archive-date=28 September 2011 |website=Japan International Cooperation Agency}}</ref>

=== World Bank ===
The World Bank finances a number of projects in urban and rural areas that are fully or partly dedicated to water supply and sanitation. This includes support targeted towards the Ganga River Basin, municipal development in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and in rural areas of Uttarakhand and Punjab. There are multiple projects and loans that go into hundreds of millions and billions of US dollars.<ref>{{Cite web |others=Country Partnership Framework for India |title=Projects |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/cpf/india/project |access-date=2023-01-01 |website=World Bank}}</ref>

'''Evaluation of past projects'''. A study by the World Bank's independent evaluation department evaluated the impact of the World Bank-supported interventions in the provision of urban water supply and wastewater services in [[Mumbai]] between 1973 and 1990. It concluded that water supply and sewerage planning, construction and operations in Bombay posed daunting challenges to those who planned and implemented the investment program. At the outset, there was a huge backlog of unmet demand because of underinvestment. Population and economic growth accelerated in the following decades and the proportion of the poor increased as did the slums which they occupied. The intended impacts of the program have not been realized. Shortcomings include that "water is not safe to drink; water service, especially to the poor, is difficult to access and is provided at inconvenient hours of the day; industrial water needs are not fully met; sanitary facilities are too few in number and often unusable; and urban drains, creeks and coastal waters are polluted with sanitary and industrial wastes."<ref>{{cite web |title=India - Water Supply and Waste Water Services in Bombay: First, Second and Third Bombay Water Supply and Sewerage Projects |url=http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0C21174E191C96F4852567F5005D38EF?opendocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705220115/http://lnweb90.worldbank.org/oed/oeddoclib.nsf/DocUNIDViewForJavaSearch/0C21174E191C96F4852567F5005D38EF?opendocument |archive-date=5 July 2014 |access-date=29 July 2015 |website=Independent Evaluation Group (IEG) - The World Bank Group}}</ref>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Cleanest cities in India]]
* [[Climate of India]]
* [[Environment of India]]
* [[Kalpasar Project]]
* [[Interstate River Water Disputes Act]]
* [[List of drainage basins by area]]
* [[List of rivers of India by discharge]]
* [[List of rivers by discharge]]
* [[Dissolved load|List of rivers by dissolved load]]
* [[List of dams and reservoirs in India]]
* [[List of water supply and sanitation by country]]
* [[National Water Policy]]
* [[Polavaram Project]]
* [[Pollution of the Ganges]]
* [[Sanitation worker]]
* [[Saemangeum Seawall]]
* [[Water scarcity in India]]
* [[Water pollution in India]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
;Notes
{{notelist}}

;Citations
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last1=Sridhar |first1=Kala Seetharam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VkyXKPBKJI0C&pg=PA41 |title=State of Urban Services in India's Cities: Spending and Financing |last2=Reddy |first2=A. Venugopal |publisher=Public Affairs Centre |isbn=9780198065388 |via=Google Books}}
* {{Cite book |last=Zerah |first=Marie-Helene |title=Water, unreliable supply in Delhi |publisher=Manohar [and] Centre de Sciences Humaines |year=2000 |isbn=8173043280}}

== External links ==
* [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2006/01/24/000090341_20060124094858/Rendered/PDF/34750.pdf World Bank:India's Water Economy:Bracing for a Turbulent Future, 2005]
* [http://water.worldbank.org/water/publications/sustaining-water-all-changing-climate-world-bank-group-implementation-progress-report/ Sustaining Water for All in a Changing Climate] The World Bank, 2010, Case Study on water resources in Andhra Pradesh, India. pgs. 73–77.
* Comprehensive Portal on Water in India: [http://www.indiawaterportal.org/ India Water Portal]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080403042432/http://www.solutionexchange-un.net.in/en/Water/introduction.html Solution Exchange:Water Community in India]
* Water and Environmental Sanitation Network India:[http://www.wesnetindia.org/ WES-Net India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215222918/http://www.wesnetindia.org/ }}
* Asian Development Bank/Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission: [http://www.adb.org/publications/2007-benchmarking-and-data-book-water-utilities-india 2007 Benchmarking and Data Book of Water Utilities in India]
*[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTWSS/0,,contentMDK:20879544~menuPK:3810623~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:337302,00.html World Bank:Reaching the Poor Through Sustainable Partnerships: The Slum Sanitation Program in Mumbai, India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100216181522/http://jnnurm.nic.in/nurmudweb/toolkit/Overview.pdf Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission:Overview]

{{India topics|state=collapsed}}
{{Social issues in India}}
{{Water supply and sanitation by country}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Supply And Sanitation in India}}
[[Category:Water supply and sanitation in India| ]]
[[Category:Social issues in India]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

King Hamad Order of the Renaissance

2022-04-17T20:48:10Z

Mediagroup: Initiated original article content.

{{Short description|Highest civilian award in the Kingdom of Bahrain}}
{{Infobox order
|title = King Hamad Order of the Renaissance
|image =
|caption =
|awarded_by ={{Flag|Bahrain}}
|type = [[Order (decoration)|Order]]
|motto =
|day =
|eligibility =
|for =
|status = Currently constituted
|head_title =
|head =
|house =
|chancellor =
|commander =
|grades =
|former_grades =
|date =
|first_induction =
|last_induction =
|total =
|established = 17 April 2008
|recipients =
|individual =
|higher = Order of Al-Khalifa
|lower = Order of Ahmad the Conqueror
|image2 = [[File: MY Darjah Kerabat Diraja Malaysia - Royal Family Order of Malaysia - DKM.svg|130px]]
|caption2 = Ribbon bar of the order
|}}
The '''King Hamad Order of the Renaissance''' is the third highest [[Civilian award|civilian honour]] of [[Bahrain]]<ref name=indiatoday>{{cite news |author1=Manama |title=Bahrain confers The King Hamad Order of the Renaissance to PM Narendra Modi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bahrain-confers-the-king-hamad-order-of-the-renaissance-to-narendramodi-1591389-2019-08-25 |publisher=[[India Today]] }}</ref> decoration named after [[King Hamad]].

== History ==
The award was founded by King Hamad II on 17 April 2008, to recognize services towards the development of the country.{{cn}}

== Class ==
The King Hamad Order of the Renaissance is awarded in three classes;{{cn}}
* First Class – awarded to foreign leaders, prime ministers, crown princes, parliamentary chiefs, ministers or those of equal rank
* Second Class – awarded to civil servants and military personnel for contribution in the nation's development since 2001
* Third Class – awarded to those who have helped develop women's rights and human rights
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"
! colspan="5" |King Hamad Order of the Renaissance
|- align="center"
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Bahrain, 1st class.png|width=130}} '''''1st Class'''''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Bahrain, 2nd class.png|width=130}} '''''2nd Class'''''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Bahrain, 3rd class.png|width=130}} '''''3rd Class'''''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Bahrain, 4th class.png|width=130}} '''''4th Class'''''
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Order of Bahrain, 5th class.png|width=130}} '''''5th Class'''''
|}

== Recipients ==
{{Expand list}}
* [[Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa]], the [[Prime Minister of Bahrain]]<ref>{{cite web |title=H.R.H. Prince Khalifa Bin Salman Al Khalifa Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Bahrain |url=https://www.mofa.gov.bh/Default.aspx?tabid=138&language=en-US |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>
* [[Hussein, Crown Prince of Jordan]], the [[Crown Prince of Jordan]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BtgQplKnoSh/|title=Al Hussein bin Abdullah II on Instagram: "سعدت اليوم بلقاء جلالة الملك حمد بن عيسى آل خليفة في بلدي الثاني مملكة البحرين، وأشكره أن كرّمني بمنحي وسام النهضة للملك حمد من الدرجة الممتازة (القلادة)، كما جمعني لقاء رحب بأخي سمو الأمير سلمان بن حمد، ولي العهد، بحثنا فيه عددا من القضايا التي تهم شعبينا الشقيقين.. كل الشكر على حفاوة الاستقبال والروح العربية الأصيلة Honored to receive the King Hamad Order of the Renaissance 1st class (Wisam al Nahda) from His Majesty King Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa during a visit to Bahrain, my second home. Had a productive meeting with my dear brother His Royal Highness Prince Salman bin Hamad, the Crown Prince of Bahrain, where we discussed issues that concern our two countries and peoples. Grateful for the warm hospitality and gracious welcome #OurJordan"|website=Instagram|accessdate=9 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=HM King receives Jordanian Crown Prince |url=https://www.bna.bh/en/HMKingreceivesJordanianCrownPrince.aspx?cms=q8FmFJgiscL2fwIzON1%2BDttybsNstA5h%2FvWcQMY4p2c%3D |publisher=[[Bahrain News Agency]] }}</ref>
* [[Narendra Modi]], the [[Prime Minister of India]] (2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/amp/india/article/pm-modi-honoured-with-the-king-hamad-order-of-the-renaissance-in-bahrain/475473|title=PM Modi honoured with 'The King Hamad Order of the Renaissance' in Bahrain | India News|website=www.timesnownews.com|accessdate=9 March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bahrain confers The King Hamad Order of the Renaissance to PM Narendra Modi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bahrain-confers-the-king-hamad-order-of-the-renaissance-to-narendramodi-1591389-2019-08-25 |publisher=[[India Today]] }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Awards established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Bahrain]]
[[Category:Orders of chivalry awarded to heads of state, consorts and sovereign family members]]