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Sindkheda Assembly constituency

2026-05-06T22:33:45Z

Medfly: created the details basic info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sindkheda
| type = SLA
| map_image = 8-Sindkheda.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| state = [[Maharashtra]]
| district = [[Dhule district|Dhule]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhule (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhule]]
| constituency_no = 8
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| abolished =
| mla = [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]]
| party = {{Party index link|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| alliance = [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors =341,535
}}
'''Sindkheda Assembly constituency''' seat is one of the five constituencies of the [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) located in [[Dhule district]] of the state in western India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|title=District wise List of Assembly and Parliamentary Constituencies|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Maharashtra website|access-date=11 February 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225084439/http://ceo.maharashtra.gov.in/acs.php|archive-date=25 February 2009|df=}}</ref>

==Overview==
This Vidhan Sabha constituency is a part of the [[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency]]<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> along with five other Vidhan Sabha constituencies, namely, [[Dhule Rural Assembly constituency|Dhule Rural]] and [[Dhule City Assembly constituency|Dhule City]] in Dhule district and [[Malegaon Central Assembly constituency|Malegaon Central]], [[Malegaon Outer Assembly constituency|Malegaon Outer]] and [[Baglan Assembly constituency|Baglan]] in [[Nashik district]].

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Narayanrao Sahadeorao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1957]] || Sonawane Shankar Gorakh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || rowspan="2" | Narayanrao Sahadeorao Patil || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|-
| [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Lilabai Uttamrao Patil
|-
| [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || Shisode Madhukarrao Dipchand || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1980]] || Patil Rangrao Madhavrao || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)}}
|-
| [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1985]] || Rajput Mangalsing Nimji Alias Thansing Jibhau || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1990]] || Bhadane Dattatray Waman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1995]] || Rajput Mangalsing Nimji Alias Thansing Jibhau || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 By-election]] || D. V. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || Patil Ramkrushna Dodha || {{Full party name with color|Shiv Sena}}
|-
| [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || Annasaheb D. V. Patil || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || rowspan="4" | [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]] {{Full party name with color| Bhartiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2014]] ||
|-
| [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
|-
| [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 151,492 |percentage = 67.40% |change = {{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bedse Sandeep Tryambakrao |party = Nationalist Congress Party – Sharadchandra Pawar |votes = 55,608 |percentage = 24.74% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shamkant Raghunath Saner |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,886 |percentage = 5.29% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salim Kasam Pinjari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,944 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,422 |percentage = 0.63% |change = {{decrease}}0.28 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 95,884 |percentage = 42.66% |change = {{increase}}21.07 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 226,186 |percentage = 66.23% |change = {{increase}}4.85 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 224,764}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 341,535 |ref = |change = {{increase}}4.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.14 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 113,809 |percentage = 57.26% |change = {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bedse Sandeep Tryambakrao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 70,894 |percentage = 35.67% |change = {{increase}}10.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanabhau Rambhau Sonawane |party = Independent politician |votes = 9,358 |percentage = 4.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Namdeo Rohidas Yelave |party = Vanchit Bahujan Aaghadi |votes = 2,025 |percentage = 1.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,816 |percentage = 0.91% |change = {{increase}}0.27 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,915 |percentage = 21.59% |change = {{increase}}0.26 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 200,767 |percentage = 61.38% |change = {{decrease}}3.41 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 198,752}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 327,082 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}10.30 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2014 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref name="election2014">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11699-maharashtra-legislative-assembly-election-2014/ |title=Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election, 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 2 February 2022 |url-access=limited}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[Jayakumar Jitendrasinh Rawal]] |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 92,794 |percentage = 46.96% |change = {{decrease}}4.10 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bedse Sandeep Tryambakrao |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 50,636 |percentage = 25.62% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saner Shamkant Raghunath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 48,025 |percentage = 24.30% |change = {{increase}}3.46 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Girase Rajendrasing Ramsing |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 2,263 |percentage = 1.15% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,264 |percentage = 0.64% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 42,158 |percentage = 21.33% |change = {{decrease}}8.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 198,934 |percentage = 64.79% |change = {{increase}}3.47 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 197,604}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 307,064 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.95 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}4.10 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher= Chief Eletoral Officer, [[Maharashtra]]|title=General Elections to State Legislative Assembly 2009 |url=https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-url= http://web.archive.org/web/20240708005931/https://ceoelection.maharashtra.gov.in/pdff/vidhanresult.pdf|archive-date=8 July 2024|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rawal Jaikumarbhau Jitendrasinh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 85,656 |percentage = 51.06% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Saner Shamkant Raghunath |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 34,957 |percentage = 20.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Deshmukh Hemant Bhaskar |party = Independent politician |votes = 27,818 |percentage = 16.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hemant Devidas Salunkhe |party = Independent politician |votes = 12,342 |percentage = 7.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Arjun Kondaji Bhoi |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,658 |percentage = 0.99% |change = {{decrease}}1.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Salim Kasam Pinjari |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,442 |percentage = 0.86% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sanjay Bhavan Rajput |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,186 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 50,699 |percentage = 30.22% |change = {{increase}}25.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 168,180 |percentage = 61.32% |change = {{decrease}}4.80 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 167,764}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 274,283 |ref = |change = {{increase}}54.39 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}21.69 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 2004 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Annasaheb D. V. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 34,495 |percentage = 29.37% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramkrushna Dodha |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 28,823 |percentage = 24.54% |change = {{decrease}}15.23 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhamare Dnyaneshwar Ananda |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 26,504 |percentage = 22.57% |change = {{decrease}}10.67 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaysing Nathesinh Rajput |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 14,972 |percentage = 12.75% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sisode Sanjeevani Sanjay |party = Independent politician |votes = 7,069 |percentage = 6.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gavale Gulabrao Sahebrao |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 2,677 |percentage = 2.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Damodar Valmikrao Sukdeorao |party = Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh |votes = 1,152 |percentage = 0.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Teli Iqbal Bahadoor |party = Independent politician |votes = 988 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 5,672 |percentage = 4.83% |change = {{decrease}}1.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 117,471 |percentage = 66.12% |change = {{increase}}2.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 117,441}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 177,652 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.55 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Shiv Sena |swing = {{decrease}}10.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1999 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117044316/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-MH99.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramkrushna Dodha |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 37,856 |percentage = 39.77% |change = {{increase}}8.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rawal Jitendrasinhg Jaysinhg Alias Sarkarsaheb |party = Nationalist Congress Party |votes = 31,643 |percentage = 33.24% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Dattatraya Waman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 24,046 |percentage = 25.26% |change = {{increase}}12.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Vijaysing Nathesing Rajput |party = Rashtriya Janata Dal |votes = 872 |percentage = 0.92% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chetan Nathu Bagul |party = Independent politician |votes = 777 |percentage = 0.82% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,213 |percentage = 6.53% |change = {{increase}}3.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,592 |percentage = 63.22% |change = {{increase}}1.19 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 95,194}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 160,701 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Shiv Sena |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}5.68 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly By-election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1996 elections in India#Maharashtra|1996 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/ByeElection/ByeNov1996/index.htm |title=Key Statistics - Bye Elections - 1996 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = D. V. Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 31,493 |percentage = 34.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Ramkrushna Dodha |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 28,562 |percentage = 30.92% |change = {{increase}}25.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ashatai Mangalsing Alias Thansing Jeebhau |party = Janata Dal |votes = 19,487 |percentage = 21.09% |change = {{decrease}}13.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Rangrao Madhavrao |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,764 |percentage = 12.73% |change = {{decrease}}13.78 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Dattatray Dayaram |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,074 |percentage = 1.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,931 |percentage = 3.17% |change = {{decrease}}4.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,370 |percentage = 62.03% |change = {{decrease}}5.57 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 92,380}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 152,142 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.04 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Janata Dal |swing = {{increase}}0.00 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1995 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1995 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1995 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117121534/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1995/StatisticalReport-MH95.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajput Mangalsing Nimji Alias Thansing Jibhau |party = Janata Dal |votes = 33,801 |percentage = 34.09% |change = {{increase}}2.82 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhadane Dattatray Waman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,283 |percentage = 26.51% |change = {{decrease}}24.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sisode Snajay Madhukarao |party = Independent politician |votes = 13,436 |percentage = 13.55% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Chaudhari Hiraman Vithal |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,041 |percentage = 6.09% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Desale Sudam Vitthal |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 5,450 |percentage = 5.50% |change = {{increase}}0.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Wagh Ramdas Vitthal |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,751 |percentage = 3.78% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Rajdhar Elaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,943 |percentage = 2.97% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kapure Yuvraj Rambhau |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 1,385 |percentage = 1.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 7,518 |percentage = 7.58% |change = {{decrease}}12.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,786 |percentage = 67.60% |change = {{decrease}}1.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 99,144}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,572 |ref = |change = {{increase}}17.13 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Janata Dal |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1990 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1990 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117080722/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_MT_90.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Bhadane Dattatray Waman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 44,299 |percentage = 51.21% |change = {{increase}}23.11 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajput Thansing Jibhau Alias Mangalsing Nimji |party = Janata Dal |votes = 27,050 |percentage = 31.27% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Rajdhar Elaji |party = Independent politician |votes = 8,333 |percentage = 9.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Moglaikar Sudhakar Sambhappa |party = Shiv Sena |votes = 4,225 |percentage = 4.88% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mali Shankar Pandu |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,720 |percentage = 1.99% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 17,249 |percentage = 19.94% |change = {{increase}}15.46 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 88,478 |percentage = 68.83% |change = {{increase}}7.33 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 86,500}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 128,555 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.52 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}18.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1985 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117075119/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201985.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Rajput Mangalsing Nimji Alias Thansing Jibhau |party = Independent politician |votes = 21,708 |percentage = 32.58% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Vidyatai Laxman |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 18,726 |percentage = 28.10% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jawage Vasantrao Dharma |party = Independent politician |votes = 10,794 |percentage = 16.20% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Himmatrao Mali |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 10,067 |percentage = 15.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kadhare Pundlik Kathu |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,983 |percentage = 2.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Appasaheb Baisane Jagannath Sobe |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,458 |percentage = 2.19% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ratan Lotan Patil |party = Independent politician |votes = 672 |percentage = 1.01% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Laxman Babulal Khedwan |party = Lokdal |votes = 471 |percentage = 0.71% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,982 |percentage = 4.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 69,032 |percentage = 61.50% |change = {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 66,636}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 112,255 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.27 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress (I) |swing = {{decrease}}2.52 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1980 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1980 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120117083555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Maharashtra.pdf |archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Rangrao Madhavrao |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 21,320 |percentage = 35.10% |change = {{increase}}18.99 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shisode Madhukarrao Dipchand |party = Janata Party |votes = 18,592 |percentage = 30.61% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mali Himmatrao Bhatu |party = Independent politician |votes = 11,887 |percentage = 19.57% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Naval Chaitram |party = Indian National Congress (U) |votes = 8,722 |percentage = 14.36% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,728 |percentage = 4.49% |change = {{increase}}1.44 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 62,641 |percentage = 60.42% |change = {{decrease}}12.18 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 60,733}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 103,680 |ref = |change = {{increase}}6.36 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress (I) |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629182050/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%201978%20Maharashtra.pdf|archive-date=29 June 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Shisode Madhukarrao Dipchand |party = Independent politician |votes = 20,034 |percentage = 29.45% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Rajput Mangalsing Nimji Alias Thansing Jibhau |party = Janata Party |votes = 17,956 |percentage = 26.40% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Patil Shivajirao Giridhar |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 17,752 |percentage = 26.10% |change = {{decrease}}32.05 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Devare Dhanraj Motiram |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 10,958 |percentage = 16.11% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhil Bhagabai Navasha |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,109 |percentage = 1.63% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,078 |percentage = 3.05% |change = {{decrease}}25.42 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 70,768 |percentage = 72.60% |change = {{increase}}15.23 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 68,027}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 97,478 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.18 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Independent politician |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}28.70 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519183024/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MT_72.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2017|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Lilabai Uttamrao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,788 |percentage = 58.15% |change = {{decrease}}7.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Raghunath Chindha Patil |party = Samyukta Socialist Party |votes = 14,693 |percentage = 29.68% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Daulatrao Rupala Isi |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,659 |percentage = 7.39% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Savale Gajmal |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 1,485 |percentage = 3.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramraje Nirgun Vajir |party = Independent politician |votes = 884 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 14,095 |percentage = 28.47% |change = {{decrease}}7.54 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 51,693 |percentage = 57.37% |change = {{decrease}}1.40 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,509}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 90,108 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.52 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926233227/https://www.eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Maharashtra%201967.pdf|archive-date=26 September 2018|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanrao Sahadeorao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 29,407 |percentage = 65.53% |change = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. C. Patil |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 13,246 |percentage = 29.52% |change = {{increase}}17.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Z. D. Koli |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,224 |percentage = 4.96% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 16,161 |percentage = 36.01% |change = {{decrease}}19.72 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,249 |percentage = 58.77% |change = {{decrease}}1.90 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 44,877}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 83,805 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.23 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}2.43 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1962 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanrao Sahadeorao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 33,584 |percentage = 67.96% |change = {{increase}}21.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Baburao Nabaji Desai |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 6,045 |percentage = 12.23% |change = {{decrease}}40.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Padamsing Natusing Girase |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 5,956 |percentage = 12.05% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Punaji Lingaji Lalingker |party = Republican Party of India |votes = 2,700 |percentage = 5.46% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Pira Nanda Mahar |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,129 |percentage = 2.28% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 27,539 |percentage = 55.73% |change = {{increase}}49.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 52,545 |percentage = 60.67% |change = {{increase}}14.30 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 49,414}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 86,602 |ref = |change = {{increase}}24.58 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Praja Socialist Party |swing = {{increase}}14.79 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1957 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1957 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114093455/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_Bombay_1957.pdf|archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Sonawane Shankar Gorakh |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 17,139 |percentage = 53.17% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanrao Sahadeorao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 15,096 |percentage = 46.83% |change = {{decrease}}14.33 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,043 |percentage = 6.34% |change = {{decrease}}30.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 32,235 |percentage = 46.37% |change = {{decrease}}10.74 }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 32,235}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 69,513 |ref = |change = {{increase}}46.61 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Praja Socialist Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}7.99 }}
{{Election box end}}

=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Sindkheda <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narayanrao Sahadeorao Patil |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 16,560 |percentage = 61.16% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Khaire, Raghunath Chindha |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 6,592 |percentage = 24.35% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bhere, Nagojirao Lahujirao |party = Peasants and Workers Party of India |votes = 3,925 |percentage = 14.50% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 9,968 |percentage = 36.81% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 27,077 |percentage = 57.11% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 27,077}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 47,415 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sindkheda]]
* [[List of constituencies of Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dhule district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
{{coord|21.27|74.74|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Dhule district]]
[[Category:Politics of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bombay State]]

Malliya Rechana

2026-05-04T17:10:47Z

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{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=March 2023}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=March 2023}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}

'''Malliya Rechana''' was n 10th-century Indian poet and writer in the [[Telugu language]]. He hails from the present-day [[Vemulawada, Karimnagar district|Vemulawada]], [[Telangana]] region of India. He wrote the first Telugu prosody (''[[chandas (poetry)|chandassu]]'') book called ''[[Kavijanasrayam]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&dq=lembulawada&pg=PA503|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|publisher=Sahitya Academy|year=2003|isbn=9788126018031}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=G. V. |first=Subrahmanyam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&dq=pavuluri+Mallana&pg=PA536 |title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections |date=1997 |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |isbn=978-81-260-0365-5 |editor-last=Paniker |editor-first=Ayyappa |editor-link=Ayyappa Paniker |pages=536, 537 |language=en}}</ref>

The most antique reference to Malliya Rechana is 11th-century Tamil literature 'Yaappirungulam Kaarikai' mentioning the Kavi "Renchi kouyaaruseyida vaduga chandamu".<ref>https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.333847 Page 21</ref>

"For the well being of the stainless rules of (Peosy) the sweet poet '''Mallia Recan''' (Worthy of the favour of bolds) hath composed in the Telugu language this admirable prosody entitled the Refuge Of Poets -" C.P. Brown<ref name="Mungili">Mungili, 2009</ref>

== Early life ==
Malliya Rechana was a Jain [[Komati caste|Komati]] from a place near [[Vemulawada, Karimnagar district|Vemulawada]], [[Karimnagar]] district of Telangana. Rechana was born to father "Bhima" and mother "Mallamma".<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=Kavi Janaasrayamu (Toli Telugu Grandhamu) |url=https://www.telugubooks.in/collections/books-under-rs-500/products/kavi-janaasrayamu-toli-telugu-grandhamu |website=www.telugubooks.in |access-date=11 July 2017 |archive-date=31 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731025619/https://www.telugubooks.in/collections/books-under-rs-500/products/kavi-janaasrayamu-toli-telugu-grandhamu |url-status=dead }}</ref>

''"He from Nizam Rashram and his father is Malliya"''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.373092/2015.373092.Sri-Andhra#page/n17/mode/2up|title=Sri Andhra Kavi Tarangini|last=Chaganti|first=Seshayya|publisher=Hindu dharma sastra grantha nilayam|year=1956|pages=7–11}}</ref>''"There are a lot of Jain Komatis in Karimnagar region even till this day(1917)"''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/kavijanaashrayam020695mbp|title=Kavijanaashrayamu-Chandashastramu|last=Jayanthi Ramaiah|date=1932|publisher=ANDHRA SAHITYA PARISHATH|others=SRI KRISHNA DEVARAYANDRA BHASHA NILAYAM, HYD PAR INFORMATICS}}</ref>''"Scholars uniformly agree that Kavijanasrayam's author is associated with Vemulawada"''<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Chimakurthi |first=Seshagiri Rao |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.491601/2015.491601.telugu-marugulu#page/n95/mode/2up |title=Telugu Marugul |publisher=Telugu Gosti |year=1992 |pages=87–92}}</ref>

[[Vemulawada, Karimnagar district|Vemulawada]] was the seat of Jain literature. The book Kavijanasrayam establishes the contributions of Jain Literature to Telugu. [[Chalukyas of Vemulavada]], the local rulers, were great patrons of Kannada Jain literature. Along with Kannada, we could see that an attempt was made in the same direction for Telugu Jain literature.

P. V. P Sastry also mentions that 'many Jain works got destroyed'.'''''<ref name=":2" />'''''

== Contemporaries ==

Malliya Rechana, Pampa, Jina Vallabha, Somadeva Suri are considered contemporaries.'''''<ref name=":2" />'''''

Malliya Rechana's guru is Vaadindra Chudamani. Pampa's guru is Jinendrudu. Rechana refers to "Madanavilasa", "Vachakabharana", "Jinendra" which are all associated to the inscriptions of [[Vemulawada, Karimnagar district|Vemulawada]], [[Telangana]].

== Literary career ==
He wrote the first Telugu prosody (''[[chandas (poetry)|chandassu]]'') book called Kavijanasrayam.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.333847|title=Kavi Janasramamu|last=Malliya Rechana|date=7 July 2017|via=Internet Archive}}</ref><ref>Samagrandhra Sahitya Charitra, Arudra</ref>

"Nannayya’s Mahabharata shows highly developed technique of Telugu. It presupposes fairly long period of development. Even earlier to Nannayya there may have been Telugu works but which are not extant today. Very recently, [[P. V. Parabrahma Sastry|P.V.P P Sastry]] is of the opinion that Malliya Rechana's Kavi Janasrayamu now dated to 12th Gent. A.D. shows archaic Telugu language and it must be dated to 950-980 A.D. He points out that Malliya Rechana in the work refers to one Vachakabharana who helped him to write the work. Vachakabharana as pointed by [[P. V. Parabrahma Sastry|P.V .P PS astry]] is none other than Jinavallabha, brother of Pampa, of Kurikyala inscription datable to C.950 A.D. Hence, in his opinion Malliya Rechana' s Kavi Janasrayamu is datable to G.950 A.d. not to 13th Cent. A.D. If his suggestion is accepted, then it is likely that Telugu literary activities also started simultaneously with Kannada literature."<ref>{{Cite journal |hdl = 10603/100276|title = Karnataka Andhra relations a cultural study from the proto historic period to Circa 10th a D|journal = University|date = 1985-12-31}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rechana, Malliya}}
[[Category:Telugu poets]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian poets]]

Vetri Vinayaha College of Engineering and Technology

2026-05-03T12:25:55Z

Medfly:

{{Short description|Engineering college in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|{{primary sources|date=February 2017}}{{one source|date=February 2017}}}}
{{Infobox University
| name = Vetri Vinayaha College Of Engineering and Technology
| image =
| caption = Vetri Vinayaha Logo
| motto = Victory through Virtue
| established = 2006
| chairman = [[G. Sekar]]
| principal = Dr. Kavipriya
| city = [[Namakkal ]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| country = [[India]]
| type = Self - Financing
| campus = [[Rural area|Rural]] (Vetri Campus)
| coor = {{coord|11|0|11|N|78|30|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| affiliations = [[Anna University]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.vetrivinayaha.org/}}
| other_name = VVCET
}}
Vetri Vinayaha College of Engineering and Technology is a Private Engineering College located in [[Thottiyam]], [[Tiruchirappalli District]], [[India]]. The college was established in the year 2006 by Thiru [[G. Sekar]] .

== Course Offered (Departments) ==
# B.E / Civil Engineering.
# B.E / Computer Science Engineering.
# B.E / Electronic Communication Engineering.
# B.E / Electric and Electronic Engineering.
# B.E / Mechanical Engineering.

== Eligibility for Admission ==
Candidates should have passed in the H.S.C Examination of the State Board of Tamil Nadu or any other equivalent examination.

== Transport ==
More than 30 college buses help the students & staff to commute to the college from various places especially all city areas.

== Hostel ==
There are separate hostels for Boys and Girls in the campus. Boy's hostel is situated inside the college campus in an area of 5,000 sq.ft of land The Boys Hostel accommodates 600 boy's and the Girls hostel accommodates
300 Girls.

== Library ==
The Vetri Vinayaha College Of Engineering And Technology Library established in the year 2006 July was housed in a class room with 3500 books to start with.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.vetrivinayaha.org/ Vetri Vinayaha College Of Engineering And Technology Official Website]

{{Education in Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Engineering colleges in Chennai]]

Joe Rose (Konkani actor)

2026-04-24T17:42:21Z

Medfly: added data

{{Short description|Indian actor and singer (born 1946)}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Joe Rose
| image = Joe Rose Goa (cropped).jpg
| caption = D'Souza at [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]] [[Conference hall]], [[Panaji]] in 2015
| birth_name = Jose Maria Mathias Thomas Ignatius D'Souza
| other_names = Master Joe
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1946|7|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| years_active = 1953–present
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|singer|composer|playwright|theatre director}}
| relatives = [[Carmen Rose]] (sister)
| spouse = Margaret D'Souza
| children = 3
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = 2nd Vice President of [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tiatracademyofgoa.com/tag-vice-president/|title=TAG Vice President|website=[[Tiatr Academy of Goa]]|accessdate=26 June 2024|archive-date=26 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226051452/http://tiatracademyofgoa.com/tag-vice-president/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| term_start = 27 August 2012
| term_end = 3 September 2015
| predecessor = [[Roseferns]]
| successor = William Fernandes
}}
}}

'''Jose Maria Mathias Thomas Ignatius D'Souza''' (born 31 July 1946), known professionally as '''Joe Rose''', is an Indian actor, singer, composer, playwright, and theatre director known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' productions.

==Early life==
Jose Maria Mathias Thomas Ignatius D'Souza<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=118 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-10 |archive-date=2023-11-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107222945/https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref> was born on 31 July 1946 in [[Bombay]], [[Bombay Presidency]] during the [[British India|British colonial era in India]].<ref name=":3" /> He was born to Jose Luis and Anna Rita D'Souza, and had a sister named [[Carmen Rose|Carmen]]. His father was a business owner in Bombay, where he managed a hotel named Tossa & Co. This hotel was a central meeting place for several ''[[tiatr]]'' artists, who became closely acquainted with the D'Souza family. From a young age, D'Souza was exposed to and developed a strong interest in ''tiatr'' through his father's involvement in the local theatre scene. D'Souza's connections within the ''tiatr'' community deepened over time. The popular [[Konkani language|Konkani]] ''tiatr'' actor [[C. Alvares]] was a frequent visitor to the D'Souza household, where he would compose new works, with D'Souza eagerly learning the songs.<ref name=":2" />

Other popular ''tiatr'' artists, such as [[Ophelia Cabral]] and [[Mohana Cabral]], were also regular guests in the D'Souza home. During his educational pursuits, D'Souza engaged in minor acting roles within school theatrical presentations. During the family's time in [[Goa]], at the [[Olaulim]], D'Souza organized his own concerts featuring himself and his sisters, which drew attendance from the local neighborhood. D'Souza also had close ties to fellow ''tiatr'' artist [[J. P. Souzalin]], who lived near the D'Souza family in Bombay. D'Souza would frequently attend Souzalin's [[rehearsal]]s and performances. At the age of 7, D'Souza graced the stage in a Konkani drama named ''Bernadette of Lourdes'' and later showcased his talent as a [[child actor|child performer]] in [[Simon C. Fernandes]]' ''tiatr'' adaptation of [[Shakespeare]]'s ''[[The Taming of the Shrew]]'', where he portrayed the role of a humorous [[violin]] tutor opposite Cecilia Machado.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |title=Konkani Khell Tiatr |date=10 March 2018 |publisher=[[Dalgado Konknni Akademi]] |location=Panaji, Goa |pages=135–136}}</ref>

In the [[Goan]] theater tradition of ''[[tiatr]]'', D'Souza was given the opportunity to play the role of [[Jesus Christ]] in the production of ''Pontius Pilate'' by Fernandes, after the sudden death of the previous actor [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony De Sa]]. While on stage, D'Souza made a request to perform a [[duet]], to which Fernandes graciously consented, resulting in a collaborative musical performance. D'Souza was paired with fellow performer [[Jessie Dias]] for the duet. However, D'Souza initially struggled to properly position himself in front of the microphone, leading to the audience having difficulty hearing the first verse of the duet. Before the start of the second verse, Dias issued a warning to D'Souza, leading to adjustments in his stage positioning. This modification contributed to the favorable reception of the performance by the audience.<ref name=":2" />

Despite this success, some other artists in the ''tiatr'' community discouraged D'Souza from singing again. Rather than be dissuaded, viewing it as a challenge, D'Souza responded by creating his own original ''tiatr'' named ''Guneanv Konnacho''. The production was directed by his sister [[Carmen Rose]], with D'Souza taking on the role of the writer. The solitary presentation of this particular work at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai|St. Xavier's College in Bombay]] on [[Easter Sunday]] was met with success and positive reception from the audience. D'Souza received acclaim for his solo song "Francis Luis Gomes" and his comedic performances with Paul Romy which was a [[duo (music)|duo]] song "Modko". This experience bolstered D'Souza's confidence in his abilities as a performer. Before achieving this milestone, he used the stage moniker "Master Joe," but after "Guneanv Konnacho," he embraced the name Joe Rose for his performances.<ref name=":2" />

==Career==
D'Souza kickstarted his career in [[Konkani language|Konkani]] entertainment at a young age, captivating audiences as "Master Joe" in a theatrical performance known as a ''[[tiatr]]'', crafted and overseen by Konkani Playwright [[Simon C. Fernandes]]. The ''tiatr'' was an interpretation of [[Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'', which was translated and presented in the [[Konkani language]] with the title ''Venice Xaracho Vepari''. Despite his youth, D'Souza's performances in Fernandes' productions were well-received, leading him to become a regular cast member in the playwright's ''tiatrs''. During that era, he gained experience by performing alongside seasoned and well-known ''[[tiatrist]]s'' like [[Anthony De Sa (actor)|Anthony De Sa]], [[M. Boyer]], and [[Jacinto Vaz]], among other figures in the industry. This early experience allowed D'Souza to develop his skills as a versatile character actor, capable of portraying both heroic and villainous roles with equal facility. As D'Souza matured, he began to take on a wider range of roles, including comedic parts in addition to his dramatic work. His talent and adaptability enabled him to inhabit a diverse array of characters on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]]. In later stages of his career, D'Souza also emerged as a songwriter and performer, composing songs for ''tiatrs'' that were praised for their "thoughtful and meaningful lyrics". Among his most well-known [[Musical composition|compositions]] include "Kaxintio Paim" and "Pixem".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=210–212 |language=en |access-date=2024-06-10 |archive-date=2023-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230133546/https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>

Over the course of his lengthy career, D'Souza has written and directed several acclaimed ''tiatrs''. Some of his popular works include the ''tiatrs Ekuch Rogot'' (One Blood), ''Sukh ani Dukh'' (Happiness and Sadness), ''Arbi Des Ancho Bhes'' (Arab Country, Our Attire), and ''Sun nhuim Sunnem'' (Not Daughter-in-law but a Dog). In addition to his work as a playwright and director, D'Souza has also appeared as an actor, with roles in two [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] - ''Boglantt'' (1975) and ''Girestcai'' (1983) - as well as the Konkani video film ''Mogachi Faxi'' directed by [[C. Alvares]]. D'Souza's [[performing arts]] career began at the young age of 7 in the city of [[Bombay]] (now Mumbai).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mumbai's loss is Goa's gain |url=https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/mumbais-loss-is-goas-gain/1745.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=The Goan EveryDay |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610122601/https://www.thegoan.net/goa-news/mumbais-loss-is-goas-gain/1745.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Over the years, he gained renown as a widely traveled ''tiatrist'', having taken his productions to audiences in the [[Gulf countries]] and the United Kingdom.<ref name=":0" />

In early 2020, just prior to the onset of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], D'Souza directed and staged a [[Liturgical drama|Lenten tiatr]] titled ''Saiba Bogos''. This production, which was adapted from an [[English drama|English play]], ran for 7 performances and was staged in support of [[Auxilium Convent School]] in Carona neighborhood at [[Aldona]], [[Goa]]. However, the seventh and final show of ''Saiba Bogos'' coincided with the implementation of [[COVID-19 lockdown in India|pandemic lockdown measures]], marking the end of D'Souza's active involvement in the [[Konkani language|Konkani]] theatrical scene. As of late 2022, D'Souza has refrained from participating in any new ''tiatr'' productions. He has cited a variety of factors for his hiatus, including [[COVID-19]] concerns, his advanced age, inconvenient scheduling, and the demands of extensive travel. Instead, D'Souza has focused his efforts on maintaining his personal health and fitness, though he has not indicated any plans for a return to the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Joe Rose & Cezar D'mello {{!}} Candid with Candida {{!}} Ep. 28 {{!}} Prudent |url=https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/joe-rose-cezar-d%E2%80%99mello-candid-with-candida-ep-28-prudent/22217.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=www.prudentmedia.in |language=en |archive-date=2024-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610122613/https://www.prudentmedia.in/candid-with-candida/joe-rose-cezar-d%E2%80%99mello-candid-with-candida-ep-28-prudent/22217.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the latter part of his career, D'Souza has been able to consistently land heroic roles in several ''[[tiatr]]'' plays, even as he reached his late 50s. He has often been cast opposite former Konkani actresses such as [[Antonette Mendes]], [[Fatima D'Souza]], [[Sharon Mazarello]], and [[Rita Rose]], collaborating with these performers in several productions. Some of the popular ''tiatrs'', D'Souza has been involved in include ''Fr. Savio'' by F. Cardozo<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Mergulhao |first=Marcus |date=21 July 2013 |title=Joe Of All Trades |work=[[The Times of India]] |pages=3}}</ref> and ''Padre Juze Vaz'', the latter of which was directed by [[Prince Jacob]]. D'Souza has expressed appreciation for the opportunity to be part of these ''tiatr'' productions. In addition to leading roles, D'Souza has also demonstrated his versatility as a [[character actor]], being cast in a wide range of parts in ''tiatrs'' directed by popular Konkani figures like [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[M. Boyer]], [[C. Alvares]], and [[Remmie Colaço]]. This has allowed him to showcase his acting talent in a variety of contexts.<ref name=":1" />

While D'Souza has taken a break from the Konkani stage since 2020, he has maintained an active presence on the [[YouTube]] platform. This has included appearances in [[short film|short]] [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]]s such as ''Azadi - Give Me Freedom'' (2019), directed by [[Cezar D'Mello]]. During an appearance on the ''Candid with Candida Show'', D'Souza expressed his intention to share his [[Music of Goa|Konkani songs]] on YouTube. He had already uploaded some of his songs on the platform and intended to upload a [[One-act play|short play]] as well. D'Souza is described as a versatile performer on the Konkani stage, known for his acting abilities in both comedic and serious roles. In addition to his acting talents, he is also skilled in singing, capable of performing in [[duet]]s, [[trio (music)|trios]], [[quartet]]s, and [[quintet]]s. His versatility often led to him being selected by fellow Konkani directors for their productions. D'Souza showcased versatility in his performances by taking on diverse roles that went beyond acting. He occasionally portrayed older characters, like a [[father figure]] to more experienced actors. An instance of this was seen in a production where he portrayed the father of [[Prem Kumar (Konkani actor)|Prem Kumar]], who played his son on stage, despite being older than him in real life. During his younger years, D'Souza also portrayed roles as a ''bhatkar'' ([[landlord]]) or an elderly person.<ref name=":1" />

These roles were particularly well received by audiences, who continued to remember D'Souza's performances even years later. One of his memorable roles as a landlord was in Prem Kumar's ''[[tiatr]]'', ''Ordhi Bhakri'' (Half [[Bhakri]]). D'Souza's versatility extended to his ability to take on [[dual role]]s within a single production. In one of [[Prince Jacob]]'s ''tiatr'' productions, he played two different characters in two separate stories that were part of the overall theatrical performance. In one of these stories, he portrayed a father figure. The audience's appreciation for D'Souza's performances was evident when, during a show in [[Mapusa]], an audience member offered him {{INRConvert|500}} for his portrayal of the dual roles, which included wearing a wig to differentiate the characters.<ref name=":1" />

==Personal life==
Upon medical advice to refrain from excessive involvement on the [[Tiatr|Konkani stage]] due to [[Sleep disorder|disrupted sleep patterns]] caused by late show timings and subsequent late meals, D'Souza, was cautioned by his doctor. Cezar D'mello, a longtime colleague in the Konkani stage productions, shared the stage with D'Souza after they first met during D'Souza's participation in ''[[tiatr]]'' shows in [[Bombay]]. They initially crossed paths during a production of [[John Claro]]'s ''tiatr Portuguez Kolvont'' in Bombay in the 1980s. When asked about D'Souza's ability to assume roles quickly, D'Souza mentioned that he was as swift as putting on a shirt. He revealed that the death of his parents, particularly his father while he was studying law at the [[Government Law College, Bombay|Government Law College in Bombay]], had a significant impact on him. This loss led him to discontinue his [[legal studies]]. Reflecting in a November 2022 interview, D'Souza expressed that had he not left his studies, he might have excelled as a lawyer rather than an actor.<ref name=":1" />

When discussing his youthful appearance despite his advancing age, D'Souza emphasizes that he avoids acknowledging his age, believing that one's mindset plays a crucial role. According to D'Souza, once an individual perceives themselves as old, they have already surrendered. He asserts that he never used wigs while portraying lead roles as a hero, even when his hair turned grey. D'Souza points out that English actors with limited hair are still cast in heroic roles, supporting his choice. The only instances D'Souza wore wigs were when a character necessitated it, particularly in [[dual role]]s. Additionally, he expressed an interest in becoming a teacher if he had not achieved success as a ''[[tiatrist]]''. D'Souza also finds joy in being classified as a [[senior citizen]] after turning 60, citing [[Elder law in India|government benefits]] and programs as contributing factors.<ref name=":1" />

D'Souza obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] and a [[Bachelor of Education]] degrees after completing his studies primarily in [[Bombay]] during his early years.<ref name=":0" /> He attended St. Xavier's School in Bombay where he had classmates such as [[Jalal Agha]], Arup Ganguly (son of [[Ashok Kumar]]), and Vijay Sippy, brother of [[Ramesh Sippy]] (known for ''[[Sholay]]''), who recognized his talents in dramatics, [[elocution]], and debates. His sister [[Carmen Rose|Carmen]] is a former [[Konkani language|Konkani]] singer and actress. D'Souza is married to Margaret, a [[homemaker]], and they have three children together: two sons named Luis and Clint, and a daughter named Jennifer.<ref name=":3" /> As of 2018, he resides in [[Olaulim]] village, his ancestral home. D'Souza also served as the godfather to Clarence, son of Konkani actor [[C. Alvares]].<ref name=":2" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|id=5929388}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rose, Joe}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1946 births]]
[[Category:Tiatrists]]
[[Category:Actors from North Goa district]]
[[Category:Musicians from North Goa district]]

P. S. Narasimha

2026-04-24T13:15:44Z

Medfly: stub

{{Short description|Indian judge (born 1963)}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=September 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha
| image = Justice PS Narasimha.jpg
| office = Judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]
| term_start = 31 August 2021
| appointer = [[Ram Nath Kovind]]
| nominator = [[N. V. Ramana]]
| office1 = [[Additional Solicitor General of India]]
| term_start1 = May 2014
| term_end1 = 15 December 2018
| appointer1 = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|5|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]]
| alma_mater = [[Nizam College|Nizam College Hyderabad]] [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= Justice Pamidighantan Sri Narasimha |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-pamidighantam-sri-narasimha/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Supreme Court of India|language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''Pamidighantam Sri Narasimha''' (born 3 May 1963) is a judge of the [[Supreme Court of India]]. He is a former [[Additional Solicitor General of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-03 |title=PS Narasimha: The Negotiator |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/cricket/ps-narasimha-bcci-coa-supreme-court-6101137/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He is well known for his work on the Ayodhya Title Dispute and the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] cases.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2021|title=P.S. Narasimha|url=https://www.scobserver.in/judges/pamidighantam-sri-narasimha/|access-date=29 November 2021|publisher=Supreme Court Observer|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=19 August 2021|title=PS Narasimha to become 6th lawyer to be elevated to SC Bench from bar on Collegium recommendation|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ps-narasimha-to-become-6th-lawyer-to-be-elevated-sc-bench-from-bar-on-collegium-recommendation/articleshow/85436617.cms|access-date=19 August 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
Narasimha was brought up in [[Hyderabad]]. He graduated from [[Nizam College]], Hyderabad with [[Bachelor of Arts]] degree in Economics, Political Science and Public Administration.<ref>{{Cite web|title= Justice Pamidighantan Sri Narasimha |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-pamidighantam-sri-narasimha/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Supreme Court of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |agency=BarandBench|date=27 Aug 2021 |title=Senior Advocate PS Narasimha will be the third person directly appointed from Bar to be Chief Justice of India |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/litigation/ps-narasimha-third-person-directly-appointed-from-bar-chief-justice-of-india |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=www.BarandBench.com |language=en}}</ref> After receiving a [[Bachelor of Laws]] from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title= Justice Pamidighantan Sri Narasimha |url=https://www.sci.gov.in/judge/justice-pamidighantam-sri-narasimha/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=Supreme Court of India|language=en}}</ref> in 1988 he started practice in [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]. His father Kodanda Ramayya was also a judge and legal writer. His older brother P Sri Raghuram is a designated senior advocate practicing in Hyderabad. Narasimha then moved to [[New Delhi]] to practice at the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite web |agency=TNN|date=29 Aug 2021 |title=Soon-to-be SC judge Narasimha grew up in Hyderabad {{!}} Hyderabad News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/soon-to-be-sc-judge-narasimha-grew-up-in-hyd/articleshow/85725598.cms |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He was designated as Senior Advocate and was appointed as Addl. Solicitor General of India in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |title=PS Narasimha to become 6th lawyer to be elevated to SC bench from bar on Collegium recommendation |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ps-narasimha-to-become-6th-lawyer-to-be-elevated-to-sc-bench-from-bar-on-collegium-recommendation/articleshow/85436617.cms |access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref> In August 2021 he became a judge of the Supreme Court. He is in line to become the 56th [[Chief Justice of India]], if the convention of seniority is followed.<ref name="54CJI">{{Cite web|date=23 November 2021|title=7 Next CJIs|url=https://www.scobserver.in/journal/7-next-cji-s/|access-date=24 November 2021|publisher=Supreme Court Observer|language=en|archive-date=28 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228123417/https://www.scobserver.in/journal/7-next-cji-s/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Sitting Judges of the Supreme Court of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narasimha, P. S.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:Additional solicitors general of India]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Justices of the Supreme Court of India]]
[[Category:People from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Senior advocates in India]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]

Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:13:39Z

Medfly: created!

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{For|other constituencies|Rajnagar Assembly constituency (disambiguation){{!}}Rajnagar Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rajnagar
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 50
| map_image = 50-Rajnagar, Madhya Pradesh.svg
| mla = [[Arvind Pateriya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = [[Kunwar Vikram Singh]]
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Chhatarpur district|Chhatarpur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Khajuraho (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khajuraho]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:217008}}<ref name=election2018/>
| incumbent_image = 1000050354 Arvind Pateriya Mla Rajnagar Dec -2023.jpg
}}

'''Rajnagar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web|url=http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/DACList.aspx|title=District/Assembly List|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Madhya Pradesh website|access-date=23 February 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151201083311/http://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/(S(4ftawu55w1soru45gswzuz55))/DACList.aspx|archive-date=1 December 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile [[Vindhya Pradesh]] state<ref name=eci2>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_VP.pdf|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Vindhya Pradesh|page=4|publisher=Election Commission of India website}}</ref> but it was abolished in 1956. It came into existence again in 2008, following delimitation of legislative assembly constituencies.

==Overview==
Rajnagar (constituency number 50) is one of the 6 Vidhan Sabha constituencies located in [[Chhatarpur district]]. This constituency covers the Khajuraho, Lavkush Nagar and Rajnagar [[nagar panchayat]]s and parts of Lavkush Nagar and Rajnagar [[tehsil]]s of the district.<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=230, 250}}</ref>

Rajnagar is part of [[Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency]] along with seven other Vidhan Sabha segments, namely, [[Chandla Assembly constituency|Chandla]] in this district, [[Pawai Assembly constituency|Pawai]], [[Gunnaor Assembly constituency|Gunnaor]] and [[Panna Assembly constituency|Panna]] in [[Panna district]] and [[Vijayraghavgarh Assembly constituency|Vijayraghavgarh]], [[Murwara Assembly constituency|Murwara]] and [[Bahoriband Assembly constituency|Bahoriband]] in [[Katni district]].<ref name="ceo"/>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
===As a constituency of Madhya Bharat===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Vindhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1951]]<ref name="eci2" />
| Gokul Prasad
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===As a constituency of Madhya Pradesh===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=(Madhya Pradesh) Assembly Constituency Elections|url=http://www.elections.in/madhya-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/rajnagar.html|website=elections.in|access-date=23 May 2018}}</ref>
| rowspan=2| [[Kunwar Vikram Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name="election2018" name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://ceomadhyapradesh.nic.in/Election2018/Result%20Booklet%20AE%202018%20v6.pdf |title=2018 Vidhan Sabha Elections Result Book of Madhya Pradesh |access-date= November 21, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Arvind Pateriya]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajnagar<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Arvind Pateriya]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69698}}
|percentage = 38.14
|change = +10.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kunwar Vikram Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:63831}}
|percentage = 34.93
|change = +6.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ghasiram Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:32195}}
|percentage = 17.62
|change = -2.52
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Brajgopal Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:6353}}
|percentage = 3.48
|change = -13.05
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Raju Pal
|votes = {{formatnum:1729}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:762}}
|percentage = 0.42
|change = -1.31
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:5867}}
|percentage = 3.21
|change = +2.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:182762}}
|percentage = 72.98
|change = +6.69
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajnagar<ref name="election2018"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Kunwar Vikram Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:40362}}
|percentage = 28.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Arvind Pateriya]]
|votes = {{formatnum:39630}}
|percentage = 27.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Vinod Kumar Patel
|votes = {{formatnum:28972}}
|percentage = 20.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Chaturvedi Nitin -
|votes = {{formatnum:23783}}
|percentage = 16.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rahul Sureha
|votes = {{formatnum:1841}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2485}}
|percentage = 1.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:732}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:143862}}
|percentage = 66.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2013===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Rajnagar<ref name="election2013">{{cite web|title=State Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh - Detailed Results |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/MPAE_2013_stat_report.pdf |website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=22 May 2018}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Kunwar Vikram Singh| Kunwar Vikram Singh (Nati Raja)]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 54643
|percentage = 42.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dr. Ramkrishn Kusmariya
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 46036
|percentage = 35.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bala Ji Patel
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 14468
|percentage = 11.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dharmendra Singh Bundela
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2957
|percentage = 2.29
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rameshwar Prasad
Mishra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2738
|percentage = 2.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mahant Ramnaresh Das
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 1744
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Kurmi Ramprasad
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 961
|percentage = 0.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajesh Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 683
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Khare Neeraj
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 560
|percentage = 0.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Agnihotri Kamlapat
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 426
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Imran
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 390
|percentage = 0.30
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ahirwar Brijesh Kumar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 365
|percentage = 0.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 3129
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 129100
|percentage = 64.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Laundi]]
* [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments#Town|Khajuraho]]
* [[Rajnagar, Chhatarpur|Rajnagar]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Chhatarpur district topics}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.89|79.91|display=title}}

[[Category:Chhatarpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Karthikeya (film)

2026-04-11T21:14:46Z

Medfly: added new details

{{short description|2014 Telugu film by Chandoo Mondeti}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Karthikeya
| image = Karthikeya film poster.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| writer = Chandoo Mondeti
| director = [[Chandoo Mondeti]]
| producer = Venkata Srinivas
| starring = [[Nikhil Siddhartha]] [[Swathi Reddy]] [[Tanikella Bharani]] [[Rao Ramesh]] [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]]
| music = [[Shekar Chandra]]
| cinematography = [[Karthik Gattamneni]]
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| studio = Magnus Cine Prime
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2014|10|24|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes<ref>{{Citation |title=Karthikeya Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Karthikeya by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/karthikeya/movie-review/44928177.cms |access-date=2022-08-13}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = {{INR|4–6 [[crore]]}}<ref name=DCbudget/><ref name=TOI/><ref name="Day 3">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-karthikeya-3-days-first-weekend-business-612421|title=Box Office Collection: "Karthikeya" (3 Days) First Weekend Business|publisher=International Business Times India|date=28 October 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029045142/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-collection-karthikeya-3-days-first-weekend-business-612421|archive-date=29 October 2014|quote=Made on a budget of ₹6 crore, "Karthikeya" .....}}</ref>
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|20 crore}}<ref name="Day 17"/><ref name=TOI/>
}}
'''''Karthikeya''''' is a 2014 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Mystery film|mystery]] [[thriller film]] written and directed by [[Chandoo Mondeti]]. Produced by Venkata Srinivas, the film stars [[Nikhil Siddhartha]] and [[Swathi Reddy]] in lead roles, with [[Tanikella Bharani]], [[Rao Ramesh]], and [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Shekar Chandra]], while [[Karthik Ghattamaneni]] handled the cinematography.

The story revolves around Karthik, a curious medico who investigates the mysterious events surrounding a closed [[Kartikeya|Karthikeya]] temple in the village of Subrahmanyapuram. The inspiration for the film came from an incident at [[Talupulamma Lova|Talupulamma Temple]] in [[Kakinada district]].<ref name="inspiration" /> [[Principal photography]] for ''Karthikeya'' began on 5 July 2013 and concluded on 21 February 2014, with filming locations across [[Andhra Pradesh]], including [[Araku Valley|Araku]], [[Bobbili]], and [[Kumararama]] temple in [[Samarlakota]], as well as in [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]] and several places in [[Tamil Nadu]], such as [[Kumbakonam]].

After several delays, the film was released on 24 October 2014 as a [[Diwali]] release. It received positive reviews<ref>{{cite web |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=24 October 2014 |title='Karthikeya' Movie Review: Comic Quotient Thrills Viewers |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-movie-review-comic-quotient-thrills-viewers-612104 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029104525/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-movie-review-comic-quotient-thrills-viewers-612104 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |website=[[International Business Times]] India |publisher=}}</ref> and was a commercial success, grossing over {{INR|20 [[crore]]}} on a budget of {{INR|4–6 crore}}.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2022 |title=Content, guerrilla marketing helped, says Nikhil Siddhartha on 'Kartikeya 2' success |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/content-guerrilla-marketing-helped-says-nikhil-siddhartha-on-kartikeya-2-success/articleshow/93882299.cms |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en |quote='Kartikeya' was made at a cost of Rs 5 crore and registered around Rs 20 crore at the box office.}}</ref><ref name="DCbudget">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2014-11-06 |title=First time lucky |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141105/entertainment-tollywood/article/first-time-lucky |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |language=en |quote=Karthikeya is a phenomenal hit. Made on a budget of 4 crore.....}}</ref> At the [[62nd Filmfare Awards South]], ''Karthikeya'' earned four nominations, and at the [[4th South Indian International Movie Awards|4th SIIMA Awards]], it won one award from four nominations. Following the success of the film, a sequel titled ''[[Karthikeya 2]]'' was released in 2022, which was also a critical and commercial success.

==Plot==
In a village called Subramaniapuram, an old temple belonging to Subrahmanya Swami gets closed because of some mysterious deaths, supposedly by a snake bite. Whoever arrives to investigate this matter also gets killed. Karthikeya is a medical student who does not believe in supernatural powers. He analyzes everything using science and logic. He visits Subramaniapuram for a medical camp, along with his love interest Valli. Karthikeya gets curious about the closed temple and gathers some information about it to solve the mystery. Karthikeya finds a diary written by a person named Shankar, an Endowments Department (ED) official, who previously researched about the temple and its mystery, but Shankar was killed by a snake bite in the same building where Karthikeya and his friends were currently residing for the camp.

Around the same time, the snake tries to kill Karthikeya, but Karthikeya escapes each time, and takes the snake to a herpetologist. The herpetologist reveals that the snake was hypnotized by someone to kill Karthikeya. Karthikeya meets Valli's father, who happens to be a priest at the temple, to find out about the history of the temple. They leave for Thanjavur to find out that the temple is built very uniquely by the great architect Viswakarma and the family heirloom of the king that ruled that area, a diamond was placed at the feet of the Lord in such a way that on Karthika Pournami, the moon's rays fall on the feet of the Lord and the diamond reflects it back with 1000 times more intensity.

Karthikeya returns to the village and finds out that Tayattu, a cook/helper in his temporary residence at Subramaniapuram, was a part of the gang trying to kill him. Tayattu tries to escape, but is later killed, where Karthikeya goes into the temple at night, which is coincidentally also the night of Karthika Pournami. He finds an ED officer named Prudhvi Raj in the temple and realises that he is the mastermind behind the whole conspiracy. Prudhvi tries to attack Karthikeya, but at the same time, the diamond reflects the moon's rays and the whole village realises that the Lord is still in the temple. Karthikeya, along with his friends, interrogates Prudhvi, who reveals that the temple had attracted some foreigners who had learnt about the diamond in the temple.

Prudhvi Raj decides to steal the diamond from the temple by making everyone believe that a curse is laid on the temple in which everyone will die due to the snake bite. He sought Tayattu's help to develop a snake venom shot and had used snake hypnosis to strike fear into the villagers' hearts. Prudhvi Raj is arrested by the police, but later dies in prison due to snake bite. Karthikeya returns to Hyderabad where he completes his graduation and receives his MBBS degree at the convocation, where he leaves for Goa with his friends to investigate a cave.
==Cast==
*[[Nikhil Siddhartha]] as Karthikeya "Karthik" Kumaraswamy
*[[Swati Reddy]] as Srivalli "Valli"
*[[Tanikella Bharani]] as Valli's father
*[[Rao Ramesh]] as Prudhvi Raj
*[[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]] as Dr. Prakash
*[[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] as Sahadev
*[[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]] as Karthik's mother
* [[Praveen (Actor)|Praveen]] as Ravi, Karthik's friend
* [[Satya (Telugu actor)|Satya]] as Satya, Karthik's friend
*[[Shankar Melkote]] as Principal
*Jogi Naidu as Thaayattu
*[[Raja Ravindra]] as ED Officer Shankar
* [[Chatrapathi Sekhar]]

==Production==

=== Development ===
{{Quote box
| quote = When I visited a popular temple called [[Talupulamma Lova|Talupulamma Thalli]] near [[Tuni]], I heard about an incident that apparently happened there. Interestingly the temple closes at 7 pm and nobody dares to go near the temple after that. Once a family visited the temple and a child got left back inside the temple. The temple authorities did not allow the family to go inside as the temple was closed. They went inside the next morning and got the child out and he was fine. However, I was told, one person from the family had tried to enter the temple at night without anyone’s knowledge and he went missing! That incident inspired me to write Karthikeya.
| source = Chandoo Mondeti on the inspiration behind the story of ''Karthikeya''.<ref name="inspiration">{{Cite web |last=Kavirayani |first=Suresh |date=2014-11-06|title=First time lucky |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141105/entertainment-tollywood/article/first-time-lucky |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=14 July 2022}}</ref>
| align = right
| width = 35%
}}

After ''[[Swamy Ra Ra]]'', [[Nikhil Siddhartha]] signed his next film to be directed by his friend Chandoo Mondeti in which he was supposed to play "a smart, well educated, suave young man studying [[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|MBBS]]".<ref name="October 70">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/building-on-success/article5204370.ece|title=Building on success|work=The Hindu|date=5 October 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028154454/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/building-on-success/article5204370.ece|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Venkat Srinivas agreed to produce the film under his Magnus Cine Prime banner. [[Swati Reddy]] was signed as the lead actress considering her popularity in Tamil and she also appeared in ''Swamy Ra Ra''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-06-17/Nikhil-Swati-magic-in-Karthikeya-again-98759|title=Nikhil-Swati magic in Karthikeya again?|author=IANS|publisher=The Hans India|date=17 June 2014|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028155054/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2014-06-17/Nikhil-Swati-magic-in-Karthikeya-again-98759|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> [[Tanikella Bharani]] revealed that he would be seen as Swati's father.<ref name=":1" /> The principal cast of the film further consists of [[Rao Ramesh]], [[Jayaprakash (actor)|Jayaprakash]], [[Kishore (actor, born 1974)|Kishore]] and [[Tulasi (actress)|Tulasi]].<ref name=":1" /> [[Shekar Chandra]] was announced as the film's music composer.

Nikhil noted in an interview, "When I was young, films like ''[[Bhairava Dweepam]]'' and ''[[Aditya 369]]'' fascinated me. Later I liked watching [[Sherlock Holmes]]. That character was curious and inquisitive. ''Karthikeya'' is all about mystery and adventure; it’s a light-hearted subject."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajamani |first=Radhika |title='Karthikeya is all about mystery and adventure' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/karthikeya-is-all-about-mystery-and-adventure-south/20141027.htm |access-date=2022-07-19 |website=Rediff |language=en}}</ref> For his role, Nikhil had to gain 10 [[Kilogram|kgs]] weight. His research for the role involved spending time with medical students and doctors before the shooting. He also had to overcome his fear of injections and blood to pull off the character.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |date=9 October 2014 |title=Slow and Steady is Nikhil's Motto |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Slow-and-Steady-is-Nikhils-Motto/2014/10/09/article2468073.ece |publisher=The New Indian Express |access-date=28 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028155812/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/telugu/Slow-and-Steady-is-Nikhils-Motto/2014/10/09/article2468073.ece |archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[File:Kumararama, Samarlakota.jpg|thumb|235x235px|[[Kumararama]] temple at [[Samarlakota]], one of the shooting locations of the film.]]
The film was launched on 10 June 2013 in Hyderabad with [[N. Lingusamy]], [[Sudheer Varma]] and [[Parasuram (director)|Parasuram]] in attendance.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/94455.html|title=Nikhil - Swathi new film titled 'Karthikeya'|website=IndiaGlitz|date=10 June 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028161313/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/94455.html|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The makers also unveiled the title and film's logo the same day during the launch, with the team further announced that majority of the film will be shot in [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Araku]], and [[Kumararama]] temple in [[Samarlakota]] in Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="launch">{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nikhil-swatis-new-film-titled-karthikeya-hm.html|title=Nikhil, Swati's new film titled Karthikeya|publisher=123telugu.com|date=11 June 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028161020/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nikhil-swatis-new-film-titled-karthikeya-hm.html|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> [[Principal photography]] began on 5 July 2013 with the first schedule of the film took place the same day and completed within 31 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Nikhil-all-set-to-shoot-for-Karthikeya/articleshow/20911374.cms|title=Nikhil all set to shoot for Karthikeya|work=The Times of India|date=4 July 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028162250/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news-interviews/Nikhil-all-set-to-shoot-for-Karthikeya/articleshow/20911374.cms|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>

The film's second schedule took place on 4 August and was wrapped up by 29 August 2013, with scenes on the lead pair including two songs were shot.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nikhil-Swathi-wrap-up-Karthikeyas-second-schedule/articleshow/22134776.cms|title=Nikhil, Swathi wrap up Karthikeya's second schedule|work=The Times of India|date=29 August 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028162528/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nikhil-Swathi-wrap-up-Karthikeyas-second-schedule/articleshow/22134776.cms|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> In early October 2014, the film was shot in and around [[Kumbakonam]] including a Subramanya Swamy temple there. By then 70% of the film's shoot was wrapped up.<ref name="October 70"/> The film's final schedule commenced on 15 November 2013 on whose completion the film's shoot was expected to end.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nikhilswathi-karthikeya-finishing-stages-of-shooting-telugu-news-99781|title=Nikhil-Swathi 'Karthikeya' Finishing Stages Of Shooting|website=IndiaGlitz|date=13 November 2013|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028163818/http://www.indiaglitz.com/nikhilswathi-karthikeya-finishing-stages-of-shooting-telugu-news-99781|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The film was also shot in [[Bobbili]] and [[Puducherry (city)|Pondicherry]].<ref name=":2" /> On 4 February 2014 a press release confirmed that the filming is complete except for one song.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/karthikeya-shooting-completed-except-onesong.html|title=Nikhil's on a roll|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=4 February 2014|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028164348/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/karthikeya-shooting-completed-except-onesong.html|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> Filming ended nearly on 21 February 2014 and [[post-production]] work began.<ref name="shoot end">{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/karthikeya-shoot-coming-to-an-end.html|title=Karthikeya shoot coming to an end|publisher=123telugu.com|date=21 February 2014|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221101127/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/karthikeya-shoot-coming-to-an-end.html|archive-date=21 February 2014}}</ref> [[Computer-generated imagery|CG works]] were in progress during mid-April 2014.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/nikhil-swathis-karthikeya-in-cg-work-telugu-news-106248|title=Nikhil - Swathi's 'Karthikeya' in CG work|website=IndiaGlitz|date=16 April 2014|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028163818/http://www.indiaglitz.com/nikhilswathi-karthikeya-finishing-stages-of-shooting-telugu-news-99781|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> In July 2014, it was known that nearly 50% of the film was shot in and around [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Tamil 50">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nikhils-on-a-roll/article6183583.ece|title=Nikhil's on a roll|work=The Hindu|date=7 July 2014|access-date=28 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028163319/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/nikhils-on-a-roll/article6183583.ece|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> The film was also planned to be simultaneously shot in Tamil although the Tamil version ''Karthikeyan'' was dropped in favour of a dubbed release.<ref name=":2"/>

== Music ==
{{Main|Karthikeya (soundtrack)}}
[[Shekar Chandra]] composed the film's soundtrack and background score. Lyrics for the Telugu version of the soundtrack were written by [[Ramajogayya Sastry]], [[Vanamali]] and [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]], whilst the soundtrack of its dubbed Tamil version ''Karthikeyan'', had lyrics written by [[Na. Muthukumar]], Mani Amudhavan and Nandhalala. The soundtrack of the Telugu version was launched at [[Hyderabad]] on 28 May 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/nikhil-swathis-karthikeya-audio-launched-telugu-news-108117|title=Nikhil- Swathi's 'Karthikeya' audio launched|website=IndiaGlitz|date=28 May 2014|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026023558/http://www.indiaglitz.com/nikhil-swathis-karthikeya-audio-launched-telugu-news-108117|archive-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> The soundtrack of the Tamil version was launched at [[Chennai]] on 18 June 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/51860.html|title='Karthikeyan' Audio Launch|website=IndiaGlitz|date=18 June 2014|access-date=26 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141026021316/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/events/51860.html|archive-date=26 October 2014}}</ref> Both the versions were marketed by [[Aditya Music]].
== Release ==
The film was initially slated for a December 2013 release.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nikhil-swathis-karthikeya-in-december.html|title=Nikhil – Swathi's Karthikeya in December|publisher=123telugu.com|date=27 September 2013|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029035222/http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/nikhil-swathis-karthikeya-in-december.html|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> But due to extensive production delays, the film was postponed to 1 August 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/110345.html|title=Nikhil-Swathi's 'Karthikeya' on Aug 1st|website=IndiaGlitz|date=14 July 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029034654/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/110345.html|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> After being delayed due to several reasons, the makers announced 10 October 2014 was announced as the release date.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Karthikeya-to-release-on-Oct-10/articleshow/43427233.cms|title=Karthikeya to release on Oct 10|work=The Times of India|date=25 September 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029040449/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Karthikeya-to-release-on-Oct-10/articleshow/43427233.cms|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> It was finally postponed to 24 October 2014 clashing with the Telugu dubbed versions of ''[[Poojai]]'', ''[[Happy New Year (2014 film)|Happy New Year]]'', ''Ishq Wala Love'' and also with a Telugu film ''I Am In Love'' making it a [[Diwali]] release.<ref name="Oct 24">{{cite web |last=H Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=20 October 2014 |title='Karthikeya', 'Pooja', 'Happy New Year', 'Ishq Wala Love' Set for Big Clash at Box Office |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-pooja-happy-new-year-ishq-wala-love-set-big-clash-box-office-611840 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029041109/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-pooja-happy-new-year-ishq-wala-love-set-big-clash-box-office-611840 |archive-date=29 October 2014 |access-date=29 October 2014 |website=[[International Business Times]] India |publisher=}}</ref> The film released in 350 screens in its first week and 30-40 screens were added in early November 2014 while the shows in [[Prasad Studios|Prasads IMAX]] were increased to 10 from 3 with effect from 29 October 2014. Meanwhile, Nikhil said that the release date of the Tamil version ''Karthikeyan'' will be announced soon, although not being released in Tamil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-gets-immense-response-nikhil-siddhartha-starrer-will-get-more-screens-612561|title='Karthikeya' Gets Immense Response; Nikhil Siddhartha Starrer will Get More Screens|publisher=International Business Times India|date=29 October 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029144630/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-gets-immense-response-nikhil-siddhartha-starrer-will-get-more-screens-612561|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> 150 Additional screens were added from its second Friday, 31 October.<ref name="Day 9">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-box-office-collection-nikhil-siddhartha-starrer-continues-do-well-second-week-612867|title='Karthikeya' Box Office Collection: Nikhil Siddhartha Starrer Continues to Do Well in Second Week|publisher=International Business Times India|date=3 November 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103132915/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-box-office-collection-nikhil-siddhartha-starrer-continues-do-well-second-week-612867|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> [[N. Lingusamy]] bought the film's Tamil rights while a [[Malayalam]] dubbed version was planned.<ref name="October 70" /> The satellite rights were sold to [[Gemini TV]] for an amount of {{Indian Rupee}}1.5 crore.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 July 2014|title=Karthikeya's satellite rights sold to Gemini TV|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Karthikeyas-satellite-rights-sold-to-Gemini-TV/articleshow/38925774.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029040203/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/tv/Karthikeyas-satellite-rights-sold-to-Gemini-TV/articleshow/38925774.cms|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

===Marketing===
A 90 seconds teaser was launched on 1 December 2013 at Hyderabad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/events/46766.html|title=Events - 'Karthikeya' Teaser Launch|website=IndiaGlitz|date=1 December 2013|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029142016/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/events/46766.html|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The first look poster featuring Nikhil Siddhartha and the temple was unveiled on 5 February 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/firstlook-karthikeya.html|title=Nikhil - Swathi's Karthikeya first look|publisher=Idlebrain.com|date=5 February 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029141146/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/firstlook-karthikeya.html|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The first look posters of Tamil version titled ''Karthikeyan'' were unveiled on 5 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://way2movies.com/tamil/newssingle_tamil/Swathi%E2%80%98s%20next%20Tamil%20release%20is%20Karthikeyan-3-271440.html|title=Swathi's next Tamil release is Karthikeyan|publisher=way2movies.com|date=5 March 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029141417/http://way2movies.com/tamil/newssingle_tamil/Swathi%E2%80%98s%20next%20Tamil%20release%20is%20Karthikeyan-3-271440.html|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> On 18 October 2014 the making video of the film's posters was released.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=shFRQaZkJOM|title=Karthikeya posters making|publisher=YouTube|date=18 October 2014|access-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> On 21 October 2014, Nikhil and the film's unit conducted a publicity tour in five towns viz. Guntur, Vijayawada, Eluru, Rajahmundry and Kakinada to paste the first release posters of the movie respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/october-2014/karthikeya-team-on-poster-pasting-publicity-tour-in-5-towns-211014.html|title=Karthikeya team on 'Poster Pasting' publicity tour in 5 towns|publisher=Cinegoer.net|date=21 October 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029143221/http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/october-2014/karthikeya-team-on-poster-pasting-publicity-tour-in-5-towns-211014.html|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> Nikhil, Swati and Chandoo promoted the film on the talk show ''Ali Talkies'' hosted by comedian [[Ali (actor)|Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/TV/Nikhil-and-Swathi-grace-Ali-Talkies/articleshow/44901139.cms|title=Nikhil and Swathi grace Ali Talkies|work=The Times of India|date=21 October 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029142918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Entertainment/Telugu/TV/Nikhil-and-Swathi-grace-Ali-Talkies/articleshow/44901139.cms|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref>

== Reception ==

=== Critical reception ===
The film received generally positive reviews from critics. Hemanth Kumar of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The good thing about the film is that it sticks to its storyline and everyone seems to know what they are doing. Karthikeya is one of the finer films made in the recent past and in times like these, that in itself is like a big compliment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/karthikeya/movie-review/44928177.cms|title=Karthikeya movie review|work=The Times of India|date=24 October 2014|access-date=25 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025144948/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/Karthikeya/movie-review/44928177.cms|archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> ''123Telugu.com'' rated it 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "On the whole, Karthikeya is one of the most refreshing films in the recent past. Novel concept, gripping screenplay, Nikhil’s performance and cleverly designed suspense elements make this film different from others, and ends up as quite an engaging watch this weekend."<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Review : Karthikeya – Engaging Suspense Thriller |url=http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/karthikeya-telugu-movie-review.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025150554/http://www.123telugu.com/reviews/karthikeya-telugu-movie-review.html |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=123telugu.com}}</ref> Jeevi of ''[[Idlebrain.com]]'' rated it 3.25 out of 5 stars wrote, "Actor Nikhil and producer should be appreciated for agreeing to do a film that is different from regular Telugu movies. Supported by a neat screenplay and a bit of comedy, debutant director Chandoo Mondeti delivers a decent movie. Additional plus point of the movie is runtime. The minus points of the movie are slow-paced narration. The family drama and romance didn’t work well. On a whole, Karthikeya is a different yet interesting movie."<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Karthikeya jeevi review |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/karthikeya.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025150814/http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/karthikeya.html |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=Idlebrain.com}}</ref> Suresh Kavirayani of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Despite its drawbacks ‘Karthikeya’ is a very refreshing film and Chandu Mondeti's debut can be termed a success. It is a thriller with tight screenplay a new story. Whoever feels bored with the regular song-dance [[masala film]]s, should watch this thriller for a change."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141025/entertainment-movie-review/article/film-review-%E2%80%98karthikeya%E2%80%99-must-watch-people-who-need-change|title=Movie review: 'Karthikeya' is not a regular song-and-dance film|publisher=Deccan Chronicle|date=25 October 2014|access-date=25 October 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025145319/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/141025/entertainment-movie-review/article/film-review-%E2%80%98karthikeya%E2%80%99-must-watch-people-who-need-change|archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> ''[[Oneindia.in|Oneindia Entertainment]]'' and ''IndiaGlitz'' both rated it 3 out of 5 stars and called the film a one time watch.<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Karthikeya Movie Review |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2014/karthikeya-movie-review-162393.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025150047/http://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2014/karthikeya-movie-review-162393.html |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |publisher=Oneindia Entertainment}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Karthikeya Review - Thrilled on the surface |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/Karthikeya-telugu-movie-review-17648 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025150244/http://www.indiaglitz.com/Karthikeya-telugu-movie-review-17648 |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |website=IndiaGlitz}}</ref>

''[[Sify]]'' wrote "Overall Karthikeya is different from regular commercial movies that dot the Telugu screen. Like we said it is a suspense thriller that mixes bhakti and rational thinking quite well to large extent and we do appreciate the producer and the actor Nikhil for attempting something novel".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/karthikeya-review-telugu-15058499.html|title=Movie Review: Karthikeya|website=[[Sify]]|date=25 October 2014|access-date=25 October 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025145531/http://www.sify.com/movies/karthikeya-review-telugu-15058499.html|archive-date=25 October 2014}}</ref> Y. Sunita Chowdary of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "The narration is good, keeps the curiosity factor alive. There is sufficient humour and romance to keep the film balanced and the story is about the crime but about the mindset of the criminal who uses a clever mix of science and religion to plan a brilliant murder".<ref>{{cite web |date=24 October 2014 |title=Good for a debutant |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/karthikeya-good-for-a-debutant/article6530447.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141025144514/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/karthikeya-good-for-a-debutant/article6530447.ece |archive-date=25 October 2014 |access-date=25 October 2014 |work=The Hindu}}</ref>

=== Box office ===
''Karthikeya'' got a brilliant opening at the worldwide box office on its first day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-gets-superb-start-box-office-nikhil-overwhelmed-by-fans-reactions-612142|title='Karthikeya' Gets Superb Start at Box Office; Nikhil Overwhelmed by Fans' Reactions|publisher=International Business Times India|date=24 October 2014|access-date=29 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029143650/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/karthikeya-gets-superb-start-box-office-nikhil-overwhelmed-by-fans-reactions-612142|archive-date=29 October 2014}}</ref> The film collected approximately {{INR|2.35 [[crore]]}} at the Indian box office in the first weekend of 3 days and {{INR|75.6 [[lakh]]}} at USA box office taking its three-day total to {{INR|3.1 [[crore]]}} nett thus recovering more than 50% of its production cost.<ref name="Day 3"/> The film collected {{INR|10 [[crore]]}} in its first week at the global box office and entered profit zone.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/the-dark-horse-scores/article6549348.ece|title=The dark horse scores|work=The Hindu|date=30 October 2014|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103133315/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/the-dark-horse-scores/article6549348.ece|archive-date=3 November 2014}}</ref> The film cashed in on the mixed response for ''[[Current Theega]]'' and managed to collect a total of {{INR|15 [[crore]]}} in 9 days at the Global box office.<ref name="Day 9"/> Despite new releases, the film stood strong by the end of its third weekend and grossed {{INR|20 [[crore]]}} in 17 days.<ref name="Day 17">{{cite web |date=10 November 2014 |title=Box Office: 'Brother of Bommali', 'Joru', 'Karthikeya', 'Interstellar' Rake in Huge Collections |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-brother-bommali-joru-karthikeya-interstellar-rake-huge-collections-613511 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111173013/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/box-office-brother-bommali-joru-karthikeya-interstellar-rake-huge-collections-613511 |archive-date=11 November 2014 |access-date=11 November 2014 |publisher=[[International Business Times]] India |quote=Despite facing tough competition from new releases, it has made brilliant collection in the third weekend, taking its 17-day total to over ₹20 crore.}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Ceremony
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[62nd Filmfare Awards South]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Telugu|Best Film - Telugu]]
|Venkat Srinivas
|{{nom}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html|title=Nominations for the 62nd Britannia Filmfare Awards (South)|publisher=[[Filmfare]]|date=3 June 2015|access-date=4 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604025851/http://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-62nd-britannia-filmfare-awards-south-9405-2.html|archive-date=4 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu|Best Director - Telugu]]
|Chandoo Mondeti
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|[[Vanamali]] for "Saripovu"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu|Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]]
|[[Haricharan]] for "Saripovu"
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[4th South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|Best Debutante Producer – Telugu
|Venkat Srinivas
|{{won}}
|rowspan=4|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php|title=SIIMA 2015 nominations|publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards|siima.in]]|date=16 June 2015|access-date=16 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616095000/http://siima.in/nominees-2015.php|archive-date=16 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Debut Director – Telugu|Best Debut Director – Telugu]]
|Chandu Mondeti
|{{nominated}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Cinematographer – Telugu|Best Cinematographer – Telugu]]
|Karthik Ghattamaneni
|{{nominated}}
|-
|[[SIIMA Award for Best Lyricist – Telugu|Best Lyricist – Telugu]]
|Vanamali for "Saripovu"
|{{nominated}}
|-
|[[1st IIFA Utsavam]]
|Best Direction – Telugu
|Chandoo Mondeti
|{{nominated}}
|}

== Sequel ==
{{Main|Karthikeya 2}}

A sequel, ''Karthikeya 2'' was announced in 2019 by the director of the film [[Chandoo Mondeti]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kuppili|first=Sampath Pavan|date=2020-03-02|title=Karthikeya 2: Nikhil And Chandoo Mondeti Reunite For This Sequel|url=https://www.thetelugufilmnagar.com/2020/03/02/karthikeya-2-nikhil-and-chandoo-mondeti-reunite-for-this-sequel/|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Telugu Filmnagar|language=en-US}}</ref> The shooting of the film was launched in March 2020 and was paused for five months due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] in India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-06-02|title=Karthikeya 2: Nikhil Siddharth's Character Revealed!|url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/entertainment/tollywood-hero-nikhil-play-doctor-karthikeya-2-119604|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Sakshi Post|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=kavirayani|first=suresh|date=2020-03-04|title=Karthikeya 2 launched|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/theatre/040320/karthikeya-2-launched.html|access-date=2020-10-24|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en}}</ref> The film stars the actors from this film along with some new actors.<ref>{{Cite web|last=seelatest.com|title=Karthikeya 2 Movie {{!}} Release Date {{!}} Cast and Crew - See latest|url=https://www.seelatest.com/movies/karthikeya-2|access-date=2020-10-24|website=www.seelatest.com|language=en}}</ref>

[[Nikhil Siddhartha]] and [[Chandoo Mondeti]] teamed up for ''Karthikeya'' in 2014. They took eight years to collaborate again. The sequel ''[[Karthikeya 2]]'' hit theaters in 2022. The thriller became a huge hit in Telugu and Hindi languages. Now, fans are demanding the makers make a sequel to it immediately. However, the makers confirm it the third part of the franchise of ''Kartikeya'' can only be launched in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-22 |title=Karthikeya 3 to be launched in 2024 |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/karthikeya-3-to-be-launched-in-2024 |access-date=2023-06-11 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|3885714}}

{{Chandoo Mondeti}}

[[Category:2014 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Films shot in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Films set in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:2014 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s mystery thriller films]]
[[Category:2010s supernatural thriller films]]
[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Indian mythology in popular culture]]
[[Category:Films shot in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Films about snakes]]
[[Category:Films about poisonings]]
[[Category:Medical-themed films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Chandoo Mondeti]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shekar Chandra]]

Patiala Branch

2026-04-06T19:05:56Z

Medfly: stub!

The '''Patiala Branch''', also known as the '''Patiala Feeder''',<ref>''Punjab District Gazetteers (Ludhiana): Supplement''. Controller of Print and Stationery, Government of Punjab, India. 1970. p. 190–191.</ref> is a [[Canal|canal branch]] of the [[Sirhind Canal]] located in [[Punjab, India]].<ref name=":0">Nijjar, Bakhshish Singh (1996). "Canalisation of the Punjab: Sirhind Canal". ''History of the United Panjab''. Vol. III. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. pp. 4–6. {{ISBN|978-81-7156-536-8}}.</ref><ref>''The Britannica Quizmaster'', Popular Prakashan, {{ISBN|978-81-7154-881-1}}, <q>''... From Ropar the canal runs west- southwest to Doraha where it splits into three branches: Abohar, Bathinda, and Patiala ... irrigating a large part of western Malwa ...''</q></ref> It is one of the two main bifurcations of the Sirhind Canal, with the other being the Combined Branch.<ref name=":0" /> While the Combined Branch led west, the Patiala Branch went eastward toward the locality of [[Patiala]].<ref name=":0" /> It had a capacity of 3,000 cubic feet per second.<ref name=":0" /> The Patiala Branch heading southward then branches off into the Kotla Branch, Ghaggar Branch, and the Choa Branch, which irrigated the native princely state territories, mostly [[Phulkian States|Phulkian states]], with the fixed allotment of the Patiala Feeder's waters being distributed 83% to Patiala State, 9% to Nabha State, and 8% to Jind State.<ref name=":0" /> The branches of the Patiala Feeder were constructed to be navigable, promoting the timber trade, with wood being sourced from the Pahari Hills travelling from Ropar to the North-Western Railway via the canal.<ref name=":0" /> In February 2008, a revamped Patiala Feeder canal was completed.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhaliwal |first=Sarbjit |date=22 February 2008 |title=Malwa lifeline re-runs today: This is for the first time since Independence that the canal network in Punjab is being revamped |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080223/main6.htm |access-date=10 February 2026 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> A project to pave 24 km of the feeder was completed in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 February 2025 |title=Patiala feeder canal gets 24-km paved section, farmers to benefit |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/patiala/patiala-feeder-canal-gets-24-km-paved-section-farmers-to-benefit/ |access-date=10 February 2026 |work=The Tribune}}</ref> There is an underutilization of waters from the Patiala Feeder for irrigation purposes due to a lack of maintenance, repair, and supply, with only 45% of its waters being used for irrigation, leading to a decline of ground-water in the areas it serves as farmers rely on tube-wells.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Harmandeep |date=2 May 2023 |title=Tubewells in vogue leave canal water underutilised in Punjab’s Barnala, Sangrur, Patiala |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/underutilisation-of-canal-water-and-depletion-of-groundwater-a-grave-situation-in-punjab-india-101683045793727.html |access-date=10 February 2026 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{Hydrography of Punjab, India}}

{{coord|30|18|N|76|24|E|display=title|region:IN_type:river_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Canals in Punjab, India]]

{{PunjabIN-geo-stub}}

Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao

2026-03-26T17:12:33Z

Medfly: put up first bio w/ infobox

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
'''Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao''' (born 1966), also known as Janagama Vijaya Ramana Rao, is an Indian politician from [[Telangana]] state. He is a two time Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) from [[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalli Assembly constituency]] in [[Peddapalli district]]. He represents [[Indian National Congress]] and won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao, INC Candidate from Peddapalle Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/telangana/chinthakunta-vijaya-ramana-rao-assembly-candidate-s29aed2008a025e2023c001/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> Earlier, he first won as an MLA in 2009, in the erstwhile united [[Andhra Pradesh]].

== Early life and education ==
Rao is from Shivapalli village, Eligaid mandal, [[Karimnagar]]. His father Govinda Rao is a farmer. He did his intermediate in 1984 at Government Junior College, Sultanabad, Peddapalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinthakunta Vijaya Ramana Rao(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PEDDAPALLE(PEDDAPALLI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Telangana2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=269 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He was adopted by his father in law, Jangama Raja Gopala Rao of Roopnarayanapeta, Odela mandal, Karimnagar district. He married Pavani and they have a son, Gopikrishna, and a daughter, Vaishnavi.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://ceotelangana.nic.in/GE_2009/AFFIDAVITS/Affidavits_AC/025_02_Chinthakunta%20Vijaya%20Ramana%20Rao.pdf | title=Affidavit | website=ceotelangana.nic.in | date=2009-03-28}}</ref>

== Career ==
Rao won from [[Peddapalle Assembly constituency|Peddapalli Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 118,888 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Dasari Manohar Reddy]] of [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]], by a huge margin of 55,108 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peddapalle assembly election results 2023: Peddapalle Winning Candidates List and Vote Share |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/telangana/peddapalle-assembly-result-29025 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Peddapalle Constituency Election Results 2023: Peddapalle Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/telangana/constituency-show/peddapalle |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> He lost to [[Dasari Manohar Reddy|Manohar Reddy]] of Telangana Rashtra Samithi in the [[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] by a margin of 8,466 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Peddapalle Election Result 2023 Live, Peddapalle Elections Vote Counting, Telangana Results 2023 {{!}} ABPLive |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-2023/telangana-peddapalle-constituency-25.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> Rao polled 74,299 votes.

He won the [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from Peddapalli Assembly constituency representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. He polled 64,319 votes and defeated his nearest rival, Mukunda Reddy Geetla of Indian National Congress, by a margin of 23,482 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes AC Summary: Peddapalle 2009 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/www.indiavotes.com/ac/summary/30436 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref>

Vijaya Ramana Rao won the [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]] and later he was Appointed as Govt Whip on 19 March 2026.<ref name="New Govt Whips appointed for Assembly and Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=19 March 2026 |title=New Govt Whips appointed for Assembly and Council |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/new-govt-whips-appointed-for-assembly-and-council/article70762194.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326170423/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/new-govt-whips-appointed-for-assembly-and-council/article70762194.ece |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Govt Appoints Five Whips for Legislative Assembly & Council">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=19 March 2026 |title=Govt Appoints Five Whips for Legislative Assembly & Council |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/govt-appoints-five-whips-for-legislative-assembly-council-1944998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260326170431/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/telangana/govt-appoints-five-whips-for-legislative-assembly-council-1944998 |archive-date=26 March 2026 |access-date=26 March 2026 |publisher=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vijaya Ramana Rao, Chinthakunta}}
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Telangana]]

[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Telangana MLAs 2023–2028]]

Lakshadweep Prohibition Regulation, 1979

2026-03-25T18:56:24Z

Medfly:

{{Short description|Ban on liquor and intoxicating drugs in the Union Territory of Lakshadweep}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{primary sources|date=November 2016}}

The '''Lakshadweep Prohibition Regulation, 1979''' bans the import, export, transportation, possession and manufacture of liquor or any intoxicating drugs in the [[Union Territory]] of [[Lakshadweep]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lakshadweeppolice.nic.in/Statutory%20Provisions.htm|title=THE LAKSHADWEEP PROHIBITION REGULATION 1979}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[The Nagaland Liquor Total Prohibition Act, 1989]]
*[[Bombay Prohibition (Gujarat Amendment) 2009]]
*[[Bihar Excise (Amendment) Act, 2016]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Alcohol in India}}
[[Category:Prohibition in India|India]]
[[Category:Alcohol law in India]]
[[Category:State legislation in India]]
[[Category:Government of Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:1979 in Indian law]]

{{india-law-stub}}

Jamtara Sadar subdivision

2026-03-25T03:37:57Z

Medfly: added stub

{{other uses|Jamtara (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jamtara Sadar subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.9633|N|86.8014|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Jamtara district|Jamtara]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Jamtara]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1811
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 791042
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 =
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|jamtara.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jamtara Sadar subdivision''' is the only [[Administrative divisions of India|administrative subdivision]] of the [[Jamtara district]] in the [[Santhal Pargana division]] in the state of [[Jharkhand]], [[India]].

==Overview==
Jamtara Sadar subdivision in the south-eastern part of [[Santhal Pargana division|Santhal Parganas]] is a rolling upland tract. The [[Barakar River|Barakar]] separates it from the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]] and the [[Ajay River|Ajay]], flows in from [[Deoghar district]] in the west, drains the district, forms the border between Jharkhand and West Bengal for some distance and flows into West Bengal in the east.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://archive.org/details/dli.csl.3120/page/n1/mode/2up |title = Bihar District Gazetteers: Santhal Parganas| first= P.C.|last=Roychoudhury | work= Chaoter I: General |publisher= Secretariat Press, Patna, 1965 | access-date = 12 November 2020}}</ref>

==History==
Jamtara subdivision was formed in 1879 as a part of Santhal Parganas district with its headquarters at Dumka. Santhal Parganas district comprised Dumka, Deoghar, Sahibganj, Godda, Pakur and Jamtara subdivisions. In 1983, Deoghar, Sahibganj and Godda subdivisions were given the status of a district, and a result Jamtara subdivision remained in Dumka district. After the formation of Jharkhand, Jamtara subdivision was made a district in 2001.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/jamtara | title =Jamtara | publisher =Jharkhand Police | access-date =12 November 2020 | archive-date =12 November 2020 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201126/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/jamtara | url-status =dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/dumka | title = Dumka | publisher = Jharkhand Police | access-date = 12 November 2020 | archive-date = 26 January 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210126211750/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/dumka | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Subdivision==
Jamtara district has only one administrative subdivision:<ref name=jamtara>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2018_PART_B_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Jamtara, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Pages 16-17: Important Statistics, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 22 October 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|Jamtara Sadar||[[Jamtara]]||1,811||791,042||90.42||9.58
|}

==Administrative units==

Jamtara subdivision has 6 community development blocks, 1,161 total villages, 1,082 inhabited villages, 2 statutory towns and 1 [[census town]]. The statutory towns are at [[Jamtara]] and [[Mihijam]]. The census town is: [[Karmatanr, Jamtara|Karmatanr]]. The subdivision has its headquarters at Jamtara.<ref name=jamtara/>
{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=350| zoom=9
| coord={{coord|24|14|0|N|87|5|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Deoghar, Dumka and Jamtara districts in Santhal Pargana Division''' M: Municipality, CT: census town, R: Rural/ Urban centre, D: Dam, Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|7|14|N|86|52|0|E}} | label-pos1=top|label1= Chitra | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Chitra, Deoghar]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|21|28|N|86|53|56|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Sonaraithari| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Sonaraithari, Deoghar]] (R)
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|mark-coord5={{coord|24|9|54|N|86|35|15|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Margomunda| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Margomunda, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|29|41|N|86|46|49|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Mohanpur| numbered6=R| mark-title6=[[Mohanpur, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|1|28|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Palojori| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Palojori, Deoghar]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|14|12|N|86|50|16|E}} | label-pos8=bottom|label8= Sarath| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Sarath, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|23|10|N|86|46|23|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9= Sarwan| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Sarwan, Deoghar (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|26|10|N|87|28|55|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10= Gopikandar| numbered10=R| mark-title10=[[Gopikandar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord11={{coord|24|36|2|N|87|4|56|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Hansdiha| numbered11=R| mark-title11=[[Hansdiha]] (R)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|22|40|N|87|15|52|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12= Jama| numbered12=R| mark-title12=[[Jama, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord13={{coord|24|24|10|N|87|2|47|E}} | label-pos13=top|label13= Jarmundi| numbered13=R| mark-title13=[[Jarmundi, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord14={{coord|24|21|0|N|87|25|11|E}} | label-pos14=left|label14= Kathikund| numbered14=R| mark-title14=[[Kathikund, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|10|20|N|87|39|10|E}} | label-pos15=left|label15= Maluti| numbered15=R| mark-title15=[[Maluti]] (R)
|mark-coord16={{coord|24|8|40|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos16=bottom|label16= Masalia| numbered16=R| mark-title16=[[Masalia, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|10|0|N|87|10|42|E}} | label-pos17=left|label17= Ramgarh| numbered17=R| mark-title17=[[Ramgarh, Dumka (village)]] (R)
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|2|17|N|87|25|20|E}} | label-pos18=top|label18= Ranishwar| numbered18=R| mark-title18=[[Ranishwar, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord19={{coord|24|34|30|N|87|0|47|E}} | label-pos19=right|label19= Saraiyahat| numbered19=R| mark-title19=[[Saraiyahat, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord20={{coord|24|14|39|N|87|28|15|E}} | label-pos20=left|label20= Shikaripara| numbered20=R| mark-title20=[[Shikaripara, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord21={{coord|24|25|26|N|86|55|2|E}} | label-pos21=top|label21= Taljhari| numbered21=R| mark-title21=[[Taljhari, Dumka]] (R)
|mark-coord22={{coord|24|3|40|N|87|15|20|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Tongra| numbered22=R| mark-title22=[[Tongra]] (R)
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|53|10|N|87|13|33|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Bagdahari| numbered23=R| mark-title23=[[Bagdahari]] (R)
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|58|58|N|87|6|9|E}} | label-pos24=left|label24= Basudih| numbered24=R| mark-title24=[[Basudih]] (R)
|mark-coord25={{coord|24|0|0|N|86|55|39|E}} | label-pos25=left|label25= Bindapathar| numbered25=R| mark-title25=[[Bindapathar]] (R)
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|6|55|N|86|59|51|E}} | label-pos26=bottom|label26= Fatehpur| numbered26=R| mark-title26=[[Fatehpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|58|34|N|87|9|31|E}} | label-pos27=top|label27= Kundahit| numbered27=R| mark-title27=[[Kundahit]] (R)
|mark-coord28={{coord|23|55|25|N|87|2|7|E}} | label-pos28=left|label28= Nala| numbered28=R| mark-title28=[[Nala, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|2|52|N|86|36|53|E}} | label-pos29=bottom|label29= Narayanpur| numbered29=R| mark-title29=[[Narayanpur, Jamtara]] (R)
|mark-coord30={{coord|24|28|48|N|86|42|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30=Deoghar| numbered30=M| mark-title30= [[Deoghar]] (M) |label-color30=#800000
|mark-coord31={{coord|24|31|19|N|86|38|51|E}} | label-pos31=right|label31=Jasidih| numbered31=M| mark-title31= [[Jasidih]] (M) |label-color31=#800000
|mark-coord32={{coord|24|15|36|N|86|39|0|E}} | label-pos32=bottom|label32=Madhupur| numbered32=M| mark-title32= [[Madhupur, Deoghar]] (M) |label-color32=#800000
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|16|32|N|87|15|50|E}} | label-pos33=right|label33=Dumka| numbered33=M| mark-title33= [[Dumka]] (M) |label-color33=#800000
|mark-coord34={{coord|24|24|30|N|87|5|0|E}} | label-pos34=right|label34=Basukinath| numbered34=M| mark-title34= [[Basukinath]] (M) |label-color34=#800000
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|57|47|N|86|48|5|E}} | label-pos35=bottom|label35=Jamtara| numbered35=M| mark-title35= [[Jamtara]] (M) |label-color35=#800000
|mark-coord36={{coord|23|52|12|N|86|52|12|E}} | label-pos36=top|label36=Mihijam| numbered36=M| mark-title36= [[Mihijam]] (M) |label-color36=#800000
|mark-coord37={{coord|24|5|38|N|86|42|15|E}}| label-pos37=left|label37=Karmatanr| numbered37=CT| mark-title37= [[Karmatanr, Jamtara]] (CT) |shape-color37= #A40000
|mark-coord38={{coord|24|16|42|N|87|13|50|E}}| label-pos38=left|label38=Dudhani| numbered38=CT| mark-title38= [[Dudhani, Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color38= #A40000
|mark-coord39={{coord|24|15|22|N|87|14|14|E}}| label-pos39=bottom|label39=Purana |labela39= Dumka| numbered39=CT| mark-title39= [[Purana Dumka]] (CT) |shape-color39= #A40000
|mark-coord40={{coord|24|18|10|N|87|15|19|E}}| label-pos40=left|label40=Rasikpur| numbered40=CT| mark-title40= [[Rasikpur]] (CT) |shape-color40= #A40000
|mark-coord41={{coord|24|6|24|N|87|18|30|E}}| label41= Massanjore|labela41= Dam| label-color41 = #C42222 | label-angle41=0| label-pos41=top| label-size41=10| mark-size41=12| numbered41=D|mark-title41 =[[Massanjore Dam]]| shape-color41=#C42222
|mark-coord42={{coord|23|55|30|N|86|35|0|E}} |label42=Barakar River| label-color42 = #77A1CB| label-angle42=30| label-pos42=top| label-size42=10| mark-size42=0| mark-title42 =none
|mark-coord43={{coord|24|5|0|N|86|47|0|E}} |label43=Ajay River| label-color43 = #77A1CB| label-angle43=70| label-pos43=top| label-size43=10| mark-size43=0| mark-title43 =none
|mark-coord44={{coord|24|28|0|N|87|5|0|E}} |label44=Mayurakshi River| label-color44 = #77A1CB| label-angle44=30| label-pos44=top| label-size44=10| mark-size44=0| mark-title44 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|24|35|0|N|86|35|0|E}}|arc-textA= BIHAR| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-30| arc-gapA=6.5| arc-radiusA=0.35
|arc-coordB={{coord|23|50|30|N|87|25|0|E}}|arc-textB= WEST BENGAL| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB=-75| arc-gapB=3.5| arc-radiusB=0.4}}

==Demographics==
As per the [[2011 Census of India]] data Jamtara Sadar subdivision, in Jamtara district in 2011, had a total population of 791,042. There were 404,830 (51%) males and 386,212 (49%) females. Scheduled castes numbered 72,885 (9.21%) and scheduled tribes numbered 240,489 (30.40%). Density of population was 437 persons per square km. Literacy rate was 64.59%, male literacy rate was 76.46%, female literacy rate was 52.15%.<ref name=jamtara/>

See also – [[List of Jharkhand districts ranked by literacy rate]]

==Police stations==
Police stations in Jamtara Sadar subdivision were at:<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/jamtara| title = District Police Profile - Jamtara| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 12 November 2020| archive-date = 12 November 2020| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201112201126/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/jamtara| url-status = dead}}</ref>
#[[Jamtara]]
#[[Fatehpur, Jamtara|Fatehpur]]
#[[Karmatanr, Jamtara|Karmatanr]]
#[[Kundahit]]
#[[Nala, Jamtara|Nala]]
#[[Narayanpur, Jamtara|Narayanpur]]
#[[Mihijam]]
#[[Bagdahari]]
#[[Bindapathar]]

==Blocks==
Community development blocks in Jamtara Sadar subdivision are:<ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2018_PART_B_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Jamtara, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Page 55: Rural PCA – CD block wise village primary census abstract, 2011 census |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 12 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2018_PART_B_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Jamtara, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Map of Jamtara on the third page|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 12 November 2020}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||Literacy rate %||[[Nagar Parishad|NP]], [[Census town|CT]]
|-
|[[Jamtara block|Jamtara]]||[[Jamtara]]||329.73||132,600||6.92||45.25||66.30|| 2
|-
|[[Karmatanr (community development block)|Karmatanr]]||[[Karmatanr, Jamtara|Karmatanr]]||175.00||115,266||6.71||18.88||58.16|| 1
|-
|[[Fatehpur (community development block)|Fatehpur]]||[[Fatehpur, Jamtara|Fatehpur]]|| 280.44||89,645||7.72||46.95||65.66|| -
|-
|[[Kundhit block|Kundhit]]||[[Kundahit]]||295.63||84,907||15.31||29.81||64.64|| -
|-
|[[Nala block|Nala]]||[[Nala, Jamtara|Nala]]||416.67||134,780||12.40||36.08||64.63|| -
|-
|[[Narayanpur block|Narayanpur]]||[[Narayanpur, Jamtara|Narayanpur]] ||282.80||163,966||5.79||23.47||55.72|| -
|-
|}

==Education==
In 2011, Jamtara Sadar subdivision out of a total 1,082 inhabited villages there were 127 villages with pre-primary schools, 917 villages with primary schools, 403 villages with middle schools, 18 villages with secondary schools, 14 villages with senior secondary schools, 2 villages with general degree colleges, 157 villages with no educational facility.<ref name=directory>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2018_PART_A_DCHB_JAMTARA.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Jamtara, 2011, Series 21, Part XII A | work = Pages 427-429 Appendix I: Village Directory | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, Jharkhand. | access-date = 22 October 2020}}</ref>
 .*Senior secondary schools are also known as Inter colleges in Jharkhand

===Institutions===
The following institutions are located in Jamtara Sadar subdivision:
*[[Jamtara College]] was established at [[Jamtara]] in 1961.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.jamtaracollege.com/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170227151932/http://jamtaracollege.com/ | url-status = usurped | archive-date = February 27, 2017 | title = Jamtara College, Jamtara | publisher = JC | access-date = 12 November 2020}}</ref>
*Jamtara Mahila Sandhya Mahavidyalaya was established at Jamtara in 1994. It has hostel facilities for 100 scheduled tribe students.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jmscollege.in/ | title = Jamtara Mahila Sandhya Mahavidyalaya | publisher = JMSM | access-date = 12 November 2020}}</ref>
*JJS Degree College was established at [[Mihijam]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite web | url =https://www.shiksha.com/college/j-j-s-degree-college-mihijam-120015 | title = JJS Degree College| publisher = Shiksha | access-date = 12 November 2020}}</ref>
*Bhagwat Jha Azad College was established at [[Kundahit]] in 1981.<ref name="Our Affiliated Colleges">{{cite web | url = http://www.skmu.ac.in/affiliated-colleges | title = Our Affiliated Colleges | publisher = Sido Kanhu Murmu University | access-date = 12 November 2020}}</ref>
*Degree College was established at [[Nala, Jamtara|Nala]] in 1988.<ref name="Our Affiliated Colleges"/>

==Healthcare==
In 2011, Jamtara Sadar subdivision there were 3 villages with community health centres, 23 villages with primary health centres, 93 villages with primary health subcentres, 53 villages with maternity and child welfare centres, 6 villages with allopathic hospitals, 35 villages with dispensaries, 8 villages with veterinary hospitals, 33 villages with family welfare centres, 141 villages with medicine shops.<ref name=directory/>
 .*Private medical practitioners, alternative medicine etc. not included

===Medical facilities===
(Anybody having referenced information about location of government/ private medical facilities may please add it here)

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

{{Santhal Parganas Division}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}

[[Category:Subdivisions of Jharkhand]]

Pradhyumansinh Jadeja

2026-03-18T23:04:40Z

Medfly: done

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Pradhyumansinh Jadeja
| birth_name = Pradhyumansinh Mahipatsinh Jadeja
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1964|06|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Virani Moti, [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Member details|url=https://neva.gov.in/Member/Details/186}}</ref>
| children =
| office = Member of the [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2017
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Abdasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abdasa]]
| image =
| footnotes =
| occupation = Farmer
| predecessor = [[Shaktisinh Gohil]]
| successor =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse =
| parents =
| alma_mater =
| website = {{URL|pmjadeja.com}}
| source = http://myneta.info/Gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3631
}}
'''Pradhyumansinh Mahipatsinh Jadeja'''<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Politician|url=http://myneta.info/Gujarat2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=3631}}</ref> is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for [[Abdasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Abdasa]] in the state of [[Gujarat]], India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pm Jadeja|url=https://ourneta.com/neta/pradyumansinh-mahipatsinh-jadeja/}}</ref> He won from [[Abdasa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)#2017 Vidhan Sabha|Abdasa constituency in 2017 assembly election]] beating the [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] candidate Chabbil Patel by over 10,000 votes.<ref>{{cite web|title=abdasa-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|url=https://www.electionsinindia.com/gujarat/abdasa-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|access-date=27 November 2020|archive-date=14 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814053850/https://www.electionsinindia.com/gujarat/abdasa-assembly-vidhan-sabha-constituency-elections|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=abdasa-gujarat-assembly-by-election-results-2020|date=10 November 2020 |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/abdasa-gujarat-assembly-by-election-results-2020-live-winner-runner-up-7013343/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=abdasa-assembly-elections-gj-1|url=https://www.oneindia.com/abdasa-assembly-elections-gj-1/}}</ref> He defected to [[Bhartiya Janta Party]] just before [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha|2020 Rajya Sabha parliamentary elections]], forcing by election in Abdasa. He was re-elected in 2020 by election. He was a [[farmer]] by occupation.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pm Jadeja|date=10 November 2020 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/congress-turncoat-pradhyumansinh-jadeja-wins-gujarats-abdasa-seat-on-bjp-ticket/541342/}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jadeja, Pradhyumansinh Mahipatsinh}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:People from Gujarat]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kutch district]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Gujarat MLAs 2022–2027]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Gujarat]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

{{Gujarat-BJP-politician-stub}}

Feluda (series)

2026-03-16T18:15:19Z

Medfly: General improvements to article content

{{Short description|Film list of the fictional character Feluda}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox media franchise
| title = ''Feluda''
| image =
| caption = Feluda pherot
| creator = [[Satyajit Ray]]
| origin = ''[[Feludar Goendagiri]]'' (1966)
| owner =
| novels = '''[[#Stories|List of stories]]'''
{{plainlist|* ''[[Badshahi Angti (novel)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (1969)
* ''[[Gangtokey Gondogol]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (novel)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (novel)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Gosainpur Sargaram]]'' (1976)
* ''[[Chhinnamastar Abhishap]]'' (1978)
* ''[[Hatyapuri]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Tintorettor Jishu (novel)|Tintorettor Jishu]]'' (1983)
* ''[[The Mystery of the Pink Pearl|Golapi Mukta Rahasya]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Robertsoner Ruby]]'' (1992)
}}
| short_stories = '''[[#Stories|List of stories]]'''
{{plainlist|
* "[[Feludar Goendagiri|Feluda'r Goendagiri]]" (1965–66)
* "[[Ghurghutiyar Ghatona]]" (1975)
* "[[Golokdham Rahasya]]" (1980)
* "[[Jahangirer Swarnamudra]]" (1983)
* "[[Bhuswargo Bhayankar]]" (1987)
* "[[Golapi Mukta Rahasya]]"
* "[[Londone Feluda|London e Feluda]]" (1989)}}
| comics = [[#Comics|List of comics]]
| films = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joy Baba Felunath]]'' (1979)
* ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' (1996)
* ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Doorbeen]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Double Feluda]]'' (2016)
* ''[[Hatyapuri (film)|Hatyapuri]]'' (2022)
* ''[[Nayan Rahasya]]'' (2024)
}}
| shorts = ''[[Feluda: The Kathmandu Caper]]'' (2011)
| tv = {{plainlist|
* ''[[Kissa Kathmandu Mein]]'' (1986–87)
* ''[[Noyon Rahasya-Feluda]]'' (2017)
}}
| musicals =
| soundtracks =
| otherlabel1 = Portrayers
| otherdata1 = {{ubl|[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]|[[Shashi Kapoor]]|[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]|[[Abir Chatterjee]]|[[Parambrata Chatterjee]]|[[Ahmed Rubel]]|[[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]|[[Indraneil Sengupta]]}}
| web_series = After 4 years of waiting Feluda comes in a new format, with a new director & new cast, in ott platform. In 25 December 2020 addatimes gives Feluda pherot web series directed by Srijit Mukherji.{{huh?|date=September 2025}}
In 25 December only season 1 was streamed as Chinnomostar Obhishap.{{fact|date=September 2025}}

#FeludaPherot :
Chinnomostar Obhishap (2020)
#Feludar Goyendagiri :
Darjeeling Jamjamwat (2022)
}}

'''Feluda''' is an Indian-[[Bengalis|Bengali]] [[fictional detective|detective]] media franchise created by [[Cinema of India|Indian]]-[[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]] director and writer [[Satyajit Ray]],<ref name="Robinson1989">{{cite book|author=Andrew Robinson|title=Satyajit Ray: The Inner Eye|url=https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0 |url-access=registration|access-date=9 July 2012|year=1989|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-06946-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/satyajitrayinner00robi_0/page/233 233]–}}</ref> featuring the character, '''[[Feluda]]'''. The titular character is a [[private investigator]] starring in a series of [[Bengali novels]] and short stories. The detective resides at 21 Rajani Sen Road,<ref name="Feluda's Home">{{cite news|author=Susnato Chowdhury|title=Feluda's Home|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfYYetKqnGs|access-date=27 May 2014|newspaper=[[Kolkata TV]]|year=2007|archive-date=15 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715114803/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vfYYetKqnGs|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Ballygunge]], [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]. Feluda first made his appearance in a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] children's magazine called ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'' (সন্দেশ) in 1965, under the editorialship of [[Satyajit]] and [[Subhash Mukhopadhyay (poet)|Subhas Mukhopadhyay]]. His first adventure was ''[[Feludar Goendagiri]]'' (ফেলুদার গোয়েন্দাগিরি).<ref name="Ray2005">{{cite book|author=Satyajit Ray|title=Complete Adventures of Feluda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x79t4D8Rh5UC&pg=PR10|year=2005|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303278-6|page=10}}</ref>

Feluda is often accompanied by his cousin who unofficially is also his assistant Tapesh Ranjan Mitter (affectionately called Topshe by Feluda), who serves as the [[narrator]] of the stories. From the sixth story, ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (The Golden Fortress), the duo is joined by a popular thriller writer [[Jatayu (Lal Mohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] (Lalmohon Ganguli).

Feluda has had been filmed at times, with the character been played by [[Soumitra Chatterjee]], [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Parambrata Chatterjee]], [[Ahmed Rubel]] and [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]. Satyajit Ray directed two Feluda movies — ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (সোনার কেল্লা) (1974) and ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (জয় বাবা ফেলুনাথ) (1978). [[Sandip Ray]] made a [[Feluda in film|new Feluda film series (continuation of the original series)]] on Feluda's adventures which started from ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' (1996). In this series, he made ten TV films and six theatrical films in [[Bengali language|Bengali]] on the character. Sandip Ray also made a stand-alone Feluda film ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (2014) which was intended to be the first film of a reboot series, but the series was canceled and Sandip Ray came back to the previous film series.

== Stories ==
In the Feluda series there are 35 published and four unpublished stories<ref>{{Cite book |last=Ray |first=Satyajit |title=Feluda Samagra |publisher=Anandabazar publication |year=2017 |isbn=9788177564808 |edition=12th |location=Kolkata ,India |publication-date=March 2017 |language=Bangla |trans-title=}}</ref>. The list is chronologically arranged.

'''Color key'''
* {{Color box|#F0F0BD|border=darkgray}} indicates "story".
* {{Color box|#D0F2E3|border=darkgray}} indicates "novel".
* {{Color box|#F2D8E2|border=darkgray}} indicates unfinished writings.
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width: 100%;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|Novel/story
!rowspan="2"| English title
!rowspan="2"| First publication details
!rowspan="2"| Plot outline
!rowspan="2"| Setting
! colspan="3"|Characters
|-
![[Topshe]]
! [[Lalmohan Ganguly|Jatayu]]
! [[Sidhu Jyatha]]
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''[[Feludar Goendagiri]]'' || ''Danger in Darjeeling'' || ''[[Sandesh (magazine)|Sandesh]]'', December 1965 – February 1966||Feluda goes to [[Darjeeling]] with Topshe, meets Rajen Babu who gets a life threat in a letter. Feluda investigates. || [[Darjeeling]] ||{{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''[[Badshahi Angti (novel)|Badshahi Angti]]'' || ''The Emperor's Ring'' || ''Sandesh'', May 1966 – May 1967 || Feluda with Topshe and Topshe's father goes to meet Dhiru Kaka, their advocate uncle in Lucknow. There they find Dr Srivastav's house burgled the previous night and a precious ring was stolen. Feluda starts investigating secretly ||[[Lucknow]], [[Haridwar]], [[Lakshman Jhula]]|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{No
}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''[[Kailash Choudhury'r Pathar|Kailash Chowdhury'r Pathar]]'' || ''Kailash Chowdhury's Jewel'' || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1967 || Feluda investigates a complex case involving twins and a rare valuable gem. ||[[Kolkata]]|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''[[Sheyal Debota Rahasya]]'' || ''The [[Anubis]] Mystery'' || ''Sandesh'', Summer issue, May—June 1970|| Nilmoni Sanyal buys a precious statue of Anubis from an auction. But soon the statue goes missing. Feluda is appointed to investigate. || [[Kolkata]]|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{No}}
|-
|style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''[[Gangtokey Gondogol]]'' || ''[[Trouble in Gangtok]]'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1970 || Feluda and Topshe visit Gangtok for a vacation and meet some interesting people, each having a key role in a case of a [[car]] [[accident]], later revealed to be a well planned murder. ||[[Gangtok]], [[Rumtek]], [[Pemayangste]]|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} ||{{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''[[Sonar Kella]]'' || ''The Golden Fortress'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1971 || Mukul Dhar, a child of Kolkata claims that he can remember events of his previous life and informs that in his previous life he used to stay in a "Golden Fortress" of Rajasthan. Feluda finds out the truth behind it! || [[Rajasthan]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''[[Baksho Rahashya (novel)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' || ''Incident on the [[Netaji Express|Kalka Mail]]'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1972 || Dinanath Lahiri, an aged Bengali man, meets Feluda and informs that he has mistakenly swapped his [[briefcase]] in a train with one belonging to one of his co-passengers and asks Feluda to return it. Feluda discovers that there was a valuable [[manuscript]] in the suitcase of Mr. Lahiri. Feluda takes the responsibility to find out the suitcase and the manuscript. || [[Kolkata]], [[Shimla|New Delhi, Shimla]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|Samaddarer Chabi|| The Key || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1973 || Radharaman Samaddar, a Bengali wealthy musician, dies keeping all his money in an unknown secret place. Before dying, he utters the word "In my name... key". This might be the clue to find the hidden wealth. Feluda is asked for assistance to find out the money. ||[[Bamangachhi|Bamungachhi]], [[Kolkata]]|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"| [[Kailashey Kelenkari (novel)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]|| A Killer in Kailash || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1974 || Feluda investigates a case of illegal trade of valuable artefacts stolen from ancient Indian temples, the latest being a '[[yakshi]]' head sculpt from a temple in [[Orissa]] || [[Kolkata]], [[Aurangabad]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{Yes}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (novel)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' || ''The Royal Bengal Mystery'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1974 || On an invitation by Mahitosh Sinha Roy, Lalmohon Babu takes Feluda and Topshe to a forest near Bhutan where Feluda is given a puzzle to solve. He solves that successfully, unearths hidden secrets of the Singha Ray family, solves a murder and kills a man-eater [[tiger]] in the process. He, at the end of the story is rewarded with a Tiger-skin. || Laxman Bari, an imaginary place near [[Bhutan–India border|Bhutan border]], 46 miles from [[New Jalpaiguri]] Railway Station || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} ||{{No}}
|-
|style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' || ''The Mystery of the Elephant God'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1975 || Feluda, his cousin Topshe and the thriller writer Jatayu visit Benaras during the ''[[Durga Puja]]''s. There a valuable small [[Ganesh]] statue from a Ghoshal family gets stolen. Feluda is appointed to find out the thief. This is also Feluda's first meeting with his nemesis Maganlal Meghraj ||[[Benaras]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''[[Ghurghutiyar Ghatona]]'' || ''The Locked Chest'' || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1975 || Kalikinkar Majumdar from Ghughutiya, Nadia, West Bengal sends a mail to Feluda claiming him to be an admirer of Feluda and invites him to Ghurghutiya. Felua and Topshe go to the place. There in the house Kalikinkar Mukherjee shows them a talking parrot which only knows number combination to unlock a locker. The parrot says— ''Trinayan, o trinayan, ektu jiro''. Now Feluda has to find out the number combination from those unclear words uttered by the parrot. Feluda finds that out, in addition he finds out something more— a murder. || Ghurghutiya, [[Nadia district|Nadia]], [[West Bengal]]|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]'' || ''The Bandits of Bombay'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1976 || Pulak Ghoshal is making a Hindi film based on Jatayu's bestseller. But a mysterious man named Sanyal has other plans for the simpleton thriller writer || [[Mumbai]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"| ''[[Gosainpur Sargaram]]'' || ''The Mystery of the Walking Dead'' || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1976 || Gosaipur is a small town, not far from Kolkata. But the erstwhile zamindar of that area has lost faith in his son, and is becoming increasingly dependent on an astrologer who claims to bring back the dead! Feluda investigates. || [[Gosainpur]], [[Burdwan district|Burdwan District]], [[West Bengal]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"| ''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (novel)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]'' || ''The Secret of the Cemetery'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1977 || A man is found lying unconscious after a stormy evening at South Park Street Cemetery. Feluda goes to investigate and finds the man's wallet there. He meets the injured victim himself. He senses something wrong and starts an investigation on his own, which leads him to deep secrets lying in the history of the city of Kolkata. ||[[Kolkata]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
|style="background:#D0F2E3;"| ''[[Chhinnamastar Abhishap]]'' || ''The Curse of the Goddess'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1978 || Feluda and team visits Hazaribagh in Jharkhand, and gets invited by a puzzle loving retired advocate in his birthday party. The advocate dies in an incident but not before giving cryptic clues to Feluda. ||[[Hazaribagh|Hazaribagh, Jharkhand]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"| ''[[Hatyapuri]]'' || ''The House of Death'' || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1979 || Feluda and Co goes to Puri to escape the heat of Kolkata. The mystery revolves around Mr. D.G. Sen, an elderly gentleman, who has the hobby of collecting rare 'Puthis' (old hand written books/manuscripts). He is a true collector and denies lucrative offers from prospective buyers. However, a group of people are determined to steal the most valuable manuscripts from his collection. Topshe and Jatayu discover a dead body lying on the beach. The story takes a big turn when one of the prime suspects is found to be murdered. Feluda investigates. || [[Puri]], [[Odisha]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''Golokdham Rahasya'' || ''The Mysterious Tenant''|| ''Sandesh'' May—August 1980 || A theft of immensely valuable research papers takes place in the house of a retired scientist. Feluda is called in to investigate, and finds the case much more complex than expected as a tenant of the house is murdered. || [[Kolkata]]|| {{Yes}} || {{No}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"| ''[[Joto Kando Kathmandute]]'' || ''The Criminals of Kathmandu'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1980 || Feluda goes to Nepal to catch a murderer, and discovers the case to be far more complicating than it seems. While investigating, Jatayu gets drugged and Feluda meets an old enemy. || [[Kathmandu]], [[Patan, Nepal]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
|style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''[[Napoleoner Chithi]]'' || ''[[Napoleon]]'s Letter'' || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1981 || A pet bird gets stolen the day after it was bought. And in the same house, an aged curio collector is murdered by a person who seemingly doesn't exist. Do the two mysteries have any link? Feluda investigates. || [[Barasat]], [[24 Parganas|24 Pargana District]], [[West Bengal]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''[[Tintorettor Jishu (novel)|Tintorettor Jishu]]'' || ''[[Tintoretto]]'s Jesus'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1982 || Feluda meets an aristocratic Bengali family with a rich history. During his stay, a valuable painting by Italian painter [[Tintoretto]] is stolen, Feluda investigates and lands up in Hong Kong. ||[[Baikunthapur, Paschim Medinipur|Baikunthapur]], Bhagwangarh (an imaginary place 45 km west of [[Chhindwara]]), [[Hong Kong]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''Ambar Sen Antordhan Rahasya'' || ''The Disappearance of Ambar Sen'' || ''Anandamela'' 4 May—15 June 1983 || Ambar Sen, a Bengali comes to Feluda and informs him that he has got threatening mail. Later Mr. Sen is kidnapped. Feluda investigates. || [[Kolkata]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''[[Jahangirer Swarnamudra]]'' || ''The Gold Coins of [[Jahangir]]'' || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1983 || The trio of Feluda, Jatayu and Tapesh has been invited to Panihati to investigate the case of a missing gold coin of Jahangir. The client had a collection of 12 gold coins but on his last birthday, one of them was stolen by one of his most trusted invitees. He invites the same group of people this year and asks Feluda to catch the culprit while hiding his true identity. || [[Panihati]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''Ebar Kando Kedarnathe'' || ''Crime in Kedarnath'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1984 || Feluda, along with Jatayu and Topshe goes to Kedarnath, in the Himalayan belt, to stop a possible crime which can happen against a retired maverick chemist, Bhavani Upadhay. It soon turns out that Upadhyay has, in his possession, a valuable artefact, awarded to him for his services to a king. The trio, while trying to find out the man and warn him of the coming danger, also learn about Upadhyay's life, which is somehow connected to Jatayu. || [[Kedarnath|Kedarnath, Uttarkhand]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''Bosepukure Khunkharapi'' || ''The Acharya Murder Case'' || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1985 || Indra Narayan Acharya, a theatre artist from a rich family gets murdered. Is it one of the rival theatre groups, or a person Acharya thought to be trustworthy? Feluda investigates. || [[Kolkata]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''Darjeeling Jamjomat'' || ''Murder in the Mountains'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1986 || Feluda and team joins a film crew shooting the 2nd film based on Jatayu's books. A murder happens during the shoot. Another body is found in the forest. Feluda investigates. || [[Darjeeling]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;" | ''[[Bhuswargo Bhayankar]]'' || ''Peril in Paradise'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1987 || Feluda and co. goes to Kashmir. They meet a retired judge who attempts calling the spirits of the criminals whom he sentenced to death, but is secretly unconvinced by their crime. He is found murdered after a few days. Feluda tries to find out the murderer. || [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu And Kashmir]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"|''[[Apsara Theaterer Mamla]]'' || ''The Case of the Apsara Theatre''
||''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1987 || A notable theatre personality is found murdered, and Feluda attempts to uncover the mystery.|| [[Kolkata]], [[Digha]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"| ''[[Shakuntalar Kanthahaar]]'' || ''Shakuntala's Necklace'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1988 || Feluda and Co meet and befriend a Lucknow resident, whose family is a fan of the investigator, on a pleasure trip to the same city and get invited to his house. There, a necklace of late actress Shakuntala Devi, mother-in-law of the host, gets stolen, and Feluda must unmask the culprit of not only the theft, but also a murder. || [[Lucknow]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"| ''[[The Mystery of the Pink Pearl|Golapi Mukta Rahasya]]'' || ''The Mystery of the Pink Pearl'' ||''Sharadiya Desh'', 1989|| Joychaand Baral possesses an extremely rare object – a Pink Pearl, which has sought attention of quite a few influential people, notably Maganlal Meghraj, the nemesis of Feluda. Can Feluda stop him before he plans another crime to possess the pearl? || [[Kolkata]], [[Varanasi|Benaras]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"| ''[[Londone Feluda]]'' || ''Feluda in London'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1989 || Feluda goes to London on request of Ranjan Majumdar, a client, to find out about a British man who is dead. The person is connected to Majumdar's student life in London, which Majumdar has no memory of. || [[London]], [[Kolkata]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"| ''Dr. Munshir Diary'' || ''Dr. Munshi's Diary'' || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1990 || Eminent psychiatrist Dr. Munshi engages Feluda in a 'simple' task of ensuring cooperation of 2 men with a criminal history, whom Munshi had previously cured of mental disorder, as he is about to release facts about their treatment in his autobiography. Soon, however, Feluda finds himself in the thick of matters as Dr. Munshi is murdered, and the autobiography goes missing. || [[Kolkata]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"| ''Nayan Rahasya'' || ''The Mystery of Nayan'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1990 || A magician finds a boy with special abilities and takes him to Chennai for a show. Feluda is asked to ensure the boy's safety. || [[Chennai|Chennai,Tamil Nadu]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#D0F2E3;"|''Robertsoner Ruby'' || ''Robertson's Ruby'' || ''Sharadiya Desh'', 1992 || Feluda & Co. is involved in a quest to save a valuable Ruby which was taken from India to London during the Sepoy Mutiny. During the course of events, old wounds resurface, uncovering a brutal event which happened when India was under British rule. ||[[Birbhum district|Birbhum]], [[West Bengal]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F0F0BD;"| ''[[Indrajal Rahasya]]'' || ''The Magical Mystery'' || ''Sandesh'' December 1995 – February 1996 || A retired magician calls Feluda to check a manuscript of a book, which will be bought by another magician, Suryakumar. A small statue of Krishna gets stolen and a murder also occurs, which Feluda investigates, while bringing to light the buried secrets of the magician's family. || [[Kolkata]]|| {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|-
| style="background:#F2D8E2;"|''[[Baksho Rahasya]]'' (first draft) || ''The Mystery of the Box'' || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'', 1995 || || on [[Kalka Mail]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}

|-! colspan="9" align=center|Unfinished writings
| style="background:#F2D8E2;"|''Tota Rahasya'' (first draft) || The Mystery of the Parrot || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'' || A boy asks Feluda to investigate about his missing parrot. Feldua and Topshe goes with the boy and his father to their house and sees that the birdcage is still there although the bird is missing. Feluda and Topshe finds out that it was not a parrot but an Alexandrine parakeet. || || {{Yes}} || ||
|-
| style="background:#F2D8E2;"|''[[Tota Rahasya]]'' (second draft)|| The Mystery of the Parrot || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'' || || || {{Yes}} || ||
|-
| style="background:#F2D8E2;"|''[[Aditya Bardhaner Abishkar]]'' (Unfinished) || The Discovery by Aditya Vardhan || ''Sharadiya Sandesh'' (written 1983) || On a train, the trio of Feluda, Topesh, and Laal Mohon Ganguly meets a scientist named Aditya Vardhan who has found an alternative formula to petrol oil. A man comes to their compartment to meet them and tells the scientist that he is interested to buy the formula and leaves. Vardhan says that he got offers from other foreign chemical companies too. After the man leaves, Aditya Vardhan tells the trio that he is going to meet an American company representative to talk about a deal concerning his discovery. || [[Agra]] || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|}

==Films==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; width:100%;"
|-
!Number
!Title
!Year
!Director
!Producer
!Timeline
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#a4d4f4;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#a4d4f4;"| 1
|''[[Sonar Kella]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1974
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Satyajit Ray]]
|[[Government of West Bengal]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#a4d4f4;" rowspan="2" | Feluda Original Film Series
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#a4d4f4;"| 2
|''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 1979
|R.D.B. Productions
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#c4d4f4;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#c4d4f4;"| 3
|''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2003
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;"| [[Sandip Ray]]
|[[Ushakiran Movies]]
[[D. Ramanaidu]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#c4d4f4;" rowspan="6" | Feluda New Film Series (continuation of "Feluda Original Film Series")
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#c4d4f4;"| 4
|''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2007
|Indranil Sen
Mou Raychowdhury

Sumita Bhattacharyay
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#c4d4f4;"| 5
|''[[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2008
|T Sarkar Productions
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#c4d4f4;"| 6
|''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2010
|Mou Raychowdhury
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#c4d4f4;"| 7
|''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2011
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]]
[[Surinder Films]]
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#c4d4f4;"| 8
|''[[Double Feluda]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2016
|[[Eros International]]
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#a4b4f4;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#a4b4f4;"| 9
|''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2014
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Sandip Ray]]
|[[Shree Venkatesh Films]], [[Surinder Films]]
| style="text-align:center; background:#a4b4f4;"| A Stand-Alone Reboot Film
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#a4c4f4;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#a4c4f4;"| 10
|''[[Hatyapuri (film)|Hatyapuri]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2022
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Sandip Ray]]
|Shadow Films, Ghoshal Media and Entertainment
| style="text-align:center; background:#a4c4f4;" rowspan="2"| Feluda Reboot Film Series
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#a4c4f4;"| 11
|''[[Nayan Rahasya]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2024
|[[Surinder Films]]
|-
| colspan="7" style="background:#e4d4f4;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center; background:#e4d4f4;"| 12
|''[[Doorbeen]]''
| style="text-align:center;"| 2014
| style="text-align:center;"| Swagato Chowdhury
|
| style="text-align:center; background:#e4d4f4;"| Unofficial Film
|-
|}

=== Film Series Timeline ===
The first two film of the series was directed by [[Satyajit Ray]] in the 70's and later films by his son [[Sandip Ray]] from the 90's till now. In the first two films ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (1974) and ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (1978), ''[[Feluda]]'' was played by [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]. [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]] was playing the character from ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' (1996) to ''[[Double Feluda]]'' (2016).
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width:65%; border: none;"
|+ Timeline of ''Feluda Films'' (1974–2024) (Including Feluda Original Film Series and Reboot Film Series)
! scope="col" align="center"| Year(s)
! scope="col" align="center"| Feature films
|-
! scope="row" | 1974
| ''[[Sonar Kella]]''
|-
! scope="row" | 1979
| ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''
|-
! scope="row" | 1996–1997
| ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'', ''Gosaipur Sargaram'', ''Sheyal Debota Rahasya'', ''Bosepukure Khunkharapi'', ''Joto Kando Kathmandute''
|-
! scope="row" | 1998–1999
| ''Jahangirer Swarnamudra'', ''Ghurghutiyar Ghotona'', ''Golapi Mukto Rahashya'', ''Ambar Sen Antardhan Rahashya''
|-
! scope="row" | 2000
| ''Dr. Munshir Diary''
|-
! scope="row" | 2003
| ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]''
|-
! scope="row" | 2007
| ''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]''
|-
! scope="row" | 2008
| ''[[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]]''
|-
! scope="row" | 2010
| ''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]''
|-
! scope="row" | 2011
| ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]''
|-
! scope="row" | 2014
| ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (A Stand-Alone Reboot Film)
|-
! scope="row" | 2016
| ''[[Double Feluda]]'' (Last film of the "Feluda Original Film Series")
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
| ''[[Hatyapuri (film)|Hatyapuri]]'' (First film of "Feluda Reboot Film Series")
|-
! scope="row" | 2024
| ''[[Nayan Rahasya]]'' (Second film of "Feluda Reboot Film Series")
|-
| colspan="2" | '''Notes:''' ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'', ''Gosaipur Sargaram'', ''Sheyal Debota Rahasya'', ''Bosepukure Khunkharapi'', ''Joto Kando Kathmandute'', ''Jahangirer Swarnamudra'', ''Ghurghutiyar Ghotona'', ''Golapi Mukto Rahashya'', ''Ambar Sen Antardhan Rahashya'', ''Dr. Munshir Diary'' all these feature films were television films.
|}

===Hindi movie based on Feluda===
In September 2016, Sandip Ray sold the rights to ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' to [[Pradeep Sarkar]]. [[Pradeep Sarkar|Pradeep]] is to remake [[Sonar Kella]], directed by [[Satyajit Ray]], in Hindi. Nothing has been announced about the casting.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sold-Hindi-rights-to-Sonar-Kella/articleshow/54302363.cms|title=Sold: Hindi rights to 'Sonar Kella' – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 September 2016 |access-date=18 September 2016|archive-date=14 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914065322/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Sold-Hindi-rights-to-Sonar-Kella/articleshow/54302363.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/sold-hindi-rights-to-sonar-kella/articleshow/54311323.cms|title=সুজিত নয়, প্রদীপ সরকারের হাত ধরেই ফেলুদার 'শাপমোচন' – Eisamay|work=Eisamay |date=13 September 2016|access-date=18 September 2016|archive-date=16 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916142957/http://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/sold-hindi-rights-to-sonar-kella/articleshow/54311323.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

Scripting of the Hindi adaptation of this cult detective story is currently in progress. Over the years, many in Bollywood have expressed their desire to make Feluda in general and ''Sonar Kella'' in particular. Director [[Shoojit Sircar]] was in the news for hoping to adapt ''Sonar Kella'' in Hindi. However, Sarkar finally walked away with the prized rights.

"Yes, it's true that I have bought the rights of 'Sonar Kella'. It will be inspired from 'Sonar Kella'. I have the Hindi rights to only this film and not the Feluda series. I am trying to make something very different. Once this script is ready, I will discuss it with Sandip Ray," Sarkar said.

Incidentally, no other director apart from the maestro himself and his son have ever directed a Feluda film in Bengali. Only [[Bibhas Chakraborty]] has made two Feluda telefilms. However, Sandip has been open to the idea of a good director adapting Feluda in Hindi. "I have given the rights of Baba's short story to Dibakar Banerjee. I have always maintained that if the director is competent, I am open to giving the Feluda rights in Hindi," he said.

According to Ray, the original names of the characters, including Feluda, Topshe, Jatayu, Mukul and Mandar Bose, will be changed in the Sarkar film. "I wanted to give the Hindi remake rights to a Bengali director. The advantage is that a Bengali director will have read the original book and watched the film. Things became very easy-going when Pradeep Sarkar met me to discuss this adaptation. It was a very warm and friendly meeting," Ray said, keeping the charges for remake rights a secret.

By 2017, Ray expected Sarkar to show him the screenplay. "As of now, we have had no discussions regarding the casting," Ray said. Will he want to collaborate with Sarkar once the Hindi film goes on the floor? "No, it will be his baby," Ray said.

;Rumour of Hindi ''Feluda'' movie by Shoojit Sircar
In September 2013, director Shoojit Sircar told the Indian media that if he got any chance to remake [[Satyajit Ray]]'s ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' for a worldwide audience,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shoojit-Sircar-to-remake-Satyajit-Ray-film-with-Aamir/articleshow/22397077.cms|title=Shoojit Sircar to remake Satyajit Ray film with Aamir? – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 September 2013 |access-date=18 December 2014|archive-date=8 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108234748/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shoojit-Sircar-to-remake-Satyajit-Ray-film-with-Aamir/articleshow/22397077.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>[http://indianfilminformation.com/index.php/latest-news/1945-shoojit-sircar-with-aamir-to-remake-satyajit-ray-film Shoojit Sircar with Aamir to remake Satyajit Ray film?] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20141218092519/http://indianfilminformation.com/index.php/latest-news/1945-shoojit-sircar-with-aamir-to-remake-satyajit-ray-film |date=2014-12-18 }}</ref> he would cast actor [[Aamir Khan]] as Feluda.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-only-aamir-khan-can-do-justice-to-feluda/20130925.htm|title='Only Aamir Khan can do justice to Feluda'|access-date=18 December 2014|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218111735/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-only-aamir-khan-can-do-justice-to-feluda/20130925.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merinews.com/article/aamir-khan-to-play-feluda-in-shoojit-sircars-sonar-kella/15889972.shtml|title=Aamir Khan to play Feluda in Shoojit Sircar's Sonar Kella?|access-date=18 December 2014|archive-date=18 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218114251/http://www.merinews.com/article/aamir-khan-to-play-feluda-in-shoojit-sircars-sonar-kella/15889972.shtml|url-status=live}}</ref> However, in later years Sandip Ray confirmed that this would never happen, and Shoojit Sircar also stated he had told it as a joke, he was never serious about it and he had never thought of making a Feluda film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Aamir-Khan-as-Bengali-sleuth-Feluda/articleshow/22391797.cms|title=Aamir Khan as Bengali sleuth Feluda? – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=18 December 2014|archive-date=28 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150628075956/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Aamir-Khan-as-Bengali-sleuth-Feluda/articleshow/22391797.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> As of September 2016, according to media reports, director Shoojit Sircar was trying to acquire the rights to ''Sonar Kella''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shoojit-Sircar-planning-to-remake-Satyajit-Rays-Sonar-Kella-in-Hindi/articleshow/54262739.cms|title=Shoojit Sircar planning to remake Satyajit Ray's 'Sonar Kella' in Hindi – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=12 September 2016|archive-date=7 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407084347/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Shoojit-Sircar-planning-to-remake-Satyajit-Rays-Sonar-Kella-in-Hindi/articleshow/54262739.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shoojit-sircar-to-remake-feluda-series-in-hindi-2253731|title=Shoojit Sircar to remake 'Feluda' series in Hindi|date=10 September 2016|access-date=12 September 2016|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913030820/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-shoojit-sircar-to-remake-feluda-series-in-hindi-2253731|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Television and streaming==

=== 90s TV Films ===
This films are the continuation of the ''Feluda original film series''.
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Package
! Aired on
! Notes
|-
| rowspan="5"|1996–1997
|''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]''<ref>''Aami Aar Feluda'' page 8-14</ref>
| rowspan="10"|[[Sandip Ray]]
| rowspan="5"|''Feluda 30''
| rowspan="9"|[[DD Bangla]]
|The film was the sequel of ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (1978). First aired on DD Bangla. Later released in Nandan Complex and on DVD and VCD.
|-
|''Gosaipur Sargaram''<ref>''Aami Aar Feluda'' page 14-17 & 28</ref>
|[[Rabi Ghosh]] died after portraying [[Jatayu (Lalmohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] in this telefilm.<ref>''Aami Aar Feluda'' page 29</ref>
|-
|''Sheyal Debota Rahasya''<ref name="Aami Aar Feluda page 32">''Aami Aar Feluda'' page 32</ref>
|
|-
|''Bosepukure Khunkharapi''<ref name="Aami Aar Feluda page 32"/>
|
|-
|''Joto Kando Kathmandute''<ref name="Aami Aar Feluda page 33">''Aami Aar Feluda'' page 33</ref>
|[[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]] died after portraying [[Jatayu (Lalmohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] in this telefilm.<ref name="Aami Aar Feluda page 33"/>
|-
| rowspan="4"|1998–1999
|''Jahangirer Swarnamudra''
| rowspan="4"|''Satyajiter Goppo''<ref>''Aami Aar Feluda'' page 34</ref>
|This is the first time [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]] portrayed [[Jatayu]].
|-
|''Ghurghutiyar Ghotona''
|
|-
|''Golapi Mukto Rahashya''
|
|-
|''Ambar Sen Antardhan Rahashya''
|
|-
| 2000
|''Dr. Munshir Diary''
|''Satyajiter Priyo Golpo''
|[[Colors Bangla|ETV Bangla]]
|This was the last time Bibhu Bhattacharya played [[Jatayu (Lalmohan Ganguly)|Jatayu]] in a Feluda telefilm. The sequel of this television film was the theatrical film ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]'' (2003).
|}

=== TV films and TV series of 1980s, early 1990s and 2010s ===
These TV series and Telefilms are not part of the original Feluda film series which was directed by [[Satyajit Ray]] and his son [[Sandip Ray]].
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;"
! Year
! Series
! Director
! Aired on
|-
| 1986
|''[[Kissa Kathmandu Ka|Kissa Kathmandu Mein]]''<ref>''Aami Aar Feluda'' (2006, ghostwritten by Sebabrata Banerjee) page 4-6</ref>
| [[Sandip Ray]]<ref>''Aami Aar Feluda'' page 3</ref>
| [[DD National]]
|-
| rowspan="2"| 1992
|''Ghurghutiyar Ghotona''
| rowspan="2"|Bibhash Chakraborty
| rowspan="2"|[[DD Bangla]]
|-
|''Golokdham Rahasya''
|-
| 2019
|''[[Noyon Rahasya-Feluda]]''
| [[Tauquir Ahmed]]
| A [[Bangladesh]]i TV series and web series inspired by original [[Feluda]] which is telecasting in [[Channel i]]<ref name="bioscopelive.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.bioscopelive.com/en/feluda-promo/all|title=Bioscope|website=Bioscope|access-date=13 September 2017|archive-date=13 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913231058/http://www.bioscopelive.com/en/feluda-promo/all|url-status=live}}</ref> And, it features veteran actor [[Ahmed Rubel]] as Feluda.
|}

=== Streaming Television Series ===
* '''Feluda''' (Directed by [[Parambrata Chatterjee]])
A [[Bangladeshi]] streaming TV series "Feluda" from [[Bioscopelive]] streaming platform was directed by [[Parambrata Chatterjee]] who also played the title character along with [[Riddhi Sen]] playing Topshe was released in 2017–2018 in three seasons. This streaming TV series is not a part of the Feluda film canon directed by Satyajit Ray and Sandip Ray.
Stories adapted were Sheyal Debota Rahasyo, Ghurghutiyar Ghotona, and Golokdham Rahasya and aired on [[Bioscopelive]]<ref name="bioscopelive.com"/> from September 2017. The series became available in India on digital platform [[Addatimes]].<ref name="Feluda Web Series">{{cite web|url=https://www.addatimes.com/show/feluda/|title=Watch Feluda, the popular Bengali detective web Series on Addatimes|website=addatimes.com|access-date=26 December 2017|archive-date=23 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171223102149/https://www.addatimes.com/show/feluda|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>thedailystar.net/arts-entertainment/news/tauquir-ahmed-his-feluda-web-series-1731658</ref>

* '''Feluda - Noyon Rohoshsho''' (Directed by [[Tauquir Ahmed]])
A [[Bangladeshi]] streaming TV series "Feluda" from [[Bioscopelive]] streaming platform was directed by [[Tauquir Ahmed]] was released in 2019 as a mini-series consisting of 3 episodes. While the story remains based on Ray's 1980 novel, this was the first major Feluda production with an entirely Bangladeshi cast and crew. At the forefront of the investigation is the late [[Ahmed Rubel]] as Pradosh C. Mitter, better known as Feluda. Rubel’s portrayal is defined by a stoic, cerebral intensity and a commanding baritone voice, offering a version of the sleuth that feels both gritty and highly intellectual. He is joined by [[Rawnak Hasan]] as Topse, who provides the essential youthful energy and observant narration required of Feluda’s cousin and assistant. Completing the trio is [[Azad Abul Kalam]] as the Lalmohan Ganguly (Jatayu).<ref name="s043">{{cite web | title=Noyon Rohoshsho (TV Series 2019– ) ⭐ 5.5 | website=IMDb | date=2019-05-16 | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10340616/ | access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref><ref name="s043">{{cite web | title=Noyon Rohoshsho (TV Series 2019– ) ⭐ 5.5 | website=IMDb | date=2019-05-16 | url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10340616/ | access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref>

* '''[[Feludar Goyendagiri|Feluda Pherot]]''' (Directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/srijit-mukherji-shares-feluda-pherot-title-song-release-date-read-inside/5eabf2ea96f77f08692aa4c4|title=Srijit Mukherji Shares Feluda Pherot Title Song Release Date|date=1 May 2020|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925131548/https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/srijit-mukherji-shares-feluda-pherot-title-song-release-date-read-inside/5eabf2ea96f77f08692aa4c4|url-status=live}}</ref>
In 2020 a streaming television series was made, named ‘Feluda Pherot’ based on the iconic [[Bengalis|Bengali]] detective and there will be two popular stories, ‘[[Chhinnamastar Abhishap]]’ and 'Joto Kando Kathmandute'. Bengali actors [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]] is playing the main character '[[Feluda]]' and Kalpan Mitra as 'Topesh' seemed to be his young assistant and the iconic character [[Lalmohan Ganguly]], alias 'Jatayu' is playing by [[Anirban Chakraborty]].

It is available to stream on the web platform [https://www.addatimes.com/ '''addatimes''']. The Season 1 released on 26 December 2020. The Season 2 is slated to release on October 2025.

* '''[[Feludar Goyendagiri]]''' (Directed by [[Srijit Mukherji]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/srijit-mukherji-shares-feluda-pherot-title-song-release-date-read-inside/5eabf2ea96f77f08692aa4c4|title=Srijit Mukherji Shares Feluda Pherot Title Song Release Date|date=1 May 2020|access-date=6 May 2020|archive-date=25 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925131548/https://www.spotboye.com/bengali/bengali-news/srijit-mukherji-shares-feluda-pherot-title-song-release-date-read-inside/5eabf2ea96f77f08692aa4c4|url-status=live}}</ref>

The second series named ''[[Feludar Goyendagiri]]'' is from Hoichoi streaming service with the same cast and crew of Feluda Pherot. Darjeeling Jawmjawmat, the first season is slated to release on 17 June 2022.

* '''[[Shabash Feluda]]''' (Directed by [[Arindam Sil]])

The series is based on Gangtoke Gondogol. The story is centered on [[Feluda]] ([[Parambrata Chatterjee|Parambrata Chattopadhyay]]) and [[Feluda|Topshe]] ([[Rwitobroto Mukherjee]]) who are on a family vacation in [[Gangtok]]. Shabash Feluda released on released on 5 May 2023.

===Animated===
* In 2010 an animated TV film produced by DQE Productions titled ''[[Feluda: The Kathmandu Caper]]'' was produced and the rights were acquired by [[Disney Channel (India)]]. The movie premiered on 1 January 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/disney-brings-satyajit-ray%E2%80%99s-detective-feluda-to-the-small-screen_40497.html|title=Disney brings Satyajit Ray's detective Feluda to the small screen|date=30 December 2010|access-date=19 May 2017|archive-date=27 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727144129/http://www.exchange4media.com/industrybriefing/disney-brings-satyajit-ray%E2%80%99s-detective-feluda-to-the-small-screen_40497.html|url-status=live}}</ref> DQE Productions also made a 13-episode animation series named ''Mysteries and Feluda'' after the animated TV film for [[Disney XD (India)]]. The series including the TV film was set into a new universe, where Feluda, Topshe and Jatayu have many gadgets. The series is available on [[Amazon Video|Amazon Prime Video India]].

==Documentary==
{{main|Feluda: 50 Years of Ray's Detective}}
A Bengali documentary film [[Feluda: 50 Years of Ray's Detective]] was directed by Sagnik Chatterjee. This is the first biopic of India based on a fictional character. This film was released on 7 June 2019. Sandip Ray and many cast members were featured in the film.<ref>{{Citation|title=Feluda: 50 Years Of Rays Detective Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/feluda-50-years-of-rays-detective/movieshow/69691104.cms|access-date=2019-07-13|archive-date=26 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726071444/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-details/feluda-50-years-of-rays-detective/movieshow/69691104.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Cast and characters==
<div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow:auto; width: 99%;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:150%;"
|-
! rowspan="3" | Character
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" style="background:#a4d4f4;" | [[Satyajit Ray]]'s Feluda original film series
! colspan="7" style="background:#c4d4f4;" | [[Sandip Ray]] films
! rowspan="2" style="background:#c4d4e4;" | Unofficial film
! rowspan="2" style="background:#d4d4e4;" | Short film
! rowspan="2" colspan="3" style="background:#a4b4f4;" | Hindi TV film of 1986 and Bengali TV films of 1992 (directed by Sandip Ray and Bibhash Chakraborty respectively)
! colspan="11" style="background:#a4d4e4;" | TV films of 90s (Sandip Ray films)
|'''[[Tauquir Ahmed]]'s Web Series'''
|-
! colspan="6" |New Feluda film series (continuation of the original Feluda film series)
!|A stand-alone reboot film
! colspan="10" |New Feluda film series (continuation of the original Feluda film series)
!|Animated
|'''Web Series'''
|-
! width:10%;"| ''[[Sonar Kella]]'' (1974)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]'' (1979)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]'' (2003)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Kailashey Kelenkari (film)|Kailashey Kelenkari]]'' (2007)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Tintorettor Jishu (film)|Tintorettor Jishu]]'' (2008)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Gorosthaney Sabdhan (film)|Gorosthaney Sabdhan]]'' (2010)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Royal Bengal Rahashya (film)|Royal Bengal Rahashya]]'' (2011)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Double Feluda]]'' (2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://abpananda.abplive.in/entertainment/who-will-be-next-feluda-181191|title=ফেলু মিত্তিরের খোঁজে গোয়েন্দা|work=ABP Live |date=22 February 2016|access-date=19 May 2016|archive-date=4 May 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504185459/http://abpananda.abplive.in/entertainment/who-will-be-next-feluda-181191|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Shaheb-makes-a-comeback-as-Topshe/articleshow/52238564.cms|title=Shaheb makes a comeback as Topshe – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=19 May 2016|archive-date=15 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115233340/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Shaheb-makes-a-comeback-as-Topshe/articleshow/52238564.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/who-will-be-the-next-feluda-mystery-sloved-1.368758 |title=''Anandabazar'' |access-date=19 May 2016 |archive-date=14 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514165648/http://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/who-will-be-the-next-feluda-mystery-sloved-1.368758 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! width:10%;"| ''[[Badshahi Angti (film)|Badshahi Angti]]'' (2014)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Doorbeen]]'' (2014)
! width:10%;"| ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3526464/ Feluda]'' (2013)
! width:10%;"| ''Ghurghutiyar Ghotona'' (1992)
! width:10%;"| ''Golokdham Rahasya'' (1992)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Kissa Kathmandu Ka]]'' (1986)
! width:10%;"| ''[[Baksho Rahashya (film)|Baksho Rahashya]]'' (1996)
! width:10%;"| ''Gosaipur Sargaram'' (1996)
! width:10%;"| ''Sheyal Debota Rahasya'' (1996)
! width:10%;"| ''Bosepukure Khunkharapi'' (1996)
! width:10%;"| ''Joto Kando Kathmandute'' (1996)
! width:10%;"| ''Jahangirer Swarnamudra'' (1999)
! width:10%;"| ''Ghurghutiyar Ghotona'' (1999)
! width:10%;"| ''Golapi Mukto Rahashya'' (1999)
! width:10%;"| ''Ambar Sen Antardhan Rahashya'' (1999)
! width:10%;"| ''[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2929826/ Dr. Munshir Diary]'' (2000)
! width:10%;"| ''Feluda: The Kathmandu Caper'' (2010)
|[[Noyon Rahasya-Feluda]](2017)
|-
![[Feluda|Prodosh Chandra Mitra Feluda]]
| colspan="2" |[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
| colspan="6" |[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]
||[[Abir Chatterjee]]
||[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]
||[[Udai Paul]]
| colspan="2" |[[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
||[[Shashi Kapoor]]
| colspan="10" |[[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]
| style="background:#ffd;" | Animated
|[[Ahmed Rubel]]
|-
! [[Feluda#Topshe|Tapesh Ranjan Mitra Topse]]
| colspan="2" | [[Siddartha Chatterjee]]
| colspan="3" | [[Parambrata Chatterjee]]
| colspan="3" | [[Saheb Bhattacharya]]
|| [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| colspan="1" {{Unknown}}
|| Indranil Haldar
|| Samrat Sengupta
|| Alankar Joshi
| colspan="10" |[[Saswata Chatterjee]]
| style="background:#ffd;" | Animated
|
|-
! [[Jatayu (Lalmohan Ganguly)|Lalmohan Ganguly Jatayu]]
| colspan="2" | [[Santosh Dutta]]
| colspan="5" | [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="1" {{Unknown}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|| [[Mohan Agashe]]
| colspan="2" | [[Rabi Ghosh]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="2" | [[Anup Kumar (actor)|Anup Kumar]]
|| [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| colspan="3" | [[Bibhu Bhattacharya]]
| style="background:#ffd;"| Animated
|
|-
! [[Feluda#Sidhu Jetha|Shiddeshwar Basu Sidhu Jyatha]]
| [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
|
| [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Manoj Mitra]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Ajit Bandyopadhyay (actor)]]
| colspan="6" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dibya Bhattacharya]]
|
|
|
|
|-
! Binay Krishna Mitra {{small|Topshe's father}}
| [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
| colspan="7" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Deepankar De]]
| colspan="16" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Mukul Dhar
| [[Kushal Chakraborty]]
| colspan="24" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Dr. Hemanga Hajra
| [[Shailen Mukherjee]]
| colspan="24" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Amiyanath Burman
| [[Ajoy Banerjee]]
| colspan="24" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Mandar Bose
| [[Kamu Mukherjee]]
| colspan="24" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! [[Feluda#Maganlal Meghraj|Maganlal Meghraj]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Utpal Dutt]]
| colspan="11" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Utpal Dutt]]
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Mohan Agashe]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Mohan Agashe]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| style="background:#ffd;"| Animated
|
|-
! Ruku
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Jit Bose
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Umanath Ghosal
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Bikash
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Gopinath Gorey / Sanyal
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| colspan="22" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Nimmo
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Rajatava Dutta]]
| colspan="22" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! [[Feluda#Pulak Ghoshal|Pulok Ghoshal]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Paran Bandopadhyay|Paran Bandyopadhyay]]
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| {{N/A|''Mentioned only''}}
| colspan="19" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Victor Perumal
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
| colspan="22" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|
|-
! Inspector Patwardhan
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Aanjjan Srivastav]]
| colspan="22" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mr. Chattoraj / Rakshit
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Deepankar De]]
| colspan="21" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Jayanta Mullick
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
| colspan="21" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Robin Chowdhury / Rajsekhar Neogi
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Tota Roy Chowdhury]]
| colspan="20" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Nandakumar / Fake Rudrasekhar Neogi
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Silajit Majumder]]
| colspan="20" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Hiralal Somani
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
| colspan="20" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Purnendu Paul
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]]
| colspan="20" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Dr. Priyobroto Sikdar
| colspan="5" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dwijen Bandyopadhyay]]
| colspan="19" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mahadeb Chowdhury
| colspan="5" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]
| colspan="19" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mr. Arakis
| colspan="5" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Tamal Ray Chowdhury]]
| colspan="19" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! William Girindranath Biswas
| colspan="5" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Subhasish Mukherjee]]
| colspan="19" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Michael Narendranath Biswas
| colspan="5" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Pradip Mukherjee]]
| colspan="19" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Marcus Godwin
| colspan="5" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Tinnu Anand]]
| colspan="19" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Haripada
| colspan="5" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| {{Unknown}}
| colspan="11" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| {{Unknown}}
| colspan="4" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| {{Unknown}}
| colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mahitosh Singha Ray
| colspan="6" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dr. Basudeb Mukherjee]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Shailesh Singh
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Tarit Sengupta
| colspan="6" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Bhaswar Chatterjee]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Siddharth Kaushik]]
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Debotosh Singha Ray
| colspan="6" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| {{Unknown}}
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Shashanka Sanyal
| colspan="6" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Debesh Raychowdhury]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Niloy Kundu]]
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Madhablal
| colspan="6" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Sanjib Sarkar
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| {{Unknown}}
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Dibendyu Biswas
| colspan="6" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Biplab Chatterjee]]
| colspan="3" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| {{Unknown}}
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Manimohan Samaddar
| colspan="7" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Bratya Basu]]
| colspan="17" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Nihar Ranjan Dutta
| colspan="7" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dhritiman Chatterjee]]
| colspan="17" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Surajit Dasgupta / Dharani Dhar Samaddar
| colspan="7" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Saswata Chatterjee]]
| colspan="17" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mr. Sukhwani
| colspan="7" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
| colspan="17" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Ranajit Bandyopadhyay
| colspan="7" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Gaurav Chakraborty]]
| colspan="17" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mr. Dastur / Suprakash Chowdhury
| colspan="7" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
| colspan="17" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Abani Sen
| colspan="7" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Subhrajit Dutta]]
| colspan="17" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Subir Dutta
| colspan="7" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Bhaskar Banerjee]]
| colspan="17" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Bonbihari Sarkar
| colspan="8" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Paran Bandyopadhyay]]
| colspan="16" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Ganesh Guha
| colspan="8" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Rajatava Dutta]]
| colspan="16" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Dhirendra Kumar Sanyal
| colspan="8" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Biswajit Chakraborty]]
| colspan="16" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Dr. Shrivastav
| colspan="8" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Bharat Kaul]]
| colspan="16" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Inspector Gorgory
| colspan="8" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dwijen Banerjee]]
| colspan="16" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Mahabir
| colspan="8" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Tathagata Mukherjee]]
| colspan="174" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
|-
! [[Byomkesh Bakshi]]
| colspan="9" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Soumitra Chatterjee]]
| colspan="15" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Pupul
| colspan="9" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Rangeet
| colspan="15" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Tatai
| colspan="9" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Diptodeep
| colspan="15" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Bhebli
| colspan="9" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Ahana
| colspan="15" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Gobinda Gargori
| colspan="9" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Shantilal Mukherjee]]
| colspan="15" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Pupul's mother
| colspan="9" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Anjana Basu]]
| colspan="15" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Madhabi Dutta
| colspan="9" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Aparajita Auddy]]
| colspan="15" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Dinanath Lahiri
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Haradhan Bandopadhyay]]
| colspan="10" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Prabir Lahiri
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Pradip Mukherjee]]
| colspan="10" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Naresh Chandra Pakrashi
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dibya Bhattacharya]]
| colspan="10" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! G. C. Dhameeja
| colspan="14" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| Rajaram Yagnik
| colspan="10" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Dr. Rajen Munshi
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Subhendu Chatterjee]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Arun Sengupta
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Dipankar De]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Shankar Munshi
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Shankar Chakraborty]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Chandranath Bose
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Kaushik Sen]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Sukhamoy Chakraborty
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Arindam Sil]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Dolly Munshi
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Bratati Bandyopadhyay]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! Radhakanta Mallick
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Bhishma Guhathakurta]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|-
! George Higgins
| colspan="23" style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
| [[Lew Hilt]]
| style="background:#d3d3d3;"|
|}
</div class>

==Awards==

===National Awards===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! style="width:214px;" rowspan="2"| Award
! colspan="2" | Film
|-
! style="width:130px;"| ''[[Sonar Kella]]''
! style="width:130px;"| ''[[Joi Baba Felunath (film)|Joi Baba Felunath]]''
|-
| '''[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]'''
| style="background:#90ff90" | Won
|
|-
| '''[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]'''
| style="background:#90ff90" | Won ([[Satyajit Ray]])
|
|-
| '''[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]'''
| style="background:#90ff90" | Won (Satyajit Ray)
|
|-
| '''[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]'''
| style="background:#90ff90" | Won ([[Kushal Chakraborty]])
|
|-
| '''[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]'''
| style="background:#90ff90" | Won ([[Soumendu Roy]])
|
|-
| '''[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]'''
|
| style="background:#90ff90" | Won
|}

===Other awards===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
|-
! Film
! Occasion
! Award
! Awardee
! Result
|-
| ''[[Sonar Kella]]''
| [[Chicago International Film Festival]]
| Best Feature Film
| ''Sonar Kella''
| style="background:#dfd;"| Nominated
|-
| ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]''
| [[Anandalok Awards]]
| Best Actor
| [[Sabyasachi Chakrabarty]]
| style="background:#90ff90" | Won
|-
| ''[[Bombaiyer Bombete (film)|Bombaiyer Bombete]]''
| [[Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
| Best Screenplay
| [[Sandip Ray]]
| style="background:#90ff90" | Won
|}

==See also==
* [[Tarini Khuro]]
* [[Tarini Khuro in other media]]
* [[Byomkesh Bakshi in other media]]
* [[Kakababu]]
* [[Kakababu in other media]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Feluda}}
{{Satyajit Ray}}
{{Sandip Ray}}
{{Cinema of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Feluda (series)]]
[[Category:Indian detective films]]
[[Category:Films based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Television shows based on Indian novels]]
[[Category:Indian crime television series]]
[[Category:Indian film series]]

VSK Kaumudi

2026-03-15T08:41:43Z

Medfly: created the pg added tags

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = VSK Kaumudi
| organization = Ministry of Home Affairs India
Special Secretary (Internal security)
Secretary (Security) [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1962|11|03}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS : Query Result(s) |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm |access-date=2023-11-20 |website=dtf.in}}</ref>
| birth_place =
}}

'''VSK Kaumudi''' (born 3 November 1962) is a retired [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] officer of 1986 batch, former Special Secretary (Internal security), [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]] [[Government of India]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shri V S K Kaumudi, IPS (AP:86) is appointed as Special Secretary (Internal Security) in the MHA. {{!}} Ministry of Home Affairs {{!}} GoI |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/notification/circular/shri-v-s-k-kaumudi-ips-ap86-appointed-special-secretary-internal-security-mha |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.mha.gov.in}}</ref> and Secretary (Security) in [[Cabinet Secretariat (India)|Cabinet Secretariat]] Government of India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-02 |title=VSK Kaumudi (IPS) gets additional charge as Secretary (Security) of Cabinet Secretariat – PSU WATCH |url=https://psuwatch.com/vsk-kaumudi-ips-gets-additional-charge-as-secretary-security-of-cabinet-secretariat/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPS VSK Kaumudi got additional charge of Secretary (Security), Cabinet Secretariat |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ips-news/ips-vsk-kaumudi-got-additional-charge-of-secretary-security-cabinet-secretariat/ |access-date=2022-05-24 |language=en-US}}</ref>

Kaumudi was [[director general]], Board of Police Research & Development Additional Director General of [[National Investigation Agency]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |title=V S K Kaumudi empanelled as DG in GoI {{!}} |url=https://www.whispersinthecorridors.com/detail/34065-V-S-K-Kaumudi-empanelled-as-DG-in-GoI |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=Whispersinthecorridors}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Witness in the Corridors |url=https://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/BureaDetails.aspx?id=27108 |access-date=2022-05-24 |website=www.witnessinthecorridors.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Ministry of Home Affairs (India)]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Jinnah family

2026-03-05T02:28:29Z

Medfly: Page updated with additional details

{{Short description|Family of Muhammad Ali Jinnah}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox family
| name = Jinnah family
| other_names =
| alt =
| image = {{multiple image
|border=infobox
|align=center
|direction=horizontal
|image1=Jinnah_Poonjha.jpg
|width1=106
|caption1=[[Jinnahbhai Poonja]]
|image2=Fatima_jinnah1.jpg
|width2=89
|caption2=[[Fatima Jinnah]]
|image3=Jinnah1945c.jpg
|width3=103
|caption3=[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]}}
| image_size =
| alt2 =
| image_caption =
| country = [[British India]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity | url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/a/ahmed-jinnah.html?_r=2 }}</ref> [[Pakistan]] (from 1947)
| origin = [[Paneli Moti|Paneli]], [[Kathiawar]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[British India]]
| founder = [[Jinnahbhai Poonja]]
| final_head = [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
| members = {{ubl
|[[Jinnahbhai Poonja]]
|[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
|[[Emibai Jinnah]]
|[[Rattanbai Jinnah]]
|[[Ahmed Ali Jinnah]]
|[[Fatima Jinnah]]
|[[Dina Wadia]]
}}
| other_families = {{ubl|[[Petit baronets|Petit family]]|[[Wadia family]]}}
| distinctions = 
| traditions = [[Nizari Isma'ilism|Nizari Isma'ili Islam]] [[Sunni Islam]]{{efn|[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] moved towards the [[Sunni Islam|Sunni denomination]] early in life. With evidence from his relatives, associates and other witnesses, it was established that he had fully reverted to the Sunni denomination later in life.{{sfn|Ahmed|2005|loc=p. 4: Although born into a Khoja (from khwaja or 'noble') family who were disciples of the Ismaili Aga Khan, Jinnah moved towards the Sunni sect early in life. There is evidence later, given by his relatives and associates in court, to establish that he was firmly a Sunni Muslim by the end of his life}}}}
| heirlooms = Displayed at [[Quaid-e-Azam House]]
| estate = {{ubl
|[[Wazir Mansion]], Karachi
|[[Jinnah House|South Court]], Bombay
|[[Quaid-e-Azam House|Flagstaff House]], Karachi
|[[Corps Commander House, Lahore|Jinnah House]], Lahore
|[[Governor's House, Karachi|Governor-General's House]], Karachi
|[[Quaid-e-Azam Residency|Ziarat Residency]], Ziarat
}}
}}
{{Muhammad Ali Jinnah sidebar}}
'''Jinnah family''' of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] had long been prominent in British Indian, and later [[Politics of Pakistan|Pakistani]], politics. They played a pivotal role in the [[Pakistan Movement]].

Jinnah, often referred to in Pakistan as the ''[[Qaid|Quaid-e-Azam]]'', served as the country’s first [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] after the [[partition of India]]. His younger sister, [[Fatima Jinnah]], was also a key figure in the Pakistan movement. Many public institutions, including universities and hospitals, have been [[List of things named after Muhammad Ali Jinnah|named in honor of Jinnah]] and Fatima, and their birth and death anniversaries are recognized as [[public holidays in Pakistan]].<ref>[http://storyofpakistan.com/muhammad-ali-jinnah/ The story of Pakistan]</ref><ref name="Wadia">{{cite web |last=Guriro |first=Amar |date=30 June 2009 |title=Aslam Jinnah's claim of being Quaid's family disputed |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C06%5C30%5Cstory_30-6-2009_pg7_32 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130416065320/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2009%5C06%5C30%5Cstory_30-6-2009_pg7_32 |archive-date=16 April 2013 |accessdate=11 September 2012 |publisher=[[Daily Times (Pakistan)|Daily Times]]}}</ref>

The history of the Jinnah family is somewhat debated among different sources.{{sfn|Ahmed|2005|loc=p. 3–4: Jinnah's family traced its descent from Iran and reflected Shia, Sunni and Ismaili influences; some of the family names -- Valji, Manbai and Nathoo -- were even 'akin to Hindu names'...Another source has a different explanation of Jinnah's origins. Mr Jinnah, according to a Pakistani author, said that his male ancestor was a Rajput from Sahiwal in the Punjab who had married into the Ismaili Khojas and settled in Kathiawar}} Originally from a [[Khoja]] background, the family relocated to [[Karachi]] from [[Kathiawar]], [[Bombay Presidency]] in 1875.<ref name="Gujrats gifts to India and Pakistan">[http://tribune.com.pk/story/340710/gujarats-gifts-to-india-and-pakistan/ Gujrats gifts to India and Pakistan]</ref> Jinnah's paternal grandfather hailed from [[Paneli Moti]] village in the [[Gondal State|Gondal state]] (now part of [[Gujarat|Gujarat, India]]).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pirbhai |first=M. Reza |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pU7ODgAAQBAJ&pg=PA25 |title=Fatima Jinnah |date=2017 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-19276-8 |page=25 |language=en}}</ref> Jinnah was the eldest of seven children born to [[Jinnahbhai Poonja]], a merchant, and his wife, Mithibai. The family was part of the Khoja caste, a group of Hindus who had converted to Islam centuries earlier and were followers of the [[Aga Khan]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica">{{cite web |title=Mohammed Ali Jinnah |url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Mohammed-Ali-Jinnah |access-date=6 June 2020 |website=britannica.com |publisher=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> Although raised in a Khoja Muslim family, Jinnah later identified as a Sunni Muslim, a shift confirmed by testimonies from relatives and associates later in his life.{{sfn|Ahmed|2005|loc=p. 4: Although born into a Khoja (from khwaja or 'noble') family who were disciples of the Ismaili Aga Khan, Jinnah moved towards the Sunni sect early in life. There is evidence later, given by his relatives and associates in court, to establish that he was firmly a Sunni Muslim by the end of his life}}

==Members of the Jinnah family==
Jinnah's family was from Khoja caste, who had converted to Islam from Hinduism and were followers of the Aga Khan.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica"/>

=== First Generation ===
* Poonja Meghji. He was a Hindu converted to Islam. He also observed most Hindu religious rituals:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Panigrahi |first=D. N. |title=India's Partition: The Story of Imperialism in Retreat |publisher=Routledge |year=2004 |pages=16}}</ref>
** Manbai
** Valji
** Nathoobhai
** Jinnahbhai

===Second generation===
*Jinnahbhai Poonja.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica"/> (also referred to as Jina Poonja),<ref>[http://www.dawn.com/news/861886/the-truth-about-aslam-jinnah The truth about Aslam Jinnah, Dawn, Liaquat Merchant, (the grandson of Maryam Bai, one of Quaid-e-Azam's sisters), JUL 10, 2009]</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2024}} a Khoja (1857–1902), was married to Mithhibai.<ref name="abplive.in">{{Cite web |url=http://www.abplive.in/india-news/a-closed-fist-worth-millions-106672 |title=Closed fist worth millions |access-date=12 November 2015 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624212616/http://www.abplive.in/india-news/a-closed-fist-worth-millions-106672 |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2024}}<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica"/>
** m. Mithhibai
** Jinnahbhai Poonja was a prosperous merchant.<ref name="Encyclopedia Britannica"/> He moved to Karachi before Muhammad Ali Jinnah's birth. He and his wife had 8 children,{{sfn|Ahmed|2005|page=3}} to whom they stopped giving Hindu names, stopped observance of Hindu ''chatti'' ritual, and began giving Quran lessons to their children:<ref name="Fact file: Jinnah`s family">[https://www.dawn.com/news/886034/fact-file-jinnah-s-family Fact file: Jinnah's family]</ref><ref name=":0" />
# [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
# [[Ahmed Ali Jinnah]]
# Bunde Ali Jinnah
# Rahmat Bai Jinnah
# Shireen Bai Jinnah
# Maryam Bai Jinnah
# Fatima Jinnah
# Bachu{{sfn|Dani|1979}}{{sfn|Beg|1986}}

===Third generation===
* [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] (1876–1948)
** The founder of [[Pakistan]] and was the country's first Governor-General. His first marriage in 1892 was the result of his mother urging him to marry his cousin [[Emibai Jinnah]] before he left for England to pursue higher studies. However, Emibai died a few months later. His second marriage took place in 1918 to [[Rattanbai Petit]] (granddaughter of [[Dinshaw Maneckji Petit]] and [[Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata]]), a Parsi who was 24 years his junior. Rattanbai [[converted to Islam]] when she married Jinnah.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Newspaper|first1=the|title=Maryam Jinnah|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/772879|access-date=24 May 2017|work=DAWN.COM|date=21 December 2012|language=en}}</ref> In 1919, she gave birth to their only daughter, [[Dina Jinnah]].<ref name="Wadia2">{{cite web | url=http://blogs.tribune.com.pk/story/9573/rutties-love-letter-to-jinnah/ | title=Ruttie's love letter to Jinnah | date=30 December 2011 | first=Amna | last=Khalid | publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] | work=[[Daily Express (Urdu newspaper)|Daily Express]] | accessdate=11 September 2012}}</ref><ref name="early">{{cite web|url=http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/life_quaid01.htm |title=Early Days: Birth and Schooling |first=Government of Pakistan |last=Official website |accessdate=2006-04-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051105114708/http://www.pakistan.gov.pk/Quaid/life_quaid01.htm |archivedate=2005-11-05 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
** m. [[Emibai Jinnah]]
*** [[Dawn (newspaper)]] Fact File: "In his youth, Mohammad Ali Jinnah was married to a distant cousin named Emibai from Paneli village in Gujarat at his mother's urging. At the time of their marriage, Jinnah was only 16 and Emibai was 14. The marriage was arranged by his mother because she feared that when Jinnah went to England, he might end up marrying an English girl. The couple hardly lived together as Jinnah sailed from India soon after his marriage and Emibai died a few weeks later."<ref name="Fact file: Jinnah`s family"/>
** m. [[Rattanbai Jinnah]] (1900-1929)
* [[Ahmed Ali Jinnah]]
** Ahmed Ali Jinnah was a businessman and, though not involved in politics or public life, he is known for his place within the prominent Jinnah family. He married a Swiss woman named Emmy, with whom he had a daughter, and later settled abroad, living in [[Switzerland]] and eventually the [[United States]]. He remained largely out of the public eye, and little is documented about his personal or professional life.
* Bunde Ali Jinnah
* Rahmat Bai Jinnah
* Shireen Jinnah
* [[Fatima Jinnah]] (1893–1967)
** Fatima Jinnah was a dental surgeon, biographer, stateswoman, and one of the leading Founding mothers of modern-state of Pakistan. She also played a pivotal role in civil rights and introduced the women's rights movement in the [[Pakistan Movement]]. After her brother's death she continued to play a pivotal role in Pakistani politics and in 1965 returned to active politics by running against [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] in the [[1965 Pakistani presidential election|1965 elections]].
* Maryam Bai Jinnah
* Bachu{{sfn|Dani|1979}}
** Died in infancy{{sfn|Beg|1986}}

===Fourth generation===
* [[Dina Wadia]] (1919–2017)
** Dina was born to [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] and [[Rattanbai Jinnah|Rattainbai Jinnah]] (née [[Rattanbai Petit|Petit]]) in [[London]] shortly after midnight on the morning of 15 August 1919. As [[Stanley Wolpert]]'s ''Jinnah of Pakistan'' records: "Oddly enough, precisely twenty-eight years to the day and hour before the birth of Jinnah's other offspring, Pakistan."<ref name="Wadia"/>

She had a rift with her father when she expressed her desire to marry a [[Parsi]] from her mother's family, [[Neville Wadia]]. According to M C Chagla in "Roses in December", Jinnah, a [[Muslim]], disowned his daughter after trying to dissuade her from marrying Neville. Dina Wadia was the only direct living link to Jinnah and the nation of Pakistan claiming her father as its own [[father of the nation]] is assumed to have some kind of kinship with her according to Akbar S. Ahmed.{{sfn|Ahmed|2005|p=21}} His descendants through her are part of the [[Wadia family]] and reside in India as she married and stayed in India after the [[Partition of India|creation]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947. Dina Wadia lived alone with staff in the [[New York City]], United States.<ref name="articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-24/news/63782850_1_nusli-wadia-jinnah-house-dina-wadia |title=Business baron Nusli Wadia attends to his ailing mother |access-date=23 August 2016 |archive-date=16 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916061236/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-24/news/63782850_1_nusli-wadia-jinnah-house-dina-wadia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wadia died of pneumonia at her home in New York on 1 November 2017 at the age of 98.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1367906|title=Jinnah's only daughter, Dina Wadia, passes away at 98|last=Dawn.com|date=2017-11-02|work=DAWN.COM|access-date=2017-11-02|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/jinnahs-daughter-dina-wadia-dies-in-new-york/article19969258.ece|title=Jinnah's daughter Dina Wadia dies in New York|date=2017-11-02|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-02|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.suchtv.pk/world/item/61998-quaid-e-azam-s-daughter-dina-wadia-dies-in-london.html|title=Quaid-e-Azam'S daughter Dina Wadia dies in New York - SUCH TV|author=Web Desk|work=SUCH TV|access-date=2017-11-02|language=en-gb}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=January 2024}}

==Estates==
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| footer = [[Quaid-e-Azam House]]
| width = 300

| image1 = PK Karachi asv2020-02 img55 Jinnah Museum.jpg
| width1 = 180
| alt1 = Quaid-e-Azam House
| caption1 =
}}

;Private estates
* [[Wazir Mansion]], Jinnah's birthplace in Karachi
* [[Jinnah House|South Court]], Muhammad Ali Jinnah's former residence in [[Mumbai]], India, currently owned by the government of India.
* Muhammad Ali Jinnah House, Jinnah's former House at 10 Dr APJ Abdul Kalam Road, [[New Delhi]], currently the Dutch Embassy in India.
* [[Quaid-e-Azam House]], Muhammad Ali Jinnah's House in Karachi
* [[Corps Commander House, Lahore|Jinnah House]], a property owned by Jinnah in Lahore, currently the Corps Commander House

;Official residences
* [[Governor's House (Karachi)|Governor-General's House]], Jinnah's official residence in Karachi
* [[Quaid-e-Azam Residency]], Jinnah's residence in Balochistan where he spent the last days of his life

==Family photos==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="125">
File:Jinnah Poonjha.jpg|[[Jinnahbhai Poonja]]
File:Jinnah1945c.jpg|[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]]
File:Fatima jinnah1.jpg|[[Fatima Jinnah]]
File:Maryam Jinnah portrait.jpg|[[Rattanbai Jinnah]]
</gallery>

==Family tree==
{{Jinnah family tree}}

==See also==
* [[Wadia family]]
* [[Petit baronets|Petit family]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RqyniTHXFxUC&pg=PT25|title=Jinnah, Pakistan and Islamic Identity: The Search for Saladin|last=Ahmed|first=Akbar|publisher=Routledge|year=2005|isbn=9781134750221}}
* {{cite book|last1=Beg|first1=Aziz|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeVtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA92|title=Jinnah and His Times: A Biography|pages=92|year=1986|publisher=Babur & Amer Publications|access-date=8 June 2025}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Dani|editor-first1=Ahmad Hasan|editor-link1=Ahmad Hasan Dani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d3JCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA52|title=World Scholars on Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah: Volume 1|year=1979|publisher=[[Quaid-i-Azam University]]|page=52|access-date=8 June 2025}}

{{Muhammad Ali Jinnah}}
{{Political families of Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Jinnah family| ]]
[[Category:Muhammad Ali Jinnah|Family]]
[[Category:Political families of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muslim families]]
[[Category:First families of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Gujarati families]]
[[Category:Muhajir families]]
[[Category:Pakistani Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Shia Muslims]]
[[Category:Pakistani Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslims]]
[[Category:Khoja Ismailis]]

Aandhi

2026-03-03T23:31:57Z

Medfly: minor edit

{{Short description|1975 film by Gulzar}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aandhi
| image = Aandhi.jpg
| caption = Film poster
| director = [[Gulzar]]
| producer = [[J. Om Prakash]] Gulzar
| writer = [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]]
| screenplay = Gulzar Bhushan Banmali
| starring = [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]] [[Suchitra Sen]]
| narrator =
| music = [[R.D. Burman]] Gulzar(lyricist)
| cinematography = [[:en:K_Vaikunth|K Vaikunth]]
| editing = Waman Bhonsle Gurudutt Shirali
| studio = [[Mehboob Studio]] Natraj Studio
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1975|02|14|India}}
| runtime = 133 minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Hindi]]
| budget =
| native_name =
}}
'''''Aandhi''''' ({{translation|'Storm'}}) is a 1975 Indian [[political drama]] film starring [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Suchitra Sen]], and directed by [[Gulzar]]. At the time it was alleged that the film was based on the life of the then-Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] and her relationship with her estranged husband, but in reality, only the look was inspired by the politician [[Tarkeshwari Sinha]] and [[Indira Gandhi]].<ref name=hin/> The story is based on a chance meeting of an estranged couple after several years, when wife Aarti Devi, now a leading politician happens to stay in the hotel run by her husband during an election campaign.{{sfn|Lalit Mohan Joshi|2002|p=123}} The movie is noted for its songs composed by [[Rahul Dev Burman]], written by Gulzar and sung by [[Kishore Kumar]] and [[Lata Mangeshkar]].

[[Suchitra Sen]], the noted actress from [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]], who also worked in a few Hindi films, played the lead role of Aarti Devi.

The movie was not allowed a full proper release when Mrs. Gandhi was in power. The film [[List of films banned in India|was banned]] during the [[The Emergency (India)|national emergency of 1975]] a few months after its release. This film was banned on the alleged grounds of violation of the Model Election Code of Conduct, claiming it can cause damage to the reputation of the Congress party. So Election Commission stopped the film from releasing. The ban got further added with the declaration of National Emergency. The ban immediately made the film a national topic.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2003|p=247}} After her defeat in the [[1977 Indian general election|1977 national elections]], the ruling [[Janata Party]] cleared it and had it premiered on the state-run television channel.<ref name=yahoo-ref/> It proved to be an important film in the career of Sen, and also her last Hindi film, as she retired from films altogether in 1978.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2003|p=247}} At the [[23rd Filmfare Awards]], she was nominated for [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress]], while Sanjeev Kumar won the [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]]. The film itself won the [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film|Filmfare Award for Best Film (Critics)]].

==Summary==
J.K. (played by [[Sanjeev Kumar]]) is a Hotel manager. One day he gallantly comes to the rescue of a politician's drunk daughter, Aarti ([[Suchitra Sen]]). Aarti falls in love with J.K. and both get married in a small ceremony. After few years, the married couple face many differences due to which they decide to separate. Years later, J.K. and Aarti meet again when she is an established politician. Despite the separation, both of them feel the closeness but fearing that her name might be tarnished and her career might be jeopardised, Aarti does not want to step forward.
But at last when the opposite party holds a rally to defame Aarti Devi and insult her, She reaches there and explains to the public and voters that she left her husband and family to serve the people of this country.
People believe her and are really impressed by her speech and sacrifice.
J.K. also reaches there and supports her, she is very happy and leaves the spot, declaring that she would go back to home and leave politics. But J.K. then says that he wants her to be happy and succeed in whatever aspect she wants to. She fights the election and wins it. In the end, J.K. accepts the differences between him and Aarti and drops her to the helicopter that takes her away from the hotel.

==Cast==
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as J. K.
*[[Suchitra Sen]] as Aarti Bose aka Aarti Devi
*[[Om Shivpuri]] as Chandrasen
*[[Manmohan (actor)|Manmohan]] as S. K. Agarwal
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Brinda Kaka
*Kamaldeep as Chowdhary
*[[C. S. Dubey]] as Gurusaran
*[[Om Prakash]] as Lallu Lal, Campaign Manager
*[[Rehman (actor)|Rehman]] as K. Bose
*[[Master Bittoo]] as Aarti's daughter Manu

==Production==
===Development===
Gulzar said the film had no semblance with the personal life of then Prime Minister, [[Indira Gandhi]]. He wanted to make film about modern Indian politician, and so he modelled the character on Indira Gandhi and to some extent on noted parliamentarian from Bihar, [[Tarkeshwari Sinha]].<ref name=hin>{{cite news | url = http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200221.htm | title = Where is reality? | author = V.Gangadhar | work = [[The Hindu]] | date = 20 July 2001 | access-date = 27 January 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100902131655/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2001/07/20/stories/09200221.htm | archive-date = 2 September 2010 | url-status = usurped}}</ref>

===Script===
An early version of the film's story was written by veteran screenwriter [[Sachin Bhowmick]], however it did not go well with Gulzar. He had an idea of an estranged couple meeting in a hotel after years, and started developing it. Hindi writer [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]] joined as the writing crew, as the film started shooting. He later went on to write a full-fledged novel, ''Kali Aandhi'' (Black Storm), which is quite different from the film.<ref name="hi"/> Subsequently, the film was written simultaneously along with another Gulzar film, ''[[Mausam (1975 film)|Mausam]]'' (1975), which was also written by Bhushan Banmali and Gulzar.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name=toi121>{{cite web | title = 'Sir' wouldn't lose her sleep over awards | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Sir-wouldnt-lose-her-sleep-over-awards/articleshow/28981326.cms | date = 18 January 2014 | access-date = 2014-03-24 | work = The Times of India | archive-date = 25 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140125214314/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news-interviews/Sir-wouldnt-lose-her-sleep-over-awards/articleshow/28981326.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> Along with ''[[Khushboo (1975 film)|Khushboo]]'', ''Aandhi'' also released in the same year; 1975 proving to be the most prolific for director-screenwriter Gulzar's career.<ref name="hindu13">{{Cite web | title = Blast From The Past: Khushboo (1975) | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/khushboo-1975/article4810769.ece | work = The Hindu | date = 13 June 2013 | access-date = 14 June 2013 | archive-date = 22 September 2022 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220922114727/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/khushboo-1975/article4810769.ece | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Casting===
The lead role of Aarti Devi was offered to actress [[Vyjayanthimala]], who refused as she was fazed by physical resemblance of her character with Indira Gandhi. Later in 2011, she recounted ''Aandhi'' as one of few films she regretted not doing besides ''[[Mr and Mrs 55]]'' (1955) by [[Guru Dutt]] and ''[[Bandini (film)|Bandini]]'' (1963) by [[Bimal Roy]], "I admired Indiraji (Gandhi) so much so that I got cold feet when the role was offered to me."<ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111127/spectrum/book5.htm | title =From Naagin to nritya | author =Nonika Singh | work =[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | date =27 November 2011 | access-date =24 March 2012 | archive-date =16 July 2023 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20230716144302/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111127/spectrum/book5.htm | url-status =live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url =http://www.indianexpress.com/news/down-memory-lane/874591/0 | title =Down Memory Lane | work = [[The Indian Express]] | date =12 November 2011 | access-date = 24 March 2012}}</ref>

In the early 1960s, director Gulzar had approached Suchitra Sen, with screenplay for a film to be produced by Sohanlal Kanwar, however when she suggested some changes which Gulzar didn't agree upon, the film never got made. For film ''Aandhi'' producer [[J. Om Prakash]] insisted upon Gulzar to approach Sen again and actor Sanjeev Kumar was also keen on working with Sen. This time when the new script was done, Gulzar went to meet her in Kolkata, she agreed without any script issues, resulting in a ''casting coup''. In fact, Sen now promised Gulzar to not suggest any changes, and she stuck to her promise all through the filming.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name=toi121/> For the role Aarti Devi's estranged husband [[Sanjeev Kumar]] was already cast, who had previously worked in Gulzar's ''[[Koshish]]'' (1973), again as an older man. Kumar, one of the finest actors of his generation, went on to collaborate with Gulzar in numerous films, like ''Mausam'' (1975), ''[[Angoor (1982 film)|Angoor]]'' (1981) and ''[[Namkeen]]'' (1982).{{sfn|Chatterjee|2003|p=97}}

===Filming===
{{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center
| align = right
| total_width = 300
| image1 = Martand Sun Temple Central shrine (6133772365).jpg
| alt1 =
| caption1 = "Tere Bina Zindagi Se" was shot at [[Martand Sun Temple]] ruins

| image2 = Pari Mahal1.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 ="Tum Aa Gaye Ho" was shot around [[Pari Mahal]] gardens, Srinagar.
}}
Like most of Gulzar's films, including ''Mausam'' and ''[[Ijaazat]]'', the narrative of Aandhi also unfolds through various [[Flashback (narrative)|flashbacks]]. {{sfn|Chatterjee|2003|p=220}}<ref name="RahejaKothari1996">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HixlAAAAMAAJ|title=The Hundred Luminaries of Hindi Cinema|publisher=India Book House Publishers|year=1996|isbn=978-81-7508-007-2|page=103|author1=Dinesh Raheja|author-link=Dinesh Raheja|author2=Jitendra Kothari|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=2 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230902055325/https://books.google.com/books?id=HixlAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was almost shot together with ''Mausam'', with Sanjeev Kumar playing the lead of an old man in both the films. Though Aandhi was released first, it ran into political controversy and portions of it has to be reshot, meanwhile Mausam was completed and released.<ref name="hindu">{{Cite web | title =Mausam (1975) | url =http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mausam-1975/article4766190.ece | work =The Hindu | date =30 May 2013 | access-date =13 June 2013 | archive-date =14 June 2013 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130614051336/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/mausam-1975/article4766190.ece | url-status =live }}</ref> The songs of the film were shot at various locations in [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] state, like "Tum Aa Gaye Ho" was shot around [[Pari Mahal]] gardens in [[Srinagar]], the classic "Tere Bina Zindagi Se" at the ruined 7th-8th century [[Martand Sun Temple]], near Anantnag, while "Is Mod Se Jaate Hai" was shot at [[Pahalgam]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Movie > Aandhi Locations | publisher = Filmapia | url = http://www.filmapia.com/published/movies/a/aandhi | access-date = 2014-03-24 | archive-date = 24 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140324155526/http://www.filmapia.com/published/movies/a/aandhi | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Chasing Aandhi: Kashmir sets the background|publisher=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/chasing-aandhi-kashmir-sets-the-background-73058-2010-04-28|date=29 April 2010|access-date=2014-03-24|archive-date=24 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140324172332/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/Chasing+Aandhi:+Kashmir+sets+the+background/1/95240.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Most of the songs have architectural ruins as a backdrop, depicting brokenness. Gulzar's family, wife actress [[Raakhee]] and daughter young [[Meghna Gulzar]] accompanied him on the shooting in Kashmir, however upon the return Rakhee and Gulzar separated.{{sfn|Meghna Gulzar|2004|p=121}}

==Themes and influences==
In her memoir, daughter Meghna mentioned that Gulzar's wife Rakhee had once said to him, "Agar aap shayar na hote, to bade hi ordinary hote" (If you weren't a poet, you would have been very ordinary), this line was paraphrased and spoken by Aarti Devi to her husband in the film. {{sfn|Meghna Gulzar|2004|p=168}} The film looks at the life of a career-minded woman in the political arena, which is largely dominated by men. Aarti inherits the legacy of her ambitious politician father, and comes in conflict with her role as dutiful wife. Soon she has to make choices to resolve the conflicts, and part ways with her husband, giving career rather duty as a daughter precedence over her personal life. When they meet again after nine years of separation, the dominating personality created under influence of her father has mellow and wisdom risen and she sees what she has missed. Yet she finds herself at a choice point once again, should she give up her political career or settle for matrimonial life.<ref name="Madangarli"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gulzar-aandhi-not-just-that-film-on-indira-gandhi-sanjeev-kumar-suchitra-sen-explore-relationships-8017379/|title=Gulzar's Aandhi is not just 'that film on Indira Gandhi', Sanjeev Kumar-Suchitra Sen explore how lack of ambition can ruin relationships|date=9 July 2022|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710005431/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/gulzar-aandhi-not-just-that-film-on-indira-gandhi-sanjeev-kumar-suchitra-sen-explore-relationships-8017379/|url-status=live}}</ref> Aandhi takes on a feminist theme, also taken up in Ray's ''[[Mahanagar]]'' before, as it questions the price women often have to pay for political aspirations or career aspiration for that matter, when her unambitious hotel manager husband refuses to support.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sûrya India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Vo8AAAAMAAJ|year=1989|page=71|publisher=A. Anand.}}</ref>

It also satirizes the political opportunism in Indian democracy, where politicians visit the common man only every five years, at the time of elections. Through the lines of the song "Salaam kijiye aali janaab aaye hain, ye paanch saalon ka dene hisaab aaye hain. (Bow to the masters.. They have come after five years...).<ref name="Madangarli">{{cite book|author=Bhawana Somaaya|author-link=Bhawana Somaaya|author2=Jigna Kothari |author3=Supriya Madangarli |title=Mother Maiden Mistress|date=17 April 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dtec0Ykfo1sC&pg=PA1973-IA1|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-93-5029-485-7|pages=1973}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations ==
At the [[23rd Filmfare Awards]] held in 1976, the film was nominated in 7 categories, winning 2 awards.
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Award !! Category !! Recipient !! Result
|-
| rowspan="7" | [[23rd Filmfare Awards]]|| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]|| [[Sanjeev Kumar]] || {{Won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie|Best Film (Critics)]] || [[Gulzar]] || {{Won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Movie|Best Film]] || J. Om Prakash|| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] || Gulzar || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || [[Suchitra Sen]] || {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]||Gulzar for "Tere Bina Zindagi Se Koi"|| {{Nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]|| [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]]|| {{Nom}}
|-
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Aandhi: The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1975}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length =
| label = [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music of this film was composed by [[Rahul Dev Burman]] with lyrics by [[Gulzar]]. Director-lyricist Gulzar first worked with Burman or Pancham as he commonly known as in ''[[Parichay (film)|Parichay]]'' (1972), giving popular songs like "Beeti Na Bitai Raina" and "Musafir Hoon Yaaro". In the following years their team gradually developed in the preceding years, eventually reaching a flourish in 1975 with two important film scores in the same year, ''Aandhi'' and ''[[Khushboo (1975 film)|Khushboo]]''.<ref name="Bharatan2010">{{cite book|author=Raju Bharatan|title=A Journey Down Melody Lane|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WnxABAAAQBAJ&pg=PT159|date=2010|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-05-0|page=159}}</ref> Previously Gulzar had like the use of [[natural sign|pure notes]] (shuddha [[swara]]) in "Raina Beete Jai" from ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1972) by Burman, a treatment which was used in the film's title music. The Lata Mangeshkar-Kishore Kumar duet "Is Mod Se Jaate Hain" extended the [[major scale]] usage with an added [[Sharp (music)|sharp]] (Teevra Madhyam) and reminiscence of Raga Yaman. Even the interludes included Indian classical instruments, like [[Bansuri|flute]] played by [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]], [[sarod]] by Zarin Daruwala (Sharma) and [[sitar]] by Jairam Acharya, aided by a violin ensemble.<ref name="Vittal2012"/> The tune of "Tere Bina.." another Lata Mangeshkar-Kishore Kumar duet, was originally created as [[Durga Puja]] song, "Jete Jete Potho Holo Deri" in Bengali, which Gulzar liked and wrote lyrics around the tune<ref name="Vittal2012">{{cite book|author=Anirudha Bhattacharjee Balaji Vittal|title=R. D. Burman: The Man, The Music|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg49WV0j0IAC&pg=PT87|date=2012|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-93-5029-236-5|pages=85–87}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Song !!Singer(s)!!Time !!Notes
|-
|"Tere Bina Zindagi Se"
|[[Kishore Kumar]] & [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|5:55
|Picturised on [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Suchitra Sen]]
|-
|"Tum Aa Gaye Ho Noor Aa Gaya"
|Kishore Kumar & Lata Mangeshkar
|4:15
|Picturised on Sanjeev Kumar and Suchitra Sen
|-
|"Is Mod Se Jate Hain"
|Kishore Kumar & Lata Mangeshkar
|5:00
|Picturised on Sanjeev Kumar and Suchitra Sen
|-
|"Salam Kijiye"
|[[Mohammed Rafi]], [[Amit Kumar (singer)|Amit Kumar]] and [[Bhupinder Singh (musician)|Bhupinder Singh]]
|6:55
|Ensemble cast
|-
|''Title Music'' Instrumental
|[[R.D. Burman]]
|2:35
|
|}
{{Listen
| filename = Tere Bina Zindagi Se Koi.ogg
| title = Tere Bina Zindagi Se Koi sample music
| description = A 1 minute 28 seconds sample of one of the most popular songs of the film "Tere Bina Zindagi Se Koi".
| format = [[Ogg]]
| pos = right
}}

===Reception===
The RD-Gulzar team created for the film, songs which were both acclaimed and also popular songs of the decade.<ref name="Anantharaman2008">{{cite book|author=Ganesh Anantharaman|title=Bollywood Melodies: A History of the Hindi Film Song|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lmrSLuBwbKkC&pg=PA69|date=January 2008|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306340-7|page=12}}</ref> Songs like "Tere Bina Zindagi", "Tum Aa Gaye Ho" and "Is Mod Se Jate Hain" are considered eternal classics in Indian cinema. Songs "Tere Bina Zindagi Se" and "Is Mod Se Jate Hain" were listed 5th and 14th respectively on [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1975]]. As per Planet Bollywood listings, "Tere Bina Zindagi Se" stands number 2 amongst top 10 Bollywood songs of the 1970s.<ref name="Morcom2007">{{cite book|author=Anna Morcom|title=Hindi Film Songs and the Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfVdxiSm-aYC&pg=PA253|date=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-5198-7|page=253}}</ref>

==Release, ban and re-release==
{{see|Emergency in India}}

The film released in February 1975 amidst controversy, as rumours abound that it was based on the life of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]]. Some of film's posters also hyped the similarity, with lines like, "See your Prime Minister on screen" and "the story of a great woman political leader in post-Independence India", were featured in a film magazine. Eventually, the film was given a go-ahead after it was seen by two staff members and then [[Minister of Information and Broadcasting (India)|
Information and Broadcasting minister]], [[I.K. Gujral]]. After the release, similarity was seen in the dressing and mannerism of lead Aarti Devi, played by Suchitra Sen and Mrs Gandhi, including the [[saree]]s and streak of white hair. During the June [[Elections in Gujarat|Legislative assembly election]] campaign in Gujarat, some opposition politicians showed scenes of the film, depicting Aarti Devi smoking and drinking. As the film gained momentum, some ambitious exhibitors even started promoting the film with the line, "See Indira Gandhi in Aandhi", by now film was openly courting controversy, despite being only a mild satire on politicians. The film was eventually banned after 26 weeks after its release.<ref name="hi"/><ref name="Vittal">{{cite book|author=Anirudha Bhattacharjee Balaji Vittal|title=R. D. Burman: The Man, The Music|date=21 July 2012|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tg49WV0j0IAC&pg=PT25|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-93-5029-236-5|page=25}}</ref><ref name="Vasudev1983">{{cite book|author1=Aruna A. Vasudev|author2=Philippe Lenglet|title=Indian Cinema Superbazaar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8CzQAAAAMAAJ|year=1983|page=194|publisher=Vikas|isbn=978-0-7069-2226-4|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=1 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901092943/https://books.google.com/books?id=8CzQAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> In June [[The Emergency (India)|State of Emergency]] was declared in India by Mrs. Gandhi and on 12 July despite heavy press censorship, ''[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]]'' managed to carry the headline on its front page, "Screening on Aandhi banned".<ref name="Kanungo2001">{{cite book|author=Chitra Kanungo|title=Freedom Under Assault|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4KoSCutpAcC&pg=PA133|year=2001|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-226-4|page=133}}</ref> Gulzar who had then taken the film to [[Moscow International Film Festival]] got the news of the ban prior to the screening. He was also informed that the film publicity posters be taken down and the prints sent back.{{sfn|Chatterjee|2003|p=425}}{{sfn|Lalit Mohan Joshi|2002|p=44}}

Subsequently, while ''Mausam'' was being premiered in December 1975, portions of Aandhi were being reshot.{{sfn|Meghna Gulzar|2004|p=78}} It included the controversial drinking scene and to establish the fact it was not a biopic, a scene with Aarti Devi looking at the framed image of Indira Gandhi tells her father that she wants to serve India like Mrs Gandhi, "Woh meri ideal thi" (She is my ideal) was inserted.<ref name="hi">{{Cite web | title = Blast From The Past:Aandhi (1975) | url = http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/aandhi-1975/article4742988.ece | work = The Hindu | date = 23 May 2013 | access-date = 13 June 2013 | archive-date = 1 January 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140101015550/http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-columns/aandhi-1975/article4742988.ece | url-status = live }}</ref><ref name="times"/>{{sfn|Meghna Gulzar|2004|p=79}} After Indira Gandhi lost the [[1977 Indian general election|general election of 1977]] and [[Janata Party]] came to power it was re-released and also shown on the state-run national television.<ref name=yahoo-ref>{{cite web|last=Sinha|first=Sayoni|title=Ten most controversial films|url=http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/24fps/controversial-films-061836779.html?page=all|publisher=[[Yahoo!]]|access-date=13 June 2013|archive-date=9 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209223544/http://in.movies.yahoo.com/blogs/24fps/controversial-films-061836779.html?page=all|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="times">{{Cite web | title = The first ladies of cinema| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/The-first-ladies-of-cinema/articleshow/7093007.cms | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140215110430/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-14/news-interviews/28246429_1_indira-gandhi-manisha-koirala-sonia-gandhi | url-status = live | archive-date = 15 February 2014 | date =14 December 2010 | work = [[The Times of India]]| access-date = 14 June 2013 }}</ref> The film went on to become biggest hit of the Sen's Bollywood career, of which Aandhi was the last film, though she did two more Bengali films before retiring from acting in 1978. {{sfn|Chatterjee|2003|p=623}}

==Critical reception==
Some critics, including Subhash K. Jha have drawn thematic parallels between Indira Gandhi and her father [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as depicted in the film also references to their personal lives. Also the role of Sanjeev Kumar, having shades of Mrs. Gandhi's husband.<ref name="Prasad1998">{{cite book|author=M. Madhava Prasad|title=Ideology of the Hindi Film: A Historical Construction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6OBkAAAAMAAJ|page=140|year=1998|publisher=Oxford University Press, Incorporated|isbn=978-0-19-564218-6|access-date=10 October 2016|archive-date=6 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806001954/https://books.google.com/books?id=6OBkAAAAMAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="JhaBachchan2005">{{cite book|author1=Subhash K. Jha|author2=Amitabh Bachchan|title=The Essential Guide to Bollywood|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8u9kAAAAMAAJ|page=1974|year=2005|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=978-81-7436-378-7}}</ref> All through the controversy, Gulzar denied any connection with Indira Gandhi, it was only after she lost the national elections in 1977 and Janata Party came to power, did he admit, "Yes, the film was made with Indira Gandhi in mind". Sanjeev Kumar on his part said, only the [[characterisation]] of his role was based on [[Feroze Gandhi]].<ref>{{citation |title= Aandhi |page=75 |year=1977 |volume=98, Part 2 |work=The Illustrated Weekly of India }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* ''Kali Aandhi'' (Hindi), by [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]]. Rajpal and Sons, 2003. {{ISBN|9788170285625}}.
* {{cite book|author=Gulzar|title=Aandhi (Screenplay)|language=hi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZePjqooEOQgC|date=2005|publisher=Radhakrishna Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8361-004-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Gulzar|title=Aandhi: A Scenario|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s_YKGgAACAAJ|year=2007|publisher=Srishti Publishers|isbn=978-81-88575-90-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Lalit Mohan Joshi|title=Bollywood: Popular Indian cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egxlAAAAMAAJ|year= 2002|publisher=Dakini Books|isbn=9780953703227}}
* {{cite book|first=Saibal |last=Chatterjee|title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC|year=2003|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7991-066-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Meghna Gulzar|title=Because He Is--|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-8V_h4h5YkC&pg=PT121|year=2004|publisher=Rupa & Company|isbn=978-81-291-0364-2}}

==External links==
{{External media
|video1= {{YouTube|VTz9CzqNg28|Full movie}}
}}
*{{IMDb title|id=0178186|title=Aandhi}}

{{FilmfareCriticsAwardBestMovie}}
{{Gulzar}}

[[Category:1975 films]]
[[Category:1975 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1975 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s feminist films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:1970s political drama films]]
[[Category:Works about the Emergency (India)]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about politicians]]
[[Category:Films shot in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Indian political drama films]]
[[Category:Indian feminist films]]
[[Category:Films with screenplays by Gulzar]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gulzar]]
[[Category:Political controversies in India]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions of Indira Gandhi]]
[[Category:Political controversies in film]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Greeku Veerudu

2026-03-03T23:23:48Z

Medfly: put up new data initial version

{{Short description|2013 film by Dasaradh}}

{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Greeku Veerudu
| image = Greeku Veerudu poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| story = Dasarath
| screenplay = Hari Krishna M. S. Ravindra
| producer = D. Siva Prasad Reddy
| director = [[Kondapalli Dasarath Kumar|Dasarath]]
| starring = [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]] [[Nayanthara]]
| music = [[S. Thaman]]
| cinematography = Anil Bandhari
| editing = [[Marthand K. Venkatesh]]
| studio = [[Kamakshi Movies]]
| distributor = BlueSky {{small|(Overseas)}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/usschedules/greekuveerudu.html|title=Greeku Veerudu USA showtimes on idlebrain.com|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|05|03}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| gross = ₹13 crore [[Box office#Distributor rentals|distributors' share]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2013 |title=Nagarjuna Greeku Veerudu Total Collections |url=http://andhraboxoffice.com/info.aspx?id=438&cid=6&fid=642/ |access-date=16 June 2025 |website=Andhraboxoffice |language=en}}</ref>
}}

'''''Greeku Veerudu''''' ({{Translation|The Greek warrior}}) is a 2013 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[romantic comedy]] film directed by [[Dasaradh (director)|Dasaradh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 January 2013 |title=Nagarjuna's new film is titled Greeku Veerudu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nagarjunas-new-film-is-titled-Greeku-Veerudu/articleshow/18070872.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521040832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-01-18/news-interviews/36415006_1_film-chamber-sivaprasad-reddy-new-film |archive-date=21 May 2013 |access-date=23 January 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film stars [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna]] and [[Nayanthara]], with music composed by [[Thaman S|S. Thaman]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 July 2012 |title=Nayantara joins Nagarjuna's Love Story |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Nayantara-joins-Nagarjunas-Love-Story/articleshow/14590572.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131174315/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-02/news-interviews/32507981_1_nayanthara-film-shot-scenes |archive-date=31 January 2013 |access-date=6 September 2012 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It was dubbed into Tamil and Malayalam as ''Love Story'' and into Hindi as ''America V/s India''.

==Plot==
Chandu, a self-made and ruthless businessman in [[New York City|New York]], runs a successful event organising agency with the help of his uncle Sundar and friends Bharath and Maya. Despite his professional success, Chandu rejects the concept of relationships and family, engaging in casual affairs with multiple women. Maya, secretly in love with him, marries an elderly wealthy doctor, Kamaraju, with the intention of robbing him. After divorcing Kamaraju and securing his money, Maya is heartbroken when Chandu dumps her and plans revenge.

Maya manipulates a business agreement between Chandu and another businessman, PR, regarding a charity event. The agreement stipulates that if the event fails, PR can recover the full consignment amount. When the show fails, PR demands payment, putting Chandu in financial trouble. Desperate for money, Chandu decides to visit his grandparents in India, whom he has not seen in years.

In India, Chandu reflects on his past. His father, Sanjay, had married an [[Indian diaspora|NRI]] woman against the wishes of his father, Ramakrishna Prasad, leading to his expulsion from the family. After Sanjay's death, Ramakrishna Prasad invited his daughter-in-law to return to India. Chandu witnesses his mother’s refusal to remarry, as she still mourns Sanjay, and she advises him to avoid relationships to prevent pain.

At the airport, Chandu meets Sandhya, a compassionate doctor volunteering at the [[Make-A-Wish Foundation]]. She helps terminally ill children fulfill their last wishes. Chandu befriends Sandhya, who is also travelling to India on the same flight. Upon arrival, Chandu learns that his family is financially dependent on Ramakrishna Prasad, with his nephews incapable of managing the affairs. To avoid complications, Chandu falsely claims to be married, planning to access 250 million from his father's trust, which requires proof of marriage for Chandu's wife to become a trustee.

Chandu asks Sandhya to pretend to be his wife to secure the funds, promising to sponsor three children from the Make-A-Wish Foundation. She agrees, and over time, Chandu develops genuine feelings for her, believing she is the reason for his transformation in views on family. A fake marriage is arranged to facilitate the transfer of funds and appoint Sandhya as a trustee. However, Chandu feels guilty and confesses the truth to Ramakrishna Prasad before leaving with Sandhya. Moved by Chandu's sincerity, Ramakrishna Prasad forgives him, signaling his acceptance of Chandu despite their past. Sandhya returns to New York without giving Chandu a chance to propose.

In New York, Sandhya arranges a secret meeting between Chandu and Maya, hoping to reunite them, as Chandu had told her that Maya hated him due to misunderstandings during their stay in India. During the meeting, Maya exposes Chandu's true nature to Sandhya, which angers her. Ramakrishna Prasad arrives in New York, provides Chandu with the funds necessary to clear his debts, and advises him to prove his transformation to Sandhya during their upcoming trip with the Make-A-Wish Foundation children.

Chandu accompanies Sandhya and the children, with Kamaraju reappearing as the doctor for the kids. Chandu works hard to demonstrate that he has changed and is sincerely in love with Sandhya, but his efforts fail to impress her. After fulfilling the second wish, Chandu invites Sandhya to dinner on her birthday to speak with her. PR, Sandhya's elder brother, arrives to celebrate her birthday but becomes angry after hearing their conversation. Sandhya promises to marry the man PR approves of, and Chandu agrees to never disturb her once the third wish is fulfilled. Chandu risks his life to fulfill the final wish, which convinces Sandhya of his sincerity.

To their surprise, PR and his associate Subrahmanyam meet them at the airport and arrange Sandhya's marriage to Subrahmanyam due to their enmity with Chandu. Devastated, Chandu decides to return to India for the "Seetha Ramula Kalyanam" event at his village temple. Although Chandu promised to attend with Sandhya, only he, Ramakrishna Prasad, and Sundar know the truth. Sundar stays behind in the village after falling in love with a local woman.

To Chandu's surprise, Sandhya arrives at the event with her family and Subrahmanyam's family. She promises Chandu to accompany him to the Kalyanam event once PR allows her to go. Kamaraju unexpectedly arrives as well, being Subrahmanyam's brother-in-law. After a series of comedic situations, all the families gather at the temple, where Chandu confesses the truth to his family. His family accepts him, and Sandhya reciprocates his love. Seeing their genuine bond, PR and Subrahmanyam abandon their plans and allow Chandu to marry Sandhya. The film ends with Chandu and Sandhya participating happily in the Kalyanam event, surrounded by their families and the villagers.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Nagarjuna (actor)|Nagarjuna Akkineni]] as Chandu
* [[Nayanthara]] as Sandhya
* [[Meera Chopra]] as Maya
* [[Kaashinathuni Vishwanath|K. Viswanath]] as Ramakrishna Prasad (Chandu's grandfather)
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as PR
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Kamaraju
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]]
* [[Ali (actor)|Ali]] as Jori
* [[M. S. Narayana]] as Sundar
* [[Dharmavarapu Subramanyam]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]]
* [[Raghu Babu]]
* [[Ravi Varma (East Godavari actor)|Ravi Varma]]
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]]
* [[Vennela Kishore]] as Subrahmanyam
* Sanjay Swaroop as Chandu's father
* [[Banerjee (actor)|Benarjee]]
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as drunk taxi driver
* Giridhar as Kedarnath / Badrinath
* [[Y. Kasi Viswanath]]
* [[Ravi Mariya]]
* [[Supreeth]]
* [[Jenny (actor)|Jenny]]
* [[Geetanjali]] as Chandu's grandmother
* [[Sudha (Telugu actress)|Sudha]]
* [[Kovai Sarala]] as Mahalakshmi
* [[Venu Yeldandi]]
* Lahari
* Pradeep
* Meena
* Jaya Lakshmi
* Jayavani
* Deepthi Vajpai
* Master Abhi
* Master Gaurav Naidu
* Master Rakshith Varma
* Baby Kaveri
* TV9 Deepthi as herself
{{colend}}

==Production==
The film's title is based on a song from ''[[Ninne Pelladata (1996 film)|Ninne Pelladata]]'' (1996).<ref>{{Cite news |title=Nagarjuna's first look in Greeku Veerudu |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nagarjunas-first-look-in-greeku-veerudu/articleshow/18196294.cms |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Nagarjuna's look in the film was based on [[Orlando Bloom]] from ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean]]'', [[Brad Pitt]] and [[Robert Downey Jr.]]'s look as [[Tony Stark]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/nagarjuna-greekuveerudu.html|title=Nagarjuna interview about Greeku Veerudu - Telugu cinema actor|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref>

==Music==
{{Infobox album
| name = Greeku Veerudu
| type = film
| artist = [[S. Thaman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 25:35
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[S. Thaman]]
| prev_title = [[Baadshah (2013 film)|Baadshah]]
| prev_year = 2013
| next_title = [[Gouravam (2013 film)|Gouravam]]
| next_year = 2013
}}

The music was composed by [[S. Thaman]]. Audio soundtrack was released on [[Aditya Music]] label. ''Greeku Veerudu'' audio has been released on 3 April 2013 at Shilpakala Vedika, Nagarjuna with his entire family has attended the event.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 April 2013 |title=Greeku Veerudu Audio Function |url=http://idlebrain.com/news/functions1/audio-greekuveerudu.html |publisher=idlebrain.com}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title15 =
| length15 =
| title16 =
| length16 =
| title17 =
| length17 =
| title18 =
| length18 =
| title19 =
| length19 =
| title20 =
| length20 =
| total_length = 25:35
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = I Hate Love Story's
| lyrics1 = [[Krishna Chaitanya (lyricist)|Krishna Chaitanya]]
| extra1 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]], Naveen Madhav
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Ne Vinnadi Nijamena
| lyrics2 = Balaji
| extra2 = [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length2 = 3:31
| title3 = O Naadu Washington
| lyrics3 = [[Sahiti G|Sahithi]]
| extra3 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length3 = 4:51
| title4 = Ee Parikshalo
| lyrics4 = [[Sirivennela Sitaramasastri|Sirivennela Seetarama Sastry]]
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]], [[Vandana Srinivasan]]
| length4 = 3:27
| title5 = Yevvaru Lerani
| lyrics5 = [[Vanamali]]
| extra5 = [[Mallikarjun]]
| length5 = 4:39
| title6 = Osina Bangaram
| lyrics6 = [[Ananta Sriram]]
| extra6 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[M. M. Manasi]]
| length6 = 3:26
| title7 = Maro Janme
| lyrics7 = Balaji
| extra7 = [[Rahul Nambiar]]
| title8 = Nee Gundello
| length8 = 1:24
| extra8 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan
| title9 =
| length9 =
| title10 =
| length10 =
| title11 =
| length11 =
| title12 =
| length12 =
| title13 =
| length13 =
| title14 =
| length14 =
| length7 = 2:26
}}

== Reception ==
The film received mixed-to-positive reviews upon release<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/greekuveerudu.html|title=Greeku Veerudu review - Telugu cinema - Nagarjuna & Nayanthara|website=www.idlebrain.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/greeku-veerudu-we-are-family/article4680288.ece|title=Greeku Veerudu: We are family|date=3 May 2013|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> and completed a 50-day run.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Greeku Veerudu completes 50 days |url=http://www.raagalahari.com/news/16841/greeku-veerudu-completes-50-days.aspx |access-date=21 June 2013 |publisher=raagalahari.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|2653804}}

{{K.Dasaradh}}

[[Category:2013 films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Switzerland]]
[[Category:2013 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian films set in New York City]]
[[Category:Films shot in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in New York City]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2013 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Thaman S]]

Manthri Kochamma

2026-03-03T21:17:36Z

Medfly: further cleanup content after review and cleaned formatting to improve readability

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Manthri Kochamma
| image =
| caption =
| director = Rajan Sithara
| producer = Azeez Parappanangadi
| writer = A. R. Mukesh
| screenplay = A. R. Mukesh
| starring = [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] [[Indrans]] [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]] [[Mala Aravindan]] [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]
| music = [[Mohan Sithara]]
| cinematography = Utpal V. Nayanar
| editing = K. Rajagopal
| studio = Family Films
| distributor = Family Films
| released = {{Film date|1998}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Manthri Kochamma''''' is a 1998 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by Rajan Sithara. Produced by Azeez Parappanangadi The film stars [[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]], [[Indrans]], [[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]], [[Mala Aravindan]] and [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] in the lead roles. The film has musical score by [[Mohan Sithara]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=3099|title=Manthrikkochamma|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?758|title=Manthrikkochamma|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=.malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://paaru.in/movies/manthrikkochamma-malayalam-1998|title=Manthrikkochamma|accessdate=2014-09-30|publisher=paaru.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/scriptwriter-ar-mukesh-dies/articleshow/55009951.cms | title=Scriptwriter AR Mukesh dies | website=The Times of India | date=27 January 2017 }}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Kumar (Malayalam actor)|Prem Kumar]] as Jayan
*[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Maya
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]
*[[Indrans]]
*[[Kalpana (Malayalam actress)|Kalpana]]
*[[Mala Aravindan]]
*[[Salim Kumar]]
*[[Vijayaraghavan (actor)|Vijayaraghavan]] as Krishna Prasad / Tony
*[[Baiju Ezhupunna]] as Maheswari Warrier's Brother in law
*Kumarakam Raghunath as Maheswari Warrier's Brother in law
*[[Chithra (actress)|Chithra]] as Dr. Maheswari Warrier
* Lakshmi Marikar as Neethu / Meenu (Twins)
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[Mohan Sithara]].
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Anthimukil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 2 || "Devalokamaano" || Daleema, Manoj Krishnan || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 3 || "Hridayamuraliyude Raagam" || [[K. S. Chithra]] || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 4 || "Koodevide Koodevide Oh Mridule" || K. J. Yesudas || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 5 || "Koodevide Koodevide Oh Mridule" [F] || Daleema || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 6 || "Onnaamthumbi" || K. J. Yesudas || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 7 || "Onnaamthumbi" || K. J. Yesudas, Daleema || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 8 || "Poo Virinja Pole" || [[M. G. Sreekumar]] || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|-
| 9 || "Raanthal Velichathil" || M. G. Sreekumar || S. Ramesan Nair ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0273775}}

[[Category:1998 films]]
[[Category:1998 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Mohan Sithara]]
[[Category:1998 Indian films]]

{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Mindapennu

2026-03-03T21:03:23Z

Medfly: cleanup structure per standard format and added references

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mindapennu
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| producer = V. M. Sreenivasan for Ambili Films
| writer = [[Uroob]]
| screenplay = [[Uroob]]
| starring = [[Prem Nazir]] [[Sheela]] [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] [[Sukumari]]
| music = [[G. Devarajan]]
| cinematography = U. Rajagopal
| editing = G. Venkittaraman
| studio = Ambili Films
| distributor = Ambili Films
| released = {{Film date|1970|11|14|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam Language|Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Mindapennu''''' is a 1970 [[Cinema of India|Indian]] [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]] film, directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] and produced by V. M. Sreenivasan. The film stars [[Prem Nazir]], [[Sheela]], [[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] and [[Sukumari]] in the lead roles. The film had musical score by [[G. Devarajan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movie.php?i=341|title=Mindaapennu|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=malayalachalachithram.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://malayalasangeetham.info/m.php?3976|title=Mindaapennu|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://spicyonion.com/title/mindapennu-malayalam-movie/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016095852/http://spicyonion.com/title/mindapennu-malayalam-movie/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=16 October 2014|title=Mindaapennu|accessdate=2014-10-12|publisher=spicyonion.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Prem Nazir]] as Chandran
*[[Sheela]] as Kamalam
*[[Sharada (actress)|Sharada]] as Kunjulakshmi
*[[Sukumari]] as Pankajakshi
*[[Adoor Bhasi]]
*[[T. R. Omana]] as Dakshayani
*[[Bahadoor]] as Unnikrishnan
*Bhanji
*[[G. K. Pillai (actor)|G. K. Pillai]] as Chandran's Father
*[[Paravoor Bharathan]] as Kunjappan
*[[Premji]] as Chandran's Ammaavan
*[[Vanchiyoor Radha]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
The music was composed by [[G. Devarajan]] and the lyrics were written by [[Yusufali Kechery]].

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Ambaadippaithale" || [[S. Janaki]] || [[Yusufali Kechery]] ||
|-
| 2 || "Anuraagam Kannil" || [[K. J. Yesudas]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 3 || "Anuraagam Kannil" || [[P. Susheela]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 4 || "Inakkili Inakkili" || K. J. Yesudas || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 5 || "Kandaal Nalloru" || [[P. Leela]], Chorus || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 6 || "Poomanimaarante Kovilil" || S. Janaki || Yusufali Kechery ||
|-
| 7 || "Premamennal" || [[L. R. Eeswari]], [[C. .O Anto]] || Yusufali Kechery ||
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0257920|Mindapennu}}
{{K. S. Sethumadhavan}}

[[Category:1970 films]]
[[Category:1970 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:1970 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]

{{1970s-Malayalam-film-stub}}

Jagannath

2026-03-03T16:20:16Z

Medfly:

{{short description|Regional form of the Hindu deity Krishna}}
{{other uses}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox deity 
| type = Hindu
| image = Rath Yatra in Munich 2020, Lord Jagannath 20200725 160839.jpg
| image_upright = yes
| caption = A ''[[murti]]'' of Lord Jagannath
| name = [[Para Brahman]] Jagannath
| venerated_in = [[Vaishnavism]]
| affiliation = Form of [[Krishna]], sometimes as an avatar of [[Vishnu]]
| weapon = [[Sudarshana Chakra]]
| siblings = [[Balarama|Balabhadra]] and [[Subhadra]]
| temple = [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]], Odisha
| mount = [[Garuda]]
| consort = [[Jaganmata]]
| mantra = Om Jagannāthāya Namah, 
[[Om Namo Bhagavate Vāsudevāya]]

| symbols = [[Panchajanya]]
| region = [[East India]], [[Northeast India]] and [[Bangladesh]]
}}

{{Vaishnavism}}'''Jagannath''' ({{langx|sa|जगन्नाथ}}, {{langx|or|ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ|lit=Lord of the Universe|translit=Jagannātha}}, {{ipa|or|dʒɔɡɔnːat̪ʰɔ}}; formerly {{langx|en|[[Juggernaut]]}}) is a [[Hindu deities|Hindu deity]] worshipped as part of a triad along with his brother, [[Balarama|Balabhadra]], and his sister, [[Subhadra]].

Jagannath, within [[Odisha|Odia]] Hinduism, is the supreme god, ''[[Purushottama]]'',{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978|pp=31–98}}{{sfn|Rajaguru|1992}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=72–77|loc=Cult Purusottama at Puri}} and the ''[[Para Brahman]]''.{{sfn|Miśra|2005|p=99|loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}}{{sfn|Ray|2007|p=151}} To most [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] Hindus, particularly the [[Krishnaism|Krishnaites]], Jagannath is a form of [[Krishna]],{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=67}}{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}} sometimes as an [[avatar]] of [[Vishnu]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=73, 76}} To some [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] and [[Shakta]] Hindus, he is a symmetry-filled [[Tantra|tantric]] form of [[Bhairava]], a fierce manifestation of Shiva associated with annihilation.<ref name="Mohanty2009">{{cite book|author=Jagannath Mohanty|title=Encyclopaedia of Education, Culture and Children's Literature: v. 3. Indian culture and education|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T2Ph_SmjtoC&pg=PA19|year=2009|publisher=Deep & Deep Publications|isbn=978-81-8450-150-6|page=19}}</ref><ref name="Das 2010 89" />

The origin and evolution of Jagannath worship is unclear.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–16}} Some scholars interpret hymn 10.155.3 of the ''[[Rigveda]]'' as a possible origin, but others disagree and state that it is a syncretic/synthetic deity with tribal roots.{{sfn|Patnaik|1994|loc=chapter 6. Sanatana Dharma: The Great Synthesis}}{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–16}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=72}} ''Jagannathism'' ({{a.k.a.}} Odia Vaishnavism) — the particular sector of Jagannath as a major deity — emerged in the [[Early Middle Ages]]{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981}}{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978}} and later became an independent state regional temple-centered tradition of [[Krishnaism]]/[[Vaishnavism]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mukherjee|1y=1981|1p= |2a1=Eschmann|2a2=Kulke|2a3=Tripathi|2y=1978|2p=|3a1=Hardy|3y=1987|3pp=387–392|4a1=Rajaguru|4y=1992|4p=|5a1=Guy|5y=1992|5pp=213–230|6a1=Starza|6y=1993|6p=|7a1=Ray|7y=1993|7p=|8a1=Patnaik|8y=1994|8p=|9a1=Kulke|9a2=Schnepel|9y=2001|9p=|10a1=Miśra|10y=2005|10loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}} The idol of Jagannath is a carved and decorated wooden stump with large round eyes and a symmetric face, and the idol has a conspicuous absence of hands or legs. The worship procedures, sacraments and rituals associated with Jagannath are syncretic and include rites that are uncommon in [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Patnaik|1994|loc=chapter 6. Sanatana Dharma: The Great Synthesis}}<ref>[http://www.jagannath.nic.in/pdf/SYNTHETIC%20CHARACTER%20OF%20JAGANNATHA%20CULTURE.pdf "Synthetic Character of Jagannath Culture", Pp. 1–4] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708233822/http://jagannath.nic.in/pdf/SYNTHETIC%20CHARACTER%20OF%20JAGANNATHA%20CULTURE.pdf |date=8 July 2011}}</ref> Unusually, the icon is made of wood and replaced with a new one at regular intervals.

The English word ''[[juggernaut]]'' was the rendition into English of "Jagannath" by early British in India, and came to mean a very large and unstoppable force from accounts of the famous [[Ratha Yatra]] processions in [[Puri]].

Jagannath is considered a non-sectarian deity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Pradhan|first=Atul Chandra|title=Evolution of Jagannath Cult|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2004|pages=74–77|url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/evolution2.pdf|access-date=21 October 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Miśra|2005|p=97|loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}}<ref name="Patnaik">{{cite news|last=Patnaik|first=Bibhuti|title=My friend, philosopher and guide|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110703/jsp/orissa/story_14191152.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130715032448/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110703/jsp/orissa/story_14191152.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 July 2013|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> He is significant regionally in the Indian states of [[Odisha]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[West Bengal]], [[Jharkhand]], [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Assam]], [[Manipur]] and [[Tripura]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tripathy|first=B|author2=Singh P.K.|title=Jagannath Cult in North-east India|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2012|pages=24–27|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/27-30.pdf|access-date=10 March 2013}}</ref> He is also significant to the Hindus of [[Bangladesh]]. The [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] in Puri, Odisha is particularly significant in Vaishnavism, and is regarded as one of the [[Char Dham]] pilgrimage sites in India.<ref>See: Chakravarti 1994, p 140</ref> The Jagannath temple is massive, over {{convert|200|ft|order=flip}} high in the [[Nagara Style|Nagara architecture]] style of [[Hindu temple architecture]], and one of the best surviving specimens of [[Kalinga architecture]], namely Odisha art and architecture. It has been one of the major pilgrimage destinations for Hindus since about 800 CE.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=Bijoy M.|editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin Francis|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0z02cZe8PU8C&pg=PA139 |year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195148923|pages=139–141}}</ref>

The annual festival called the [[Ratha Yatra]] celebrated in June or July every year in eastern states of India is dedicated to Jagannath. His image, along with the other two associated deities, is ceremoniously brought out of the sacrosanctum ([[Garbhagriha]]) of his chief temple in [[Puri]] ({{lang|or|ଶ୍ରୀ ମନ୍ଦିର}}, {{transliteration|or|Śrī Mandira}}). They are placed in a [[temple car]] which is then pulled by numerous volunteers to the [[Gundicha Temple]] (located at a distance of nearly {{cvt|3|km|disp=or}}). They stay there for eight days, and on the 9th day they are returned to the main temple. Coinciding with the Ratha Yatra festival at Puri, similar processions are organized at Jagannath temples throughout the world. It falls on the [[Dvitiya|Dwitiya Tithi]], the second day of the bright fortnight of the Sharad Paksha (also called [[Shukla Paksha]]), a fortnight of the Hindu lunar month of [[Ashadha]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Web Desk |first=Express |date=7 July 2024 |title=Jagannatha Rath Yatra 2024: Date, history, significance and ritual; all you need to know |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/jagannatha-rath-yatra-2024-date-history-significance-and-ritual-all-you-need-to-know-9434392/ |access-date= |work=The Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Agnihotri |first=Akanksha |date=8 July 2024 |title=Jagannath Rath Yatra 2024: Date, timings, history, significance, rituals and all you need to know |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/festivals/jagannath-rath-yatra-2024-date-timings-history-significance-rituals-and-all-you-need-to-know-101720332296445.html |work=www.hindustantimes.com/}}</ref> During the festive public procession of Jagannath in Puri, hundreds of thousands of devotees visit Puri to see Jagannath in chariot.<ref>{{cite book|first=James G. |last=Lochtefeld|title=The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduikm: N-Z|url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch|url-access=registration|year= 2002|publisher= Rosen Publishing|isbn=978-0-8239-3180-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch/page/n123 567]}}</ref>

==Etymology==
[[File:Jagannath during 2011.jpg|thumb|Idol of Jagannath, 2011]]
''Jagannath'' is a [[Sanskrit]] word, compounded of ''jagat'' meaning "universe" and ''nātha'' meaning "Master" or "Lord". Thus, ''Jagannath'' means "lord of the universe".{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978|p=537}}<ref>{{cite web |url= http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2009/July/engpdf/july-09-1.pdf#page=13|title=Lord Jagannath Symbol of National Integration|first= Basanta Kumar |last=Das |work=Orissa Review |year=2009 |quote=The term Jagannath etymologically means the Lord of the Universe |access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref>

{{quote box
| width = 20em
| align = right|Jagannatha, according to them is a generic term, not unique, as much as [[Lokanātha|Lokanatha]] or [[Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteswara]]. ln fact, the name Jagannatha could be applied to any Deity which is considered supreme.|— [[Surendra Mohanty]]|Lord Jagannatha: the microcosm of Indian spiritual culture<ref>[[Surendra Mohanty|Mohanty, Surendra]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XNIXAAAAIAAJ Lord Jagannatha: the microcosm of Indian spiritual culture], p. 93. Orissa Sahitya Academy (1982)</ref>
}}

In the [[Odia language]], ''Jagannath'' is linked to other names, such as ''Jagā'' ({{lang|or|ଜଗା}}) or ''Jagabandhu'' ({{lang|or|ଜଗବନ୍ଧୁ}}) ("Friend of the Universe"). Both names derive from ''Jagannath''. Further, on the basis of the physical appearance of the deity, names like ''Kāḷiā'' ({{lang|or|କାଳିଆ}}) ("The Black-coloured Lord", but which can also mean "the Timely One"), ''Dārubrahma'' ({{lang|or|ଦାରୁବ୍ରହ୍ମ}}) ("The Sacred Wood-Riddle"), ''Dāruēdebatā'' ({{lang|or|ଦାରୁ ଦେବତା}} "The wooden god"), ''Cakā Ākhi'' ({{lang|or|ଚକା ଆଖି}}) or ''Cakā Nayana'' ({{lang|or|ଚକା ନୟନ}} "with round eyes"), ''Cakā Ḍōḷā'' ({{lang|or|ଚକା ଡୋଳା}} "with round pupils") are also in vogue.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.lordjagannath.co.in/j_names.htm |title= LordJagannath.Co.in: Lord Jagannath (Names) |work=lordjagannath.co.in |year=2010|quote=Different names of Shree Jagannath|access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.harekrsna.com/sun/features/03-08/features970.htm | title=The Sampradaya Sun – Independent Vaisnava News – Feature Stories – March 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://puriwaves.nirmalya.in/feature-article/64-names-of-lord-jagannath-around-odisha |title=64 Names of Lord Jagannath Around Odisha | PURIWAVES |work=puriwaves.nirmalya.in |quote=Sri Jagannath is being worshipped throughout Orissa over thirty districts in 64 names. |access-date=11 December 2012}}</ref>

According to Dina Krishna Joshi, the word may have origins in the tribal word ''[[Kittung]]'' of the [[Sora people]] (Savaras). This hypothesis states that the Vedic people as they settled into tribal regions adopted the tribal words and called the deity Jagannath.<ref name="Joshi 2007 80–84">{{cite journal|last=Joshi|first=Dina Krishna|title=Lord Jagannath: the tribal deity|journal=Orissa Review|date=June–July 2007|pages=80–84|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/Pages80-84.pdf|access-date=21 October 2012}}</ref> According to O. M. Starza, this is unlikely because ''Kittung'' is phonetically unrelated, and the ''Kittung'' tribal deity is produced from burnt wood and looks very different from Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=65–67 with footnotes}}

==Iconography==
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The icon of Jagannath in his temples is a brightly painted, rough-hewn log of ''[[neem]]'' wood.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Wendy Doniger|author2=Merriam-Webster, In|title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration|year=1999|publisher=Merriam-Webster|isbn=978-0-87779-044-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/547 547]}}</ref> The image consists of a square flat head, a pillar that represents his face merging with the chest. The icon lacks a neck, ears, and limbs, is identified by a large circular face symbolizing someone who is ''anādi'' (without beginning) and ''ananta'' (without end).<ref>{{cite book|author=Santilata Dei|title=Vaiṣṇavism in Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q0kdAAAAMAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Punthi |isbn=978-81-85094-14-4|pages=58–59}}</ref> Within this face are two big symmetric circular eyes with no eyelids, one eye symbolizing the sun and the other the moon, features traceable in 17th-century paintings. He is shown with an ''[[Urdhva Pundra]]'', the Vaishnava U-shaped mark on his forehead. His dark colour and other facial features are an abstraction of the cosmic form of the Hindu god Krishna, states Starza.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=48–52}} In some contemporary Jagannath temples, two stumps pointing forward in an embracing position represent his hands. In some exceptional medieval and modern era paintings in museums outside India (such as in [[Berlin]]), states Starza, Jagannath is shown fully anthropomorphised but with the traditional abstract mask face.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=48–52}}

The typical icon of Jagannath is unlike other deities found in Hinduism who are predominantly anthropomorphic. However, aniconic forms of Hindu deities are not uncommon. For example, Shiva is often represented in the form of a Shiva [[linga]]. In most Jagannath temples in the eastern states of India, and all his major temples such as the Puri, Odisha, Jagannath is included with his brother [[Balarama|Balabhadra]] and sister [[Subhadra]]. Apart from the principal companion deities, the Jagannath icon shows a [[Sudarshana Chakra]] and sometimes under the umbrella cover of multiheaded [[Shesha|Sesha Naga]], both linking him to [[Vishnu]].

[[File:Nabakalebar - 2015.jpg|thumb|Jagannath icons are produced from wood. They are replaced every 8 or 12 or 19 years. Above: logs in transport to prepare the Jagannath icon.]]
When shown with Balabhadra and Subhadra, he is identifiable from his circular eyes compared to the oval or almond shape of the other two abstract icons. Further, his icon is dark, while Balabhadra's face is white, and Subhadra's icon is yellow. The third difference is the flat head of Jagannath icon, compared to semi-circular carved heads of the other two.<ref name=donaldson779>{{cite book|author=Thomas E. Donaldson|title=Tantra and Śākta Art of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2otOAAAAYAAJ|year=2002|publisher=DK Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0198-3|pages=779–780}}</ref>{{refn|group=note|The shape of Balabhadra's head, also called Balarama or Baladeva, varies in some temples between somewhat flat and semi-circular.<ref name=donaldson779/>}} They are accompanied by the Sudarshana Chakra, the iconic weapon of Vishnu. It is approximately the same height as Balabhadra, is red in colour, carved from a wooden pillar and clothed, unlike its traditional representation as a chakra in other Vishnu temples.<ref name="Pattanaik 2002 58–60">{{cite journal|last=Pattanaik|first=Shibasundar|title=Sudarsan of Lord Jagannath|journal=Orissa Review|date=July 2002|pages=58–60|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2008/July-2008/engpdf/58_Sudarsan_of_Lord_Jagannath.pdf|access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> Jagannath iconography, when he is depicted without companions, shows only his face, neither arms nor torso. This form is sometimes called ''[[Patita Pavana]]'',<ref name="The origin of Patita Pavana">{{cite web|title=The origin of Patita Pavana|url=http://www.gopaljiu.org/excerpts/kk_13_patita-pavana_pp_6-9.pdf|work=Sri Krishna Kathamrita|publisher=Sri Gopaljiu|access-date=30 November 2012|archive-date=18 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918082809/http://gopaljiu.org/excerpts/kk_13_patita-pavana_pp_6-9.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> or ''Dadhi Vaman''.<ref>{{cite news|last=Das|first=Madhavananda|title=The Story of Gopal Jiu|url=http://www.vnn.org/editorials/ET0406/ET08-8635.html|access-date=27 November 2012|newspaper=Vaishnav News|date=8 June 2004|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913150950/http://www.vnn.org/editorials/ET0406/ET08-8635.html|archive-date=13 September 2010}}</ref>

The images are unique in being made of wood, since most Hindu ''murtis'' are made of stone or metal.{{sfn|Misra|2007}} The ''[[murti]]s'' of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshana Chakra are made of ''[[Azadirachta indica|neem]]'' wood.<ref>{{cite web|author=Vaishnava. Cz|title=Jagannatha Puri|url=http://www.bvml.org/photoessays/jagannathapuri/index.html|publisher=Bhakti Vedanta Memorial Library|access-date=27 November 2012|archive-date=14 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121014040237/http://bvml.org/photoessays/jagannathapuri/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Neem wood is chosen because the [[Bhavishya Purana]] declares it to be the most auspicious wood from which to make Vishnu ''murtis''.<ref name="Sricon">{{cite journal |last=Chowdhury |first=Janmejay |title=Iconography of Jagannath |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Srimandir/srimandirenglish/Epdf/Ech6.pdf |journal=Srimandir |pages=21–23 |access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> The idol of Jagannatha, Balabhadra, Subhadra and Sudarshana is re-painted every week in the Jagannatha Temple, Puri. It is replaced with a newly carved image every 12 or 19 years approximately, or more precisely according to the luni-solar [[Hindu calendar]] when its month of Asadha occurs twice in the same year.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Peter J. Claus |author2=Sarah Diamond |author3=Margaret Ann Mills |title=South Asian Folklore: An Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ienxrTPHzzwC&pg=PA515|year=2003|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-93919-5|page=515}}</ref>

===Attributes===
In the Jagannath tradition (Odia Vaishnavism), Jagannath is most frequently identified with an abstract form of [[Krishna]] as the supreme deity.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|p=67}}{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}<ref name="Srinivasan2011">{{cite book |author=Srinivasan |title=Hinduism For Dummies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=br61gYKt5Q0C&pg=PA96 |year=2011 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-118-11077-5 |page=96}}</ref>

Jagannath is considered as equivalent to the Hindu metaphysical concepts of [[Brahman]]/[[Para Brahman]] and [[Purushottama]]/Shunya Purusha, wherein he then is the Avatarī, i.e., the cause and equivalence of all avatars and the infinite existence in space and time.{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978|pp=31–98}}{{sfn|Rajaguru|1992}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=72–77|loc=Cult Purusottama at Puri}}{{sfn|Patnaik|2005|pp=111–119}}{{sfn|Miśra|2005|p=99|loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}}<ref name="Mishra">{{cite news |last=Mishra|first=Kabi|title=He is the infinite Brahman|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110703/jsp/orissa/story_14191119.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528135924/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110703/jsp/orissa/story_14191119.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 May 2015|access-date=1 December 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph, Kolkata|date=3 July 2011}}</ref> According to author Dipti Ray in ''Prataparudra Deva'', the Suryavamsi King of Odisha:

{{Blockquote|In Prataparudradeva's time Odia poets accepted [[Sarala Dasa]]'s idea and expressed in their literary works as all the [[Avatar]]as of [[Vishnu]] (Jagannath) manifest from him and after their cosmic play dissolute (bilaya) in him (Jagannath). According to them Jagannath is Sunnya Purusa, Nirakar and Niranjan who is ever present in Nilachala to do cosmic play ... The five [[Vaishnavite]] Sakhas ["Comrades"] of [[Odisha|Orissa]] during Prataparudradeva's time expounded in their works the idea that Jagannath ([[Purushottama]]) is Purna Brahman from whom other Avataras like [[Rama]], Krishna, etc., took their birth for lilas in this universe and at the end would merge in the self of Purna Brahman.|Dipti Ray{{sfn|Ray|2007|p=151}}}}

In the Jagannath tradition, he has the attributes of all the avatars of Krishna/Vishnu. This belief is celebrated by dressing him and worshipping him as different avatars on special occasions.<ref name="Bengal1825">{{cite book|author=Asiatic Society of Bengal|title=Asiatic researches or transactions of the Society instituted in Bengal, for inquiring into the history and antiquities, the arts, sciences, and literature, of Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyZFAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA319|year=1825|page=319}}</ref> The Puranas relate that the [[Narasimha]] Avatar of Vishnu appeared from a wooden pillar. It is therefore believed that Jagannath is worshipped as a wooden ''murti'' or Daru Brahma with the Shri Narasimha hymn dedicated to the Narasimha Avatar.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Dash|first=Durgamadhab|title=Place of Chakratirtha in the cult of Lord Jagannath|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2007|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june_july-2007/engpdf/June_july_2007.pdf|access-date=27 November 2012}}</ref> Every year in the month of [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadra]], Jagannath is dressed and decorated in the form of the [[Vamana]] avatar of Vishnu.<ref name="Mishra"/> Jagannath appeared in the form of [[Rama]], another avatar of Vishnu, to [[Tulsidas]], who worshipped him as [[Rama]] and called him Raghunath during his visit to [[Puri]] in the 16th century.<ref name="Mohanty 2005 109–110">{{cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=Tarakanta|title=Lord Jagannath in the form of Lord Raghunath and Lord Jadunath|journal=Orissa Review|date=July 2005|pages=109–110|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/lord_raghunath_jadunath.pdf|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref>{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=4–18}}

Sometimes one regards him as one of the avatars (incarnations) of Krishna (i.e., Buddha-Jagannath) or Vishnu (i.e., Vamana).{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=73, 76}}<ref name="Asiatic Journal">{{cite book |title=Asiatic Journal |url=https://archive.org/details/asiaticjournala44unkngoog |year=1841 |publisher=Parbury, Allen, and Company |pages=[https://archive.org/details/asiaticjournala44unkngoog/page/n243 233]–}}</ref> His name does not appear in the traditional [[Dashavatara]] (ten avatars) of Vishnu,<ref name= Wilkins>{{cite book | author = Wilkins, William Joseph | year = 1900 | title = Hindu Mythology, Vedic and Puranic| url = http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/hmvp/hmvp30.htm| isbn = 978-81-7120-226-3 | publisher = Elibron Classics | location = London}}</ref> though in certain [[Odia literature]], Jagannath has been treated as the avatar of Krishna, as a substitute for or the equivalent of the avatar [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] from [[Dashavatara]].{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}}{{sfn|Patnaik|2005|pp=111–119}}

===Tantric deity===
Outside Vaishnava tradition, Jagannath is considered the epitome of [[Tantra|Tantric]] worship.<ref name="Siṃhadeba2001">{{cite book|author=Jitāmitra Prasāda Siṃhadeba|title=Tāntric Art of Orissa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2jr3_rSEysC&pg=PA146|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Books|isbn=978-81-7835-041-7|page=146}}</ref> The symmetry in iconography, the use of mandalas and geometric patterns in its rites support the tantric connection proposal.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=8–10, 17–18}}

Jagannath is venerated as [[Bhairava]] or [[Shiva]], the consort of the goddess [[Vimala Temple|Vimala]], by [[Shaivites]] and [[Shakta]] sects.<ref name="Mohanty2009"/> The priests of Jagannath Temple at Puri belong to the Shakta sect, although the Vaishnava sect's influence predominates.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=64}} As part of the triad, [[Balabhadra]] is also considered to be Shiva and [[Subhadra]], a manifestation of [[Durga]].{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|p=665}} In the [[Markandeya Purana]] the sage [[Markandeya]] declared that Purushottama Jagannath and [[Shiva]] are one.<ref>{{cite web|title=Index of 16 Purans|year=2009|location=Markandeya|pages=18, 19|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/17775667/Index-of-16-Hindu-Puranas|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=1 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901222938/http://www.scribd.com/doc/17775667/Index-of-16-Hindu-Puranas|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jagannath in his Hathi Besha or Gaja Besha (elephant form) has been venerated by devotees like [[Ganpati Bappa|Ganapati Bappa]] of [[Maharashtra]] as [[Ganesh]]a.<ref name="Mohanty 2005 109–110"/>

==Origins==

===Skanda Purana===
According to the ''Purushottama Kshetra Mahatmya'' (<ref name="Andriaensen">{{citation |first1=R. |last1=Andriaensen |first2=Hans T.|last2=Bakker|first3=H.|last3=Isaacson|title=Towards a Critical Edition of the ''Skandapurana'' |date=October 1994|jstor=24655548 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLN0F7GGecsC |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/origin-and-growth-of-the-puranic-text-corpus-with-special-reference-to-the-skand/page/n15/mode/2up?view=theater |first=Hans T.|last=Bakker|title=Origin and Growth of the Purāṇic Text Corpus |chapter=The Structure of the Varanasimahatmya in Skandapurana 26-31 |publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]] |year=2004 |isbn= 978-8120820494 }}</ref>{{sfn|Bakker|2004|loc= [https://archive.org/details/origin-and-growth-of-the-puranic-text-corpus-with-special-reference-to-the-skand/page/16/mode/2up?view=theater Three Chapters of Saiva Material Added to the Earliest Known Recension of the Skanda Purana)]}}) of the ''[[Skanda Purana]]'', the deity Yama requested Vishnu to disappear from the region of Purushottama Kshetra, dissatisfied with the direct salvation of those who lived in the region. Vishnu agreed to do so. [[Indradyumna]], the king of [[Avanti (Ancient India)|Avanti]], grew interested in venerating the deity [[Neela Madhava|Nilamadhava]], made of sapphire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Books |first=Kausiki |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VPxLEAAAQBAJ&dq=Nilamadhava+refulgent+skanda+purana&pg=PT4 |title=Skanda Purana: Vaishnava Khanda: Purushottama Kshetra Mahatmya: English Translation only without Slokas |date=2021-10-24 |publisher=Kausiki Books |pages=4 |language=en}}</ref> He is described to have sent the younger brother of his royal priest, or sometimes a minister, Vidyapati, to locate the site of the deity's [[Murti|image]] in the [[Nilachal|Nilagiri]] region. Regional folklore states that the priest was welcomed by Vishvavasu, the chieftain of the Savara people. During the duration of his stay in the chieftain's house, the latter's daughter, Lalita, fell in love with him. Upon the chieftain's request, Vidyapati married her. He noticed that the chieftain would leave the house every evening, and only return the following noon. At his urging, Lalita revealed to him that these were her father's visits to the shrine of Nilamadhava, whose location was held secret within the community. Vidyapati persuaded his wife to ask Vishvavasu to take him along to see the image of the deity.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=djI5mL2qeocC&dq=Vidyapati+Lalita+blindfold&pg=PT217 |title=Spiritual India Handbook |date=2009-01-01 |publisher=Jaico Publishing House |isbn=978-81-8495-024-3 |pages=217 |language=en}}</ref> The chieftain agreed to take Vidyapati with him, but on the condition that he be blindfolded during the journey so that the shrine's location remained undisclosed. Lalita helped her husband devise a plan:<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rosen |first=Steven |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4IrQkw5x2o4C&dq=Vidyapati+Lalita+blindfold&pg=PA210 |title=Vaisnavism |date=1994-11-30 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1235-2 |pages=210 |language=en}}</ref> Vidyapati brought a bag of mustard seeds with him, scattering them all along the path to the shrine present in a cave, bearing witness to the deep blue image of Nilamadhava.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Choudhury |first=Pranab Chandra Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eoTiOp3pkk4C&dq=nila+madhava+biswabasu&pg=PA204 |title=Best Loved Folk Tales of India |date=August 1999 |publisher=Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd |isbn=978-81-207-1660-5 |pages=204 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Knapp |first=Stephen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1JJCgAAQBAJ&dq=Vidyapati+Lalita+blindfold&pg=PT250 |title=Seeing Spiritual India: A Guide to Temples, Holy Sites, Festivals and Traditions |date=2008-05-29 |publisher=iUniverse |isbn=978-0-595-61452-3 |pages=250 |language=en}}</ref> Returning to Avanti, he reported his discovery of the shrine to Indradyumna. After a few months, following the mustards seeds that had since germinated into plants, the king and his retinue travelled to the shrine, unable to locate the image. After praying to Vishnu for three days and nights, they heard the deity's voice thunder from the heavens, rebuking them for their scheme and informing them of his omnipresence. He announced that he would manifest as a ''dāru'' (wooden image) floating by the sea. He instructed them to construct a new [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|temple]] upon a mountain that stood beside the seashore for his worship.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yw2BDwAAQBAJ&dq=Vidyapati+Lalita&pg=PA130 |title=Urmi: The Journal of the Odisha Society of Americas 49th Convention: For Annual Convention Held in 2017 at Dearborn, Michigan |publisher=Odisha Society of the Americas |pages=129–132 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Rath Yatra Puri 2007 11071 crop.jpg|thumb|2007 Jagannath Chariot Festival in [[Puri]], Odisha]]

In the ''Skanda Purana'', by the time Vidyapati returned to inform the king of the site of the shrine, a great storm had buried the image of Nilamadhava under the sand. Despite his best attempts, the king was unable to locate the image. Upon the counsel of the sage divinity [[Narada]], Indradyumna constructed a new temple, and performed a thousand [[Ashvamedha|ashvamedha yajnas]] at the site. Receiving guidance in the form of a divine dream, a great tree floating in the sea was felled and used to create the three wooden images of the temple, those of Jagannatha, [[Balarama]], and [[Subhadra]]. The king travelled to [[Brahmaloka]] to invite [[Brahma]] to inaugurate the temple. With the passage of time, a king named Gala claimed to have been the temple's real architect, but with the return of Indradyumna to earth, he withdrew this claim. After Brahma had inaugurated the temple, Indradyumna returned to Brahmaloka, entrusting the upkeep of the site to Gala.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmeshwaranand |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6F0ZIBIL2ZAC&dq=indradyumna+Avanti&pg=PA322 |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Puranas |date=2001 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-226-3 |pages=322 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Silva |first=Jose Carlos Gomes da |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yChREAAAQBAJ&dq=Nilamadhava+sapphire&pg=PA129 |title=The Cult of Jagannatha: Myths and Rituals |date=2010-01-01 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-3462-0 |pages=129 |language=en}}</ref>

In [[Nepal]], a [[Skanda Purana]] manuscripts dated to 9th century CE have been discovered. However, a comparison shows that the 9th century CE document is entirely different from versions of Skanda Purana that have been circulating in the [[Indian subcontinent]] after the 12th century. The various Khandas in modern Skanda Purana have all been found in manuscripts after 12th century.<ref name="Andriaensen"/>{{sfn|Bakker|2004|loc= [https://archive.org/details/origin-and-growth-of-the-puranic-text-corpus-with-special-reference-to-the-skand/page/16/mode/2up?view=theater Three Chapters of Saiva Material Added to the Earliest Known Recension of the Skanda Purana)]}}

===Vedic origin===
In hymn 10.155.3 of the ''[[Rig veda|Rigveda]]'', there is mention of a ''daru'' (wooden log) floating in the ocean as ''apurusham''.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–16}}<ref name="Rig Veda">{{cite book|title=Rig Veda|publisher=Wikisource |url= https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Rig_Veda/Mandala_10/Hymn_155 |author=Ralph TH Griffith }} verse 10.155.3; [https://sa.wikisource.org/wiki/ऋग्वेद:_सूक्तं_१०.१५५ Quote]: अदो '''यद्दारु''' प्लवते सिन्धोः पारे '''अपूरुषम्''' । तदा रभस्व दुर्हणो तेन गच्छ परस्तरम् ॥३॥</ref> Acharya [[Sayana]] interpreted the term ''apurusham'' as same as ''Purushottama'' and this ''Dara'' wood log being an inspiration for Jagannath, thus placing the origin of Jagannath in 2nd millennium BCE. Other scholars refute this interpretation stating that the correct context of the hymn is "Alakshmi Stava" of Arayi.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–16}}

According to Bijoy Misra, Puri natives do call Jagannatha as Purushottama, consider driftwood a savior symbol, and later Hindu texts of the region describe the Supreme Being as ever present in everything, pervasive in all animate and inanimate things. Therefore, while the Vedic connection is subject to interpretation, the overlap in the ideas exist.{{sfn|Misra|2007}}

According to Vishnu Puran, ''Purushottama Kshetra'' was in the ocean. The modern location was identified as ''Purushottama Kshetra'' later.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dash |first= Kailash Chandra|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2018/Jun-July/engpdf/59-65.pdf |title=Antiquity of the Purushottama Kshetra |publisher=Government of Odisha |date=July 2018 |location=Bhubaneshwar }}</ref> According to a copper plate grant by Rajaraja Deva III (father of [[Anangabhima Deva III]]), ''Lord Purushottama'' was in the ocean and [[Chodaganga Deva]] constructed a suitable temple for him.<ref>{{Citation |last=Pal |first=Dr. Bharati|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2017/June/engpdf/137-138.pdf |title=Lord Purushottama Jagannatha and Anantavarmana Chodagangadeva |publisher=Government of Odisha |date=June 2017 |location=Bhubaneshwar |page=2 }}</ref>

===Buddhist origins===
[[File:Three Buddhist symbols in Sanchi.png|thumb|Three Buddhist symbols in the upper panel, east face, of the left pillar of the southern gateway at [[Sanchi]]. [[Alexander Cunningham]] examined a sketch of these three symbols and believed the modern Jagannath and his siblings are based on this [[Triratna]] symbol of Buddha, Dhamma and Sangha.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V6G0zgEACAAJ |title=The Bhilsa Topes |section=CHAPTER XXVII: Symbols of Buddha, Dharma and Sangha - Part 10 |section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r_gWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA358 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |date=September 2021 |orig-year=1854 |isbn=978-1013407505 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FBqfzgEACAAJ |title=The Stupa of Bharhut |section=F-OBJECTS OF WORSHIP: II.Uddesika or Monuments - 3. Tri-Ratna Symbol |section-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6NY-kwovjMC&pg=PA111 |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |year=2021 |orig-year=1879 |isbn=978-8121226509 }}</ref> [[Harekrushna Mahatab]] also believes the idol triad to be the wooden transformation of the Buddhist Triratna.{{sfn|Mansinha|2021|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13018/page/n83/mode/2up?view=theater Chapter VIII. The Post Sarala Period – A Period of Experiments: I. The Buddhist Influence - ''The Metaphysical Poets''] |p=72}} But Starza argues that these Buddhist symbols bear little resemblance to the modern Jagannath triad.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=55–56}}]]
Theories suggesting [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] origins of Jagannatha stems from the [[relic]] worship associated with Jagannatha, a concept integral to Buddhism but alien to Hinduism. For example, there exists an unexamined relic in the Jagannath shrine in Puri,{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=58–59 with footnotes}} and the local legends state that the shrine relic contains a tooth of [[Gautama Buddha]] – a feature common to many cherished Theravada Buddhist shrines in and outside India.{{sfn|Misra|2007}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Ananda Abeysekara|title=Colors of the Robe: Religion, Identity, and Difference |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2BXV9zQwAwC&pg=PA148 |year=2002|publisher=University of South Carolina Press|isbn=978-1-57003-467-1|pages=148–149}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Ganguly |first= Mano Mohan|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536395/page/n483/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Orissa And Her Remains - Ancient And Mediaeval |publisher=Gyan Publishing House |orig-date=1912 |year=1986 |location=Puri |page=400 |isbn=978-8121200646 }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Patel |first=C.B. |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/130476638/OldJagannathTemplePuriBuddhistSomavamsiConnections-pdf |title=Oldest Jagannath Temple of Puri: The Buddhist and Somavamsi Connections |publisher=[[Government of Odisha]] |date=July 2003 |location=Bhubaneswar |page=2 }}</ref> Buddhism anciently prevailed in Odisha as appears from the Buddhist remains still existing. The idols of Jagannatha is believed to contain the bones of Krishna even though it forms no part of the Brahmanical religion to collect and adore dead men's bones while it is a most meritorious act among the Buddhists to collect and preserve the relics of departed saints, and the places that contain them are esteemed peculiarly holy.<ref>{{Citation |last=Stevenson |first=J.|url=https://archive.org/details/jstor-25207562/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater |title=On the Intermixture of Buddhism with Brahmanism in the Religion of the Hindus of the Dekkan |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland |publisher=[[Royal Asiatic Society]] |date=21 November 1840 |volume=7 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |location=London |jstor=25207562 }}</ref> In Buddhism, preserving [[cetiya]] or skeletal parts such as "Buddha's tooth" or relics of dead saints is a thriving tradition. The existence of these legends, state some scholars such as Stevenson, suggests that Jagannath may have a Buddhist origin.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=58–59 with footnotes}} In ancient times, the place of Purī was known as Danta-Pura, i.e., the city where the sacred tooth of Buddha has been preserved.{{sfn|Kar|2020|p=70}}

[[Swami Vivekananda]] in his book [[Lectures from Colombo to Almora]] mentioned that Jagannath temple was once a Buddhist temple.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Joshi |first=Lal Mani |title=Aspects of Buddhism in Indian History |section=IV. The Buddhist Contribution to Indian Civilization:Education |section-url=https://archive.org/details/aspectsofbuddhis0000lmjo/page/38/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Buddhist Publication Society |year=1973 |location=Colombo |page=45 |isbn=9788189524760}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Vivekananda |first=Swami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcEOEQAAQBAJ&q=jagannath |title=Lectures From Colombo To Almora |publisher=Double9 Books |orig-year=1897 |date=October 2023 |location=Delhi |page=124 |isbn=9789359393476}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=A K |url=https://mainstreamweekly.net/article7334.html |title=Did Ambedkar Appreciate Puri's Jagannath? |publisher=Mainstream Weekly |date=22 July 2017 }}</ref>

Another evidence that links Jagannath to Buddhism is the ''[[Ratha-Yatra]]'' festival for Jagannath, the stupa-like shape of the temple and a dharmachakra-like discus (''chakra'') at the top of the spire. The major annual procession festival has many features found in the [[Mahayana Buddhism]] traditions.{{sfn|Misra|2007|p=141}} [[Faxian]] (c. 400 CE), the ancient Chinese pilgrim and visitor to India wrote about a Buddhist procession in his memoir, and this has very close resemblances with the Jagannath festivities. Further the season in which the ''Ratha-Yatra'' festival is observed is about the same time when the historic public processions welcomed Buddhist monks for their temporary, annual monsoon-season retirement.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sircar |first=Jawhar|url=https://thewire.in/religion/jagannath-rath-yatra-odisha-hinduism |title=The Jagannath Rath Yatra Is a Reminder of How Inclusive Hinduism Can Be |publisher=The Wire (India) |date=22 July 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Skykes |first=Lieutenant-Colonel William Henry |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDXbJagkdUAC&pg=PA59 |title=Notes on the Religious, Moral, and Political State of India Before the Mahomedan Invasion |publisher=Kessinger Publishing Co |orig-year=1841 |date=March 2009 |location=London |page=59 |isbn=978-1104197568}}</ref>

There is no distinction of caste inside the Jagganath temple, many day-to-day services (Vidhis) of Lord Jagannatha owe their origin either to Jainism or to Buddhism or the combination of both, the local legends link the idols with aboriginal tribes and the ''daitapatis'' (servitors) claim to be descendants of the aboriginals. Majority of rituals are based on [[Oddiyana#Odisha|Oddiyana]] Tantras which are the refined versions of Mahayana Tantras as well as Shabari Tantras which are evolved from [[Tantric Buddhism]] and tribal believes respectively.<ref>{{Citation |last=Kanungo |first=Archana|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2013/jul/engpdf/58-67.pdf |title=Unity in Diversity: The Uniqueness of Jagannath Culture of Odisha |publisher=Government of Odisha |date=July 2013 |location=Bhubaneshwar }}</ref><ref name="Olsen2004">{{cite book|last=Olsen|first=Brad|title=Sacred Places Around the World: 108 Destinations|section=India and the Sub-Continent: Holy Cities of India|section-url={{Google books|Ua0_7HPGMqkC|page=91|keywords=|text=|plainurl=yes}}|date=February 2004|publisher=Consortium of Collective Consciousness|isbn=978-1888729108|page=91 }}</ref> According to Starza, these practices are also connected to [[Tantra|Tantric]] practices.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=59}}

Buddha was assimilated as Vishnu's ninth avatar in ''Vishnu Puran'' as a divinely incarnated purveyor of illusion. It states that Vishnu's descent as the ''Buddhavatara'' was accomplished so that the wicked and demonic could be only further misled away from the truth in ''kali yuga''. This assimilation and the consequent "disingenuous interpretation" or rationale for his inclusion aptly articulate the considerable ambivalence characteristic of Hindu attitudes towards Buddhism, "undermining his historicity", to "make him an appendage" of the Vaisnava mythic hierarchy.{{sfn|Holt|2008|p=18–21}}{{sfn|Coulter|2013|p=109}}{{sfn|Srinivasan|2011|p=182}}{{sfn|Jones|Ryan|2006|p=96}}{{sfn|Doniger O'Flaherty|1988|p=188}} But in the opening chapter of his [[Gita Govinda]], the poet [[Jayadeva]] claims that Vishnu reincarnated as the Buddha to condemn the animal sacrifices prevalent in Vedic times.{{sfn|Lochtefeld|2002|loc= [https://archive.org/details/JamesLochtefeldTheIllustratedEncyclopediaOfHinduism/page/n157/mode/2up?view=theater Buddha Avatar]|p=128}} In the Jagannath cult, Jagannath is sometimes represented as the ninth avatar of Vishnu substituting Buddha, when it could have been substituted for any other avatar.{{sfn|Kar|2020|p=77-78}}<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klaproth |first1=Julius Von |last2=Rémusat |first2=Abel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9lAvQEACAAJ |title=The Pilgrimage of Fa Hian |section=CHAPTER XXVII - Note(3)|section-url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimageoffahi00faxi/page/258/mode/2up?view=theater|publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |date=11 October 2018 |orig-year=1848 |location=Sheridan, Wyoming |isbn=978-0342257140 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat | date=August 1986 |orig-year=1940 |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7DvAAAACAAJ |publisher=Manohar Publications |isbn=9780836417548 |section=Chaitanya - As the Incarnation of Buddha-Jagannath |section-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282185/page/n165/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref>{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=55}} Buddha is even now called Jagannath in [[Buddhism in Nepal|Nepalese Buddhism]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Barik |first=Pabitra Mohan|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/jainism_budhism_in_joga-culture.pdf |title=Jainism and Buddhism in Jagannath Culture |date=July 2005 |location=Bhubaneshwar|page=2 }}</ref>

The association of Jagannath with the ninth avatar Buddha continued until 15th century. In a [[Kabir panth]] scripture Laxmanbodh in Kabir Sagar by [[Dharamdas#Spiritual journey|Dharamdas]], disciple of [[Kabir]], Jagannath is identified as a form of Buddha.<ref name=B00KTG6DLK>{{Cite book |last=युगलानन्द |first=स्वामी |title=कबीर सागर (सम्पूर्ण 11 भाग) |publisher=खेमराज श्रीकृष्णदास |year=2013|asin=B00KTG6DLK }}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=[[Kali Yuga]] has come. I am established as Buddha. Jagannath is my name. I am established with this method.{{sfn|युगलानन्द|2013|loc= [https://archive.org/details/giTY_kabir-sagar-complete-11-volumes-khemraj/page/n721/mode/2up?view=theater लक्ष्मणबोध - श्रीकृष्ण वचन]}}{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>अब कलिथुग बेठेगा सोई । बौद्ध थापना हमरो होई ॥
जगन्नाथ मम नाम है सोई । हमरी थापना यहि विधि होई॥</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=In the form of Ram he killed Ravana. In the form of Krishna he defeated Kansha. Jagannath came in the form of Buddha. And so he has lots of divine play.{{sfn|युगलानन्द|2013|loc= [https://archive.org/details/giTY_kabir-sagar-complete-11-volumes-khemraj/page/n1089/mode/2up?view=theater श्रीअमरमूल - सद्गुरु वचन]}}{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>राम रूप होय रावन मारा । कृष्ण रूप होयकंस पछारा ॥
बौध रूप जगन्नाथ ओतारा । लीला बहुत भांति सम्हारा ॥</nowiki>}}}}

According to Starza, these manifestations of the Jagannath cult, such as the supposed tooth relic of Buddha, the ''Ratha-Yatra'', the absence of caste rules in the temple, and the identification of Jagannath with the Buddha, are not sufficient to establish a Buddhist origin of the worship of Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=57}}

[[Indrabhuti]], the ancient Buddhist king of [[Oddiyana#Odisha|Oddiyana]], describes Jagannath as a Buddhist deity in ''[[Jnanasiddhi|Jñānasiddhi]]''. This is the oldest known direct mention of the deity.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nayak |first=Dr. Ganeswar |url=https://ddceutkal.ac.in/Syllabus/MA_history/Paper_15.pdf |title=History of Odisha (From earliest times to 1434 A.D) |publisher=[[Utkal University]] |location=Bhubaneshwar |date=11 March 2014 |page=107 }}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=Pranipatya Jagannatham Sarvajina Vararchitam.
Sarva Buddha Mayam Siddhi Vyapinam Gaganopamam.<ref>{{cite web|title=JÑĀNASIDDHI|url=https://www.dsbcproject.org/canon-text/content/860/2988|year=2019|publisher=Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon}}</ref>}}
Abhinav Patra argues that it has not been historically ascertained whether the deity Jagannath as worshipped by Indrabhuti was just a coincidental homonym with the present Jagannath or referred to the same deity.{{sfn|Patra|2011|p=7}}

The 10th century era text [[Kubjika#Kubjikāmatatantra|Kubjikāmatatantra]], mentions ''[[Biraja Temple|Biraja]]'' (ancient capital of [[Utkala kingdom|Utkala]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=Nabin Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a8MBAAAAMAAJ |title=Utkal University History Of Orissa: Volume I - From the Earliest Time Up to 500 A.D. |publisher=Utkal University |section=CHAPTER II: HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY - Capital of Utkala |section-url=https://archive.org/details/utkaluniversityh0000nksa/page/107/mode/2up?view=theater |year=1964 |location=Bhubaneshwar |oclc=1179182033 |pages=107–110}}</ref>) as the goddess of Oddiyana, with which Indrabhuti's son [[Padmasambhava]] is associated with. The ''[[Lotus Sutra|Saddharmapundarika]]'' records a prophecy in which the Lord assures [[Śāriputra]], that he would be in a distant future time a Buddha under the name of Padmaprabha, and that his place of enlightenment would be Biraja. Padmasambhava and Tārā, along with other deities are invoked in an inscription of 25 lines incised in nail-headed characters of the late 8th-9th century on the back of an image of [[Avalokiteśvara]]/[[Karuṇā#Mahayana Buddhism|Mahākaruṇā]] at [[Udayagiri Caves|Udaygiri]] not far from [[Jajpur]], which states that a ''stupa'' with a relic inside and dwelt in by the [[Tathāgata]] was set up on that very spot. The stupa is believed to have contained the relics of Padmasambhava. Though the site is only partially excavated, at least one stupa has been unearthed. According to Nabin Kumar Sahu, this mass of evidence, supports the belief that Indrabhuti was the king of Odisha which is same as Oddiyana or Odra-''pitha'', of which the main deities are Jagganath and Viraja.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Donaldson |first= Thomas E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DbxE8zOuRbUC&pg=PA11 |title=Iconography of the Buddhist sculpture of Orissa Volume 1 |publisher=[[Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts]] |year=2001 |location=London |page=11 |isbn=978-8170173755 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sahu |first=Nabin Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GMEAAAAYAAJ |title=Buddhism in Orissa |chapter=IX. Tantric Buddhism in Orissa: (A) The Uddiyana Pitha |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/buddhism-in-orissa-1958/page/141/mode/2up?view=theater |publisher=Utkal University |year=1958 |location=Bhubaneshwar |oclc=1391872675 |pages=141–155 }}</ref>

Some scholars argue that evidences of Jagannatha's Buddhist nature are found from medieval [[Odia literature]]. Many medieval Odia poets suggest to their readers, that they wrote their books on the commands of a formless god-like personality, identifying the Buddhist principles of ''[[Śūnyatā|Śūnya]]'' (The great void) and ''Alekha'' (The formless one) with Jagannath himself. The idols of Jagannath triad are not anthropomorphic like [[Murti|Hindu idols]], but instead are stumps of wood with crude symbolic facial features and stumpy obtrusions for limbs.{{sfn|Mansinha|2021|loc= [https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.13018/page/n81/mode/2up?view=theater Chapter VIII. The Post Sarala Period – A Period of Experiments: I. The Buddhist Influence - ''The Metaphysical Poets'']}}

Odia poet [[Sarala Dasa]] of 15th century in his Mahabharata, describes Lord Jagannatha as a form of Buddha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Das |first=Satyabrata|url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/2008/July-2008/engpdf/48_Sri_Krsna-Jagannath.pdf |title=Sri Krsna - Jagannath Consciousness: Vyasa - Jayadeva - Sarala Dasa |publisher=Government of Odisha |date=July 2008 |location=Bhubaneshwar }}</ref>
{{Blockquote
|text=He remains in the throne inside the temple, holding the Conch and Discus in the form of Buddha.{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ଦେଉଳ ଭିତରେ ସିଂହ୍ରାସନେ ବିଜେ ହୋଇ ବଉଦ୍ଧ ରୁପରେ ପ୍ରଭୁ ଶଙ୍ଗଚକ୍ର ବହି |</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=Salute thee Sri Jagannath the revered One whose domain is the Blue Hills, he sits pretty as Sri Buddha there in the Blue Cavern.{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ବନ୍ଦଇ ଶ୍ରୀ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ବଇକୁଣ୍ଠବାସୀ ବୌଦ୍ଧରୁପେ ନୀଲଗିରି ଶିଖେ ଅଛ ବସି |</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=There comes Sri Jagannath as Buddha to liberate the Mankind...{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ସଂସାରଜନ୍ମକୁ ତରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ବୁଦ୍ଧରୂପରେ ବିଜେ ଅଛେ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥେ |</nowiki>}}

|author=Sarala Dasa<ref name="Das 2015 91">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Suryanarayan |title=ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ |section=ସପ୍ତମ ରରିଛେଦ: ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଓ ବୁଦ୍ଧ |section-url=https://archive.org/details/jagannatha-mandir-o-jagannath-tattwa-1966/page/n101/mode/2up |publisher=ଫ୍ରେଣ୍ଡସ ପବ୍ଲିଶର୍ସ|year=2015 |orig-year=1966 |location=Cuttack |asin=B08SBVZDYK |asin-tld=in |page=91 }}</ref>}}

At another part in [[Adi Parva]] he also says: Glory be to Rama-Krishna-Brahma as Subhadra and to the great soul Buddha... Satyabrata Das believes this to be the wonderful integration of all faiths.{{sfn|Das|2008|p=2}}

===Jain origins===
Pandit Nilakantha Das suggested that Jagannath was a deity of [[Jain]] origin because of the appending of ''Nath'' to many Jain [[Tirthankar]]s.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mohanty|first=Jagannath|title=Indian Culture and Education|year=2009|publisher=Deep& Deep|isbn=978-81-8450-150-6|page=5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3T2Ph_SmjtoC&q=nilakantha+das+jagannath&pg=PA5}}</ref> He felt Jagannath meant the 'World personified' in the Jain context and was derived from ''Jinanath''. Evidence of the Jain terminology such as of [[Kaivalya]], which means [[moksha]] or salvation, is found in the Jagannath tradition.<ref name="Barik 2005 36">{{cite journal|last=Barik|first=P M|title=Jainism and Buddhism in Jagannath culture|journal=Orissa Review|date=July 2005|pages=36|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/jainism_budhism_in_joga-culture.pdf|access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> Similarly, the twenty two steps leading to the temple, called the ''Baisi Pahacha'', have been proposed as symbolic reverence for the first 22 of the 24 Tirthankaras of Jainism.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=8–10, 17–18}}

According to Annirudh Das, the original Jagannath deity was influenced by Jainism and is none other than the ''Jina'' of Kalinga taken to [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] by [[Mahapadma Nanda]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Aniruddha|title=Jagannath and Nepal|pages=9–10}}</ref> The theory of Jain origins is supported by the Jain [[Hathigumpha inscription]]. It mentions the worship of a relic memorial in Khandagiri-Udayagiri, on the Kumara hill. This location is stated to be same as the Jagannath temple site. However, states Starza, a Jain text mentions the Jagannath shrine was restored by Jains, but the authenticity and date of this text is unclear.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=62–63 with footnotes}}

Another circumstantial evidence supporting the Jain origins proposal is the discovery of Jain images inside as well as near the massive Puri temple complex, including those carved into the walls. However, this could also be a later addition, or suggestive of tolerance, mutual support or close relationship between the Jains and the Hindus.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=62–63 with footnotes}}

According to Starza, the Jain influence on the Jagannath tradition is difficult to assess given the sketchy uncertain evidence. Nothing establishes that the Jagannath tradition has a Jain origin.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=62–63 with footnotes}}

=== Vaishnava origins ===
[[File:Dadhivaman deity.png|thumb|An old Dadhivaman deity in [[Kendrapara]], [[Odisha]]. [[Bhaktivinoda Thakur|Shrila Bhakti Vinod Thakur]]'s great forefather [[Krishnananda Dutta Chaudhury|Krishnanada]] started worshipping this deity in mid-14th century AD. ]]
The Vaishnava origin theories rely on the iconographic details and the typical presence of the triad of deities, based on original scriptures of Hinduism. The colors, state the scholars of the Vaishnava origin theory, link to black-colored Krishna and white-colored Balarama. They add that the goddess originally was Ekanamsa (Durga of Shaiva-Shakti tradition, sister of Krishna through his foster family). She was later renamed to Shubhadra (Lakshmi) per Vaishnava terminology for the divine feminine.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=63–64 with footnotes}}

It is certainly true that the Vaishnava Hindus in the eastern region of India worshipped the triad of Balarama, Ekanamsa and Krishna. There are many scriptural references to support the same. Further, in many Jagannath temples of central and eastern regions of India, the Shiva icons such as the [[Lingam|Linga-yoni]] are reverentially incorporated, since Lord Shiva is a Vaishnav according to the conclusion of Srimad Bhagavatam, he protects Sri Jagannath Temple from external calamities, just like he does so in his form of Hanuman for the palace of Sri Ram.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=63–64 with footnotes}}

===Tribal origins===
[[File:Nrusimha Besha.JPG|thumb|Jagannath in the [[Narasimha]] or Nrusingha Besha in [[Jagannath Temple, Koraput|Koraput]] ]]
The tribal origin theories rely on circumstantial evidence and inferences such as the Jagannath icon is non-anthropomorphic and non-zoomorphic.<ref name="Joshi 2007 80–84"/> The hereditary priests in the Jagannath tradition of Hinduism include non-Brahmin servitors, called ''Daitas'', which may be an adopted grandfathered practice with tribal roots. The use of wood as a construction material for the Jagannath icons may also be a tribal practice that continued when Hindus adopted prior practices and merged them with their Vedic abstractions.<ref name="Sricon"/> The ''Daitas'' are Hindu, but believed to have been the ancient tribe of ''Sabaras'' (also spelled ''Soras''). They continue to have special privileges such as being the first to view the new replacement images of Jagannath carved from wood approximately every 12 years. Further, this group is traditionally accepted to have the exclusive privilege of serving the principal meals and offerings to Jagannath and his associate deities.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=65–67 with footnotes}}{{sfn|Misra|2007}}

According to [[Verrier Elwin]], Jagannatha in a local legend was a tribal deity who was coopted by a Brahmin priest.<ref name=elwin597>{{cite book|last=Elwin|first=Verrier|title=The Religion of an Indian Tribe|year=1955|publisher=Oxford University Press (Reprint)|page=597}}</ref> The original tribal deity, states Elwin, was ''Kittung'' which too is made from wood. According to the Polish Indologist Olgierd M. Starza, this is an interesting parallel but a flawed one because the ''Kittung'' deity is produced by burning a piece of wood and too different in its specifics to be the origin of Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=65–67 with footnotes}} According to another proposal by [[Stella Kramrisch]], log as a symbol of ''Anga pen'' deity is found in central Indian tribes and they have used it to represent features of the Hindu goddess [[Kali]] with it. However, states Starza, this theory is weak because the ''Anga pen'' features a bird or snake like attached head along with other details that make the tribal deity unlike the Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=65–67 with footnotes}}

{{multiple image
| align = left
| image1 = Jagannatha.svg
| width1 = 200
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = 'A close up of Narasimha face.jpg
| width2 = 134
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Jagannath (left) may have roots in [[Narasimha]]{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=67–70 with footnotes}} (right, man-lion avatar of Vishnu who fights evil demon and ends religious persecution).<ref>{{cite book|author=Gavin D. Flood|title=An Introduction to Hinduism|url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo|url-access=registration|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-43878-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/111 111]}}</ref>
}}

Some scholars such as Kulke and Tripathi have proposed tribal deities such as Stambhesveri or Kambhesvari to be a possible contributor to the Jagannath triad.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=67–70 with footnotes}} However, according to Starza, these are not really tribal deities, but Shaiva deities adopted by tribes in eastern states of India. Yet another proposal for tribal origins is through the medieval era cult of Lakshmi-[[Narasimha]].{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=67–70 with footnotes}} This hypothesis relies on the unusual flat head, curved mouth and large eyes of Jagannath, which may be an attempt to abstract an image of a lion's head ready to attack. While the tribal Narasimha theory is attractive states Starza, a weakness of this proposal is that the abstract Narasimha representation in the form does not appear similar to the images of Narasimha in nearby [[Konark]] and [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] temple artworks.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=67–70 with footnotes}}

In contemporary Odisha, there are many Dadhivaman temples with a wooden pillar god, and this may be same as Jagannath.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mohanty|first=P.C.|title=Jagannath temples of Ganjam|journal=Odisha Review|date=June 2012|pages=113–118|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/116-121.pdf|access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref>

===Syncretic origins===
According to H.S. Patnaik and others, Jagannath is a syncretic/synthetic deity that combined aspects of major faiths like [[Shaivism]], [[Shaktism]], [[Vaishnavism]], [[Jainism]], and [[Buddhism]].{{sfn|Patnaik|1994|loc=chapter 6. Sanatana Dharma: The Great Synthesis}}{{sfn|Miśra|2005|p=97|loc=chapter 9, Jagannāthism}}<ref name="Patnaik"/>{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=1–2}} [[Krishnaism|Krishnaite]] sampradayas, as example, Gaudiya Vaishnavas, have identified him strongly with Krishna.{{sfn|Hardy|1987|pp=387–392}}<ref name="Bryant 2007 142">{{cite book|last=Bryant|first=Edwin F|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195148916|page=142}}</ref> In Gaudiya Vaishnava tradition, Balabhadra is the elder brother [[Balaram]]a, Jagannath is the younger brother [[Krishna]], and Subhadra is the youngest sister.<ref name="Das 2010 89"/>

Balabhadra, considered the elder brother of Jagannath, is sometimes identified with and worshipped as [[Shiva]].<ref name="Bryant 2007 142"/> Subhadra now considered Jagannath's sister has also been considered as a deity who used to be [[Brahma]].<ref name="Bryant 2007 142"/><ref name="History of deities">{{cite web|title=History of deities|url=http://jagannath.nic.in/histdaities.asp|publisher=Jagannath temple, Puri administration|access-date=2 December 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402173714/http://jagannath.nic.in/histdaities.asp|archive-date=2 April 2013}}</ref> Finally the fourth deity, Sudarshana [[Chakra]] symbolizes the wheel of the sun's chariot, a syncretic absorption of the Saura ([[Surya]]-centric) tradition of Hinduism. The conglomerate of Jagannath, Balabhadra, Subhadra, and Sudarshana Chakra worshipped together on a common platform are called the Chaturdhamurti or the "four-fold form".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Behera|first=Prajna Paramita|title=The Pillars of Homage to Lord Jagannatha|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2004|pages =65|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/jun2004/englishpdf/pillar.pdf |access-date=2 December 2012}}</ref>

O.M. Starza states that the Jagannath Ratha Yatra may have evolved from the syncretism of procession rituals for Shiva lingas, Vaishnava pillars, and tribal folk festivities.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|pp=70, 97, 105}} The [[Shaivism|Shaiva]] element in the tradition of Jagannath overlap with the rites and doctrines of [[Tantrism]] and [[Shaktism]]. According to the Shaivas, Jagannath is Bhairava.<ref name="OR-CultOfJ">{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/44-47.pdf |title=The Cult of Jagannath |first=Rabindra Kumar |last=Behuria |publisher=Orissa Review |pages=42–43 |date=June 2012 | access-date=28 April 2013}}</ref> The [[Shiva Purana]] mentions Jagannatha as one of the [[108 names of Shiva]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Shiva Purana |title=Shiva Shahasranama |url=http://www.harekrsna.de/1000Shiva.htm |website=harekrsna.de |access-date=27 March 2019 |ref=(Book IV), Chapter 35, 1-133}}</ref> The Tantric literary texts identify Jagannath with Mahabhairava.<ref name="Das 2010 89">{{cite book|last=Das|first=Suryanarayan|title=Lord Jagannath|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&q=jagannath+as++jain&pg=PA82}}</ref> Another evidence that supports syncretism thesis is the fact that Jagannath sits on the abstract tantric symbols of the [[Shri Yantra]]. Further, his Shri Chakra ("holy wheel") is worshipped in the [[Bījamantra|bijamantra]] 'klim', which is also the bijamantra of Kali or Shakti. The representation of Balarama as [[Shesha]]naga or Sankarsana bears testimony to the influence of Shaivism on the cult of Jagannath. The third deity, Devi Subhadra, who represents the Sakti element is still worshipped with the Bhuvaneshvari Mantra.<ref name="OR-CultOfJ"/>

The Tantric texts claim Jagannath to their own, to be Bhairava, and his companion to be the same as [[Vimala Temple|goddess Vimala]] is the Shakti. The offerings of Jagannath becomes ''mahaprasad'' only after it is re-offered to goddess Vimala. Similarly, different Tantric features of yantras have been engraved on the Ratna vedi, where Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra are set up. The [[Kalika Purana]] depicts Jagannath as a Tantric deity.<ref name="OR-CultOfJ"/> According to Avinash Patra, the rituals and special place accepted for non-Brahmin ''Daitas'' priests in Jagannath tradition, who co-exist and work together with Brahmin priests suggests that there was a synthesis of tribal and Brahmanical traditions.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=17–18}}

According to the Jain version, the image of Jagannath (black colour) represents sunya, Subhadra symbolises creative energy and Balabhadra (white colour) represents the phenomenal universe. All these images have evolved from the Nila Madhava, the ancient Kalinga Jina. The "Sudarshana Chakra" is contended to be the Hindu name of the [[Dharma Chakra]] of Jaina symbol.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

In the words of the historian [[Jadunath Sarkar]]:<ref>{{cite book|last=Siṃhadeba|first=Jitāmitra Prasāda|title=Tāntric Art of Orissa|year=2001|publisher=Kalpaz Publications|location=Evolution of tantra in Orissa|isbn=978-81-7835-041-7|page=145|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2jr3_rSEysC&q=jagannath&pg=PA146}}</ref>
{{blockquote|The diverse religions of [[Odisha|Orissa]] in all ages have tended to gravitate towards and finally merged into the Jagannath worship, at least in theory.}}

===Transformation from unitary icon to triad===
[[File:Shri Jagannatha.jpg|alt=|left|thumb|Jagannath with Balabhadra and Subhadra]]
The [[Madala Panji]] observes that Nila Madhava transformed into Jagannath and was worshipped alone as a unitary figure, not as the part of a triad. It is significant to note that the early epigraphic and literary sources refer only to a unitary deity [[Purushottama]] Jagannath.<ref name="Tripathy 2012 30">{{cite journal|last=Tripathy|first=Manorama|title=A Reassessment of the origin of the Jagannath cult of Puri|journal=Orissa Review|date=June 2012|pages=30|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/31-39.pdf|access-date=4 December 2012}}</ref> The Sanskrit play "Anargharaghava" composed by Murari mentioned only Purushottama Jagannath and his consort [[Lakshmi]] with no references to Balabhadra and Subhadra.<ref name="Tripathy 2012 30"/> The Dasgoba copper plated inscription dating to 1198 also mentions only Purushottama Jagannath in the context that the Puri temple had been originally built by Ganga king [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] (1078–1147) for Vishnu and Lakshmi.<ref name="Tripathy 2012 30"/> These sources are silent on the existence of Balabhadra and Subhadra. Such state of affairs has led to arguments that Purushottama was the original deity and Balabhadra and Subhadra were subsequently drawn in as additions to a unitary figure and formed a triad.

[[File:Balarama, Subhadra and Jagannath in the temple at Puri, with Wellcome V0017732.jpg|thumb|right|Balarama, Subhadra and Jagannath in the temple at Puri, with many human and sacred figures, buildings and animals. Oil painting by a painter of Puri, Orissa, ca. 1880/1910.]]

During the rule of [[Anangabhima Deva III|Anangabhima III]] [1211–1239], Balabhadra and Subhadra find the earliest known mention in the Pataleshwara inscription of 1237 CE.<ref name="Tripathy 2012 30"/> According to the German Indologist Kulke, Anangibhima III was the originator of the triad of Jagannath, Balabhadra, and Subhadra suggesting that Balabhadra was added after Lakshmi's transformation into Subhadra.

==Theology==
The [[theology]] and rituals associated with the Jagannatha tradition combine Vedic, Puranic and tantric themes. He is the Vedic-Puranic [[Purushottama]] (lit.: the Upper Person),{{sfn|Rajaguru|1992}}{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=72–77|loc=Cult Purusottama at Puri}} as well as the Puranic [[Narayana]] and the tantric [[Bhairava]].{{sfn|Misra|2007}} According to the ''Vishnudharma Purana'' (ca. 4th century), Krishna is worshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra (Odisha).{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=76}} He is same as the metaphysical [[Para Brahman]], the form of Krishna that prevades as abstract ''kāla'' (time) in Vaishnava thought. He is abstraction which can be inferred and felt but not seen, just like time. Jagannath is ''chaitanya'' (consciousness), and his companion Subhadra represent [[Shakti]] (energy) while Balabhadra represents [[Jnana]] (knowledge).{{sfn|Misra|2007}} According to Salabega, the Jagannath tradition assimilates the theologies found in Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism, Buddhism, Yoga and Tantra traditions.{{sfn|Sālabega|1998|pp=13–14}}

The Jagannath theology overlaps with those of Krishna. For example, the 17th-century Odia classic ''Rasa kallola'' by Dina Krushna opens with a praise to Jagannath, then recites the story of Krishna with an embedded theology urging the pursuit of knowledge, love and devotion to realize the divine in everything.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=341}} The 13th-century ''Jagannatha vijaya'' in Kannada language by Rudrabhatta is a mixed prose and poetry style text which is predominantly about Krishna. It includes a canto that explains that "Hari (Vishnu), Hara (Shiva) and Brahma" are aspects of the same supreme soul. Its theology, like the Odia text, centers around supreme light being same as "love in the heart".{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=347}} The 15th-century Bhakti scholar [[Shankaradeva]] of [[Assam]] became a devotee of Jagannatha in 1481, and wrote love and compassion inspired plays about Jagannatha-Krishna that influenced the region and remain popular in Assam and Manipur.{{sfn|Dalal|2010|pp=373–374}}

The medieval era Odia scholars such as Ananta, Achyutananda and Chaitanya described the theology of Jagannath as the "personification of the Shunya, or the void", but not entirely in the form of Shunyata of Buddhism. They state Jagannath as "Shunya Brahma", or alternatively as "Nirguna Purusha" (or "abstract personified cosmos"). Vishnu avatars are descend from this Shunya Brahma into human form to keep dharma.{{sfn|Patnaik|2005|pp=111–119}}{{sfn|Dalal|2010|p=388}}

=== ''Jagannath Dev’s Name in Every Month'' ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sengupta |first=Minakshi |date=June 11, 2025 |title=Jagannath Dev's Name in Every Month: Divine Significance, Myths & Scriptural Truth |url=https://www.storywire.co.in/2025/06/jagannath-dev-names-in-every-month-with-meaning-myths-references-and-modern-significance.html |access-date=June 15, 2025 |website=Story Teller}}</ref>

''January (Magha) – Padma Nabha''

''February (Phalguna) – Purushottama''

''March (Chaitra) – Satya Narayana''

''April (Vaishakha) – Madhava''

''May (Jyestha) – Sri Hari''

''June (Ashadha) – Jagannatha''

''July (Shravana) – Vamandeva''

''August (Bhadrapada) – Sridhara''

''September (Ashwin) – Raghunatha''

''October (Kartika) – Damodara''

''November (Margashirsha) – Vasudeva''

''December (Pausha) – Ananta Narayana''

==In Hindu texts and traditions==
===Vaishnavite version===
The Skanda Purana and [[Brahma Purana]] have attributed the creation of the Jagannathpuri during the reign of [[Indradyumna]], a pious king and an ascetic who ruled from [[Ujjain]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023|title=পুরীধাম ও জগন্নাথদেবের ব্রহ্মরূপ বৃত্তান্ত|page=4|language=bn|date=28 June 2023|access-date=28 June 2023|website=dainikstatesmannews.com|publisher=[[Dainik Statesman]] (The Statesman Group)|location=Kolkata|first=Yogabrata|last=Chakraborty|trans-title=Puridham and the tale of lord Jagannath's legendary 'Bramharup'|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230628053933/https://epaper.thestatesman.com/m5/3725372/Dainik-Statesman/28TH-JUNE-2023#page/1/1|archive-date=28 June 2023|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> According to the second legend, associated with the [[Vaishnava]]s, when Krishna ended the purpose of his Avatar with the illusionary death by Jara and his "mortal" remains were left to decay, some pious people saw the body, collected the bones and preserved them in a box. They remained in the box till it was brought to the attention of Indradyumna by Lord Vishnu himself who directed him to create the image or a murti of Jagannath from a log and consecrate the bones of Krishna in its belly. Then King Indradyumna appointed [[Vishwakarma]], the architect of gods and a divine carpenter, to carve the murti of the deity from a log that would eventually wash up on the shore at Puri. Indradyumna commissioned Vishwakarma, who is also said to be the divine god himself in disguise. Vishwakarma accepted the commission on the condition that he could complete the work undisturbed and in private.<ref name="Deshpande2005">{{cite book | last = Deshpande| first = Aruna | title = India: A Divine Destination| publisher = Crest Publishing House | year = 2005  | isbn = 978-81-242-0556-3 |page=203}}</ref>

Everyone was anxious about the divine work, including King Indradyumna. After a fortnight of waiting, the king, anxious to see the deity, could not control his eagerness and visited the site where Vishwakarma was working. Soon enough, Vishwakarma became very upset and left the carving of the idol unfinished; the images were without hands and feet. The king was very perturbed by this development and appealed to Brahma for help. Brahma promised the King that the images which were carved would be deified as carved and would become famous. Following this promise, Indradyumna organized a function to formally deify the images and invited all gods to be present for the occasion. Brahma presided over the religions function as the chief priest and brought life (soul) to the image and fixed (opened) its eyes. This resulted in the images becoming famous and worshipped at Jagannath Puri in the well-known Jagannath Temple as a Kshetra (pilgrimage centre). It is, however, believed that the original images are in a pond near the temple.<ref name="Deshpande2005"/>

===Ramayana and Mahabharata===
According to Prabhat Nanda, the [[Valmiki]] ''[[Ramayana]]'' mentions Jagannath.<ref name="Nanda 2007 110–111">{{cite book|last=Nanda|first=Prabhat Kumar|title=Shree Jagannath and Shree Ram |date=June–July 2007|pages=110–111|publisher=Sanbun Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&pg=PA26 |access-date=28 November 2012|isbn=9789380213224}}</ref> Some believe that the mythical place where King [[Janaka|Janak]] performed a [[yajna]] and tilled land to obtain [[Sita]] is the same as the area in which the Gundicha temple is situated in Puri, according to Suryanarayan Das.<ref name="Das 2010 13">{{cite book|last=Das|first= Suryanarayan|title= Lord Jagannath|year= 2010|publisher= Sanbun|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|page =13|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&pg=PA26 }}</ref> The [[Mahabharata]], states Das, describes King [[Indradyumna]]'s Ashvamedh Yajna and the advent of the four deities of the Jagannath cult.<ref name="Das 2010 13"/>

===Sarala Dasa Mahabharata version===
Sarala Dasa, the great Odia poet of the 15th century while praising Jagannath as the saviour of mankind considered him both as a form of Buddha as well as a manifestation of Krishna.<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Suryanarayan|title=Lord Jagannath|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|page=26|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&q=jagannath+sarala+das&pg=PA26}}</ref>

===Kanchi conquest===
One of the most popular legends associated with Jagannath is that of ''Kanchi Avijana'' (or "Conquest of [[Kanchipuram|Kanchi]]"), also termed as "Kanchi-Kaveri". According to the legends,<ref>{{cite book|last=Das|first=Suryanarayan|title=Lord Jagannath|year=2010|publisher=Sanbun|isbn=978-93-80213-22-4|pages=163–165|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gFn8wSDfSxEC&q=jagannath+sarala+das&pg=PA26}}</ref> the daughter of the King of Kanchi was betrothed to the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati]] of Puri. When the Kanchi King witnessed the Gajapati King sweeping the area in front of where the chariots of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra were kept during Ratha yatra, he was aghast. Considering the act of sweeping unworthy of a King, the King of Kanchi declined the marriage proposal, refusing to marry his daughter to a 'Sweeper'. Gajapati Purushottam Deva, felt deeply insulted at this and attacked the Kingdom of Kanchin to avenge his honour. His attack was unsuccessful and his army defeated by the Kanchi Army.

Upon defeat, the Gajapati King Purushottam Deva returned and prayed to Jagannath, the God of land of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] before planning a second campaign to Kanchi. Moved by his prayers, Jagannath and Balabhadra, left their temple in Puri and started an expedition to Kanchi on horseback. It is said that Jagannath rode on a white horse and Balabhadra on a black horse. The legend has such a powerful impact on the [[Oriya culture]] that the simple mention of white horse-black horse evokes the imagery of Kanchi conquest of the God in devotees minds.

[[File:Ashwadwara (Horse Gate) of Jagannath temple, Puri.JPG|thumb|The Ashwadwara at [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Puri]] with the statue of Jagannath on a white horse and Balabhadra on a black horse]]
On the road, Jagannath and Balabhadra grew thirsty and met a milkmaid Manika, who gave them butter-milk/yogurt Instead of paying her dues, Balabhadra gave her a ring telling her to claim her dues from King Purushottam. Later, King Purushottam himself passed by with his army. At Adipur near [[Chilika]] lake, Manika stopped the king for the unpaid cost of yogurt consumed by His army's two leading soldiers riding on black and white horses. She produced the gold ring as evidence. King Purusottam Deva identified the ring as that of Jagannath. Considering this a sign of divine support for his campaign, the king enthusiastically led the expedition.

In the war between the army of Kalinga inspired by the Divine support of Jagannath and of the army of Kanchi, Purushottam Deva led his army to victory. King Purusottam brought back the Princess Padmavati of Kanchi to Puri. To avenge his humiliation, he ordered his minister to get the princess married to a sweeper.<ref>{{cite book|title=Purushottam Dev and Padmavati|publisher=Amar Chitra Katha|url=http://www.amarchitrakatha.com/epics-and-mythology/purushottam-dev-and-padmavati-768|access-date=17 February 2022|archive-date=4 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504164303/http://www.amarchitrakatha.com/epics-and-mythology/purushottam-dev-and-padmavati-768|url-status=dead}}</ref> The minister waited for the annual Ratha Yatra when the King ceremonially sweeps Jagannath's chariot. He offered the princess in marriage to King Purusottam, calling the King a Royal sweeper of God. The King then married the Princess. The Gajapati King also brought back images of [[Uchchhishta Ganapati|Uchchhishta Ganesh]] (Bhanda Ganesh or Kamada Ganesh) and enshrined them in the Kanchi Ganesh shrine at the Jagannath Temple in Puri.

This myth has been recounted by Mohanty.{{Sfn|Mohanty|Buhler|1980|p=7}} J.P. Das{{Sfn|Das|1982|p=120}} notes that this story is mentioned in a Madala panji chronicle of the Jagannath Temple of Puri, in relation to Gajapati Purushottama. At any rate, the story was popular soon after Purushottama's reign, as a text of the first half of the 16th century mentions a Kanchi Avijana scene in the Jagannath temple. There is currently a prominent relief in the ''[[jaga mohan]]'' (prayer hall) of the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Jagannath temple]] of Puri that depicts this scene.

In modern culture, Kanchi Vijaya is a major motif in [[Odissi dance]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Guruji's Compositions:Dance and Drama|url=http://www.srjan.com/dancedrama.aspx|work=of Kelucharan Mohapatra|publisher=Srjan|access-date=30 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029132340/http://www.srjan.com/dancedrama.aspx|archive-date=29 October 2012}}</ref>

In [[Odia literature]], the Kanchi conquest (Kanchi Kaveri) has significant bearing, in medieval literature romanticized as the epic '''Kanchi Kaveri''' by [[Purushottama Dasa]] in the 17th century and a work by the same name by Maguni Dasa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Mukherjee|first=Sujit|title=Dictionary of Indian Literature One: Beginnings - 1850|year=1999|publisher=Orient Longman|isbn=978-81-250-1453-9|page=163|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YCJrUfVtZxoC&q=kanchi+kaveri&pg=PA163}}</ref> The first [[Odia language|Odia]] drama written by [[Ramashankar Ray]], the father of [[Odia language|Odia]] drama in 1880 is ''Kanchi Kaveri''.<ref>{{cite book|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti|year=1988|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-1194-0|page=1091|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=kanchi+kaveri&pg=PA1091}}</ref>

The Kanchi Kingdom has been identified as the historical [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagar Kingdom]]. As per historical records, Gajapati Purushottam Deva's expedition towards [[Virupaksha Raya II]]'s [[Vijayanagara Empire|Kanchi (Vijayanagar) Kingdom]] started during 1476 with Govinda Bhanjha as commander-in-chief. According to J. P. Das, the historicity of Kanchi conquest event is not certain.{{Sfn|Das|1982|p=120-121}}{{verify source|date=June 2017}}

===Early Vaishnava traditions===
Vaishnavism is considered a more recent tradition in [[Odisha]], being historically traceable to the [[Early Middle Ages]].{{sfn|Eschmann|Kulke|Tripathi|1978}}{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981}}<ref name="Panigrahi 1995 320">{{cite book|last=Panigrahi|first=K.C.|title=History of Orissa|year=1995|publisher=Kitab Mahal|page=320}}</ref> Already, according to the ''Vishnudharma Purana'' (ca. 4th century), Krishna is woshipped in the form of Purushottama in Odra (Odisha).{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=76}}

[[Ramanuja]], the great Vaishnav reformer, visited Puri between 1107 and 1111 converting the King Ananatavarman Chodaganga from Shaivism to Vaishnavism.<ref name="Mittal Publications">{{cite book|first=K.K. |last=Kusuman|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|year=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=166|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&q=guru+nanak+jagannath+puri&pg=PA167|isbn=9788170992141}}</ref> At Puri he founded the Ramanuja Math for propagating Vaishnavism in Odisha. The [[Alarnatha Mandira|Alarnatha Temple]] stands testimony to his stay in Odisha. Since the 12th century, under the influence of Ramanuja, Jagannath culture was increasingly identified with Vaishnavism.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}}

Under the rule of the Eastern Gangas, Vaishnavism became the predominant faith in Odisha.{{sfn|Ray|2007|p=149}} Odia Vaishnavism gradually centred on Jagannath as the principal deity. Sectarian differences were eliminated by assimilating deities of Shaivism, Shaktism, and Buddhism in the Jagannath Pantheon.<ref name="Panigrahi 1995 320"/> The Ganga Kings respected all the ten avatars of Vishnu, considering Jagannath as the cause of all the avatars.

The Vaishnava saint [[Nimbarkacharya]] visited Puri, establishing the Radhavallav Matha in 1268.<ref name="Mittal Publications"/> The famous poet [[Jayadeva]] was a follower of Nimbaraka, with a focus on Radha and Krishna. Jayadev's composition ''[[Gita Govinda]]'' put a new emphasis on the concept of [[Radha]] and Krishna in East Indian Vaishnavism. And the [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]] became a place where for the first time the famous Krishnaite poem ''Gita Govinda'' was introduced into the liturgy.<ref name="Sahoo1988">{{cite encyclopedia |surname=Sahoo |given=K.C. |title=Gitagovinda (Influence: Oriya) |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Devraj to Jyoti |editor=Amaresh Datta |year=1988 |volume=2 |place=New Delhi |publisher=[[Sahitya Akademi]] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=PA1419 |pages=1419–1421 |isbn=81-260-1194-7}}</ref> This idea soon became popular. Sarala Dasa in his adaptation of the Mahabharat thought of Jagannath as the universal being equating him with [[Gautama Buddha in Hinduism|Buddha]] and Krishna. He considered Buddha-Jagannath as one of the avatars of Krishna.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=155–156}} Sometimes Jagannath is venerated as [[Vamana]], the avatar of Vishnu.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=73, 76}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/Orissareview/june2006/engpdf/51-53.pdf |title=Jagannath—The Epitome of Supreme Lord Vishnu |author=Jayanti Rath}}</ref>

In the 16th century, the worship of [[Gopal (Krishna)]], associated with Jagannath, had already flourished in Odisha. Thus the raja Languliya Narasimha Deva installed the image called ''[[Gopinath (god)|Gopinath]]'' with eight figures of [[gopi]]. During [[Ratha Yatra (Puri)|Hera-Panchami]] festival, Jagannath is regarded as Krishna.{{sfn|Mukherjee|1981|pp=66–67}}{{sfn|Rajaguru|1992|loc=vol 2, part 2.18. The Cult of Gopal Krsna or gopinatha}}

===Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and Gaudiya Vaishnavism===

[[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] is a [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] religious movement founded by [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] in the 16th century. "Gaudiya" refers to the ''[[Gauda region]]'' (present day [[Bengal]]/[[Bangladesh]]) with Vaishnavism meaning "the worship of the monotheistic Deity or Supreme Personality of Godhead, often addressed as [[Krishna]], [[Narayana]] or [[Vishnu]]".{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The focus of Gaudiya Vaishnavism is the devotional worship (''[[bhakti]]'') of Krishna, as ''[[Svayam Bhagavan]]'' or the Original Supreme Personality of Godhead.<ref>"All of the above-mentioned incarnations are either plenary portions or portions of the plenary portions of the Lord, but Lord Shri Krishna is the original Personality of Godhead." Bhagavat Purana 1:3:28</ref>

Jagannath is widely revered in [[Bengal]]. The event of the Ratha Yatra is celebrated in [[West Bengal]], and the day also marks the beginning of preparations for Bengal's biggest religious festival, the [[Durga Puja]]. The popularity of Jagannath among Bengalis is attributed to [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. Chaitanya Mahaprabhu emphasised bhakti and encouraged the identification of Jagannath with Krishna.<ref name="Bryant 2007 142" /> He spent the last 20 years of his life in Puri dedicating it to the ecstatic worship of Jagannath, whom he considered a form of Krishna.<ref name="Kulke 2004 150">{{cite book|last=Kulke|first=Herman|title=A History of India, 4th edition|year=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-32920-0|page=150|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V73N8js5ZgAC&pg=PA150}}</ref> Mahaprabhu propagated the [[Sankirtan]] movement which laid great emphasis on chanting God's name in Puri. He converted noted scholars like Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya to his philosophy. He left a great influence on the then king of [[Odisha]], Prataprudra Deva, and the people of Odisha.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bryant|first=Edwin Francis|title=The Hare Krishna Movement: The Postcharismatic Fate of a Religious Transplant|year=2004|publisher=Columbia University Press|pages=68–71|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mBMxPdgrBhoC&q=chaitanya+mahaprabhu&pg=PA65|isbn=9780231508438}}</ref> According to tradition, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu is said to have merged with the idol of Jagannath in Puri after his death.<ref name="Kulke 2004 150" />

===The ISKCON movement===
[[File:Bhaktivedanta Swami with Jagannath in Golden Gate Park, February 1967.jpg|thumb|Shrila Prabhupada in Golden Gate Park with Jagannath deity to his right, February, 1967]]
[[A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada]], the founder of ISKCON, selected Jagannath as one of the forms of Krishna to install in ISKCON temples around the world.<ref>{{cite book|last=Waghorne|first=J.P.|title=Diaspora of the Gods:Modern Hindu Temples in an Urban Middle-Class World|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=32|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QBLFbfUrsDIC&q=jagannath++iskcon&pg=PA32|isbn=9780198035572}}</ref> ISKCON has promoted Jagannath throughout the world. Annual Ratha Yatra festival is now celebrated by ISKCON in many cities in the West where they are popular attractions.<ref name="Melton 2007">{{cite book|last=Melton|first=Gordon|title=The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena|year=2007|publisher=Visible Ink Press|location=Jagannath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SOldV3dVOoUC&q=jagannath++iskcon&pg=PT374|isbn=9781578592593}}</ref> ISKCON devotees worship Jagannath and take part in the Ratha Yatra in memory of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu spending 18 years in Puri worshipping Jagannath and taking an active part in the Ratha Yatra.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bromley|first=David|title=Krishna Consciousness in West|year=1989|publisher=Bucknell University Press|page=161|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F-EuD3M2QYoC&q=jagannath+iskcon&pg=PA161|isbn=9780838751442}}</ref>

===Jagannath in Shaktism===

Jagannath is considered the combination of 5 Gods Vishnu, Shiva, [[Surya]], Ganesh and [[Durga]] by Shaktas. When Jagannath has his divine slumber (Sayana Yatra) he is believed to assume the aspect of Durga. According to the "Niladri Mahodaya"<ref name="Simhadeba 2001 133">{{cite book|last=Simhadeba|first=J.P.|title=Tantric Art of Orissa|year=2001|publisher=Gyan Books|page=133|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k2jr3_rSEysC&q=vimala+jagannath&pg=PA133|isbn=9788178350417}}</ref> Idol of Jagannath is placed on the Chakra [[Yantra]], the idol of Balabhadra on the Shankha Yantra and the idol of Subhadra on the Padma Yantra.

==Jagannath and other religions==

===Jagannath and Buddhism===
Among the believers of Jagannath, Jagannath is sometimes represented as the ninth avatar of Vishnu substituting Buddha.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Klaproth |first1=Julius Von |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n9lAvQEACAAJ |title=The Pilgrimage of Fa Hian |last2=Rémusat |first2=Abel |date=11 October 2018 |publisher=Creative Media Partners, LLC |isbn=978-0342257140 |location=Sheridan, Wyoming |pages=261 |section=CHAPTER XXVII - Note(3) |orig-year=1848 |section-url=https://archive.org/details/pilgrimageoffahi00faxi/page/258/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukherjee |first=Prabhat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K7DvAAAACAAJ |title=The History of Medieval Vaishnavism in Orissa |date=August 1986 |publisher=Manohar Publications |isbn=9780836417548 |section=Chaitanya - As the Incarnation of Buddha-Jagannath |orig-year=1940 |section-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.282185/page/n165/mode/2up?view=theater}}</ref>{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=55}} Buddha is called Jagannath in Nepalese Buddhism.<ref>{{Citation |last=Barik |first=Pabitra Mohan |title=Jainism and Buddhism in Jagannath Culture |date=July 2005 |page=2 |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/orissareview/jul2005/engpdf/jainism_budhism_in_joga-culture.pdf |location=Bhubaneshwar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kar |first=Karunakar |url=http://oaob.nitrkl.ac.in/56/ |title=ଆଶ୍ଚର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଚର୍ଜାଚୟ |publisher=ଓଡିଶା ସାହିତ୍ୟ ଏକାଡେମୀ |year=1969 |location=Bhubaneshwar}}</ref>

Odia poet [[Sarala Dasa]] of 15th century in his Mahabharata, describes Lord Jagannatha as a form of Buddha:{{Blockquote
|text=He remains in the throne inside the temple, holding the Conch and Discus in the form of Buddha.{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ଦେଉଳ ଭିତରେ ସିଂହ୍ରାସନେ ବିଜେ ହୋଇ ବଉଦ୍ଧ ରୁପରେ ପ୍ରଭୁ ଶଙ୍ଗଚକ୍ର ବହି |</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=Salute thee Sri Jagannath the revered One whose domain is the Blue Hills, he sits pretty as Sri Buddha there in the Blue Cavern.{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ବନ୍ଦଇ ଶ୍ରୀ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ବଇକୁଣ୍ଠବାସୀ ବୌଦ୍ଧରୁପେ ନୀଲଗିରି ଶିଖେ ଅଛ ବସି |</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=There comes Sri Jagannath as Buddha to liberate the Mankind...{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>ସଂସାରଜନ୍ମକୁ ତରିବା ନିମନ୍ତେ ବୁଦ୍ଧରୂପରେ ବିଜେ ଅଛେ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥେ |</nowiki>}}

|author=Sarala Dasa<ref name="Das 2015 91">{{Cite book |last=Das |first=Suryanarayan |title=ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ମନ୍ଦିର ଓ ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ତତ୍ତ୍ୱ |section=ସପ୍ତମ ରରିଛେଦ: ଜଗନ୍ନାଥ ଓ ବୁଦ୍ଧ |section-url=https://archive.org/details/jagannatha-mandir-o-jagannath-tattwa-1966/page/n101/mode/2up |publisher=ଫ୍ରେଣ୍ଡସ ପବ୍ଲିଶର୍ସ|year=2015 |orig-year=1966 |location=Cuttack |asin=B08SBVZDYK |asin-tld=in |page=91 }}</ref>{{sfn|Das|2008}}{{page needed|date=July 2025}}{{refn|group=note|At another part in Adi Parva he also says: Glory be to Rama Krsna Brahmaa as Subhadra and to the great soul Buddha ...
Satyabrata Das believes this to be the wonderful integration of all faiths.{{sfn|Das|2008|p=2}}}}}}


In a [[Kabirpanth]] scripture Laxmanbodh in Kabir Sagar by [[Dharamdas#Spiritual journey|Dharamdas]], disciple of [[Kabir]], Jagannath is identified as a form of Buddha.<ref name=B00KTG6DLK />

{{Blockquote
|text=[[Kali Yuga]] has come. I am established as Buddha. Jagannath is my name. I am established with this method.{{sfn|युगलानन्द|2013|loc= [https://archive.org/details/giTY_kabir-sagar-complete-11-volumes-khemraj/page/n721/mode/2up?view=theater लक्ष्मणबोध - श्रीकृष्ण वचन]}}{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>अब कलिथुग बेठेगा सोई । बौद्ध थापना हमरो होई ॥
जगन्नाथ मम नाम है सोई । हमरी थापना यहि विधि होई॥</nowiki>}}}}
{{Blockquote
|text=In the form of Ram he killed Ravana. In the form of Krishna he defeated Kansha. Jagannath came in the form of Buddha. And so he has lots of divine play.{{sfn|युगलानन्द|2013|loc= [https://archive.org/details/giTY_kabir-sagar-complete-11-volumes-khemraj/page/n1089/mode/2up?view=theater श्रीअमरमूल - सद्गुरु वचन]}}{{refn|group=note|Original: <nowiki>राम रूप होय रावन मारा । कृष्ण रूप होयकंस पछारा ॥
बौध रूप जगन्नाथ ओतारा । लीला बहुत भांति सम्हारा ॥</nowiki>}}}}

===Jagannath and Islam===
During the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and [[Mughal Empire]] era, Jagannath temples were one of the targets of the Muslim armies. Firuz Tughlaq, for example raided Odisha and desecrated the Jagannath temple according to his court historians.<ref>{{cite book|author=Satish Chandra|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206-1526)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA216|year=2004|publisher=Mushilal Manoharlal|isbn=978-81-241-1064-5|pages=216–217}}</ref> Odisha was one of the last eastern regions to fall into the control of Sultanates and Mughal invasion, and they were among the earliest to declare independence and break away. According to Starza, the Jagannath images were the targets of the invaders, and a key religious symbol that the rulers would protect and hide away in forests from the aggressors.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=146–147}} However, the Muslims were not always destructive. For example, during the rule of [[Akbar]], the Jagannath tradition flourished.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=146–147}} However, states Starza, "Muslim attacks on the Puri temple became serious after the death of Akbar, continued intermittently throughout the reign of Jahangir".{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=146–147}}

The local Hindu rulers evacuated and hid the images of Jagannath and other deities many times between 1509 and 1734 CE, to "protect them from Muslim zeal" for destruction. During Aurangzeb's time, an image was seized, shown to the emperor and then destroyed in Bijapur, but it is unclear if that image was of Jagannath.{{sfn|Starza|1993|pp=146–147}} Muslim rulers did not destroy the Jagannath temple complex because it was a source of substantial treasury revenue through the collection of pilgrim tax collected from Hindus visiting it on their pilgrimage.<ref name="cassels17">{{cite book|author=Nancy Gardner Cassels|title=Religion and Pilgrim Tax Under the Company Raj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f57wAAAAMAAJ |year=1988|publisher=Riverdale|isbn=978-0-913215-26-5|pages=17–22}}</ref>

===Jagannath and Sikhism===
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| footer = The Sikh emperor [[Ranjit Singh]], claimed by some to have revered Jagannath. He allegedly bequeathed the Koh-i-noor diamond (left) to the Jagannath temple in Puri.<ref>{{cite book|author=Isabel Burton|title=Arabia, Egypt, India: A Narrative of Travel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=egyyNGelXQcC |year= 2012|publisher= Cambridge University Press|isbn= 978-1-108-04642-8|page=168}}</ref>
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In 1506<ref name="orgov">{{Cite web| title=The Jagannath Temple and the Sikh Arti | author=Anil Dhir | url=http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2012/Feb-March/engpdf/1-6.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924062002/http://www.orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissareview/2012/Feb-March/engpdf/1-6.pdf | archive-date=2015-09-24}}</ref> or 1508<ref name="barusahib">{{Cite web|url=http://www.barusahib.org/Assets/Publications/Natures_Own_Arti.pdf |title = Home|date = 13 November 2013}}</ref><ref name="sikh-heritage">http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/Scriptures/Guru%20Granth/Guru%20Granth.htm  {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref> [[Guru Nanak]], the founder of [[Sikhism]], made a pilgrimage to Puri to visit to Jagannath<ref name="books.google.co.in">{{cite book|author=K.K. Kusuman|title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume|year=1990|publisher=Mittal Publications|page=167|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA167 |isbn=9788170992141}}</ref> during his journey (called "udaasi") to east India.<ref name="orgov"/><ref name="barusahib"/> The [[Sikh]] [[Aarti]] [[Gagan mein thaal|Gagan mai thaal]] was recited by him<ref>[http://www.livehindustan.com/news/tayaarinews/tayaarinews/article1-story-67-67-199585.html गुरु नानक देव और उनके द्वारा प्रवर्तित मार्ग] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503184921/http://www.livehindustan.com/news/tayaarinews/tayaarinews/article1-story-67-67-199585.html |date=3 May 2014 }}. ''www.livehindusthan.com'' {{in lang|hi}}.</ref> at the revered [[Jagannath Temple, Puri]]. This arti is sung (not performed with platter and lamps etc.) daily after recitation of [[Rehraas Sahib]] & [[Ardās]] at the [[Harmandir Sahib]], [[Amritsar]] and at most Gurudwara sahibs.

Later Sikh gurus like [[Guru Teg Bahadur]] also visited Jagannath Puri.<ref>{{cite book|last=S.S. Johar|first=University of Wisconsin--Madison Center for South Asian Studies|title=Guru Tegh Bahadur|year=1975|publisher=Abhinav Publications|page=149|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dFomYOVXsAkC&pg=PA149|isbn=9788170170303}}</ref> It is said that Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] the famous 19th-century Sikh ruler of Punjab held great respect in Jagannath, and allegedly willed his most prized possession, the [[Koh-i-Noor]] diamond, to Jagannath in [[Puri]], while on his deathbed in 1839.<ref name="ReferenceA">''The Real Ranjit Singh''; by Fakir Syed Waheeduddin, published by Punjabi University, {{ISBN|81-7380-778-7}}, 1 Jan 2001, 2nd ed.</ref>

=== Jagannath and Christianity ===
[[File:Claudius Buchanan00.jpg|thumb|Claudius Buchanan's writings on "Juggernaut" were the first introduction of Indian religions to the American audience, and one that originated and constructed intercultural misunderstanding.<ref name="altman30"/><ref name=gribbin297/>]]
For Christian missionaries who arrived through the ports of eastern states of India such as [[Calcutta]] in the 18th- and 19th-centuries, Jagannath was the "core of idolatry" and the target of "an all-out attack".{{sfn|Kulke|Schnepel|2001|pp=159–160}} Jagannath, called ''Juggernaut'' by the Christian missionary [[Claudius Buchanan]], was through Buchanan's letters the initial introduction in America of Hinduism, which he spelled as "Hindoo". According to Michael J. Altman, a professor of Religious Studies, Buchanan presented Hinduism to the American audience, through ''Juggernaut'', as a "bloody, violent, superstitious and backward religious system" that needs to be eliminated and substituted with the Christian gospel.<ref name="altman30"/> He described ''Juggernaut'' with Biblical terminology for his audience, called him the [[Moloch]], and his shrine as [[Golgatha]] – the place where Jesus Christ was crucified, but with the difference that the "Juggernaut tradition" was of endless meaningless bloodshed, fabricating allegations that children were sacrificed in the "valley of idolatrous blood shed to false gods".<ref name="altman30"/> In his letters, states Altman, Buchanan "constructed an image of Juggernaut as the diametric opposite of Christianity".<ref name="altman30">{{cite book|author=Michael J. Altman|title=Heathen, Hindoo, Hindu: American Representations of India, 1721-1893|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UhonDwAAQBAJ |year=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-065492-4|pages=30–33}}</ref>

These views are picked up in [[Letitia Elizabeth Landon]]'s posthumous poetical illustration to The Temple of Juggernaut,<ref>{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=5lQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA20-IA6|section=poetical illustration|page=22|year=1839|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}{{cite book|last =Landon|first=Letitia Elizabeth|title=Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840|url=https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=5lQFAAAAQAAJ&pg=GBS.PA20-IA8|section=picture|year=1839|publisher=Fisher, Son & Co.}}</ref> a picture by [[Alfred Gomersal Vickers]]. However, she counters them not so much with hostility, as with the Christian doctrine of 'Faith, Hope, and Love'.
{{wikisource|Letitia Elizabeth Landon (L. E. L.) in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1840/The Temple of Juggernaut|The Temple of Juggernaut, picture by A. G. Vickers, poetical illustration by L. E. L.}}

In his book ''Christian Researches in Asia'', published in 1811,<ref>{{cite book|last=Buchanan|first=Claudius|title=Researches in Asia with Notices of the Translation of the Scriptures into the Oriental Languages|date=1811}}</ref> Buchanan built on this theme and added licentiousness to it. He called hymns in language he did not know nor could read as "obscene stanzas", art works on temple walls as "indecent emblems", and described "Juggernaut" and Hinduism to his American readers as the religion of disgusting Moloch and false gods. Buchanan writings formed the "first images of Indian religions" to the American evangelical audience in early 19th-century, was promoted by American magazines such as [[The Panoplist]] and his book on "Juggernaut" attracted enough reader demand that it was republished in numerous editions.<ref name="altman30"/> Buchanan's writings on "Juggernaut" influenced the American imagination of Indian religions for another 50 years, formed the initial impressions and served as a template for reports by other missionaries who followed Buchanan in India for most of the 19th century.<ref name="altman30"/> According to William Gribbin and other scholars, Buchanan's Juggernaut metaphor is a troublesome example of intercultural misunderstanding and constructed identity.<ref name=gribbin297>{{cite journal | last=Gribbin | first=William | title=The juggernaut metaphor in American rhetoric | journal=Quarterly Journal of Speech | volume=59 | issue=3 | year=1973 | doi=10.1080/00335637309383178 | pages=297–303}}</ref><ref>S. Behera (2007), ''Essentialising the Jagannath cult: a discourse on self and other'', Journal of Comparative Literature and Aesthetics, Volume 30, Number 1-2, pages 51-53</ref><ref>Nancy Gardner Cassels (1972), The Compact and the Pilgrim Tax: The Genesis of East India Company Social Policy, Canadian Journal of History, Volume 7, Number 1, pages 45-48</ref> Ujaan Ghosh, however, argues that these misrepresentations of "Juggernaut" and the deity's demonization were not homogeneous throughout the nineteenth century. Gradually global perception of the deity were more humanized. Several European authors, such as [[William Wilson Hunter|W.W. Hunter]] and [[James Fergusson (architect)|James Fergusson]] went to great lengths to revise Buchanan's perception and presented a more humane version of Jagannatha to British and American audience.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Ujaan |date=August 2018 |title=Chariots of the Gods: The Many Histories of Jagannath, "Juggernaut," and the Rathayatra in the Nineteenth Century |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/697934 |journal=History of Religions |language=en |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=64–88 |doi=10.1086/697934 |issn=0018-2710|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Due to persistent attacks from non-Indic religions, even to this day, devotees of only [[Dharmic religions]] are allowed entry in the [[Jagannatha Puri|Jagannath puri temple]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/sc-urges-jagannath-temple-to-allow-entry-of-non-hindus/articleshow/64877985.cms|title=SC urges Jagannath temple to allow entry of non-Hindus|newspaper=The Economic Times|last1=Rautray|first1=Samanwaya}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Wayback Machine |url=https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/110-115.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004230424/https://magazines.odisha.gov.in/Orissareview/2012/June/engpdf/110-115.pdf |archive-date=2024-10-04 |access-date=2025-10-09 |website=magazines.odisha.gov.in}}</ref>

==Influence==
[[File:1 icon Hare Krishna Jagannath Krsna abstract symbol.jpg|thumb|The Jagannath symbol is a part of the Krishna iconography in [[ISKCON]] events around the world.]]
[[File:Jaggerynauth, Kalighat Painting.jpg|thumb|Jagannath, Subhadra and Balabhadra in Kalighat Painting]]
The English traveller William Burton visited the Jagannath temple. According to Avinash Patra, Burton made absurd observations in 1633 that are inconsistent with all historical and contemporary records, such as the image of Jagannatha being "a serpent, with seven heads".{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–9}} Burton described it as "the mirror of all wickedness and idolatry" to the Europeans, an introduction of Hinduism as "monstrous paganism" to early travellers to the Indian subcontinent. [[Jean-Baptiste Tavernier]] never saw the Puri temple icon and its decorations, but described the jewelry worn by the idol from hearsay accounts.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–9}} [[François Bernier]] mentioned the Puri chariot festival, in his 1667 memoir, but did not describe the icon of Jagannath raising the question whether he was able to see it.{{sfn|Patra|2011|pp=5–9}}

According to Kanungo, states Goldie Osuri, the Jagannath tradition has been a means of legitimizing royalty.<ref name="Osuri2013p55"/> Codaganga, a benevolent ruler of the Kalinga region (now [[Odisha]] and nearby regions), built the extant Puri temple. Kanungo states that this endeavor was an attempt by him to establish his agency, and he extrapolates this practice into late medieval and modern era developments.<ref name="Osuri2013p55"/> According to him, Muslim rulers attempted to control it for the same motivation, thereafter the Marathas, then East India Company and then the British crown over the colonial era sought to legitimize its influence and hegemonic control in the region by appropriating control over the Jagannath temple and affiliating themselves with the deities.<ref name="Osuri2013p55">{{cite book|author=Goldie Osuri|title=Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lz0Mg3xx9sC&pg=PA55|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66557-5|pages=55–56}}</ref>

Jagannath became an influential figure and icon for power and politics during the 19th-century colonialism and Christian missionary activity, states Osuri.<ref name="Osuri2013p55"/> The British government initially took over the control and management of major Jagannath temples, to collect fees and Pilgrim Tax from Hindu who arrived from all over the Indian subcontinent to visit.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Ingham | first=Kenneth | title=The English Evangelicals and the Pilgrim Tax in India, 1800–1862 | journal=The Journal of Ecclesiastical History | volume=3 | issue=2 | year=1952 | doi=10.1017/s0022046900028426 | pages=191–200| s2cid=163518878 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|Claudius Buchanan mentions the Pilgrim Tax was collected from Hindus after they had walked very long distances, for many weeks, to visit the Puri temple. Anyone refusing to pay would be denied entry to the city.<ref>{{cite book|author=Claudius Buchanan|title=Christian Researches in Asia, Ninth edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EVfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1|year=1812|publisher=T. Cadell & W. Davies|pages=20–21}}</ref>}}{{refn|group=note|The pilgrim tax was not a British invention, and was a religious tax on Hindus introduced by the Muslim rulers during the Mughal era.<ref name="cassels17"/>}} In contrast, Christian missionaries strongly opposed the British government association with Jagannath temple because its connected the government with [[idolatry]], or the "worship of false god". Between 1856 and 1863, the British government accepted the missionary demand and handed over the Jagannath temples to the Hindus.<ref name="Osuri2013p55"/><ref>{{cite book|author=James Peggs|title=Pilgrim Tax in India: The Great Temple in Orissa, Second edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ASFYAAAAcAAJ|year=1830|publisher=London: Seely, Fleet-Street}}</ref> According to Cassels and Mukherjee, the British rule documents suggest that the handing over was more motivated by the growing Hindu agitation against the Pilgrim Tax that they considered as discriminatory targeting based on religion, and rising corruption among the British officials and their Indian assistants, in the handling of collected tax.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Nancy Gardner Cassels|author2=Sri Prabhat Mukherjee|title=Pilgrim Tax and Temple Scandals: A Critical Study of the Important Jagannath Temple Records During British Rule|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=E293AAAAMAAJ|year= 2000|publisher= Orchid|isbn=978-974-8304-72-4|pages= 96–108}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=N. Chatterjee|title=The Making of Indian Secularism: Empire, Law and Christianity, 1830-1960 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vCOGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA58 |year= 2011|publisher= Palgrave Macmillan|isbn= 978-0-230-29808-8|pages=58–67}}</ref>

To colonial era Hindu nationalists in the late 19th-century and 20th-century, Jagannath became a unifying symbol which combined their religion, social and cultural heritage into a political cause of self-rule and freedom movement.<ref>{{cite book|author=Goldie Osuri|title=Religious Freedom in India: Sovereignty and (anti) Conversion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8lz0Mg3xx9sC&pg=PA55|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-66557-5|pages=56–57}}</ref>

==Festivals==
{{main|List of festivals observed at Jagannatha Temple, Puri}}

A large number of traditional festivals are observed by the devotees of Jagannath. Out of those numerous festivals, thirteen are important.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |title=Festivals of Lord Sri Jagannath |work=nilachakra.org |year=2010 |quote=By large 13 festivals are celebrated at Lord Jagannath Temple |access-date=3 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022015102/http://nilachakra.org/Temple/festivals.htm |archive-date=22 October 2012}}</ref>

# Niladri Mahodaya
# [[Snana Yatra]]
# [[Ratha Yatra]] or Shri Gundicha Yatra
# Shri Hari Sayana
# Utthapana Yatra
# Parswa Paribartana
# Dakhyinayana Yatra
# Prarabana Yatra
# Pusyabhisheka
# [[Uttarayana]]
# [[Dol Purnima|Dola Jatra]]
# Damanaka Chaturdasi<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jagannathtemplepuri.com/article/id/726/damanaka-chaturdasi |title=Damanaka Chaturdasi - Jagannath Temple |work=jagannathtemplepuri.com|quote=This falls in the month of Chaitra. On this day, the deities pay a visit to the garden of the celebrated Jagannath Vallabha Matha where they pick-up the tender leaves of the Dayanaa unnoticed by anybody. |access-date=21 December 2012}}</ref>
# [[Chandan Yatra]]

Ratha Yatra is most significant of all festivals of Jagannath.

===Ratha Yatra===
{{main|Ratha Yatra (Puri)}}

The Jagannatha triad are usually worshipped in the sanctum of the temple, but once during the month of [[Asadha]] (rainy season of [[Odisha]], usually falling on the month of June or July), they are brought out onto the Bada Danda (Puri's main high street) and travel 3 km to the Shri [[Gundicha Temple]], in huge chariots, allowing the public to have [[Darśana|Darshan]] (i.e., holy view). This festival is known as Ratha Yatra, meaning the festival (''yatra'') of the chariots (''ratha''). The ''rathas'' are huge wheeled wooden structures, which are built anew every year and are pulled by the devotees. The chariot for Jagannath is approximately {{convert|45|ft|order=flip}} high and {{convert|35|sqft|order=flip}} and takes about 2 months to construct.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=16}} The artists and painters of Puri decorate the cars and paint flower petals etc. on the wheels, the wood-carved charioteer and horses, and the inverted lotuses on the wall behind the throne.{{Sfn|Das|1982|p=40}} The huge chariot of Jagannath pulled during Ratha Yatra is the etymological origin of the English word ''[[juggernaut]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Juggernaut, definition and meaning|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/juggernaut|publisher=Merriam Webster Dictionary|access-date=28 November 2012}}</ref> The Ratha Yatra is also termed as the Shri Gundicha Yatra.

The most significant ritual associated with the Ratha Yatra is the ''chhera pahara''. During the festival, the [[Gajapati Kingdom|Gajapati king]] wears the outfit of a sweeper and sweeps all around the deities and chariots in the ''Chera Pahara'' (Sweeping with water) ritual. The Gajapati king cleanses the road before the chariots with a gold-handled broom and sprinkles sandalwood water and powder with utmost devotion. As per the custom, although the Gajapati king has been considered the most exalted person in the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalingan]] kingdom, still he renders the menial service to Jagannath. This ritual signified that under the lordship of Jagannath, there is no distinction between the powerful sovereign, the Gajapati king, and the most humble devotee.<ref>{{cite news |last=Karan |first=Jajati |title=Lord Jagannath yatra to begin soon |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/world-twenty20-west-indies-thrash-australia-by-74-runs-will-face-sri-lanka-in-the-final/68263-13.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130629121328/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/world-twenty20-west-indies-thrash-australia-by-74-runs-will-face-sri-lanka-in-the-final/68263-13.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 June 2013 |access-date=28 November 2012 |newspaper=IBN Live |date=4 July 2008}}</ref>

''Chera pahara'' is held on two days, on the first day of the Ratha Yatra, when the deities are taken to the garden house at [[Mausi Maa Temple]] and again on the last day of the festival, when the deities are ceremoniously brought back to the Shri Mandir.

As per another ritual, when the deities are taken out from the Shri Mandir to the chariots in ''Pahandi vijay'', disgruntled devotees hold a right to offer kicks, slaps and make derogatory remarks to the images, and Jagannath behaves like a commoner.

In the Ratha Yatra, the three deities are taken from the Jagannath Temple in the chariots to the Gundicha Temple, where they stay for seven days. Thereafter, the deities again ride the chariots back to Shri Mandir in ''bahuda yatra''. On the way back, the three chariots stop at the Mausi Maa Temple and the deities are offered ''poda pitha'', a kind of baked cake which are generally consumed by the poor sections only.

The observance of the Ratha Yatra of Jagannath dates back to the period of the Puranas.{{citation needed|date=September 2018}} Vivid descriptions of this festival are found in Brahma Purana, Padma Purana and Skanda Purana. Kapila Samhita also refers to Ratha Yatra. During the [[Mughal Empire|Moghul]] period, King Ramsingh of Jaipur, Rajasthan, has also been described as organizing the Ratha Yatra in the 18th century. In Odisha, kings of [[Mayurbhanj District|Mayurbhanj]] and [[Parlakhemundi]] also organized the Ratha Yatra, though the most grand festival in terms of scale and popularity takes place at Puri.

In fact, Starza{{sfn|Starza|1993|p=133}} notes that the ruling [[Eastern Ganga Dynasty|Ganga dynasty]] instituted the Ratha Yatra at the completion of the great temple around 1150. This festival was one of those Hindu festivals that was reported to the Western world very early. [[Friar Odoric]] of Pordenone visited India in 1316–1318, some 20 years after [[Marco Polo]] had dictated the account of his travels while in a [[Genoa|Genovese]] prison.{{Sfn|Mitter|1977|p=10}} In his own account of 1321, Odoric reported how the people put the "[[cult image|idol]]s" on chariots, and the king and queen and all the people drew them from the "church" with song and music.{{Sfn|Starza|1993|p=129}}{{Sfn|Das|1982|p=48}}

==Temples==
{{main|Jagannath Temple (disambiguation)}}

''Besides the only temple described below, there are many temples in India, three more in Bangladesh and one in Nepal.''
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| footer = The Jagannath temple in Puri, [[Odisha]]. It is a major historic Hindu pilgrimage site. Left: An artist's sketch in 1915.
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The [[Jagannath Temple, Puri|Temple of Jagannath at Puri]] is one of the major Hindu temples in India. The temple is built in the [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalinga]] style of architecture, with the [[Pancharatha]] (Five chariots) type consisting of two anurathas, two konakas and one ratha. Jagannath temple is a pancharatha with well-developed pagas. 'Gajasimhas' (elephant lions) carved in recesses of the pagas, the 'Jhampasimhas' (Jumping lions) are also placed properly. The perfect pancharatha temple developed into a Nagara-rekha temple with unique Oriya style of subdivisions like the Pada, Kumbha, Pata, Kani and Vasanta. The Vimana or the apsidal structure consists of several sections superimposed one over other, tapering to the top where the [[Amalaka]]shila and Kalasa are placed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Architecture of Jagannath temple|url=http://www.jagannath.nic.in/architecture.asp|publisher=Jagannath temple, Puri|access-date=28 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120171916/http://jagannath.nic.in/architecture.asp|archive-date=20 November 2012}}</ref>

[[Jagannath Temple (Puri)|Temple of Jagannath at Puri]] has four distinct sectional structures, namely -
# Deula or [[Vimana]] ([[Sanctum sanctorum]]) where the triad deities are lodged on the ratnavedi (Throne of Pearls);
# Mukhashala (Frontal porch);
# [[Nata mandir]]/Natamandapa, which is also known as the [[Jaga mohan]], (Audience Hall/Dancing Hall), and
# Bhoga Mandapa (Offerings Hall).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/asia/india/puri/jagannath-temple.aspx |title=Jagannath Temple, India - 7 wonders |work=7wonders.org |year=2012 |quote=The temple is divided into four chambers: Bhogmandir, Natamandir, Jagamohana and Deul |access-date=3 July 2012 |archive-date=12 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120612083058/http://www.7wonders.org/wonders/asia/india/puri/jagannath-temple.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[File:1 Jagganath temple Ranchi Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|left|The Jagganath temple in Ranchi, [[Jharkhand]]]]
The temple is built on an elevated platform, as compared to [[Lingaraja temple]] and other temples belonging to this type. This is the first temple in the history of [[Kalinga (historical region)|Kalingaan]] temple architecture where all the chambers like Jagamohana, Bhogamandapa and Natyamandapa were built along with the main temple. There are miniature shrines on the three outer sides of the main temple.

The Deula consists of a tall shikhara (dome) housing the [[sanctum sanctorum]] ([[garbhagriha]]). A pillar made of fossilized wood is used for placing lamps as offering. The Lion Gate (Singhadwara) is the main gate to the temple, guarded by two guardian deities [[Jaya-Vijaya|Jaya and Vijaya]]. A 16-sided, {{convert|11|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} [[granite]] monolithic columnar pillar known as the Aruna Stambha (Solar Pillar) bearing [[Aruṇa|Aruna]], the charioteer of [[Surya]], faces the Lion Gate. This column was brought here from the Sun temple of [[Konark]].

There is a temple situated in [[Mahesh, Serampore]] in West Bengal, which is famous for [[Rathayatra of Mahesh]].

The temple's historical records Madala panji maintains that the temple was originally built by King Yayati of the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamsi]] dynasty on the site of the present shrine. However, the historians question the veracity and historicity of the Madala Panji. As per historians, the Deula and the Mukhashala were built in the 12th century by Ganga King Anangabheemadeva, the grandson of [[Anantavarman Chodaganga]] and the Natamandapa and Bhogamandapa were constructed subsequently during the reign of Gajapati Purushottama Deva (1462–1491) and Prataprudra Deva (1495–1532) respectively. According to Madala Panji, the outer prakara was built by Gajapati Kapilendradeva (1435–1497). The inner ''prakara'' called the Kurma bedha (Tortoise encompassment) was built by Purushottama Deva.

==See also==
*[[Hindu deities]]
*[[Hundun]]
*[[Ideogram]]
*[[Lingam]]
*[['Oro]]
*[[Ratha Yatra]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
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|publisher=Indian Council of Philosophical Research |date=30 January 2020 |journal=Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research |volume=37 |pages=67–82 |location=New Delhi |doi=10.1007/s40961-020-00190-x|issn=0970-7794 }}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Jagannath}}
{{Americana Poster|Jagannath}}
* [https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc370720.html Puruṣottama-kṣetra-māhātmya, Skanda Purana]
* [http://www.jagannath.nic.in/ Shri Jaganath, Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619060852/http://jagannath.nic.in/ |date=19 June 2009 }}
* [http://www.jagannathtemplepuri.com/ Shri Jaganath Temple at Puri]
* [http://jagannath.in/ Shri Jagannath Dham, Puri]
* [http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/OR-Annual-2009/pdf/65-67.pdf Detailed description of Ratha Yatra festival of Jagannath]
* [http://rathjatra.nic.in/ Ratha Yatra]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130719004253/http://www.demotix.com/news/2242602/136th-jagannath-yatra-2013-ahmedabad-city-gujarat-begins-today 136th Jagannath Temple Ratha Yatra in Ahmedabad, Gujarat]
* [https://www.google.com/maps/@19.8046193,85.8193112,3a,75y,275.12h,83.01t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sAF1QipOSoOv73JbJAKBMyrQ-l8hUnoOMoNpo7KZmHgJj!2e10!7i5376!8i2688 Street View around Jagannath Temple]
* [https://pratibhabooks.com/product/mahaprabhu-sri-jagannatha-the-lord-of-universe/ Mahaprabhu Sri Jagannatha The Lord of Universe (Paperback Edition)]

{{Jagannath}}
{{Krishna}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Jagannath| ]]
[[Category:Deities of Jagannath]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu gods]]
[[Category:Forms of Vishnu]]
[[Category:Forms of Krishna]]
[[Category:Hindu gods]]

Golam (2024 film)

2026-03-03T09:38:03Z

Medfly: put up a article from scratch

{{short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Golam
| image = Golam poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Samjad
| writer = Praveen Viswanath Samjad
| producer = Anne Sajeev Sajeev P. K.
| starring = {{Ubl|[[Ranjith Sajeev]]|[[Dileesh Pothan]]|[[Sunny Wayne]]|[[Alencier Ley Lopez]]|[[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]}}
| cinematography = Vijay
| editing = Mahesh Bhuvanend
| music = Aby Salvin Thomas
| studio = Fragrant Nature Film Creations
| distributor = Fragrant Nature Film Creations Sree Priya Combines
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|06|07}}
| country = India
| language = [[Malayalam]]
}}

'''''Golam''''' ({{translation|Sphere}}) is a 2024 Indian [[Malayalam]]-[[language]] [[police procedural]] [[Thriller film|thriller]] film co-written and directed by Samjad (in his directorial debut). The film stars Ranjith Sajeev, [[Sunny Wayne]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Alencier Ley Lopez]], and [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-05 |title=Golam movie {{!}} പ്രേക്ഷകർക്ക് നവ്യാനുഭവം; മലയാള സിനിമയിൽ ഇൻ്ററാക്ടീവ് എ.ആർ. സാങ്കേതികവിദ്യയുമായി 'ഗോളം' |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/malayalam-movie-golam-introduces-an-ar-interactive-technology-for-viewers-mm-672630.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 മലയാളം |language=ml |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606152000/https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/malayalam-movie-golam-introduces-an-ar-interactive-technology-for-viewers-mm-672630.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/06/12/jeethu-joseph-m-padmakumar-ranjith-sajeev-dileesh-pothan-movie.html|title=Jeethu Joseph, M Padmakumar all praise for Ranjith Sajeev, Dileesh Pothan-starrer 'Golam'|publisher=Onmanorama|access-date=13 June 2024|archive-date=13 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613145558/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/06/12/jeethu-joseph-m-padmakumar-ranjith-sajeev-dileesh-pothan-movie.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/malayalam/golam-director-reveals-plans-for-a-sequel-article-110971995|title=Golam Director Reveals Plans For A Sequel|date=13 June 2024 |publisher=Times Now}}</ref>

In its year-end report, the Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce classified ''Golam'' as an "average hit" based on box office collections.<ref name="BO"/>

==Plot==
Issac John, the MD of V-Tech Company, is found dead inside the restroom at his office with the door locked from the inside. The police are called in and the investigation begins. Though initially presumed to be a case of [[accidental death]] from a head injury sustained during a slip and fall, and more apparently so with no signs of forced entry or confrontation on the body or the surroundings, his instincts cause [[Assistant superintendent|ASP]] Sandeep to suspect murder. John is also found to have been suffering from [[COPD]].

Police suspect Gibson George, John's business partner. All the employees present at the time of the death are questioned individually. Gibson upon questioning reveals that according to John's will, after John's death, his USA-based brother, Evan, would inherit all his business, ruling out a possible motive. One of the employees is found carrying sleeping pills in her bag. Upon further follow up supplemented by the location details on their phones, it is found out that majority of the employees were patients of Dr. Kuriakose, a [[Neuropsychiatry|neuropsychiatrist]]-[[Neurosurgery|neurosurgeon]], who Sandeep is acquainted with.

Though he initially denies knowledge of the company or its employees, Dr. Kuriakose later reveals that one of the employees, Meera, who was his wife, Dr. Rachel's patient while pregnant, was under his treatment for depression, after suffering an inexplicable [[stillbirth]]. On further evaluation, a sort of foreign content, [[Mutagen|mutagens]], capable of altering the DNA, was found in her blood. Strikingly, the same was isolated from the blood samples of two other employees as well, who had consulted him with complaints of headaches and sleeplessness. As per his instruction, more employees with some sort of health issue were brought to him by the two. The water and snacks provided at the office were also tested chemically.

John was found to be the co-founder of V-Pharma Pharmaceuticals. Some files secretly extracted from John's PC were brought to the doctor by the employees, including a blue print of the office punching machine. After examining and correlating the data available, he had concluded that the pharmaceutical company was working on an [[antidote]], a futuristic [[vaccine]] for HMV (Human Mutagen Virus), aka Red Virus, (with the objective of creating a supply and demand situation) and that the employees were his guinea pigs with the antidote being given to them through snacks and water provided by the company. They were being monitored and evaluated regularly through the DNA extracting punching machine. The antidote being tested on them was unfiltered and only in its first stage leaving the employees with permanent health issues and consequent emotional distress. The enraged victims had sworn vengeance, as they knew John could easily escape law, thanks to his wealth and connections. They, however, never disclosed their plans to the doctor.

Sandeep after examining the CCTV footages from their office deduces their method of murder. Each of the employees had collectively and step by step, participated in the same, except Rajiv. Their plan involved directing John to his restroom to wash off a deliberate coffee spill from his clothes, where he was ensured to be locked in and made to succumb to [[carbon dioxide poisoning]], with any cries for help drowned out by an operating vacuum cleaner.

Sandeep reports the case to be an [[accidental death]], as his conscience deems them not guilty. It is revealed that Gibson, also a biochemical scientist, is involved in the illegal and unethical activities of V-Pharma as well. Sandeep, with the information obtained from Dr. Kuriakose, sets out to investigate their lab. In the end, Gibson, now MD of V-Tech, is shown occupying the late John's cabin with the employees eyeing him testily.

== Cast ==
{{Castlist|
* [[Ranjith Sajeev]] as [[Assistant superintendent#India|ASP]] Sandeep Krishnan [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], the investigating officer
* [[Sunny Wayne]] as Gibson George
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Issac John
* [[Chinnu Chandni]] as Meera
* [[Alencier Ley Lopez]] as [[Circle Inspector|CI]] Abdul Raheem
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as [[Psychiatrist]] Dr.Kuriakose Chemmanam
* [[Srikant Murali]] as [[Deputy inspector general of police|City Police Commissioner]] Babu Thomas [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
* Ansal Palluruthy as Rajeev KV
* Priya Sreejith as [[Civil Police Officer|CPO]] Nimmy George
* Asha Madathil as Dr. Sherly
* Rini K Rajan as Thressiamma
* Sudhi Kozhikode as [[Sub-inspector|SI]] Noushad
* Praveen Viswanath as Sebastian
* Kaarthik Shankar as Albert
* Sanjay as Bibeesh
* Pranav Ekaa as Aravind
* Anu Anand as Arun
* Ala S Nayana as Rani
* Remadevi as Sindhu
* Unni Deshaposhini as Sathyan
* Vijaya Sadan as Dr.Rachel
* Sheethal Joseph as Neena
* Gayathri Satheesh as Neelima
* Unni Vaikom as [[Assistant sub-inspector of police|ASI]] Harikumar
}}

==Release==
''Golam'' was released in theatres on 7 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-24 |title='Golam' release: Ranjith Sajeev's investigative thriller to release on THIS date |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/golam-release-ranjith-sajeevs-investigative-thriller-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/110390393.cms |access-date=2024-05-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529223155/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/golam-release-ranjith-sajeevs-investigative-thriller-to-release-on-this-date/articleshow/110390393.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-30 |title=Golam Movie: കുറ്റാന്വേഷണ ത്രില്ലർ ചിത്രം 'ഗോളം'; ജൂൺ 7ന് തിയേറ്ററുകളിലേക്ക് |url=https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/golam-movie-trailer-out-movie-to-hit-theatres-on-june-7-197645 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=Zee News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606061857/https://zeenews.india.com/malayalam/movies/golam-movie-trailer-out-movie-to-hit-theatres-on-june-7-197645 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Box office===
In its year-end report, the Kerala Film Chamber of Commerce classified ''Golam'' as an "average hit" among the films that generated profits for producers based solely on box office collections.<ref name="BO">{{cite news |last1=Jayachandran |first1=N. |title=Mollywood 2024: 207 movies, but only 22 made money; Manjummel Boys dazzled in hit charts |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2024/12/21/mollywood-2024-big-list-of-films-losses-faced-by-malayalam-film-industry-producers.html |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=Mollywood 2024: 207 movies, but only 22 made money; Manjummel Boys dazzled in hit charts |date=21 December 2024}}</ref>

===Critical reaction===
Nelki Naresh Kumar of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' concluded that "''Golam'' is impressive in terms of concept and screenplay".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Nelki Naresh |title=Golam Review: గోలం రివ్యూ - షాకింగ్ ట్విస్ట్‌ల‌తో సాగే మ‌ల‌యాళం మ‌ర్డ‌ర్ మిస్ట‌రీ థ్రిల్ల‌ర్ మూవీ ఎలా ఉందంటే? |url=https://telugu.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/golam-movie-review-malayalam-murder-mystery-thriller-movie-story-explained-in-telugu-amazon-prime-video-121730291850391.html |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=31 October 2024 |language=te}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Critic from ''[[Asianet News]]'' wrote that the film has maintained the mystery and anticipation for a police investigation thriller, staying true to its genre.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Web Team |title=കറങ്ങിത്തിരിഞ്ഞ് ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിക്കുന്ന ഗോളം- റിവ്യു |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/movie-reviews/ranjith-sajeev-starrer-golam-film-review-hrk-sepeib |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=[[Asianet News]] |date=7 June 2024 |language=ml}}</ref> Seena Antony of ''[[Manorama Online]]'' praised the direction, stating that the fast-paced narration is the strength of the film and that the director were able to maintain the tension and intensity.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Antony |first1=Seena |title=കുറ്റകൃത്യമോ കുറ്റവാളിയോ വലുത്? ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിക്കും ഗോളം |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-reviews/2024/06/07/malayalam-thriller-movie-golam-review.html |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=[[Manorama Online]] |date=7 June 2024 |language=ml}}</ref> Ajmal N. S. of ''[[Mathrubhumi]]'' called it a "decent thriller" and that the film has been made in an intriguing manner.<ref>{{cite news |last1=N. S. |first1=Ajmal |title=സത്യം തേടിയൊരു പോലീസ് യാത്ര, ത്രില്ലടിപ്പിക്കും ഈ 'ഗോളം' {{!}} REVIEW |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/special-pages/golam/rajnith-sajeev-movie-golam-review-1.9618281 |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=7 June 2024 |language=ml}}</ref> Princy Alexander of ''[[Onmanorama]]'' called it an "intriguing whodunnit", however, at times, the writing is "far-fetched", hindering the "smooth progress".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Alexander |first1=Princy |title='Golam' Movie Review: Ranjith Sajeev and Dileesh Pothan star in an intriguing whodunnit |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/2024/06/07/golam-ranjith-sajeev-dileesh-pothan-movie-review-samjad-director-murder-mystery.html |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=[[Onmanorama]] |date=7 June 2024}}</ref>

Gayathri Krishna of ''[[OTT Play]]'' rated 3 in a scale of 5, and said that "a carefully written script elevates the Ranjith Sajeev-starrer to a one-time watch".<ref>{{cite web |last1=Krishna |first1=Gayathri |title=Golam Review – A carefully written script elevates the film to a one-time watch |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/ranjith-sajeev-starrer-medical-thriller-golam-review/15f084fe67132 |publisher=[[OTTPlay]] |access-date=26 December 2024 |date=7 June 2024}}</ref> Rohit Panikker of ''[[Times Now]]'' rated 3 out of 5 stars, calling it "a film that offers a predictable yet satisfactory pay off to a gripping investigation. The film begins well, has its hiccups, yet delivers in the end with a strong narration".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Panikker |first1=Rohit |title=Golam Review: A Predictable Story Made Engaging With A Strong Script |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/reviews/malayalam/golam-review-a-predictable-story-made-engaging-with-a-strong-script-review-110796734 |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=[[Times Now]] |date=7 June 2024}}</ref> Vivek Santhosh of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' rated 2.5 out of 5 called it a "passable whodunit", adding that "what this film lacks in effective writing and a compelling lead actor is compensated to some extent by debutant Samjad's slick narration".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Santhosh |first1=Vivek |title='Golam' movie review: Passable whodunit with borrowed ideas |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2024/Jun/08/golam-movie-review-passable-whodunit-with-borrowed-ideas |access-date=26 December 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=8 June 2024}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
In an interview, director Samjad P S confirmed that ''Golam'' was conceived as a two-part story. He stated that the script was originally written as a single narrative and later divided into two, with the second installment already in the planning stages. He added that the sequel "will be more intense" and aims to "push boundaries" beyond the first film.<ref>{{cite web|title=Golam – Director confirms the Ranjith Sajeev-starrer will have a sequel{{!}} Exclusive|url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/golam-ranjith-sajeev-starrer-sequel-director-samjad-ps-exclusive/30f3c5474326|website=OTTplay |date=10 June 2024|access-date=8 July 2025|publisher=OTTplay}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|29272469}}

[[Category:2024 Indian films]]
[[Category:2024 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Kerala Police]]
[[Category:Indian police films]]

Tharai Thappattai

2026-03-03T03:06:21Z

Medfly: created new data first draft...

{{Short description|2016 film directed by Bala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tharai Thappattai
| native_name =
| image = Tharai Thappattai poster.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| director = [[Bala (director)|Bala]]
| producer = [[M. Sasikumar]] Bala
| writer = Bala
| starring = M. Sasikumar [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Chezhiyan]]
| editing = [[G. Sasikumar]]
| studio = [[M. Sasikumar|Company Production]] [[B Studios]]
| distributor = [[Ayngaran International|Ayngaran International Media]]
| released = {{Film date|2016|01|14|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}
'''''Tharai Thappattai''''' is a 2016 [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[psychological film|psychological]] [[action drama]] film written, produced and directed by [[Bala (director)|Bala]]. The film features [[M. Sasikumar]] and [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] in the leading roles, while [[Ilaiyaraaja]] composed the film's music based on [[karakattam]]. This film also happened to be [[Ilaiyaraaja]]'s 1000th film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Thaarai Thappattai is brutally honest - Rediff.com |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-thaarai-thappattai-is-brutally-honest/20160114.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830190702/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-thaarai-thappattai-is-brutally-honest/20160114.htm |archive-date=30 August 2019 |access-date=30 August 2019}}</ref> The film began production in 2013 and released on 14 January 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vishal & Hari are together again |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-hari-are-together-again-news-tamil-ocjr24gfhjisi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017060818/http://www.sify.com/movies/vishal-hari-are-together-again-news-tamil-ocjr24gfhjisi.html |archive-date=17 October 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> Ilaiyaraaja won the [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|National Film Award for Best Background Score]] at the [[63rd National Film Awards]].

==Plot==
The story opens with an Indian guide woman leading a [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery channel]] TV team asking an elderly villager named Saamipulavan to perform his [[mridangam]] art for their documentary. While he performs but refuses to change for the commercial angle, his son, Sannasi, and his troupe perform.

Sannasi is the head of a dance troupe, while Sooravali is the chief dancer who loves him. Times are tough, and the ensemble jumps at a chance to perform in the [[Andaman Islands]] for a hefty sum. But they soon discover that the sponsors are more interested in the women than their dance. The hotel's security throws them out, and the event manager rips their tickets back home when Sooravalli physically assaults them for their improper advances. The troupe saves money by doing manual labour at a construction site. Sooravalli decides to dance to collect money to reach home by ship. Sooravali's performance ends in unconsciousness from fatigue and blood loss.

Humiliated, they return home, only to continue their struggle without work. At this time, Sooravali receives a marriage proposal from Karuppaiah, who seems decent and claims to have a government job and a decent salary. Sannasi is angry at first and beats up Karuppaiah, but after Sooravali's mother pleads with him, he eventually forces Sooravali to accept the proposal.

After Sooravali's marriage and departure, the troupe attempts to continue working, but people reject them as Sooravali is the main attraction. Sannasi finds a replacement but is forced to compromise with his principles and perform at a funeral. Sannasi's father, Saamipulavan, who has always disapproved of what he considers his son's adulteration and lowering of the art form, lambasts him for this. Sannasi retaliates and insults Saamipulavan's knowledge and talent, leaving him hurt. One day, Samipulavan gets called to perform a concert in front of high-ranking foreign officials, including the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor of Australia]]. His singing performance is appreciated, and the governor lauds him, finally validating him after years of rejection and obscurity. He returns home and tells Sannasi that he has won, but suddenly he coughs and passes away.

After the funeral, Sooravali's mother visits Sannasi. He expresses his disappointment that Sooravali has never checked in after her marriage, not even upon his father's death. Sooravali's mother breaks down and tells Sannasi she hasn't heard from Sooravali since the wedding. Sannasi is shocked to learn that Karuppaiah lied about his job and has disappeared with Sooravali. Sannasi tracks Sooravali down and finds her in an unfamiliar house. She reveals what happened. It turns out that Karuppaiah is a pimp who smokes and drinks. He also tonsures the women who run brothels. He married Sooravali to fulfil the request of a man who wanted her in return for a favour. Karuppiah eventually forces Sooravali to be the surrogate for a wealthy man whose astrologer has divined that he requires a female heir born on a specific day and time with the man's sperm.

Karuppaiah discovers Sannasi and beats him unconscious. Karuppaiah then takes Sooravali away for delivery to the hospital. The hospital doctor refuses to perform a C-section because of complications that would endanger Sooravali or her child. Karuppaiah pays a mortuary technician to perform the c-section secretly. Because the birth has to occur at a specific time, Karuppaiah instructs the technician to begin when he whistles. As he and his men wait outside, Sannasi appears and attacks them. He dispatches Karuppaiah's men and then goes after Karuppaiah, demanding to know Sooravali's whereabouts. However, Karuppaiah refuses to divulge it. Sannasi kills Karuppaiah by stabbing him in the throat with a wooden spike.

Sannasi then enters the mortuary and kills the technician. He finds Sooravali and tries to wake her, but discovers that she has died after the technician performed the C-section on his own. Sannasi is grief-stricken, but upon hearing cries, he discovers that Sooravali's baby has survived. He takes the baby and returns home.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
*[[M. Sasikumar]] as Sannasi
*[[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] as Sooravali
*[[G. M. Kumar]] as Saamipulavan, Sannasi's father
*[[R. K. Suresh]] as Karuppaiah
*[[Pragathi (actress)|Pragathi]]
*[[Gayathri Raghuram]] as replacement dancer after Sooravali's departure
*[[Anthony Daasan]] as [[Nadaswaram]] instrumentialist in dance group
*[[Ramya NSK]] as Ramya, Indian guide woman
*Dr Kingmohan as fake collector
*Amudhavanan as [[parai]] drummer and dancer in dance group
*Anandhi Ajay as Kalaivani, a dancer
*K. Ramaraj
*Arjun Maravan as Vellaiyan
*Kaavya Sha as Karuppuchellam, a dancer
*Chevvalai Rasu as mrindangam instrumentalist in dance troupe
*Akshaya Kimmy as Tholaimalar
*Sahana Sheddy as Sothiyam
{{colend}}

==Production==
Director [[Bala (director)|Bala]] finalised his next project following ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' (2013) only in October 2013 and revealed that he would make a film starring his former protege [[M. Sasikumar|Sasikumar]] in the lead role, while [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]] and [[Kishore Te.|Kishore]] would be the film's composer and editor respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sasikumar in Bala's next? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Sasikumar-in-Balas-next/articleshow/24376827.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180323030954/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Sasikumar-in-Balas-next/articleshow/24376827.cms |archive-date=23 March 2018 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> In January 2014, Bala decided to call [[Ilaiyaraaja]] in to the project to replace G. V. Prakash.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Director Bala is back with Isaignani Ilayaraja |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/director-bala-is-back-with-isaignani-ilayaraja-news-tamil-obykouacgbd.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140124194337/http://www.sify.com/movies/director-bala-is-back-with-isaignani-ilayaraja-news-tamil-obykouacgbd.html |archive-date=2014-01-24 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

A number of actresses, including Shravanthi Sainath, auditioned for the lead actress before [[Varalaxmi Sarathkumar]] was finalised, and Bala asked her to lose ten kilograms for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varalaxmi approached for Bala's next with Sasikumar |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Varalaxmi-approached-for-Balas-next-with-Sasikumar/articleshow/30224007.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306175418/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Varalaxmi-approached-for-Balas-next-with-Sasikumar/articleshow/30224007.cms |archive-date=6 March 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Sasikumar was asked to shave his trademark beard and sport a thin moustache, in order to reportedly play a [[Nadaswaram]] player.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2014 |title=Sasikumar and Varalakshmi start preparing for 'Tharai Thappatai'! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/sasikumar-and-varalakshmi-start-preparing-for-karagaatam-news-tamil-odtkNnbgaid.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319100242/http://www.sify.com/movies/sasikumar-and-varalakshmi-start-preparing-for-karagaatam-news-tamil-odtkNnbgaid.html |archive-date=19 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref> Furthermore, to look the part, he had to train for a month with folk singers and dancers brought in by Bala. Sasikumar also sported long hair for the film.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2018 |title=Audiences expect rural films from me: Sasikumar |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jun/24/audiences-expect-rural-films-from-me-sasikumar-1833061.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191128203531/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2018/jun/24/audiences-expect-rural-films-from-me-sasikumar-1833061.html |archive-date=28 November 2019 |access-date=28 November 2019 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Producer [[R. K. Suresh]] of Studio 9 Media Works, was signed on to play the antagonist in the film and undertook training in fight scenes with action choreographer Pandian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |date=17 September 2014 |title=Producer Turns Villain for Bala |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Producer-Turns-Villain-for-Bala/2014/09/17/article2434280.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924052134/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Producer-Turns-Villain-for-Bala/2014/09/17/article2434280.ece |archive-date=24 September 2014 |access-date=2015-12-31 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> The team also selected Hindi film maker [[Satish Kaushik]] to portray a character in the film, and he joined the team in the third schedule, while director Haricharan of ''[[Thoovanam]]'' (2007) was also signed to portray his first acting role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Raghavan |first=Nikhil |date=9 January 2016 |title=Etcetera |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Etcetera/article13990294.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211017004446/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Etcetera/article13990294.ece |archive-date=17 October 2021 |access-date=21 March 2018 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-11-21 |title=Satish Kaushik in Bala's 'Tharai Thappattai'? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Satish-Kaushik-in-Balas-Tharai-Thappattai/articleshow/45229136.cms |url-status=dead |access-date=2015-12-31 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In January 2015, reports revealed that Kannada actress Kaavya Sha had been given a pivotal role in the film, which will mark her Tamil debut, after singer [[Pragathi Guruprasad]] had opted out of the role.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2015 |title=Kaavya Sha Makes Her Tamil Debut |url=http://silverscreen.in/news/kaavya-sha-makes-her-tamil-debut/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204044252/http://silverscreen.in/news/kaavya-sha-makes-her-tamil-debut/ |archive-date=4 February 2015 |access-date=2015-12-31 |publisher=Silverscreen.in}}</ref> Sahana Sheddy, who is well known for her role as Kavya on the Tamil serial, [[Azhagu (TV series)]] plays the role of one of the troupe dancers in this film.
The title of the film was announced in March 2014 to be ''Tharai Thappattai'', after titles including ''Karagattam'' and ''Paarai'' had been considered.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bala and Sasikumar's project titled |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/bala-and-sasikumars-project-titled.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407071221/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies-cinema-news-14/bala-and-sasikumars-project-titled.html |archive-date=7 April 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=www.behindwoods.com}}</ref> Also by March 2014, it was revealed that [[Ilaiyaraaja]] had finished recording 12 songs for this film using a live orchestra, in a span of six days. Furthermore, since folk dance is an integral part of the film, he had used folk musicians who are not associated with the film industry.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bala flick with Sasikumar is 'Tharai Thappattai' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Bala-flick-with-Sasikumar-is-Tharai-Thappattai/articleshow/32293700.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411131830/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news-interviews/Bala-flick-with-Sasikumar-is-Tharai-Thappattai/articleshow/32293700.cms |archive-date=11 April 2014 |access-date=31 March 2014 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The film's shoot took over 100 days to finish, while the makers had a three-month break in 2015, owing to Sasikumar's hand injury, which he suffered while filming the climax.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Sudhir |date=9 January 2016 |title=Enjoying his new beat |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Enjoying-his-new-beat/article13990316.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026074834/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Enjoying-his-new-beat/article13990316.ece |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=21 March 2018 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=A Sishya speaks: An Interview with Director and Actor Sasikumar |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/A-Sishya-speaks-An-Interview-with-Director-and-Actor-Sasikumar/2016/01/10/article3221213.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122095010/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/A-Sishya-speaks-An-Interview-with-Director-and-Actor-Sasikumar/2016/01/10/article3221213.ece |archive-date=22 January 2016 |access-date=12 January 2016}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack has been composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]. The film was promoted as the 1000th film score of him.{{Cn|date=May 2025}} The album was released in on 25 December, after the [[2015 South Indian floods|Chennai floods]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=2015: Shining stars of Kollywood |url=http://newstodaynet.com/entertainment/2015-shining-stars-kollywood |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230021503/http://newstodaynet.com/entertainment/2015-shining-stars-kollywood |archive-date=30 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-31 |website=News Today}}</ref> The soundtrack consists of seven tracks: five songs and two theme scores. Six of the tracks were released by [[Think Music]] in CDs, iTunes and on Store while one song was released as a single by [[Saregama]]. The single released by Saregama was the song "Aarambam Aavadhu", a [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] number from the 1959 film ''[[Thanga Padhumai]]'', remixed in this film. The teaser of the film was also released on the same day.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-12-24 |title=Thaarai Thappattai Official First Look Teaser | Bala | Ilaiyaraaja | M.Sasikumar | Varalaxmi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZSILtCD7No |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228150346/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lZSILtCD7No |archive-date=28 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-31 |publisher=YouTube}}</ref> The first paragraph of the song ''Idarinum'' is from the third [[Tirumurai|Thirumurai]], penned by [[Sambandar|Thirugnanasambandar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 December 2015 |title=[Tharai Thappattai] Idarinum ... |url=http://www.lyricaldelights.com/2015/12/28/tharai-thappattai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228180413/http://www.lyricaldelights.com/2015/12/28/tharai-thappattai/ |archive-date=28 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-29 |website=Lyrical Delights}}</ref> The remaining portions of ''Idarinum'', from En Ullam Kovil, have been penned by Ilaiyaraaja. ''Paaruruvaaya'' is from Manickavasagar's [[Tiruvacakam|Thiruvasagam]].

The album became popular on iTunes and on social media and was widely lauded by the media.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DN |date=2015-12-25 |title=தெறி, கிழி, ருத்ர தாண்டவம்!: 'தாரை தப்பட்டை' இசையைக் கொண்டாடும் ரசிகர்கள்! - Dinamani — Tamil Daily News |url=http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2015/12/25/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E2%80%98%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE/article3195605.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227204756/http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/2015/12/25/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF-%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0-%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D-%E2%80%98%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE/article3195605.ece |archive-date=27 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-31 |publisher=Dinamani}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-10-05 |title=தாரைதப்பட்டை கிழித்துத் தொங்க விட்ட இளையராஜா! - IlayarajaThaarai Thappattai - இளையராஜா |url=http://www.tamilstar.com/tamil/news-id-ilayaraja-thaarai-thappattai-28-12-1524852.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230010023/http://www.tamilstar.com/tamil/news-id-ilayaraja-thaarai-thappattai-28-12-1524852.htm |archive-date=30 December 2015 |access-date=2015-12-31 |publisher=Tamilstar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet |number=680763743018586113 |user=M.Sasikumar |title=#ThaaraiThappattai Music Topping the @iTunes Chart India & South. Thank you for all your Support. Legendary Raja Sir |access-date=2015-12-31}} {{dead link|date=March 2021}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Composer !! Length (m:ss)
|-
| 1 || "Hero Intro Theme" || || || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 1:31
|-
| 2 || "Vadhana Vadhana Vadivelane" || Kavitha Gopi, [[Priyadarshini (singer)|Priyadarshini]] || [[Mohan Rajan]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]|| 2:47
|-
| 3 || "Paaruruvaaya" || [[Surmukhi Raman]], D. Sathyaprakash || [[Manikkavacakar|Maanikkavaasagar]] ([[Tiruvacakam|Thiruvasagam]]) || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 3:34
|-
| 4 || "Idarinum" || [[Sharreth]] || [[Ilaiyaraaja]]|| rowspan=2|[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 4:44
|-
| 5 || "Aattakaari Maaman Ponnu" || [[M. M. Manasi]], [[V. V. Prasanna]] ||[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 3:06
|-
| 6 || "Thaarai Thappattai Theme" || || || [[Ilaiyaraaja]] || 3:05
|-
| 7 || "Aarambam Aavadhu" || [[Ananthu (singer)|Ananthu]] || [[Pattukkottai Kalyanasundaram]] || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] (Redone by [[Ilaiyaraaja]]) || 4:42
|}

==Critical reception==
''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' wrote "''Thaarai Thappattai'' has all the elements that you expect from the brilliant director and while it may not appeal to all, it is definitely worth a watch."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: Thaarai Thappattai is brutally honest |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thaarai-thappattai-is-brutally-honest/20160114.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160228000936/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-thaarai-thappattai-is-brutally-honest/20160114.htm |archive-date=28 February 2016 |access-date=24 February 2016}}</ref>
Baradwaj Rangan of ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "Bala essentially keeps making the same movie. He’s, repeatedly, to darkness, and love is but another stop on the tortuous road to doom. Plus, the highly stylised performances, which don’t seem to come from the actor so much as the director.".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |date=15 January 2016 |title=Tharai Thapattai: Warmed-over Bala, but still worthwhile |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Tharai-Thapattai-Warmed-over-Bala-but-still-worthwhile/article14003169.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027170542/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/Tharai-Thapattai-Warmed-over-Bala-but-still-worthwhile/article14003169.ece |archive-date=27 October 2021 |access-date=3 August 2019 |work=The Hindu |via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> Gautaman Bhaskaran critic of ''[[The Hindustan Times]]'' gave 4 out of 5 rating and stated that" Sasikumar has always been a great actor, but the surprising find has been Sarathkumar, who plays the dancer with a kind of unbelievable strength. In a way, the movie belongs to her".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-01-16 |title=Thaarai Thappattai review: Dance between tradition and modernism |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/thaarai-thappattai-review-dance-between-tradition-and-modernism/story-5rof9axi2X521pAf24j0BL.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503163802/https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/thaarai-thappattai-review-dance-between-tradition-and-modernism/story-5rof9axi2X521pAf24j0BL.html |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Dinamalar]]'' gave mixed review.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தாரை தப்பட்டை - விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1439/Tharai-Thappattai/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503163934/https://cinema.dinamalar.com/movie-review/1439/Tharai-Thappattai/ |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=[[Dinamalar]]}}</ref>''[[Samayam]]'' critic gave 3.5 out of 5 rating.<ref>{{Cite web |title=தாரை தப்பட்டை திரைப்பட விமர்சனம் |url=https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/tharai-thappattai-review/moviereview/50582644.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503164050/https://tamil.samayam.com/tamil-cinema/movie-review/tharai-thappattai-review/moviereview/50582644.cms |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=Samayam Tamil |language=ta}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'' gave mixed reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=Vikatan |date=16 January 2016 |title=சேட்டைக்காரி வரூ, ஒரு மூடி ரம், கச்சை கொச்சை கலை! - தாரை தப்பட்டை விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/57725-tharaithappattai-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503164300/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/57725-tharaithappattai-movie-review |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=www.vikatan.com/ |language=ta}}</ref>

== Awards ==
At the [[63rd National Film Awards]], Ilaiyaraaja won for Best Background Score, a category bifurcated from [[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]. However, he refused to accept the award, due to his displeasure with the awards committee's decision to bifurcate the Best Music Direction award, and explained, "What is the meaning of giving me an award for Best Music Direction – Background Score, and [[M. Jayachandran]] an award for Best Music Direction? It not only means that I have done an incomplete job as music director but also implies that only half of my work is good."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ganesh |first=Deepa |date=5 May 2016 |title=When Ilaiyaraaja struck a different note |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/when-ilaiyaraaja-struck-a-different-note/article8557730.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706075528/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/when-ilaiyaraaja-struck-a-different-note/article8557730.ece |archive-date=6 July 2022 |access-date=6 July 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Tharai]]
*[[Parai|Thappattai]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
{{Bala (director)}}
{{M. Sasikumar}}

[[Category:2016 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010s musical drama films]]
[[Category:2016 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bala (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Indian musical drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language musical films]]
[[Category:Films produced by M. Sasikumar]]

Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports

2026-02-27T01:53:53Z

Medfly: small changes

{{Short description|Government ministry of India}}
{{other uses|Ministry of sports}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India
| jurisdiction = [[Government of India]]
| headquarters = [[Shastri Bhawan]], [[New Delhi]]

| image =
| logo_caption = Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports
| image_caption =
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| budget = {{INRConvert|4479.88|c}} (2026-27 est)<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 January 2020|title=Union Budget 2020-21|url=https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/doc/eb/sbe101.pdf|website=www.indiabudget.gov.in}}</ref>
| minister1_name = [[Mansukh Mandaviya]]
| minister1_pfo = Cabinet Minister
| deputyminister1_name = [[Raksha Khadse]]
| deputyminister1_pfo = Minister of State
| chief1_name = Pallavi Jain Govil, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief1_position = Youth Affairs Secretary
| chief2_name = Hari Ranjan Rao, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| chief2_position = Sports Secretary
| child1_agency = [[Sports Authority of India]]
| child2_agency = [[National Service Scheme|NSS]]
| child3_agency = [[Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan]]
| child4_agency = [[Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development]]
| child5_agency = [[Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education|LNIP]]
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| website = {{URL|https://yas.gov.in/en}}
| seal = Government of India logo.svg
| seal_size = 100px
| seal_caption = Branch of Government of India
| logo = Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports.svg
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}}

The '''Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports''' is a branch of the [[Government of India]] which administers the Department of Youth Affairs and the Department of Sports in India. [[Mansukh Mandaviya]] is the current Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports followed by his Deputy [[Raksha Khadse]].

The ministry also gives the annual National Youth Awards, National Sports awards in various categories, including the [[Arjuna Award]] and [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna|Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna award]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title = Union Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports Shri Anurag Singh Thakur confers the National Youth Awards 2017-18 and 2018-19 to 22 awardees on International Youth Day today | publisher = Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports | url = https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1745122 | date = 12 August 2021 | access-date = 2021-08-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210812105019/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1745122 | archive-date = 12 August 2021 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = 2013 Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna and Arjuna Awards | publisher = Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports | url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98548 | date = 22 August 2013 | access-date = 2014-08-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052758/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=98548 | archive-date = 8 August 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref>

==History==
The ministry was set up as the Department of Sports at the time of organisation of [[1982 Asian Games]] New Delhi. Its name was changed to the Department of Youth Affairs & Sports during celebration of the [[International Youth Year]], 1985. It became a separate Ministry on 27 May 2000. Subsequently, In 2008, the ministry has been bifurcated into Department of Youth Affairs and Department of Sports under two separate [[Departmental secretary|Secretaries]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Introduction | publisher = Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports | url = http://yas.nic.in/en/yas2/introduction | access-date = 2014-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140814052056/http://yas.nic.in/en/yas2/introduction | archive-date = 14 August 2014 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Department of Youth Affairs==
Unlike the sports department, many of the functions of the department are related to other ministries, like Ministry of Education, Employment & Training, Health and Family Welfare thus it functions largely as a facilitator for youth building.

===Definition of Youth===
The [[United Nations]] defines "Youth" as 15–24 years<ref>{{cite web | title = Youth | publisher = UNESCO | url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/youth/ | access-date = 2014-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130720071634/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/youth/ | archive-date = 20 July 2013 | url-status = live }}</ref> and in the Commonwealth, it is 15–29 years. In order to use a definition more in line with these international standards, the Draft NYP 2012 changes the definition from 13 to 35 years to 16–30 years.<ref>{{cite web| title = Draft National Youth Policy 2012 seeks a shift in youth age bracket| publisher = Indian Express| url = http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/draft-national-youth-policy-2012-seeks-a-shift-in-youth-age-bracket/1073409/0| author = Prasad Joshi| date = 13 February 2013| access-date = 2014-08-13| archive-url = https://archive.today/20140813084501/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/draft-national-youth-policy-2012-seeks-a-shift-in-youth-age-bracket/1073409/0| archive-date = 13 August 2014| url-status = live}}</ref> The draft NYP 2012 plans to divide the age bracket of 16–30 years into three groups.<ref>{{cite web|title=Draft policy redefines 16-30 age group as youth|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/253648/draft-policy-redefines-16-30.html|publisher=Deccan Herald|date=31 May 2012|access-date=2014-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714164842/http://www.deccanherald.com/content/253648/draft-policy-redefines-16-30.html|archive-date=14 July 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Organisations===
* Nehru Yuva Kendra Sanghatan<ref>{{cite web | title = Nehru Yuva Kendra Sangathan | publisher = National Portal of India | url = http://india.gov.in/official-website-nehru-yuva-kendra-sangathan | access-date = 2014-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140813233827/http://india.gov.in/official-website-nehru-yuva-kendra-sangathan | archive-date = 13 August 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref>
*[[Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development]]<ref>{{cite web | title = About RGNIYD | publisher = Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development | url = http://www.rgniyd.gov.in/content/about-rgniyd | access-date = 2014-08-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140719181355/http://www.rgniyd.gov.in/content/about-rgniyd | archive-date = 19 July 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref>

=== Programmes ===
* Rashtriya Yuva Sashaktikaran Karyakram: Merge of schemes (National Youth Corps, Youth Hostels etc.)
* National Programme for Youth and Adolescent Development (NPYAD): introduced 2008-09<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/rel_print_page1.asp?relid=63581|title=Grants to NGOs|date=27 July 2010|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>
* [[National Service Scheme]] (NSS)
* National Youth Corps<ref name=yf/>
*International Youth Exchange Program<ref name=yf/>
* [[National Youth Festival (India)|National Youth Festival]]<ref>{{cite web|title=About Department |publisher=Department of Youth Affairs |url=http://yas.nic.in/en/yas1/about-department |access-date=2014-08-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814155944/http://yas.nic.in/en/yas1/promotion-scouting-guiding |archive-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>
* Urban Sports Infrastructure Scheme (USIS): a pilot project in 2010–11 to provide funding for infrastructure and improvements<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=86375|title=Urban Sports Infrastructure Scheme|date=21 August 2012|publisher=Government of India, Press Information Bureau|access-date=26 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160217003430/http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=86375|archive-date=17 February 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Panchayat Yuva Krida Aur Khel Abhiyan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=93398|title=Objectives of PYKKA|date=11 March 2013|publisher=Government of India, Press Information Bureau|access-date=26 June 2014}}</ref>
* Promotion of Scouting & Guiding: The national headquarters of [[The Bharat Scouts and Guides]] (BSG), Hindustan scout and guide(HSG) and The scout guide organization (SGO) are recognised by the [[Government of India]] as the apex body in the field of [[Scouting and Guiding in India]].<ref name=yf>{{cite web|title=Promotion of Scouting & Guiding |publisher=Department of Youth Affairs, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports |url=http://yas.nic.in/en/yas1/about-department |access-date=2014-08-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814155944/http://yas.nic.in/en/yas1/promotion-scouting-guiding |archive-date=14 August 2014 }}</ref>
* Youth Hostels<ref name=yf/>

=== Awards ===

* National Young Leaders Awards (NYLA)
* [[Tenzing Norgay National Adventure Award]]
* National Youth Awards
* National Service Scheme (NSS) Awards
* Awards to Outstanding Youth Clubs (NYKS)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards {{!}} Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports {{!}} GoI|url=https://yas.nic.in/youth-affairs/awards|access-date=2020-07-17|website=yas.nic.in}}</ref>
==Department of Sports==
The Department of Sports is a division of Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports under Government of India created on 30 April 2008. They also helped in bringing the FIFA U-17 World cup to India. A huge part of it was played by the advisors to the Sports Ministry - Rahul Rana (Doon School) and Arjun Dewan (The Lawrence School).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cricketandwicket.com/|title=C&W: Cricket News|website=www.cricketandwicket.com|access-date=2017-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170602095104/http://www.cricketandwicket.com/|archive-date=2 June 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Organisations===
* [[Sports Authority of India]]<ref>{{cite web| title = Sports Authority of India, Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports| url = http://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/| access-date = 2014-08-13| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100804073419/http://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/| archive-date = 4 August 2010| url-status = live}}</ref>
* [[National Anti-Doping Agency|National Anti Doping Agency]] (NADA)<ref>{{cite web
| title = NADA: National Anti Doping Agency
| url = http://nada.nic.in/View/Homepage.aspx
| access-date = 2014-08-13
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140814011333/http://nada.nic.in/View/Homepage.aspx
| archive-date = 14 August 2014
| url-status = live
}}</ref>
* [[National Dope Testing Laboratory]]
* [[National Sports University]], [[Imphal]] (Manipur)
* Lakshmibai National College of Physical Education (LNCPE), Thiruvananthapuram
* [[Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education]] (LNIPE), [[Gwalior]] (Madhya Pradesh)
* [[Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development]] (RGNIYD), [[Sriperumbudur]] (Tamil Nadu)
* [[Netaji Subhas National Institute of Sports]] (NSNIS), [[Patiala]] (Punjab)
*Mera Yuva Bharat (MY Bharat), an autonomous body

=== Awards ===

* [[Dronacharya Award]]
* [[Arjuna Award]]
* [[Dhyan Chand Award]]
* [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]]
* [[Rashtriya Khel Protsahan Puruskar]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Awards {{!}} Full List of All Khel Ratna Award Winners {{!}} NFDB|url=https://nfdb.in/sports/full-list-of-all-khel-ratna-award-winners-2024-2025/|access-date=2025-01-02|website=nfdb.in|date=2 January 2025 }}</ref>
* [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sports Awards {{!}} Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports {{!}} GoI|url=https://yas.nic.in/sports/sports-awards-0|access-date=2020-07-17|website=yas.nic.in}}</ref>

== Cabinet Ministers ==
*'''Note:'''
**MoS, I/C {{ndash}} Minister of State (Independent Charge)

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10" |Minister of Sports
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:Buta Singh at DJ Sheizwoods house (11) (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Buta Singh]]''' {{small|(1934{{ndash}}2021) MP for [[Ropar Lok Sabha constituency|Ropar]]}} (MoS, I/C until 29 January 1983)
| 2 September 1982
| 31 October 1984
| rowspan="2"| '''{{ayd|2 Sep 1982|26 Dec 1984}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| [[Fourth Indira Gandhi ministry|Indira IV]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| style="width:9em"| '''[[Indira Gandhi]]'''
|-
| 4 November 1984
| 31 December 1984
| [[First Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv I]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| [[File:RajivGandhi.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]''' {{small|(1944{{ndash}}1991) MP for [[Amethi Lok Sabha constituency|Amethi]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| '''{{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}'''
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
|-
! colspan="10" |{{nobold|''Ministry disestablished during this interval''}}{{efn|The ministry's competences were transferred to the [[Ministry of Education (India)|Ministry of Human Resource Development]] in September 1985.}}
|-
! colspan="10" |Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Uma Bharati in 2014.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Uma Bharti]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MP for [[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 1 March 1999
| 13 October 1999
| '''{{ayd|1 Mar 1999|13 Oct 1999}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee II]]
| rowspan="5" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="5"| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Leader of Opposition, BThe Union Minister for Chemicals and Fertilizers, Shri Ananthkumar, in New Delhi on January 08, 2015 (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ananth Kumar]]''' {{small|(1959{{ndash}}2018) MP for [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency|Bangalore South]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 2 February 2000
| '''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2000|2|2}}'''
| rowspan="4"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Shiromani Akali Dal}}"|
| [[File:Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sukhdev Singh Dhindsa]]''' {{small|(1936{{ndash}}2025) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]}}
| 2 February 2000
| 7 November 2000
| '''{{ayd|2000|2|2|2000|11|7}}'''
| [[Shiromani Akali Dal]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Uma Bharati in 2014.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Uma Bharti]]''' {{small|(born 1959) MP for [[Bhopal Lok Sabha constituency|Bhopal]]}}
| 7 November 2000
| 25 August 2002
| '''{{ayd|2000|11|7|2002|8|25}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vikram Verma.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vikram Verma]]''' {{small|(born 1944) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Madhya Pradesh]]}}
| 26 August 2002
| 22 May 2004
| '''{{ayd|2002|8|26|2004|5|22}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:A still of the Union Minister for Youth Affairs and Sports, Shri Sunil Dutt in New Delhi on April 15, 2005.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sunil Dutt]]''' {{small|(1929{{ndash}}2005) MP for [[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]}}
| 23 May 2004
| 25 May 2005 {{small|''(died in office)''}}
| '''{{ayd|2004|5|23|2005|5|25}}'''
| rowspan="8"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="5"| [[First Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan I]]
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="8"| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Manmohan Singh in 2009.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]''' {{small|(1932{{ndash}}2024) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Assam]]}} (Prime Minister)
| 25 May 2005
| 18 November 2005
| '''{{ayd|2005|5|25|2005|11|18}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Oscar Fernandes at launch of the Pilot Project for Cashless Treatment of Road Accident Victims on Gurgaon-Jaipur Stretch of NH-8.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Oscar Fernandes]]''' {{small|(1941{{ndash}}2021) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Karnataka]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 18 November 2005
| 29 January 2006
| '''{{ayd|2005|11|18|2006|1|29}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Mani Shankar Aiyar addressing the Press Conference on 4th NE Business Summit (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Mani Shankar Aiyar]]''' {{small|(born 1941) MP for [[Mayiladuthurai Lok Sabha constituency|Mayiladuthurai]]}}
| 29 January 2006
| 6 April 2008
| '''{{ayd|2006|1|29|2008|4|6}}'''
|-
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2"| [[File:M. S. Gill 2020.jpg|70px]]
| rowspan="2"| '''[[M. S. Gill]]''' {{small|(1936{{ndash}}2023) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]}} (MoS, I/C until 22 May 2009)
| 6 April 2008
| 22 May 2009
| '''{{ayd|2008|4|6|2009|5|22}}'''
|-
| 28 May 2009
| 19 January 2011
| '''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2011|1|19}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Ajay Maken (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Ajay Maken]]''' {{small|(born 1964) MP for [[New Delhi Lok Sabha constituency|New Delhi]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 19 January 2011
| 28 October 2012
| '''{{ayd|2011|1|19|2012|10|28}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Maharaja Jitendra Singh Naruka of Alwar.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1971)|Jitendra Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MP for [[Alwar Lok Sabha constituency|Alwar]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 28 October 2012
| 26 May 2014
| '''{{ayd|2012|10|28|2014|4|26}}'''
|-
! colspan="10" |Minister of Skill Development, Entrepreneurship, Youth Affairs and Sports
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sarbananda Sonowal with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]''' {{small|(born 1962) MP for [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 27 May 2014
| 9 November 2014
| '''{{ayd|2014|5|27|2014|11|9}}'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[Narendra Modi]]
|-
! colspan="10" |Minister of Youth Affairs and Sports
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Sarbananda Sonowal with PM Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Sarbananda Sonowal]]''' {{small|(born 1962) MP for [[Lakhimpur Lok Sabha constituency|Lakhimpur]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 9 November 2014
| 23 May 2016
| '''{{ayd|2014|11|9|2016|5|23}}'''
| rowspan="7"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="4"| [[First Modi ministry|Modi I]]
| rowspan="8" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="8"| '''[[Narendra Modi]]'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Jitendra Singh Rana.jpg|70px]]
| [[Jitendra Singh (politician, born 1956)|'''Jitendra Singh''']] {{small|(born 1956) MP for [[Udhampur Lok Sabha constituency|Udhampur]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 23 May 2016
| 5 July 2016
| '''{{ayd|2016|5|23|2016|7|5}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vijay Goel (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]''' {{small|(born 1954) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Rajasthan]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 5 July 2016
| 3 September 2017
| '''{{ayd|2016|7|5|2017|9|3}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:The Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports (IC) and Information & Broadcasting, Col. Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore addressing after felicitating the winners of the World Youth Boxing Championship 2017, at a function (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| {{small|Colonel}} '''[[Rajyavardhan Singh Rathore]]''' {{post-nominals|country=IND|AVSM}} {{small|(born 1970) MP for [[Jaipur Rural Lok Sabha constituency|Jaipur Rural]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 3 September 2017
| 30 May 2019
| '''{{ayd|2017|9|3|2019|5|30}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Kiren Rijiju with Modi (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Kiren Rijiju]]''' {{small|(born 1971) MP for [[Arunachal West Lok Sabha constituency|Arunachal West]]}} (MoS, I/C)
| 31 May 2019
| 7 July 2021
| '''{{ayd|2019|5|31|2021|7|7}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Anurag Singh Thakur in March 2023.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Anurag Singh Thakur]]''' {{small|(born 1974) MP for [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| '''{{ayd|2021|7|7|2024|6|9}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Mansukh Mandaviya Profile (4x5).png|70px]]
| '''[[Mansukh Mandaviya]]''' {{small|(born 1972) MP for [[Porbandar Lok Sabha constituency|Porbandar]]}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| '''{{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}'''
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}
{{notelist}}

==Ministers of State==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Birth-Death) Constituency}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2" style="width:6em" | Ministry
! rowspan="2" colspan="2"| Prime Minister
|-
! style="width:8em"| From
! style="width:8em"| To
! style="width:6em"| Period
|-
! colspan="10" |Minister of State for Sports
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
|
| '''[[Rajkumar Jaichandra Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1942) Rajya Sabha MP for [[Manipur]]}}
| 31 December 1984
| 25 September 1985
| '''{{ayd|1984|12|31|1985|9|25}}'''
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
| [[Second Rajiv Gandhi ministry|Rajiv II]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}"|
| '''[[Rajiv Gandhi]]'''
|-
! colspan="10" |Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|
| '''[[Thounaojam Chaoba Singh]]''' {{small|(born 1937) MP for [[Inner Manipur Lok Sabha constituency|Inner Manipur]]}}
| 13 October 1999
| 27 May 2000
| '''{{ayd|13 Oct 1999|27 May 2000}}'''
| rowspan="3"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| rowspan="3"| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="3"| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Syed Shahnawaz Hussain (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Syed Shahnawaz Hussain]]''' {{small|(born 1968) MP for [[Kishanganj Lok Sabha constituency|Kishanganj]]}}
| 27 May 2000
| 30 September 2000
| '''{{ayd|27 May 2000|30 Sep 2000}}'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Pon Radhakrishnan.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pon Radhakrishnan]]''' {{small|(born 1952) MP for [[Kanniyakumari Lok Sabha constituency|Kanniyakumari]]}}
| 30 September 2000
| 29 January 2003
| '''{{ayd|30 Sep 2000|29 Jan 2003}}'''
|-
! colspan="10" |
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Vijay Goel (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Vijay Goel (politician)|Vijay Goel]]''' {{small|(born 1954) MP for [[Chandni Chowk Lok Sabha constituency|Chandni Chowk]]}}
| 24 May 2003
| 22 May 2004
| '''{{ayd|24 May 2003|22 May 2004}}'''
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Third Vajpayee ministry|Vajpayee III]]
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| '''[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]'''
|-
! colspan="10" |
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Arun Yadav assuming office as Minister of State for Agriculture.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Arun Subhashchandra Yadav]]''' {{small|(born 1974) MP for [[Khandwa Lok Sabha constituency|Khandwa]]}}
| 28 May 2009
| 14 June 2009
| '''{{ayd|2009|5|28|2009|6|14}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Indian National Congress]]
| rowspan="2"| [[Second Manmohan Singh ministry|Manmohan II]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| rowspan="2" style="width:9em"| '''[[Manmohan Singh]]'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
| [[File:Pratik Prakashbapu Patil (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Pratik Prakashbapu Patil]]''' {{small|(born 1973) MP for [[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]}}
| 14 June 2009
| 19 January 2011
| '''{{ayd|2009|6|14|2011|1|19}}'''
|-
! colspan="10" |
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Shri Nisith Pramanik Minister.jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Nisith Pramanik]]''' {{small|(born 1986) MP for [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar]]}}
| 7 July 2021
| 9 June 2024
| '''{{ayd|2021|7|7|2024|6|9}}'''
| rowspan="2"| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| [[Second Modi ministry|Modi II]]
| rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| rowspan="2"| '''[[Narendra Modi]]'''
|-
| bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Raksha Nikhil Khadse assumed charge as the Minister of State for Youth Affairs and Sports (cropped).jpg|70px]]
| '''[[Raksha Khadse]]''' {{small|(born 1987) MP for [[Raver Lok Sabha constituency|Raver]]}}
| 10 June 2024
| Incumbent
| '''{{ayd|10 Jun 2024}}'''
| [[Third Modi ministry|Modi III]]
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Ministry of Sports]]
* [[Sport in India]] - overview of Sports
* [[:Category:Sports governing bodies in India|Various national level sport governing bodies in India]]
* [[India at the Olympics]]
* [[Mera Yuva Bharat (My Bharat)]]
* [[National Sports Governance Act, 2025]]

{{Portal bar|India|Sports}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|yas.nic.in}}

{{Coord|28.615940|N|77.215747 | E|display=title}}

{{Union ministries of India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports| ]]
[[Category:Government ministries of India|Youth Affairs and Sports]]
[[Category:Sports organisations of India]]
[[Category:Sports ministries|India, Youth Affairs and Sports]]
[[Category:Children, young people and families ministries|India, Youth Affairs and Sports]]
[[Category:Youth sport in India]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1982]]

Prasadi (elephant)

2026-02-23T09:12:50Z

Medfly: created!

{{Infobox animal
| image = Diorama sculptural monument of Prasadi Hathi, Gurdwara Mehdiana Sahib, Mehdiana, Ludhiana district, Punjab, India, 9 April 2023.jpg
| caption = Sculpture of Prasadi Hathi, [[Gurdwara Mehdiana Sahib]], Mehdiana, Ludhiana district, Punjab, India, 9 April 2023
| death_date = 1705
| death_place = Anandpur
| death_cause = Mercy killing
| owner = [[Guru Gobind Singh]]
}}

'''Prasadi''', also known as '''Prasadi Hathi''', was an elephant that belonged to [[Guru Gobind Singh]] which was celebrated in the Sikh court.<ref name="The Encyclopedia">{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Gurmukh |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2011 |isbn=978-8173803499 |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=3rd |volume=3 (M–R) |pages=357 |chapter=Prasadi Hathi}}</ref><ref name="huffpost">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Sarbpreet |date=12 April 2017 |title=The magnificence of The Tav Prasad Savvaiye: A composition of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/the-magnificence-of-the-tav-prasad-savvaiye-a-composition_b_58eecb67e4b04cae050dc490 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=HuffPost}}</ref> The elephant possessed notable white-streaks on certain areas of its body and could perform many tricks.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/>

== History ==
Sikh sources claim that a man named Ram Rai had served Guru Tegh Bahadur whilst he was travelling in Assam in the mid-1660's.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/> Ram Rai, whom was childless, would eventually be blessed by the Sikh guru.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/><ref name="huffpost"/> After the blessing of Guru Tegh Bahadur, Ram Rai had a son named Ratan Rai (also known as Rattan Chand), who would become a ''[[zamindar]]'' of Assam.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/><ref name="huffpost"/><ref name="History">{{Cite book |last=Gandhi |first=Surjit Singh |title=History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606-1708 C.E |publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors |year=2007 |isbn=9788126908585 |volume=2 }}</ref>{{Rp|page=716}} When Ratan Rai became an adult, he learnt that Guru Tegh Bahadur had been succeeded by his son, Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/> Wishing to see the guru, Ratan Rai travelled to Anandpur to pay tribute to the Sikh guru.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/> Ratan Rai came bearing gifts to bestow to the Sikh guru, these gifts included a young and trained elephant, five horses whom belonged to a rare breed, and a five-in-one weapon (a contraption that contained a pistol, sword, lance, dagger, and a club).<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/><ref name="huffpost"/> Other gifts included a special throne, a drinking cup, and jewels.<ref name="huffpost"/> Thus, the young elephant was gifted to Guru Gobind Singh by the Assamese chief.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/> Sikh accounts claim the Assamese chief requested that Guru Gobind Singh never let go of possessing the elephant.<ref name="huffpost"/>
[[File:Photograph of Gurdwara Rewalsar Sahib, by Dhanna Singh 'Patialvi', 1934.jpg|thumb|Photograph of Gurdwara Rewalsar Sahib, by Dhanna Singh 'Patialvi', 1934. According to legend, the guru was gifted the elephant at this location.]]
[[Kavi Santokh Singh|Kavi Santokh Singh's]] ''[[Suraj Prakash]]'' narrates that Guru Gobind Singh named the young elephant Prasadi.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/> Prasadi had distinguishing characteristics, its head bore a round, white mark (like a [[Tilaka|tilak]]) and there were white-streaks running along its trunk and back.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nara |first=Ishar Singh |title=Safarnama and Zafarnama: Being an Account of the Travels of Guru Gobind Singh and the Epistle of Moral Victory Written by Him to Emperor Aurangzeb |publisher=Nara Publications |year=1985 |pages=22–23}}</ref> Prasadi also knew tricks, such as saluting the guru, washing the guru's feet, applying a saffron mark on the guru's forehead, waving a fly-whisk or fan (''chaur sahib'') over the guru, escort the guru at night whilst holding a torch in its trunk, and it also could retrieve arrows that had been fired by the guru.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/>

Fame of the elephant grew in the [[Hill States of India|Punjabi Hills region]] and the ''[[raja]]'' of [[Bilaspur State (princely state)|Kahlur State]], [[Bhim Chand (Kahlur)|Bhim Chand]], drew jealous of the guru's possession of such a well-trained beast, after witnessing the animal during a visit to the guru.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/> Whilst visiting the guru, Prasadi, elaborately decorated, was displayed before Bhim Chand, who was seated under an expensive Kabuli tent that had been gifted by Duni Chand, a Sikh from Afghanistan.<ref name="huffpost"/> Bhim Chand attempted to obtain the elephant through scheming, by requesting the guru lend him the elephant for the purpose of displaying it during his son's, Ajmer Chand, wedding.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/><ref name="huffpost"/> According to Kesar Singh Chibber's account of the events, the Sikh guru replied that Prasadi was originally a gift and gifts should not be loaned-out.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nayyar |first=Gurbachan Singh |title=The Sikhs in Ferment: Battles of the Sikh Gurus |publisher=National Book Organisation |year=1992 |isbn=9788185135571 |pages=62}}</ref> The Sikh guru was aware that this was a ploy of Bhim Chand in-order to gain permanent possession of Prasadi.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yasmin |first=Robina |title=Muslims under Sikh Rule in the Nineteenth Century: Maharaja Ranjit Singh and Religious Tolerance |date=13 January 2022 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9780755640348 |pages=32}}</ref> After his non-military attempts at taking possession of the elephant failed, Bhim Chand eventually launched a military attack on the guru at Anandpur over the matter of the elephant.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/> Bhim Chand's attack failed to gain possession of Prasadi.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/>
[[File:Painting of Guru Gobind Singh mounted up for a battle atop of an elephant, circa late 17th to early 18th century.jpg|thumb|Painting of Guru Gobind Singh and Sahibzada Ajit Singh mounted atop of an elephant, circa late 17th to early 18th century]]
Guru Gobind Singh utilized Prasadi in his battles.<ref name="History"/>{{Rp|page=716}} However, Prasadi was not the only elephant possessed by the Sikh guru, another elephant had been donated by the local Sikh congregants (''sangat'') of [[Dhaka]] to the guru.<ref name="History"/>{{Rp|page=716}}

According to the ''Gurbilas Dasvin Patshahi'' by Sukha Singh, Prasadi became emaciated during the 1705 siege of Anandpur and eventually was killed by the Sikhs on the order of the guru to end the animal's suffering.<ref name="The Encyclopedia"/> Some sources claim that the drunken elephant slain by [[Bachittar Singh]] at [[Lohgarh (Bilaspur)|Lohgarh Fort]] was Prasadi.<ref name="History"/>{{Rp|pages=816–817}}

== Popular culture ==
[[Vir Singh (writer)|Vir Singh's]] 1925 work, ''Sri Guru Kalgidhar Chamatkar'', contains the tale of Prasadi, describing the elephant as "jet black animal whose forehead was white like ivory".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Vir |date=28 February 2017 |others=Translated by Bimal Kaur |title=Raja Rattan Rai: Part I |url=https://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=6771&cat=11 |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=sikhchic}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />
{{Guru Gobind Singh}}

[[Category:Individual elephants in India]]
[[Category:18th-century animal deaths]]
[[Category:17th-century individual animals]]
[[Category:Individual Asian elephants]]

Payyampally

2026-02-22T20:34:47Z

Medfly: basic added article per sources also and added references as per guidelines

{{Short description|Town in Kerala, India}}
{{moresources|date=August 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Payyampally
| other_name =
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline = Image:oorpally2.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Oorpally, Payyampally
| nickname =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|48|40|N|76|3|20|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 13311
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_rank =
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670646
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| registration_plate = KL-72
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = Manathavady
| website =
| footnotes =
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
}}
[[File:Payyampalli church.jpg|thumb|St Catherine 's Syro Malabar Forane Church Payyampally ]]

''' Payyampally ''' is a town in [[Wayanad district]] in the state of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name="censusindia">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |title=Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=2008-12-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208044522/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Village_Directory/Population_data/Population_5000_and_Above.aspx |archive-date=8 December 2008 }}</ref>

==Demographics==
The majority of residents are Syrian Catholics. {{As of|2011}} India census, Payyampally had a population of 13311 with 6569 males and 6742 females.<ref name="censusindia" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Payyampally Village Population - Mananthavady - Wayanad, Kerala |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/627295-payyampally-kerala.html |access-date=2026-01-14 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Mananthavady]]
* [[Thondernad]]
* [[Vellamunda]]
* [[Nalloornad]]
*[[Thavinjal]]
*[[Vimala Nagar, Wayanad|Vimala Nagar]]
*[[Anchukunnu|Anjukunnu]]
*[[Panamaram]]
*[[Tharuvana]]
*[[Kallody]]
*[[Oorpally]]
*[[Valat]]
*[[Thrissilery]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Wayanad district}}

[[Category:Villages in Wayanad district]]
[[Category:Mananthavady Area]]

{{Wayanad-geo-stub}}

Kaushik Ganguly

2026-02-16T09:20:50Z

Medfly:

{{short description|Indian film director and actor}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Kaushik Ganguly
| native_name = কৌশিক গঙ্গোপাধ্যায়
| native_name_lang = "bn"
| image = Laxmikant Parsekar presenting the ICFT –UNESCO Award to Kaushik Ganguly for ‘CINEMAWALA’, at the closing ceremony of the 46th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2015), in Panaji.jpg
| caption = Laxmikant Parsekar presenting the ICFT UNESCO Award to Kaushik Ganguly (2nd from right) for ‘CINEMAWALA’, at the 46th International Film Festival of India, in Panaji
| education = [[Jadavpur University]]
| occupation = Director, actor, screenwriter
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]'' ''[[Shabdo]]'' ''[[Chotoder Chobi]]'' ''[[Cinemawala]]'' ''[[Bishorjan]]'' ''[[Nagarkirtan]]'' ''[[Jyeshthoputro]]'' ''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]''
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Churni Ganguly]]|1993|}}
| children = [[Ujaan Ganguly]] (son)
| parents = [[Sunil Ganguly (musician)|Sunil Ganguly]] (father)
| awards =
| signature =
| website = 
}}

'''Kaushik Ganguly''' (born 4 August 1968) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Kaushik Ganguly: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kaushik-Ganguly|access-date=2021-02-09|newspaper=The Times of India}}</ref> is an Indian film director, screenwriter and actor in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-28|title=Bengali filmmaker Kaushik Ganguly begins filming Bollywood debut 'Manohar Pandey'|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bollywood/report-bengali-filmmaker-kaushik-ganguly-begins-filming-bollywood-debut-manohar-pandey-2871273|access-date=2021-02-09|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> He has received several awards including six [[National Film Awards]] and four [[Filmfare Awards Bangla]]. Kaushik Ganguly is known for making films that explore various aspects sexuality,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaushik Ganguly - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/kaushik-ganguly/10180|access-date=2021-02-15|website=BookMyShow}}</ref> like ''Ushnatar Janye'' (2003), which deals with a lesbian relationship, and ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]'' (2010), which examines transgender identity & ''[[Nagarkirtan]]'' (2017), an LGBTQ Movie.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Big Interview! Kaushik Ganguly: Will never promote my family through my films - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-big-interview-kaushik-ganguly-will-never-promote-my-family-through-my-films/articleshow/78696252.cms |website=The Times of India |date=18 October 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In 2019, ''[[Film Companion]]'' ranked Ridhi Sen's performance in ''[[Nagarkirtan]]'' which was directed by Ganguly, among ''100 Greatest Performances of the decade.''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219043509/https://www.filmcompanion.in/best-of-the-decade/100-best-performances-indian-cinema.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2019|title=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade|website=100 Greatest Performances of the Decade|language=en|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref>

== Life ==
Ganguly was born in [[Kolkata]] on 4 August 1968.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaushik Ganguly: Movies, Photos, Videos, News, Biography & Birthday {{!}} Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Kaushik-Ganguly |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> His father was guitarist [[Sunil Ganguly (musician)|Sunil Ganguly]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ghosal |first1=Sharmistha |title=Kaushik Ganguly and Ujaan Ganguly talk about their film Lokkhi Chhele which releases today |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/aug/25/kaushik-ganguly-and-ujaan-ganguly-talk-about-their-film-lokkhi-chhele-that-releases-tomorrow-43429.html |access-date=14 September 2022 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=2022-08-25 |language=en}}</ref> He attended [[Ramakrishna Mission Vidyalaya, Narendrapur]] and later [[Jadavpur University]] where he worked on a degree in Bengali literature. While at university, he started a theatre troupe with his future wife actress [[Churni Ganguly]] and [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]] (who would later become a film director). In 1987, Ganguly began working as a screenwriter for Tollywood films. He married actress [[Churni Ganguly]] in January 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Instagram |url=https://www.instagram.com/utterlychurni/p/Cnebu8TrapZ/ |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref> They have a son actor [[Ujaan Ganguly]]<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-13 |title=Churni and Kaushik Ganguly are proud parents at Ujaan's degree ceremony |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/churni-and-kaushik-ganguly-are-proud-parents-at-ujaans-degree-ceremony/articleshow/94835372.cms |access-date=2025-04-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

In 1995, he moved to ETV Bangla to direct telefilms like Ushnatar Janye, Ulka and Aatithi. These telefilms incorporated elements like lesbianism and sex determination that had not been depicted in Bengali television productions before.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Reverse swing |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/reverse-swing/cid/508870 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225044828/https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/reverse-swing/cid/508870 |archive-date=25 February 2019 |access-date=2025-04-13 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:The Director Kaushik Ganguly with the Cast and crew of ‘Bastu Shaap’ at a press conference, during the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2016), in Panaji, Goa on November 25, 2016.jpg|thumb|305x305px|The Director Kaushik Ganguly with the Cast and crew of ‘Bastu Shaap’ at a press conference, during the 47th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2016), in Panaji, Goa]]
== Career ==
Kaushik made his directorial debut with [[Waarish]] (2004). After his debut, over the years, he has directed more than 15 films and along the way has won several awards. Few of his most notable films include [[Laptop (2012 film)|Laptop]], which won the [[National Film Awards|National Award]] for Best Background Music in 2011, [[Shabdo]] (2012), which won the National Award for Best Bengali Film and [[Chotoder Chobi]] (2015). His 2017 directorial venture includes [[Chhaya O Chhobi|Chaya O Chobi]], a Bengali drama starring [[Abir Chatterjee]], [[Koel Mallick]] and [[Ritwick Chakraborty]], [[Nagarkirtan]], an LGBTQ+ movie starring [[Riddhi Sen]] and [[Ritwick Chakraborty]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kaushik Ganguly - Movies, Biography, News, Age & Photos|url=https://in.bookmyshow.com/person/kaushik-ganguly/10180|access-date=2021-02-15|website=BookMyShow}}</ref>his filmmking craft highly influenced by Gulzar and Rituparno Ghosh.

== Filmography ==

===Director===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film
! Ref
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Waarish]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2005 || ''[[Shunyo E Buke]]''||
|-
| ''[[Ek Mutho Chabi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2009 || ''[[Brake Fail]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jackpot (2009 film)|Jackpot]]'' ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]'' ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Rang Milanti]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2012 || [[Laptop (2012 film)|''Laptop'']] ||
|-
|''[[Shabdo]]'' ||The film won the 60th National Film Awards for Best Feature Film in Bengali.
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2013 || ''[[C/O Sir]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Apur Panchali]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2014 || ''[[Khaad]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Chotoder Chobi]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2016 || ''[[Bastu Shaap]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Cinemawala]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017 || ''[[Bishorjan (2017 film)|Bishorjan]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Chaya O Chobi]]'' ||
|-
|''[[Nagarkirtan]]''||National award Best Feature Film (special mention)
|-
| rowspan="2"| 2018|| ''[[Drishtikone]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Kishore Kumar Junior]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019
|''[[Bijoya]]'' ||
|-
| ''[[Jyeshthoputro]]''||National Award for Best Original Screenplay
|-
|2022
|''[[Lokkhi Chele]]''||<ref>{{Cite web|title="ঈশ্বর যখন মানুষের শরণে", কৌশিকের 'লক্ষ্মী ছেলে'-র বাস্তব গল্প|url=https://bengali.indianexpress.com/entertainment/poster-of-koushik-gangulys-next-film-lokkhi-chele-starring-ujaan-ganguly-149856/|access-date=2021-02-15|website=Indian Express Bangla|date=15 October 2019 |language=bn-IN}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2023
|''[[Kaberi Antardhan]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ardhangini (2023 film)|Ardhangini]]''
|<ref>{{Cite news |title=The shoot of Ardhangini has started! - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/the-shoot-of-ardhangini-has-started/articleshow/72018523.cms |access-date=2021-02-15 |website=The Times of India |date=12 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Palaan]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Lantrani]]''
|
|-
|''[[Ajogyo]]''
|
|-
| 2025
|''[[Dhumketu (2025 film)|Dhumketu]]''
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2026
| style="background:#ffc;" | ''Ajo Ardhangini'' ||
|-
|Waiting Room
|
|}

==== Notable acting roles ====
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Film/ Web Series
! Director
|-
|2010
|''[[Notobor Notout]]''
|[[Kamaleshwar Mukherjee]]
|-
|2012
|[[Laptop (2012 film)|''Laptop'']]
|Kaushik Ganguly
|-
|2013
|''[[Kangal Malsat]]''
|[[Suman Mukhopadhyay]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2014
|''[[Khaad]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|-
|''[[Nirbashito]]''
|[[Churni Ganguly]]
|-
|''[[Chotushkone]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
|-
|2016
|''[[Bastu Shaap]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|-
|2017
|''[[Bishorjan (2017 film)|Bishorjan]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|-
| rowspan="2" |2018
|''[[Drishtikone]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|-
|''[[Ka Kha Ga Gha]]''
|Krishnendu Chatterjee
|-
| rowspan="5" |2019
|''[[Bijoya]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|-
|''[[Shankar Mudi]]''
|[[Aniket Chattopadhyay]]
|-
|''[[Tarikh (film)|Tarikh]]''
|[[Churni Ganguly]]
|-
|''Saat No. Shanatan Sanyal''
|Annapurna Basu
|-
|''[[Kedara]]''
|[[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|-
|2021
|''[[Ei Ami Renu]]''
|Saumen Sur
|-
| rowspan="6" |2022
|''[[Tiktiki]] (web series)''
|Dhrubo Banerjee
|-
|''[[Prankenstein]] (web series)''
|Sagnik Chatterjee
|-
|''[[Bismillah (film)|Bismillah]]''
|[[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|-
|''Kothamrito''
|Jiit Chakraborty
|-
|''Shubho Bijoya''
|Rohan Sen
|-
|''Uttwaran''
|[[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |2023
|''[[Shikarpur (web series)|Shikarpur]] (web series)''
|Nirjhar Mitra
|-
|''[[Kaberi Antardhan]]''
|Kaushik Ganguly
|-
|''[[Aaro Ek Prithibi]]''
|[[Atanu Ghosh]]
|-
|''Rajneeti (web series)''
| [[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2024
|''[[Mirza: Part 1 - Joker|Mirza]]''
| Sumeet - Saahil
|-
|''Rajneeti Season 2 (web series)''
| [[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2025
|''[[Binodiini: Ekti Natir Upakhyan]]''
|[[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]
|-
|''[[Shotyi Bole Shotyi Kichhu Nei]]''
|[[Srijit Mukherji]]
|-
|''[[Lokkhikantopur Local]]''
|[[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]]
|}

==== Television ====
* ''Hariharan''
* ''Ulka''
* ''Aatithi''
* ''Shesh Kritya''
* ''Collage''
* ''Chhayachhobi''
* ''Chhadmabeshi (Starring [[Rudranil Ghosh]], [[Jisshu Sengupta]], [[Srabanti Chatterjee]]'')
* ''Diagnosis''
* ''De-Ray''
* 2003: ''Ghare O Bairey''
* 2003: ''Ushnatar Janye''
* 2010: ''Bandhobi''
* 2010: ''Bagh Nokh''<ref>{{cite news|last=Ganguly|first=Ruman|title=Gaurav makes his dad proud|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Gaurav-makes-his-dad-proud/articleshow/5767272.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509203959/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-07/news-interviews/28141216_1_gaurav-kaushik-ganguly-telefilm|url-status=live|archive-date=9 May 2012|access-date=12 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 April 2010}}</ref>

=== Screenwriter ===
* 2005: ''[[Shunyo E Buke]]''
* 2009: ''[[Jackpot (2009 film)|Jackpot]]''
* 2010: ''[[Arekti Premer Golpo]]''
* 2011: ''[[Rang Milanti]]''
* 2012: ''[[Laptop (2012 film)|Laptop]]''

== Awards ==
[[File:Laxmikant Parsekar presenting the ICFT –UNESCO Award to Kaushik Ganguly for ‘CINEMAWALA’, at the closing ceremony of the 46th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2015), in Panaji.jpg|thumb|Ganguly (second from right) receiving the 'ICFT –UNESCO Award' for the film ''Cinemawala'' at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] [[46th International Film Festival of India|2015]]]]Kaushik Ganguly received multiple awards for his role in various films.<ref>{{cite web |title=I don't take myself seriously as a filmmaker, says Kaushik Ganguly |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/i-don-t-take-myself-seriously-as-a-filmmaker-says-kaushik-ganguly-winner-of-the-fellini-medal-at-iffi/story-aZKgTcOctQbQy7VK48gLSL.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=5 December 2015}}</ref>
*2013: [[IFFI Best Director Award]] for the film "[[Apur Panchali]]" at the [[44th International Film Festival of India]]
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Award edition !! Film !! Award
|-
| 2012 || [[60th National Film Awards]]|| [[Shabdo]] || Best Feature Film in Bengali
|-
| 2015 || [[63rd National Film Awards]]|| [[Chotoder Chobi]] || Best Film on Other Social Issues
|-
| 2017 || [[64th National Film Awards]]|| [[Bishorjon]] || Best Feature Film in Bengali
|-
| 2018 || [[65th National Film Awards]]|| [[Nagarkirtan (film)|Nagarkirtan]] || Special Jury Award (Feature Film)
|-
| 2021 || [[67th National Film Awards]]|| [[Jyeshthoputro]] || Best Original Screenplay
|-
| 2024 || [[70th National Film Awards]]|| [[Kaberi Antardhan]] || Best Feature Film in Bengali
|}
*2014: Nominated for Best Director for ''[[Shabdo]]'' in ''[[Filmfare Awards East]]''
*2014: Winner for Best Film Critic's Choice for ''[[Shabdo]]''in ''[[Filmfare Awards East|Filmfare Awards Bangla 2014]]''
*2014: Nominated for Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Kangal Malsat]]'' in ''[[Filmfare Awards East]]''
*2015: [[IFFI ICFT UNESCO Gandhi Medal]] ''[[Cinemawala]]'' at [[46th International Film Festival of India]]
*2019: SAARC film festival 2019 in Colombo - Best Feature Film award for [[Nagarkirtan]]
*2021: [[4th Filmfare Awards Bangla]] for Best Director for ''[[Jyeshthoputro]]''
*2024 - [[7th Filmfare Awards Bangla]] Best Supporting Actor for the film ''[[Aaro Ek Prithibi]]''
*2025 - [[8th Filmfare Awards Bangla]] Best Diagloues - ''[[Ajogyo]]''

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1907554}}
{{IFFI Award for Best Director|state=collapsed}}
{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention|state=collapsed}}
{{Kaushik Ganguly}}
{{Bengali theatre}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganguly, Kaushik}}
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male screenwriters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Kalakar Awards winners]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian screenwriters]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Film on Other Social Issues National Film Award]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission schools alumni]]
[[Category:Jadavpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards East winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards Bangla winners]]

East Siang district

2026-02-12T19:59:46Z

Medfly:

{{Use British English|date=September 2012}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = East Siang district
| settlement_type = [[Districts of Arunachal Pradesh|District]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| total_type = Total
| native_name =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-point = none
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Location in Arunachal Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|28.07|95.33|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 =
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Pasighat]]
| parts_type = [[Tehsils of India|Tehsils]]
| parts_style = para
| p1 =
| area_total_km2 = 4,005
| area_footnotes =
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 70,956
| population_footnotes =
| population_urban = Yes
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Demographics
| demographics1_title1 = [[Literacy in India|Literacy]]
| demographics1_info1 = 73.5%<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title= District Census 2011 |publisher=Census2011.co.in }}</ref>
| demographics1_title2 = Sex ratio
| demographics1_info2 = 962<ref name=districtcensus />
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = [[Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name1 = [[Tapir Gao]]
| leader_title2 = [[Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha constituencies]]
| leader_name2 = [[Lombo Tayeng]], [[Tapi Darang]], [[Ninong Ering]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| registration_plate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Roads in India|Major highways]]
| blank_info_sec1 = NH-52
| blank_name_sec2 =
| blank_info_sec2 =
| website = {{URL|http://eastsiang.nic.in/}}
| official_name =
| image_skyline = River Siang (Brahmaputra) entering into the plains at Ranaghat, on the east of Roing.jpg
| image_caption = Siang river entering plains at Ranaghat
}}

'''East Siang district''' (Pron:/ˈsjæŋ or ˈsɪæŋ/) is an administrative district in the state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in India.

==History==

The plains, foothills and lower hills of the district were part of the [[Chutia kingdom]] while the higher hills were inhabited by [[Adi people]]. After the defeat of Chutias by Ahoms, the region was gradually settled by Adis

In 1989 territory was transferred from [[West Siang district]] to East Siang.<ref name='Statoids'>{{cite web | url = http://www.statoids.com/yin.html | title = Districts of India | access-date = 2011-10-11 | last = Law | first = Gwillim | date = 25 September 2011 | work = Statoids}}</ref> A decade later, in 1999, the district was bifurcated to make [[Upper Siang district]].<ref name='Statoids'/> East Siang district was first settled by Dibu-marang clans and was later driven away by some padam clan (subtribe of adi). Later padam clans accompanied it's close ally pasi and settled near padam mone and balek respectively. Later, due to epidemic (considered as spiritual) in the mone areas padams had to retreat.

==Geography==
The district headquarters are located at [[Pasighat]]. East Siang district occupies an area of {{convert|4005|km2|sqmi}},<ref name="Reference Annual">{{cite book|title=India 2010: A Reference Annual|editor1=Srivastava, Dayawanti |publisher=Additional Director General, Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)]], [[Government of India]]|year=2010|isbn=978-81-230-1617-7|edition=54th|location=New Delhi, India|pages=1113|chapter=States and Union Territories: Arunachal Pradesh: Government}}</ref> comparatively equivalent to [[Indonesia]]'s [[Nias Island]].<ref name='Islands'>{{cite web | url = http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | title = Island Directory Tables: Islands by Land Area | access-date = 2011-10-11 | date = 18 February 1998 | publisher = [[United Nations Environment Program]] | quote = Nias 4,048km2 | archive-date = 20 February 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180220003634/http://islands.unep.ch/Tiarea.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref>

==Divisions==
There are 5 [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] constituencies located in this district: [[Pasighat West]], [[Pasighat East]], and [[Mebo, Arunachal Pradesh|Mebo]]. All of these are part of [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arunachal East Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="ceo1">{{cite web|url=http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm |title=Assembly Constituencies allocation w.r.t District and Parliamentary Constituencies |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Arunachal Pradesh website |access-date=21 March 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813085549/http://ceoarunachal.nic.in/Information/ACwiseDistrictwisePCwise.htm |archive-date=13 August 2011 }}</ref> The district consists of 6 circles: [[Mebo, Arunachal Pradesh|Mebo]], Namsing, Sile-Oyan, [[Pasighat]], Bilat and [[Ruksin]].

==Demographics==
{{historical populations|23=1961|24=32,421|25=1971|26=33,138|27=1981|28=55,170|29=1991|30=71,864|31=2001|32=87,397|33=2011|34=99,214|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=middle}}According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] East Siang district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 99,214,<ref name=district_census>{{cite web | url = https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1207_PART_A_DCHB_EAST%20SIANG.pdf | title = District Census 2011 – East Siang| publisher = Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Kiribati]].<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004507/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | url-status = dead | archive-date = 13 June 2007 | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Kiribati 100,743 July 2011 est.
}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 615th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=district_census/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 27 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=district_census/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001–2011 was 13.3%.<ref name=district_census/> East Siang has a [[sex ratio]] of 962 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males,<ref name=district_census/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 73.54%.<ref name=district_census/> After division, the residual district has a population of 70,956. Scheduled Tribes make up 46,334 which is 65.30% of the population.<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/12/1207_PART_A_DCHB_EAST%20SIANG.pdf District census 2011 – East Siang]</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box
|title=Religions in East Siang district (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Religion – Arunachal Pradesh|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |website=census.gov.in |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
|titlebar=#FCD116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Per cent
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Donyi-Polo]]ism|red|46.12}}
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|33.26}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Arunachal Pradesh|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|15.85}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#008000|3.01}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|yellow|0.94}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.82}}
}}
{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Languages of West Kameng (2011)<ref name="Census of India">{{Cite web |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1200.XLSX |title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Adi language|Adi]]
| value1 = 68.73
| color1 = Deepskyblue
| label2 = [[Nepali language|Nepali]]
| value2 = 10.25
| color2 = Sienna
| label3 = [[Hindi]]
| value3 = 7.26
| color3 = Orange
| label4 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]]
| value4 = 4.27
| color4 = Yellow
| label5 = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| value5 = 2.77
| color5 = Peru
| label6 = [[Boro language (India)|Boro]]
| value6 = 1.70
| color6 = Violet
| label7 = [[Mising language|Mising]]
| value7 = 1.54
| color7 = Darkblue
| label8 = Others
| value8 = 3.47
| color8 = Grey
}}
Religions recorded as 'other' in the census, mainly [[Donyi-Polo]], make up 32,728 which is 46.12% of the population. Hinduism is a sizeable minority religion which makes up 23,597 which is 33.26% of the population. Christians make up 11,249 which is 15.85% of the population. Muslims are 2,137 which is 3.01% of the population. Buddhists are 670 which is 0.94% of the population.

Various tribal groups of the [[Adi people]] live in various parts of the district. The local people traditionally follow [[Donyi-Polo]], although a sizeable minority have converted to Christianity.

===Languages===
At the time of the 2011 census, 62.78% of the population spoke [[Adi language|Adi]], 12.17% [[Nepali language|Nepali]], 8.29% [[Hindi]], 5.12% [[Bengali language|Bengali]], 4.82% [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], 3.34% [[Assamese language|Assamese]], 1.80% [[Mising language|Mishing]] and 1.32% [[Boro language (India)|Boro]] as their first language.<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-16.html 2011 Census of India, Population By Mother Tongue]</ref>

==Flora and fauna==
[[File:Mechuka landscape 1.jpg|alt=East siaing dietrict|thumb|East Siang District]]
In 1978 East Siang district became home to the D’Ering Memorial (Lali) [[Wildlife Sanctuaries in India|Wildlife Sanctuary]], which has an area of {{convert|190|km2|mi2|abbr=on|1}}.<ref name=parks>{{cite web|author=Indian Ministry of Forests and Environment |title=Protected areas: Arunachal Pradesh |url=http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |access-date=25 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823163836/http://oldwww.wii.gov.in/envis/envis_pa_network/index.htm |archive-date=23 August 2011 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Official website|http://eastsiang.nic.in/}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = East Siang district
|North = [[Upper Siang district]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Lower Dibang Valley district]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Dhemaji district]], Assam
|Southwest =
|West = [[West Siang district]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Arunachal Pradesh}}
{{East Siang District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:East Siang district| ]]
[[Category:Districts of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Arunachal Pradesh]]

SEC v. Rajaratnam

2026-02-12T10:38:46Z

Medfly: details

{{Short description|American legal case}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox court case
| name = SEC v. Rajaratnam
| court = [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]
| date_filed =
| date decided = September 29, 2010
| full name = Securities and Exchange Commission v. Raj Rajaratnam, Danielle Chiesi, Galleon Management, LP, Ali Hariri, Ali T. Far, Anil Kumar, Choo-Beng Lee, David Plate, Deep Shah, Far & Lee LLC, Gautham Shankar, Mark Kurland, New Castle Funds LLC, Rajiv Goel, Robert Moffat, Roomy Khan, S2 Capital Management, LP, Schottenfeld Group LLC, Spherix Capital LLC, Steven Fortuna, Zvi Goffer
| citations = 622 [[F.3d]] [https://www.leagle.com/decision/infco20100929000t.xml 159]
| judges = [[Reena Raggi|Raggi]], [[Gerard E. Lynch|Lynch]], and [[Denny Chin|Chin]], Circuit Judges
| prior actions =
| subsequent actions =
| opinions = The court held that while an order to compel the disclosure of wiretap communications is lawful, the district court exceeded its discretion in the current case because it failed to determine the legality of the wiretaps before issuing the order, and did not limit the disclosure to only relevant conversations.
| transcripts =
}}

'''''SEC v. Rajaratnam''''', 622 [[F.3d]] 159 (2d Cir. 2010), is a [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]] case in which defendants [[Raj Rajaratnam]] and [[Danielle Chiesi]] appealed a [[Discovery (law)|discovery order]] issued by a district court during a civil trial against them for [[insider trading]] filed by the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC). The district court compelled the defendants to disclose to the SEC the contents of thousands of [[Telephone tapping|wiretapped]] conversations that were originally obtained by the [[United States Attorney's Office]] (USAO) and were turned over to the defendants during a separate criminal trial.

The Second Circuit court held that although it is lawful to order such a disclosure, and the SEC indeed had a right to access the conversations in preparation for the civil trial, the district court exceeded its discretion by failing to limit the disclosure to conversations relevant to the current case. Citing the significant privacy implications of such a disclosure, the Second Circuit court granted a [[Writ of Mandamus|writ]] to vacate the discovery order, and remanded the case back to the district court.<ref name=Rajaratnam>''SEC v. Rajaratnam'', [http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=in%20fco%2020100929000t.xml&docbase=cslwar3-2007-curr 622 F.3d 159] (2nd Cir. 2010) (opinion full text).</ref><ref name=nylaw>{{cite journal |last1=Flumenbaum |first1=Martin |last2=Karp |first2=Brad |year=2010 |title=Disclosure of Wiretapped Conversations |journal=New York Law Journal |volume=244 |issue=110 |publisher=ALM |url=http://www.paulweiss.com/files/Publication/04ccd3e2-cd14-46ef-b081-3fb87edf4929/Presentation/PublicationAttachment/3d5db67b-692f-4311-a402-4427dd5ecc0c/SCR8Dec10.pdf |accessdate=March 19, 2012 }}</ref>

==Background==
On October 16, 2009, the defendants (Rajaratnam and Chiesi) were arrested and indicted for insider trading and conspiracy. The charges stemmed from an investigation by the United States Attorney's Office into allegations that Rajaratnam and Chiesi conspired in [[insider trading]] of stock for several large companies. Rajaratnam was found guilty on all 14 charges and sentenced to 11 years in prison.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2011/05/11/rajaratnam-found-guilty/?hp |title=Galleon's Rajaratnam Found Guilty |work=New York Times |date=May 11, 2011 |accessdate=May 11, 2011 |first1=Peter |last1=Lattman |first2=Azam |last2=Ahmed}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Bray|first=Chad|title=Rajaratnam Gets 11 Years in Insider-Trading Case|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052970203914304576627191081876286?mod=WSJ_hp_LEFTTopStories|accessdate=October 13, 2011|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=October 14, 2011|page=A1|author2=Pulliam, Susan}}</ref> Chiesi was sentenced to 30 months in prison with 2 years of supervised release.<ref>{{cite news|last=Pavlo|first=Walter|title=Danielle Chiesi – 30 Months in Prison and A New Life|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterpavlo/2011/07/21/danielle-chiesi-30-months-and-a-new-life/|accessdate=February 28, 2012|newspaper=[[Forbes]]|date=February 8, 2010|page=A1}}</ref>

During the discovery phase of the criminal trial, the USAO turned over to the defendants the contents of 18,150 wiretapped communications involving 550 different people, which were recorded over the course of sixteen months from ten telephones, including home, office and mobile lines belonging to the defendants.<ref name=Rajaratnam/>

===Civil case===
On the same day the USAO filed criminal charges against the defendants, the [[Securities and Exchange Commission]] filed a civil case against them based on the same allegations, claiming that the defendants engaged in "widespread and repeated insider trading" at several [[hedge fund]]s, including the now-defunct [[Galleon Group]], during which time they received tips from insiders regarding "market moving events such as quarterly earnings announcements, takeovers, and material contracts" and allegedly used that information to earn over $25 million in illegal profits.<ref name="SEC v Galleon">''SEC v. Galleon Management, LP, et al.'', [https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2010/comp21397.pdf 09 Civ. 8811] (complaint).</ref>

The SEC was not given the contents of the wiretaps, since the USAO had no legal right to share them. The SEC instead attempted to obtain the wiretap contents by ordering the defendants, who had obtained a copy during the criminal trial, to turn them over during discovery in the civil case. The defendants objected, claiming that such disclosure was prohibited by Title III of the [[Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968]] ({{usc|18|2510|2522}}), which governs the authorization of wiretaps and provides limits on how and under what conditions the contents of wiretaps can be shared and disclosed. The district court dismissed the objection, noting that the defendants had already shared the wiretap contents with other defendants as part of a [[Joint defense privilege#Joint Defense Agreements|joint defense agreement]]. The district court ordered the defendants to disclose the wiretapped conversations to the SEC, declaring that "the notion that only one party to a litigation should have access to some of the most important non-privileged evidence bearing directly on the case runs counter to basic principles of civil discovery in an adversary system".<ref name="order">''SEC v. Galleon Management, LP, et al.'', [https://www.scribd.com/doc/26631796/Judge-Rakoff-Order-in-Galleon-Case 09 Civ. 8811] (discovery order).</ref> The defendants appealed this order to the Second Circuit court.

===Appeal of disclosure order===
In their objection to the discovery order, the defendants argued that Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 forbids implicitly (i.e., because it does not explicitly permit) forced disclosure of wiretap materials during discovery phase in civil cases when the wiretap materials were obtained from separate criminal cases.<ref name=nylaw/> They additionally claimed that the wiretaps were illegal since Title III does not specifically authorize wiretaps for investigations into insider trading or securities fraud. The defendants also argued that the SEC did not constitute an "aggrieved person" for the purposes of demonstrating "good cause" for disclosure of the fruits of wiretapping, as required by Title III. Finally, they argued that even if the SEC had good cause to obtain the wiretap contents, Title III still prohibited the disclosure, since it prohibited the USAO from providing the wiretap contents directly to the SEC (a contention that neither the USAO nor SEC disputed) and this, in turn, ''implicitly'' barred the SEC from obtaining the wiretap contents from the defendants. The SEC argued that they had a right to access the materials and, pursuant to ''United States v. Miller'', the discovery order could be remedied by the defendants on appeal.<ref name=Rajaratnam/>

==Appeals court ruling==
The Second Circuit court ruled on four separate issues: whether they had appellate jurisdiction to review the district court's order, whether a [[writ of mandamus]] was appropriate to vacate the order, whether Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 prohibits discovery orders in civil trials (in general), and whether the district court exceeded its discretion in issuing the order in this particular instance.

===Interlocutory jurisdiction===
The court concluded that they lacked jurisdiction to hear an appeal of the discovery order issued by the district court.<ref name=Rajaratnam /> This decision was based on an interpretation of a prior ruling by the same court in ''In re City of New York'', during which the court ruled that they lacked [[interlocutory appeal|interlocutory jurisdiction]] to review any orders "allegedly adverse to a claim of privilege or privacy" and that, despite the disagreement between the parties about how to categorize the discovery order being challenged, it did not fit in the category of claims that the Supreme Court has previously ruled are subject to interlocutory orders—prejudgement orders that are "collateral to the merits of an action" and "too important to be denied immediate review".<ref name="cohen">''Cohen v. Beneficial Loan Corp'', [http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=1949878337US541_1851.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985 337 U.S. 541] (1949).</ref>

===Writ of mandamus===
The court noted that even though they lacked interlocutory jurisdiction to review the discovery order, a writ of mandamus was still appropriate to prevent the disclosure because of the privacy issues at stake.<ref name=Rajaratnam /> The court disagreed with the SEC's interpretation of the ''United States v. Miller'' ruling, citing the fact that in the present case, the privacy rights of hundreds of innocent individuals was at risk if the wiretaps were forced to be disclosed—in contrast to ''United States v. Miller'', where the tapes had already been played at trial and consequently, the only issue at stake was the protection against unlawful interception. The court noted that in the present case, "the cat is not yet out of the bag" and a writ was appropriate if the disclosure order was deemed erroneous, since no alternative remedies would be available to the defendants (in particular, an appeal of the ruling after the case would not adequately vindicate the privacy violations).<ref name=Rajaratnam /> The court explicitly limited the scope of their finding to the present facts, noting that the ruling "does not mean that a writ of mandamus will always be appropriate to remedy an erroneous disclosure order".<ref name=Rajaratnam />

===Title III provisions===
The court rejected the defendants' claim that Title III forbids the forced disclosure of wiretapped communications, concluding that such disclosure is permitted "where the defendants have received those conversations lawfully".<ref name=Rajaratnam /> In response to the argument that Title III provides no explicit provision for disclosures under the present facts, the court noted that "[Title III] does not prohibit all that it does not permit".<ref name=Rajaratnam /> Regarding the defendants' claim that the order is indirectly prohibited, the court determined that "Title III does not prohibit the disclosure of wiretap materials in a situation such as this one: where the government has previously disclosed the contents of wiretaps to a party, and a civil enforcement agency seeks access to those contents from ''that party'', not from the government".<ref name=Rajaratnam /> The court cautioned that although it determined that such a disclosure, in general, is not unlawful based on Title III, this did not imply that the discovery order in the current case was legal.<ref name=Rajaratnam />

===District court order===
The court noted that in issuing the discovery order, the district court was obliged to determine both whether the SEC had a right to access the wiretap contents, and whether that right outweighed the privacy implications of such a disclosure. They found that while the district court was correct in determining that the SEC had a right to the materials, it was incorrect in its determination that this right outweighed the privacy implications—especially since the district court did not first ascertain the legality of the wiretaps or limit the discovery order to conversations relevant to the current case. The court cited a previous Supreme Court ruling in ''Gelbard v. United States'' that "although Title III authorizes invasions of individual privacy under certain circumstances, the protection of privacy [is] an overriding congressional concern".<ref name=Gelbard>''Gelbard v. United States'', [http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=1972449408US41_1448.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985 408 U.S. 41] (1972) (opinion full text).</ref>

The Second Circuit court felt that the district court had an obligation to wait until a court had ruled on the legality of the wiretaps before issuing the discovery order. They also felt that even if the wiretaps were determined to be legal, the irrelevant conversations from the wiretap did not fit within the scope of fair pre-trial discovery since they would not benefit the SEC in the civil case. Consequently, the Second Circuit court ruled that the district court "clearly exceeded its discretion" in ordering the discovery; owing to their decision that a writ of mandamus was the only effective remedy for such a circumstance, they granted a writ to vacate the discovery order and remanded the case back to the district court for further proceedings consistent with their decision.<ref name=Rajaratnam />

==See also==
* [[Civil discovery under United States federal law]]
* [[Bartnicki v. Vopper]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?xmldoc=in%20fco%2020100929000t.xml&docbase=cslwar3-2007-curr Text of SEC v. Rajaratnam]
* [https://www.sec.gov/litigation/complaints/2009/comp21255.pdf Original civil complaint (SEC v. Galleon Management, LP)]
* [https://www.scribd.com/doc/26631796/Judge-Rakoff-Order-in-Galleon-Case Discovery order in civil case] (issued by Judge Jed S. Rakoff)
* [https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/2510.html Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968]
* [https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?&hl=en&as_sdt=2,5&as_vis=1&case=5730664764872591612&scilh=0 United States v. Miller, 14 F.3d 761 (2d Cir. 1994)]

[[Category:2010 in United States case law]]
[[Category:United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit cases]]
[[Category:Financial scandals]]
[[Category:United States criminal discovery case law]]
[[Category:U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission litigation|Rajaratnam]]

Sindhu Shyam

2026-02-12T02:45:20Z

Medfly: improved article

{{Short description|Indian actor and Bhartnatyam dancer}}
{{BLP sources|date=April 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sindhu Shyam
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| occupation = Actress
| spouse = {{Marriage|Shyam Ganesh|2002}}
| children = 1
| yearsactive = 1997–present
}}

'''Sindhu Shyam''' is an Indian film and television actress, and a Bharathanatyam dancer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sindhu-shyam-gets-nostalgic-as-she-shares-a-throwback-picture-from-she-gonna-rocka-nilavu/articleshow/76955431.cms|title=Actress Sindhu Shyam gets nostalgic as she shares a throwback picture from her show Pagal Nilavu - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> She made her acting debut through the Malayalam film [[Bhoothakkannadi]] directed by [[A. K. Lohithadas]]. Her role as Thilagavathi in [[Deivamagal]] increased her fame and gave her the other name Thilaga.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} She made her television debut with the serial ''Shakthi''.<ref name="A">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/pagal-nilavu-fame-sindhu-shyam-is-a-doting-sister-heres-the-proof/articleshow/71575748.cms|title=Pagal Nilavu fame Sindhu Shyam is a doting sister; here's the proof|newspaper=The Times of India|date=14 October 2019|accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> She is known for her roles as Revathy and Thilagavathy Raju in ''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]'' and ''[[Deivamagal]]'', respectively.<ref name="A" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/oviya-fame-sindhu-shyam-ganesh-enjoys-the-lockdown-phase-with-her-family/articleshow/74969305.cms|title=Oviya fame Sindhu Shyam Ganesh enjoys the lockdown phase with her family - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-sindhu-shyam-enjoys-her-lonavla-vacation-with-family-see-pics/articleshow/73378129.cms|title=Actress Sindhu Shyam enjoys her Lonavla vacation with family; see pics - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actor-shyam-ganesh-organises-a-surprise-birthday-party-for-wife-sindhu-shyam/articleshow/72361820.cms|title=Actor Shyam Ganesh organises a surprise birthday party for wife Sindhu Shyam - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==Career==
She started learning Dance from age 4, winning several prizes in Kerala School Youth Festival. She began her acting career from 16 years old through the Malayalam film Bhoothakkannadi. She acted villainous as well as positive roles in Tamil serials.

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Language
!Notes
|-
|1993
|''[[Paithrukam]]''
|
|rowspan=9|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
|1997||''[[Bhoothakkannadi]]''||Minikutty
|
|-
|1999||''[[Vanaprastham]]''||Saradha
|
|-
|rowspan="4"|2000||''[[Swayamvara Panthal]]''||Maya
|
|-
|''[[Oru Cheru Punchiri]]''||Nirmala
|
|-
|''[[Mazha]]''||Jnanam
|
|-
|''[[Madhuranombarakattu]]'' || Seetha
|
|-
|2001||''[[Praja]]''|| Mehrunissa a.k.a. Paru
|
|-
|2001||''Jeevan Masai''||Sita
|
|-
|2004||''[[Aaytha Ezhuthu]]''||Thara ||[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007||''[[Rock n' Roll (2007 film)|Rock n' Roll]]''|| Kamala||rowspan=3|[[Malayalam]]
|
|-
|''[[Mission 90 Days]]''||Journalist
|
|-
|''[[Ore Kadal]]''||Arathy
|
|-
|2011||''[[Raa Raa (2011 film)|Raa Raa]]''||Lakshmi || rowspan="11" |[[Tamil (language)|Tamil]]
|
|-
|2013||''[[Puthagam]]''||Nancy
|
|-
|2014||''[[Naan Sigappu Manithan (2014 film)|Naan Sigappu Manithan]]''|| Meera's sister
|
|-
|2016||''[[Kuttrame Thandanai]]''|| Vijay Prakash's wife
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017||''[[Rangoon (2017 Tamil film)|Rangoon]]''||Esther Thomas
|
|-
|''[[Bogan (film)|Bogan]]''|| Vikram's sister
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018||''[[Sketch (2018 film)|Sketch]]''||Jeeva's sister-in-law
|
|-
|''[[Kaatrin Mozhi]]''||Receptionist Preethi
|
|-
|''[[Abhiyum Anuvum]]''||Doctor
|
|-
|2019||''[[Kee (film)|Kee]]''|| Victim of Roncracker
|
|-
|2022||''[[Cobra (2022 film)|Cobra]]''|| Bhavana's relative
|
|-
|}

==Television==
;Serials
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
! Serial
! Role
! Language
!Notes
|-
|||''Shakthi''|| ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
|||''Neermanippudava''|| || rowspan="2" |Malayalam
|
|-
|||''Raagardram''||
|
|-
|||''Boomika''||Boomika||Tamil
|
|-
|1999–2000||''Sthree''|| || rowspan="4" |Malayalam
|
|-
|2001||''Sankeerthanam Pole''||
|
|-
|2000–2002||''Sreeraman Sreedevi''||
|
|-
|2001–2002||''Vava''||Gadha/Vava
|
|-
|2004||''Paneer Pushpangal''|| ||Tamil
|
|-
|2004||''Ashtapadi''||Gouri||Malayalam
|
|-
|2004–2005||''Kanavugal Aayiram''||Deepa ||Tamil
|
|-
|2006||''Sthree''|| ||Malayalam
|
|-
|2006–2009 ||''[[Anandham (TV series)|Anandham]]''|| Manisha || rowspan="2" |Tamil
|
|-
|2007||''Ethir Neechal''||Deepa
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|2007||''Narmadipudava''||Kanakam|| rowspan="3" |Malayalam
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|2007||''Mandharam''||Amrutha
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|2007–2008||''Priyamanasam''||Uma
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|2008||''[[Manikoondu]]''|| || rowspan="6" |Tamil
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|2008–2010||[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal|''Kana Kanum Kalangal Kallooriyin Kathai'']] ||
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|2008–2010||''[[Rekha IPS]]''||
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|2009||[[Kalyanam (2009 TV series)|''Kalyanam'']]||
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|2011||''Nagamma''||
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|2012||''[[Aaha (TV series)|Aaha]]''||Brinda
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|2012–2013||''Hridayam Sakshi''||Bala||Malayalam
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|2012–2014||''[[Puguntha Veedu]]''||Anusha|| rowspan="3" |Tamil
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|2014–2018||''[[Deivamagal]]''||Thilagavathy
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|2014–2016||''[[Ponnunjal (TV series)|Ponnunjal]]''|| Shamili
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|2014–2015||''Balamani''||Revathy ||Malayalam
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|2016||''[[Bhairavi Aavigalukku Priyamanaval]]''|| || rowspan="10" |Tamil
|Guest role
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|2016–2018||''[[Pagal Nilavu (TV series)|Pagal Nilavu]]''||Revathi
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|2019||''[[Ponmagal Vanthal (TV series)|Ponmagal Vanthal]]''||Herself
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|2018–2020||''[[Oviya (TV series)|Oviya]]''||Anbarasi
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|2019–2020||''[[Run (Indian TV series)|Run]]''||Meenakumari
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|2020–2022||''[[Idhayathai Thirudathe]]''||Rajalakshmi
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|2023||''[[Seetha Raman]]''||Dance Master
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|2023-2024||''[[Kizhakku Vaasal (TV series)|Kizhakku Vaasal]]''||Panjali
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|-
|2024||''[[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat Season 1]]''||rowspan="2" |Jennifer
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|2025||''[[Heart Beat (TV series)|Heart Beat Season 2]]''
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|}

===Reality shows===
*''Mrs. Chinnathirai'' ([[Star Vijay]])
*''Kitchen Super Star'' season 2 ([[Star Vijay]])

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shyam, Sindhu}}
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]

Kaundinya

2026-01-29T21:11:46Z

Medfly: added details

{{Short description|Indian monk, disciple of Lord Buddha}}
{{other uses}}
{{one source|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox religious biography
|image = Buddha visiting his five old friends Roundel 26 buddha ivory tusk.jpg
|caption = Buddha preaches to Koundinya and his four colleagues
|birth_name = Ajnata Kaundinya
|alias =
|dharma name =
|birth_date = 6th century BCE
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|nationality =
|religion = [[Buddhism]]
|school =
|lineage =
|title =
|location =
|education =
|occupation = [[bhikkhu]]
|teacher = [[Gautama Buddha]]
|reincarnation of =
}}
'''Kaundinya''' ([[Sanskrit]] कौंडिन्य), also known as ''Ājñātakauṇḍinya'', Pali: ''Añña Koṇḍañña''), was one of the first five [[bhikkhu|Buddhist monks]] ([[Pancavaggiya]]), disciple of [[Gautama Buddha]] and the first to attain the fruit of [[Arahant]]. He lived during the 5th century BCE in what are now [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]], India. According to traditional accounts, at the time of Gautama Buddha's birth, he predicted his future destination as an enlightened teacher.

==Life==
{{more citations needed section|date=July 2015}}
Kaundinya first came to prominence as a royal court scholar of [[Śuddhodana|King Suddhodana]] of the [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakyas]] in [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]]. There Kaundinya was the only scholar who unequivocally predicted upon the birth of Prince Siddhartha that the prince would become an enlightened [[Buddhahood|Buddha]],<ref name="BuswellDictionary">{{cite book|editor1-last=Buswell|editor1-first=Robert Jr|editor2-last=Lopez|editor2-first=Donald S. Jr.|editor1-link=Robert Buswell Jr.|editor2-link=Donald S. Lopez, Jr.|title=Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism.|date=2013|pages=24–25|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=9780691157863}}</ref> and vowed to become his disciple. Kaundinya and four colleagues followed Siddhartha in six years of ascetic practice, but abandoned him in disgust after Siddhartha gave up the practice of self-mortification. Upon enlightenment, Siddhartha gave his first [[Reality in Buddhism|Dhamma talk or sermon]] to Kaundinya's group. Kaundinya was the first to comprehend the teaching and thus became the first [[bhikkhu]] and [[arahant]].

Kaundinya was aware as the foremost of the five initial disciples of the Buddha and later travelled around India spreading the dharma. Among his notable converts was his nephew [[Punna|Puṇṇa]], who the Buddha acknowledged as the foremost preacher of the Dhamma. In his final years, he retreated to the [[Himalayas]] and predeceased the Buddha.

Kaundinya's previous rebirths are described in many accounts in Buddhist literature. These accounts show that he had vowed in previous existences to be the first to comprehend the dharma when it was to be proclaimed by an enlightened Buddha. They also document that the seeds of his relationship with Gautama Buddha as the first arahant were sown in previous existences in which they had crossed paths.

== Early years ==

Kaundinya was born before the time of [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha]] to a wealthy family in a town named in hassan, near [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]], and was known by his family name. When he was growing up, he mastered the three [[Veda]]s at a young age and excelled in the science of [[physiognomy]] (lakhana-manta).<ref name="encyc">{{cite book|title=Encyclopaedia of Buddhism| last = Malasekera| first = G. P. |year =1961| publisher = [[Government of Sri Lanka|Government of Ceylon]] | pages=696–698}}</ref>

Kaundinya became a young Brahmin scholar in [[Kapilavastu (ancient city)|Kapilavastu]] in the [[Sakya (tribe)|Sakya]] kingdom of King [[Suddhodana]]. He was one among the group of scholars who were invited to the royal court to predict the destiny of [[Crown Prince]] [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha]] at his naming ceremony. Siddhartha was the first child born to Suddhodana and [[Queen Maya]] in twenty years of marriage and much interest surrounded the infant from royal society and the public alike. All the other scholars raised two fingers and offered a twofold prediction: That Siddhartha would either become a [[Chakravartin|Chakravarti]] (supreme king) or would renounce the world and become a supreme religious leader. Kaundinya was the only one that explicitly predicted that Siddhartha would renounce the world to become a Buddha, raising one finger and stating his prediction.<ref name = "narada">{{cite book| last= Narada|title = A Manual of Buddhism|publisher= Buddha Educational Foundation|year= 1992| isbn=967-9920-58-5| page=12}}</ref>

Kaundinya thereafter vowed that he would follow when Siddhartha became an ascetic to learn from the future Buddha's findings.<ref name="encyc"/> In the meantime, Suddhodana attempted to foil Kaundinya's prediction because he wanted his son to succeed him in ruling and expanding the kingdom. Suddhodana made intricate arrangements to shield Siddhartha from all worldly suffering in order to steer his mind away from spiritual matters, pampering him with all the material luxury and sense pleasures that he could find. However, Siddhartha finally persuaded his father to allow him out of the palace to meet his subjects. Suddhodana agreed, but attempted to present a sanitised image of human existence by ordering beggars, old people and sick people to be kept from the streets. Despite this, Siddhartha saw the [[four sights]] which prompted him to reevaluate his view of the world.<ref>{{cite book| last= Narada|title = A Manual of Buddhism|publisher= Buddha Educational Foundation|year= 1992| pages=20–25| isbn=967-9920-58-5}}</ref>

==Renouncement and Arahantship==
[[File:Five ascetics visit meditating Siddhartha Roundel 22 buddha ivory tusk.jpg|thumb|The five ascetics meet Siddhartha.]]

When Siddhartha was aged 29, he renounced the world to become a [[Śramaṇa|samaṇa]] (ascetic). Kaundinya, along with Bhaddiya, Vappa, Mahanama and [[Assaji]], variously described as four of the other scholars who had read Siddhartha's future or the sons of those scholars, followed him into the ascetic life, with the approval of Suddhodana, who was worried about Siddhartha's safety. They were known as "the group of five" or "the group of five fortunate ones".<ref name="encyc"/> After Siddhartha had mastered all the teachings of [[Āḷāra Kālāma]] and then [[Uddaka Rāmaputta]], he left and began practicing [[Mortification of the flesh|self mortification]] along with Kaundinya and his four colleagues at [[Uruvela]]. Kaundinya and his colleagues attended to Siddhartha in the hope that he would become enlightened through self-mortification. These involved self-deprivation of food and water, and exposing themselves to the elements to near-death for six years, at which point Siddhartha rejected self-mortification. Kaundinya and his colleagues became disillusioned, believing Siddhartha to have become a glutton and moved away to [[Sarnath]] near [[Varanasi]] to continue their practices.<ref name="encyc"/>

After Siddhartha became the enlightened Gautama Buddha, he sought to find his former teachers Arada Kalama and Uddaka Rāmaputta in order to teach them. Realising that they had died, the Buddha decided to find Kaundinya and his colleagues to share his teachings. Kaundinya and his companions were skeptical of Gautama Buddha after his abandonment of asceticism, and initially refused to acknowledge his presence, except to offer a seat on the ground. However, the ascetics were soon won over when they sensed that the Buddha had changed since they left him. The Buddha preached the ''[[Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta]]'', which deals with the [[Four Noble Truths]] and the [[Noble Eightfold Path]], the core pillars of Buddhist teaching regarding the intrinsic suffering of existence and how to deal with it. Kaundinya reached the [[sotāpanna]] stage of arahanthood upon hearing this, becoming the first human to comprehend the teachings.<ref>{{cite web
|last=Thanissaro Bhikkhu| year=1993 |title=Dhammacakkappavattana Sutta: Setting the Wheel of Dhamma in Motion (SN 56.11) |url=http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn56/sn56.011.than.html|access-date=2007-07-17}}</ref> The Buddha acknowledged this by remarking "annasi vata bho Kondanno (meaning "you have realised, Kondanna").

Five days later, hearing the subsequent ''[[Anattalakkhana Sutta]]'' regarding [[anatta]], Kaundinya gained full arahantship. Kaundinya thus became the first arahant.<ref name = "encyc"/> Having realised arahanthood, he requested the Buddha for permission to retire from the world, which was granted with the words "ehi bhikkhu". Kaundinya thus became the first [[bhikkhu]] (monk) in the Buddha's dispensation, known as the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]]. Later, the assembly at [[Jetavana]] declared him to be the foremost among the first bhikkhus and the disciples of long standing.<ref name="encyc"/>

== After enlightenment ==
Following the emergence of the sangha, Kaundinya and the other monks travelled with the Buddha on foot through the [[Gangetic plains]] area of what is now [[Bihar]] and [[Uttar Pradesh]] to spread the [[Reality in Buddhism|Dhamma]]. Kaundinya helped to convert many followers to the [[Buddha's Dispensation]], the foremost being his nephew [[Punna]], born to his sister Mantani. This occurred while the Buddha was at [[Rajagaha]], where he had immediately gone after first communicating his Realisation in order to honour his promise to show his teachings to King [[Bimbisara]]. In the meantime, Kaundinya returned to his home town of Kapilavastu and ordained Punna. Punna attained arahantship and 500 of his clansmen become monks. Punna was later acknowledged by the Buddha as the foremost of the disciples in preaching skills.<ref>{{cite web|title=Punna |work=Buddhist Dictionary of Pali Proper Names|first=G. P. |last=Malasekera |publisher =Pali Text Society|url=http://www.palikanon.com/english/pali_names/dic_idx.html |access-date=2007-07-18}}</ref>

As one of the senior monks of Gautama Buddha, some of Kaundinya's writings and discourses to other monks are recorded in the literature. A poem consisting of sixteen verses in the [[Theragatha]] is attributed to him. The first of these is said to have been recited by [[Sacca (Buddhism)|Sacca]] in praise of Kaundinya, after Kaundinya had preached the Four Noble Truths to Sacca. In other verses, Kaundinya is shown admonishing monks who had fallen into ways contrary to Buddhist teaching. Kaundinya also acknowledged his own struggles against [[Mara (demon)|Mara]], the demon who attempted to prevent the enlightenment of the Buddha. Kaundinya was also praised in the [[Udana]] by the Buddha, who observed his deliverance from the destructiveness of craving.<ref name="encyc"/>

After a period within the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]], Kaundinya retired to the [[Himalayas]] for the last twelve years of his life. This is attributed to two reasons in Buddhist literature. The first reason was that Kaundinya considered his presence to be a source of inconvenience for [[Sariputra]] and [[Maudgalyayana|Moggallana]], the two chief disciples of The Buddha. As the seniormost member of the sangha, Kaundinya lead the monks on the alms-round, but during Dhamma talks, the two chief disciples sat on either side of the Buddha and Kaundinya behind them. The two chief disciples were uncomfortable sitting in front of Kaundinya, so he decided to solve the problem by absenting himself. The other reason to which Kaundinya's leave is attributed was to spend more quiet time in religious practice, which was rendered difficult due to the attention that the sangha gained from the public.<ref name="encyc"/>

According to the [[Samyutta Nikaya]], Kaundinya retired to the banks of the [[Mandakini Lake]] in the [[Chaddanta]] forest, said to be the abode of the [[paccekabuddha]]s. It was said that the 8000 elephants in the forest took turns to catering for his needs. Kaundinya only left once, to farewell Gautama Buddha. Kaundinya kissed the Buddha's feet and stroked them with his hands. He advised his disciples not to mourn him before returning to the forest to pass away the following morning. He was cremated on a large [[sandalwood]] pyre which was constructed with the help of the elephants, and the ceremony was presided over by [[Anuruddha]], one of the ten chief disciples and five hundred other monks. The ashes were later taken to [[Veluvana]], where they were enshrined in a silver [[stupa]].<ref name="encyc"/>

== Previous and future rebirths ==
In line with the Buddhist doctrine of [[Rebirth (Buddhism)|rebirth]], the previous existences of Kaundinya are described in Buddhist texts. They repeatedly show a theme of Kaundinya having displayed religious inclinations in previous rebirths, many of which involve experiences with previous rebirths of the Buddha and his other leading disciplines. This is a common theme among the leading disciples, all of whom had many encounters with the future Gautama Buddha in previous lives, and is consistent with the Buddhist concepts of [[Pratitya-samutpada|cause and effect]] and [[karma]]. In [[Pali language]] [[Theravada]] literature, Kaundinya is said to have begun striving for enlightenment in the time of [[Padumuttara Buddha]], the [[List of the 28 Buddhas|13th Buddha]]. The son of a wealthy householder at [[Hamsavati]], Kaundinya saw the monk who was the first disciple of Padmuttara Buddha. Kaundinya's previous rebirth bestowed on the Buddha and the [[Sangha (Buddhism)|sangha]] and wished that he was to be the first disciple of a future Buddha. Padumuttara is said to have prophesied the fulfilment of this in the era of Gautama Buddha, 1000 [[aeon]]s into the future. After the passing of Padmuttara Buddha, Kaundinya constructed a jewelled chamber inside the [[cetiya]] in which the relics were stored and also made an offering of jewel festoons. The [[Apadana (Pali)|Apadana]] offers a variant on this reincarnation. It states that Kaundinya was the first person to offer a meal to Padumuttara and became a [[Deva (Buddhism)|deva]] in the [[Tusita]] world. It further says and that during the time of [[Vipassī Buddha]], Kaundinya was a householder named Mahakala who offered the Buddha the first fruits of his field in their nine stages of production. The Mahavastu gives another account explaining the origin of Kaundinya's vow to attain arahanthood in his final rebirth. This account asserts that he was a potter at [[Rajagaha]] in a previous existence. A Paccekabuddha who was suffering from biliousness sought shelter in the potter's hut and was cured. In time, several more Paccekabuddhas came to visit the hut to inquire about their colleagues health status. The potter asked which of them had realised the [[dharma]] first, to which the patient answered in the affirmative. Thereupon the potter made his vow.<ref name="encyc"/>

Despite the differences in the accounts, all of them agree on his words when announcing his vow:

{{blockquote|By the merit I have acquired by doing this service of attending on you, may I be the first of all to realise the dharma when proclaimed by an Exalted One. May I not crave for gain and honour. May I wish only for a solitary bed and begging bowl. May I lay aside my body among the cascades and forest glades, dying all alone.<ref name="encyc"/>}}

Numerous previous rebirths in which Kaundinya and Gautama Buddha crossed paths are also noted in Pali literature. The ''[[Mahavastu]]'' cites a previous birth in which Kaundinya was a seafaring merchant who had lost all his wealth after a mid-ocean [[shipwreck]]. Kaundinya then went in search of the king of [[Kosala]], who had a widely known reputation for [[philanthropy]]. However, the Kosalan monarch had left his kingdom and surrendered his kingdom to the neighbouring Kasi king. The king of Kosala had done so to avert bloodshed, since the Kasi king had threatened to invade. Nevertheless, the Kasi king wanted to capture the Kosalan king and decreed a large reward for it. The Kosalan king (Gautama Buddha in a previous rebirth) tied himself and asked the merchant to deliver him to Kasi so that the merchant would no longer be in poverty. However, when the Kasi king heard this, he withdrew his army and restored the Kosalan monarchy. The Kosalan king subsequently bestowed wealth on the merchant. Gautama Buddha cited this occurrence to illustrate how the ties between living beings extended into their previous existences. In another rebirth described in the Mahavastu, Kaundinya and his four colleagues who were to become the first bhikkhus were seafaring merchants under the command of the future Gautama Buddha. The future Buddha sacrificed himself to save them from an ocean death. The [[Divyavadana]] describes two further rebirths of Kaundinya. In one he was a bird named Uccangama. In another, he was a tigress and Gautama Buddha another tiger. The future Buddha sacrificed his own life by offering himself as meat to the hungry tigress so that it would not eat its own cubs.<ref name="encyc"/>

The "Five Hundred Disciples" (eighth) chapter of the [[Mahayana]] [[Lotus Sutra]] predicts that in the future he will become a Buddha named Universal Brightness.<ref>{{cite web|title= Soka Gakkai Dictionary of Buddhism: Ajnata Kaundinya|url= http://www.sgi-usa.org/buddhism/dictionary/define?tid=803|publisher= Soka Gakkai International USA|access-date= 2006-11-28|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20061004075400/http://www.sgi-usa.org/buddhism/dictionary/define?tid=803|archive-date= 2006-10-04}}</ref>

==Legacy==
A hand-balancing [[asana]] in modern [[yoga as exercise]], [[Koundinyasana]], was named for him. It is recorded in the 20th century among the asanas taught by [[Pattabhi Jois]] in Mysore in his [[Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga]] and [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] in his 1966 book ''[[Light on Yoga]]''.<ref name="Light on Yoga">{{cite book |author=Iyengar, B. K. S. |author-link=B. K. S. Iyengar | title=Light on Yoga | url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0805210318 | year=1966 | publisher=Harper Collins | pages=276, 330–335 |quote=Dwi Pada Koundinyasana Twenty-two* ... Koundinya was a sage belonging to the family of Vasistha and founded the Koundinya Gotra (sect).}}</ref><ref name="Asana Journal">{{cite web |title=Eka Pada Koundinyasana/ One-legged Pose dedicated to Sage Koundinya |url=https://www.asanajournal.com/eka-pada-koundinyasana-one-legged-pose-dedicated-to-sage-koundinya/ |publisher=Asana International Yoga Journal |access-date=16 August 2019 |quote=It is believed that Sage Koundinya was created by the goddess Parvati. Koundinya was a master of the Vedas, an ancient body of text with hymns, rituals, charms and incantations. He is a known devotee of Lord Ganesha, and later on predicted the birth of Prince Siddharta. The prince would later on be an enlightened Buddha, and Koundinya, from the time of the prediction, vowed to be a steadfast follower of Buddha. |archive-date=25 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125032153/https://www.asanajournal.com/eka-pada-koundinyasana-one-legged-pose-dedicated-to-sage-koundinya/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="AYI">{{cite web |title=Ashtanga Yoga Advanced A series: Sthira Bhaga - for advanced only {{!}} Kaundinyasana [A] |url=https://www.ashtangayoga.info/practice/advanced-a-series-sthira-bhaga/item/kaundinyasana-a/ |publisher=Ashtanga Yoga Institute |access-date=19 August 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Aśvajit]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Buddhism topics}}
{{Gautama Buddha}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Arhats]]
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:Foremost disciples of Gautama Buddha]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian monks]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Buddhist monks]]
[[Category:6th-century BC Indian people]]

Polypedates subansiriensis

2025-12-18T04:12:38Z

Medfly: new!

{{Short description|Species of amphibian}}
{{speciesbox
| image = Polypedates subansiriensis imported from iNaturalist photo 206288761 on 31 March 2024.jpg
| status = DD
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{cite IUCN
|title= Subansiri's Tree Frog: ''Polypedates subansiriensis''
|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/202902/2757722
|article-number= e.T202902A2757722
|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2023-1.RLTS.T202902A2757722.en
|id=202902
|year=2023
|author1=IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group
|accessdate=February 19, 2024}}</ref>
| taxon = Polypedates subansiriensis
| authority = Mathew and Sen, 2009<ref name="Mathew and Sen 2009"/>
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=Frost/>
| range_map = {{Location map | India
| relief = yes
| caption =
| alt = Type locality in Northeast India
| lat_deg = 27.518
| lon_deg = 93.842
}}
| range_map_caption = ''Polypedates subansiriensis'' is only known from the [[Lower Subansiri District]] in northeastern India
}}

'''''Polypedates subansiriensis''''' is a species of [[frog]]s in the family [[Rhacophoridae]]. It is [[Endemism|endemic]] to [[Northeast India]] and only known from its [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]], Soro village in the eponymous [[Lower Subansiri District]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]] state. It is sometimes known as the '''Subansiri's tree frog''' or '''Subansiri tree frog'''.<ref name=Frost/><ref name="India Biodiversity Portal"/><ref name="Deuti 2013"/>

==Description==
''Polypedates subansiriensis'' was [[species description|described]] based on a single specimen ([[holotype]], sex unspecified), which measures {{convert|56|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} in [[snout–vent length]].<ref name="Mathew and Sen 2009"/> The head is depressed and broader than it is long. The [[Tympanum (anatomy)|tympanum]] is depressed and the supratympanic fold is prominent. The fingers have no webbing whereas the toes are about three-quarters webbed. Skin is dorsally minutely granular and ventrally broadly granular. The [[Dorsum (anatomy)|dorsum]] has indistinct brownish-yellow spots. The upper lip has a white bordering line. A broad, smooth, darker band runs from the eye to the nostril, with granular skin beneath it. A black streak runs from the nostril to the shoulder. The hands and tarsi have white, slightly raised dermal fringes. The thighs have yellow spots.<ref name="Mathew and Sen 2009"/><ref name="India Biodiversity Portal"/><ref name="Deuti 2013"/>

==Habitat and conservation==
''Polypedates subansiriensis'' is an [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]] species.<ref name="India Biodiversity Portal"/><ref name="Deuti 2013"/> The type locality is at {{convert|1550|m|abbr=on}} [[above sea level]].<ref name="Mathew and Sen 2009"/> Scientists classify this species as "[[data deficient]]" with respect to conservation and extinction.<ref name="Deuti 2013"/><ref name="IUCN"/>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name="Deuti 2013">{{cite book |last=Deuti |first=K. |editor1-last=Venkataraman| editor1-first= K.| editor2-last= Chattopadhyay| editor2-first= A.| editor3-last=Subramanian| editor3-first= K.A. |name-list-style=amp | date= 2013 |chapter=Amphibia |title= Endemic Animals of India (Vertebrates) |publisher=Zoological Survey of India| location=Kolkata |pages=67–137 | url= https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301693197 }} [''Polypedates subansiriensis'': p. 107]</ref>

<ref name=Frost>{{cite web |url=https://amphibiansoftheworld.amnh.org/Amphibia/Anura/Rhacophoridae/Rhacophorinae/Polypedates/Polypedates-subansiriensis |title=''Polypedates subansiriensis'' Mathew and Sen, 2009 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2021 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |doi=10.5531/db.vz.0001 |access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="India Biodiversity Portal">{{cite web | url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/267034 | title=''Polypedates subansiriensis'' Mathew and Sen, 2009 |website=India Biodiversity Portal | access-date=4 February 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Mathew and Sen 2009">{{cite journal |last1=Mathew |first1=Rosamma |last2=Sen |first2=Nibedita |name-list-style=amp |year=2009 |title=Studies on little known amphibians of North East India |journal=Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper |volume=293 |pages=1–64 |url=http://faunaofindia.nic.in/PDFVolumes/occpapers/293/index.pdf }}</ref>
}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3395723}}

[[Category:Polypedates|subansiriensis]]
[[Category:Frogs of India]]
[[Category:Endemic amphibians of India]]
[[Category:Environment of Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Amphibians described in 2009]]

Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Story

2025-11-02T13:18:46Z

Medfly: new...

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox award
| name = Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Story
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| awarded_for = Best story in a Marathi film
| sponsor =
| firstawarded = 1967
| lastawarded = 2024
| reward = {{INR Convert|100000}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder =
| most_awards =
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 56
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = Kavi Sanjeev
| award3_type = Last winner
| award3_winner = [[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
| website =
}}

The '''Maharashtra State Film Award for Best Story''' is an award, begun in 1967, presented annually at the [[Maharashtra State Film Awards]] of India to an actor for best performance in a [[Marathi cinema]]. The awardees are decided by a jury constituted every year. They are announced by the Minister for Cultural Affairs and are presented by the [[List of Chief Ministers of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]].

==Winners==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:"
|- bgcolor="#bebebe"
! width="2%" | Year
! width="18%" | Recipient(s)
! width="48%" | Film
! width="2%" | {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|'''1967'''
|Kavi Sanjeev
|''Patlachi Soon''
| rowspan="5" |<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mujawar |first=Isak |title=Gatha Marathi Cinemachi |publisher=Pratik Prakashan |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Pune |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|'''1968'''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#F5A9A9" align="center" |Not Awarded
|-
|'''1969'''
|[[Bhalji Pendharkar]]
|''Tambdi Mati''
|-
|'''1970'''
|Ram Kelkar
|''[[Mumbaicha Jawai]]''
|-
| '''1971'''
|[[Vijay Tendulkar]]
|''[[Shantata! Court Chalu Aahe]]''
|-
|'''1972-73'''
|Madhusudan Kalelkar
|''[[Anolkhi]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madhusudan Kalelkar |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/madhusudan-kalelkar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213115949/https://www.cinemaazi.com/people/madhusudan-kalelkar |archive-date=2024-12-13 |access-date= |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|'''1974'''
|R. B. Dighe
|''Kartiki''
| style="text-align: center;" |
|-
| '''1975'''
|[[Vijay Tendulkar]]
|''[[Samna (film)|Samna]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2001-11-07 |title=The man behind the villain |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/pune-times/the-man-behind-the-villain/articleshow/302761540.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| '''1976'''
|Shankar Patil
|''Choricha Mamla''
|-
|'''1977'''
|[[Chintamani Tryambak Khanolkar]]
|''[[Chaani]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| '''1978'''
|[[Gopal Nilkanth Dandekar]]
|''Devkinandan Gopala''
|-
| '''1979'''
|[[Anant Mane]]
|''Haldi Kunku''
|-
|'''1980'''
|V. K. Naik
|''Aapli Mansa''
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=यशवंत दत्त (यशवंतसिंह महाडीक) – profiles |url=https://www.marathisrushti.com/profiles/yashwant-datta-yashwantsinha-mahadik/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
| '''1981'''
|[[Ranjit Desai]]
|''Nagin''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-05-09 |title=Amol Palekar's debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/did-you-know/Amol-Palekars-debut-/articleshow/13698397.cms |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|'''1982'''
|Snehlata Dasnoorkar
|''[[Shapit]]''
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
|'''1983'''
|[[Vasant Sabnis]]
|''Raghu Maina''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ashok Saraf |url=http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422184005/http://www.indiarocking.com/entertainment/ashok-saraf.php |archive-date=22 April 2016}}</ref>
|-
|'''1984'''
|[[Jaywant Dalvi]]
|''Mahananda''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
|'''1985'''
|[[Baba Kadam]]
|''Devashappath Khar Sangen''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deshpande |first=Rekha |title=Marathi Chitrapatsrushticha Samagra Itihas |publisher=[[Ministry of Cultural Affairs (Maharashtra)]] |year=2014 |edition=1st |location=Mumbai |language=Marathi}}</ref>
|-
|'''1986'''
|[[Ratnakar Matkari]]
|''Majha Ghar Majha Sansar''
|
|-
|'''1987'''
|Dilip Ambekar
|''Kashasathi Premasathi''
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| '''1988'''
|Arvind Khanolkar
|''Nashibwan''
| rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| '''1989'''
|Bharat Sasane
|''Suryoday''
|-
|'''1990'''
|Ramakant Kavthekar
|''Aaghat''
|-
| '''1991'''
|Ashok Patole
|''[[Chaukat Raja]]''
|-
| '''1992'''
|Aniruddh Punarvasu
|''Aahuti''
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":0" />
|-
| '''1993'''
|Ujjwal Thengadi
|''Vazir''
|-
|'''1994'''
|[[Uttam Bandu Tupe]]
|''Bhasma''
|
|-
| '''1995'''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]]
|''[[Doghi]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Jaya Ganga, Mirch Masala, Party, Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-02.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''1996'''
|Vijay Kuwlekar
|''Rao Saheb''
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| '''1997'''
|J. K. Patil
|''[[Paij Lagnachi]]''
|-
| '''1998'''
|Ajay Phansekar
|''Ratra Aarambh''
|-
| '''1999'''
|Vijay Kuwlekar
|''[[Gharabaher]]''
|-
|'''2000'''
|Dr. Chandrashekhar Phansalkar
|''[[Astitva]]''
|-
|'''2001'''
|[[Suhas Shirvalkar]]
|''[[Devki]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cinemas of India, Videos, Festival Participation & Awards, National Award, Regional Cinema, Independent Cinema, Art House Cinema, Suraj Ka Satvan Ghoda |url=https://www.nfdcindia.com/cinemasofindia/home-video-06.htm |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=www.nfdcindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2002'''
|[[Sumitra Bhave–Sunil Sukthankar|Sumitra Bhave]]
|''[[Dahavi Fa]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Bulletin: May 3rd |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/Film%20Bulletin-May03.htm}}</ref>
|-
| '''2003'''
|Madhavi Gharpure
|''[[Shwaas]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shwaas aims for an oscar |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041114/spectrum/main5.htm |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=www.tribuneindia.com}}</ref>
|-
| '''2004'''
|[[Jaywant Dalvi]]
|''[[Uttarayan (film)|Uttarayan]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subodh Bhave (सुबोध भावे) - Marathi Actor, Director and Producer |url=https://subodhbhave.com/ |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=subodhbhave.com}}</ref>
|-
|'''2005'''
|[[Gajendra Ahire]]
|''[[Sarivar Sari]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
| '''2006'''
|Madhuri Ashargade
|''Aaishappath''
|-
| '''2007'''
|[[Mannu Bhandari]]
|''Evdhasa Aabhal''
|-
| '''2008'''
|Rajan Khan
|''Dhudgus''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title='जोगवा'साठी उपेंद्र लिमयेला राष्ट्रीय पुरस्कार |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/-/articleshow/5492381.cms |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Maharashtra Times |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''2009'''
|Kiran Yadnopavit
|''Sukhant''
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name=":1" />
|-
|'''2010'''
|Aaba Gaikwad
|''Antardah''
|-
| '''2011'''
|Saurabh Bhave
|''[[Taryanche Bait]]''
|-
| '''2012'''
|Usha Datar
|''[[Kaksparsh]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaksparsh Awards |url=http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php|url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407093640/http://www.kaksparshthefilm.com/awards.php |archive-date=7 April 2014 }}</ref>
|-
|'''2013'''
|Gayatri Kolte
|''[[Taani]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Winners of 51st Maharashtra State Film Awards |website=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/photofeatures/winners-at-the-51st-maharashtra-state-awards/photostory/slide/imgid/40284194.cms}}</ref>
|-
|'''2014'''
|Shrikant Bojewar
|''[[Ek Hazarachi Note]]''
|
|-
| '''2015'''
|Rajan Khan
|''[[Halal (film)|Halal]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=53rd Maharashtra State Film Awards 2016: Full Nominations List - Marathi Cineyug |url=http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603120402/http://marathicineyug.com/news/latest-news/833-53rd-maharashtra-state-film-awards-2016-full-nominations-list |archive-date=2016-06-03 |access-date= |website=marathicineyug.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>
|-
| '''2016'''
|Rahul Chaudhari
|''Bandookya''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |title=State Award winning film Bandookya release date out |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/state-award-winning-film-bandookya-release-date-out/articleshow/59367741.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| '''2017'''
|Deepak Gawade
|''Idak - The Goat''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-09-10 |title=55th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Distribution Celebrated - Latest Photos {{!}} दिमाखात पार पडला ५५ वा महाराष्ट्र मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्कार सोहळा - Watch Galleryimages Photos at Loksatta.com |url=https://www.loksatta.com/photos/entertainment-gallery/1671617/55th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-distribution-celebrated/ |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=Loksatta |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| '''2018'''
|[[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
|''[[Naal (film)|Naal]]''
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=MMW |first=Team |date=2019-06-22 |title=56th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Winners |url=https://marathimovieworld.com/awards/56th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-winners.php |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|'''2019'''
|[[Bakibab Borkar]]
|''[[Panghrun]]''
|<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-02-23 |title=Pimple Saudagar resident receives best debut director award in 57th Maharashtra State Marathi Film Awards Ceremony - PUNE PULSE |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pimple-saudagar-resident-receives-best-debut-director-award-in-57th-maharashtra-state-marathi-film-awards-ceremony/ |access-date= |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|'''2020'''
|Vitthal Kale
|''[[Baaplyok]]''
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=डेस्क |first=एबीपी माझा एंटरटेनमेंट |title=57 व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पुरस्काराचे वितरण, 'वाय' ठरला सर्वोत्कृष्ट चित्रपट |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/57th-state-marathi-film-awards-y-adjudged-the-best-film-maharashtra-entertainment-news-1258896 |access-date=2025-09-02 |website=ABP Majha |language=mr}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''2021'''
|Mangesh Joshi
| rowspan="2" |''Karkhanisanchi Wari''
|-
|Archana Borhade
|-
|'''2022'''
|Sumit Tambe
|''[[Samaira (film)|Samaira]]''
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=६० व्या व ६१ व्या राज्य मराठी चित्रपट पारितोषिकांचे, तसेच चित्रपती व्ही.शांताराम व स्व.राज कपूर पुरस्कारांचे वितरण |url=https://mahasamvad.in/174491/ |website=Mahasamvad}}</ref>
|-
|'''2023'''
|[[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]
|''[[Naal 2]]''
|}
==Multiple wins==

Individuals with two or more Best Story awards:

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Wins
! scope="col" | Actress
|-
|2
|{{Cslist|[[Vijay Tendulkar]]|[[Jaywant Dalvi]]|[[Sumitra Bhave]]|[[Sudhakar Reddy Yakkanti]]|Vijay Kuwlekar |}}
|-
|}
==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb event|0015478|Maharashtra State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Maharashtra State Film Awards|Story]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Balaghat Range

2025-11-01T21:04:13Z

Medfly: basic improve intro per standard format and corrected details as per guidelines

{{Short description|Low elevation mountain range}}
[[File:PMC4355649 biodiversity data journal-3-e4541-g001.png|thumb|From: {{cite journal|pmc=4355649 | pmid=25829859 | doi=10.3897/BDJ.3.e4541 | volume=3 | title=Checklist of fabaceae lindley in balaghat ranges of maharashtra, India | year=2015 | journal=Biodivers Data J | article-number=e4541 | last1 = Gore | first1 = R | last2 = Gaikwad | first2 = S | issue=3 | doi-access=free }}]]
'''Balaghat range''' is a mountain range of low elevation in the [[Maharashtra]] state of [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kakade |first1=R. G. |last2=Maharashtra Central Famine Relief Committee |title=Report of the survey of Ghost valley. |date=1955 |pages=5 |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/36941/GIPE-043670.pdf?sequence=3}}</ref>
Balaghat Range runs south-eastwards from [[Western Ghats]] at the [[Harishchandra Range]] to the border of [[Maharashtra]] and [[Karnataka]] states. It extends about 320 kilometers. The range traverses the districts of [[Ahmednagar]], [[Beed]], [[Latur]], [[Osmanabad]] and [[Solapur]] in Maharashtra.

The mountain range has width between five and nine kilometers. Balaghat hills at their western edge have a higher elevation of 550–825 meters which are much higher than the eastern edge. These hills are with flat tops. The range separate [[Godavari River]] basin in the north from [[Bhima River]] basin in the south.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://hindi.indiawaterportal.org/node/26495|title=Balaghat range in Hindi - Hindi Water Portal|website=Hindi.indiawaterportal.org|accessdate=14 December 2018|archive-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127022205/http://hindi.indiawaterportal.org/node/26495|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Balaghat-Range|title=Balaghat Range - hills, India|website=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]]|accessdate=14 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://universalium.academic.ru/258182/Balaghat_Range|title=Balaghat Range|website=Universalium.academic.ru|accessdate=14 December 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}

* https://vishwakosh.marathi.gov.in/29297/

[[Category:Mountain ranges of India]]
[[Category:Landforms of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Geography of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Hills of Maharashtra]]

DCB Bank

2025-10-24T16:12:30Z

Medfly:

{{Short description|Bank in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox company
| name = DCB Bank Limited
| logo = Development Credit Bank.svg
| type = [[Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|532772}} {{NSE|DCBBANK}}
| industry = [[Banking]] [[Financial service]]s
| founded = 1930s
| key_people = {{Unbulleted_list|Praveen Achuthan Kutty {{small|([[Managing Director|MD]] & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}}}<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| products = {{Bulleted_list|[[Retail banking|Consumer banking]]|[[Agriculture & Inclusive Banking]]|[[Commercial bank|Corporate banking]]|[[Financial services|Finance and Insurance distribution]]|[[Mortgage loan]]s|[[Private banking]]|[[Wealth management]]|[[Investment banking]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INR|5836.28 crore}} (FY 23-24)<ref name="BalSheet">[https://www.dcb.bank.in/pdfs/BSE-NSE-Outcome-Of-Board-Meeting-24-04-2024-with-dividend-Fund-Raising.pdf "Balance Sheet 31.03.2024"]. dcbbank.com (31st March 2024).</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{INR|2402.14crore}} (FY 23-24)<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| assets = {{increase}}{{INR|63036.97 crore}} (FY 23-24)<ref name="BalSheet"/>
| equity = 5067.86 crore
| num_employees = 11,325 (FY 23-24) <ref name="BalSheet"/>
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| homepage = {{URL|https://www.dcb.bank.in}}
}}

'''DCB Bank Limited''' is a private sector scheduled commercial bank in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dcbbank.com/about/ |title=DCB | About DCB |access-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092438/http://www.dcbbank.com/about/ |archive-date=2 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_development-credit-bank-eyeing-rs150-cr-through-qip-in-h2-aims-for-profit-in-q3_1372688 |title=Development Credit Bank eyeing Rs150 cr through QIP in H2, aims for profit in Q3 – Money – DNA |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=18 April 2010 |access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref> It is amongst the new generation banks that received the scheduled commercial bank license from the bank regulator, [[Reserve Bank of India]]. DCB Bank received the licence on 31 May 1995.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rupeetimes.com/banks/development_credit_bank_ltd.html |title=Development Credit Bank Ltd. |work=Rupee Times |date=31 May 1995 |access-date=16 March 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

A professional management team guided by the Board of Directors runs the Bank. DCB Bank’s business segments include Retail, micro-SME, SME, mid-Corporate, Agriculture, Commodities, Government, Public Sector, Indian Banks, Co-operative Banks and Non Banking Finance Companies (NBFC). It has approximately 2.5 million customers.

The [[Aga Khan Fund for Economic Development]] (AKFED) is the promoter of the Bank with around 15% stake. Public shareholding under the Resident Individual category is approximately 34.44%.

==History==
DCB Bank Limited has 451 branches across India, as on 30 September 2024, and has operations within the India geography.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bank|first=DCB|title=Quick Facts|url=https://www.dcbbank.com/cms/showpage/page/about-us}}</ref> It is publicly listed in India on the Bombay Stock Exchange and National Stock Exchange respectively. DCB Bank offered shares to the public by an [[initial public offering]] (IPO) in 2006.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/development-credit-bank-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-4940.cms |title=Company History |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |access-date=16 March 2011}}</ref> Historically, DCB Bank's origin from Maharashtra, India was the outcome of the merger between Ismailia Co-operative Bank Limited and the Masalawala Co-operative Bank to form Development Co-operative Bank. This changed to Development Credit Bank upon grant of the scheduled bank license by the [[Reserve Bank of India]] in May 1995. In 2013, early 2014 the Reserve Bank of India approved the name change to DCB Bank Ltd.. DCB Bank is the contemporary identity, registered entity, and corporate logo.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/dcb-bank-q1-profit-at-rs-700-million-against-rs-650-million-in-q-fy18-118071400624_1.html | title=DCB Bank Q1 profit at Rs 700 million against Rs 650 million in Q1FY18 }}</ref>

==Awards==

DCB Bank was the runner-up Best Small Bank in India recognised by Businessworld Magna Awards 2018. It was also rated as the Best Small Bank in India by BusinessWorld Magna Awards 2017. The Bank was conferred the Good Corporate Citizen Award 2017–18 by the Bombay Chamber of Commerce & Industry. This was in recognition of the activities actively promoted by the Bank for sustainability and [[climate change mitigation]] across India. DCB Bank has been awarded the "Excellent Services of the Year" award by ASSOCHAM, in the 8th MSMEs Excellence Awards March 2022. It has also won the Best CSR Impact Award in UBS FORUMS 2022 for its work in Banki, Cuttack, Orissa for its Livelihood Improvement Project through Integrated Watershed Management. It has achieved the prestigious Great Place to Work Certification for 2022-2023 which identifies and recognizes Great Workplace Cultures. {{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]
* [[List of banks in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.dcb.bank.in}}

{{Agha Khan Fund for Economic Development}}
{{Banking in India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Private sector banks in India]]
[[Category:Aga Khan Development Network]]
[[Category:1995 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Banks established in 1995]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Alam Muzaffarnagari

2025-10-16T17:12:20Z

Medfly: started new entry!

{{Short description|Scholar and writer (1901–1969)}}
{{Other uses|Muhammad Ishaq (disambiguation){{!}}Muhammad Ishaq}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}

'''Alam Muzaffarnagari''' (1901-1969), born as '''Muhammad Ishaaq''' in [[Muzaffarnagar]], then part of the [[North-West Provinces]] of British India, was a poet and writer.<ref>Urdu Authors: Date List maintained by National Council for the Promotion of Urdu {{cite web|url=http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/urdu_wrld/u_auth/index_all.htm |title=National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language |accessdate=2012-08-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301184839/http://www.urducouncil.nic.in/urdu_wrld/u_auth/index_all.htm |archive-date=2012-03-01 }}</ref>

Two collections of his poems (mainly ghazals), titled ''Salsabil'' and ''Kausar o Tasniim'', have been published.<ref>Kamala Nasīma, ''Urdū Sāhitya Kośa'' (Vāṇī Prakāśana, 1988), pages 33 and 34 https://books.google.com/books?isbn=817055134X</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Muzaffarnagari, Alam}}
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Muslim poets]]
[[Category:1901 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarnagar]]

{{India-poet-stub}}

Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi

2025-10-16T17:08:45Z

Medfly: added a info

{{Short description|Indian Muslim scholar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|name = Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi
|honorific_prefix = Mawlānā, Mufti
|office1= 4th Rector of [[Madrasa Aminia]]
|term_start1= September 1955
|term_end1= 1979
|image =
|caption =
|predecessor1 = [[Ahmad Saeed Dehlavi]]
|module = {{Infobox religious biography|embed = yes|religion=Islam
|birth_date = {{birth date|1910|2|10|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Shahjahanpur]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{date of death and age|1987|3|13|1910|2|10|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Delhi]], India
|alma_mater = [[Madrasa Aminia]]
|notable_works = ''Urdū Masdar Nāmā'', ''Zar-i gul''
|father = [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]]
}}}}
'''Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi''' (10 February 1910 – 13 March 1987) was an Indian Muslim scholar, jurist, literary critic, and a poet of the [[Urdu]] language, who served as the rector of [[Madrasa Aminia]] from 1955 to 1979. He participated in the [[Indian freedom struggle]] movement and authored books such as ''Adabī bhūl bhulayyān̲'', ''Urdū Masdar Nāmā'' and ''Taz̲kirah-yi Sā'il''. He compiled the religious edicts of his father [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]] as ''Kifāyat al-Mufti'' in nine volumes.

==Biography==
Hafizur Rahman Wasif Dehlavi was born on 10 February 1910 in [[Shahjahanpur]].{{Sfn|Shahjahanpuri|2005|pp=105-106}} He was the eldest son of [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]], the [[Grand Mufti of India]].{{Sfn|Shahjahanpuri|2005|pp=105-106}}{{Sfn|Adrawi|2016|p=82}} He studied at the [[Madrasa Aminia]] with his father Kifayatullah Dehlawi and scholars including Khuda Bakhsh and Abdul Ghafoor Aarif Dehalvi.{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=19}} He studied [[Islamic calligraphy]] with Hamid Hussain Faridabadi and Munshi Abdul Ghani.{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=20}}

Wasif was a calligrapher, literary critic, poet and an Islamic jurist.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=177}}{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=22}} Aged 15, he started to write poetry in [[Persian language|Persian]]. His earliest poetry in [[Urdu]] was a [[marsiya]] about [[Hakim Ajmal Khan]], which appeared in the 22 January 1928 edition of ''Al-Jamiat''.{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=44}} He wrote in the [[ghazal]], [[nazm]], [[qasida]], [[musaddas]] and other genres of Urdu poetry.{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=44}} He was a student of Saail Dehlavi and Nooh Narvi in poetry.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=188}}{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=45}} [[Jameel Mehdi]] would say that, "Wasif is the only poet after [[Jigar Moradabadi]] who has an equal command over calligraphy. If he was not a poet, he would have been a great calligrapher."{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=22}}

Wasif started his career as a teacher of [[Arabic language]] and literature in the [[Government of Delhi]]'s education department.{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=24}} In 1936, his father made him the manager of Kutub Khana Rahimiya.{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=24}} He was appointed the vice-rector of [[Madrasa Aminia]] in 1953.{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=24}} He became the rector in September 1955 and resigned in 1979.{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|pp=25-26}} He also participated in the [[Indian freedom struggle]].{{Sfn|Dehlavi|2011|p=28}}{{Sfn|Amini|2017|p=185}} He died on 13 March 1987 in Delhi.{{Sfn|Adrawi|2016|p=82}}

==Literary works==
Wasif compiled the religious edicts issued by his father [[Kifayatullah Dehlawi]] as ''Kifāyat al-Mufti'' in nine volumes.{{Sfn|Amini|2017|pp=210-211}} Pakistani historian [[Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri]] has regarded this as his major academic, political, religious and living work.{{Sfn|Shahjahanpuri|2005|pp=105-106}} Wasif's other works include:{{Sfn|Amini|2017|pp=210-211}}
* ''Adabī bhūl bhulayyān̲: zabān-o-qawā'id aur Urdū imlā par tanqīd''
* ''Jamī'at-i Ulamā par ek tārīk̲h̲ī tabṣirah'' (A book discussing the history of [[Jamiat Ulama-e-Hind]] and its establishment)
* ''Sih lisānī Masdar Nāmā'' (Dictionary of Urdu verbs with their Arabic and Persian equivalents)
* ''Taz̲kirah-yi Sā'il'' (''Biography of [[Saail Dehalvi]]'')
* ''Urdū Masdar Nāmā''
* ''Zar-i gul'' (Poetic collection)

== See also ==
* [[List of Deobandis]]
==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Amini |first1=Noor Alam Khalil |author-link=Noor Alam Khalil Amini |title=Pas-e-Marg-e-Zindah |publisher=Idara Ilm-o-Adab |location=[[Deoband]] |pages=177–213 |edition=5 |date=February 2017 |language=Urdu |chapter=Hadhrat Mawlāna Hafīzur Raḥmān Wāsif Dehalvi}}
* {{cite book |last1=Dehlavi |first1=Muḥammad Qāsim|title=Mawlānā Ḥafīẓurraḥmān Wāsif Dehlavī |date=2011 |publisher=[[Urdu Academy, New Delhi|Urdu Academy]] |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7121-176-0}}
* {{cite book |last1=Shahjahanpuri |first1=Abu Salman |author1-link=Abu Salman Shahjahanpuri |title=Mufti-e-Azam Hind |date=2005 |publisher=[[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] |location=Patna |language=ur}}
* {{cite book |last1=Adrawi |first1=Asir |author1-link=Asir Adrawi |title=Karwān-e-Rafta: Tazkirah Mashāhīr-e-Hind |trans-title= The Caravan of the Past: Discussing Indian scholars|date=April 2016 |publisher=Darul Muallifeen |location=Deoband |edition=2nd|language=ur}}
{{refend}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dehlavi, Hafizur Rahman Wasif}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:1910 births]]
[[Category:1987 deaths]]
[[Category:Madrasa Aminia alumni]]
[[Category:Indian literary critics]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Indian calligraphers]]
[[Category:Deobandis]]
[[Category:Hanafi fiqh scholars]]
[[Category:Urdu-language Indian poets]]
[[Category:Indian muftis]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:People from Shahjahanpur]]

Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar

2025-07-21T05:52:31Z

Medfly:

{{short description|Indian Judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}'''Madhukar Narhar Chandurkar''' (14 March 1926 – 28 February 2004) was a former Chief Justice of Bombay and Madras High Court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/references/ChandurkarMN.pdf|title=Full Court Conference|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/the-right-man-for-the-job/|title=The right man for the job|last=Chandrachud|first=Abhinav|date=19 May 2018|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=7 June 2019}}</ref> He was born in a [[Mali|Brahmin]] family in Chandurbazar village, [[Amravati district]].<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Prabhu Chawla |date=November 15, 1987 |title=Executive succeeds in having its way, imposes its will on the judiciary|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/nation/story/19871115-executive-succeeds-in-having-its-way-imposes-its-will-on-the-judiciary-799516-1987-11-15|access-date=2022-01-15|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref> His father N.B. Chandurkar was a distinguished lawyer and a Sanskrit scholar.

==Career==
Chandurkar was born in 1926. He studied in Somalwar Academy of [[Nagpur]] and [[Hislop College]]. He passed Law from the [[University of Nagpur]]. Chandurkar enrolled as an Advocate and started practice in the Nagpur High Court in 1954 on Civil, Criminal and Tax matters. He was appointed in the post of Additional Judge of the [[Bombay High Court]] on 28 October 1967. In 1968 he became a permanent judge. Justice Chandurkar was elevated in the post of Chief Justice of the Bombay High Court on 2 January 1984.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?auth=amdldGlkPTE2NyZwYWdlbm89MTc=|title=MR. M.N. Chandurkar|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> He was transferred to the [[Madras High Court]] and served there as the Chief Justice from 2 April 1984 to 13 March 1988.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hcmadras.tn.nic.in/cjlist.html|title=The former Chief Justices|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandurkar, Madhukar Narhar}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:Judges of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian lawyers]]

2010 Indian Premier League final

2025-07-20T18:32:58Z

Medfly: started new entry!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox limited overs final
| title = 2010 Indian Premier League final
| image =
| event = {{nobr|[[2010 Indian Premier League]]}}
| team1 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| team1score = 168/5
| team1overs = 20 overs
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| team2score = 146/9
| team2overs = 20 overs

| details = [[Chennai Super Kings]] won by 22 runs
| date = 25 April 2010
| stadium = [[DY Patil Stadium]]
| attendance = 55,836
| city = [[Navi Mumbai]]
| man_of_the_match = [[Suresh Raina]] (CSK)
| man_of_the_tournment1b = [[Sachin Tendulkar]]
| umpires = [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
| television = [[SET Max]]
| previous = [[2009 Indian Premier League final|2009]]
| next = [[2011 Indian Premier League final|2011]]
}}

The '''2010 Indian Premier League final''' was a [[Day/night cricket|day/night]] [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] match played between the [[Chennai Super Kings]] and the [[Mumbai Indians]] on 25 April 2010 at the [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]] to determine the winner of the [[2010 Indian Premier League]], an annual professional Twenty20 cricket league in India. It ended as the Super Kings defeated the Indians by 22 [[Run (cricket)|run]]s.

The Indians, [[Captain (cricket)|captained]] by [[Sachin Tendulkar]], topped the group stage table with 10 wins in 14 matches, whereas the Super Kings, led by [[Mahendra Singh Dhoni]], stood at the third position with seven wins in 14. They had defeated the [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]] and the [[Deccan Chargers]] respectively in the semi-finals.<ref name="pointtable">{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/series/418064.html?view=pointstable|title = Points Table|access-date = 30 November 2016|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>

Mumbai Indians qualified for the first time in their Indian Premier League history while it was the second time for Chennai Super Kings in three years. Super Kings qualified for the final at [[2008 Indian Premier League final|2008]] [[2008 Indian Premier League|Indian Premier League]] where they lost to [[Rajasthan Royals]] by three [[Wicket#Winning by number of wickets|wicket]]s in a last ball thriller.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl/engine/current/match/336040.html|title = Final: Chennai Super Kings v Rajasthan Royals at Mumbai, Jun 1, 2008 | work=Cricinfo }}</ref>

== Route to the Final ==
{{main article|2010 Indian Premier League}}
[[File:DY Patil Stadium.jpg|thumbnail|right|The venue of the Indian Premier League final was [[DY Patil Stadium]] which was also the venue of the semifinals and third place playoff.<ref name = "sf1" /><ref name = "sf2" /><ref name = "3rdplace">{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419164.html|title = 3rd Place Play-off: Royal Challengers Bangalore v Deccan Chargers at Mumbai, Apr 24, 2010 |work = Cricinfo |access-date = 30 November 2016|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref>]]

=== Group stage ===
The Super Kings' campaign started with a loss against the defending champion [[Deccan Chargers]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/451967.html|title = Deccan big guns overwhelm Chennai|access-date = 30 November 2016|date = 14 March 2010|publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> They went on to win their next two matches against [[Kolkata Knight Riders]] and [[Delhi Daredevils]] respectively, but then lost four consecutive matches against [[Kings XI Punjab]], Royal Challengers, Indians and [[Rajasthan Royals]]. Though the loss against Kings XI came in a Super-Over after the match ended in a [[Result (cricket)#Tie|tie]].<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/452916.html|title = Punjab hold nerve on night of mediocrity|access-date = 30 November 2016| date = 21 March 2010|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> From then they went on to win three consecutive matches against Royal Challengers, Indians and Royals, but they again lost to Chargers at their next match. However they won two of their last three matches including their last match of group stage which led them to the knockout stage.<ref name="pointtable"/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/456552.html|title = Punjab end disappointing campaign with defeat|access-date = 30 November 2016|date = 18 April 2010|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name="cskresults">{{cite web|url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=6;id=2010;team=4343;type=year|title =2010-Chennai Super Kings/Records/Twenty20 matches/Match results}}</ref>

While on the other hand campaign for Mumbai Indians was like a bed of roses. They won seven out of their first with the only defeat coming in their third match against the Royal Challengers.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/452783.html|title = Vinay, Steyn set up comprehensive win|access-date= 30 November 2016|date = 20 March 2010|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref> But after this start they won three and lost three of their last six matches. However 20 points from 10 wins in 14 matches were more than enough for them to be the points table topper as their closest team at the points table, Deccan Chargers had 16 points in their bag.<ref name="pointtable"/><ref name="miresults">{{cite web|url = http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=6;id=2010;team=4346;type=year|title=2010-Mumbai Indians/Records/Twenty20 matches}}</ref>

The two teams faced each other in two matches of the group stage, Indians and Super Kings won one each.<ref name="pointtable"/> Both the Super Kings and Indians played at the [[DY Patil Stadium]] for the first time in the finals.<ref name="pointtable"/>

{{stack begin|float=left}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Group stage procession<ref name="pointtable"/>
|-
! rowspan="2" | Team
! colspan="14" | Group matches
|-
!width=25| 1 !!width=25| 2 !!width=25| 3 !!width=25| 4 !!width=25| 5 !!width=25| 6 !!width=25| 7 !!width=25| 8 !!width=25| 9 !!width=25| 10 !!width=25| 11 !!width=25| 12 !!width=25| 13 !!width=25| 14
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[Mumbai Indians]]
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match2|2]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match9|4]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match14|4]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match17|6]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match21|8]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match25|10]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match27|12]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match33|14]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match37|14]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match41|14]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match45|16]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match47|18]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match52|20]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match56|20]]}}
|-
! style="text-align:left" | [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match5|0]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match8|2]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match11|4]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match16|4]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match18|4]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match21|4]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match24|4]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match28|6]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match32|8]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match37|10]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match42|10]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match48|12]]}}
| {{nom|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match50|12]]}}
| {{won|[[2010 Indian Premier League#match54|14]]}}
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="width:90px;float:right;margin-top:0"
| colspan="2" {{won|Won}}
| colspan="2" {{nom|Lost}}
|}
:'''Note''': The points at the end of each group match are listed.
:'''Note''': Click on the points to see the summary for the match.
{{stack end}}{{clear}}

=== Semi-final ===
The Indians played the fourth placed team Royal Challengers in the first semi-final. The Indians won the toss and decided to bat first. The Indians didn't have a good opening partnership. Opener and skipper Sachin Tendulkar was dismissed at 11 runs. The other opener Shikhar Dhawan got out at 29. But [[Batting order (cricket)|middle order]] batsmen [[Saurabh Tiwary]] and [[Ambati Rayudu]] scored 52 and 40 respectively. Lower order batsman [[Kieron Pollard]] scored an unbeaten cameo of 33 from 13 balls to take the score to 184 for 5 in 20 overs. [[Dale Steyn]] took two wickets for 43 runs. In reply Royal Challengers were never comfortable in chasing down Indians' 184. They lost wickets in regular break and could finally score 149 for 9 wickets falling short by 35 runs. [[Ross Taylor]] scored the highest 31 runs for the Royal Challengers. Kieron Pollard took three wickets for 17 runs. Mumbai won the match by 35 runs and qualified for the final while Royal Challengers were eliminated from the tournament as a result of this match. Royal Challengers also got a place in the third-place playoff match. Kieron Pollard was named the [[man of the match]].<ref name="sf1">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419162.html|title=1st Semi-Final: Royal Challengers Bangalore v Mumbai Indians at Mumbai, Apr 21, 2010 |work=Cricinfo |publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/456800.html|title = Ruthless Mumbai march into final|access-date = 30 November 2016|date = 21 April 2010|publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref name = "3rdplace"/>

In the second semi-final, Super Kings played the Chargers. The Super Kings won the toss and elected to bat first, But they made slow star from the starting also they lost their first three wickets in 29 runs. But later on contributions of 37 and 30 from middle order batsmen [[Subramaniam Badrinath]] and skipper Dhoni rescued Super Kings and helped to build up their innings. In later part of the innings a cameo of 24 runs from [[Srikkanth Anirudha]] helped Super Kings post a total of 142 for 7 on the board. [[Ryan Harris (cricketer)|Ryan Harris]] took three wickets for 29 runs. To chase down 142, the chargers started very slow. They lost their first wicket at 19 runs with skipper [[Adam Gilchrist]] departing after scoring 15 runs. Then they started losing wickets on regular interval. With this going on the Chargers lost all their wickets for 104 run in 19.2 overs. [[Andrew Symonds]] scored 23 runs which was the highest in Chargers innings. Super Kings bowler [[Doug Bollinger]] took four wickets for 13 runs in 4 over and was also named the man of the match. Chennai won the match by 38 runs and advanced to the final while Chargers were eliminated from the tournament and had to play the third-place playoff where their opponent was the Royal Challengers.<ref name="sf2">{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/match/419163.html|title=2nd Semi-Final: Chennai Super Kings v Deccan Chargers at Mumbai, Apr 22, 2010|publisher=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=30 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/content/story/456926.html|title = Bollinger charges Chennai into final|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date = 30 November 2016|date = 22 April 2010}}</ref><ref name = "3rdplace"/>

== Match ==
=== Match officials ===
* '''On-field [[Umpire (cricket)|umpires]]:''' [[Rudi Koertzen]] (SA) and [[Simon Taufel]] (Aus)
* '''[[Third umpire]]''': [[Sundaram Ravi]] (Ind)
* [[Fourth umpire|'''Reserve umpire''']]: [[Sameer Bandekar]] (USA)
* '''[[Match referee]]''': [[Srinivasaraghavan Venkataraghavan]] (Ind)
* [[Toss (cricket)|'''Toss''']]: Chennai Super Kings elected to bat
* '''Result''': Chennai Super Kings won by 22 runs
* '''League impact''': Chennai Super Kings won the 2010 Indian Premier League title

=== Summary ===
Winning the toss, Super Kings' captain MS Dhoni opted to bat first. The Super Kings scored 168 [[Run (cricket)|runs]] in 20 [[Over (cricket)|overs]] with a loss of five wickets. [[Batting (cricket)|Batting]] at number three, [[Suresh Raina]] top scored for the Super Kings with an unbeaten 57 runs off 35 balls. Skipper Dhoni scored 22 and a late cameo of 15 from [[Albie Morkel]] helped Super Kings to reach the total. Indians' [[Bowling (cricket)|bowler]] [[Dilhara Fernando]] took two wickets for 23 runs. The Indians failed to build a good opening partnership with their opener [[Shikhar Dhawan]], got out at one run. However partnership of 67 runs in second wicket showed light of hope to the Indians. But after the end of that partnership all hope went down for the Indians. Skipper Sachin Tendulkar scored 48 runs and a 27 off 10 balls cameo from [[Kieron Pollard]] wasn't enough to reach the target of 169. They scored 146 in the allotted 20 overs with a loss of nine wickets. [[Shadab Jakati]] got two wickets and [[Muttiah Muralitharan]], [[Doug Bollinger]], Suresh Raina, [[Albie Morkel]] got one wicket each. Super Kings won the match by 22 runs to win their first Indian Premier League Title. Suresh Raina was awarded the [[man of the match]] for his knock of unbeaten 57 and a wicket. This match raised eyebrows as to why Kieron Pollard was held back down the order when he could have higher up the order when the target was within reach.<ref name="scorecard">{{cite web|title=Final: Chennai Super Kings v Mumbai Indians at Mumbai, Apr 25, 2010|work=Cricinfo |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ipl2010/engine/current/match/419165.html}}</ref>

=== Scorecard ===
Source:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Full Scorecard of Chennai Super Kings vs Mumbai Indians Final 2010 - Score Report |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/8048/scorecard/419165/mumbai-indians-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-indian-premier-league-2009-10|access-date=2020-12-08|work=ESPNcricinfo|language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+Chennai Super Kings innings
![[Batsmen]]
![[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of Dismissal]]
![[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
![[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
!Strike rate
|-
|[[Murali Vijay]]
|c Tiwary b Fernando
|26
|19
|136.84
|-
|[[Matthew Hayden]]
|c Rayudu{{Dagger}} b Pollard
|17
|31
|54.83
|-
|[[Suresh Raina]]
|not out
|57
|35
|162.85
|-
|[[S Badrinath]]
|c Malinga b Fernando
|14
|11
|127.27
|-
|[[MS Dhoni]]{{Dagger}} ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
|c Fernando b Khan
|22
|15
|146.66
|-
|[[Albie Morkel]]
|run out (Rayudu{{Dagger}})
|15
|6
|250.00
|-
|[[Srikkanth Anirudha|S Anirudha]]
|not out
|6
|3
|200.00
|-
|Did not bat
| colspan="4" |[[R Ashwin]], [[Shadab Jakati]], [[Doug Bollinger]], [[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
|-
|Extras
|(lb 3, w 8)
|'''11'''
| colspan="2" |
|-
|'''Total'''
|(20 overs, 8.4 runs per over)
|'''168/5'''
| colspan="2" |
|}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1-44 (Vijay, 7.2 overs), 2-47 (Hayden, 8.4 overs), 3-67 (Badrinath, 11.2 overs), 4-139 (Dhoni, 17.1 overs), 5-157 (Albie Morkel, 19.3 overs
{| class="wikitable"
|+Mumbai Indians bowling
![[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
![[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
![[Maiden over|Maidens]]
![[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
![[Dismissal (cricket)|Wickets]]
!Economy
|-
|[[Harbhajan Singh]]
|4
|0
|30
|0
|7.50
|-
|[[Lasith Malinga]]
|4
|0
|33
|0
|8.25
|-
|[[Zaheer Khan]]
|4
|0
|34
|1
|8.50
|-
|[[Dilhara Fernando]]
|4
|0
|23
|2
|5.75
|-
|[[Kieron Pollard]]
|4
|0
|45
|1
|11.25
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Mumbai Indians innings
![[Batsmen]]
![[Dismissal (cricket)|Method of Dismissal]]
![[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
![[Delivery (cricket)|Balls]]
!Strike rate
|-
|[[Shikhar Dhawan]]
|c Dhoni{{Dagger}} b Bollinger
|0
|8
|0.00
|-
|[[Sachin Tendulkar]] ([[Captain (cricket)|c]])
|c Vijay b Jakati
|48
|45
|106.66
|-
|[[Abhishek Nayar]]
|run out (Dhoni{{Dagger}})
|27
|26
|103.84
|-
|[[Harbhajan Singh]]
|lbw b Raina
|1
|2
|50.00
|-
|[[Ambati Rayudu]]{{Dagger}}
|run out (Vijay)
|21
|14
|150.00
|-
|[[Saurabh Tiwary]]
|c Raina b Jakati
|0
|2
|0.00
|-
|[[JP Duminy]]
|c Jakati b Muralitharan
|6
|7
|85.71
|-
|[[Kieron Pollard]]
|c Hayden b Morkel
|27
|10
|270.00
|-
|[[Zaheer Khan]]
|run out (Ashwin)
|1
|3
|33.33
|-
|[[Lasith Malinga]]
|not out
|1
|1
|100.00
|-
|[[Dilhara Fernando]]
|not out
|2
|2
|100.00
|-
|Extras
|(b 1, lb 6, w 5)
|'''12'''
| colspan="2" |
|-
|Total
|(20 overs, 7.3 runs per over)
|'''146/9'''
| colspan="2" |
|}
'''Fall of wickets:''' 1-1 (Dhawan, 1.4 overs), 2-67 (Nayar, 11.2 overs), 3-73 (H Singh, 11.6 overs), 4-99 (Tendulkar, 14.2 overs), 5-100 (Tiwary, 14.5 overs), 6-114 (Duminy, 16.6 overs), 7-142 (Rayudu, 18.5 overs), 8-142 (Pollard, 18.6 overs), 9-143 (Z Khan, 19.3 overs)
{| class="wikitable"
|+Chennai Super Kings bowling
![[Bowler (cricket)|Bowler]]
![[Over (cricket)|Overs]]
![[Maiden over|Maidens]]
![[Run (cricket)|Runs]]
![[Dismissal (cricket)|Wickets]]
!Economy
|-
|[[R Ashwin]]
|4
|1
|24
|0
|6.00
|-
|[[Doug Bollinger]]
|4
|0
|31
|1
|7.75
|-
|[[Albie Morkel]]
|3
|0
|20
|1
|6.66
|-
|[[Muttiah Muralitharan]]
|4
|0
|17
|1
|4.25
|-
|[[Shadab Jakati]]
|3
|0
|26
|2
|8.66
|-
|[[Suresh Raina]]
|2
|0
|21
|1
|10.50
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.iplt20.com/ Official website of Indian Premier League]

{{Indian Premier League}}

{{coord|19|2|31|N|73|1|36|E|type:event|display=title}}

[[Category:2010 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:2010 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Indian Premier League finals]]

Naiknagar

2025-05-17T04:33:14Z

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{{short description|Village in Maharashtra}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
|name = Naiknagar
|settlement_type = Village
|image_skyline =
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|etymology =
|nickname =
|coordinates = 
|population_total =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = India
|subdivision_type1 = State
|subdivision_name1 = Maharashtra
|subdivision_type2 =
|subdivision_name2 =
|website = 
}}

'''Naiknagar''' is a village in [[Maharashtra]], India. It is located in [[Umarga]] Taluka in [[Osmanabad]] district.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref> The village resides in the [[Marathwada]] region, and falls under the supervision of the [[Aurangabad]] division. Located 85 km towards east from the district headquarters Osmanabad, the village is also 13 km from Umarga, 474 km from the state capital [[Mumbai]] and 240 km from [[Hyderabad]].Kalaburagi city is 80 km away from the village. Solapur is 65 km away from Naik nagar.{{citation needed|date=September 2021}}

== Demographics ==
The main language spoken here is [[Lambadi]] and the official language is [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. [[Kannada]] is also spoken by people in Naik Nagar.

The population of this village is about 2500 and all of these people follow [[Hinduism]]

== Nearby villages ==

* Sundar wadi is 3 km away
* [[Kantekur]] is 7 km away
* [[Bhusni]] is 4 km away
* [[Umarga]] is 10 km away

[[Murum, Osmanabad|Murum]] is 3 km away

Naik Nagar is surrounded by [[Aland, Karnataka|Aland]] taluka towards south, [[Lohara, Akola|Lohara]] taluka towards north, [[Akkalkot]] taluka towards south, [[Tuljapur]] taluka towards west, [[Ausa Taluka|Ausa]] taluka towards north, [[Basavakalyan|Basav Kalyan]] taluka towards west.

== Nearby cities ==
The cities near to Naiknagar are [[Umarga]], [[Tuljapur]], [[Nilanga]], [[Solapur]], [[Kalaburagi]].

== Postal details ==
The postal head office for Naiknagar is [[Murum, Osmanabad|Murum]]. The pin codes near Naiknagar are Dalimb - 413604, Murum - 413605, Umarga - 413606.

== Politics ==
The [[Shiv Sena]] and congress are the major political parties in Naiknagar.

=== Polling stations near Naiknagar ===

# Z.P.P.S Naik Nagar
# Z.P.P.S Naichakur
# Z.P.P.S Ambarnagar
# Z.P.P.S Savalasur
# Z.P.P.S Sundaravadi east side

== Education ==
The colleges near Naiknagar are:

# Vitthal sai Mahavidyala Naik Nagar
#Shri. Madhavrao Patil Mahavidyala Murum
#
#
#

The schools in Naik Nagar are :

#
#
# Latai Prathamik shala Naik Nagar
#Zpps Naik Nagar
#

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|17|49|N|76|29|E|display=title|region:IN_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}

[[Category:Villages in Osmanabad district]]

Sailung Zorinliana

2025-02-13T01:38:01Z

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{{short description|Indian cricketer (born 1974)}}
{{use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = S Zorinliana
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|11|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| batting =
| bowling =
| role =

| club1 =
| year1 =
| clubnumber1 =
| club2 =
| year2 =
| clubnumber2 =

| date = 3 October 2019
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159755.html Cricinfo
}}
'''S Zorinliana''' (born 28 November 1974) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1159755.html |title=S Zorinliana |accessdate=3 October 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[List A cricket|List A]] debut on 28 September 2018, for [[Mizoram cricket team|Mizoram]] in the [[2018–19 Vijay Hazare Trophy]].<ref name="LA">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156870.html |title=Plate Group, Vijay Hazare Trophy at Anand, Sep 28 2018 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He made his [[first-class cricket|first-class]] debut on 20 November 2018, for Mizoram in the [[2018–19 Ranji Trophy]].<ref name="FC">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1156987.html |title=Plate Group, Ranji Trophy at Jorhat, Nov 20-22 2018 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> He was the captain of Mizoram for the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy.<ref name="FCsqu">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/squad/1164208.html |title=2018–19 Ranji Trophy / Arunachal Pradesh / Players |accessdate=3 October 2019 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1159755}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zorinliana, S}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Mizoram cricketers]]
[[Category:Cricketers from Mizoram]]
{{India-cricket-bio-1980s-stub}}

List of Women & Child Welfare ministers of Andhra Pradesh

2025-01-12T20:04:34Z

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Malankara Dam

2024-11-24T17:44:06Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox dam
| name = Malankara Dam
| name_official =
| image = Morning view of Malankara Dam reservoir from Kudayathoor 2.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| location_map = India#India Kerala#India Tamil Nadu
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|9|51|10|N|76|44|41|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| country = India
| location = [[Thodupuzha]], [[Kerala]], [[India]]
| status = O
| construction_began =
| opening =
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type = Gravity concrete
| dam_height =
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
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| spillway_count =
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| plant_operator =
| plant_commission =
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines =
| plant_capacity =
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
[[File:Malankara Dam.jpg|thumb|Malankara Dam View]]
[[File:Morning view of Malankara Dam reservoir from Kudayathoor 9.jpg|thumb|Dam reservoir]]
'''Malankara dam''' is a [[gravity dam]] constructed across [[Muvattupuzha River|Muvattupuzha]] river for irrigation purposes. The dam is constructed to make use of the tail water from the [[Moolamattom|Moolamattom power house]]. The project is run under the Muvattupuzha Valley Irrigation Project and [[KSEB]]. The artificial lake covers an area of around 11 square km.

==Tourism==
Constructed across the [[Thodupuzha]] river which is a tributary to the Muvattupuzha river, for the purpose of irrigation, this reservoir is also a tourism spot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Tourism, Official website|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/malankar-dam-thodupuzha/95}}</ref><ref>[http://www.visitorkerala.com/malankara-dam.html Malankara Dam]. ''visitorkerala.com''. {{Archive url|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513115514/http://www.visitorkerala.com/malankara-dam.html|date=2016-05-13}}</ref> This artificial lake is located near to the Thodupuzha – Moolamattom Road (State Highway 33)<ref>{{cite web|title=Idukki district official website|url=http://idukki.nic.in/idukki.htm|website=Idukki District of Kerala - An Official Website|access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref> covering an area of around 11 square km. The reservoir is ideal for boating and fishing.<ref>{{cite web|title=Idukki district official website|url=http://idukki.nic.in/idukki.htm|website=Idukki District of Kerala - An Official Website|access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref>
Unlike the [[Idukki dam|Idukki]] and [[Cheruthoni Dam|Cheruthoni]] dams, the Malankara dam is open to tourists round the year. Also a park is under construction nearby to the reservoir covering an adjacent 15 [[acre]] island.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Hindu News Article|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/malankara-dam-to-be-made-a-tourism-spot/article743698.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=3 April 2010 |access-date=4 May 2016}}</ref>

==Hydro Electric Project==
The Hydro electric project utilizes the tail race water from the Moolamattom Power house which is stored by the dam. Three generators are installed with 3.5 Megawatt capacity each and a total of 10.5 Megawatt. The prime movers are Kaplan type turbines. The project was carried out by Public limited companies like SILK and TELK. Water at 25 Cubic meter/Second flows through a penstock which is 17.5 meter long and 3 meter in diameter to the power house. 44 million units of electricity is produced annually.

== See also ==
[[Muttom, Thodupuzha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Tourism in Kerala}}
{{Dams in Kerala}}

[[Category:Dams in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Tourism in Kerala]]
[[Category:Tourism in Idukki district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Idukki district]]

Doddahundi nishidhi inscription

2023-03-15T15:05:19Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
[[File:Doddahundi Nishidhi (memorial stone) with old Kannada inscription (869 C.E.).JPG|thumb|The Doddahundi ''nishidahi'' [[stele]] depicting the death of King Neetimarga I, with old Kannada inscription dated 840 or 869 C.E.]]
{{Jainism}}
The '''Doddahundi nishidhi and inscription''' is a [[hero stone]] from Doddahundi, 18 km from [[Tirumakudalu Narasipura]] in the [[Mysore district]], [[Karnataka state]], [[India]]. It has an undated old [[Kannada language]] inscription which historians [[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]], [[I. K. Sarma]] and E.P. Rice have dated by context to 840 or 869 C.E.<ref name="rice">Rice, E.P. (1921), p.13</ref><ref name="rana"/> The hero stone has a unique depiction in [[frieze]] of the ritual death (''[[sallekhana]]'' and ''samadhi'') of the [[Western Ganga Dynasty]] king Ereganga Nitimarga I (r. 853-869). The memorial was raised by the king's son Satyavakya. Such ''nishidhi's'' (memorial spot) were raised in medieval India in honor of important [[Jain]] personalities who ended their life voluntarily after following severe ritual vow.<ref name="relief">Sarma (1992), p.17</ref><ref name="vakya">Sarma (1992), p.204</ref> The Western Ganga period produced not only imposing and well sculptured pillars (''stambha'') but also noteworthy hero stones (''virgal'') with exceptional relief.<ref name="note">Kamath (1980), p.52</ref> According to historian and epigraphist [[John Faithfull Fleet|J. F. Fleet]] who edited the inscription, the names in the record are titles and not personal names. He dated the inscription to 840 C.E. with the opinion that the Nitimarga in the inscription is actually Ranavikrama, son of King [[Sripurusha]] (r. 726-788).<ref name="rana">Fleet (1905), p. 53</ref>

==Background==
[[File:Nishidhi stone with 14th century Old Kannada inscription from Tavanandi forest.JPG|thumb|left|An example of a Nishidhi inscription from the 14th century with Kannada language inscription]]
In [[Jainism]], the term ''nishidhi'' (with variants called ''nisidhia'', ''nisadhi'' or ''nistige'') is the spot where the person, such as an ascetic, king or queen died voluntarily, or was cremated or bone relic buried. Such places were held in high regard, a pedestal (''vedika'') created and prayers (''puja'' and ''pratishtha'') offered regularly.<ref name="pillar">Sarma (1992), p.202</ref> Often, the ''nishidhigal'' (''lit'', ''nishidhi'' stone) was nothing more than a natural rock surface or a boulder. Inscribed on the ''nishidhigal'' were [[epitaph]]s that immortalized and described the scholarly and saintly achievements of the deceased one, man or woman. ''Nishidhi's'' dated to as early as the 7th century exist in the [[Shravanabelagola]] hills. One memorial raised by King Sripurusha for Mahaprabhu Gopayya dates from the 8th century. The Doddahundi ''nishidhi'' is one of the most noteworthy examples found from the Western Ganga period.<ref name="pillar"/>

==Depiction==
According to the historian Sarma, the Doddahundi ''nishidhi'' stone has its frieze set inside a square panel whose borders are etched to create the impression of flames that further accentuate the grave event. The dying king, who exudes a calm countanence, is lying on a couch with his head on a double pillow and is attended to by his personal guard Agarayya. An agitated Prince Satyavakya stands behind the king with a dagger and sword. The inscription below the frieze reads "bee at the pair of lotus feet of Arhat Bhattaraka" (referring to Jinasena, the kings guru and author of the Jain text ''Adipurana'').<ref name="bee">Sarma (1992), p. 204</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Religion}}
* [[Jainism in Karnataka]]
* [[Jainism in north Karnataka]]
* [[Jainism in Tulu Nadu]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|1}}

==References==
* {{cite book |last= Sarma|first= I.K.|title= Temples of the Gangas of Karnataka|orig-year=1992|year=1992|publisher= Archaeological Survey of India|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Rice|first= E.P.|title= A History of Kanarese Literature|orig-year=1921|year=1982|publisher= Asian Educational Services|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0063-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Fleet|first=John Faithfull|editor-last=Hultzsch|editor-first=E|title=[[Epigraphia Indica]], Archæological Survey of India, Volume VIII|year=1905–1906|publisher=Government of India|location=Calcutta|chapter=Epigraphia Indica}}

{{Jainism topics}}
{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Literature of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Earliest known manuscripts by language]]
[[Category:Western Ganga dynasty]]
[[Category:Kannada inscriptions]]
[[Category:9th-century inscriptions]]
[[Category:Jain temples in Karnataka]]

Uska Hi Banana

2023-02-11T07:50:30Z

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Sivananda Ashram

2023-02-06T11:34:15Z

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[[Category:Ashrams]]
[[Category:Dehradun district]]

Barkhera (Assembly constituency)

2022-05-23T09:17:02Z

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#REDIRECT [[Barkhera Assembly constituency]]

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Shivaji Maharaj

2022-01-27T17:21:25Z

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