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Ravindra Dhangekar

2026-05-06T22:23:55Z

Mdraselsarker: new the stub added tags

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ravindra Dhangekar
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]
| image =
| predecessor = [[Mukta Tilak]]
| successor = [[Hemant Rasane]]
| party = [[Shiv Sena]] {{small|(10 March 2025-Present)}}
| other_party = [[Indian National Congress]] {{small|(2017-2025)}}<br/> [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] {{small|(2006-2017)}}<br/>[[Shiv Sena]] {{small|(1997-2006)}}
| constituency1 = [[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]]
| term_start = 2 March 2023
| term_end = 26 November 2024
}}
'''Ravindra Hemraj Dhangekar''' is an Indian politician from Pune, who previously served as a member of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from the [[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency]].<ref name="IndianExpress2">{{cite web |title=Kasba Peth bypoll: Who is Ravindra Dhangekar, the Congress candidate who defeated BJP in its bastion? |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/kasba-peth-bypoll-who-is-ravindra-dhangekar-the-congress-candidate-who-defeated-bjp-in-its-bastion-8470730/ |website=The Indian Express |date=2 March 2023 |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> He won the seat in a [[by-election]] in March 2023, which was necessitated by the death of the incumbent BJP MLA [[Mukta Tilak]].<ref name="TOI">{{cite web |title=Maharashtra bypoll elections 2023 schedule: Kasba Peth by-election important dates, polling result, counting details |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/maharashtra-bypoll-elections-2023-schedule-kasba-peth-by-election-important-dates-polling-result-counting-details/articleshow/97164337.cms |website=The Times of India |date=23 January 2023 |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> Dhangekar's victory on a Congress ticket was seen as a significant upset, ending the BJP's 28-year hold on the constituency.<ref name="HindustanTimes">{{cite web |title=Kasba Peth bypoll: Congress' Ravindra Dhangekar wins, ends BJP's 28-year reign |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/kasba-peth-bypoll-congress-ravindra-dhangekar-wins-ends-bjp-s-28-year-reign-101677688073282.html |website=Hindustan Times |date=2 March 2023 |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> However, he lost the assembly elections from Kasba Peth to BJP candidate the following year.

Following his victory in the by-election, Dhangekar was chosen as the Indian National Congress candidate for the Pune Lok Sabha constituency in the 2024 general elections.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/> He competed against Murlidhar Mohol of the BJP but was not successful.<ref name="FinancialExpress">{{cite web |title=Pune Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Highlights: BJP's Murlidhar Mohol wins |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/pune-maharashtra-lok-sabha-election-result-live-murlidhar-mohol-ravindra-dhangekar-bjp-congress-winner-loser-live-news/3510334/ |website=Financial Express |date=4 June 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref>
On 10 March 2025, He quits [[Indian National Congress]] and joins [[Shiv Sena]]

==Early life==
Ravindra Hemraj Dhangekar was born in Pune, Maharashtra. He completed his education up to the 8th standard at Motoba School in Nathachiwadi, Daund, Pune, in 1985.<ref name="IndiaTVNews">{{cite web |title=Dhangekar Ravindra Hemraj - Pune - Maharashtra |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections-2024/maharashtra/pune-constituency/candidate-list/dhangekar-ravindra-hemraj-lok-sabha-candidate |website=India TV News |date=11 May 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref name="MyPunePulse">{{cite web |title=Pune: Dhangekar Turns Trolls' '8th Pass' Barb into a Badge of Honor |url=https://www.mypunepulse.com/pune-dhangekar-turns-trolls-8th-pass-barb-into-a-badge-of-honor-boasts-of-phd-from-public-mandate/ |website=My Pune Pulse |date=3 April 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref> Dhangekar hails from the [[Other Backward Class|OBC community]], which constitutes a significant portion of the population in the [[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth constituency]].<ref name="DiverseKhabar">{{cite web |title=Ravindra Dhangekar Age, Biography, Wife, Result |url=https://diversekhabar.com/ravindra-dhangekar-age-biography-wife-result/ |website=Diverse Khabar |date=18 May 2024 |access-date=15 June 2024}}</ref>

==Political career==
Dhangekar's political career has seen several transitions across different parties.

<div style="text-align: center;">

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Political Affiliations
! Year !! Party !! Symbol
|-
| 1997–2006 || [[Shiv Sena]] || [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow2.svg|50px]]
|-
| 2006–2017 || [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] || [[File:Indian Election Symbol Railway Engine.png|50px]]
|-
| 2017–2025 || [[Indian National Congress]] || [[File:Indian National Congress symbol.svg|25px]]
|-
| 10 March 2025 – Present || [[Shiv Sena]] || [[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Bow_And_Arrow2.svg|50px]]
|}
</div>

===Early Years with Shiv Sena===
Ravindra Dhangekar's political journey began with the [[Shiv Sena]] party. He was inspired by the speeches of [[Shiv Sena]] founder [[Bal Thackeray|Balasaheb Thackeray]] and entered politics under the mentorship of senior [[Shiv Sena]] leader Deepak Paigude.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/> Dhangekar was first elected as a corporator in the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]] in 1997.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/>

===Transition to Maharashtra Navnirman Sena===
In 2006, when [[Raj Thackeray]] split from the Shiv Sena to form the [[Maharashtra Navnirman Sena]] (MNS), Dhangekar, along with Paigude, joined the new party.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/> As an MNS candidate in the 2009 Maharashtra Assembly elections, he contested from the Kasba Peth constituency and gave a tough fight to the BJP's [[Girish Bapat]], losing by a margin of around 8,000 votes.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/> Dhangekar contested the 2014 Assembly elections from Kasba Peth again on an MNS ticket but lost amid the Modi wave.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/>

===Brief independent candidature and joining congress===
Feeling sidelined within the MNS, Dhangekar quit the party in 2017 and briefly contested as an independent in the Pune civic polls with Congress support, defeating BJP heavyweight Ganesh Bidkar.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/> Later in 2017, he officially joined the [[Indian National Congress]] party.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/> He aimed to contest the 2019 Assembly elections from Kasba Peth, but the Congress fielded Arvind Shinde instead, leading to a BJP win by [[Mukta Tilak]].<ref name="IndianExpress2"/>

===2023 by-election victory===
Dhangekar's significant achievement came in 2023 when he won the Kasba Peth Assembly by-election on a Congress ticket, ending the BJP's 28-year stronghold in the constituency.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/><ref name="HindustanTimes"/> His victory was considered a significant upset for the BJP.<ref name="HindustanTimes" />

===2024 General Elections===
Following his by-election win, the Congress named Dhangekar as its candidate from the Pune Lok Sabha constituency for the 2024 general elections.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/><ref name="HindustanTimes" /> However, he lost to the BJP's [[Murlidhar Mohol]] in the Lok Sabha polls.<ref name="IndianExpress2"/>

===2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly Election===
Following his 1 and half year tenure as MLA, he contested the 2024 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election from [[Kasba Peth Assembly constituency|Kasba Peth]] on a [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] ticket but lost to [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] candidate [[Hemant Rasane]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhangekar, Ravindra}}
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2019–2024]]
[[Category:Politicians from Pune]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Shiv Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Maharashtra Navnirman Sena politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]

INS Mangrol (2023)

2026-05-05T17:28:38Z

Mdraselsarker:

{{Short description|ASW-SWC class corvette of the Indian Navy}}{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}
{{italic title|string=Mangrol}}{{other ships|INS Mangrol}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Mahe (P80) an ASWSWC class corvette at sea (cropped).jpg
| image_caption = ''Mahe'' (P80), an ASW-SWC class corvette at sea.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = [[India]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Mangrol''
| namesake = [[Mangrol, Gujarat]]
| owner = [[Indian Navy]]
| operator = [[Indian Navy]]
| registry =
| route =
| ordered = 30 April 2019
| awarded =
| builder = [[Cochin Shipyard]]
| original_cost = {{INRConvert|789|c|0}} (FY2020)
| yard_number = 524
| way_number =
| laid_down = 21 February 2023
| launched = 30 November 2023
| sponsor =
| completed =
| acquired =
| commissioned =
| recommissioned =
| decommissioned =
| maiden_voyage =
| in_service =
| out_of_service =
| renamed =
| reclassified =
| refit =
| struck =
| reinstated =
| homeport =
| identification =
| motto =
| nickname =
| honours =
| honors =
| fate =
| status = Launched
| notes =
| badge =
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| type = [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft]]
| displacement = {{cvt|896-1100|t|LT}}<ref name=":6">{{Cite news |date=16 October 2025|title=Cochin Shipyard to launch three advanced vessels|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/cochin-shipyard-to-lauch-three-advanced-vessels/article70171688.ece|access-date=24 October 2025|work=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|first=|last=}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite press release |title=Delivery of ‘Mahe’ - first Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft built by CSL, Kochi |date=24 October 2025 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2182188 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref>
| length = {{cvt|78|m|ftin}}<ref name="indianpolitics.co.in">{{Cite web |last=Kurus |date=16 November 2018 |title=Details of Indian Anti-submarine Corvette For Coastal Waters {{!}} Indian Politics |url=https://www.indianpolitics.co.in/details-of-indian-anti-submarine-corvette-for-coastal-waters/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101152824/https://www.indianpolitics.co.in/details-of-indian-anti-submarine-corvette-for-coastal-waters/ |archive-date=1 November 2025 |access-date=28 December 2025 |website=www.indianpolitics.co.in |language=en-US }}</ref>
| beam = {{cvt|11.26|m|ftin}}<ref name="indianpolitics.co.in" />
| draft = {{cvt|2.7|m|ftin}}<ref name="indianpolitics.co.in" />
| propulsion = [[Pump-jet|Water-jet propulsion]]<ref name="eurasiantimes.com">{{Cite web|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/touted-as-game-changer-what-are-indian-navys-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts/|title=Touted As 'Game-Changer', What Are Indian Navy's 'Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Crafts'?|date=27 December 2021|website=Latest Asian, Middle-East, EurAsian, Indian News}}</ref>
| sail_plan =
| speed = {{convert|25|kn|lk=in}}
| range = {{cvt|1800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|14|kn}}<ref>{{Cite news |title=GRSE starts ASW-SWC corvette production in partnership with Larsen & Toubro |url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production-in-partnership-with-larsen-toubro |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230613223542/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/grse-starts-asw-swc-corvette-production-in-partnership-with-larsen-toubro |archive-date=13 June 2023 |access-date=28 December 2025 |work=Janes.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
| endurance = 14 days
| test_depth =
| boats = 1 x [[Rigid inflatable boat|RHIB]]
| capacity =
| troops =
| complement =
| crew = 57
(7 officers + 50 sailors)
| time_to_activate =
| sensors = *'''Combat suite:'''
* ASW Combat Suite (presumably the [[Defence Research and Development Organisation|DRDO]]-developed IAC MOD 'C' combat suite)<ref name="grse.in">{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf|title=NIE No. GRSE/GMD/ASW-SWC/12/01 Expression of Interest (EOI) For Design of Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW-SWC) for Indian Navy.|website=grse.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418202243/http://grse.in/eoi/EOI_ASW_SWC_R1.pdf |archive-date=18 April 2021 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://grse.in/index.php/tender-archive|title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers Ltd.- Government of India Undertaking - Tender Archive|website=grse.in}}</ref>
*'''Sonar:'''
* [[DRDO]] Abhay Hull-Mounted Sonar (HMS)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyes and Ears Underwater |url=https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Force India |language=en-US |archive-date=23 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240823153937/https://forceindia.net/feature-report/eyes-ears-underwater/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Low Frequency Variable Depth Sonar (LFVDS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
*'''Management systems:'''
* Fire Control System (FCS)
* Integrated Platform Management System (IPMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
* Automatic Power Management System (APMS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
* Battle Damage Control System (BDCS)<ref name="grse.in"/>
| armament = *'''Anti-submarine warfare:'''
*1 × [[RBU-6000]] [[Anti-submarine warfare|anti-submarine]] rocket launcher<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitsopoulos |first=Dimitris |date=25 June 2025 |title=India Commissions Its First ASW-SWC Corvette |url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2025/06/india-commissions-its-first-asw-swc-corvette/ |access-date=28 December 2025 |website=Naval News |language=en-US}}</ref>
*2 × triple lightweight [[torpedo]] launchers ([[Torpedo Advanced Light Shyena#Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)|Advanced Light-Weight Torpedo (ALWT)]])
*[[Anti-submarine weapon|Anti-submarine mines]] (launched from mine-laying rails)
*'''Guns:'''
* 1 × [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers#Naval Surface Gun (NSG) 30 mm|Naval Surface Gun (30 mm)]]
* 2 × [[Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli|OFT]] 12.7 mm M2 [[Remote controlled weapon station|Stabilized Remote Controlled Gun]]
| armour =
| armor =
| aircraft =
| notes = Largest class of waterjet-powered vessels in the [[Indian Navy]].
}}
}}

'''INS ''Mangrol''''' is the third ship of the ''Mahe'' class of the [[Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft|Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft]] operated by the [[Indian Navy]].

== History ==

=== Background ===
On 23 December 2013, the Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) –- the main acquisition panel subordinate to India's [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD), approved the procurement of sixteen [[anti-submarine warfare]] (ASW) vessels capable of operating in shallow waters, at a cost of {{INRConvert|13440|c|lk=on|year=2013}}, to replace the ageing [[Abhay-class corvette|''Abhay''-class corvettes]] of the Indian Navy – which were commissioned between 1989 and 1991. This includes the development of the vessels with about {{Convert|700|t|abbr=on}} displacement and an operational radius of {{Convert|200|nmi|abbr=on}} from its [[home port]]. They would be built by [[Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers]] (GRSE).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhatnagar |first=Gaurav Vivek |date=24 December 2013 |title=Four major acquisitions for the Navy and the Army approved |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131130/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/four-major-acquisitions-for-the-navy-and-the-army-approved/article5494688.ece |archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=17 October 2017 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=KV |date=25 December 2013 |title=MoD clears Navy plans to get 16 shallow-water anti-sub vessels |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250829044614/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2013/20131226/main5.htm |archive-date=29 August 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Tribune India}}</ref>

In June 2014, the MoD issued a tender, worth USD2.25 billion under the 'Buy and Make India' category to private-shipyards – including [[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T), [[ABG Shipyard]], [[Pipavav Shipyard|Pipavav Defense and Offshore Engineering]], [[Goa Shipyard]] (GSL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE), for the procurement of the 16 anti-submarine vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 June 2014 |title=India issues $2.25bn tender to procure ASW shallow-water craft |url=https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915131157/https://www.naval-technology.com/news/newsindia-issues-225bn-tender-to-procure-asw-shallow-water-craft-4297624/ |archive-date=15 September 2025 |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=Naval Technology}}</ref>

In October 2017, [[Cochin Shipyard]] (CSL) and Garden Reach Shipbuilders & Engineers (GRSE) emerged as the first and the second-lowest bidder in the tender, respectively. CSL had quoted a value of {{INRConvert|5400|c|year=2017|mode=historical}} while GRSE had to match the bid value of CSL in order to get the contract.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2018 |title=Garden Reach Shipbuilders set to win ₹5,400-crore Navy order |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/garden-reach-shipbuilders-set-to-win-5400crore-navy-order/article10035674.ece |access-date=15 September 2025 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

=== Purchase ===
On 29 April 2019, the MoD and GRSE signed a contract, valued at {{INRConvert|6311.32|c|year=2019}}, for eight anti-submarine vessels, to be delivered between 2022 and 2026. The contract mandates the first vessel to be delivered within 42 months of the date of signing, with the remaining seven vessels delivered at a rate of two ships per year within 84 months.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |last=Himatsingka |first=Anuradha |date=29 April 2019 |title=GRSE signs contract for 8 anti-submarine warfare shallow water crafts for Indian Navy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/grse-signs-contract-for-8-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-water-crafts-for-indian-navy/articleshow/69099130.cms |access-date=15 September 2025 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite press release |title=Contract Signing with M/S CSL and M/S GRSE for Acquisition of Sixteen Anti Submarine Warfare Shallow Water Craft (ASW SWC) for Indian Navy |date=30 April 2019 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1571375 |access-date=15 September 2025}}</ref>

On 30 April 2019, the MoD and CSL signed a similar contract for the construction of the remaining eight vessels – within a deadline of 84 months.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 April 2019 |title=GRSE Signs Contract for 08 Anti-Submarine Warfare Shallow Watercraft |url=https://psuwatch.com/grse-signs-contract-for-08-anti-submarine-warfare-shallow-watercraft |website=psuwatch.com}}</ref> Under this contract, the first ship was also expected to be delivered within a span of 42 months, with subsequent deliveries of two ships per year.<ref name=":9" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets Rs 6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/story/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-188690-2019-04-30 |website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2019 |title=Cochin Shipyard gets ₹6,311 crore contract for anti-submarine warfare ships |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/cochin-shipyard-gets-rs-6-311-crore-contract-for-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-1556639149645.html |website=mint}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
The [[keel laying]] ceremony of the ''Mangrol'' (BY 524) was conducted on 21 February 2023.<ref name="better_ref_needed2">{{cite press release |title=Keel laying for Second ship (BY 525, Mangrol) and third ship (BY 525, Mangrol), at M/s CSL, Kochi, on 21 Nov 23 |date=21 February 2023 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1901133&reg=3&lang=1 |access-date=28 November 2025}}</ref> The first three ships of the class, [[Ceremonial ship launching|christened]] as ''Mahe'', ''Malwan'' and ''Mangrol'' were launched simultaneously launched on 30 November 2023.<ref name=":1">{{cite press release |title=Simultaneous launch of ‘Mahe, Malvan and Mangrol’, first three ships of ASW SWC(CSL) project on 30 Nov 23 at CSL, Kochi |date=30 November 2023 |publisher=[[Press Information Bureau]] |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1981148 |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=30 November 2023 |title=Three anti-submarine warfare ships for Indian Navy launched at Cochin Shipyard |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/three-anti-submarine-warfare-ships-for-indian-navy-launched-at-cochin-shipyard/article67590173.ece |access-date=30 November 2023 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Namesake ===
The ship, ''Mangrol'', was named after the [[INS Mangrol|former minesweeper]] that was in service with the Indian Navy between 1983 and 2004. The minesweepers and these vessels inherit their name from multiple ports.

== Design ==
{{Excerpt|INS Mahe (2022)|Design}}

=== Weapons ===
{{Excerpt|INS Mahe (2022)|Weapons}}

=== Sensors ===
{{Excerpt|INS Mahe (2022)|Sensors}}

== See also ==
*[[INS Arnala (2022)|INS Arnala]]
*[[Future of the Indian Navy]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Anti-submarine warfare]]
[[Category:Mahé-class minesweepers]]
[[Category:Ships of the Indian Navy]]

Kandaha Surya Mandir

2026-05-03T14:34:14Z

Mdraselsarker: started data.

{{Short description|Temple of Lord Suryanarayana in Mithila}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Kandaha Surya Mandir|native_name=कन्दाहा सूर्य मंदिर|native_name_lang=mai|religious_affiliation=[[Hinduism]]|deity=Lord Suryanarayana|location=Kandaha village, Mahishi block, [[Mithila region]]|district=[[Saharsa district]]|state=Bihar|country=India|founded_by=Sambhya, the son of Lord Krishna|footnotes=Lord Surya Mandir in Mithila associated with the epic Mahabharata|alt=|designated=Markandeyark Surya Mandir|governing_body=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]|functional_status=Preserved|festivals=[[Chhath]] Puja|temple_board=Bihar State Religious Trust Council|organizational_status=|organisational_status=}}
'''Kandaha Surya Mandir''' ([[Maithili language|Maithili]]: कन्दाहा सूर्य मंदिर) is an ancient temple dedicated to [[Surya|Lord Suryanarayana]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar. According to Hindu adherents, the temple is believed to be existing from the period of [[Mahabharata]]. It is located at ''Kandaha'' village in the [[Mahishi|Mahishi block]] of the [[Saharsa district]] in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It is said that in the ancient time the temple was constructed by ''[[Samba (Krishna's son)|Sambhya]]'', the son of [[Krishna|Lord Krishna]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=सिंह |first=मुकेश |date=2020-09-04 |title=सहरसा: गुमनाम हो रहा कन्दाहा का प्राचीन सूर्य मंदिर, भगवान श्री कृष्ण के बेटे ने करवाया था निर्माण |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/bihar/saharsa-the-ancient-sun-temple-of-kandaha-being-anonymous-was-built-by-the-son-of-lord-shri-krishna-ann-1551492 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2022-10-16 |title=जिस सूर्य मंदिर के कुंए के पानी पीने से असाध्य रोगों से मिल जाती है मुक्ति, वह झेल रहा गुमनामी का दंश |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/saharsa/kandaha-sun-temple-of-saharsa-needs-recognition/bh20221016110037428428485 |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=देश के 12 सूर्य मंदिरों में एक है कंदाहा का सूर्य मंदिर - |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/saharsa-14961338.html |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It is one of twelve temples dedicated to Lord Suryanarayana in the country. It is also known as ''Markandeyark Surya Mandir''.<ref name=":0" />

== Description ==
According to legends, the description of the temple could be traced from the Hindu texts ''Surya Purana'' and [[Mahabharata]]. It is also known as ''Bhavaditya'' but its mythical name is ''Markandeyark''. The temple has an idol of the Sun with [[Aries (constellation)|Aries]], the distinctive sign of the [[zodiac]]. In the temple, there is an idol of eight-armed [[Ganesha|Lord Ganesha]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" />

The temple is built on a high land at Kandaha village. In the temple, there is an idol of the Lord Suryanarayana carved on a black stone. The idol is depicting Lord Suryanarayana riding on a chariot of seven horses.<ref name=":0" /> According to legends, it is believed that when the sun enters ''Mesha Rashi'' (Aries) in the Hindu month of [[Vaishakha|Baisakh]], the first ray of the sun falls on the black stone's sun statue and its chariot.<ref name=":1" />

In the temple, apart from the Lord Suryanarayana statue there is a stunning statue of [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]]. Similarly there are also statues of the two wives ''[[Sanjna]]'' and ''[[Chhaya]]'' of Lord Suryanarayana.<ref name=":1" /> In the campus of the temple, there is a sacred well. According to legends, it is believed that bathing from the sacred well's water is very beneficial for leprosy patients.<ref name=":3" />

== Legendary story ==
According to [[Puranas|Puranic]] texts, once [[Samba (Krishna's son)|Samba]], the son of Lord Krishna was cursed by the celestial sage [[Narada|Devashree Narada]]. Then Samba established 12 Sun temples in different parts of the [[Āryāvarta|Aryavarta]] region during the period of 12 signs of the constellations to get rid from the curse given by Devashree Narada Muni. The Kandaha Surya Mandir is one of those 12 Sun temples and also called as Markandeyark Surya Mandir.<ref name=":0" />

== History ==
The original ancient temple might had been destroyed over a long time period.The temple was rebuilt by the kings of [[Pala Empire|Pala Dynasty]].

Similarly in a copper plate inscription, it is stated that the temple was built in 1357 by a [[Brahmin]] named ''Vanshadhara'' on the orders of [[King Narasimha|King Narsimha Deva]] of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]].<ref name=":0" />

According to the priest ''Babu Kant Jha'' of the temple, it was built and destroyed many times but in 1334, the temple was renovated by the King [[Bhavasimha|Bhavadevasimha]] of the [[Oiniwar dynasty|Oiniwar Dynasty]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> In the campus of the temple, several rare statues of gods and goddesses were found from time to time. In 1985, the temple was taken under the protection of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] due to its archaeological significance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |title=सहरसा के कंदाहा स्थित पुरातत्व विभाग संरक्षित सूर्य मंदिर विकास से उपेक्षित |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/saharsa/story-saharsa-kandaha-sun-temple-2245227.html |work=Hindustan}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Bihar}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Bihar]]
[[Category:Saharsa district]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Mithila]]
[[Category:Surya temples]]
[[Category:Places in the Mahabharata]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Bihar]]

Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay

2026-04-30T08:59:17Z

Mdraselsarker: new a bio more to come - done

{{short description|Bengali writer from India (born 1956)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{autobiography|date=June 2015}}
{{notability|bio|date=June 2015}}
}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name =Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay
| image =Dr. RKM.jpg
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1956|03|08}}
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]]
| nationality = Indian
| occupation = Former Director
| awards = [[Ananda Puraskar]]
| education = MA ([[University of Calcutta]])<br>Ph.D. ([[Jadavpur University]])
| signature =
}}
'''Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay''' (born 8 March 1956) is a [[Bengali people|Bengali]] writer from [[India]]. He has written novels and short stories for both adults and children.<ref>[http://www.lifipublications.com/authors.aspx#Ramkumar]. [[Lifi Publication]]</ref>

==Life==
Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay was born in [[Calcutta]].<ref>[http://www.museindia.com/viewarticle.asp?myr=2005&issid=4&id=138]. [[Muse India]] of ''History of the people'', Issue. 4, fiction by Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay, Secunderabad: Muse India, 2005{{Dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref>
His father was Ramangamohan Mukhopadhyay and mother Kanaklata Mukhopadhyay. He graduated from Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandir (a residential college) at Belur
before taking a master's in [[English language|English]] from The [[University of Calcutta]]. He did his PhD from [[Jadavpur University]].
Mukhopadhyay started his career as regional secretary, East India, of Sahitya Akademi. Formerly he was convener of the Bengali Advisory Board of the Sahitya Akademi. He was also president of the Bharatiya Bhasha Parishad. He has retired as the director of the Publishing Department, Visva-Bharati.<ref>Visva-Bharati, [http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/Publication/Contents/granthanabibhaga.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824073219/http://www.visva-bharati.ac.in/Publication/Contents/granthanabibhaga.htm |date=24 August 2014 }}</ref>
He is associated with a number of Bengali Little Magazines.

==Works==

[[File:In a Sahitya Akademi Book-release programme 2001-2002.jpg|thumb|In a Sahitya Akademi Book-release programme 2001-2002]]

His first collection of 14 short stories entitled "Madale Natun Bol" (The New Beats on the Drum) published from [[Calcutta]] in 1984. His first novel "Charane Prantare" (At the Grazing Ground, at the Horizon) was published from Calcutta in 1993.

===Novel===
{{columns-list|
* ''Charane Prantare (At the Grazing Ground, at the Horizon)''
* ''Bhanga Nider Dana (The Wings of the Broken Nest)''
* ''Michhiler Pare (After the Mass Gathering)''
* ''Dukhe Keora (Dukhe Keora) ''
* ''Bhabadiya Nangarchandra (Yours Sincerely, Nangarchandra) ''
* ''Kathar Katha (Stories about Stories) ''
* ''Dhanapatir Sinhala Jatra (Dhanapati's Journey to Sri Lanka)''
* ''Hara - Parvati Katha (The story of Hara & Parvati )''
* ''Job - Mukhujye Bakyalap'' (2023)
}}
[[File:Hara Parvati Katha.jpg|thumb|A novel on Hara and Parvati, 2020 Mitra and Ghosh Pvt. Ltd.]]

===Short story collection===
{{columns-list|
* ''Madale Natun Bol (The New Beats on the Drum)''
* ''Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay-er Chhotagalpa (Short Stories of Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay) ''
* ''Parikrama (Wide Travelling) ''
* ''Sankha (A Conch-bangle) ''
* ''Jyastha 1390, Ghughu Kimba Manus (Jaistha 1390, Dove or a Man by Lifi Publications) ''
* ''Srestha Galpa (Best Stories) ''
* ''Priyankar Chhelei (A Boy-child It Will Be)''
* ''Dasti Galpa (Ten Stories) ''
* ''Jatra (The Journey) ''
* ''Galpasamagra (The Complete Short Stories) ''
* ''Banglar M.A.'' (2023)
}}

===Travelogue===
[[File:In_China.jpg|thumb|right|Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay in a German programme 2007]]

{{columns-list|
* ''Natun Chine (In the New China)''
* ''Oi Banglay (In the Other Bengal)''
}}

===Book of essays===
{{columns-list|
* ''Satabdi Sesher Galpa (An End-Century Assessment of Bengali Short Stories)''
* ''Bangali Sanskritir Ayatan (The Area of Bengali Culture)''
* ''Adhunik Bharatiya Kathasahitya (Modern Indian Fiction)''
}}

===Compiled and edited===
{{columns-list|
* ''Sera Nabinder Sera Galpa (The Best Stories of the Young Writers)''
* ''Parabarti Sabdabali:Dui Banglar Tarunder Kavita (The Next Diction : The Poems of the Young Poets of Both Bengals)''
* ''Aro Nabin Aro Sera Galpa (Short Stories of the Younger Writers)''
* ''Bharat Joda Galpakatha (Indian Short Stories)''
* ''Katha Jatra (A Journey through Bengali Short Stories, a collection)''
* ''Bharatjora Kathankatha (The oral Tales of India)''
}}

===Juvenile literature===
{{columns-list|
* ''Katum-Katum(Remodelling Natural Objects)/Jointly edited''
* ''Sat Sagarer Pare (Beyond The Seven Seas)/Jointly edited''
}}

==Awards==

[[File:Ananda puraskar 2013.jpg|thumb|left|Ananda Purashkar 2013]]

* Somenchandra Award of Paschimbanga Bangla Akademi (2000)
* Galpamela Puraskar (2004)
* [[Katha Award]] (New Delhi, 2005)
* [[Bankimchandra Smriti Puraskar]] of the Department of Higher Education, Govt. of West Bengal (2006)
* [[Saratchandra Smriti Puraskar]] (Bhagalpur, 2007)
* Sis Puraskar (2008)
* [[Gajendra Kumar Mitra]] Birth Centenary Award 2009[[File:Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay kolkata.jpg|thumb|226x226px|Participating in a panel discussion on "Publishing in India" at Sahitya Akademi, [[New Delhi]], on 2 February 2019.]]
* [[Ananda Puraskar]] of the Ananda Bazar Patrika and Desh (2013)
* [[D.L.Ray Award]] (2014)
* [[Kusumanjali Award]] (New Delhi, 2014)
* Krititwa Samagra Puraskar of Bharatiya Bhasha Parisad (2016)
* Karmayogi Nanigopal Chakraborty Smriti Sahitya Puraskar (2023)
* Saraswati Samman (2025)

== References ==
{{Commons category|Ramkumar Mukhopadhyay}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukhopadhyay, Ramkumar}}
[[Category:Bengali writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Kolkata]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:People from Bankura district]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ananda Puraskar]]

Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board

2026-04-26T01:33:06Z

Mdraselsarker: new new entry

{{Multiple issues|{{refimprove|date=September 2022}}{{primary sources|date=September 2022}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = {{PAGENAME}}
| formation = {{start date and age|2010|04|01}}<ref>{{Cite journal |title=THE DELHI URBAN SHELTER IMPROVEMENT BOARD ACT, 2010 |url=https://delhishelterboard.in/main/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/DUSIB-ACT-2010.pdf |journal=[[Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board]]}}</ref>
| full_name = Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board
| native_name = DUSIB
| predecessor = [[Government of Delhi]]
| type = [[Governmental organization|Governmental]]
| headquarters = [[Delhi]]
| region_served = [[Delhi]]
| website = {{URL|https://delhishelterboard.in}}
}}

'''Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board (DUSIB)''' is primarily responsible for improving the quality of the life of Slum & JJ Dwellers in the capital city of Delhi.

DUSIB provides [[Portable toilet|Mobile Toilet Van]] for hire for day to day requirement of public gathering in social, religious and national functions on nominal rental. DUSIB also provides community halls on rental to the [[slum dweller]]s for organizing marriage and other social functions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Shelter » BOOKING OF MOBILE TOILET VAN |url=https://delhishelterboard.in/main/?page_id=2926 |access-date=2022-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Community Services - DUSIB |url=https://chb.delhishelterboard.in/home.php}}</ref>

As of April 2022, DUSIB has constructed and is operating 195 [[Night shelter]]s across [[Delhi]] in collaboration with various agencies. Some of these [[Night shelter]]s are specifically for Families, Drug addicts & Women.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-28 |title=List of 195 DUSIB Night Shelters |url=https://delhishelterboard.in/main/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/List-of-195-DUSIB-Night-Shelters.pdf }}</ref>

[[Chief Minister of Delhi]] is the chairperson of the board and Minister of Urban development is the vice chairperson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Shelter » List of Board Members |url=https://delhishelterboard.in/main/?page_id=2886 |access-date=2022-04-28 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== History ==
DUSIB came into existence after Delhi Urban Shelter Improvement Board Act, 2010 was passed by [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] on 1 April 2010 and came in force by the orders of [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]] on 1 July 2010.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

The Slum & JJ Department which was earlier part of [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] has now been transferred to this board. The Slum & JJ Department was not set up under any statute, but as part of the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] in 1962. The department was entrusted with the work of operating the provisions of Slum Areas (Improvement & Clearance) Act, 1956.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

In 1967, JJ wing was transferred to DDA and subsequently merged with [[Delhi Development Authority]]. However, Slum & JJ Department was transferred back & forth from [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] to [[Delhi Development Authority]] in between 1974 & 1980 and was with [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] since September 1992.{{fact|date=March 2023}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://delhishelterboard.in/main/ Official Website of DUSIB]

[[Category:Organisations based in Delhi]]

Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy

2026-04-17T01:56:29Z

Mdraselsarker:

{{short description|Legal think-tank}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy
| formation = 2013
| type = [[Think tank]], [[Nonprofit organization|Nonprofit]], [[Legal research]]
| headquarters = A-232, Defence Colony, New Delhi, India 110024
| leader_title = Research Director
| leader_name = Arghya Sengupta
| website = {{URL|https://vidhilegalpolicy.in/}}
}}

'''Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy''' is a legal think-tank and policy research organisation with offices in [[New Delhi]], [[Karnataka]], [[Maharashtra]], and [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Ananth |first1=Venkat |last2=Narayanan |first2=Dinesh |title=Vidhi: inside India's most influential legal think tank |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/economy-and-policy/vidhi-inside-indias-most-influential-legal-think-tank/primearticleshow/77749948.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last1=Agarwal |first1=Surabhi |last2=Rautray |first2=Samanwaya |date=2018-01-04 |title=From net neutrality to IBC & Aadhaar, how Vidhi is framing key government legislation |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/from-net-neutrality-to-ibc-aadhaar-how-vidhi-is-framing-key-government-legislation/articleshow/62357565.cms |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=From Aadhaar to Aarogya Setu, Vidhi's questionable role in technology-related policy making |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/technology/vidhi-aadhaar-aarogya-setu-arghya-sengupta-privacy-think-tank |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref> Vidhi conducts research, assists in drafting legislation and policy reports, and provides advisory support to governments, regulators and other stakeholders on law and governance, with work in areas such as [[constitutional law]], data protection, [[Health law|health]], technology regulation, and [[criminal justice reform]].<ref>{{Cite web |title='Overcriminalising is slowing the path of justice in India' |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2025/04/24/overcriminalising-is-slowing-the-path-of-justice-in-india.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Prathma |date=2019-12-03 |title='Open Data' policy can make Indian judiciary more accessible, accountable: Report |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/-open-data-policy-can-make-indian-judiciary-more-accessible-accountable-report-11575378458637.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bench |first=Bar & |date=2025-04-25 |title=Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy launches criminal law database |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/vidhi-centre-for-legal-policy-launches-criminal-law-database |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
Vidhi was founded in 2013 by Arghya Sengupta, [[Alok Prasanna Kumar]], Debanshu Mukherjee, and Dhvani Mehta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Sonya Dutta |date=2013-11-01 |title=Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy {{!}} The law for the layman |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/nkLPCT9pz4n7fLD892gd9O/Vidhi-Centre-for-Legal-Policy--The-law-for-the-layman.html |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> The organisation is registered in India as a not-for-profit entity and maintains an internal board of directors and a team of researchers led by its founding research director, Sengupta.

Sengupta began his career in 2010 by advising the government on the [[Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage Act, 2010|Nuclear Liability Bill]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhuyan |first=Avantika |date=2019-05-30 |title=Tender Loving Counsel |url=https://openthemagazine.com/features/india/tender-loving-counsel |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=[[Open (Indian magazine)|Open magazine]] |language=en}}</ref>

== Work ==
Vidhi’s work comprises independent research reports, legislative and regulatory drafting assistance, impact assessments, and public engagement (seminars, workshops and briefs).<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Narayanan |first1=Dinesh |last2=Ananth |first2=Venkat |title=Vidhi and the making of India's data protection law |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/prime/economy-and-policy/vidhi-and-the-making-of-indias-data-protection-law/primearticleshow/77768876.cms |access-date=2025-09-28 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Marik |first=Priyam |date=2023-12-31 |title=How Vidhi Centre for Legal Policy is shaping laws in India |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/people/how-vidhi-centre-for-legal-policy-is-shaping-laws-in-india/cid/1990575 |work=[[The Telegraph India]]}}</ref> It publishes research on topics including digital regulation and data protection, Aadhaar and identity systems, public health law (including analysis related to the Aarogya Setu contact-tracing app), criminal justice reform, and welfare/state capacity topics.<ref name=":0" /> Vidhi’s outputs include policy briefs, longer reports, explainers and model laws intended to be practical inputs for legislators and policymakers.

Vidhi has been cited as an adviser to or participant in several government consultations and expert committees, and its researchers have served on governmental and quasi-governmental panels addressing data protection and technology policy.<ref>{{Cite web |last=MK |first=Mithun |date=2020-05-12 |title='Who is accountable for data breach?': Retd Justice Srikrishna to TNM on Aarogya Setu |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/news/who-accountable-data-breach-retd-justice-srikrishna-tnm-aarogya-setu-124413 |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=[[The News Minute]] |language=en}}</ref> Vidhi also partners with philanthropic foundations and educational institutions for research and capacity building. Media profiles and business registries note Vidhi’s increasing role in national policy debates since its founding.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Talwar |first=Sanya |date=2024-02-28 |title=The Vidhi-GOI Paradox |url=https://lawbeat.in/articles/vidhi-goi-paradox |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=lawbeat.in |language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies and criticisms ==
Vidhi’s involvement in government technology projects and data-policy work has attracted public scrutiny and criticism from journalists and commentators. Reporting in outlets such as ''[[The Caravan]]'' has questioned potential conflicts of interest where a policy research body both advises governments and undertakes paid consultancy work for agencies affected by the policies it helps design.<ref name=":1" /> Vidhi’s role in the development and explanation of the Aarogya Setu data-access protocol during the COVID-19 pandemic has been specifically reported and debated in the press.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aadhaar's mixing of public risk and private profit |url=https://caravanmagazine.in/reportage/aadhaar-mixing-public-risk-private-profit |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=caravanmagazine.in |language=en}}</ref> Vidhi and its leadership have responded in public forums describing their work and the intent of their contributions.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Delhi}}

[[Category:Think tanks based in India]]
[[Category:Research institutes in Delhi]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Research institutes established in 2013]]
[[Category:Legal research institutes]]

Jaggampeta Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:04:26Z

Mdraselsarker: started stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Jaggampeta
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh (52-Jaggampeta highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Jaggampeta Assembly constituency within Andhra Pradesh
| mla = [[Jyothula Nehru]]
| party = {{Party index link|Telugu Desam Party}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kakinada district|Kakinada]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency|Kakinada]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 231,894
| established = 1955
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 52
}}

'''Jaggampeta Assembly constituency''' is a constituency in [[Kakinada district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] that elects representatives to the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=4 June 2024|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> It is one of the seven assembly segments of [[Kakinada Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name="constituencies">{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|date=17 December 2018|website=The Election Commission of India|pages=19, 30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003220916/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|archive-date=3 October 2018|url-status=dead|access-date=24 May 2019}}</ref>

[[Jyothula Nehru]] is the current [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency, having won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Telugu Desam Party]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Assembly Election 2024|url=http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524074223/http://results.eci.gov.in/ac/en/constituencywise/ConstituencywiseS011.htm |archive-date=24 May 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref> As of 2024, there are a total of 231,894 electors in the constituency.{{update after|2024|7}}<ref name="electors">{{cite web|url=http://ceoandhra.nic.in/ceoap_new/ceo/documents/Electors_Summary%20_25.03.2019.pdf|title=Electors Summary|date=25 May 2019|website=Chief Electoral Officer, Andhra Pradesh|access-date=4 June 2024}}</ref> The constituency was established in 1955, as per the ''Delimitation Orders (1955)''.

== Mandals ==

The four mandals that form the assembly constituency are:<ref name="constituencies" />

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Mandal
|-
| [[Jaggampeta]]
|-
| [[Gokavaram]]
|-
| [[Gandepalle]]
|-
| [[Kirlampudi]]
|}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
| [[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election|1955]]
| Duriseti Gopalrao
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Vaddi Mutyala Rao
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| K. Pantam
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2 |Pantham Padmanabham
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
| [[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
| [[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
| rowspan=3 |Thota Subbarao
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|-
| [[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|-
| 1991 by-election
| Thota Venkata Chalam
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1994]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Jyothula Nehru]]
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1999]]
|-
| [[2004 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
| rowspan=2 |[[Thota Narasimham]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
|-
| [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| Jyothula Nehru
| {{Full party name with color|YSR Congress Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| [[Jyothula Chantibabu]]
|-
| [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| Jyothula Nehru
| {{Full party name with color|Telugu Desam Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2024"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate='''[[Jyothula Nehru]]'''|votes='''1,13,593'''|percentage='''58.56'''|change=}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Thota Narasimham]]
|votes = 60,917
|percentage = 31.4%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Patamsetti Surya Chandra|votes=12,531|percentage=6.4%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=NOTA|candidate=None Of The Above|votes=1,928|percentage=0.01%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=52,676|percentage=27.15%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,93,979|percentage=83.65%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = YSR Congress Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2024"/>

=== 2019 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2019"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = Jyothula Chanti Babu
|votes = 93,496
|percentage = 51.62%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=[[Jyothula Nehru]]|votes=70,131|percentage=38.72%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janasena Party|candidate=Patamsetti Suryachandra|votes=10,649|percentage=5.88%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=23,365|percentage=12.9%|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,81,127|percentage=85.86%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2019"/>
=== 2014 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2014"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = YSR Congress Party
|candidate = [[Jyothula Nehru]]
|votes = 86,146
|percentage = 55.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Jyothula Chanti Babu|votes=72,214|percentage=43.45|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=15,932|percentage=9.58|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=166,213|percentage=83.59|change=+4.77}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = YSR Congress Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2014"/>
=== 2009 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 2009"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Thota Narasimham]]
|votes = 51,184
|percentage = 34.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Praja Rajyam Party|candidate=[[Jyothula Nehru]]|votes=50,395|percentage=34.31|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Jyothula Chanti Babu|votes=33,277|percentage=22.65|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=789|percentage=0.53|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=146,893|percentage=78.82|change=-1.27}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 2009"/>

=== 1999 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1999"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate='''[[Jyothula Nehru]]'''|votes='''63,626'''|percentage='''53.8'''|change={{decrease}}4.7
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Thota Venkata Chalam
|votes = 53,812
|percentage = 45.5%
|change = {{increase}}5.5
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Anna Telugu Desam Party|candidate=Rapeti Harikrishna|votes=762|percentage=0.6%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Veerayya Gollepalli|votes=122|percentage=0.1%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,814|percentage=8.1%|change={{decrease}}10.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=120,725|percentage=78.7%|change={{decrease}}1.9}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1999"/>

=== 1994 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1994"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1994 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate='''[[Jyothula Nehru]]'''|votes='''64,186'''|percentage='''58.5'''|change={{increase}}12.7}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Thota Venkatachalam (incumbent)
|votes = 43,885
|percentage = 40%
|change = {{decrease}}12.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Vundavilli Manikyam|votes=991|percentage=0.9%|change={{decrease}}0.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Asharatnam Synam|votes=534|percentage=0.5%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Padala Murty|votes=129|percentage=0.1%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Srimanthula Veerraju|votes=64|percentage=0.1%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=20,301|percentage=18.2%|change={{increase}}11.39}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=111,524|percentage=80.6%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1994"/>

=== 1991 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1991"/>
{{Election box begin | title=1991 Jaggampeta By-Election}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate='''Thota Venkata Chalam'''|votes='''51,150'''|percentage='''52.61'''|change={{increase}}2.41}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = J.V.Apparao
|votes = 44,530
|percentage = 45.80%
|change = {{decrease}}4.40
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=S.Bapiraju|votes=1,063|percentage=1.09%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=P.T. Rao|votes=322|percentage=0.33%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K.V.P. Rao|votes=159|percentage=0.16%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,620|percentage=6.81%|change={{increase}}3.31}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=%|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Telugu Desam Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1991"/>

=== 1989 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1989"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1989 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate='''Thota Subbarao'''|votes='''49,504'''|percentage='''50.2'''|change={{decrease}}20.6}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Thota Venkatachalam
|votes = 45,969
|percentage = 46.7
|change = {{increase}}19.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist)|candidate=Asharatnam Synam|votes=1,671|percentage=1.7%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gandi Yosepu|votes=799|percentage=0.8%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Gangadhara Jandhyala|votes=384|percentage=0.4%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Vundavilli Rao|votes=206|percentage=0.2%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,535|percentage=3.5%|change={{decrease}}39.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=102,205|percentage=77.7%|change={{increase}}10.2}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1989"/>

=== 1985 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1985"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1985 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Telugu Desam Party|candidate='''Thota Subbarao'''|votes='''52,756'''|percentage='''70.8'''|change={{increase}}8.6
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Panthan Babu
|votes = 24,408
|percentage = 27.4%
|change = {{decrease}}9.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Kate Ramulu|votes=822|percentage=1.1%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Asirayya Seerapu|votes=491|percentage=0.7%|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=32,348|percentage=42.8%|change={{increase}}18.1}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=75,554|percentage=67.5%|change={{decrease}}7.5}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1985"/>

=== 1983 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1983"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1983 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Telugu Desam Party
|candidate = Thota Subbarao
|votes = 47,085
|percentage = 62.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Pantham Padmnabham|votes=28,094|percentage=37.1|change={{decrease}}15.1}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bodmpudi Sathiyya|votes=514|percentage=0.7|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=18,991|percentage=24.7|change={{increase}}12.3}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=76,964|percentage=75|change=-{{decrease}}4.2}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Telugu Desam Party
|loser = Indian National Congress (I)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1983"/>

=== 1978 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1978"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1978 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress (I)
|candidate = Pantham Padmnabham
|votes = 40,566
|percentage = 52.2
|change = {{increase}}3.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Janata Party|candidate=Vaddi Mutyalarao|votes=30,683|percentage=39.5|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Suryanarayanamurty Venkata|votes=6,515|percentage=8.4|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=9,883|percentage=12.4|change={{increase}}}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=79,415|percentage=79.2|change={increase}}9.48}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress (I)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1978"/>

=== 1972 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1972"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1972 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pantham Padmanabham
|votes = 28,528
|percentage = 48.82
|change = {{increase}}8.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Mutyalarao Vaddi|votes=26,422|percentage=45.21|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Bedampudi Pedasatteyya|votes=3,488|percentage=5.97|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=2,106|percentage=3.61|change={{decrease}}8.58}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=58,438|percentage=69.72|change={decrease}}6.13}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1972"/>

=== 1967 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1967"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1967 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = K. Pantam
|votes = 28,771
|percentage = 52.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=V. Rao|votes=22,138|percentage=40.67|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=K .N. Rao|votes=3,519|percentage=6.47|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=6,633|percentage=12.19|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=54,428|percentage=75.85|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1967"/>

=== 1962 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1962"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Vaddi Mutyala Rao
|votes = 19,330
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent|candidate=Duriseti Gopal Rao|votes=15,970|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,360|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=35,300|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1962"/>

=== 1955 ===
<section begin="Assembly Election 1955"/>
{{Election box begin | title=[[1955 Andhra State Legislative Assembly election]]: Jaggampeta}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent
|candidate = Duriseti Gopalrao
|votes = 16,431
|percentage = 44.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Krishikar Lok Party|candidate=Vaddi Rao|votes=11,518|percentage=31.22|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=Donepudi Rao|votes=8,944|percentage=24.24|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=4,913|percentage=13.32|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=36,893|percentage=64.76|change=-1.27}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Independent
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<section end="Assembly Election 1955"/>

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{coords|17.17|82.06|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Kakinada district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1955]]

Sidhi Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:02:19Z

Mdraselsarker: done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sidhi
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 77
| map_image = 77-Sidhi.svg
| district = [[Sidhi district|Sidhi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency|Sidhi]]
| reservation = None
| established = 1957
| mla = [[Riti Pathak]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Kedarnath Shukla
| electorate =
}}
'''Sidhi''' is one of the 230 constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. It is a segment of the [[Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency]] and is in [[Sidhi district]].<ref name="ceo">{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3931-delimitation-of-parliamentary-assembly-constituencies-order-2008/|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008|publisher=The Election Commission of India|pages=234}}</ref>

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]<ref name=election1957>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3728-madhya-pradesh-1957/ |title=Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly Election -1957 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=2|[[Chandra Pratap Tiwari]]
| {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]<ref name=election1962>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3729-madhya-pradesh-1962/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3730-madhya-pradesh-1967/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| KP Singh
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3731-madhya-pradesh-1972/ |accessdate=30 September 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=8}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3732-madhya-pradesh-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=7|[[Indrajeet Patel (politician)|Indrajeet Kumar Patel]]
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name=election1980>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3733-madhya-pradesh-1980/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1980 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name=election1985>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3734-madhya-pradesh-1985/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name=election1990>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3735-madhya-pradesh-1990/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1990 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name=election1993>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3736-madhya-pradesh-1993/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3737-madhya-pradesh-1998/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
| rowspan=3|Kedarnath Shukla
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=22 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| [[Riti Pathak]]
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sidhi<ref name="election2023">{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-polls-2023/story/madhya-pradesh-election-bjp-second-candidate-list-shivraj-singh-chouhan-2440421-2023-09-25|title=3 Union ministers feature in BJP's second list for Madhya Pradesh polls|work=India Today|accessdate=25 September 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Riti Pathak]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:88664}}
|percentage = 50.12
|change = +4.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gyan Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:53246}}
|percentage = 30.1
|change = -2.13
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Kedar Nath Shukla
|votes = {{formatnum:13856}}
|percentage = 7.83
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rampratap Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:5008}}
|percentage = 2.83
|change = -3.41
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Bhai Ramkhelavan Rajak Urf Khilari Dhobi
|votes = {{formatnum:3314}}
|percentage = 1.87
|change = -3.24
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Anand Mangal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2735}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change = +1.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:654}}
|percentage = 0.37
|change = -1.48
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35418}}
|percentage = 20.02
|change = +6.95
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:176918}}
|percentage = 69.01
|change = +0.73
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sidhi<ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kedarnath Shukla]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:69297}}
|percentage = 45.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Kamleshwar Prasad Dwivedi
|votes = {{formatnum:49311}}
|percentage = 32.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Krishn Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:9540}}
|percentage = 6.24
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Manoj Kol
|votes = {{formatnum:7822}}
|percentage = 5.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rampratap Singh Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4710}}
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Chandra Shekhar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3532}}
|percentage = 2.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Shailendra Tiwari (Shailu Dutt)
|votes = {{formatnum:1721}}
|percentage = 1.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2823}}
|percentage = 1.85
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:19986}}
|percentage = 13.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:152990}}
|percentage = 68.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sidhi district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|24.40|81.88|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Sidhi]]
[[Category:Sidhi district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Bees Saal Baad (1989 film)

2026-04-09T06:44:50Z

Mdraselsarker:

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{About|1989 horror film|1962 psychological thriller film|Bees Saal Baad (1962 film)}}{{Infobox film
| name = {{Lang|hi-latn|Bees Saal Baad}}
| image = Bees Saal Baad 1989 poster.jpg
| caption = Promotional Poster
| director = [[Rajkumar Kohli]]
| producer = [[Nishi Kohli]]
| writer = P. D. Mehra<br/>Lalit Mahajan
| starring = [[Mithun Chakraborty]]<br />[[Meenakshi Sheshadri]]<br />[[Dimple Kapadia ]]<br />[[Shakti Kapoor]]<br />[[Vinod Mehra]]<br />[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]]<br />[[Anupam Kher]]<br />[[Om Prakash]]
| music = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cinematography = B. Gupta
| editing = Waman Rao<br/>Praful Vyas
| studio = Nishi Productions
| released = {{Film date|1989|02|03|df=yes}}
| runtime = 135 minutes
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|1 crore}}
}}

'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Bees Saal Baad}}''' ({{langx|hi|link=no|बीस साल बाद}}) is a 1989 [[Hindi-language]] [[India]]n [[horror film]] directed by [[Rajkumar Kohli]], starring [[Mithun Chakraborty]], [[Dimple Kapadia]], [[Meenakshi Sheshadri]], [[Vinod Mehra]], [[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Anupam Kher]], and [[Om Prakash]].The film was a superhit at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |title=Bollywood News, Entertainment News, Movie Reviews, Ratings, Latest Videos, Box Office Collection - Bollywood Hungama |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/ |access-date=2022-10-20 |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film begins with Suraj and Nisha in love and soon to be married. Thakur, who lusted for Nisha, kills Suraj, and as a result Nisha commits suicide.

Twenty years later, Kiran is the only child of wealthy widower Thakur. While she resides in Britain, her dad lives in a palatial house in rural India. When the time comes for her to return home, her dad arrives at the airport to meet her and is surprised to see her in the company of a young man whom she introduces as her husband Suraj. Thakur is shocked to see that he resembles the Suraj he murdered 20 years ago. Thakur overcomes his shock at seeing Suraj, but welcomes him.

While driving, Suraj sees a woman in white blocking the road, but his driver is unable to stop the car in time. They alight from the car to find that nobody is on the road. That night, Suraj has a dream about a woman clad in white who is summoning him, claiming that she is Nisha, his wife from a previous life. Using her magical powers she inserts a nail into one of Suraj's legs on a new-moon night. On the next new-moon night she inserts a nail into his other foot, then waits for Karva Chouth, the day that will put him completely under her control.

Nisha has an old score to settle with Thakur. A frantic Kiran will not give up her husband to Nisha, so she and her dad seek help from Tantrik Baba and Bhavani Baba. Will the Tantrik and Bhavani be able to assist them, or will they too fall prey to the vengeful spirit?<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bees Saal Baad |url=https://www.cinemaazi.com/film/bees-saal-baad-1988 |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=Cinemaazi |language=en}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
*[[Mithun Chakraborty]] as Suraj
*[[Dimple Kapadia]] as Nisha
*[[Meenakshi Sheshadri]] as Kiran Thakur
*[[Vinod Mehra]] as Inspector Verma
*[[Amjad Khan (actor)|Amjad Khan]] as Bhavani Baba
*[[Om Prakash]] as Sarju
*[[Shiva Rindani]] as Badal
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Thakur
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Tantrik Baba
*[[Jagdeep]] as Chedhu
*[[Aruna Irani]] as Mithi
*[[Jankidas]] as Jankidas (Broker)
*[[Pinchoo Kapoor]] as Senior Police Officer
*[[Shiva Rindani]] as Badal
*[[Jayshree T.]] as Tara
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Bees Saal Baad
| type = film
| artist = [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released =
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 25:16
| label = T-Series
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music composed by [[Laxmikant–Pyarelal]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-09-15 |title=In 2020, Here's Why This 1988 Film '20 Saal Baad' Continues To Be An Epic Watch |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/celebs/in-2020-heres-why-this-1988-film-20-saal-baad-continues-to-be-an-epic-watch-522864.html |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=IndiaTimes |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! No.
! Song
! Singers
! Lyrics
|-
| 1
| "Hum Tumhein Itna Pyar Karenge"
| [[Alka Yagnik]], [[Mohammad Aziz]]
| Anand Bakshi
|-
| 2
| "Mere Saamne Tu Din Raat Rahe"
| Mohammad Aziz, Sarika Kapoor
| Anand Bakshi
|-
| 3
| "Jago Jago Devi Mata"
| Anuradha Paudwal
| Anand Bakshi
|-
| 4
| "O Baliye Ni Chal Chaliye"
| [[Anuradha Paudwal]], [[Shabbir Kumar]] and Sukhvinder
| Anand Bakshi
|-
| 5
| "Kitne Sawan Baras Gaye" (version 1)
| Anuradha Paudwal
| Anand Bakshi
|-
| 6
| "Kitne Sawan Baras Gaye" (version 2)
| [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| Anand Bakshi
|}

Source:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Film Music Site - Bees Saal Baad Soundtrack |url=https://www.filmmusicsite.com/en/soundtracks.cgi?id=59850&view= |access-date=2022-10-20 |website=www.filmmusicsite.com |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0094720|Bees Saal Baad}}

[[Category:1988 films]]
[[Category:1989 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian horror films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Laxmikant–Pyarelal]]
[[Category:1988 horror films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language horror films]]

{{1980s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Abhimani (film)

2026-04-08T17:29:06Z

Mdraselsarker: Starting entry

{{Short description|2009 Kannada-language film}}
{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Abhimani
| image =
| caption =
| director = Praveen Engineer
| producer = Utthanahalli Jayaram
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Rahul Salanke]]
*[[Nidhi Subbaiah]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = Dharma Theja
| cinematography = John Arnold
| editing = Malla Reddy
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2009|05|29}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Abhimani''''' is a 2009 Indian [[Kannada]]-language film directed by Praveen Engineer starring [[Rahul Salanke]] and [[Nidhi Subbaiah]] in the lead roles.

==Cast==

* [[Rahul Salanke]] as Muthu
* [[Nidhi Subbaiah]] as Arpana
* [[Sarath Babu]] as Ananthu
* [[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]] as Lakshmi
* [[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
* [[Chithra Shenoy]]
* [[Rangayana Raghu]]
* [[Kunigal Nagabhushan]]
* Manjunath

==Music==

{{Infobox album
| name = Abhimani
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Dharma Theja
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2009
| recorded = 2009
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 24:47
| language = Kannada
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2008
| year = 2009
| next_title =
| next_year = 2010
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube| ehLVSkdDQMg| Abhimani - Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:47
| title1 = Hangu Hingu
| extra1 = Naveen, Reeta
| length1 = 4:24
| title2 = Nannuru Nannusiru
| extra2 =[[Rajesh Krishnan]]
| length2 = 3:40
| title3 = Kaalayenuva
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| length3 = 4:07
| title4 = Jagadalle
| extra4 =[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length4 = 3:01
| title5 = Antharalada
| extra5 =[[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| length5 = 5:21
| title6 = Korisuva
| extra6 =[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length6 = 4:54
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===

R G Vijayasarathy of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' scored the film at 1.5 out of 5 stars and says "Rahul who starred in Nannusire needs to improve his expressions and dialogue delivery. Veteran actor Sharath Kumar overacts in a few sequences while Srinath, Tara and Chitra Shenoy are okay. All in all, Abhimaani is just an average fare".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/may/29abhimani-is-average.htm|title=Abhimani is average|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=29 May 2009|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829185438/https://m.rediff.com/movies/2009/may/29abhimani-is-average.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote "Meanwhile, Muthu is diagnosed with cancer. The story then revolves around how he gets cured from the deadly disease and how he realises his mother’s dream. It is worth watching by whole family members".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/May/30/a-family-film-53408.html|title=A family film|work=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=30 May 2009|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829185728/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2009/may/30/a-family-film-53408.amp|url-status=live}}</ref> BS Srivani from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote "Tara is presented beautifully, so is model-turned-actress Nidhi. But for the comedy track and angry editing, ‘Abhimani’ would have been a better film".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/5146/abhimani.html|title=Abhimani|work=[[Deccan Herald]]|date=29 May 2009|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829190049/https://www.deccanherald.com/amp/content/5146/abhimani.html|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote "But the real problem is with unnecessary comedy scenes that neither tickles you nor helps the story. There is also the unnecessary entry of goons to add a fight sequence to the narrative. If 30 minutes of these are removed, Abhimani is good enough for any film fan".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/abhimani-its-a-miracle/articleshow/22132357.cms|title=Abhimani: It's a miracle!|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=29 May 2009|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829190729/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/abhimani-its-a-miracle/articleshow/22132357.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' scored the film at 2 out of 5 stars wrote "Rahul could improve a bit. Srinath, Chithra Shenoy and Sharath Babu excel. Music by Dharmateja is okay. Less said the better about Nidhi".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/abhimaani/movie-review/4593639.cms?from=mdr|title=ABHIMAANI MOVIE REVIEW|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 May 2016|access-date=29 August 2022|archive-date=29 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220829190718/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/abhimaani/movie-review/4593639.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=14149024}}

[[Category:2009 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2009 Indian films]]
[[Category:2009 films]]

Death of Savita Halappanavar

2026-04-08T01:50:47Z

Mdraselsarker: new stub

{{Short description|Woman who died from sepsis from being denied an abortion in Ireland}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=April 2013}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Savita Halappanavar
| image =
| caption = Halappanavar, featured in a campaign supporting the [[Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|Repeal of the Eighth Amendment]] ([[Portobello, Dublin|Portobello, Ireland]], 2018)
| native_name = ಸವಿತಾ ಹಾಲಪ್ಪನವರ್<br />Savitā Hālappanavar
| birth_name = Savita Andanappa Yalagi
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1981|9|9}}
| birth_place = [[Bagalkot|Bagalkot, India]]<ref name="early years">{{Cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/savita-halappanavar-the-early-years-1.1565736|title=Savita Halappanavar: the early years |first=Kitty |last=Holland |date=19 October 2013 |newspaper=The Irish Times |access-date=4 May 2022 }}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=y|2012|10|28|1981|9|9}}
| death_place = [[Galway|Galway, Ireland]]
| death_cause = [[Sepsis]]
| burial_place = [[Belgaum|Belgaum, India]]<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/a-year-since-the-death-of-savita-halappanavar-1.1555144 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |title=A year since the death of Savita Halappanavar |first=Kitty |last=Holland |date=9 October 2013 |access-date=4 May 2022 }}</ref>
| education = {{ubl|Maratha Mandal Dental College|[[KLE University]]}}
| occupation = [[Dentist]]
| known_for = [[Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Praveen Halappanavar<br />|2008}}
| parents = {{ubl|Andanappa Yalagi (father)|Akhmedevi Yalagi (mother)}}
}}
'''Savita Halappanavar'''<ref name=Specia>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/27/world/europe/savita-halappanavar-ireland-abortion.html|title=How Savita Halappanavar's Death Spurred Ireland's Abortion Rights Campaign|last=Specia|first=Megan|date=2018-05-27|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-27|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=barr/> ({{nee}} '''Savita Andanappa Yalagi'''; 9{{nbs}}September 1981 – 28{{nbs}}October 2012) was a dentist<ref name="early years" /> of [[South Asian people in Ireland|Indian origin, living in Ireland]], who died from [[sepsis]] after her request for an abortion after a prolonged miscarriage was denied on legal grounds.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Burrell|first1=Celia|last2=Griffiths|first2=Malcolm|year=2017|title=Changes in the abortion legislation in Ireland: The Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013|journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology|language=en|volume=124|issue=8|pages=1217|doi=10.1111/1471-0528.14459|pmid=28632355|issn=1471-0528|doi-access=free}}</ref> In the wake of a nationwide outcry over her death, Irish voters passed in a landslide the [[Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|Thirty-Sixth Amendment of the Constitution]], which repealed the [[Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|Eighth Amendment]] and empowered the [[Oireachtas]] parliament to make abortion legal. It did so through the [[Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018|Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act]] of 20{{nbs}}December 2018.<ref name=Specia /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/may/26/ireland-votes-by-landslide-to-legalise-abortion|title=Ireland votes by landslide to legalise abortion|last1=McDonald|first1=Henry|date=2018-05-26|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-02-28|last2=Graham-Harrison|first2=Emma|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|last3=Baker|first3=Sinead}}</ref><ref name=Enright>{{cite journal |title="The Enemy of the Good": Reflections on Ireland's New Abortion Legislation |last=Enright |first=Máiréad |journal=Feminists@law |volume=8 |number=2 |year=2018 |url=https://journals.kent.ac.uk/index.php/feministsatlaw/article/download/658/1333 |doi=10.22024/UniKent/03/fal.658 |access-date=5 May 2022 |publisher=[[University of Kent]]}}</ref>

==Death==
=== Summary of events ===
On 21{{nbs}}October 2012, Halappanavar, then 17 weeks pregnant, was examined at [[University Hospital Galway]] after complaining of back pain, but was soon discharged without a diagnosis. She returned to the hospital later that day, this time complaining of lower pressure, a sensation she described as feeling "something coming down", and a subsequent examination found that the [[gestational sac]] was protruding from her [[cervix]]. She was admitted to hospital, as it was determined that [[miscarriage]] was unavoidable, and several hours later, just after midnight on 22{{nbs}}October, her [[Premature rupture of membranes|water broke]] but did not expel the fetus.<ref name="HSEreport">{{cite web|last=External Independent Committee|title=Investigation of Incident 50278 from time of patient's self referral to hospital on the 21st of October 2012 to the patient's death on the 28th of October, 2012.|url=https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/news/nimtreport50278.pdf|publisher=[[Health Service Executive|HSE]]|date=June 2013}}</ref>{{rp|22–26}}<ref name="HSEreport" />{{rp|29}}<ref>{{cite press release|title=HSE publishes Report of the Investigation into the death of Ms. Savita Halappanavar |work=[[Health Service Executive|HSE]] |url=https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/news/media/pressrel/newsarchive/2013archive/jun13/savitareport.html |language=en|date=13 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023202004/https://www.hse.ie/eng/services/news/media/pressrel/newsarchive/2013archive/jun13/savitareport.html |archive-date=23 October 2015 }}</ref> The following day, on 23 October, Halappanavar discussed [[abortion]] with her consulting physician but her request was promptly refused, as Irish law at that time forbade abortion if a foetal heartbeat was still present, with her midwife furthermore stating that "Ireland is a Catholic country".<ref name="HSEreport" />{{rp|33}}<ref>{{cite news|publisher=[[RTÉ News and Current Affairs|RTÉ News]]|title=Midwife confirms she told Savita Halappanavar Ireland a 'Catholic country'|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/health/2013/0410/380613-savita-halappanavar-inquest/ |first=Fergal |last=Bowers |date=11 April 2013}}</ref> Halappanavar developed [[sepsis]] and, despite doctors' efforts to treat her, had a [[cardiac arrest]] at 1:09{{nbs}}a.m. on 28{{nbs}}October, and died, aged 31.<ref name="HSEreport" />{{rp|53}}<ref name="HSEreport" />{{rp|44–46}}

=== Early reactions ===
After her death, a coroner's inquest was held, finding that she died of [[medical misadventure]].<ref>{{cite news |access-date=4 May 2022 |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/savita-inquest-the-coroners-9-recommendations-876864-Apr2013/|title=Savita inquest: The coroner's nine recommendations endorsed by the jury |last=O'Carroll |first=Sinead |date=19 April 2013 |newspaper=[[TheJournal.ie]]}}</ref> The [[Health Service Executive]] (HSE) and [[Health Information and Quality Authority]] (HIQA) conducted an investigation. Both criticized the team for not diagnosing the sepsis soon enough and for not using already-standard screening tools for detecting and managing maternal sepsis; for poor keeping of medical records, poor communication at shift changes, and failure to notify staff with needed expertise. The administration of the hospital was also criticized for the poor system in which the team failed. They made recommendations about training and policies for the hospital locally along with a number of national recommendations, including the creation of a laboratory system to coordinate a national response to emerging [[Antimicrobial resistance|microbial threats]].<ref name="hiqa2103">{{cite web|url=https://www.hiqa.ie/sites/default/files/2017-01/Patient-Safety-Investigation-UHG.pdf|title=Investigation into the safety, quality and standards of services provided by the Health Service Executive to patients, including pregnant women, at risk of clinical deterioration, including those provided in University Hospital Galway, and as reflected in the care and treatment provided to Savita Halappanavar|date=7 October 2013|publisher=Health Information and Quality Authority}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.hiqa.ie/hiqa-news-updates/patient-safety-investigation-report-published-health-information-and-quality |access-date=5 May 2022 |publisher=HIQA|date=9 October 2013|title=Press release: Patient Safety Investigation Report published by Health Information and Quality Authority (Savita Halappanavar)}}</ref> The HSE also recommended changes to the legal situation and training of doctors about the law.<ref name="HSEreport" />

The law in force at the time stated that the act of abortion, where continuing the pregnancy posed no immediate physiological threat to the woman's life, was a [[Abortion in the Republic of Ireland#Law|criminal offence]] punishable by [[life imprisonment]]. Following a ruling of the [[Supreme Court of Ireland]] in 1992 (the [[X Case]]), terminations are allowed where "a pregnant woman's life is at risk because of pregnancy, including the risk of suicide".<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/most-tds-will-back-legislation-on-x-case-28902859.html |access-date=5 May 2022 |title=Most TDs will back legislation on X Case|date=18 November 2012 |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] }}</ref> However at the time of Halappanavar's death, there was legal uncertainty regarding the precise circumstances when this exception was allowed, as the matter had not been enacted in legislation.

On 3{{nbs}}November 2012, friends and family of the Halappanavars contacted local [[Abortion-rights movement|abortion rights groups]] (Galway Pro-Choice) to find out what they could do, with dozens meeting in person on the 6th. Galway Pro-Choice put them in contact with ''[[The Irish Times]]'' journalist Kitty Holland<ref name="irishexaminer.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/viewpoints/columnists/victoria-white/savitas-death-is-not-about-abortion-it-is-about-medical-negligence-247993.html|first=Victoria|last=White|title=Savita's death is not about abortion, it is about medical negligence |date=31 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/global-observers-horrified-and-bewildered-by-savita-case-1.2568298 |title=Global observers horrified and bewildered by Savita case |access-date=5 May 2022 |first=Kitty |last=Holland |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=11 March 2016 }}</ref> on 7{{nbs}}November.<ref name="Galway Pro-Choice">{{cite web|url=http://galwayprochoice.org/2012/12/galway-pro-choice-were-approached-by-savitas-friends/|publisher=Galway Pro-Choice|title=Galway Pro Choice Were Approached by Savita's Friends|date=2012-11-21|access-date=2015-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211201358/http://galwayprochoice.org/2012/12/galway-pro-choice-were-approached-by-savitas-friends/|archive-date=11 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Holland 70">{{cite book |last=Holland|first=Kitty|title=Savita: The Tragedy that Shook a Nation|publisher=Transworld Ireland|page=70|isbn=978-1848271838|year=2013}}</ref> Abortion rights groups then organised on the Irish Choice Network (ICN) email group before the story broke.<ref name="Irish Independent">{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/prochoice-activists-got-tipoff-on-tragic-death-28902755.html |title=Pro-choice activists got tip-off on tragic death |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] }}</ref>

Halappanavar's death became public knowledge on 13{{nbs}}November 2012 when the TV programme ''[[Tonight with Vincent Browne]]'' showed front-page stories that ''The Irish Times'' and the ''[[Irish Independent]]'' had planned for the next day.<ref name="it-savita-story-resonates-around-world">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/1117/1224326702387.html|title=Savita story resonates around the world|date=17 November 2012|access-date=17 November 2012|last=Mullally|first=Una|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|archive-date=17 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117094548/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/1117/1224326702387.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This resulted in the news being disseminated on [[Twitter]], including tweets by journalists [[Caitlin Moran]] and [[India Knight]], and coverage by publications such as [[BBC News]], the British edition of ''[[The Huffington Post]]'', ''[[The Guardian]]'', ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', the ''[[Daily Mirror]]'', and ''[[The Independent]]'' newspapers.<ref name="it-savita-story-resonates-around-world" />

On 14{{nbs}}November, more than 2,000 people gathered in her memory to protest against Ireland's abortion laws outside the [[Dáil]] in Dublin.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/savita-demonstration-leinster-house-674695-Nov2012/ |access-date=5 May 2022 |title='Over 2,000' attend sit-down protest for Halappanavar at Leinster House|publisher=[[TheJournal.ie]]| date=14 November 2012}}</ref> In addition, candle-light vigils were held in Cork<ref name="bbc1">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-20321741 |access-date=4 May 2022 |title=Woman dies after abortion request 'refused' at Galway hospital|work=BBC News|date=14 November 2012}}</ref> and Belfast the following day.<ref name="Examiner1">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30574384.html|title=Belfast vigil held in memory of Savita|work=Irish Examiner|date=15 November 2012}}</ref> The evening before the news story broke, the government's expert committee on abortion had handed in its report on the ''[[A, B and C v Ireland]]'' judgement to the Department of Health.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/taoiseach-expert-group-delivered-abortion-report-last-night-574183.html|title=Taoiseach: Expert group delivered abortion report last night|date=14 November 2012|access-date=9 June 2016|publisher=Breaking News.ie}}</ref> Halappanavar's death led to protests in [[Galway]], particularly from the local [[South Asian people in Ireland|Indian community]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/nov/16/ireland-abortion-savita-halappanavar-indian-envoy|title=Savita Halappanavar 'would still be alive if she had been treated in India'|work=The Guardian|date=16 November 2012|location=London|first=Henry|last=McDonald}}</ref> The ''Daily Mirror'' reported that the University Hospital was the subject of several investigations.<ref name="mir12">{{cite news |access-date=5 May 2022 |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/savita-halappanavar-husband-claims-pregnant-1435830|title=Savita Halappanavar: Husband claims pregnant wife would still be alive if doctors hadn't 'refused' her an abortion|date=14 November 2012|last=Rudd|first=Andy|newspaper=[[Daily Mirror]]}}</ref> Halappanavar had been one of the organisers of the annual Galway [[Diwali]] festival, which was cancelled in response to her death.<ref name="cbs">{{cite news |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/husband-ireland-hospital-denied-savita-halappanavar-life-saving-abortion-because-it-is-a-catholic-country/ |title=Husband: Ireland hospital denied Savita Halappanavar life saving abortion because it is a 'Catholic country' |agency=[[Associated Press]] |access-date=4 May 2022 |work=CBS News|date=14 November 2012}}</ref>

There were calls upon the [[Taoiseach]] to start an external enquiry.<ref name="bbc1" /> There were also calls for a change in the law, as the legislation in effect at the time was an Act of the British Parliament of 1861{{snd}}when Ireland was part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|United Kingdom]]{{snd}}which declared that it was unlawful to "procure a miscarriage".<ref name="cbs" /> On 16{{nbs}}November, the Irish [[Health Service Executive]] established an independent inquiry into the circumstances surrounding Halappanavar's death.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1116/breaking2.html |title=HSE still finalising details of Savita Halappanavar inquiry |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=17 November 2012 |archive-date=17 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117090828/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1116/breaking2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

On Saturday 17{{nbs}}November, the [[Garda Síochána]] (Ireland's national police) estimated that between ten and twelve thousand protesters marched from [[Parnell Square]] to [[Merrion Square]] to demand a change in the law, with other rallies across Ireland and many other countries.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1117/breaking4.html|title=Thousands attend Savita vigils around the country|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|date=17 November 2012|access-date=17 November 2012|archive-date=17 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117151221/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1117/breaking4.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Gardaí announced that they were assisting the coroner in the investigation.<ref name="it-gardai-assisting-coroner">{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1117/breaking4.html |title=Gardaí assisting coroner in Savita Halappanavar case |date=17 November 2012 |access-date=17 November 2012 |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |archive-date=17 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121117151221/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1117/breaking4.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Medical terminations had previously been performed at the University Hospital when complications arose in pregnancy, as it is permitted by Irish law to save the life of the woman.

On Monday 19{{nbs}}November, the Roman Catholic bishops of Ireland met in response to Halappanavar's death and released a statement that the Catholic Church believes in the "equal and inalienable right to life of a mother and her unborn child" and that the Church has never taught that the life of an unborn child takes precedence over the mother.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2012/1119/346307-x-case-legislation-abortion/ |access-date=5 May 2022 |title=Treatment that risks foetus can be 'ethically permissible' – Catholic bishops|publisher=RTÉ News | date=19 November 2012}}</ref>

===Response from the medical community===
The staff of University Hospital as well as members of Ireland's Health Services Executive (HSE) Regional Health Forum stated that there is no "Catholic ethos" affecting treatment.<ref name="humphreys">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/1116/1224326668071.html|title=Catholic ethos suggestion dismissed|last=Humphreys|first=Joe|date=16 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=20 November 2012|archive-date=16 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116214216/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/1116/1224326668071.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Dr Sam Coulter-Smith, a prominent [[obstetrics]] and [[gynaecology]] physician, said that current standards of care were legally unclear, saying, "We really do need legislation in this area, otherwise we're going to be at risk of doctors working outside the law, and that's not appropriate."<ref name="We absolutely need legislation - Rotunda Master Dr Sam Coulter-Smith">{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/av/2012/1116/media-3436430.html|title=We absolutely need legislation – Rotunda Master Dr Sam Coulter-Smith|publisher=Raidió Teilifís Éireann|date=15 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128092407/http://www.rte.ie/news/av/2012/1116/media-3436430.html|archive-date=28 November 2012}}</ref><ref name="Rotunda head: No confusion">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30574300.html |title= Rotunda head: No confusion|work=Irish Examiner|date=15 November 2012}}</ref> Dr Rhona Mahony, Master of the National Maternity Hospital, said: "It is very disappointing that, 20 years after the 'X-Case', we don't have legislation" and that women "need to know that they are going to get the appropriate health care that they need" while doctors "need to know that they are also protected in their ability to do their job".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/news/arid-30574284.html |title=Maternity hospital chief: Women and doctors need protection|date=15 November 2012|work=Irish Examiner|access-date=20 November 2012}}</ref> Peter Boylan, of the Irish Institute of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, said: "The current situation is like a [[sword of Damocles]] hanging over us. If we do something with a good intention, but it turns out to be illegal, the consequences are extremely serious for medical practitioners."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/23/world/europe/inquiry-sought-in-death-in-ireland-after-abortion-was-denied.html|title=Inquiry Sought in Death in Ireland After Abortion Was Denied|first=Douglas|last=Dalby|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 November 2012}}</ref>

Microbiologist James Clair stated in a letter to the ''IrishExaminer'' that the "main problem is being missed" in the case, suggesting that the real issue may be that the [[sepsis]] was caused by [[extended-spectrum beta-lactamase]] positive gram negative bacteria (ESBL), which "are now spreading rapidly within the Irish population" and are resistant to many known antibiotic treatments.<ref name="resistant">{{cite news|url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/opinion/savitas-death-may-have-been-due-to-resistant-bacteria-strain-214431.html|title=Savita's death may have been due to resistant bacteria strain|first=J. |last=Clair|work=Irish Examiner|type=letter|date=20 November 2012|access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

===Political response in 2012===
A week after the story broke, [[Taoiseach]] [[Enda Kenny]] stated, "I don't think we should say anything about this until we are in possession of all the facts."<ref name="itvnov17">{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2012-11-14/enda-kenny-wants-all-the-facts-before-savita-action/|title=Enda Kenny wants 'all the facts' before Savita action |date=17 November 2012|work=ITV News|access-date=18 November 2012}}</ref>

Minister for Health [[James Reilly (Irish politician)|James Reilly]] said that the public must not pre-judge the situation and that he was awaiting the results of the investigations, adding he had no evidence of a "Catholic ethos" at the University Hospital that prevented Halappanavar's life from being saved by a medical termination.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/ireland/reilly-no-evidence-catholic-ethos-prevented-savitas-life-from-being-saved-574238.html |title=Reilly: No evidence Catholic ethos prevented Savita's life from being saved |newspaper=Irish Examiner |date=14 November 2012 |access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref> He also stated that an inquiry into Halappanavar's death must stand up to international scrutiny.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/video-probe-must-stand-up-to-international-scrutiny-reilly-3294919.html|title=Video: Probe must stand up to international scrutiny - Reilly|newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] |date=15 November 2012|access-date=17 November 2012}}</ref> On 18{{nbs}}December, after a panel of experts submitted its report to the parliament recommending that "the government legislate the issue in order to clarify what the current laws actually do and do not permit", Reilly stated, "We will clarify in legislation and regulation what is available by way of treatment to a woman when a pregnancy gives rise to a threat to a woman's life."<ref>{{cite magazine |date=19 December 2012 |title=Ireland's Historic Abortion Shift and the Tragedy That Shadowed It |url=https://world.time.com/2012/12/19/irelands-historic-abortion-shift-and-the-tragedy-that-shadowed-it/ |access-date=2012-12-20 |magazine=Time}}</ref>

[[Brian Walsh (politician)|Brian Walsh]], a [[Fine Gael]] [[Teachta Dála|TD]] for [[Galway West]], said that Galway University Hospital had carried out terminations in recent years in accordance with the judgment in the X Case and the guidelines of the Irish Medical Council. He said that the University Hospital was not run or managed by any (Catholic) religious orders and did not have a "Catholic ethos".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2012/1116/1224326668914.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130127061746/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/frontpage/2012/1116/1224326668914.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2013 |title=Too soon to commit on abortion legislation, says Reilly |first1=Paul |last1=Cullen |first2=Kitty |last2=Holland |first3=Harry |last3=McGee |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=16 November 2012 |access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref>

[[Fianna Fáil]] leader [[Micheál Martin]] said that Halappanavar's death was tragic and harrowing. Martin said that Ireland had always prioritised a low death rate during pregnancy, but that this was "cold comfort" to Halappanavar and her surviving family. He called for an independent inquiry with experts from outside the country to establish the full circumstances. On 17{{nbs}}November he said that "legislating for the X Case would not have stopped [the death of Savita Halappanavar]".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/herald/law-on-x-case-would-not-have-saved-savita-says-martin/28906698.html|title=Law on X Case would not have saved Savita, says Martin|work=Herald.ie|date=15 November 2012|access-date=17 November 2012|last=Murphy|first=Cormac}}</ref>

===Response of abortion rights organisations in 2012===
[[File:Dublin Savita Halappanavar Rally 56.jpg|upright=1.3|thumb|right|Pro-choice campaigners holding a rally in remembrance of Halappanavar in Dublin in November 2012]]
[[Abortion-rights movements|Abortion rights]] campaigners highlighted at the time that the lack of legislation clarifying the limited circumstances in which abortion is legal in Ireland contributed to Halappanavar's death.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/termination-would-have-saved-savita-heartbroken-husband-3294638.html?start=3 |title='Termination would have saved Savita' – heartbroken husband |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] |date=15 November 2012 |access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref> Several rallies and vigils were organised nationwide, calling for the Irish government to legislate in relation to abortion on the basis of the [[X Case]] case. Campaigners argued that legislation remained outstanding at the time of Halappanavar's death despite the [[European Court of Human Rights]] having instructed the state to clarify its laws on abortion after finding in ''[[A, B and C v Ireland]]'' (2010) that Ireland had violated the Convention by failing to provide an accessible and effective procedure by which a woman can have established whether she qualifies for a legal abortion under current Irish law.

Irish Choice Network allegedly emailed members, calling for an emergency meeting to discuss how to proceed with this "major news story".<ref>{{cite news |last=Reilly |first=Jerome |url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/prochoice-activists-got-tipoff-on-tragic-death-3296844.html |title=Pro-choice activists got tip-off on tragic death |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]] |date=18 November 2012 |access-date=2012-11-23}}</ref>

In response to critics accusing abortion rights activists of exploiting Halappanavar's death, [[Kate Smurthwaite]] responded in a column in ''The Huffington Post'' titled "Yes, Savita Halappanavar's Death IS a Political Issue" in which she stated, "If I am ever a victim of an unjust legal discrepancy that infringes my human rights and leads to my untimely and unnecessary agonising death I want every man, woman and child on the streets immediately demanding that it never, ever be allowed to happen again."<ref name="huffpo">{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/kate-smurthwaite/savita-halappanavar-abortion_b_2135674.html|title=Yes, Savita Halappanavar's Death IS a Political Issue|last=Kate Smurthwaite|date=15 November 2012|work=HuffPost|access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref>

===Response of anti-abortion organisations in 2012===
{{Abortion in the Catholic Church}}
The Life Institute in Ireland accused "abortion campaigners" of exploiting Halappanavar's death to further the abortion rights agenda.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/1115/1224326607685.html |title=Lobby group accused of exploiting death |newspaper=[[The Irish Times]] |date=15 November 2012 |access-date=17 November 2012 |first=Ciara |last=Kenny |archive-date=16 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116013700/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/ireland/2012/1115/1224326607685.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

[[Michael Kelly (Irish journalist)|Michael Kelly]] of ''The Catholic World Report'' rejected claims that Ireland's abortion laws led to Halappanavar's death, writing that "medical experts and bioethicists have been quick to express their view that Ireland's ban on abortion had nothing to do with Mrs. Halappanavar's death. They insist that guidelines from the Irish Medical Council are perfectly clear that pregnant women must be given all necessary medical treatment."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.catholicworldreport.com/2012/11/16/after-tragedy-irish-abortion-laws-come-under-fire/ |first=Michael |last=Kelly |title=After Tragedy, Irish Abortion Laws Come Under Fire |date=15 November 2012 |work=The Catholic World Report |access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> Father Shenan J. Boquet, president of [[Human Life International]], said that there was no evidence to indicate that "a Catholic ethos" prevented responsible treatment of the mother, and called news reports that that was the case "demonizing the Church's position on abortion". He described the debate resulting from the event as "activism masquerading as compassion and moral outrage".<ref name="COL-2012-11-15">{{cite web|url=http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=48524|title=Human Life International Statement on the Death of Savita Halappanavar in Ireland|last=Boquet|first=Shenan J.|date=15 November 2012|work=Catholic Online|access-date=16 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192739/http://www.catholic.org/international/international_story.php?id=48524|archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref>

===International response===
There were protests outside the Irish embassies in [[London]],<ref name=bbc1/> [[Berlin]]<ref name="irishtimes">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1121/breaking13.html|title=Up to 70 people also protested outside the Irish embassy in Berlin tonight|date=21 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=29 November 2012|archive-date=22 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122114718/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1121/breaking13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="midigrrrl">{{cite news |url=http://www.youreonlymassive.com/berlin-vigil/|title=Vigil for Savita and Protest at Ireland's Abortion ban, Irish Embassy, Berlin|date=21 November 2012|work=Midi Grrrl|access-date=29 November 2012}}</ref> and [[Brussels]].<ref name="broadsheet.ie">{{cite news|url=http://www.broadsheet.ie/2012/11/22/last-night-in-brussels-2/|title=Last night in Brussels|date=22 November 2012|work=[[Broadsheet.ie]]|access-date=12 February 2013}}</ref>

In [[India]], [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Minister for External Affairs]] [[Salman Khurshid]] recalled the Indian ambassador to Ireland, Debashish Chakravarti, for deliberations over the issue.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-woman-death-mea-summons-irish-ambassador-after-row-over-antiabortion-laws/305886-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121118002952/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/indian-woman-death-mea-summons-irish-ambassador-after-row-over-antiabortion-laws/305886-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 November 2012|title=Savita death case: MEA summons Irish envoy after row over abortion|work=IBN Live|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]], IBN Live|date=16 November 2012}}</ref> Chakravarti later met [[Eamon Gilmore]], Ireland's [[Tánaiste]] and [[Minister for Foreign Affairs and Trade|foreign minister]], and promised to keep Halappanavar's husband up to date with the government's response.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Salman-Khurshid-closely-following-developments-in-Savita-Halappanavar-death-case/articleshow/17270798.cms|title=Salman Khurshid closely following developments in Savita Halappanavar death case|date=18 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref> [[Rajeev Chandrasekhar]], an independent member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] (the upper house of the [[Parliament of India]]) said, "The death of Savita Halappanavar should be pursued by family and Govt. of India as a case of human rights violation and murder. Instead of simply protesting, cases should be filed against the Govt. of Ireland and its leadership at the International Court of justice and United Nations Commission for Human Rights (UNHCR). This should move beyond protesting to where people are brought to account!"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://rajeev.in/News/human_rights_violation/Times_of_India.html |title=State take up her cause: CM Shettar Says Humanity Should Precede Legality |newspaper=The Times of India |date=17 November 2012 |access-date=2012-11-23 |archive-date=29 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129021259/http://rajeev.in/News/human_rights_violation/Times_of_India.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In an editorial on 17{{nbs}}November 2012, ''[[The Times of India]]'' said, "There appears to be a tendency to view this issue in terms of India versus Ireland or the Catholic faith against other religions. To fall prey to such tendencies would be a serious mistake and a great disservice to the memory of Savita. ... Adding a nationalist or communal tone to the debate detracts from the merit of argument rather than enhancing it."<ref name="toioped">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/nri/other-news/Savitas-kin-being-consulted/articleshow/17249834.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413023832/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-17/other-news/35171888_1_halappanavar-northern-ireland-savita-case|url-status=live|archive-date=13 April 2013|title=Savita's kin being consulted |date=17 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=19 November 2012}}</ref>

[[Amnesty International]] stated that Halappanavar's death "illustrates [the] gap in Irish law" and asked the government of Ireland to change the law on abortion "in line with international human rights laws".<ref name="amnesty">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/uk/Irish-govt-must-clarify-on-abortion-issue-Amnesty/articleshow/17253462.cms|title=Irish Government must clarify on abortion issue: Amnesty|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 November 2012| access-date=17 November 2012|last=Press Trust of India}}</ref> The executive director of Amnesty International in Ireland, [[Colm O'Gorman]], said that "successive Irish Governments have failed in their duty to provide necessary clarity on how this right is protected and vindicated, leaving women in Ireland in a very vulnerable position."<ref name=amnesty/>

==HSE inquiry 2012==
On 19{{nbs}}November 2012, the HSE named Professor Sir [[Sabaratnam Arulkumaran]] to head a seven-member panel looking into the case. Arulkumaran was the head of obstetrics and gynaecology at [[St George's Hospital Medical School]] and president-elect of the [[International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics]]. The panel sought to uncover all the facts and "to identify any safety issues arising in this case".<ref name="ITnov19">{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1119/breaking1.html|title=HSE unveils membership of Halappanavar inquiry team|date=19 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|pages=direct quote is from the video, at approx 1 min|access-date=20 November 2012|archive-date=20 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120033149/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1119/breaking1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On 20{{nbs}}November 2012, three members of the panel were asked to step down when Savita Halappanavar's husband, Praveen Halappanavar, indicated that he would not cooperate with the panel due to their connections as consultants to University Hospital. Arulkumaran requested a meeting with Mr. Halappanavar.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1121/breaking13.html|title=HSE announces Savita inquiry team replacements|date=21 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=22 November 2012|archive-date=21 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121121172923/https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2012/1121/breaking13.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 21{{nbs}}November, the ''Irish Independent'' reported that Arulkumaran was being accused of promoting a "pro-abortion" approach in papers that he had published.<ref name="shambles">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/national-news/probe-into-savita-shambles-goes-from-bad-to-worse-3301343.html|title=Probe into Savita shambles goes from bad to worse|first1=Eilish |last1=O'Regan |first2=Greg |last2=Harkin|date=21 November 2012|work=[[Irish Independent]]|access-date=21 November 2012}}</ref>

=== Arulkumaran report ===
The Arulkumaran report was published on 13{{nbs}}June 2013. It identified three "Key Causal Factors" for the death: inadequate assessment and monitoring; failure to offer all management options to a patient; and non-adherence to clinical guidelines related to the prompt and effective management of sepsis. It made six recommendations for improvements in patient care in such situations. Most recommendations called for improvements in healthcare guidelines, training and practices, and one recommendation called for legislative changes if necessary to allow for expediting delivery for clinical purposes. Additionally, it made three recommendations to address incidental factors.<ref name=HSEreport/>{{rp|13–18}}

=== Key causal factors===
The report indicates the first key causal factor was inadequate assessment and monitoring which would have allowed medical staff to recognise and respond to indicators that the infection was causing a deterioration in Halappanavar's condition. Additionally, staff failed to devise a plan of care recognising that (1){{nbs}}the infection was the most likely cause of the patient's miscarriage, and (2){{nbs}}with increase in time following admission, and the rupture of the patient's membranes, the risk of infection and [[sepsis]] increases.

The second factor was the hospital's failure to offer all management options to the patient. The panel points out that the patient was "experiencing inevitable miscarriage of an early second trimester pregnancy where the risk to the mother increased with time from the time that membranes were ruptured."<ref name=HSEreport/>{{rp|13}}

The panel found that hospital staff failed to adhere to clinical guidelines on severe sepsis and septic shock, calling for timely and effective management after first diagnosis.<ref name=HSEreport/>{{rp|13}}

In reviewing the care given to Halappanavar in light of clinical guidelines, the panel wrote:
{{blockquote|Rupture of membranes may be caused by infection and vomiting indicates that the patient was unwell increasing the possibility of infection becoming systemic to causing sepsis. At interview, clinicians indicated that their management decisions were guided by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists Green-top guidelines{{nbs}}[...]. The patient was commenced on erythromycin at 22.00{{nbs}}hrs on the 22{{sup|nd}} of October. [...]{{nbs}}Erythromycin has also been shown to delay delivery which is beneficial in the management of preterm pre-labour rupture of the membranes but not in cases of inevitable miscarriage.<p>
The appropriate management of spontaneous rupture of the membranes in cases of inevitable miscarriage where infection is a possible underlying cause is somewhat different to the appropriate management of Preterm Pre-labour Rupture of the Membranes where the incidence of infection at presentation is lower and the survival of the fetus is more likely.</p>
<p>There are no accepted clear local, national or international guidelines on the management of inevitable early second trimester miscarriage (''i.e.'', less than 24{{nbs}}weeks) including the management of miscarriage where there is prolonged rupture of the membranes. The reason for the absence of such guidelines may be that clinical practice in other jurisdictions would have led to an early termination of pregnancy in equivalent clinical circumstances. It is recommended that such guidelines be developed for such patients as a matter of urgency and they should be explicit in the guidance given as to when one should offer termination based on symptoms and signs of infection implying increasing health risk to the mother which may even threaten her life.</p>
<p>We recognise that such guidelines must be consistent with applicable law and that the guidance so urged may require legal change.</p><ref name=HSEreport/>{{rp|58–59}}}}

===Recommendations of the Panel===
# Prompt introduction of a Maternity Early Warning Scoring Systems Chart for patients with pregnancy complications in gynaecology wards. This should be followed by a compliance audit. The chart should indicate a monitoring coupled with an escalating nursing, medical and multidisciplinary response.<ref name=HSEreport/>{{rp|15}}
# Introduction of mandatory induction and education on early recognition, monitoring and management of infection and sepsis. This includes severe sepsis and septic shock.
# Development and implementation of national guidelines relating to infection and pregnancy, in addition to multidisciplinary educational programmes to improve care in such cases. In particular, there needs to be audited compliance with guidelines on management of infection, sepsis, and suspected sepsis in cases of inevitable miscarriage of an early second trimester pregnancy. This includes when there is a prolonged rupture of membranes, and increasing time from this point increases the risk to the mother.
# Two sub-recommendations:{{pb}}
## Compliance with guidelines on the management of early second trimester inevitable miscarriage. This should recognise possible rapid patient deterioration, possibly within a few hours, from sepsis to severe sepsis to septic shock. It should also recognise the high mortality rate, of up to 60{{nbs}}percent, associated with this. These guidelines should include the same emphases as those for infection and pregnancy listed in recommendation{{nbs}}3.<ref name=HSEreport/>{{rp|16}} The panel recommended such guidelines should include guidelines relating to expediting delivery for clinical reasons, including "medical and surgical termination" based on the expertise available and legal feasibility.<ref name=HSEreport/>{{rp|17}}
## Clear statement of the legal context in which clinical professional judgement can be exercised in the best medical welfare interests of patients. The Oireachtas should consider the law including any necessary constitutional change and related administrative, legal and clinical guidelines in relation to the management of inevitable miscarriage in the early second trimester of a pregnancy.
# The panel recommended improved communication practices between all relevant staff, and improvements in handover of acutely ill patients. Additionally, definitive tools for clearly communicating information relating to the deterioration of a woman's condition, consultation and/or handover to a higher level of care, according to "Improving patient handover" (RCOG Good Practice No.{{px2}}12, Dec 2010).<ref name=HSEreport/>{{rp|17}}
# Compliance of guidelines on the consultants' responsibilities, according to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, "Responsibility of the consultant on call" (RCOG Good Practice No.{{px2}}8, March 2009). These indicate the need to involve senior medical staff due to difficulty coping with case load, or to consult on suspected serious cases. Midwives and nurses should be able to obtain help from senior nurse midwifery managers or the director of nursing on duty, and need to be able to contact the consultant if needed.<ref name=HSEreport/>{{rp|17}}

===Subsequent comments by Sabaratnam Arulkumaran===
In 2017, Arulkumaran commented that a significant contributing factor to Halappanavar's death was Ireland's restrictive abortion laws.<ref>{{cite news|title=Author of Savita Halappanavar report says 8th Amendment contributed to her death|url=https://www.breakingnews.ie/ireland/author-of-savita-halappanavar-report-says-8th-amendment-contributed-to-her-death-810432.html|newspaper=BreakingNews.ie|date=24 April 2018}}</ref>

==HIQA report==
The [[Health Information and Quality Authority]] (HIQA) published a report into the incident on 9{{nbs}}October 2013.<ref name=hiqa2103/> It found "following the rupture of her membranes, four-hourly observations including temperature, [[heart rate]], [[Breathing|respiration]] and [[blood pressure]] did not appear to have been carried out at the required intervals", noting "that though UHG [University Hospital Galway] had a guideline in place for the management of suspected [[sepsis]] and sepsis in obstetric care, the clinical governance arrangements were "not robust enough to ensure adherence to this guideline".<ref name=hiqa2103/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/savita-patient-report-1121411-Oct2013/ |title=Damning Savita report details litany of hospital care failures |newspaper=[[TheJournal.ie]] |date=9 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thejournal.ie/savita-halappanavar-missed-opportunities-timeline-1121510-Oct2013/ |title=This shocking graph shows 13 'missed opportunities' in treatment of Savita |last=Daly |first=Susan |date=9 October 2013 |newspaper=[[TheJournal.ie]] |access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
{{see also|Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013|Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland}}
Partly in response to the protest movement after the death of Savita Halappanavar,<ref name="Savita Halappanavar effect">{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/world/report-savita-halappanavar-effect-irish-president-signs-first-abortion-bill-into-law-1867644 |title=Savita Halappanavar effect |date=30 July 2013 |work=[[DNA India]] |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref><ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/world//article60434865.ece |title=Ireland performs first legal abortion |date=23 August 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 July 2013 |location=Chennai, India }}</ref> the Irish government introduced the ''[[Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013]]''. Having passed [[bicameralism|both Houses]] of the [[Oireachtas]] in July 2013, it was [[signed into law]] on 30{{nbs}}July by [[Michael D. Higgins]], the [[President of Ireland]].<ref name="ind29459937">{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/president-higgins-signs-abortion-bill-into-law-29459937.html |title=President Higgins signs abortion bill into law|date=30 July 2013|work=[[Irish Independent]]|access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref>

On 20{{nbs}}September 2013, Praveen Halappanavar's solicitor served legal proceedings against Galway University Hospital and separately against Doctor Katherine Astbury. The proceedings claim that Halappanavar's constitutional right to life had been breached and allege 30 issues of medical negligence.<ref name="Ind-Crawford">{{cite news|last=Crawford|first=Caroline|title=Savita's husband to sue her doctor for negligence|url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/savitas-husband-to-sue-her-doctor-for-negligence-29596560.html |access-date=26 September 2013|newspaper=Irish Independent|date=22 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="Times-Holland">{{cite news|last=Holland|first=Kitty|title=Halappanavar begins action against hospital, doctor|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/ireland/irish-news/halappanavar-begins-action-against-hospital-doctor-1.1536230|access-date=26 September 2013|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=21 September 2013}}</ref>

By May 2014, Praveen Halappanavar had emigrated from Ireland to the United States.<ref>{{cite news |first=Brian |last=McDonald |access-date=5 May 2022 |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/tragic-savitas-husband-quits-ireland-for-the-us-30237521.html |title=Tragic Savita's husband quits Ireland for the US|date=2 May 2014|newspaper=[[Irish Independent]]}}</ref> On 10{{nbs}}March 2016, Praveen Halappanavar settled the case with the HSE, after the HSE agreed to a confidential, six-figure cash settlement.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/crime-and-law/savita-halappanavar-husband-s-action-for-damages-settled-1.2567771|title=Savita Halappanavar: Husband's action for damages settled|date=10 March 2016|first=Mary|last=Carolan|newspaper=[[The Irish Times]]|access-date=13 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/courts/savita-halappanavar-case-settled-for-six-figures-34534933.html |title=Savita Halappanavar case settled for six figures |first=Maeve |last=Sheehan |date=13 March 2016 |access-date=13 March 2016 |newspaper=[[Irish Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2016/0309/773765-savita-halappanavar/|title=Settlement reportedly made over Halappanavar case|date=9 March 2016|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann]]}}</ref>

Abortion law continued to be an issue of heated political debate. In 2016-17 the Irish government convened a [[Citizens' Assembly (Ireland)|Citizens' Assembly]] to advise about the [[Eighth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland|Eighth Amendment]].

A speech by [[John Waters (columnist)|John Waters]] at the 2017 [[Renua]] conference resulted in Kitty Holland suing him for [[libel]], and in 2024 being awarded €35,000 [[damages]] plus [[legal costs|costs]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Waters ordered to pay full legal costs in Holland case |url=https://www.rte.ie/news/courts/2024/0711/1459346-john-waters/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |work=RTÉ News |date=11 July 2024 |language=en}}</ref> Waters had said that to claim the refusal of an abortion had caused Halappanavar's death was "a lie that resulted in the journalist who started the lie getting multiple awards from her colleagues".<ref name="Keena20240711">{{cite news |last1=Keena |first1=Colm |title=Kitty Holland wins defamation case against John Waters and is awarded €35,000 in damages |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/crime-law/courts/2024/07/03/kitty-holland-wins-defamation-case-against-john-waters-and-is-awarded-35000-in-damages/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> Waters argued in court that 'he was not saying Ms Holland lied but that she was the "initiator of a process" that "at some indeterminate point along its trajectory became a lie"',<ref>{{cite news |last1=Carolan |first1=Mary |title=Kitty Holland tells judge that John Waters's letter was 'quite the assault on me and The Irish Times' |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/crime-law/courts/2024/04/25/kitty-holland-tells-judge-that-john-waterss-letter-was-quite-the-assault-on-me-and-the-irish-times/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=25 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> and that she had been "badly served" by her editors.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Keena |first1=Colm |title=John Waters claims he faces 'ruination' should he lose defamation action taken by Kitty Holland |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/crime-law/courts/2024/04/30/john-waters-claims-he-faces-ruination-should-he-lose-defamation-action-taken-by-kitty-holland/ |access-date=11 July 2024 |newspaper=The Irish Times |date=30 April 2024 |language=en}}</ref> The judge ruled Waters' words were "a serious attack on [Holland's] professional integrity".<ref name="Keena20240711" />

On 20{{nbs}}May 2018, the parents of Halappanavar called for a Yes vote in Ireland's [[Thirty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution Bill 2018 (Ireland)|referendum on the repeal of the Eighth Amendment]], with her father saying, "I hope the people of Ireland will vote yes for abortion, for the ladies of Ireland and the people of Ireland. My daughter, she lost her life because of this abortion law, because of the diagnosis, and she could not have an abortion. She died."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/news/social-affairs/savita-s-father-calls-for-repeal-as-campaigns-target-undecided-1.3501906|title=Savita's father calls for repeal as campaigns target undecided|last=Holland|first=Kitty|newspaper=The Irish Times|date=20 May 2018|access-date=21 May 2018}}</ref> On 25{{nbs}}May 2018, the people of Ireland voted Yes to repeal the Eighth Amendment by a margin of 2 to 1.

On 30{{nbs}}September 2018, an open letter by [[Emma Watson]] to Halappanavar was published in ''Porter'' magazine.<ref name=barr>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/emma-watson-savita-halappanavar-abortion-ireland-death-miscarriage-letter-porter-magazine-a8563131.html|title=Emma Watson Pens Powerful Letter To Savita Halappanavar, Who Died After Being Denied An Abortion in Ireland |last=Barr|first=Sabrina|date=30 September 2018|access-date=1 October 2018}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Sheila Hodgers]]
* [[PP v. HSE]]
* [[Indians in Ireland]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.rte.ie/news/search/?query=savita%20halappanavar Savita Halappanavar] collected video, news and commentary at [[RTÉ.ie]]
* [http://www.ndtv.com/topic/savita-halappanavar Savita Halappanavar] collected video, news and commentary at ''[[NDTV]]''
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Savita-Halappanavar Savita Halappanavar] collected news and commentary at ''[[The Times of India]]''

{{Abortion in the Republic of Ireland}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Halappanavar, Death of Savita}}
[[Category:2012 in Irish politics|Death of Savita Halappanavar]]
[[Category:2012 in the Republic of Ireland|Death of Savita Halappanavar]]
[[Category:Abortion in the Republic of Ireland|Death of Savita Halappanavar]]
[[Category:Deaths by person in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:Women deaths]]
[[Category:History of Galway (city)|Death of Savita Halappanavar]]
[[Category:Medical scandals in the Republic of Ireland|Death of Savita Halappanavar]]
[[Category:Political scandals in the Republic of Ireland]]
[[Category:India–Ireland relations]]
[[Category:Social problems in medicine]]
[[Category:October 2012 in Ireland]]

Nilkanth Anant Purandare

2026-04-06T22:43:50Z

Mdraselsarker: new a post more to come

{{Short description|Distinguished Indian obstetrician and gynaecologist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = Dr.
| name = Nilkanth Anant Purandare
| honorific_suffix = M.D., (Born. ), F.R.C.O.G.
| image = Dr. N.A. Purandare.jpg
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1877|04|27}}
| birth_place = India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1964|12|12|1877|04|27}}
| alma_mater = [[Grant Medical College]]
| occupation = [[Gynaecologist]]
| children = [[Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare]]
}}
'''Nilkanth Anant Purandare''' (1877-1964) was a distinguished Indian obstetrician and gynaecologist.

== Early life and education ==
Purandare was born on 27 April 1877.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |year= |title=Dr. N. A. Purandare M.D., (Born. ), F.R.C.O.G. |url=https://www.jogi.co.in/articles/files/filebase/Archives/2000/oct/2000_35_Oct.pdf |website=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of India}}</ref> After passing his matriculation examination, he joined [[Grant Medical College and Sir Jamshedjee Jeejeebhoy Group of Hospitals|Grant Medical College]] in 1896.<ref name=":0" /> In 1900, he graduated, securing the Charles Morehead Prize in Medicine.<ref name=":0" />

== Career and contributions ==
Purandare began his medical career as an hon. assistant obstetrician and gynaecologist at Bai Motibai and Petit Hospitals, and as a tutor at Grant Medical College.<ref name=":0" /> He earned his M.D. in [[obstetrics and gynaecology]] with distinction.<ref name=":0" />

In 1926, with the establishment of [[King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College|King Edward Memorial (KEM) Hospital and G.S. Medical College]], Purandare was appointed as an hon. professor in midwifery and gynaecology and as hon. obstetrician and gynaecologist.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Purandare |first1=C. N. |last2=Patel |first2=Madhuri |date=2011-04-01 |title=Indian contribution to obstetrics and gynaecology |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s13224-011-0029-4 |journal=The Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology of India |language=en |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=144–145 |doi=10.1007/s13224-011-0029-4 |issn=0975-6434 |pmc=3394547}}</ref> He was later appointed as Hon. Obstetrician at N. Wadia Maternity Hospital.<ref name=":0" />

Purandare was the first president of the Bombay Obstetric and Gynaecological Society<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mumbai Obstetric & Gynecological Society |url=https://www.mogsonline.org/MOGS-History |access-date=2024-06-16 |website=www.mogsonline.org}}</ref> and played a key role in the [[Federation of Obstetric and Gynaecological Societies of India]]. He presided over the 3rd All India Obstetric and Gynaecological Congress in 1941.<ref name=":0" />

Dr. N.A Purandare's Hospital is located in Mumbai. This hospital was the first registered head office of FOGSI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FOGSI set up its Registered Head Office – Headquarters at Purandare Griha, Bombay. |date=6 May 2015 |url=https://www.fogsi.org/fogsi-retrospective/}}</ref>
[[File:Recentpicofpurandarehospital.jpg|thumb|Recent Picture of Purandare Hospital]]

== Publications ==
# The Anterior Shoulder as Guide to the Engagement of the Head and to the Progress of Labour.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Purandare |first=N. A. |date=February 1936 |title=The Anterior Shoulder as Guide to the Engagement of the Head and to the Progress of Labour. |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1936.tb12387.x |journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology |language=en |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=101–104 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1936.tb12387.x |issn=1470-0328|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
# Radiograms taken during Labour from its onset until the Head is Born, indicating the Position of the Anterior and Posterior Shoulders.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Purandare |first=N. A. |date=December 1937 |title=Radiograms taken during Labour from its onset until the Head is Born, indicating the Position of the Anterior and Posterior Shoulders |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1937.tb14721.x |journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology |language=en |volume=44 |issue=6 |pages=1109–1110 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1937.tb14721.x |issn=1470-0328|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
# Height of the Anterior Shoulder and its Relation to the Position of the Foetal Heart.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Purandare |first=N. A. |date=April 1938 |title=Height of the Anterior Shoulder and its Relation to the Position of the Foetal Heart |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1938.tb12452.x |journal=BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology |language=en |volume=45 |issue=2 |pages=287–288 |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.1938.tb12452.x |issn=1470-0328|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

== Honours ==

* Honorary Fellow of the [[Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists|Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, London]].<ref name=":0" />
* Honorary Founder Fellow of the [[National Academy of Medical Sciences|Indian Academy of Medical Sciences]].<ref name=":0" />
* The [[Government of India]] has named a road opposite Girgaon Chowpatty (Dr. N.A Purandare Road<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. N. A. Purandare Road |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Dr.+N.+A.+Purandare+Rd,+Mumbai,+Maharashtra}}</ref>) in Mumbai to honour his contributions in the field of medicine

== Death ==
Purandare died on 12 December 1964.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Medical Sciences]]
[[Category:1877 births]]
[[Category:1964 deaths]]

List of colleges affiliated to the Panjab University

2026-04-05T23:12:50Z

Mdraselsarker: Made data.

{{short description|None}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=June 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}

Following is a list of colleges affiliated to the [[Panjab University]] in [[Chandigarh]], [[India]]. Panjab University is a [[Collegiate university|collegiate]] [[public university]] established in 1947 and tracing its origins to the [[University of the Punjab]] in [[Lahore]], which was founded in 1882.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh-s-sector-14-a-long-way-from-lahore/story-GlDKZtA8v0YgKj5vxwxxqM.html|title=Chandigarh's Sector 14: A long way from Lahore|date=2018-07-11|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref> It has 188 affiliated colleges spread over the state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] and the union-territory of Chandigarh.<ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated Colleges of PU|url=http://dcdc.puchd.ac.in/affiliateColleges.aspx|website=puchd.ac.in}}</ref>

==List==
List of colleges affiliated to Panjab University, sorted by district:

===Abohar===
*Bhag Singh Hayer Khalsa College for Women
*DAV College
*DAV College of Education
*Gopichand Arya Mahila College
*Guru Nanak Khalsa College
*Jyoti B.Ed. College
*Kenway College of Education
*Maharishi Dayanand College of Education

===Barnala===
*Sanatan Dharam College – S.D. College

===Chandigarh===
*Brahmrishi Yoga Training College
*[[Chandigarh College of Architecture]] – CCA
*Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology – CCET
*[[DAV College, Chandigarh|DAV College]]
*Dev Samaj College for Women
*Dev Samaj College of Education
*[[Goswami Ganesh Dutta Sanatan Dharma College]] – GGDSD
*[[Government College of Art, Chandigarh|Government College of Art]]
*Government College of Commerce and Business Administration – GCCBA
*Government College of Education
*Government College of Yoga Education and Health
*Government Home Science College
*Government Medical College and Hospital – GMCH
*Guru Gobind Singh College for Women
*Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital
*Homoeopathic Medical College and Hospital
*Mehr Chand Mahajan Dayanand Anglo Vedic College for Women – MCM DAV College
*National Institute of Nursing Education – NINE
*[[Post Graduate Government College, Sector 11, Chandigarh|Post Graduate Government College, Sector 11]]
*Post Graduate Government College, Sector 46
*Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Sector 11
*Post Graduate Government College for Girls, Sector 42
*Regional Institute of English – RIE
*Shri Dhanwantry Ayurvedic College and Hospital
*Shri Guru Gobind Singh College, Sector 26

===Firozpur===
*Babe Ke College of Education
*DAV College for Women
*Dev Samaj College for Women
*GGS DAV Centenary College
*Government College
*Guru Ram Dass B.Ed. College
*M.R. Government College
*RSD College
*Surjeet Memorial College of Education

===Mansa===
*Nehru Memorial Government College

===Hoshiarpur===
*Babbar Akali Memorial Khalsa College – BAM
*Dashmesh Girls College
*DAV College
*DAV College for Girls
*DAV College of Education
*Giani Kartar Singh Memorial Government College
*Goswami Guru Dutt Sanatan Dharam College – GGDSD
*Government College – Hoshiarpur
*Guru Nanak College of Education
*Guru Nanak Khalsa College for Women
*Guru Teg Bahadur Khalsa College
*Jagdish Chandra DAV College
*Khalsa College
*Maharaj Brahmanand Bhuriwale Garib Dassi *Rana Gajinder Chand B.Ed. Girls College
*Rayat Bahra College of Education
*S.D. College
*Saini Bar College
*Sant Baba Hari Singh Memorial Khalsa College of Education
*Sant Majha Singh Karamjot College for Women – SMSKC
*SGGS Khalsa College
*Siri Guru Har Rai Sahib College for Women
*Sri Guru Gobind Singh College of Education
*Swami Premanand Mahavidyalaya

===Khanna===
*Anglo Sanskrit College for Women
*AS College
*AS College for Women
*AS College of Education
*Gobindgarh Public College

===Ludhiana===
*Arya College
*Baba Kundan Rural College of Education
*Bahadur Chand Munjal College of Education – BCM
*Bhai Nagahia Singh Memorial Girls College
*Bhutta College of Education
*DD Jain College of Education
*Devki Devi Jain Memorial College for Women
*Doraha College of Education for Women
*GHG Harprakash College for Women
*GHG Khalsa College of Education
*Gobindgarh College of Education
*Government College for Women
*GTB National College
*Guru Gobind Singh Khalsa College for Women
*Guru Gobind Singh Khalsa College of Education for Women
*Guru Nanak College of Education
*Guru Nanak College of Law
*Guru Nanak Girls College
*Guru Nanak Khalsa College for Women
*G.G.N.KHALSA COLLEGE, CIVIL LINES, LUDHIANA
*Guru Nanak National College
*Kamla Lohtia Sanatan Dharam College
*Khalsa College for Women
*Lajpat Rai DAV College
*Mai Bhago College for Women
*Malwa Central College of Education for Women
*Malwa College Bondli Samrala
*Mata Ganga Khalsa College for Girls
*Mata Gurdev Kaur Memorial Shahi Sports *College of Physical Education
*Partap College of Education
*Ramgarhia Girls College
*Sadbhavna College of Education for Women
*Satish Chandra Dhawan Government College
*SCD Government College
*SDP College for Women
*Shree Atam Vallabh Jain College
*Shree Atam Vallabh Jain College Institute of Management and Technology Studies
*Sri Aurobindo College of Commerce and Management
*Swami Ganga Giri Janta Girls College
*University Business School – UBS
Malerkotla
*Kalgidhar Institute of Higher Education

===Moga===
*Arjan Dass College
*Baba Kundan Singh Memorial Law College
*Baba Mangal Singh Institute of Education
*DM College of Education
*Guru Nanak College
*Jagat Sewak Khalsa College for Women
*Lala Hans Raj Memorial College of Education
*Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial College of Education
*Moga College of Education for Girls
*Sant Baba Bhag Singh Memorial Girls College of Education
*Sant Darbara Singh College of Education for Women
*Satyam College of Education
*Shukdeva Krishna College of Education for Girls
*Tagore College of Education

===Mohali===
*Indo Global College of Education
*Lord Krishna College of Education for Girl

===Muktsar===
*Bawa Nihal Singh B.Ed. College
*Dasmesh Girls College of Education
*Guru Gobind Singh College of Education
*Guru Nanak College for Girls
*JD College of Education
*Maharaja Ranjit Singh College
*Saint Sahara College of Education
*Guru Nanak College Killianwali

===Nawanshahr===
*BKM College of Education

===Patiala===
*Asian Institution College of Professional Education
*Jagdish Chandra DAV College

===Ropar===
*Rayat College of Education
*Rayat College of Law
*Rayat College of Physical Education
*Shivalik Hills College of Education

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Lists of colleges affiliated to universities in India|Panjab University]]
[[Category:Panjab University|*]]

State Museum, Bhopal

2026-03-31T20:17:36Z

Mdraselsarker: stub

{{Short description|Art, culture museum in Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = State Museum
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = State Museum Bhopal entrance gate.jpg
| caption = State Museum entrance gate
| established = 1964
| location = Shyamla Hills, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| type = Art and Culture Museum
|collection_size = {{ubl|11,515 items|(No. on display: 3,634 |Items in reserve: 68%){{sfnp|Audit Report|2022|p=74}}}}
| visitors = 20,683 (12 months 2019–2020){{sfnp|Audit Report|2022|pp=79–80}}
| director =
| website =
| coordinates =
}}
[[File:Inside View of State Museum Bhopal.jpg|thumb|View from inside the State Museum]]
The '''State Museum Bhopal''' is located on Shymala Hills, in Bhopal, the capital city of the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]] in India.<ref name="outlook">{{Cite web |title=Museums of Bhopal |date=20 January 2020 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/traveller/mp/visual-escape/photo-gallery/museums-of-bhopal/ |access-date=2021-05-20 |website=Outlook Traveller |language=en-US}}</ref> It is popular for its design and the breadth of its inventory of art and cultural artefacts. The museum holds a prominent role among the monuments and museums of [[Bhopal]].<ref name="Trvlour">{{Cite web|title=State Museum Bhopal in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India |url=https://www.travalour.com/attraction/3449-state-museum-bhopal|access-date=2021-05-20|website=Travalour|language=en}}</ref> It is open to the public from Tuesday to Sunday.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-08-28|title=Museums in Central Zone |website=Department of Archaeology, Archives, and Museums |publisher= Government of Madhya Pradesh |url=http://www.mparchaeology.org/centMuseums.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828111345/http://www.mparchaeology.org/centMuseums.html |archive-date=28 August 2008 |access-date=2021-05-20 |url-status=usurped}}</ref>

== The building ==
The State Museum Bhopal was established in 1964.<ref name="Trvlour"/> Its current building was inaugurated on 2 November 2005, by the Madhya Pradesh [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]], [[Shivraj Singh Chouhan]].<ref name="MP arch">{{Cite web|date=n.d. |website=Department of Archaeology, Archives, and Museums |publisher= Government of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://archaeology.mp.gov.in/contents.aspx?page=state-museum-bhopal&number=r9UDa6hJQzuqjNqXQx+TXA== |title=State Museum Bhopal |archive-date=8 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208001431/https://archaeology.mp.gov.in/contents.aspx?page=state-museum-bhopal&number=r9UDa6hJQzuqjNqXQx+TXA==}}</ref> It has a contemporary design and was built to catch abundant natural light. The modern and architecturally innovative facility features wide spaces accessible by [[ramps]].<ref name="Trvlour"/>

== Collections and display ==
[[File:Panchmukhi Ganesha Statue India (cropped).jpg|thumb|A 5-headed [[Ganesh]] statue in the museum]]
As the state's flagship museum, the State Museum Bhopal aims to present important and representative art and cultural artefacts of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="outlook" /> Areas in which the museum holds strong collections are: stone carving and sculpture; coinage and postage stamps; textiles and costumes; documents and epigraphs; medieval arms and armoury; royal collections from princely states; [[Mughal painting|miniature painting]] and illuminated manuscripts.<ref name="mp tour">{{cite web |title=Discovering State Museum Bhopal: A Timeless Journey |url=https://www.mptourism.com/state-museum-bhopal.html |website=Madhya Pradesh Tourism |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |date=25 September 2023}}</ref>

=== The galleries ===
Inside the main building, there are seventeen specialised galleries, which are categorised by theme.<ref name="MP arch" /> These are—

Painting and sculptural galleries:
* [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|Miniature painting]]
* Gallery of Madhya Pradesh sculptural styles (a summary survey gallery)
* Sculpture
* Bronzes (metal sculpture)

Prehistory and antiquity:
* Ancient inscriptions gallery
* Bagh Caves paintings gallery
* Prehistoric and fossils gallery
* Excavated materials gallery

Galleries of cultural and historical collections:
* Archival gallery
* Manuscripts
* Postage stamps and autographs
* Coinage
* Rare musical instruments
* Freedom Movement, housing artefacts associated with India's struggle for independence
* Royal collections
* Costumes
* Weaponry

===Collection highlights===
The museum's sculpture collection includes many ancient works, especially from the period of the 8th to 12th centuries. A still older sculptural highlight is the [[Yakshini]] (female nature spirits) statues from about 200 BC and a black granite Buddha.<ref name="Times Trav">{{cite news |last1=Mulchandani |first1=Anil |title= State Museum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/bhopal/state-museum/ps50138891.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2015 |id=Times Travel}}</ref>

Amongst its antiquities, the museum houses a group of nine rock-cut reproductions of the Buddhist murals from the [[Bagh Caves]], of which some of the originals are now destroyed or lost, as well as 84 rare Jain bronze articles of the 12th century,<ref name="MP arch" /> from the [[Dhar district]] of [[Malwa]]. Dhar district is in the western side of Madhya Pradesh.<ref name="Times Trav"/>

Included in the museum's illuminated manuscript collection are [[Miniature (illuminated manuscript)|miniature paintings]] depicting events from the [[Mahabharata]] and the [[Ramayana]].<ref name="MP arch" />

In its postage stamps and autographs gallery, the museum has an example of the first postage stamp of the world, the [[Penny Black]], which was issued in the year 1840.<ref name="MP arch" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

===Reports===
* {{citation |author1=Comptroller and Auditor General of India |title=Performance Audit on Management of Heritage Sites, Archives and Museums for the year ended 31 March 2021 |date=2022 |publisher=Government of Madhya Pradesh |url=https://cag.gov.in/webroot/uploads/download_audit_report/2022/Report-in-English_merged-064183a7c0e7087.04896345.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118061616/https://cag.gov.in/webroot/uploads/download_audit_report/2022/Report-in-English_merged-064183a7c0e7087.04896345.pdf |archive-date=18 November 2023 |language=en-IN |ref={{SfnRef|Audit Report|2022}} }}

{{City of Bhopal}}
{{Coord|23.2470|N|77.3923|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Museums in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Museums in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Bhopal]]
[[Category:Theatrical organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Libraries in India]]
[[Category:1964 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

Ravi Joseph Lokku

2026-03-29T04:30:13Z

Mdraselsarker: new basic stub more to come - done

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}}
{{Infobox police officer
|honorific_prefix =
|name = Ravi Joseph Lokku, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]<ref name="UPP">{{cite web |url=https://uppolice.gov.in/hi/officerprofile?transid=244&slugName=Deputation |title=Ravi Joseph Lokku |author= |date=10 May 2024 |website=Uttar Pradesh Police |publisher=Government of Uttar Pradesh |access-date=10 May 2024 |quote=}}</ref>
|honorific_suffix = 
|image =
|image_upright =
|alt =
|caption =
|birth_name = Ravi Kumar Lokku<ref name="Gazette">{{cite press release |author= |title=The Gazette of India, 2011, No. 266 |url=https://archive.org/stream/in.gazette.2011.266/W_45_2011_096_djvu.txt |location=New Delhi |publisher=Department of Printing |agency=Government of India |date=5 November 2011 |access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref><ref name="CDTI"/>
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|08|10|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Kurnool]],<ref name="UPP"/> [[Andhra Pradesh (1956-2014)|Andhra Pradesh]]
|death_date = 
|death_place =
|resting_place =
|resting_place_coordinates = 
|other_names =
|education = [[B.Sc.]],<ref name="List"/> [[M.A.]], [[Postgraduate diploma|Postgraduate diploma in International Humanitarian Law]]
|alma_mater =
|known_for =
|notable_works =
|spouse =
|relatives =
|service_label = [[Indian Police Service]]
|service = [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh Cadre]]
|allegiance =
|department =
|branch =
|service_years = 4 September 1995<ref name="List">{{cite report |title=Indian Police Service Service List |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|url=https://ips.gov.in/Empanelment/IPSCIVILLIST-2023_06062023.pdf|date=1 January 2023}}</ref> -''Present''
|status = Additional Director General, [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]]
|rank = [[File:Director General of Police.png|25px]] [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General of Police]]
|badge_number = 19951075 of 1995 batch (48 Regular Recruit)
|awards =
* [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] DGs Commendation Disc {{small|(2006)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] {{small|(2011)}},<ref name="PMMS">{{cite press release |author= |title=Police Medal for Meritorious Service Independence Day 2011|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/pm-id11.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |agency=Government of India |date=2011 |access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref>
* [[Border Security Force]] DGs Commendation Gold Disc {{small|(2016)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[National Disaster Response Force]] DGs Commendation Disc {{small|(2017)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation]] DGs Commendation Disc {{small|(2017)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Utkrisht Seva Padak]] {{small|(2020)}},<ref name="List"/>
* [[Director General of Police|Director General of Police's]] Commendation Disci Silver {{small|(2020)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] {{small|(2021)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* Director General of Police's Commendation Disc Gold {{small|(2021)}}<ref name="UPP"/>
|memorials =
|other_work =
|website = 
|module =
}}
'''Ravi Joseph Lokku''', [[Indian Police Service|IPS]], {{post nominals|list= [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|USP]] [[Police Medal (India)|PMMS]] [[President's Police Medal|PPMDS]]<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service, Republic Day 2021 |url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/assets/doc/distinguished2021.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |agency=Government of India |date=2021 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref>}} (born 10 August 1966) is the present [[Additional director general of police|Additional Director General]], [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]], [[New Delhi]]. He is also on the Executive Council<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rru.ac.in/about-us/executive-council/ |title=Executive Council |author= |date=15 May 2024 |website=Rashtriya Raksha University |publisher=RRU |access-date=15 May 2024 |quote=}}</ref> of [[Rashtriya Raksha University]], New Delhi.

Joseph is a nationally known [[Police officer|Police Officer]], having served in Central Detective Training Institute,<ref name="CDTI"/> [[Border Security Force]],<ref name="BSF"/> [[National Disaster Response Force]],<ref name="IM"/> [[Fire department|Fire Services]], [[Civil defense|Civil Defence]] and [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards]].<ref name="DGFS"/> Owing allegiance to the [[Uttar Pradesh Police|Uttar Pradesh Police Cadre]] (1995 batch), he served in strategic positions across [[Uttar Pradesh]] for nearly three decades (1995 to 2023).

At the 8th National Conference of Heads of Prisons of all States and Union Territories held in the port city of [[Visakhapatnam]] on 11 and 12 September 2023,<ref>{{cite news |last=Potnuru |first=Vasu |date=12 September 2023 |title= Govt improving amenities at Central jails: Vanitha|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/visakhapatnam/govt-improving-amenities-at-central-jails-vanitha-822019?infinitescroll=1 |work=Hans India |location=Visakhapatnam |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> he liaised with [[Harish Kumar Gupta]], IPS of the [[Andhra Pradesh Police]] to jointly conduct the programme. He also addressed<ref>{{cite news |last=Devalla |first=Rani |date=12 September 2023 |title=Governor stresses on use of technology in correctional administration |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/andhra-pradesh/governor-stresses-on-use-of-technology-in-correctional-administration-822166 |work=Hans India |location=Andhra pradesh |access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> the delegates in the presence of his Director, Balaji Srivastav, IPS of the [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]], [[New Delhi]]

==Early life and education==
Ravi Joseph was born in [[Kurnool]]<ref name="UPP"/> Town in [[Andhra Pradesh]],.<ref name="List"/> He graduated with a [[B.Sc.]] degree.<ref name="List"/> He also pursued a [[postgraduate]] degree leading to [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]<ref name="UPP"/> In addition, Ravi also has a [[Postgraduate diploma|Postgraduate diploma in International Humanitarian Law]].<ref name="UPP"/>

==Career==
After getting selected to the [[Union Public Service Commission]], Ravi Joseph began his training as an [[Indian Police Service]] Probationer of 1995 batch<ref name="UPP"/><ref name="SVPNPA"/> (48 Regular Recruit<ref name="SVPNPA"/>) at [[Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration]], [[Mussorie]] and the [[Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel National Police Academy]], [[Hyderabad]]. During the years' 1994–1995, he was in Hyderabad, training under the successive Directorships of Sankar Sen, IPS and A. P. Durai, IPS.<ref name="SVPNPA">{{cite web |url=https://www.svpnpa.gov.in/home |title=Memories/Alumni Gallery|author= |date=6 May 2024 |website=|publisher=SVPNPA |access-date=6 May 2024 |quote=SVPNPA}}</ref>

===The first decade: 1995-2004===
In 2002 Joseph was Principal of Central Detective Training School, Hyderabad.<ref name="CDTI">{{cite book |author= |date=2002 |title=The Civil list of Indian Police Service |location=New Delhi |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |page=441 |oclc=500026189 |issn=0536-9479}}</ref>

===The second decade: 2005-2014===
In the year 2010,<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=20 April 2010 |title=Police raid Mukhtar Ansari's dens, four gang members arrested |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/police-raid-mukhtar-ansari-s-dens-four-gang/ |work=The Indian Express |location=Lucknow |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> Joseph was [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]], [[Ghaziabad]]. In 2011, he was [[Deputy Inspector General]],<ref name="Gazette"/> [[Uttar Pradesh Provincial Armed Constabulary]], [[Lucknow]].<ref name="Gazette"/> The following year in 2012, he moved to [[Allahabad]].<ref name="SHUATS">{{cite news |author= |date= |title=Two-day seminar on secondary education to start from today|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/12645383.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |work= The Times of India|location=Allahabad |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> At an event hosted by the century-old [[Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences]], Allahabad in 2012 on the theme ''Vocationalisation of Secondary Education'', he was invited as Chief Guest and shared dais along with [[Professor|Prof.]] Harikesh Singh of the [[National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration]].<ref name="SHUATS"/>

In early 2013, he moved to the [[Border Security Force]], [[Ferozepur]].<ref>{{cite report |author= |author-link= |date=2014 |title=Indian Police Service (IPS) - Civil List 2014 |url=https://dtf.in/wp-content/files/Indian_Police_Service_IPS_-_Civil_List_2014.htm |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |page= |docket= |access-date=10 May 2024 |quote=}}</ref> He was noted to have been tough on border intrusions during his tenure at the Western Command, Punjab Frontier, Ferozepur Sector.<ref name="BSF">{{cite news |last=Monga |first=Harish K. |date=19 March 2013 |title=BSF kills smuggler in encounter, recovers Rs.50 crore heroin on Indo-Pak border |url=https://www.cityairnews.com/content/bsf-kills-smuggler-encounter-recovers-rs50-crore-heroin-indo-pak-border|work=City Air News |location=Ludhiana |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author= |date=14 January 2014 |title=DG BSF rewards Ferozepur Sector |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/dg-bsf-rewards-ferozepur-sector-114011401079_1.html |work=The Business Standard |location=Ferozepur |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref>

During the [[2014 Indian general election in Bihar]], Joseph was Police Observer in Assembly Constituencies of [[Sultanganj Assembly constituency|Sultanganj]], [[Amarpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Amarpur]], [[Dhoraiya Assembly constituency|Dhoraiya]], [[Banka Assembly constituency|Banka]], [[Katoria Assembly constituency|Katoria]], and [[Belhar Assembly constituency|Belhar]].<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=List of Deployed Police Observers, Bihar, 2014 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/1461-bihar/?do=download&r=3415&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=708c1dc74d483e25e2ad1552a4bd021f |location=New Delhi |publisher=Election Commission of India |agency= |date=18 April 2014 |access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref>

===The third decade: 2015-2024===
Continuing his stint at the BSF, Joseph was elevated to the rank of [[Inspector general of police|Inspector General]] in June 2016.<ref name="IM"/>

In April 2017,<ref name="IM">{{cite news |author= |date=21 April 2017 |title=Joseph will be IG, NDRF|url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/joseph-will-be-ig-ndrf/5419 |work=Indian Mandarins |location= |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> Joseph became Inspector General<ref>{{cite magazine |author= |title=Editorial Advisory Board|url=https://www.ndrf.gov.in/sites/default/files/NDRF%20Newsletter%20%288%29.pdf |magazine=The Saviour |location=New Delhi |publisher= NDRF India|date=April–June 2018 |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> of [[National Disaster Response Force]] (NDRF).<ref name="Jap">{{cite web|url=https://nidm.gov.in/PDF/pubs/Indo-JapanWorkshop_Proceedings.pdf|title=Proceedings: India-Japan Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction 2018|date=20 March 2018|website=National Institute of Disaster Management|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> When [[Cyclone Ockhi]] struck parts of India in December 2017, Joseph was already at the helm of NDRF. He deposed before a Department related Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs on the impact of the cyclone on fisherfolk and the damage caused by it.<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=The Cyclone Ockhi-Its Impact on Fishermen and damage caused by it |url=https://sdma.kerala.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Ockhi-Parliamentary-Standing-Committee-Full-Report-2018.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Rajya Sabha |agency=Parliament of India |date=4 April 2018 |access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref> In 2018, he spoke on the role of NDRF to earthquakes at the ''India-Japan Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction''.<ref name="Jap"/> During this period from 31 December 2018 to 1 March 2019, he also held the additional charge of Director General, [[Fire department|Fire Services]], [[Civil defense|Civil Defence]] and [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards]].<ref name="DGFS">{{cite web |url=https://dgfscdhg.gov.in/list-director-generals |title=Directorate General - Fire Services, Civil Defence & Home Guards |author= |date=10 May 2024 |website=DGFSCDHG |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India |access-date=10 May 2024 |quote=}}</ref> In May 2019 [[Cyclone Fani]] made its landfall in [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Bisoyi|first=Sujit Kumar |date=3 May 2019 |title=Cyclone Fani: Odisha seeks 20 more units of NDRF teams for relief and rescue operations|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cyclone-fani-odisha-seeks-20-more-units-of-ndrf-teams-for-relief-and-rescue-operations/articleshow/69153447.cms |work=The Times of India |location= |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> Joseph reported that NDRF was making efforts to prevent human loss and restore normalcy.<ref>{{Cite tweet |author=Mirror Now |author-link=Mirror Now|user=MirrorNow|number=1124329167414128641 |title=Cyclone Fani - Ravi Joseph Lokku (IPS), NDRF, gives a sense of the situation on the ground in Odisha & other affected states}}</ref>

By early 2019<ref name="DGFS"/> Joseph completed his deputation and returned to his parent cadre in Uttar Pradesh. The same year in August 2019,<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=28 August 2019 |title=Ravi Joseph Lokku IPS transferred as IG- Security, UP |url=https://www.indianbureaucracy.com/ravi-joseph-lokku-ips-transferred-as-ig-security-up/ |work=Indian Bureaucracy |location= |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> he became Inspector General, Security of [[Uttar Pradesh Police]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theweek.in/content/archival/wire-updates/national/2019/08/26/des74-up-ips-transfers.html|title=UP Government transfers 12 IPS officers|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]] |date=10 May 2024|access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> In March 2020, Joseph became General Staff Officer<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=2 March 2020 |title=UP: Rampur SP among 11 IPS officers moved out |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/lucknow/up-rampur-sp-among-11-ips-officers-moved-out-6294725/ |work=The New Indian Express |location=Lucknow |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> to Director General of Police in Uttar Pradesh, [[Mukul Goel]], IPS.<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=Yogi reviews Up law and order, shuffles 15 IPS Officers|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/governance/yogi-reviews-up-law-and-order-shuffles-15-ips-officers/74451051 |location= |publisher=Economic Times |agency=ET Government |date=3 March 2020 |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref> During the [[2021 elections in India]], Joseph was named as Police Observer by the [[Election Commission of India]].<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=3 March 2021 |title= After babus, now EC names 24 IPS officers for 5 states|url=https://firstindia.co.in/public/epapers/March2021/161471213503032021_First%20India%20Lucknow.pdf |work=First India |location=Lucknow |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref>

In March 2022,<ref>{{cite press release |last=Yadav |first=Ishika |date=15 March 2022 |title= 'UP Police demoralised...': Akhilesh slams Yogi Adityanath over DGP's removal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/up-police-demoralised-akhilesh-slams-yogi-adityanath-over-dgp-s-removal-101652609193916.html |location= Lucknow|publisher=Hindustan Times |agency= |access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref> he was transferred to Vigilance.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=22 April 2022 |title=9 IPS Officers transferred|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/uploads/2022/epaper/april/lucknow-english-edition-2022-04-22.pdf|work=The Pioneer|location= Lucknow|access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> In April 2022,<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=22 April 2022 |title=Nine senior IPS Officers get new assignments in UP |url=https://whispersinthecorridors.com/detail/81168-Nine+senior+IPS+officers+get+new+assignments+in+UP.html |work=Whispers in the Corridors |location= |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> he was made Additional Director General of Police Training College, [[Moradabad]],<ref name="List"/> a position he held until March 2023.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indianmandarins.com/news/up-three-ips-officers-reshuffled/26758 |title=UP: Three IPS Officers shifted |author= |date=15 March 2023 |website=Indian Mandarins |publisher= |access-date= 10 May 2024|quote=}}</ref>

On 21 March 2023, he was sent on central deputation to [[New Delhi]]<ref name="MHA">{{cite press release |author= |title=Appointment of Sri Ravi Joseph Lokku, IPS (UP:1995) as Inspector-General in BPR&D on deputation basis |url=https://ips.gov.in/Appointment/RaviJosephLokku_27032023.pdf |location=New Delhi |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |agency=Government of India |date= 21 March 2023|access-date=2024-05-10}}</ref> to the [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]], where he is expected to serve until his superannuation.<ref name="MHA"/> In April 2024, he was promoted as Additional Director General of Bureau of Police Research and Development.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/ips-news/ips-ravi-joseph-lokku-promoted-as-adg-bprd/ |title=IPS Ravi Joseph promoted as ADG, BPR&D |author= |date=15 April 2024 |website=Indian Masterminds |publisher=Indian Masterminds Bureau |access-date=13 May 2024 |quote=}}</ref>

Joseph is also a Police Observer<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=27 March 2024 |title=ECI appoints Police Observer for ANI Parliamentary Constituency |url=https://dt.andaman.gov.in/epaper/28320249153531.pdf |work=The Daily Telegrams |location=Port Blair |access-date=15 May 2024}}</ref> for the [[2024 Indian general election]] in [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite press release |author= |title=Report on General Election to Lok Sabha 2024 in Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=http://andssw1.and.nic.in/doip/uploads/preleases/2046.pdf|location=Andaman and Nicobar Islands|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer |agency= |date= 13 April 2024|access-date=2024-05-15}}</ref>

==Awards and medals==
Ravi Joseph won many medals, these include:
* [[Bureau of Police Research and Development]] DGs Commendation Disc {{small|(2006)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Police Medal for Meritorious Service]] {{small|(2011)}},<ref name="PMMS"/>
* [[Border Security Force]] DGs Commendation Gold Disc {{small|(2016)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[National Disaster Response Force]] DGs Commendation Disc {{small|(2017)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation]] DGs Commendation Disc {{small|(2017)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[Orders, decorations, and medals of India|Utkrisht Seva Padak]] {{small|(2020)}},<ref name="List"/>
* [[Director General of Police|Director General of Police's]] Commendation Disci Silver {{small|(2020)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* [[President's Police Medal|President's Police Medal for Distinguished Service]] {{small|(2021)}},<ref name="UPP"/>
* Director General of Police's Commendation Disc Gold {{small|(2021)}}<ref name="UPP"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-civ|pol}}
{{s-bef|before=Anupama Nilekar Chandra, IPS}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Additional Director General of Police|Additional Director]],<br>[[Bureau of Police Research and Development]], <br> [[New Delhi]]|years=21 March 2023 to ''present''}}
{{s-aft|after=''Incumbent''}}
{{s-bef|before=Sanjay Kumar, IPS}}
{{s-ttl|title=Director General (Additional Charge),<br>[[List of fire departments in India|Fire Services]], Civil Defence and [[Home Guard (India)|Home Guards]],<br>[[New Delhi]]
|service_years=31 December 2018 to 1 March 2019}}
{{s-aft|after=S. N. Pradhan, IPS}}
{{s-end}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Portal bar|Biography|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lokku, Ravi Joseph}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian police chiefs]]
[[Category:Indian Police Service officers]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh Police]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Kurnool district]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]

Lalaji Memorial Omega International School

2026-03-28T18:42:43Z

Mdraselsarker: Made new post.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Lalaji Memorial Omega International School
| image =
| image_size = 500
| caption = School Emblem
| motto = सह वीर्यं करवावहै।
| established = c.2005
| founder = Shri. [[Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari]]
| motto_translation = Let's Endeavour Together
| address = Omega School Road, 79, Pallavaram Road, Kovur, Kolapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600128.Phone-044 6624 1117
| type = Public School
| chairman = Shri. Rajesh Rathod
| director = Dr. S. Bhavanishankar
| principal_label = Principal, CBSE Senior School
| principal = Dr. P. Muthiah
| principal_label1 = Principal, NIOS
| principal1 = Ms. Priya Susan Satish
| principal_label2 = Principal, CBSE Junior School
| principal2 = Ms. Sujatha Kumar
| city = [[Chennai]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0032|80.1484|type:edu_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| head_label = Head of School - CIS & IB
| head = Ms. Divya Samvit Rajagopalan
| faculty = Fulltime
| area = {{convert|22|acre|m2}}
| nickname =
| affiliations = [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], <br> [[Cambridge International Education]], <br>[[National Institute of Open Schooling]], <br> [[IB Diploma Programme]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.omegaschools.org/}}
}}

'''Lalaji Memorial Omega International School''' is a [[co-educational]] [[International school|International]] day and [[boarding school]] situated on in [[Chennai]], India, with more than 5000 students. The foundation stone of the school building was laid in 2005 by its promoter, [[Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari|Sri Parthasarathi Rajagopalachari]], one of the respected [[saint]]s from [[Tamil Nadu]].

==History==

Lalaji Memorial Omega International School was started in 2005 in Kolapakkam, Chennai.<ref name="la2">{{cite news |title=Lalaji Memorial Omega International School, Chennai |url=https://www.educationworld.in/lalaji-memorial-omega-international-school-chennai-2/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=EducationWorld |date=28 November 2012}}</ref>

In the year 2025, The School completed its process of name change to 'Heartfulness International School, Omega Branch,'.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-22 |orig-date=2024-10-22 |title=Omega Internation school's name change, Facebook Post |url=https://www.facebook.com/omegaintlschool/posts/we-are-honored-to-announce-the-official-renaming-of-omega-international-school-t/1000873855387286/ |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |orig-date=2025-10-22 |title=Omega internation school name change, Omega school official Instagram Post |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DBaZoUZzhyT/?img_index=1 |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=www.instagram.com}}</ref>

==Education system==
The school primarily follows the [[Central Board of Secondary Education]] (CBSE) system, and also follows other systems such as [[National Institute of Open Schooling]] (NIOS), [[International Baccalaureate]] (IB), [[Council of International Schools]] (CIS), and [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education]] (IGCSE) or Cambridge . The school with a capacity of more than 5000 students offers curriculum in National and International Syllabus.<ref name="la3">{{cite news |title=Lalaji Memorial Omega International School Chennai: Admission 2022-2023, Fee Structure, Contact Details |url=https://www.edudwar.com/lalaji-memorial-omega-international-school-chennai/ |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=Edudwar |date=10 March 2021}}</ref>

It was rated as one of the top ten schools in India in year 2019, in the International Day cum Boarding school category as per the rankings of Education World.<ref name="la1">{{cite news |last1=Raman |first1=A. Ragu |title=The best schools in Chennai according to latest rankings {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/8-city-schools-among-top-10-in-country-in-different-categories/articleshow/71030003.cms |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=8 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

One of the students of the school, Kaustav Mehta, was named in the merit list of global science video contest.<ref name="la11">{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=Chethan |title=2 Indian kids in semi-finals of breakthrough junior challenge {{!}} Bengaluru News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/2-indian-kids-in-semi-finals-of-breakthrough-junior-challenge/articleshow/55264596.cms |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=5 November 2016 |language=en}}</ref> The school also organises co-curricular activities in various streams.<ref name="la14">{{cite news |title=Lalaji Memorial International celebrates Annual Day with Prizes and Song |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/oct/16/lalaji-memorial-international-celebrates-annual-day-with-prizes-and-song-672228.html |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=16 October 2014}}</ref>

== Initiatives ==
* The school had adopted Government High school, Kolapakkam.<ref name="la6">{{cite news |title=Omega Helps Government School |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/apr/08/omega-helps-government-school-595781.html |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=8 April 2014}}</ref>
* The school follows natural methods like Organic farming and Solar Power.<ref name="la10">{{cite news |title=Students reap lessons on sustainability with organic farming {{!}} Chennai News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/students-reap-lessons-on-sustainability-with-organic-farming/articleshow/56485408.cms |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=The Times of India |date=12 January 2017 |language=en}}</ref>

==Sports==

* The school has its cricket ground with state of the art facilities.<ref name="la5">{{cite news |title=Gen-Next Sports Academy now in Kolapakkam |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2019/jun/24/gen-next-sports-academy-now-in-kolapakkam-1994420.html |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 June 2019}}</ref><ref name="la7">{{cite news |title=Cricket facility unveiled at city school |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/cricket/2019/mar/11/cricket-facility-unveiled-at-city-school-1949513.html |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=11 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="la4">{{cite news |title=Lalaji Memorial Omega International School inaugurates its very own cricket ground |url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/cricket/lalaji-memorial-omega-international-school-inaugurated-its-very-own-cricket-ground |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=sportskeeda.com |date=12 March 2019 |language=en-us}}</ref> For Coaching in Cricket the school has tied up with the training centre operated by leading Indian cricketer [[Ravichandran Ashwin|R.Ashwin]].<ref name="la9">{{cite news |title=Paddler Navneeth bags title in Tamil Nadu table tennis meet |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2019/jun/24/paddler-navneeth-bags-title-in-tamil-nadu-table-tennis-meet-1994468.html |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=24 June 2019}}</ref>
* In 2020, world famous badminton shuttler [[P. V. Sindhu|PV Sindhu]] opened her Badminton court and training centre.<ref name="la8">{{cite news |last1=Keerthivasan |first1=K. |title=Patience, defence focus points in Sindhu's resurgence strategy |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/patience-defense-focus-points-sindhu-all-england-tokyo-2020-form-badminton/article30859532.ece |access-date=24 June 2022 |publisher=Sportstar |date=19 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
* School organises domestic cricket tournaments for different age categories of boys.<ref name="la12">{{cite news |title=U-14 school premier league tournament launched |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/chennai-school-premier-league-cricket-t20-tournament/article29597775.ece |access-date=25 June 2022 |publisher=Sportstar |date=4 October 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Education in India]].
* [[Shri Ram Chandra Mission|Shri Ram Chandra Mission (SRCM)]]

== References ==

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.omegaschools.org/ Official Website]


[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Schools in Chennai]]
[[Category:2005 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]

Well

2026-03-25T21:49:36Z

Mdraselsarker: cleaned up section after review additionally and cleaned formatting

{{short description|Excavation or structure to provide access to groundwater}}
{{About|water wells}}
{{Redirect|Village pump|the set of Wikipedia discussion pages|Wikipedia:Village pump|selfref=yes}}

[[File:Faryab- village dug well.JPG|thumb|A dug well in a village in [[Faryab Province]], [[Afghanistan]]]]
[[File:Well-cistern.jpg|thumb|The difference between a well and a [[cistern]] is in the source of the water: a cistern collects [[rainwater]] whereas a well draws from [[groundwater]].]]

A '''well''' is an excavation or structure created on the earth by [[digging]], driving, or [[drilling]] to access [[liquid]] resources, usually [[water]]. The oldest and most common kind of well is a water well, to access [[groundwater]] in underground [[aquifer]]s. The well water is drawn up by a [[pump]], or using containers, such as [[bucket]]s that are raised mechanically or by hand. Water can also be [[Aquifer storage and recovery|injected back into the aquifer]] through the well. Wells were first constructed at least eight thousand years ago and historically vary in construction from a sediment of a dry watercourse to the [[qanat]]s of Iran, and the [[stepwell]]s and [[Sakia|sakiehs]] of India. Placing a lining in the well shaft helps create stability, and linings of wood or [[Wicker|wickerwork]] date back at least as far as the [[Iron Age]].

Wells have traditionally been sunk by hand digging, as is still the case in rural areas of the developing world. These wells are inexpensive and low-tech as they use mostly manual labour, and the structure can be lined with [[brick]] or stone as the excavation proceeds. A more modern method called [[Caisson (engineering)|caissoning]] uses pre-cast reinforced concrete well rings that are lowered into the hole. Driven wells can be created in unconsolidated material with a well hole structure, which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen of perforated pipe, after which a pump is installed to collect the water. Deeper wells can be excavated by hand drilling methods or machine drilling, using a [[Drill bit|bit]] in a [[borehole]]. Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe composed of steel or plastic. Drilled wells can access water at much greater depths than dug wells.

Two broad classes of well are shallow or unconfined wells completed within the uppermost saturated [[aquifer]] at that location, and deep or confined wells, sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer beneath. A collector well can be constructed adjacent to a freshwater lake or stream with water percolating through the intervening material. The site of a well can be selected by a [[Hydrogeology|hydrogeologist]], or groundwater surveyor. Water may be pumped or hand drawn. Impurities from the surface can easily reach shallow sources and contamination of the supply by pathogens or chemical contaminants needs to be avoided. Well water typically contains more minerals in solution than surface water and may require [[Water treatment|treatment]] before being potable. [[Soil salinity|Soil salination]] can occur as the water table falls and the surrounding soil begins to dry out. Another environmental problem is the potential for [[methane]] to seep into the water.

==History==
{{See also|History of water supply and sanitation}}
[[File:Tunis1960-150 hg.jpg|thumb|right|Camel drawing water from a well, [[Djerba]] island, Tunisia, 1960]]

Very early [[Neolithic]] wells are known from the [[Eastern Mediterranean]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Peltenburg|first=Edgar|year=2012|editor-last=Klimscha|editor-first=Florian|chapter=East Mediterranean water wells of the 9th–7th millennium BC|title=Wasserwirtschaftliche Innovationen im archäologischen Kontext. Von den prähistorischen Anfängen bis zu den Metropolen der Antike|publisher=Leidorf|publication-place=Rahden/Westfalia|pages=69–82}}</ref> The oldest reliably dated well is from the [[Prehistoric Cyprus#Aceramic Neolithic|pre-pottery neolithic]] (PPN) site of Kissonerga-Mylouthkia on [[Cyprus]]. At around 8400 BC a shaft (well 116) of circular diameter was driven through limestone to reach an [[aquifer]] at a depth of {{convert|8|m|ft}}. Well 2070 from Kissonerga-Mylouthkia, dating to the late PPN, reaches a depth of {{convert|13|m|ft}}. Other slightly younger wells are known from this site and from neighbouring Parekklisha-Shillourokambos. A first stone lined<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Galili|first1=Ehud|last2=Nir|first2=Yaacov|year=1993|title=The submerged Pre-Pottery Neolithic water well of Atlit-Yam, northern Israel, and its palaeoenvironmental implications|journal=The Holocene|volume=3|issue=3|pages=265–270|doi=10.1177/095968369300300309|bibcode=1993Holoc...3..265G|s2cid=130032420}}</ref> well of {{convert|5.5|m|ft}} depth is documented from a drowned final PPN (c. 7000 BC) site at [[Atlit Yam|'Atlit-Yam]] off the coast near modern [[Haifa]] in [[Israel]].

[[File:Kückhoven (Erkelenz), Brunnenbaureste um 5300 v. Ch. .jpg|thumb|left|100px|Neolithic [[Linear Pottery culture]] well, 5300 BC, [[Erkelenz]], Germany]]
Wood-lined wells are known from the early Neolithic [[Linear Pottery culture]], for example in Ostrov, Czech Republic, dated 5265 BC,<ref>{{cite journal |url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305440320300066 |title= World's oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction |year= 2020 |journal= Journal of Archaeological Science |volume= 115 |bibcode= 2020JArSc.115j5082R |last1= Rybníček |first1= Michal |last2= Kočár |first2= Petr |last3= Muigg |first3= Bernhard |last4= Peška |first4= Jaroslav |last5= Sedláček |first5= Radko |last6= Tegel |first6= Willy |last7= Kolář |first7= Tomáš |article-number= 105082 |doi= 10.1016/j.jas.2020.105082 |s2cid= 213707193 |url-access= subscription }}</ref> Kückhoven (an outlying centre of [[Erkelenz]]), dated 5300 BC,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.dorfgemeinschaft-kueckhoven.de/unser-dorf/kueckhovener-brunnen/ | title=Kückhovener Brunnen – Dorfgemeinschaft Kückhoven E. V. }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and [[Eythra]] in Schletz (an outlying centre of [[Asparn an der Zaya]]) in [[Austria]], dated 5200 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Early Neolithic Water Wells Reveal the World's Oldest Wood Architecture |vauthors=Tegel W, Elburg R, Hakelberg D, Stäuble H, Büntgen U |year=2012 |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=7 |issue=12 |article-number=e51374 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0051374 |pmid=23284685 |pmc=3526582|bibcode=2012PLoSO...751374T |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The Neolithic Chinese discovered and made extensive use of deep drilled groundwater for drinking.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} The Chinese text ''[[I Ching|The Book of Changes]]'', originally a divination text of the Western Zhou dynasty (1046 -771 BC), contains an entry describing how the ancient Chinese maintained their wells and protected their sources of water.<ref name="Kuhn2004">{{Cite journal |last=Kuhn |first=Oliver |date=2004-06-30 |title=Ancient Chinese Drilling |url=https://csegrecorder.com/articles/view/ancient-chinese-drilling |journal=Canadian Society of Exploration Geophysicists |volume=29 |issue=6}}</ref> A well excavated at the [[Hemudu culture|Hemedu]] excavation site was believed to have been built during the neolithic era.<ref name="Chang2012">{{Cite book |title=Forest Hydrology: An Introduction to Water and Forests |last= Chang |first=Mingteh |publisher= CRC Press |year=2012 |isbn= 978-1-4398-7994-8 |edition=3rd |publication-date=November 1, 2012 |page=31}}</ref> The well was cased by four rows of logs with a square frame attached to them at the top of the well. 60 additional tile wells southwest of Beijing are also believed to have been built around 600 BC for drinking and irrigation.<ref name="Chang2012"/><ref>{{Cite web |title=How the ancient Chinese looked after their drinking water |last= Koon |first=Wee Kek |date=July 25, 2015 |website=South China Morning Post|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1843012/how-ancient-chinese-looked-after-their-drinking-water}}</ref>
[[File:Model well, burial find, China, Han dynasty, 206 BC to 220 AD, earthenware - Östasiatiska museet, Stockholm - DSC09578.JPG|thumb|left|180px|A Chinese ceramic model of a well with a water [[pulley]] system, excavated from a tomb of the [[Han dynasty]] (202 BC – 220 AD) period]]
In [[Egypt]], [[shadoof]]s and [[sakia]]s are used.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-518730/sakia |title=Sakieh explication/difference vs Sakia |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2011-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9001226/sakia#271043.hook |title=Sakia explication |encyclopedia=Britannica.com |access-date=2011-12-19}}</ref> The sakia is much more efficient, as it can bring up water from a depth of 10 metres (versus the 3 metres of the shadoof). The sakia is the Egyptian version of the [[noria]]. Some of the world's oldest known wells, located in Cyprus, date to 7000–8,500 BC.<ref>{{cite news|title=Stone Age wells found in Cyprus|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8118318.stm|work=BBC News}}</ref> Two wells from the Neolithic period, around 6500 BC, have been discovered in Israel. One is in Atlit, on the northern coast of Israel, and the other is in the Jezreel Valley.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288 |title=Ancient Well Reveals Secrets of First Jezreel Valley Farmers |last=Ashkenazi |first=Eli |date=November 9, 2012 |website=Haaretz}}</ref>

Wells for other purposes came along much later, historically. The first recorded [[salt well]] was dug in the Sichuan province of China around 2,250 years ago. This was the first time that ancient water well technology was applied successfully for the exploitation of salt, and marked the beginning of Sichuan's salt drilling industry.<ref name="Kuhn2004"/> The earliest known [[oil well]]s were also drilled in China, in 347 CE. These wells had depths of up to about {{convert|240|m}} and were drilled using [[drill bit|bits]] attached to [[bamboo]] poles.<ref name=ASTM>{{cite web|url=https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html|title=ASTM International – Standards Worldwide|website=www.astm.org|access-date=2019-02-01|archive-date=2020-08-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801082953/https://www.astm.org/COMMIT/D02/to1899_index.html}}</ref> The oil was burned to evaporate [[brine]] and produce [[sodium chloride|salt]]. By the 10th century, extensive [[bamboo]] pipelines connected oil wells with salt springs. The ancient records of China and [[Japan]] are said to contain many allusions to the use of natural gas for lighting and heating. Petroleum was known as ''Burning water'' in Japan in the 7th century.<ref name=EB1911>{{cite encyclopedia|title=petroleum|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|author=Joseph P. Riva Jr. and Gordon I. Atwater|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/454269/petroleum|access-date=2008-06-30}}</ref>

==Types==
[[File:Uwaynat bin Hussain water well near Simaisma.jpg|thumb|Water well near [[Simaisma]], eastern Qatar]]
[[File:Leather bucket of a well.jpg|thumb|Leather bucket used for the water well|right]]
[[File:Well, Historical Village , Bhaini Sahib, Ludhyana , Punjab , India.JPG|thumb|Well, Historical Village, Bhaini Sahib, [[Ludhiana]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India]]

===Dug wells===
[[File:Well.handdug.cased.mali.jpg|thumb|View into a hand-dug well cased with concrete rings. [[Ouelessebougou]], Mali.]]
[[File:Well In Kerala.JPG|thumb|A dug well in a village in [[Kerala]], India]]
[[File:Open Well - flower bag shaped wall and podium 01.jpg|thumb|Well with a flower bag-shaped wall and podium]]
Until recent centuries, all artificial wells were [[pump]]less hand-dug wells of varying degrees of sophistication, and they remain a very important source of [[potable water]] in some rural developing areas, where they are routinely dug and used today. Their indispensability has produced a number of literary references, literal and figurative, including the reference to the incident of [[Jesus]] meeting a woman at [[Jacob]]'s well ([[Gospel of John|John]] 4:6) in the Bible and the "[[Ding Dong Bell]]" [[nursery rhyme]] about a cat in a well.

Hand-dug wells are excavations with diameters large enough to accommodate one or more people with shovels digging down to below the [[water table]]. The excavation is braced horizontally to avoid landslide or erosion endangering the people digging. They can be lined with stone or brick; extending this lining upwards above the ground surface to form a wall around the well serves to reduce both contamination and accidental falls into the well.

A more modern method called [[Caisson (engineering)|caissoning]] uses reinforced concrete or plain concrete pre-cast well rings that are lowered into the hole. A well-digging team digs under a cutting ring and the well column slowly sinks into the [[aquifer]], whilst protecting the team from collapse of the well [[borehole|bore]].

Hand-dug wells are inexpensive and low tech (compared to drilling) and they use mostly manual labour to access groundwater in rural locations of developing countries. They may be built with a high degree of community participation, or by local entrepreneurs who specialize in hand-dug wells. They have been successfully excavated to {{convert|60|m}}. They have low operational and maintenance costs, in part because water can be extracted by hand, without a pump. The water often comes from an aquifer or groundwater, and can be easily deepened, which may be necessary if the ground water level drops, by telescoping the lining further down into the aquifer. The yield of existing hand dug wells may be improved by deepening or introducing vertical tunnels or perforated pipes.

Drawbacks to hand-dug wells are numerous. It can be impractical to hand dig wells in areas where hard rock is present, and they can be time-consuming to dig and line even in favourable areas. Because they exploit shallow aquifers, the well may be susceptible to yield fluctuations and possible contamination from surface water, including sewage. Hand dug well construction generally requires the use of a well trained construction team, and the capital investment for equipment such as concrete ring moulds, heavy lifting equipment, well shaft formwork, motorized de-watering pumps, and fuel can be large for people in developing countries. Construction of hand dug wells can be dangerous due to collapse of the well bore, falling objects and asphyxiation, including from dewatering pump exhaust fumes.

The [[Woodingdean Water Well]], hand-dug between 1858 and 1862, is the deepest hand-dug well at {{convert|1285|ft|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mybrightonandhove.org.uk/page_id__6948_path__0p115p1224p597p.aspx |title=Woodingdean Well |year=2005 |access-date=26 Jan 2010}}</ref> The [[Big Well]] in [[Greensburg, Kansas]], is billed as the world's largest hand-dug well, at {{convert|109|ft|m}} deep and {{convert|32|ft|m}} in diameter. However, the ''Well of Joseph'' in the [[Cairo Citadel]] at {{convert|280|ft|m}} deep and the [[Pozzo di San Patrizio]] (St. Patrick's Well) built in 1527 in [[Orvieto|Orvieto, Italy]], at {{convert|61|m|ft}} deep by {{convert|13|m|ft}} wide<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umbriatravel.com/Orvieto/en/itineraries_Orvieto.asp |title=St. Patrick's Well |publisher=Umbriatravel.com |access-date=2011-12-19 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> are both larger by volume.

===Driven wells===
Driven wells may be very simply created in unconsolidated material with a ''well hole structure'', which consists of a hardened drive point and a screen (perforated pipe). The point is simply hammered into the ground, usually with a tripod and ''driver'', with pipe sections added as needed. A driver is a weighted pipe that slides over the pipe being driven and is repeatedly dropped on it. When [[groundwater]] is encountered, the well is washed of sediment and a pump installed.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=oiEDAAAAMBAJ&dq=popular+science+1930&pg=-PA77 "How I drill a Well."] ''Popular Science'', April 1952, pp. 177–181.</ref>

===Drilled wells===
{{further|Well drilling|Borewells in India}}

Drilled wells are constructed using various types of drilling machines, such as top-head rotary, table rotary, or cable tool, which all use drilling stems that rotate to cut into the formation, thus the term "drilling."

Drilled wells can be excavated by simple hand drilling methods (augering, sludging, jetting, driving, hand percussion) or machine drilling (auger, rotary, percussion, down the hole hammer). Deep rock rotary drilling method is most common. Rotary can be used in 90% of formation types (consolidated).

Drilled wells can get water from a much deeper level than dug wells can − often down to several hundred metres.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CVTjAQAAQBAJ&q=Drilled+wells+can+get+water+from+a+much+deeper+level+than+dug+wells+can%E2%80%94often+down+to+several+hundred+metres.&pg=PA178|title=Kitchen & Bath Residential Construction and Systems|last=Association)|first=NKBA (National Kitchen and Bath|date=2013-10-29|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-71104-0|language=en}}</ref>

Drilled wells with electric pumps are used throughout the world, typically in rural or sparsely populated areas, though many urban areas are supplied partly by municipal wells. Most shallow well drilling machines are mounted on large trucks, trailers, or tracked vehicle carriages. Water wells typically range from {{convert|3|to(-)|18|m|ft|-1}} deep, but in some areas it can go deeper than {{convert|900|m|ft}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2013}}

[[Image:Well spudder 8606.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Drilling rig#Cable tool drilling|Cable tool]] water well drilling rig in [[Kimball, West Virginia]]]]
[[Image:AquaBellaPickard-v.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Water well drilling in [[Ein Hemed]], near [[Jerusalem]] circa 1964]]
Rotary drilling machines use a segmented steel drilling string, typically made up of 3m (10ft), {{convert|6|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=on}} to 8m (26ft) sections of steel tubing that are threaded together, with a [[Drill bit#Well drilling bits|bit]] or other drilling device at the bottom end. Some rotary drilling machines are designed to install (by driving or drilling) a steel casing into the well in conjunction with the drilling of the actual bore hole. Air and/or water is used as a circulation fluid to displace cuttings and cool bits during the drilling. Another form of rotary-style drilling, termed ''mud rotary'', makes use of a specially made mud, or drilling fluid, which is constantly being altered during the drill so that it can consistently create enough hydraulic pressure to hold the side walls of the bore hole open, regardless of the presence of a casing in the well. Typically, boreholes drilled into solid rock are not cased until after the drilling process is completed, regardless of the machinery used.

The oldest form of drilling machinery is the [[Drilling rig#Cable tool drilling|cable tool]], still used today. Specifically designed to raise and lower a bit into the bore hole, the ''spudding'' of the drill causes the bit to be raised and dropped onto the bottom of the hole, and the design of the cable causes the bit to twist at approximately {{frac|4}} revolution per drop, thereby creating a drilling action. Unlike rotary drilling, cable tool drilling requires the drilling action to be stopped so that the bore hole can be bailed or emptied of drilled cuttings. Cable tool drilling rigs are rare as they tend to be 10x slower to drill through materials compared to similar diameter rotary air or rotary mud equipped rigs.

Drilled wells are usually cased with a factory-made pipe, typically [[steel]] (in air rotary or cable tool drilling) or [[plastic]]/[[PVC]] (in mud rotary wells, also present in wells drilled into solid rock). The casing is constructed by welding, either chemically or thermally, segments of casing together. If the casing is installed during the drilling, most drills will drive the casing into the ground as the bore hole advances, while some newer machines will actually allow for the casing to be rotated and drilled into the formation in a similar manner as the bit advancing just below. PVC or plastic is typically solvent welded and then lowered into the drilled well, vertically stacked with their ends nested and either glued or splined together. The sections of casing are usually {{convert|6|m|ft}} or more in length, and {{convert|4|to|12|in|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter, depending on the intended use of the well and local groundwater conditions.

Surface contamination of wells in the United States is typically controlled by the use of a ''surface seal''. A large hole is drilled to a predetermined depth or to a confining formation (clay or bedrock, for example), and then a smaller hole for the well is completed from that point forward. The well is typically cased from the surface down into the smaller hole with a casing that is the same diameter as that hole. The annular space between the large bore hole and the smaller casing is filled with [[bentonite clay]], concrete, or other sealant material. This creates an impermeable seal from the surface to the next confining layer that keeps contaminants from traveling down the outer sidewalls of the casing or borehole and into the [[aquifer]]. In addition, wells are typically capped with either an engineered well cap or seal that vents air through a screen into the well, but keeps insects, small animals, and unauthorized persons from accessing the well.

At the bottom of wells, based on formation, a screening device, filter pack, slotted casing, or open bore hole is left to allow the flow of water into the well. Constructed screens are typically used in unconsolidated formations (sands, gravels, etc.), allowing water and a percentage of the formation to pass through the screen. Allowing some material to pass through creates a large area filter out of the rest of the formation, as the amount of material present to pass into the well slowly decreases and is removed from the well. Rock wells are typically cased with a PVC liner/casing and screen or slotted casing at the bottom, this is mostly present just to keep rocks from entering the pump assembly. Some wells use a ''filter pack'' method, where an undersized screen or slotted casing is placed inside the well and a filter medium is packed around the screen, between the screen and the borehole or casing. This allows the water to be filtered of unwanted materials before entering the well and pumping zone.
<gallery>
Image:Jet-pump System.svg|An automated water well system powered by a jet-pump
Image:Submersible-pump System.svg|An automated water well system powered by a submersible pump
Image:Water System With Cistern.svg|A water well system with a cistern
Image:Water System With Pressurized Cistern.svg|A water well system with a pressurized cistern
Image:Screen_tube.JPG | A section of a stainless steel screen well
</gallery>

== Classification ==

[[File:Water well types wiki.svg|thumb|400px|Water well types]]

There are two broad classes of drilled-well types, based on the type of [[aquifer]] the well is in:
*''Shallow'' or ''unconfined wells'' are completed in the uppermost saturated aquifer at that location (the upper unconfined aquifer).{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
*''Deep'' or ''confined wells'' are sunk through an impermeable stratum into an aquifer that is sandwiched between two impermeable strata (aquitards or aquicludes). The majority of deep aquifers are classified as artesian because the hydraulic head in a confined well is higher than the level of the top of the aquifer. If the hydraulic head in a confined well is higher than the land surface it is a "flowing" [[artesian well]] (named after [[Artois]] in [[France]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-09 |title=Artesian Water and Artesian Wells {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey |url=https://www.usgs.gov/water-science-school/science/artesian-water-and-artesian-wells |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=www.usgs.gov |language=en}}</ref>

[[File:Old-fashioned well in Finland.JPG|thumb|An old-fashioned water well in the countryside of [[Utajärvi]], [[Finland]]]]
A special type of water well may be constructed adjacent to freshwater lakes or streams. Commonly called a collector well but sometimes referred to by the trade name Ranney well or [[Ranney collector]], this type of well involves sinking a caisson vertically below the top of the aquifer and then advancing lateral collectors out of the caisson and beneath the surface water body. Pumping from within the caisson induces infiltration of water from the surface water body into the aquifer, where it is collected by the collector well laterals and conveyed into the caisson where it can be pumped to the ground surface.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Two additional broad classes of well types may be distinguished, based on the use of the well:
* ''production'' or ''pumping wells'', are large diameter (greater than 15 cm in diameter) cased (metal, plastic, or concrete) water wells, constructed for extracting water from the aquifer by a [[pump]] (if the well is not [[Artesian aquifer|artesian]]).{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}
[[File:Well schematic.pdf|thumb|Schematic diagram of a groundwater monitoring well]]
* ''monitoring wells'' or ''[[piezometer]]s'', are often smaller diameter wells used to monitor the hydraulic head or sample the groundwater for chemical constituents. Piezometers are monitoring wells completed over a very short section of aquifer. Monitoring wells can also be completed at multiple levels, allowing discrete samples or measurements to be made at different vertical elevations at the same map location.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arnold |first1=L.R. |last2=Flynn |first2=J.L. |last3=Paschke |first3=S.S. |title=Design and installation of a groundwater monitoring-well network in the High Plains aquifer, Colorado |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/ds456 |journal=USGS Report |series=Data Series |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |access-date=27 May 2024 |doi=10.3133/ds456 |date=2009-10-20|page=5 |bibcode=2009usgs.rept....5A |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

A water well constructed for pumping groundwater can be used passively as a monitoring well and a small diameter well can be pumped, but this distinction by use is common.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

==Siting==
Before excavation, information about the geology, water table depth, seasonal fluctuations, recharge area and rate should be found if possible. This work can be done by a [[hydrogeologist]], or a groundwater surveyor using a variety of tools including electro-seismic surveying,<ref>{{cite web| last=Du Preez| first=Michael| url=http://aquamap.co.nz/uploads/pdfs/ELECTRO-SEISMIC%20SURVEYS%20APPLIED%20TO%20MODELING%20OF%20GROUNDWATER%20FLOW.pdf| title=ELECTRO-SEISMIC SURVEYS APPLIED TO MODDELING OF GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEMS| location=Bloemfontein, South Africa| access-date=21 April 2011| archive-date=31 May 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531163202/http://aquamap.co.nz/uploads/pdfs/ELECTRO-SEISMIC%20SURVEYS%20APPLIED%20TO%20MODELING%20OF%20GROUNDWATER%20FLOW.pdf}}</ref> any available information from nearby wells, geologic maps, and sometimes [[geophysical imaging]]. These professionals provide advice that is almost as accurate a driller who has experience and knowledge of nearby wells/bores and the most suitable drilling technique based on the expected target depth.

==Contamination==
{{Further|Groundwater pollution}}
[[File:Groundwater Contamination Latin America Sm.png|thumb|[[Waterborne diseases]] can be spread via a well which is contaminated with fecal pathogens from [[pit latrine]]s.]]
[[Image:Cleaning a well in Yaounde.jpg|thumb|Man cleaning a well in [[Yaoundé]], [[Cameroon]]]]
[[File:Hand water pump in India (3382861084).jpg|thumb|Hand pump to pump water from a well in a village near Chennai in India, where the well water might be polluted by nearby [[pit latrine]]s.]]
Shallow pumping wells can often supply [[drinking water]] at a very low cost. However, impurities from the surface easily reach shallow sources, which leads to a greater risk of contamination for these wells compared to deeper wells. Contaminated wells can lead to the spread of various [[waterborne diseases]]. Dug and driven wells are relatively easy to contaminate; for instance, most dug wells are unreliable in the majority of the United States.<ref name=CEH-CID/> Some research has found that, in cold regions, changes in river flow and flooding caused by extreme rainfall or snowmelt can degrade well water quality.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Wiebe |first1=Andrew J. |last2=Rudolph |first2=David L. |last3=Pasha |first3=Ehsan |last4=Brook |first4=Jacqueline M. |last5=Christie |first5=Mike |last6=Menkveld |first6=Paul G. |date=2021 |title=Impacts of Event-Based Recharge on the Vulnerability of Public Supply Wells |journal=Sustainability |language=en |volume=13 |issue=14 |page=7695 |doi=10.3390/su13147695 |bibcode=2021Sust...13.7695W |issn=2071-1050 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

=== Pathogens ===
Most of the [[bacteria]], [[viruses]], [[parasite]]s, and [[fungi]] that contaminate well water comes from [[Feces|fecal material]] from humans and other animals. Common bacterial contaminants include ''[[E. coli]]'', ''[[Salmonella]]'', ''[[Shigella]]'', and ''[[Campylobacter jejuni]]''. Common viral contaminants include ''[[norovirus]]'', ''[[sapovirus]]'', ''[[rotavirus]]'', [[enterovirus]]es, and [[hepatitis A]] and [[Hepatitis E|E]]. Parasites include ''[[Giardia lamblia]]'', ''[[Cryptosporidium]]'', ''[[Cyclospora cayetanensis]]'', and [[microsporidia]].<ref name="CEH-CID" />

=== Chemical contamination ===
Chemical contamination is a common problem with groundwater.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iOIdnO03cgEC&q=Chemical+contamination+is+a+common+problem+with+groundwater&pg=PA141|title=Water Sources|last=Association|first=American Water Works|date=2003|publisher=American Water Works Association|isbn=978-1-58321-229-5|language=en}}</ref> [[Nitrate]]s from [[sewage]], [[sewage sludge]] or [[fertilizer]] are a particular problem for babies and young children. Pollutant chemicals include [[pesticide]]s and [[volatile organic compound]]s from [[gasoline]], [[dry-cleaning]], the fuel additive [[methyl tert-butyl ether]] (MTBE), and [[perchlorate]] from rocket fuel, airbag inflators, and other artificial and natural sources.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Several minerals are also contaminants, including [[lead]] leached from brass fittings or old lead pipes, [[chromium VI]] from electroplating and other sources, naturally occurring [[arsenic]], [[radon]], and [[uranium]]—all of which can cause cancer—and naturally occurring [[fluoride]], which is desirable in low quantities to prevent [[tooth decay]], but can cause [[dental fluorosis]] in higher concentrations.<ref name=CEH-CID>
{{cite journal
|author1=Committee on Environmental Health |author2=Committee on Infectious Diseases |year=2009
|title=Drinking water from private wells and risks to children
|journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]
|volume=123 |issue=6 |pages=1599–1605
|pmid=19482772
|doi=10.1542/peds.2009-0751
|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Some chemicals are commonly present in water wells at levels that are not toxic, but can cause other problems. [[Calcium]] and [[magnesium]] cause what is known as [[hard water]], which can precipitate and clog pipes or burn out water heaters. [[Iron]] and [[manganese]] can appear as dark flecks that stain clothing and plumbing, and can promote the growth of [[Iron bacteria|iron and manganese bacteria]] that can form slimy black colonies that clog pipes.<ref name=CEH-CID/>

=== Prevention ===
{{Further|Onsite sewage facility}}
The quality of the well water can be significantly increased by lining the well, sealing the well head, fitting a self-priming hand pump, constructing an apron, ensuring the area is kept clean and free from stagnant water and animals, moving sources of contamination ([[pit latrine]]s, garbage pits, [[Onsite sewage facility|on-site sewer systems]]) and carrying out hygiene education. The well should be cleaned with 1% chlorine solution after construction and periodically every 6 months.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Well holes should be covered to prevent loose debris, animals, animal excrement, and wind-blown foreign matter from falling into the hole and decomposing. The cover should be able to be in place at all times, including when drawing water from the well. A suspended roof over an open hole helps to some degree, but ideally the cover should be tight fitting and fully enclosing, with only a screened air vent.{{citation needed|date=January 2016}}

Minimum distances and soil percolation requirements between sewage disposal sites and water wells need to be observed. Rules regarding the design and installation of private and municipal septic systems take all these factors into account so that nearby drinking water sources are protected.

Education of the general population in society also plays an important role in protecting drinking water.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

===Mitigation===
Cleanup of [[contaminated groundwater]] tends to be very costly. Effective [[groundwater remediation|remediation of groundwater]] is generally very difficult. Contamination of groundwater from surface and subsurface sources can usually be dramatically reduced by correctly centering the casing during construction and filling the casing [[Annulus (well)|annulus]] with an appropriate sealing material. The sealing material (grout) should be placed from immediately above the production zone back to surface, because, in the absence of a correctly constructed casing seal, contaminated fluid can travel into the well through the casing annulus. Centering devices are important (usually one per length of casing or at maximum intervals of 9 m) to ensure that the grouted annular space is of even thickness.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Upon the construction of a new test well, it is considered best practice to invest in a complete battery of chemical and biological tests on the well water in question. Point-of-use treatment is available for individual properties and treatment plants are often constructed for municipal water supplies that suffer from contamination. Most of these treatment methods involve the [[filtration]] of the contaminants of concern, and additional protection may be garnered by installing well-casing screens only at depths where contamination is not present.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Wellwater for personal use is often filtered with [[reverse osmosis]] water processors; this process can remove very small particles. A simple, effective way of killing microorganisms is to bring the water to a full boil for one to three minutes, depending on location. A household well contaminated by microorganisms can initially be treated by shock chlorination using bleach, generating concentrations hundreds of times greater than found in community water systems; however, this will not fix any structural problems that led to the contamination and generally requires some expertise and testing for effective application.<ref name=CEH-CID/>

After the filtration process, it is common to implement an [[Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation|ultraviolet]] (UV) system to kill pathogens in the water. UV light affects the DNA of the pathogen by UV-C photons breaking through the cell wall. UV disinfection has been gaining popularity in the past decades as it is a chemical-free method of water treatment.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Meulemans|first=C. C. E.|date=1987-09-01|title=The Basic Principles of UV–Disinfection of Water|journal=Ozone: Science & Engineering|volume=9|issue=4|pages=299–313|doi=10.1080/01919518708552146|bibcode=1987OzSE....9..299M |issn=0191-9512}}</ref>

==Environmental problems==
A risk with the placement of water wells is [[Soil salinity|soil salination]] which occurs when the water table of the soil begins to drop and salt begins to accumulate as the soil begins to dry out.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/cheap-food/bourne-text/1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522010539/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2009/06/cheap-food/bourne-text/1 |archive-date=May 22, 2009 |title=Soil salination by placement of water wells mentioned in India |publisher=Ngm.nationalgeographic.com |date=2002-10-17 |access-date=2011-12-19}}</ref> Another environmental problem that is very prevalent in water well drilling is the potential for methane to seep through.

===Soil salination===
The potential for soil salination is a large risk when choosing the placement of water wells. Soil salination is caused when the water table of the soil drops over time and salt begins to accumulate. In turn, the increased amount of salt begins to dry the soil out. The increased level of salt in the soil can result in the degradation of soil and can be very harmful to vegetation.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

===Methane===
[[Methane]], an asphyxiant, is a chemical compound that is the main component of natural gas. When methane is introduced into a confined space, it displaces oxygen, reducing oxygen concentration to a level low enough to pose a threat to humans and other aerobic organisms but still high enough for a risk of [[Spontaneous combustion|spontaneous]] or externally caused explosion. This potential for explosion is what poses such a danger in regards to the drilling and placement of water wells.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Low levels of methane in drinking water are not considered toxic. When methane seeps into a water supply, it is commonly referred to as "methane migration". This can be caused by old natural gas wells near water well systems becoming abandoned and no longer monitored.{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}

Lately,{{when|date=May 2016}} however, the described wells/pumps are no longer very efficient and can be replaced by either [[handpump]]s or [[treadle pump]]s. Another alternative is the use of self-dug wells, electrical deep-well pumps (for higher depths). [[Appropriate technology]] organizations as [[Practical Action]] are now{{when|date=May 2016}} supplying information on how to build/set-up ([[Do it yourself|DIY]]) handpumps and [[treadle pump]]s in practice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://practicalaction.org/practicalanswers/product_info.php?products_id=198 |title=Practical Answers – Handpumps |publisher=Practicalaction.org |access-date=2011-12-19}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dev.practicalaction.org/?id=appeal_nepalpump |title=Treadle pump |publisher=Dev.practicalaction.org |access-date=2011-12-19}}</ref>

===PFAS/PFOS Fire fighting foam===
'''Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances''' ('''[[Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances|PFAS]]''' or '''PFASs''') are a group of synthetic [[Organofluorine chemistry|organofluorine]] [[chemical compound]]s that have multiple [[fluorine]] atoms attached to an [[alkyl]] chain. PFAS are a group of "forever chemicals" that spread very quickly and very far in ground water polluting it permanently. Water wells near certain airports where any foam fire fighting or training activities occurred up to 2010 are likely to be contaminated by PFAS.

==Water security==
A study concluded that of ~39 million groundwater wells 9-20% are at [[water security|high risk of running dry]] if local groundwater levels decline by less than five meters, or – as with many areas and possibly more than half of major [[aquifer]]s<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Famiglietti |first1=James S. |last2=Ferguson |first2=Grant |title=The hidden crisis beneath our feet |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abh2867 |journal=Science |access-date=10 May 2021 |pages=344–345 |language=en |doi=10.1126/science.abh2867 |date=23 April 2021|volume=372 |issue=6540 |pmid=33888627 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..344F |s2cid=233353241 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> – continue to decline.<ref>{{cite news |title=The largest assessment of global groundwater wells finds many are at risk of drying up |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210423130101.htm |access-date=10 May 2021 |work=ScienceDaily |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jasechko |first1=Scott |last2=Perrone |first2=Debra |title=Global groundwater wells at risk of running dry |journal=Science |date=23 April 2021 |volume=372 |issue=6540 |pages=418–421 |doi=10.1126/science.abc2755 |pmid=33888642 |bibcode=2021Sci...372..418J |s2cid=233353207 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abc2755 |access-date=10 May 2021 |language=en |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}</ref>{{Explain|date=May 2021}}

==Society and culture==
{{see also|Wells in the Bible}}
[[Image:22-alimenti, acqua dolce,Taccuino Sanitatis, Casanatense 418.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Water use, [[Tacuinum Sanitatis]], [[Biblioteca Casanatense]] (14th century)]]
[[Spring (hydrology)|Springs]] and wells have had [[cultural significance]] since [[prehistoric]] times, leading to the foundation of towns such as [[Wells, Somerset|Wells]] and [[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] in [[Somerset]]. Interest in health benefits led to the growth of [[spa town]]s including many with ''wells'' in their name, examples being [[Llandrindod Wells]] and [[Royal Tunbridge Wells]].<ref name="Burr">{{cite book |last=Burr |first=Thomas Benge |title=The History of Tunbridge Wells |year=1766 |location=London |url=http://theweald.org/bk.asp?bookid=burr000 |archive-date=2021-01-31 |access-date=2019-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131221739/https://theweald.org/d10.asp?BookId=burr000 }}</ref>

[[Eratosthenes]] is sometimes claimed to have used a well in his calculation of the [[Earth's circumference]]; however, this is just a simplification used in a shorter explanation of [[Cleomedes]], since Eratosthenes had used a more elaborate and precise method.<ref name="russo273277">{{cite book |last=Russo |first=Lucio |author-link=Lucio Russo |date=2004 |title=The Forgotten Revolution |location=Berlin |publisher=Springer|pages=273–277}}</ref>

Many incidents in the [[Bible]] take place around wells, such as the finding of a wife for [[Isaac]] in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] and [[Jesus]]'s talk with the Samaritan woman in the [[Gospels]].<ref>{{citation|title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J|first1=Geoffrey W.|last1=Bromiley|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|year=1982|isbn= 978-0-8028-3782-0|page=955}}</ref>

== A simple model for water well recovery ==

[[File:Well Recovery diagram.jpg|thumb|left|Diagram of a water well partially filled to level ''z'' with the top of the aquifer at ''z<sub>T</sub>'']]

For a well with impermeable walls, the water in the well is resupplied from the bottom of the well. The rate at which water flows into the well will depend on the pressure difference between the ground water at the well bottom and the well water at the well bottom. The pressure of a column of water of height ''z'' will be equal to the weight of the water in the column divided by the cross-sectional area of the column, so the pressure of the ground water a distance ''z<sub>T</sub>'' below the top of the water table will be:

:<math>P_g=\rho \,g \,z_T</math>

where ''ρ'' is the mass density of the water and ''g'' is the acceleration due to gravity. When the water in the well is below the water table level, the pressure at the bottom of the well due to the water in the well will be less than ''P<sub>g</sub>'' and water will be forced into the well. Referring to the diagram, if ''z'' is the distance from the bottom of the well to the well water level and ''z<sub>T</sub>'' is the distance from the bottom of the well to the top of the water table, the pressure difference will be:

:<math>\Delta P=\rho\, g\, (z_T-z)</math>

Applying [[Darcy's law]], the volume rate (''F'') at which water is forced into the well will be proportional to this pressure difference:

:<math>\Delta P=R\, F</math>

where ''R'' is the resistance to the flow, which depends on the well cross section, the pressure gradient at the bottom of the well, and the characteristics of the substrate at the well bottom. (e.g., porosity). The volume flow rate into the well can be written as a function of the rate of change of the well water level:

:<math>F=A \frac{dz}{dt}</math>

Combining the above three equations yields a simple differential equation in ''z'':

:<math>R A \frac{dz}{dt} = \rho g(z_T-z)</math>

which may be solved:

:<math>z = z_T -(z_T-z_0)e^{-t/\tau}</math>

where ''z<sub>0</sub>'' is the well water level at time ''t=0'' and ''τ'' is the well time constant:

:<math>\tau = \frac{R A}{\rho g}</math>

Note that if ''dz/dt'' for a depleted well can be measured, it will be equal to <math>z_T/\tau</math> and the time constant τ can be calculated. According to the above model, it will take an infinite amount of time for a well to fully recover, but if we consider a well that is 99% recovered to be "practically" recovered, the time for a well to practically recover from a level at ''z'' will be:

:<math>T_r = \tau \ln\left(\frac{1-z/z_T}{1-0.99}\right)</math>

For a well that is fully depleted (''z=0'') it would take a time of about ''4.6 τ'' to practically recover.

The above model does not take into account the depletion of the aquifer due to the pumping which lowered the well water level (See [[aquifer test]] and [[groundwater flow equation]]). Also, practical wells may have impermeable walls only up to, but not including the bedrock, which will give a larger surface area for water to enter the well.<ref name="Humboldt">{{cite web|url=https://geology.humboldt.edu/courses/geology556/556_handouts/well_flow_equations.pdf|title=Well Flow Equations|publisher=Cal Poly Humboldt, Department of Geology|access-date=June 13, 2022}}</ref><ref name="Inspectapedia">{{cite web|url=https://inspectapedia.com/water/Well_Flow_Rate.php|title=How Much Water Can the Well Deliver|publisher=Inspectapedia|access-date=June 13, 2022}}</ref>

==Similar and related water structures ==

* Types of ancient wells
** [[Brick-lined well]]
** [[Castle well]], for use in the castle
** [[Cistern]], ancient Greek
** [[Stepwell]], ancient India

* Modern construction techniques
** [[Baptist well drilling]], simple technique
** [[Rodriguez well]], for harvesting drinking water in polar regions
** [[Spring supply]], piped water supply from the well

* Uses
** [[Holy well]], sacred wells in various religions
*** [[Abraham's well]], sacred well in Israel
*** [[Ghat]], sacred in Hinduism and Buddhism

** Drainage and irrigation
*** [[Drainage by wells]]
*** [[Shadoof]], an irrigation tool that is used to lift water from a water source onto land or into another waterway or basin

** Washing
*** [[Lavoir]], public place for washing clothes.

==See also==

* [[Fossil water]]

* [[History of water supply and sanitation]]

* [[Johad#Similar|Ancient water conservation techniques]]

* [[Self-supply of water and sanitation]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite book|last= Driscoll|first= F.|year=1986|title= Groundwater and Wells|location= [[St. Paul, MN|St. Paul]]|publisher= Johnson Filtration Systems|isbn= 978-0-9616456-0-1}}
*{{cite book|author= Raymond Rowles|edition= 2nd|year= 1995|title= Drilling for Water|publisher= Avebury, Cranfield University|isbn= 1-85628-984-2}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Water wells}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Well}}
*[http://www.rural-water-supply.net/en/sustainable-groundwater-management Sustainable Groundwater Development theme of the Rural Water Supply Network (RWSN)]
*[http://akvopedia.org/wiki/Water_Portal Water Portal – Akvopedia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018231204/http://akvopedia.org/wiki/Water_Portal |date=2014-10-18 }}
*[http://www.sswm.info/ Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management Toolbox]
*[https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/private/wells/index.html U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Healthy Water – Water Wells] Site covering well basics, guidelines for proper siting and location of wells to avoid contamination, well testing, diseases related to wells, emergency well treatment and other topics.
*[https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/earthgwwells.html US Geological Survey – Ground water: Wells]
*[https://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/gwartesian.html US Geological Survey – Water Science Pictures Flowing Artesian Well]
*[https://www.euforaje.ro/foraje-puturi/ Drilling wells 18 extremely useful questions and answers]
*[http://agwt.org/ American Ground Water Trust]
*[http://www.lifewater.org/resources/ground_water.html#GW Lifewater International Technical Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616030412/http://www.lifewater.org/resources/ground_water.html#GW |date=2013-06-16 }}
*[http://www.watersanitationhygiene.org/References/Technical%20Resources%20-%20Wells.htm Well Construction Technical Resources for NGOs]

{{Geotechnical engineering|state=collapsed}}
{{Man-made and man-related Subterranea}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Water Well}}
[[Category:Water wells| ]]
[[Category:Archaeological features]]
[[Category:Bodies of water]]
[[Category:Water supply infrastructure|Well]]
[[Category:In situ geotechnical investigations]]

Olios senilis

2026-03-22T14:09:20Z

Mdraselsarker: new some data basic info

{{Short description|Species of spider}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Olios senilis
| authority = [[Eugène Simon|Simon]], 1880
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Olios senilis''''', is a species of [[spider]] of the genus ''[[Olios]]''. It is native to [[India]] and [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch/species/35048/Olios_senilis | title=Olios senilis Simon, 1880 | publisher=World Spider Catalog | accessdate=19 May 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2832277}}

[[Category:Olios|senilis]]
[[Category:Endemic fauna of India]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Spiders described in 1880]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Eugène Simon]]

{{sparassidae-stub}}

Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant

2026-03-21T11:37:41Z

Mdraselsarker: minor cleanup article for accuracy and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Power station in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox power station
|image =
|image_caption =
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption= Location of the Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant in Punjab
| coordinates = {{coord|31|2|34.08|N|76|35|5.64|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
|name = Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant
|country = India
|location = [[Ropar]], [[Punjab (Indian state)|Punjab]].
|status = O
|operator = [[PSPCL]]
|th_fuel_primary = [[Coal]]
|th_fuel_tertiary =
|ps_units_operational= 6
|ps_electrical_capacity= 1260.00 MW
|commissioned = 1984
|extra =''Source:http://pspcl.in/index.htm/''
}}
'''Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Plant''' is located at Ghanauli near [[Ropar]] in Punjab. The power plant is one of the [[coal]] based power plants of [[PSPCL]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Plant Ropar |url=https://www.pspcl.in/existing-thermal-projects/guru-gobind-singh-super-thermal-plant-ropar/ |website=Punjab State Power Corporation Ltd |accessdate=22 June 2020}}</ref>

==Power plant==
Guru Gobind Singh Super Thermal Power Station is situated near village Ghanauli on Ropar-Kiratpur Sahib National highway NH-21. It is about 12 km from Ropar and 55 km from [[Chandigarh]]. The plant has an installed capacity of 1260 MW. The first unit was commissioned in September, 1984.
During March 1985, the second unit was commissioned and in later years four more units were added.

The station received the Incentive award for reducing [[fuel oil]] consumption in 1999.

The station also received the Shield and excellent performance by [[Prime minister of India]] during 1986-87 for achieving 70.08% PLF against then 53.2%. The plant has its source of water supply from Nangal Hydel Channel. The coal used mainly comes from mines in Bihar, West Bengal and Madhya Pradesh from more than 50 sources called collieries

==Installed capacity==
It has an installed capacity of '''1260 MW'''. But now total output left is '''840 MW'''. The proposal to shut down the thermal power plant has been under consideration of the Government of Punjab.<ref>{{cite news |title=PSPCL mulls winding up Bathinda, Ropar plants |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/pspcl-mulls-winding-up-bathinda-ropar-plants-429537 |accessdate=22 June 2020 |work=The Tribune |date=11 June 2019}}</ref> Another proposal is to build five supercritical thermal power plants of 800 MW each, which will replace the existing power units.<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab State Power Corporation Ltd proposes an increase of 4160 MW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/pspcl-proposes-an-increase-of-4160-mws-in-generation-capacity/articleshow/70165796.cms |accessdate=22 June 2020 |work=The Times of India |date=11 Jul 2019}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Stage !! Unit Number !! Installed Capacity ([[Watt#Megawatt|MW]]) !! Date of Commissioning !! Status
|-
| First || 1 || 210 || September, 1984 || Not-Running
|-
| First || 2 || 210 || March, 1985 || Not-Running
|-
| Second || 3 || 210 || March, 1988 || Running
|-
| Second || 4 || 210 || January, 1989 || Running
|-
| Third || 5 || 210 || March, 1992 || Running
|-
| Third || 6 || 210 || March, 1993 || Running
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|Punjab|Energy}}
{{Power Plants of Punjab, India}}

[[Category:Coal-fired power stations in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Rupnagar district]]
[[Category:Memorials to Guru Gobind Singh]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1984]]
[[Category:1984 establishments in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

{{India-powerstation-stub}}

Ladies vs Ricky Bahl

2026-03-17T09:36:24Z

Mdraselsarker:

{{Short description|2011 film by Maneesh Sharma}}
{{AI-generated|date=September 2025}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ladies vs Ricky Bahl
| image = LadiesVsRickyBahl2.jpg
| alt = 
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Maneesh Sharma]]
| writer =
| screenplay = [[Devika Bhagat]]<br/>[[Habib Faisal]] {{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = Habib Faisal
}}
| story = Aditya Chopra
| based_on =
| producer = [[Aditya Chopra]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Ranveer Singh]]
*[[Anushka Sharma]]
*[[Parineeti Chopra]]
*[[Dipannita Sharma]]
*[[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Aseem Mishra]]
| editing = [[Namrata Rao]]
| music = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| studio = [[Yash Raj Films]]
| distributor = Yash Raj Films
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|12|09}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR}}20 crore
| gross = {{INR}}84 crore<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=55|title=Ladies vs Ricky Bahl –Movie|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925223012/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=55|url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Ladies vs Ricky Bahl''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[crime comedy]] film directed by [[Maneesh Sharma]] and produced by [[Aditya Chopra]] under the banner of [[Yash Raj Films]]. The film stars [[Ranveer Singh]], [[Anushka Sharma]], [[Parineeti Chopra]], [[Dipannita Sharma]], and [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]. Loosely inspired by the 2006 American film ''[[John Tucker Must Die]]'', the screenplay was adapted by [[Devika Bhagat]] and [[Habib Faisal]]. The film follows a group of women who team up to exact revenge on Ricky Bahl, a smooth-talking con artist who had deceived each of them under different identities.

''Ladies vs Ricky Bahl'' was released on 9 December 2011 and received mixed-to-positive reviews from critics, who praised its stylish presentation, humor, and the chemistry between Singh and Sharma, with particular praise directed towards Chopra's performance. The film also emerged as a commercial success at the box office, grossing ₹84 crore worldwide on a budget of ₹20 crore.

At the [[57th Filmfare Awards]], Parineeti Chopra earned two nominations—[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]], winning the latter. She went on to win both categories at the [[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]] and the [[Producers Guild Film Awards]], and also received the Best Female Debut award at the [[Screen Awards]], the [[Stardust Awards]] and the [[Zee Cine Awards]].

== Plot ==
Dimple Chaddha, a spoiled and wealthy [[Delhi]] girl, falls for her fitness trainer, Sunny Singh, who charms her and pretends to be interested in marriage. He tells her about a disputed inheritance involving a property occupied by tenants. Dimple persuades her father to use his influence to evict the tenants, and they even lend Sunny ₹20 lakh to help him claim the property. However, it is later revealed that the inheritance was fabricated and the tenants were legal occupants. Sunny vanishes with the money, leaving Dimple heartbroken and embarrassed.

Meanwhile, in [[Mumbai]], successful businesswoman Raina Parulekar purchases an expensive painting from Deven Shah, who claims to run an [[art gallery]]. Shortly after the transaction, Deven disappears with ₹60 lakh, and Raina learns the painting is fake. She publicly shares her story, which draws the attention of Dimple. They connect and are soon joined by Saira Rashid, a shy and trusting woman from [[Lucknow]] who was conned out of ₹10 lakh by a man named Iqbal Khan, whom she was romantically interested in.

The three women realize that Sunny, Deven, and Iqbal are the same man operating under different [[Pseudonym|aliases]]. They nickname him “Bloody Kameena” (BK) and hatch a plan to con the conman. Raina, using her resources, finances the plan. They recruit Ishika Desai, a sharp-tongued and confident saleswoman from Mumbai, to pose as a wealthy NRI heiress and lure BK in.

Tracking him down to Goa, they discover he is now operating under the name Vikram Thapar, posing as the owner of a beachside water sports business. Ishika approaches him, pretending to be the daughter of a hotel-chain magnate looking to invest in a restaurant. Vikram quickly takes the bait and begins to court her, unaware of the setup.

To impress Ishika, Vikram offers to fund the restaurant’s launch. Meanwhile, the women feed him fake bills, cheap materials, and fake staff, slowly recouping the money he stole from them. As Vikram grows closer to Ishika, he genuinely starts falling for her. After a successful launch party, he and Ishika spend time together and share a kiss. The next morning, he discovers Ishika meeting with the other women and realizes he has been conned.

Determined to retaliate, Vikram manipulates the situation and sells Ishika a worthless property for the restaurant. The women, believing Ishika has betrayed them, confront her and ask her to leave. Later, they find Vikram waiting at their hotel. He confesses to his past cons and expresses remorse, claiming he now understands how it feels to be deceived. He offers to return all the stolen money and insists he wants to turn over a new leaf.

As the women prepare to leave, they notice Ishika is heartbroken over Ricky, and they decide to help reunite the couple. Ricky, now revealing his real name, proposes to Ishika and tells her he wants to learn how to live honestly, with her help.

== Cast ==
* [[Ranveer Singh]] as Ricky Bahl (''Sunny Singh'' in [[Delhi]], ''Deven Shah'', ''Manoj Suri'' in [[Mumbai]], ''Iqbal Khan'' in [[Lucknow]], ''Vikram Thapar'', ''Diego Vaz'', ''Abhay Salaskar'' in [[Goa]])
*[[Anushka Sharma]] as Ishika Desai (''Ishika Patel'')
* [[Parineeti Chopra]] as Dimple Chaddha
* [[Dipannita Sharma]] as Raina Parulekar
* [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]] as Saira Rashid
* Shireesh Sharma as Mr. Suresh Chaddha, Dimple's father
* [[Avijit Dutt]] as Raina's boss
* [[Akshay Anand]] as Raina's colleague
* [[Sheena Bajaj]] in a cameo appearance as the nurse in the title track
* [[Shruti Sharma (actress)|Shruti Sharma]] as Customer in Story 3: Lucknow

== Reception ==

=== Box office ===
''Ladies vs Ricky Bahl'' opened to strong occupancy in multiplexes, with many locations recording 90–100% attendance on its first day, particularly in the [[Delhi]] and [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] regions. While multiplex-dominated urban areas saw good to decent turnout, single-screen cinemas reported comparatively lower footfalls. The film collected approximately ₹198.5 million on its opening day.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3791&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107205743/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3791&nCat= |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=16 December 2011 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=10 December 2011 |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3790&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603201231/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews |archive-date=3 June 2013 |access-date=16 December 2011 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

On its second day, collections improved significantly, reaching ₹445 million, and continued to rise on Sunday, earning ₹767.5 million, bringing the three-day weekend total to approximately ₹805 million.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3795&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231809/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3795&nCat= |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> The film held steady on Monday, collecting around ₹815 million nett in four days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3800&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421043845/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxnewsdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3800&nCat= |archive-date=21 April 2012 |access-date=26 December 2014 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

By the end of its first week, the film grossed approximately ₹730 million nett, and continued to perform moderately well in the following weeks.<ref>[http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111224164918/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=earnings|date=24 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3811&nCat= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425231815/http://boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3811&nCat= |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=17 December 2011 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> Its lifetime theatrical earnings were around ₹840 million, and it was declared a box office hit.<ref>{{cite web |title=Boxofficeindia.com |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3834&nCat= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201636/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/boxdetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3834&nCat= |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=25 January 2012 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref>

=== Critical reception ===
''Ladies vs Ricky Bahl'' was released in India on 9 December 2011 to mixed-to-positive reviews. Critics praised the film’s performances—particularly [[Parineeti Chopra]], who made her acting debut—as well as its premise and styling, though many noted shortcomings in its screenplay and execution.

Taran Adarsh of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3 out of 5 stars, writing: "''Ladies vs Ricky Bahl'' is, at best, a decent fare, which appeals in parts. The film starts well, even ends well. It’s the in-between that’s plain ordinary. Ideally, the film merits a 2.5 star rating, but that extra 0.5 star is for Singh and Anushka, who steal your heart with truly striking performances."<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title=Ladies VS Ricky Bahl (2011) | Hindi Movie Critic Review By Taran Adarsh |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542222 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107175611/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/542222 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=16 December 2011 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

Nikhat Kazmi of ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, stating: "There is no humour, no earthy flavour, no tingling chemistry between the lead pair. What does work in favour of the film are its performances and its non-hysterical tenor."<ref>{{cite web |author=Nikhat Kazmi |date=9 December 2011 |title=Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ladies-Vs-Ricky-Bahl/movie-review/11030547.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212005042/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Ladies-Vs-Ricky-Bahl/movie-review/11030547.cms |archive-date=12 December 2011 |access-date=16 December 2011 |work=[[The Times of India]] |agency=TNN}}</ref>

''[[NDTV]]'' gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, calling it "predictable" and noting a lack of strong chemistry between the leads, but still described it as enjoyable, particularly praising Singh’s performance.<ref>{{cite web |date=9 December 2011 |title=Movie Review: Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl – NDTVMovies.com |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=678 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107202055/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_Review.aspx?id=678 |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=16 December 2011 |publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref>

[[Rajeev Masand]] of [[Network18 Group|''IBN Live'']] described the film as “watchable”, but remarked that it "could've been so much more fun."<ref>{{cite web |title=Masand: 'Ladies vs Ricky Bahl' is watchable – Reviews – Masand's Verdict |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-ladies-vs-ricky-bahl-is-watchable/210395-47-84.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107195053/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/masand-ladies-vs-ricky-bahl-is-watchable/210395-47-84.html |archive-date=7 January 2012 |access-date=16 December 2011 |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref>

''[[Zee News]]'' rated it 3 out of 5 stars, calling it “a good option to get entertained this weekend and reconnect with the ''[[Band Baaja Baaraat]]'' jodi for some laughter and foot-stomping again.”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review: 'Ladies vs Ricky..' a rom-con in a rom-com! |url=https://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/bollywood/review-ladies-vs-ricky-a-rom-con-in-a-rom-com_101748.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>{{AI-retrieved source|date=March 2026|checked=no}}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award
! scope="col" |Date of the ceremony
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipients
! scope="col" |Result
! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Refh}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |21 January 2012
| rowspan="2" |[[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Female]]
|[[Dipannita Sharma]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-01-31 |title={{!}} Latest bollywood Hindi Movie Features - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3007 |access-date=2025-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131082055/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/3007 |archive-date=31 January 2012 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="8" |[[Parineeti Chopra]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |22 January 2012
|[[Star Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Producers Guild Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |25 January 2012
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role|Best Actress in a Supporting Role]]
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=2012-01-27 |title=Winners of 7th Chevrolet Apsara Film and Television Producers Guild Awards 7 : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-of-7th-chevrolet-apsara-film-and-television-producers-guild-awards/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
|
|-
| rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[57th Filmfare Awards|29 January 2012]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |10 February 2012
|[[Stardust Award for Actor of the Year – Female|Star of the Year – Female]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Anushka Sharma]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=mxmadmin |date=2012-02-21 |title=10 years of Max Stardust Awards |url=https://www.mxmindia.com/advertising/more-advertising/10-years-of-max-stardust-awards/ |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=MxMIndia |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance|Best Actress in a Comedy or Romance]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Stardust Award for Superstar of Tomorrow – Female|Superstar of Tomorrow – Female]]
| rowspan="5" |Parineeti Chopra
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards|IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[13th IIFA Awards|7–9 June 2012]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|{{won}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive Details |url=https://www.iifa.com/archive/iifa-2012 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Star Debut of the Year – Female|Best Female Debut]]
|{{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Annual Central European Bollywood Awards India
| rowspan="2" |18 August 2012
|Best Supporting Actress
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2012-08-28 |title=Ra.One, Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara sweep Central European Bollywood Awards |url=https://old.indiantelevision.com/aac/y2k12/aac913.php |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Breakthrough Role – Female
|{{won}}
|-
|[[People's Choice Awards India]]
|27 October 2012
|Favourite Debut Actor (Male/Female)
|Parineeti Chopra <small>(also for ''[[Ishaqzaade]]'')</small>
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=People's Choice Awards 2012 Winners - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/photos/people-s-choice-awards-2012-winners-41236.html#photos-7 |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=One India |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2011
| recorded = 2010
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Sony Music India]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/08/yash-raj-films-gives-digital-music-rights-to-sony-music/|title=Yash Raj Films gives digital music rights to Sony Music|publisher=Bestmediainfo.com|access-date=26 December 2014|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202051034/http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/08/yash-raj-films-gives-digital-music-rights-to-sony-music/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| producer = [[Salim–Sulaiman]]
| prev_title = [[Band Baaja Baaraat]]
| prev_year = 2011
| next_title = [[Anaganaga O Dheerudu]]
| next_year = 2011
}}
The film's music and soundtrack were composed by [[Salim–Sulaiman]] with lyrics penned by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].

The song "Jigar Da Tukda" won the most atrocious lyrics award at the [[Golden Kela Awards]] in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-04-01 |title=Most Top Grossers of Bollywood 2012 Got Kelas at The 5th Annual Golden Kela Awards |url=https://www.mensxp.com/buzz-on-web/entertainment/8557-most-top-grossers-of-bollywood-2012-got-kelas-at-the-5th-annual-golden-kela-awards.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com |access-date=2025-04-14 |website=MensXP |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 28:00
| title1 = Aadat Se Majboor
| extra1 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Ranveer Singh]]
| length1 = 04:38
| title2 = Thug Le
| extra2 = [[Vishal Dadlani]], [[Shweta Pandit]]
| length2 = 03:39
| title3 = Jigar Da Tukda
| extra3 = [[Salim Merchant]], [[Shraddha Pandit]]
| length3 = 04:14
| title4 = Jazba
| extra4 = [[Shilpa Rao]]
| length4 = 04:39
| title5 = Aadat Se Majboor (Remix)
| extra5 = [[Benny Dayal]], [[Ranveer Singh]]
| length5 = 04:34
| title6 = Jazba (Remix)
| extra6 = [[Anushka Manchanda]]
| length6 = 04:02
| title7 = Fatal Attraction
| extra7 = [[Instrumental]]
| length7 = 03:34
| all_writing =
}}

== Plagiarism allegations ==
''Ladies vs Ricky Bahl'' faced plagiarism allegations from multiple sources. Tamil film director [[Selva (director)|Selva]] accused the makers of lifting the core premise from his 2007 film [[Naan Avan Illai (2007 film)|''Naan Avan Illai'']] and its [[Naan Avan Illai 2|2009 sequel]], both of which revolve around a con artist who deceives several women by assuming different identities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 December 2011 |title=Ladies Vs Ricky Bahl in plagiarism row |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ladies-vs-ricky-bahl-in-plagiarism-row/story-GyTBG4rhn7JSaATUlLOUvK.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404202055/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/ladies-vs-ricky-bahl-in-plagiarism-row/story-GyTBG4rhn7JSaATUlLOUvK.html |archive-date=4 April 2018 |access-date=4 April 2018 |work=The Hindustan Times}}</ref> Separately, British author [[Jeffrey Archer]] alleged that the film borrowed elements from his 1976 novel ''[[Not a Penny More, Not a Penny Less]]'', which also centers on a group of individuals conning a conman to recover their losses.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 March 2015 |title=Archer's next to have 8 chapters in Mumbai with Bollywood heroine |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-archer-s-next-to-have-8-chapters-in-mumbai-with-bollywood-heroine-2065447 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516084244/http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-archer-s-next-to-have-8-chapters-in-mumbai-with-bollywood-heroine-2065447 |archive-date=16 May 2018 |access-date=16 May 2018 |work=[[Daily News & Analysis]]}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Bollywood}}
* ''[[John Tucker Must Die]]'' (2006)
* [[The Other Woman (2014 film)|''The Other Woman'']] (2014)

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.yashrajfilms.com/microsites/lvrb/index.html Official Website]
* {{IMDb title|1954598|Ladies vs Ricky Bahl}}

{{Maneesh Sharma}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2011 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films about con artists]]
[[Category:Films directed by Maneesh Sharma]]
[[Category:Films involved in plagiarism controversies]]
[[Category:Films set in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Delhi]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Lucknow]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Yash Raj Films films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian crime comedy films]]
[[Category:Films based on British novels]]
[[Category:Films scored by Salim–Sulaiman]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]

Battle of Wandiwash

2026-03-14T10:38:21Z

Mdraselsarker: fixes

{{Short description|1760 battle of the Seven Years' War}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Wandiwash
| image = Bataille de Vandavachy - gagnée par les Anglais sur les Français le 22 janvier 1760 - communiqué par d'Estaing - btv1b532541002.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = French map of the battle
| partof = the [[Seven Years' War]]
| campaign =
| date = 22 January 1760
| place = [[Vandavasi]], Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.5000|N|79.6200|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:IN|display=title,inline}}
| map_type = Tamil Nadu#India
| map_relief = yes
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption = Location within [[Tamil Nadu]]
| map_label = Wandiwash
| result = British victory
| combatant1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[British East India Company]]
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png}} [[French Indies Company]] <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg}} [[Maratha Empire]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon image|Flag of the British East India Company (1707).svg}} [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Sir Eyre Coote]]
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Drapeau du régiment de la Compagnie des Indes en 1756.png}} [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally|Comte de Lally]]
| strength1 = 1,900 European infantry<br>2,100 Indian [[sepoys]]<br>80 European cavalry<br>250 Indian cavalry<br>26 guns
| strength2 = 2,250 European infantry<br>1,300 Indian sepoys<br>300 European cavalry<br>3,000 Maratha infantry<br>16 guns
| casualties1 = 192 killed or wounded
| casualties2 = 600–800 killed, wounded or captured<ref> https://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash/ </ref>
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Seven Years' War: East Indies}}
}}

The '''Battle of Wandiwash''' was a battle in [[British India|India]] between the French and the British in 1760. The battle was part of the [[Third Carnatic War]] fought between the [[French colonial empire|French]] and [[British Empire|British]] colonial empires, which itself was a part of the global [[Seven Years' War]]. It took place at [[Vandavasi]] (Wandiwash being the [[Anglicisation of names|Anglicised]] pronunciation<ref>[http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudowar&FileName=americanrev Heritage History – List of Battles] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711163642/http://www.heritage-history.com/www/heritage.php?Dir=pseudowar&FileName=americanrev|date=11 July 2011}}, retrieved 30 September 2008</ref>) in [[Tamil Nadu]]. Having made substantial gains in Bengal and Hyderabad, the British, after collecting a large amount of revenue, were fully equipped to face the French in Wandiwash, whom they defeated.

==Order of battle==

According to the 19th century book ''Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth Century'' by Author Eduard Cust, the French Army consisted of 300 [[Cavalry#18th Century Europe and Napoleonic Warfare|European Cavalry]], 2,250 European [[infantry]], 1,300 [[sepoy]]s (Indian soldiers), 3,000 [[The Marathas|Marathas]] and 16 pieces of [[artillery]] while the British deployed about 80 European Horses, 250 Native horses, 1,900 European [[Infantry]], 2,100 sepoys and 26 pieces of artillery.<ref name="asdfe">{{cite book | title= Annals of the wars of the eighteenth century, compiled from the most authentic histories of the period , Volume 3 | author= Eduard Cust (1862) }}</ref>

==Battle==
[[File:Fort - Vandavasi.jpg|thumb|Fort of Vandavasi]]
The French, commanded by the [[Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally|Comte de Lally]], were burdened by a lack of naval support and funds,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mullen, Jr. |first=Thomas J. |date=2006-08-21 |title=Seven Years' War: Battle of Wandiwash |url=https://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash/ |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=HistoryNet |language=en-US}}</ref> and therefore attempted to regain the fort of [[Vandavasi]], now in [[Tamil Nadu]]. While attempting to do so, they were attacked by British forces commanded by [[Eyre Coote (East India Company officer)|Sir Eyre Coote]], and in the ensuing battle, the French were decisively defeated.

==Aftermath==
[[File:India 1763 EN.svg|thumb|left|300px|Political situation in India at the end of the Seven Years' War]]
The Battle of Wandiwash resulted in the British capture of Chetpattu ([[Chetpet]]), Tirunomalai ([[Thiruvannaamalai]]), [[Tindivanam]] and [[Perumukkal]].<ref name="sdgfasdfe">{{cite book | title= Manual of the South Arcot district | year= 1878 | url= https://archive.org/details/pli.kerala.rare.12222 | author= John Henry Garstin, Lawrence Asylum Press (1878) | publisher= Madras }}</ref> As a consequence of the engagement, the French in South India, under the command of general [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]], were then restricted to [[Pondicherry district|Pondichéry]], where they surrendered on 22 January 1761 after defending pondicherry for eight months. The collapse of the French position in India was one of the events that compelled France to sign the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], reducing the French to little more than traders in India, and effectively ending further French imperial ambitions in that country. Britain, on the other hand, established its supremacy in India over other European powers after this battle.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramakrishnan |first=T. |date=2022-12-22 |title=The famous Battle of Wandiwash 'which gave India' to the British |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/the-famous-battle-of-wandiwash-which-gave-india-to-the-british/article66293916.ece |url-access=limited |access-date=2022-12-26 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Great Britain in the Seven Years' War]]
* [[France in the Seven Years' War]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.historynet.com/seven-years-war-battle-of-wandiwash.htm Thomas J. Mullen, Jr. Seven Years' War: Battle of Wandiwash February 1994 issue of Military History magazine]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Battle of Wandiwash}}
[[Category:Colonial India]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:Battles involving the British East India Company|Wandiwash]]
[[Category:Carnatic wars]]
[[Category:Battles of the East Indies Campaign (1757–1763)|Wandiwash]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1760|Wandiwash]]
[[Category:1760 in India]]
[[Category:Battles involving the French East India Company|Wandiwash]]
[[Category:18th century in French India]]

Magadha–Anga war

2026-03-10T21:00:07Z

Mdraselsarker: Made new post.

{{More citations needed|date=January 2025}}{{Short description|War in Ancient India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Magadha–Anga war
| partof =
| image = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| image_size =
| caption = Pre-war Magadha and Anga in north-eastern region
| date = 540–535 BCE
| place = Modern-day [[Bihar]], [[India]]
| map_type =
| map_relief =
| coordinates =
| map_size =
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadhī]] annexation of [[Anga]]
| result = Magadhī victory
| combatant1 = [[Haryanka dynasty|Magadha]]
| combatant2 = [[Anga]]
| commander1 = [[Bimbisara]]
| commander2 = [[Brahmadatta of Anga|Brahmadatta]]{{KIA}}
| strength1 = Unknown
| strength2 = Unknown (but less)
| casualties2 =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''Magadha–Anga war''' was a conflict between the [[Haryanka dynasty]] of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] and the neighbouring [[Anga|Anga Kingdom]]. The conflict ended in defeat of the Anga kingdom and the Magadha annexed their territory.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanh|first=Thich Nhat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tvIR-N8B1wC&dq=brahmadatta+of+anga&pg=PT512|title=Old Path White Clouds|date=2010-04-20|publisher=ReadHowYouWant.com|isbn=978-1-4587-1435-0|language=en}}</ref>

[[Brahmadatta of Anga|Brahmadatta]] was older contemporary to [[Bimbisara]] of Magadha. He defeated Bhattiya, father of Bimbisara. After assention to the throne of Magadha Bimbisara avenged his father's defeat and killed Brahmadatta. The campaign was successful, Anga was annexed, and Prince [[Ajatashatru]] was appointed Governor of [[Champapuri|Champa]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pq2iCwAAQBAJ|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century|date=2008|publisher=Pearson Education India|isbn=978-81-317-1677-9|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of wars involving Magadha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Wars involving Magadha]]
[[Category:6th century BC in India]]
[[Category:6th-century BC conflicts]]
[[Category:Anga]]
[[Category:530s BC]]

Mugila Chumbana

2026-03-05T18:43:47Z

Mdraselsarker: Made new info

{{short description|Indian romantic drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mugila Chumbana
| image = Mugila Chumbana.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = B Shankar
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story = [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]]
| based_on = 
| producer = Raghuveer
| starring = Raghuveer<br />Shravanthi<br />Shakuntala
| narrator =
| cinematography = P K H Das
| editing =
| music = [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijayanand]]
| studio = Manjunath Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2013|12|20}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mugila Chumbana''''' ({{Translation|Kiss of clouds}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic drama film]] directed by B Shankar. The film was also produced and co-written by [[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]], who also stars in the film alongside Shravanthi and Shakuntala.

== Plot ==
Harish, who returned from America after pursuing his MBA, manages his father's garment factory. He falls in love with Sowmya after chancing upon her photograph only to realise that she had died. Sangeetha, who has to deal with familial pressure to get married, falls in one-sided love with Harish after he helps her out. Although Harish rejects Sangeetha's love initially, he eventually accepts her love.

== Cast ==
*[[Raghuveer (actor)|Raghuveer]] as Harish
*Shravanthi as Sangeetha
*Shakuntala
*Srilalitha
*Rajanand
*Ashok Rao
*[[Shivaram]]

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mugila Chumbana
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijayanand]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2013
| recorded = late 1980s{{endash}}mid 1990s<ref name="D"/>
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijay Anand]]
| chronology =
| prev_title = Uttara Dhruvadin Dakshina Dhruvaku
| prev_year = 2000
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{YouTube|B2g1PSRCNMQ|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
The music was composed by [[Vijay Anand (composer)|Vijayanand]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Mugila Chumbana (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) - EP |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/mugila-chumbana-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1365652607 |access-date=8 January 2025 |work=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chinni Chintamani
| lyrics1 = [[S. Narayan]]
| extra1 = [[Rajesh Krishnan]], [[Manjula Gururaj]]
| length1 = 4:30
| title2 = Belake Hombelake
| lyrics2 = S. Narayan
| extra2 = Rajesh Krishnan
| length2 = 4:53
| title3 = Premaraga Thapidaaga
| lyrics3 = [[R. N. Jayagopal]]
| extra3 = Rajesh Krishnan, Soumya
| length3 = 5:21
| title4 = Sangeetha I Love You
| lyrics4 = S. Narayan
| extra4 = Rajesh Krishnan, Soumya
| length4 = 4:43
| title5 = Yaare Nee Muddu Mogadavale
| lyrics5 = S. Narayan
| extra5 = Rajesh Krishnan, Soumya
| length5 = 4:59
| title6 = Prema Pallaki
| lyrics6 = R. N. Jayagopal
| extra6 = Rajesh Krishnan, Manjula Gururaj
| length6 = 5:08
| total_length = 29:34
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was released after much delay to negative reviews and was a box office failure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2014 |title=Actor-director Raghuveer passed away |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/entertainment-sandalwood/article/actor-director-raghuveer-passed-away |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511104711/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140508/entertainment-sandalwood/article/actor-director-raghuveer-passed-away |archive-date=11 May 2014 |access-date=8 January 2025 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]}}</ref> The direction, story, and cinematography were criticised while the music was called the film's saving grace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 July 2022 |title=What Really Transpired During the Last Days of Kannada Actor Raghuveer |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/what-really-transpired-during-the-last-days-of-kannada-actor-raghuveer-5630671.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501153001/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/what-really-transpired-during-the-last-days-of-kannada-actor-raghuveer-5630671.html |archive-date=1 May 2023 |access-date=8 January 2025 |work=[[News18]]}}</ref> This was Raghuveer's last film before his untimely death.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 May 2014 |title=Actor Raghuveer Passes Away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/May/09/actor-raghuveer-passes-away-610064.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031230102/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2014/may/09/Actor-Raghuveer-Passes-Away-610064.html |archive-date=31 October 2020 |access-date=8 January 2025 |work=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

A critic from ''[[Deccan Herald]]'' wrote that "''Mugila Chumbana'' remains as elusive as the first kiss between the rains and a parched earth during droughty summers".<ref name="D">{{Cite web |date=21 December 2013 |title=Love is torturous and torturous |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/love-tortuous-torturous-2301011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250110021820/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/love-tortuous-torturous-2301011 |archive-date=10 January 2025 |access-date=8 January 2025 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Except for music by Vijayanand, there is nothing positive in the movie. But unnecessary song sequences placed at wrong times not only irritates you, but also disrupts the flow of the story".<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2013 |title=Mugila Chumbana Movie Review |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mugila-chumbana/movie-review/27747568.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430000713/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/mugila-chumbana/movie-review/27747568.cms |archive-date=30 April 2023 |access-date=8 January 2025 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14019040}}

[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2013 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vijay Anand (composer)]]

Rangayyanadurga Four–horned antelope Wildlife Sanctuary

2026-02-24T03:35:48Z

Mdraselsarker: new initial stub w/ refs - done

{{Short description|Wildlife sanctuary in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox Protected area
| name = Rangayyanadurga Four-horned antelope Wildlife Sanctuary
| iucn_category = IV
| image = Four-horned Antelope Tetracerus quadricornis by Raju Kasambe DSCN3810 05.jpg
| image_caption = A four-horned antelope
| image_alt = A four-horned antelope
| mapframe-zoom = 10
| location = [[Karnataka]], [[India]]
| area = {{convert|77.24|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}
| coordinates = {{coord|14|32|N|76|07|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map = India Karnataka#India
| relief = yes
| mapframe = Yes
| established = 2011
| visitation_num =
| visitation_year =
| governing_body = Department of forests, [[Government of Karnataka]]
}}
'''Rangayyanadurga Four–horned antelope Wildlife Sanctuary''' is a [[wildlife sanctuary]] in [[Karnataka]] India, aimed for the protection of [[Four-horned antelope]]s (''Tetracerus quadricornis''). The four-horned antelope is classified as [[Vulnerable species]] by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ([[IUCN]]). Established in 2011, it is the only four-horned antelope sanctuary in Karnataka.

In 2017, Indian government tagged an area of 0.95 to 4.5 km from the boundary of the sanctuary as an eco-sensitive zone (ESZ). The total area of the eco-sensitive zone is {{convert|137.14|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}.

==History==
As per notification number FEE 240 FWL 2010 Bangalore, dated 10 January 2011, sanctuary was officially established in 2011.<ref name="aranya"/> It is the first and only four-horned antelope sanctuary in Karnataka.

==Description==
The sanctuary is located in [[Jagalur taluk]], [[Davanagere district]], Karnataka, India and covers an area of {{convert|77.24|sqkm|abbr=on}}.<ref name="aranya">{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change Notification |url=https://aranya.gov.in/downloads/Rangayyanadurga%20Four%20Horned%20Antelope%20Wildlife%20Sanctuary%20ESZ.pdf |website=aranya.gov.in}}</ref>

In 2017, to protect from commercial, industrial and other hazardous activities that cause damage to the ecosystem of the sanctuary, the Indian government tagged an area of 0.95 to 4.5 km from the boundary of the sanctuary as an eco-sensitive zone (ESZ).<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Rangayyanadurga Sanctuary is now an eco-sensitive zone |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/jul/31/rangayyanadurga-sanctuary-is-now-an-eco-sensitive-zone-1636089.html |work=The New Indian Express}}</ref> Encompassing thirty villages, the total area of the eco-sensitive zone is {{convert|137.14|sqkm|1|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Indian Express"/>

==Flora and fauna==
The four-horned antelope found in the sanctuary is endemic to India, and is classified as [[Vulnerable species]] by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources ([[IUCN]]) in its [[IUCN Red List|Red List]].<ref name="aranya"/><ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |title=''Tetracerus quadricornis'' |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |date=2017 |article-number=e.T21661A50195368 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-2.RLTS.T21661A50195368.en |access-date=19 November 2021}}</ref> It is protected under the Schedule 1 of the Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (53 of 1972) by [[Government of India]].<ref name="aranya"/> The Rangayyanadurga Sanctuary is rich in biodiversity. Other than unique antelope species endemic to India, mammals seen here include sloth bear, pangolin, jungle cat, porcupine and hyena.<ref name="aranya"/> Reptiles seen in the sanctuary include krait, viper and king cobra.<ref name="aranya"/> It is also home to many butterfly species, bees, birds, bats and spiders.<ref name="aranya"/> The bird [[White-naped tit]] seen here is also classified as vulnerable in IUCN Red List.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parus nuchalis Jerdon, 1845 by Asha B S on 4 January 2022 |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/observation/show/17111586 |access-date=2022-06-06 |website=India Biodiversity Portal |language=en}}</ref>

==Threats and precautionary measures==
[[Poaching]], habitat loss and fragmentation are the major threats affecting the sanctuary. In 2012 August, hunters killed a pregnant four-horned antelope.<ref name="deccan">{{Cite web |date=2012-08-09 |title=Poachers kill antelope at Rangayyanadurga |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/270494/poachers-kill-antelope-rangayyanadurga.html |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> It is said that the number of four-horned antelope, which was only 50 ten years ago, increased to 200 in 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=BBIS |date=2022-01-06 |title=Endangered four-horned stag population triples, reaches 200 |url=https://www.theindiaprint.com/national-news-english/endangered-four-horned-stag-population-triples-reaches-200-157432 |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=THE INDIA PRINT |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Wildlife sanctuaries of the Western Ghats]]
[[Category:Protected areas of Karnataka]]
[[Category:2011 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2011]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangayyanadurga Four-horned antelope Wildlife Sanctuary}}

Karan Lal

2026-02-15T11:44:59Z

Mdraselsarker:

{{Short description|Indian cricketer (born 2000)}}
{{No significant coverage (sports)|date=May 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Karan Lal
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|10|19|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kharagpur]], [[West Bengal]], India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]]
| role = [[All-rounder]]

| club1 = [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]]
| year1 = 2021–present
| type1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| debutdate1 = 27 December
| debutyear1 = 2022
| debutfor1 = Bengal
| debutagainst1 = [[Nagaland cricket team|Nagaland]]
| type2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| debutdate2 = 23 November
| debutyear2 = 2023
| debutfor2 = Bengal
| debutagainst2 = Nagaland

| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 11
| runs1 = 314
| bat avg1 = 24.15
| 100s/50s1 = 0/1
| top score1 = 52
| deliveries1 = 688
| wickets1 = 12
| bowl avg1 = 31.50
| fivefor1 = 1
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 5/47
| catches/stumpings1 = 2/–

| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 15
| runs2 = 180
| bat avg2 = 20.00
| 100s/50s2 = 0/1
| top score2 = 66
| deliveries2 = 452
| wickets2 = 12
| bowl avg2 = 30.08
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 3/43
| catches/stumpings2 = 1/–

| column3 =[[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 =24
| runs3 = 457
| bat avg3 = 25.38
| 100s/50s3 = 0/2
| top score3 = 94[[not out|*]]
| deliveries3 = 180
| wickets3 = 13
| bowl avg3 = 13.69
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 3/23
| catches/stumpings3 = 10/–
| date = 27 April 2025
| source = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175495.html ESPNcricinfo
}}
'''Karan Lal''' ({{langx|bn|করণ লাল}}; born 19 October 2000) is an Indian [[cricket]]er.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/player/1175495.html |title=Karan Lal |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=4 November 2021}}</ref> He made his [[Twenty20]] debut on 4 November 2021, for [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in the [[2021–22 Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]].<ref name="T20">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1280201.html |title=Elite, Group B (N), Guwahati, Nov 4 2021, Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=5 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cricinfo|id=1175495}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Karan, Karan}}
[[Category:2000 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
[[Category:Bengal cricketers]]

Sheetal Thakur

2026-02-13T16:31:11Z

Mdraselsarker: data

{{short description|Indian actress (born 1991)}}
{{citation style|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sheetal Thakur
| image = Sheetal Thakur snapped at Estella in Juhu (cropped).jpg
| caption = Thakur in 2022
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress|model}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|11|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Dharamshala]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| years_active = 2016–present
| known_for =
| alma_mater = [[Baddi University]], [[Baddi]], [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Vikrant Massey]]|2021}}<ref>{{Cite news|title=From haldi to emotional bidaai: Sheetal Thakur shares unseen moments from her wedding with hubby Vikrant Thakur|access-date=6 September 2022|newspaper=The Times Of India|date=7 April 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/from-haldi-to-emotional-bidaai-sheetal-thakur-shares-unseen-moments-from-her-wedding-with-hubby-vikrant-massey/articleshow/90710522.cms}}</ref>
| children = 1 (Son)
}}

'''Sheetal Massey''' ([[Birth name|née]] '''Thakur'''; born 12 November 1991) and known professionally as '''Sheetal Thakur''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] films and [[streaming television]] shows. She made her acting debut with the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''[[Bambukat]]'' in 2016, for which she received [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Filmfare Awards Punjabi Best Supporting Actress]] nomination. She made her [[Hindi]] film debut with ''[[Brij Mohan Amar Rahe]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sheetal Thakur changes her name on social media after marriage to Vikrant Massey|access-date=22 February 2022|work=Times Of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/sheetal-thakur-changes-her-name-on-social-media-after-marriage-to-vikrant-massey/articleshow/89747855.cms}}</ref> Thakur is known for her role in the films ''[[Chappad Phaad Ke]]'', ''[[Shukranu]]'' and the web series ''[[Broken But Beautiful]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/vinay-pathak-to-star-in-maiden-hotstar-specials-movie-chhappad-phaad-ke-to-premiere-on-18-october-7506791.html/amp|title=Hotstar Specials maiden movie: Chhappad Phaad Ke to premiere on 18 October|website=First Post |date=16 October 2019 |access-date=16 October 2019}}</ref>

==Early life==
Thakur was born to the Hindu family in [[Dharamshala]], originally from [[Talai|Shahtalai]], [[Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]], [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=2022-02-24 |title=Vikrant Massey and Sheetal Thakur, Himachal Pradesh |url=https://weddingsutra.com/celebrity-weddings/celeb-weddings/vikrant-massey-and-sheetal-thakur-himachal-pradesh/ |access-date=2026-02-05 |website=WeddingSutra}}</ref> She completed her Engineering from [[Baddi University]] in Mechanical Engineering. She participated in [[Femina Miss India|Femina Miss Himachal Pradesh]] during her college days and won 'Miss Beautiful Smile' title.<ref>{{Cite web|title=दिल्ली यूनिवर्सिटी से लेकर फेमिना मिस हिमाचल प्रदेश तक, जाने शीतल ठाकुर के जीवन के रोचक तथ्य|url=https://www.amarujala.com/photo-gallery/entertainment/bollywood/who-is-actor-vikrant-massey-s-wife-sheetal-thakur|access-date=15 February 2022|work=Amar Ujala}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Vikrant Massey and Sheetal Thakur at the premiere of film Love Hostel (cropped).jpg|thumb|231x231px|Thakur with husband [[Vikrant Massey]] in 2022]]
Thakur and [[Vikrant Massey]] began dating in 2015, before they together starred in ''[[Broken But Beautiful]]''. They got engaged in November 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vikrant Massey confirms he got engaged to girlfriend Sheetal Thakur in private roka ceremony|work=Hindustan Times|date=3 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/vikrant-massey-confirms-he-got-engaged-to-girlfriend-sheetal-thakur-in-private-roka-ceremony/story-6pnRjSFuLAALyMwjdwCa4H_amp.html}}</ref> They registered their marriage on 14 February 2022 in an intimate ceremony at their [[Versova, Mumbai|Versova]] home.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vikrant Massey and Sheetal Thakur registered their marriage today: Report - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/vikrant-massey-and-sheetal-thakur-register-their-marriage-read-details/articleshow/89573894.cms|access-date=2022-02-15|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> On 18 February 2022, Thakur and Massey got married in a traditional ceremony in [[Himachal Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vikrant Massey ties the knot with Sheetal Thakur. See first photos of newlyweds|work=Hindustan Times|date=18 February 2022 |access-date=18 February 2022|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vikrant-massey-ties-the-knot-with-sheetal-thakur-see-first-photos-of-newlyweds-101645195315949-amp.html}}</ref> They have one child.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/vikrant-massey-and-sheetal-thakur-welcome-baby-boy-9149477/ |title=Vikrant Massey and Sheetal Thakur welcome baby boy: 'We are bursting with joy and love' |date=7 February 2024 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=7 February 2024}}</ref>

==Career==
Thakur made her acting debut in 2016 with the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] film ''[[Bambukat]]'', for which she received [[Filmfare Awards Punjabi|Filmfare Awards Punjabi Best Supporting Actress]] nomination.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/amritsar/bambukat-highlights-social-stereotypes-and-biases-based-on-appearances-272221|title='Bambukat' highlights social stereotypes and biases based on appearances|first=Tribune News|last=Service|website=Tribuneindia News Service}}</ref> In 2017, she appeared in the short film ''Dark Brew'' alongside [[Vinay Pathak]].

Thakur made her [[Hindi language|Hindi]] film debut in 2018 with ''[[Brij Mohan Amar Rahe]]'' opposite [[Arjun Mathur]] which released on [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/brij-mohan-amar-rahe-movie-review-netflix-s-latest-indian-original-is-their-worst/story-MsP3bTJViy5wKbfLyC3McM.html|title=Brij Mohan Amar Rahe – film review|date= 15 August 2018|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2018-10-13}}</ref> The same year she made her web debut with [[Viu (streaming service)|Viu]]'s ''Banned'' and appeared in Season 1 of [[ALTBalaji]]'s ''[[Broken But Beautiful]]'' opposite [[Vikrant Massey]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Broken But Beautiful: Vikrant Massey and Harleen Sethi's web series is a romantic drama that touches the right chords|url=https://m.peepingmoon.com/webcast-news/news/24277/Broken-But-Beautiful-Vikrant-Masseys-and-Harleen-Sethis-web-series-is-a-romantic-drama-that-touches-the-right-chords.html|access-date=27 November 2018}}</ref>

In 2019 she appeared in the Hindi films, the [[List of Disney+ Hotstar original films|Disney+ Hotstar original]], ''[[Chappad Phaad Ke]]''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/amp/story/entertainment%252Fmovie-reviews%252Fchappad-phaad-ke-review-hotstar|title=Review: 'Chappad Phaad Ke' Is A Twisted Comedy That Tries Too Hard|access-date=23 October 2019}}</ref> and the [[Netflix|Netflix original]], ''[[Upstarts (film)|Upstarts]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/upstarts-is-a-heartwarming-journey-of-friendship-and-ambition/21848173 |title=Upstarts is a heartwarming journey of friendship and ambition |date=4 October 2019 |work=Mid Day |access-date=6 October 2019}}</ref> She then appeared in an episode of [[Voot]]'s ''Fuh se Fantasy''<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH! Fuh se Fantasy Episode 7, #Fantasy 7: The Girl Next Door|url=https://www.voot.com/shows/fuh-se-fantasy/1/765012/fantasy-7-the-girl-next-door/793805|work=Voot|access-date=3 May 2019}}</ref> and also reprised her role in Season 2 of [[ALTBalaji]]'s ''[[Broken But Beautiful]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Broken but Beautiful Season 2 review: Harleen Sethi, Vikrant Massey make love messier and even more intriguing|work=Firstpost|date=3 December 2019 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/broken-but-beautiful-season-2-review-harleen-sethi-vikrant-massey-make-love-messier-and-even-more-intriguing-7726161.html|access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref>

She next appeared in the 2020 [[List of ZEE5 original films|ZEE5]] film ''[[Shukranu]]'' opposite [[Divyenndu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shukranu-zee5-original-film-divyenndu-sharma-shweta-basu-prasad-sheetal-thakur-6148498/|title=ZEE5's original film Shukranu to be a humorous take on sterilisation|last=|first=|date=3 December 2019|website=indianexpress|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324100958/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/web-series/shukranu-zee5-original-film-divyenndu-sharma-shweta-basu-prasad-sheetal-thakur-6148498/|archive-date=24 March 2020|access-date=2020-02-14}}</ref> and in the 2021 film Dilphire opposite [[Karan Kundra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dilphire/cast/|access-date=29 October 2021|work=Bollywood Hungama|title=Dilphire Cast & Crew: Known all about the Karan Kundra and Sheetal Thakur starrer}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===Films===
* ''All films are in Hindi unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2016
|''[[Bambukat]]''
|Sammi
|[[Punjabi cinema|Punjabi]] film
|
|-
|2017
|''Dark Brew''
|Ria Bajaj
|Short film
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=WATCH! Vinay Pathak and Sheetal Thakur's short film 'Dark Brew'|work=MX Player|url=https://www.mxplayer.in/movie/watch-dark-brew-movie-online-c850af4511a3d7ebb2c96c3a97ec48b6|access-date=3 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
|2018
|''[[Brij Mohan Amar Rahe]]''
|Simmi
|
|<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/yoodlee-films-announces-the-line-up-of-upcoming-10-releases-1008668-2017-08-02 | title=Yoodlee Films announces the line-up of upcoming 10 releases | access-date=2017-08-02|work=India Today}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2019
|''[[Chappad Phaad Ke]]''
|Ketaki Gupchup
|
|
|-
|''[[Upstarts (film)|Upstarts]]''
|Jaya
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/netflix-film-upstarts-trailer-streaming-553372 |title=Netflix releases trailer of its upcoming original film 'Upstarts'; to stream from Oct 18 |website=India TV |date=30 September 2019 |access-date=6 October 2019}}</ref>
|-
|2020
|''[[Shukranu]]''
|Akriti
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/web-series/zee5-original-film-shukranu-divyenndu-sharma-shweta-basu-sheetal-thakur-568409|work=India TV|title=ZEE5 announces original film 'Shukranu' starring Divyenndu Sharma, Shweta Basu and Sheetal Thakur|date=3 December 2019 |access-date=3 December 2019}}</ref>
|-
|TBA
|''Dilphire''
|Sonal
|
|
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2018
|''Banned''
|Nirmal
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/television/150918/banned-how.html|work=Deccan Chronicle|title=Banned & how! Sheetal Thakur & Sahil Anand of Banned in a tete-a-tete|date=15 September 2018 |access-date=15 September 2018}}</ref>
|-
|2018-2019
|''[[Broken But Beautiful]]''
|Alina
|Season 1,2
|
|-
|2019
|''[[Voot|Fuh se Fantasy]]''
|Alia/Sapna
|Episode: "The Girl Next Door"
|
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Title
! Singer
! Notes
! Ref.
|-
|2022
|''Jinna Royi Aan ''
|Ninja
|Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jinna Royi Aan: Ninja song starring Paras Chhabra, Mahira Sharma and Sheetal Thakur|access-date=31 January 2022|work=Tips Punjabi|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=WNIjNl34Upc&ved=2ahUKEwjlp-GHt4f5AhXTJrcAHWByDd0QwqsBegQIBhAF&usg=AOvVaw1-myvYjf6LXDkTeA_WGukQ}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
! Ref(s)
|-
|2017
|[[Filmfare Awards Punjabi]]
|Best Supporting Actress
|''[[Bambukat]]''
|{{nom}}
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sheetal Thakur: Best Actor In Supporting Role (Female) Nominee|work=Filmfare|access-date=27 May 2022|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-punjabi-2017/nominations/best-supporting-actor-female/sheetal-thakur.amp}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|7630088}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Films}}

[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]

Delhi Vidyut Board

2026-02-12T06:37:51Z

Mdraselsarker: cleanup citations additionally

{{Short description|State electricity agency in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
The '''Delhi Vidyut Board''' (DVB) was formed by the [[Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi|Government of Delhi]] in 1997 for the purpose of generation and distribution of power to the entire area of [[NCT of Delhi]] except the areas falling within the jurisdiction of [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] and [[Delhi Cantonment Board]]. On 1 July 2002, The Delhi Vidyut Board was unbundled into six successor companies:
* Delhi Power Company Limited (DPCL) - Holding Company
* [[Indraprastha Power Generation| Indraprastha Power Generation Company Limited]] (IPGCL) - GENCO
* [[Delhi Transco Limited]] (DTL) - TRANSCO
* [[BSES Rajdhani Power Limited]] (BRPL) - DISCOM for South & West Delhi
* [[BSES Yamuna Power Limited]] (BYPL) - DISCOM for Central & East Delhi
* [[Tata Power Delhi Distribution|North Delhi Power Limited]] (NDPL) - DISCOM for North Delhi

== History of Electricity in Delhi==

Ch. Balbir Singh Yadav. Jwala Heri Village Was Very First Chairman Of DESU. The position is that as per available records, the first diesel Power Station was established in Delhi in the year 1905 when a private English Company by name M/s. John Fleming was given permission to generate electricity under the provisions of the Indian Electricity Act 1903. The above-mentioned Company was given the responsibility both of generation and distribution of power in a limited manner. That Company after obtaining license under the provisions of Electricity Act 1903 had set up a small 2 MW Diesel set at Lahori Gate in Old Delhi. Later on, this very Company was converted as Delhi Electricity Supply and Traction Company. In the Year 1911, the power generation was augmented by Steam Generation Station. In the year 1932, the management of Central Power House was handed over to New Delhi Municipal Committee (NDMC). In the field of power generation and distribution, a major break through was achieved in 1939 when Delhi Central Electricity Power Authority (DCEPA) was established. This company was responsible for the supply of power to the areas covered by Local Bodies, namely, the Municipal Committees of Delhi, West Delhi and South Delhi, the Notified Area Committees of Red fort, Civil Lines, Mehrauli, Najaf Garh, and the District Board of Delhi. The supply of electricity to the Municipal Committees of Delhi-Shahdara and the Notified Area of Narela was done by different private agencies. In 1947 DCEPA took over a Private Limited Company by name Delhi electric Supply & traction Company Limited.

== Formation of Delhi State Electricity Board (DSEB) ==
In the year 1951 the Delhi State Electricity Board (DSEB) came into existence and the responsibility of generation and distribution of electricity was taken over by DSEB from DCEPA.

==Formation of Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU)==
After the promulgation of the Delhi Municipal Corporation Act 1957, the DSEB was dissolved and the functions of DSEB were taken over by Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking (DESU), which came into existence in 1958. After the formation DESU, the generation and distribution of electricity to all the areas of Delhi came under DESU.

==Formation of Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB)==
The Government of the National Capital Territory of Delhi vide notification No. F.11 (10)/92-LSG /PF (II) dated 24.02.1997, issued under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, constituted a separate Electricity Board, i.e. the Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) for the NCT of Delhi w.e.f. 24.02.1997 for the purpose of generation and distribution of power to the entire area of NCT of Delhi except the areas falling within the jurisdiction of NDMC and Delhi Cantonment Board.

== Unbundling of Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB)==
The Delhi Vidyut Board (DVB) was a State Electricity Board set up in 1997 under the Electricity (Supply) Act, 1948, succeeding the Delhi Electricity Supply Undertaking (DESU) which has existed since 1957 as a wing of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi. It was an integrated utility with generation, transmission and distribution functions serving all of Delhi except the NDMC and MES (Cantoment) areas to which it supplied power in bulk.

Delhi Electricity Board Regulatory Commission (DERC) was constituted in May 1999 whose prime responsibility was to look into the entire gamut of existing activity and search for various ways of power sector reforms. The DERC is even today a fully functional body which has since issued tariff orders for annual revenue requirement.
Delhi Electricity Reform Ordinance, 2000 was a body which was promulgated in October 2000 and notified in the form of an Act in March 2001. It mainly provides for the constitution of an Electricity Regulatory Commission, unbundling of DVB into separate generation, transmission and distribution companies and increasing avenues for participation of private sector.

This was followed with a Tripartite Agreement which was signed by the government of Delhi, DVB employees to ensure the cooperation of stakeholders in this reform process.

Next, a two-stage competitive bidding process of Request for Qualification (RFQ) and Request for Proposal (RFP) was set into motion for privatization of the distribution companies.

The bidders were selected on the basis of reduction of total Aggregate Technical and Commercial of losses (AT & C) a unique feature of the power sector reforms in Delhi. The bidders were required to bid on the basis of efficiency improvement like reduction of AT & C losses that they achieve year wise over a period of five years.

== External links ==
Power Companies in [[New Delhi|New Delhi, India]]
*'''Delhi Transco Limited''' http://www.delhitransco.gov.in {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081102034804/http://www.delhitransco.gov.in/ |date=2 November 2008 }}
*'''IPGCL''' http://www.ipgcl-ppcl.gov.in
*'''NDPL/TPDDL''' http://www.tatapower-ddl.com
*'''BSES''' http://www.bsesdelhi.com

{{Power Plants of Delhi}}

[[Category:State electricity agencies of India]]
[[Category:State agencies of Delhi]]
[[Category:Energy in Delhi]]
[[Category:1997 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1997]]
[[Category:2002 disestablishments in India]]

1080i

2026-02-10T18:05:38Z

Mdraselsarker: quick added layout for consistency and corrected details

{{Short description|Video mode}}{{Distinguish|1080p}}{{Multiple issues|{{Refimprove|date=June 2012}}
{{AI-generated|date=July 2025}}}}
In [[high-definition television]] (HDTV) and video display technology, '''1080i''' is a video display format with 1080 lines of vertical resolution and [[Interlaced video|interlaced scanning method]]. This format was once a standard in HDTV. It was particularly used for broadcast television because it can deliver high-resolution images without needing excessive bandwidth. This format is used in the [[SMPTE 292M]] standard.

== Definition ==
The number "1080" in 1080i refers to the number of horizontal lines that make up the vertical resolution of the display. Each of these lines contributes to the overall detail and clarity of the image. The letter "i" stands for [[Interlaced video|interlaced]]. This is a technique where the image is not displayed all at once. Instead, the frame is split into two fields. One field contains the odd-numbered lines, and the other field contains the even-numbered lines. These fields are displayed in rapid succession, giving the appearance of a full image to the human eye. The interlacing technique was developed to improve the motion portrayal of images without doubling the required bandwidth. This is particularly useful in broadcasting, where bandwidth efficiency is crucial. The frame rate is typically 50 or 60 fields per second, depending on the region. This effectively means 25 or 30 frames per second when the fields are combined.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is a 1080i Resolution? |url=https://www.videoexpertsgroup.com/glossary/1080i-resolution}}</ref>

== Comparison with 1080p ==
A key difference between 1080i and 1080p is how the lines of resolution are displayed. Both offer 1920x1080 pixels, but the display method is different. In 1080p, the "p" stands for [[progressive scan]]. Each frame is drawn line by line, from top to bottom, creating a complete image in a single pass. This results in a sharper and more stable picture, especially in fast-moving scenes. On the other hand, 1080i uses an interlaced method. The two fields that make up a frame are captured at slightly different times, leading to a misalignment in fast-moving parts of the image. This can cause artifacts like "[[Interlaced_video#Interlacing_problems|combing]]," where fast-moving objects appear to have a serrated edge. However, 1080i has been preferred in broadcast television due to its lower bandwidth requirements, making it more efficient for over-the-air or cable transmission.<ref>{{cite web |title=What Is the Difference Between 1080p and 1080i? |date=22 January 2013 |url=https://www.howtogeek.com/132486/what-is-the-difference-between-1080p-and-1080i/}}</ref>

== Historical context ==
The origins of 1080i can be traced from [[Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding]], a Japanese analog high-definition television system. 1080i emerged as a leading standard for HDTV broadcasts. Many broadcasters worldwide adopted it. The ATSC ([[Advanced Television Systems Committee]]) standards and the DVB ([[DVB|Digital Video Broadcasting]]) standards allowed for the transmission of 1080i video signals. The adoption of 1080i was particularly significant in sports broadcasting. The higher resolution allowed for more detail and clarity, especially in large stadium shots and fast-paced action. The format's efficiency in utilizing available bandwidth made it a practical choice for broadcasters. However, it required more complex processing on the receiving end to deinterlace the image for display on progressive-scan screens. Overall, 1080i played a crucial role in the early days of HDTV. It bridged the gap between standard-definition broadcasts and the high-definition future that would soon become the norm. While its use has diminished with the rise of [[1080p]] and [[4K resolution|4K]] resolutions, 1080i remains an important milestone in the evolution of television technology.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=1080i vs 1080p: A Comprehensive Technical and Historical Analysis |work=History Tools |date=24 March 2024 |url=https://www.historytools.org/vs/1080i-vs-1080p}}</ref>

== Technical overview ==

=== Resolution ===
The core of 1080i is its resolution. The resolution is 1920x1080 pixels. This means that each [[Film frame|video frame]] has 1,920 pixels horizontally and 1,080 pixels vertically. This results in over two million individual pixels per frame. This high resolution is why 1080i is called "high-definition". It offers a significant improvement over standard-definition formats, which typically have much lower pixel counts. The 1920x1080 resolution allows for greater detail and clarity in images. This makes it ideal for larger screens where higher pixel density is essential to maintain image quality. The increased resolution is particularly noticeable in fine details such as textures, text, and intricate patterns. These can be rendered with much greater accuracy than in lower-resolution formats.<ref>{{cite web |title=Is 1080i high-definition? A deeper look at 1080i vs 1080p |date=16 November 2023 |url=https://www.33rdsquare.com/is-1080i-high-definition/}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=1080i |url=https://www.mediacollege.com/video/format/hdtv/1080i.html}}</ref>

=== Interlacing ===
The "i" in 1080i stands for interlaced. This refers to how each video frame is displayed. Instead of showing the entire frame at once, the interlacing technique divides each frame into two separate fields. The first field contains all the odd-numbered lines (1, 3, 5, etc.), and the second field contains all the even-numbered lines (2, 4, 6, etc.). These two fields are displayed one after the other. The odd lines are shown first, followed by the even lines. This happens very quickly, around 50 or 60 fields per second. The human eye sees these two fields as a single, continuous image. The main advantage of interlacing is that it allows for a higher frame rate without needing more bandwidth. This results in smoother motion, especially for content with moderate to fast movement, like sports broadcasts. [[File:Interlaced video frame (car wheel).jpg|thumb|An example frame of poorly deinterlaced video. Despite the fact that most TV transmissions are interlaced, plasma display and LCD technologies are progressively scanned. Consequently, flat-panel TVs convert an interlaced source to progressive scan for display, which can have an adverse impact on motion portrayal.]] However, interlacing also has some drawbacks. Since the two fields are captured at slightly different times, fast-moving objects can appear misaligned between the two fields. This creates a visual artifact called "combing." This can reduce image quality, especially in scenes with a lot of motion. Modern display devices often use deinterlacing algorithms to combine the two fields into a single progressive image before displaying it.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=1080 Interlaced |date=7 August 2015 |url=https://www.techopedia.com/definition/31140/1080-interlaced-1080i}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=1080 interlaced – 1080i |date=9 November 2005 |url=https://www.webopedia.com/definitions/1080i/}}</ref>

=== Frame rate ===
The [[frame rate]] of 1080i is usually 50 or 60 Hz. It depends on the region. In areas using the [[PAL]] or [[SECAM]] standards, like Europe and parts of Asia, the frame rate is 50 Hz. In regions using [[NTSC]], like North America and Japan, the frame rate is 60 Hz. The frame rate refers to how often a new field is shown per second. At 50 Hz, 50 fields are shown each second. This results in 25 full frames per second when the odd and even fields are combined. At 60 Hz, 59.94 fields are shown per second. This results in 29.97 full frames per second. Interlacing affects how motion is perceived in 1080i. Since each field represents a slightly different moment in time, motion can appear smoother compared to lower frame rate progressive scans. However, this also means 1080i can struggle with fast-moving scenes. The interlaced fields might not perfectly align, leading to motion artifacts.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=1080i vs 1080p: Explaining the Key Differences Impact on Image Quality |date=3 January 2023 |url=https://www.bluecinetech.co.uk/1080i-vs-1080p/}}</ref> The [[European Broadcasting Union]] (EBU) prefers to use the resolution and ''frame rate'' (not field rate) separated by a [[slash (punctuation)|slash]], as in ''1080i/29.97'' and ''1080i/25'', likewise 480i/29.97 and 576i/25.<ref>"High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production", EBU-TECH 3299, EBU.UER, Geneva, January 2010, page 7</ref> Resolutions of 1080i59.94 or 1080i50 often refers to 1080i/29.97 or 1080i/25 in EBU notation.

=== Signal transmission ===
The 1080i video signals can be carried by four main digital television broadcast systems: [[ATSC standards|ATSC]], [[DVB]], [[ISDB]] and [[Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast|DTMB]]. In both ATSC and DVB systems, the 1080i signal is compressed using codecs like [[MPEG-2]] or [[Advanced Video Coding|H.264]] to reduce the bandwidth required for transmission.

In the United States, 1080i is the preferred format for most broadcasters, with [[Warner Bros. Discovery]], [[Paramount Global]], and [[Comcast]] owned networks broadcasting in the format, along with most smaller broadcasters. Only [[Fox Corporation|Fox]]- and [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-owned television networks, along with [[MLB Network]] and a few other cable networks, use [[720p]] as the preferred format for their networks; [[A&E Networks]] channels converted from 720p to 1080i sometime in 2013 due to acquired networks already transmitting in the 1080i format. Many ABC affiliates owned by [[Hearst Television]] and former [[Belo Corporation]] stations owned by [[Tegna Inc.|Tegna]], along with some individual affiliates of those three networks, air their signals in 1080i and upscale network programming for master control and transmission purposes, as most syndicated programming and advertising is produced and distributed in 1080i/p, removing a downscaling step to 720p. This also allows local newscasts on these ABC affiliates to be produced in the higher resolution (especially for [[weather forecasting]] presentation purposes for map clarity) to match the picture quality of their 1080i competitors.

== PAL speed-up ==
{{anchor|1080i speed-up}}

[[Film|Motion pictures shot on film]] to fit a 16:9 widescreen format (1.78:1) are typically intended to be played back at 24 frames per second. When [[telecine]]d and played back at the PAL standard 25 frames per second, films run 4.1{{overline|6}}% faster than the original, and 4.2708{{overline|3}}% faster than the NTSC film standard{{efn|For NTSC playback, 24 fps sources are generally slowed down to 23.{{overline|976023976}} fps, to be able to fit into a 29.{{overline|97002997}} fps timebase with a [[3:2 pulldown]].}} 23.{{overline|976023976}} frames per second. [[High-definition television]] (HDTV) broadcast standards utilize 1080i (interlaced) or 720p (progressive) formats, typically offering 1920x1080 resolution. Key, region-specific formats include 1080i25 for PAL (50 fields/second), 1080i30 for NTSC (60 fields/second), and 1080i24 for film, often converted via telecine for 25/30 frames per second, 1080i50/60 broadcasts.

PAL speed-up does not occur on footage intended for playback at 25 frames per second.

== See also ==
{{Portal|Television}}

* [[Field (video)]]
* [[High-definition television in the United States]]
* [[Interlaced video]]
* [[List of common display resolutions]]
* [[Sony HDVS]] Wideband Analog Video
* [[Telecine]]
* Other common resolutions: [[Ultra-high-definition television|4320p]] {{*}}[[Ultra-high-definition television|2160p]]{{*}}[[1440p]] {{*}}[[1080p]] {{*}}[[720p]] {{*}}[[576p]] {{*}}[[576i]] {{*}}[[480p]] {{*}}[[480i]] {{*}}[[Low-definition television|360p]] {{*}}[[Low-definition television|288p]] {{*}}[[Low-definition television|240p]] {{*}}[[Low-definition television|144p]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3299.pdf High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production] ([[European Broadcasting Union|EBU]] technical publication)

{{TV resolution}}
{{Video formats}}

[[Category:Video formats]]
[[Category:Television terminology]]

Kamaleshwar Mukherjee

2026-02-07T23:20:51Z

Mdraselsarker: started a details

{{short description|Indian Bengali film director and actor}}
{{BLP sources|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Kamaleswar Mukherjee
| honorific_prefix = [[Doctor (title)|Doctor]]
| image = {{CSS image crop
|Image = Manish Tewari and the Hollywood actress Michelle Yeoh presenting the Special Centenary Silver Peacock Award to Kamaleshwar Mukherjee.jpg
|bSize = 820
|cWidth = 200
|cHeight = 250
|oTop = 140
|oLeft = 440
|Location=center
}}
| caption = Mukherjee at the [[44th International Film Festival of India]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1964|10|25}}
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alma_mater = [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]] ([[Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery|M.B.B.S.]])
| education = [[St. Lawrence High School, Kolkata]]
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter|actor}}
| known_for =
*''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]''
*''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]''
*''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]''
*''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]''
*''[[Password (2019 Indian film)|Password]]''
}}

'''Kamaleswar Mukherjee''' is an Indian [[film director]], [[actor]], and [[physician]] known for his work in [[Bengali film industry]]. He has directed multiple highest grossing Bengali films including ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' (2013), ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'' (2017) and ''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]'' (2017).

== Early life and education ==
Kamaleswar Mukherjee is a [[physician]] by training. He attended [[St. Lawrence High School, Kolkata]] and is an alumnus of the [[Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata]]. He transitioned from the medical profession first to [[Group theatre of Kolkata|Group Theatre]], then to the advertising world, and then to filmmaking. After working as an advertisement filmmaker, Mukherjee wrote dialogues, screenplays, and songs for the film ''[[Notobor Notout|Natobor Not Out]]'' (2010).

== Career ==
His directorial debut, the well acclaimed film ''Uro Chithi'' was released in 2011. The film interwove 12 text messages with 12 different characters, combining shades of life spanning across 12 months. His next venture was ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'', inspired by the life and works of Bengali filmmaker, [[Ritwik Ghatak]]. The film portrayed the period of Ghatak's life when he was admitted into a mental asylum for treatment. ''Meghe Dhaka Tara'' was critically acclaimed and it won the [[International Film Festival of India]] Centenary Award.

His next film was ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' (2013), based on an eponymous novel by [[Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay]]. ''Chander Pahar'' is the second costliest film made in Indian Bengali film industry and is one of the highest grossing Indian Bengali films of all time. The film received huge critical acclaim. Then he made the film ''[[Khawto]]'', that deals with the love story of an eminent urban author in self imposed asylum near the sea. In 2017, Mukherjee wrote and directed ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'', the sequel to Chander Pahar. It is most expensive Indian Bengali film ever made.<ref>{{cite news|title=SVF unveils biggest film poster for Bengali film 'Amazon Obhijaan'|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/svf-unveils-the-biggest-film-poster-for-bengali-film-amazon-obhijaan/articleshow/61510003.cms|newspaper=Economic Times|accessdate=13 March 2018|archive-date=14 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614171409/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/svf-unveils-the-biggest-film-poster-for-bengali-film-amazon-obhijaan/articleshow/61510003.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film grossed around {{INR|50 crore}} and emerged as the highest grossing Bengali film of all time.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-16 |title='Amazon Obhijan' becomes highest grossing Bengali film ever |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/amazon-obhijan-becomes-highest-grossing-bengali-film-ever-1502565557.html |access-date=2022-05-30 |website=The Statesman |language=en-US}}</ref> Further, he has directed multiple films including [[Cockpit (2017 film)|''Cockpit'']] - dealing with the life and journey of a pilot, ''Good Night City'' based on the conflict between a psychiatrist and a schizophrenic man, ''[[Mukhomukhi]]'' - a surreal representation of modern-day urban angst and living and [[Password (2019 Indian film)|''Password'']] - a story relating to cybercrime.

As an actor he has performed in a lot of films. Mukherjee is also a playwright, director and the founder member of Kolkata‐based theatre group "Shailushik". He is also trained in photography and computer graphics.

== Filmography ==
=== Feature films ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Key
|-
| style="background:#ffc;"|{{dagger}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Director
! Writer
! Actor
! Role
! Notes
! {{Refh}}
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Notobor Notout]]'' || {{no}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || ||<ref>{{cite news|title=Notobor Not Out Movie Review {3/5}|newspaper=The Times of India|date=16 November 2010|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/notobor-not-out/movie-review/6930480.cms|first=Priyanka|last=Dasgupta|access-date=19 September 2019}}</ref>
|-
| 2011 || ''Uro Chithi'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || ||
|-
|rowspan=3| 2013 || ''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} ||
* Centenary Award at [[IFFI|International Film Festival of India, Goa 2013]]
* Silver Crow Pheasant Award for the Best Director at [[IFFK|International Film Festival of Kerala, 2013]]
* NETPAC Award [[IFFK|International Film Festival of Kerala, 2013]]
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Ritwik Ghatak Meghe Dhaka Tara|accessdate=6 October 2012|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120616/jsp/entertainment/story_15616492.jsp#.UHCyfs95MxA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620081640/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120616/jsp/entertainment/story_15616492.jsp#.UHCyfs95MxA|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2012|newspaper=The Telegraph|location=India|date=16 June 2012}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mishawr Rawhoshyo]]''|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Sadat Manto || Cameo appearance ||<ref>{{cite news|title=ভাঁজে ভাঁজে সুনীলের প্রতি শ্রদ্ধার্ঘ্য|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/16ananda-plus3.html|accessdate=16 October 2013|newspaper=Anandabazar Patrika|date=16 October 2013|language=bn|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016120846/http://www.anandabazar.com/16ananda-plus3.html|archive-date=16 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} ||
* Nominated for [[Filmfare Awards East]] for Best Director – Bengali
* Zee Bangla Gourab Somman Awards for Best Director
* Kalakar Awards for Best Director
|<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/beyond-business/chander-pahar-makes-waves-114011000026_1.html|title=Chander Pahar makes waves|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=10 Jan 2014}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=3|2014 || ''[[Obhishopto Nighty]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || A news reporter || Cameo appearance ||<ref>{{cite web | title = Movie Reviews: Obhishopto Nighty| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Obhishopto-Nighty/movie-review/30470668.cms|author=Madhusree Ghosh|date=15 February 2014|access-date = 19 February 2014 |work =The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Khaad]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Rajib, a trekker || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/khaad-bengali-a-gripping-portrayal-of-crisis/|title=Khaad (Bengali) / A gripping portrayal of crisis|work=The Indian Express|date=14 November 2014 |access-date=27 November 2014}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Force (2014 film)|Force]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Police commissioner || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/screen/prosenjit-arpita-forced-to-come-together/|title=Prosenjit, Arpita Forced to come together|date=9 May 2014 |publisher=The Indian Express |access-date=2014-07-09}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2015 || ''[[Arshinagar]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Salim Saab, a music teacher || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Acharya |first1=Anindita |title=Arshinagar trailer: Watch Aparna Sen's Romeo and Juliet adaptation |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/arshinagar-trailer-watch-aparna-sen-s-romeo-and-juliet-adaptation/story-Rtc1WNAdZ1nNvii3kSLMkJ.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 December 2015}}</ref>
|-
| ''13 Number Tarachand Lane'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || Zee Bangla Originals ||
|-
| ''Onno Bosonto'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Bride's father || ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Khawto]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buzarbaruah |first1=Upam |title=Khawto Movie Review {3.5/5}: Critic Review of Khawto by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/Khawto/movie-review/53378265.cms |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=25 July 2016}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan=5| 2017 || ''[[Chaamp]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Reporter Shantanu || ||<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/chaamp/movie-review/59349918.cms|title=Chaamp Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=2017-07-21}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Meghnad Badh Rahasya]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Badal Biswas || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/Anik-Duttas-next-to-have-Abir-and-Gargee-in-lead/articleshow/53302677.cms|title=Anik Dutta's next to have Abir and Gargee in lead|last=Zinia Sen|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 January 2017 |access-date=17 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Cockpit (2017 film)|Cockpit]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/cockpit/movie-review/60842243.cms|title=Cockpit Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India|website=The Times of India|access-date=28 September 2017}}</ref>
|-
| ''Soshibhushan'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Sashi Babu || ||
|-
| ''[[Amazon Obhijaan]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mondal |first1=Sayantan |title='Amazon Obhijaan' Review: Dev and David James in the Swachh Woods |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/amazon-obhijaan-review |access-date=26 October 2024 |work=[[The Quint]] |date=24 December 2017}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018 || ''[[Kabir (film)|Kabir]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || IPS Dulal Roy Chattopadhyay || ||<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/watch-dev-and-rukmini-maitras-look-change-for-kabir/articleshow/63266829.cms | title=Watch: Dev and Rukmini Maitra's look change for 'Kabir' | date=12 March 2018 | newspaper=[[The Times of India]] | access-date=15 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Guptodhoner Sandhane]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Akhilesh Majumdar || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/abir-chatterjee-biggest-treasure-hunt-in-guptodhoner-sandhane-1.791941?ref=guptodhoner-sandhane-topics-topic-stry|title=বাঙালি কেতায় গুপ্তধনের খোঁজ|first=অর্ঘ্য|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়}}</ref>
|-
| ''Goodnight City'' || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2019 || ''[[Mukhomukhi]]'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || ||<ref>{{cite news |last1=Buzarbaruah |first1=Upam |title=Mukhomukhi Movie Review {3/5}: Critic Review of Mukhomukhi by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movie-reviews/mukhomukhi/movie-review/67790728.cms |access-date=5 September 2025 |work=[[Times of India]] |date=1 February 2019}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Durgeshgorer Guptodhon]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Akhilesh Majumdar || ||<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/durgeshgorer-guptodhon-a-movie-that-mesmerizes-critics-and-audience-alike-1.996871|title=ইতিহাস আর কল্পনার রোমাঞ্চকর বুনট|first=অন্তরা|last=মজুমদার|language=bn-IN|publisher=|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=27 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191127183751/https://www.anandabazar.com/supplementary/anandaplus/durgeshgorer-guptodhon-a-movie-that-mesmerizes-critics-and-audience-alike-1.996871|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Kidnap (2019 film)|Kidnap]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Newspaper Office Head || ||<ref>{{Cite news |title=On Valentine's Day, Dev and Rukmini 'Kidnapped' in love! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/on-valentines-day-dev-and-rukmini-kidnapped-in-love/articleshow/67986833.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250831145247/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/on-valentines-day-dev-and-rukmini-kidnapped-in-love/articleshow/67986833.cms |archive-date=2025-08-31 |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=[[The Times of India]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Password (2019 Indian film)|Password]]''
| {{yes}} || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{n/a}} || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/inside-pictures-bengali-celebs-and-their-never-seen-before-snaps-from-the-film-sets-/inside-pictures-bengali-celebs-and-their-exciting-snaps-from-the-film-sets/photostory/66971182.cms|title=Inside Pictures: Bengali celebs and their exciting snaps from the film sets - Inside Pictures: Bengali celebs and their never-seen-before snaps from the film sets|website=The Times of India|access-date=2019-04-20}}</ref>
|-
| 2020
|''[[Dwitiyo Purush (film)|Dwitiyo Purush]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Commissioner Dibakar Bose || ||<ref>{{Cite web|title='Dwitiyo Purush': It's a wrap up for the 'Baishe Srabon' sequel - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/dwitiyo-purush-its-a-wrap-up-for-the-baishe-srabon-sequel/articleshow/71893502.cms|access-date=2022-02-13|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2021
|''[[Anusandhan (2021 film)|Anusandhan]]''
| {{yes}}
| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || Boss || ||<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/trailer-of-saswata-chatterjee-ridhhi-sens-upcoming-thriller-anusandhan-released-9458731.html|title=Trailer of Saswata Chatterjee, Ridhhi Sen's upcoming Bengali thriller Anusandhan released|access-date=24 March 2021 |work=Firstpost |date=24 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2022
|''[[Kishmish]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Ashim Sen
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=কিশমিশ: কিশমিশ-এ ফ্লায়িং কালারস নিয়ে পাশ দেব-রুক্মিণীর, ছক্কা খরাজের |url=https://eisamay.com/entertainment/film-review/dev-and-rukmini-maitra-starrer-kishmish-movie-review/moviereview/91207792.cms |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=EI Samay |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Karnasubarner Guptodhon]]'' || {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}} || Akhilesh Majumdar || ||<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/karnasubarner-guptodhon-abir-chatterjees-own-temple-of-dhoom-11390951.html |title=Karnasubarner Guptodhon: Abir Chatterjee's own temple of d(h)oom |date=5 October 2022 |work=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" |2023
|''Amader Somporko''|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|{{n/a}}
|
|
|-
|''Borfi''|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|{{n/a}}
|
|
|-
|''Mayaa''|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|Darbar Sharma
|
|
|-
|''A Separate Sky''|| {{no}} || {{no}} || {{yes}}
|Akhilesh Mukherjee
|
|
|-
|''[[Ektu Sore Bosun]]''|| {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|{{n/a}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ananda |first=A. B. P. |date=2023-10-28 |title=বনফুলের গল্প এবার সেলুলয়েডে, কমলেশ্বর মুখোপাধ্যায় বলছেন 'একটু সরে বসুন'! |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/entertainment/kamaleswar-mukherjee-directorial-social-comedy-movie-ektu-sore-bosun-teaser-out-now-1019835 |access-date=2023-10-31 |website=bengali.abplive.com |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|''[[Aarii]]''
|{{No}}
|{{No}}
|{{Yes}}
|Barundeb
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=Subhalakshmi |title=The trailer of Aarii points to a sweet mother-son relationship |url=https://t2online.in/goodlife/wheels-1/the-trailer-of-aarii-points-to-a-sweet-mother-son-relationship%25C2%25A0/1398930 |access-date=2025-04-11 |website=www.t2online.in |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|-
| 2026
|''Ami Amar Moto'' || {{yes}} || {{yes}} || {{no}}
|{{n/a}}
|
|
|}

=== Web series ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Director
! Writer
! Actor
! Role
! Language
! Platform
! Notes
! {{Refh}}
|-
|rowspan="2"|2021
|''[[Mohomaya]]''
|{{yes}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|A doctor
|rowspan="7"|Bengali
|Hoichoi
|Directorial as well as acting debut in a web series; Cameo appearance
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumder |first1=Suparna |title='মোহমায়া'র জালে কীভাবে জড়িয়ে পড়লেন স্বস্তিকা-অনন্যা? দেখুন ট্রেলার |url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/entertainment/cinema/mohomaya-trailer-swastika-mukherjee-and-ananya-chatterjee/ |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Sangbad Pratidin]] |date=16 March 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Dujone (TV series)|Dujone]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|IB Chief
|Hoichoi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Priyanka |title='কার সাথে সংসার করছি…ভুলে যাই কী করে'! আক্ষেপ শ্রাবন্তীর, 'দুজনে'র পথ কি এক হবে? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sohamsrabanti-starrer-dujone-s-official-trailer-out-now-this-web-series-will-release-on-hoichoi-on-9-july-31624516859192.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624071821/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/sohamsrabanti-starrer-dujone-s-official-trailer-out-now-this-web-series-will-release-on-hoichoi-on-9-july-31624516859192.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=24 June 2021 |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=24 June 2021 |language=bn}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2022
|''Roktopolash''
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{yes}}
|{{n/a}}
|[[Klikk]]
|
|
|-
|''[[Johny Bonny]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Promod Sen
|Klikk
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bose |first1=Priyanka |title=দাবার কোটের মতোই সাদা-কালো থিমের পোশাকে 'জনি বনি' টিম, প্রকাশ্যে সিনেমার ট্রেলার |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/johny-bonny-team-dressed-in-black-and-white-theme-like-chess-board-trailer-is-out-now-31658044045481.html |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=17 July 2022 |language=bn}}{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2"|2023
|''[[Shabash Feluda]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Mohandas Mehta
|[[ZEE5]]
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mitra |first1=Pooja |title=Arindam Sil starts shooting Shabash Feluda in Gangtok with Parambrata Chattopadhyay as Feluda |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/arindam-sil-starts-shooting-shabash-feluda-in-gangtok-with-parambrata-chattopadhyay-as-feluda-photogallery/cid/1910842?slide=1 |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph]] |date=19 January 2023}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Chhotolok]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Gopal Manna
|ZEE5
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Shamayita |title=Chhotolok review: Daminee Basu shines bright in Indranil Roy Chowdhury's unputdownable cop drama |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/chhotolok-review-daminee-basu-shines-bright-in-indranil-roy-chowdhurys-unputdownable-cop-drama/628bec8cb832 |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]] |date=3 November 2023}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|''[[Talmar Romeo Juliet]]''
|{{no}}
|{{no}}
|{{yes}}
|Badal Majumder
|Hoichoi
|
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kanji |first1=Subhasmita |title=টানটান চিত্রনাট্যে যোগ্য সঙ্গত প্রেমের গানের! বন্দুকের সামনে চুমুর বিদ্রোহে কেমন হল তালমার রোমিও জুলিয়েট? |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/talmar-romeo-juliet-review-starring-debdutta-raha-hiya-dey-anirban-bhattacharya-anujoy-chattopadhyay-31732279145444.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250323052617/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/talmar-romeo-juliet-review-starring-debdutta-raha-hiya-dey-anirban-bhattacharya-anujoy-chattopadhyay-31732279145444.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 March 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=22 November 2024 |language=bn}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
*Mahisasuramardini (director),2019, [[Star Jalsha]]
*Durga Durgatinashini (director),2020, [[Star Jalsha]]

== Bibliography ==
* ''Amazon Obhijaan'' (Graphic novel), 2017, Bee Books<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/amazon-obhijaan-graphic-novel-launched-117111101076_1.html|title=Amazon Obhijaan graphic novel launched|agency=Press Trust of India|date=11 November 2017|via=Business Standard}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/amazon-obhijaan-graphic-novel-launched-1084549-2017-11-11|title=Amazon Obhijaan graphic novel launched|website=India Today}}</ref>

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Film
! Result
! {{Refh}}
|-
|2013
|[[IFFI|International Film Festival of India, Goa 2013]]
|Centenary Award
|''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Beatrizs-War-wins-Golden-Peacock-at-44th-International-film-festival-of-India/articleshow/26656548.cms|title='Beatriz's War' wins Golden Peacock at 44th International film festival of India – Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=December 2013 |publisher=}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|[[IFFK|International Film Festival of Kerala, 2013]]
|Silver Crow Pheasant Award for Best Director
|''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>[https://iffk.in/iffk-2013 IFFK 2013. Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922053800/https://iffk.in/iffk-2013/ |date=22 September 2021 }}</ref>
|-
|2013
|[[IFFK|International Film Festival of Kerala, 2013]]
|NETPAC Award
|''[[Meghe Dhaka Tara (2013 film)|Meghe Dhaka Tara]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref name="Awards at IFFK 2013">{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Golden-Crow-Pheasant-for-Parviz/2013/12/14/article1944764.ece?service=print|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222113131/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/Golden-Crow-Pheasant-for-Parviz/2013/12/14/article1944764.ece?service=print|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 December 2015|title=Awards at IFFK 2013|access-date=5 March 2014|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=5 March 2014}}</ref>
|-
|2014
|[[1st Filmfare Awards East]]
|Filmfare Award for Best Director
|''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]''
|{{nom}}
|{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
|-
|2014
|Zee Bangla Gourab Somman
|Zee Bangla Gourab Somman for Best Director
|''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]''
|{{won}}
|{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
|-
|2014
|Kalakar Awards
|Kalakar Awards for Best Director
|''[[Chander Pahar (film)|Chander Pahar]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Kamaleswar Mukherjee |website=Moviebuff.com |url=https://www.moviebuff.com/kamaleswar-mukherjee |access-date=3 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|[[West Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards]]
|WBFJA Award for Best Screenplay
|''[[Anusandhan (2021 film)|Anusandhan]]''
|{{won}}
|<ref>{{cite web | url=https://wbfja.com/award-2022.php | title=Award 2022 - WBFJA: Welcome to the official website of West Bengal Film Journalists' Association | access-date=20 November 2022 | archive-date=20 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120125457/https://wbfja.com/award-2022.php | url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|4890808}}

{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention|state=collapsed}}
{{Kamaleshwar Mukherjee}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Kamaleshwar}}
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Bengali cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1964 births]]

Murder in the Hills

2026-02-05T18:12:13Z

Mdraselsarker: Made new pg.

{{Short description|Indian Bengali web series}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox television
| image= Murder in the hills poster.jpg
| caption= Release poster
| director = [[Anjan Dutt]]
| country= India
| genre = [[Thriller (genre)|Thriller]]
| num_seasons = 1 
| num_episodes = 8 
| language = Bengali
| company = SVF Entertainment
| released = {{Start date|df=y|2021|07|23}}
}}

'''''Murder in the Hills''''' is a [[Bengali language|Bengali]] [[Crime fiction|crime thriller]] web series streaming on the OTT platform hoichoi. The series was released on 23 July 2021. The series is directed by [[Anjan Dutt]], who makes his directorial debut for a web series.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/murder-in-the-hills-exposes-the-underbelly-of-darjeeling/cid/1809917|title = 'Murder in the Hills' exposes the underbelly of Darjeeling}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/sandipta-sen-is-working-in-anjan-dutts-first-web-series-murder-in-the-hills-dgtl/cid/1271735|title = অঞ্জনদার প্রথম ওয়েব সিরিজে কাজ করে কেঁদে ফেলেছিলাম: সন্দীপ্তা}}</ref> This film is loosely based on the storyline of the famous detective novel of [[Agatha Christie]], ''[[Murder on the Orient Express]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patra|first=Sunita|date=2021-08-17|title=Why "Murder in the Hills" is a major disappointment|url=https://ironyabounds.medium.com/why-murder-in-the-hills-is-a-major-disappointment-a4b55347b812|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|date=2021-07-27|title=Murder In The Hills, On Hoichoi, Is A Silly, Badly Made Murder Mystery|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/reviews/bengali-review/murder-in-the-hills-hoichoi-review-is-a-silly-badly-made-murder-mystery-anjan-dutt-anindita-bose-bengali-movies/|access-date=2021-11-03|website=Film Companion|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Set in Darjeeling, ''Murder in The Hills'' is an engrossingly dark story filled with complex multi-layered characters who have their own share of secrets and unwanted truths.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themileage.in/murder-in-the-hills-a-web-series-set-in-the-hills-of-darjeeling/|title = 'Murder in the Hills' a web series set in the hills of Darjeeling|date = 19 March 2021}}</ref> The story surrounds around the seemingly natural death of a yesteryear film star, Tony Roy. The death however threatens to expose the dark past of the serene hill station. Amitabha Banerjee, an ambitious investigative journalist, decides to get to the end of the mystery.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bangla|first=TV9|date=2021-03-19|title=খুন হয়েছে পাহাড়ে! কারা খুনি? দেখুন তো চিনতে পারেন কি না!|url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/first-look-released-of-anjan-duttas-murder-in-the-hills-340991.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=TV9 Bangla|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='রাণী রাসমণি'-তে সারদামণির চরিত্রে সন্দীপ্তা নাকি অন্য কেউ? জল্পনা তুঙ্গে|url=https://bengali.news18.com/news/entertainment/tollywood-movies-speculation-is-actress-sandipta-sen-is-playing-saradamoni-in-rani-rashmani-swd-621580.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=News18 Bengali|date=5 July 2021|language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ভয় পেলেন সন্দীপ্তা! কিন্তু কেন?|url=https://eisamay.indiatimes.com/entertainment/cinema/actress-sandipta-sen-has-a-fear-of-cold/articleshow/84138368.cms|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Ei Samay|language=bn}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Anjan Dutt]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Swati|date=2021-07-14|title=লেখক সত্তাটাকে ফিরিয়ে আনার প্রয়োজন বোধ করছিলাম: অঞ্জন|url=https://radiobanglanet.com/anjan-dutt-interview-murder-in-the-hills-hoichoi-web-series/|access-date=2021-07-26|website=RadioBanglaNet|language=en-US}}</ref> as Tony Roy
* [[Arjun Chakrabarty]] as Amitabha Banerjee
*[[Anindita Bose]] as Sheela Bose
*[[Rajdeep Gupta]] as DSP Subhankar Banerjee
*[[Sourav Chakraborty (actor)|Sourav Chakraborty]] as Bijoy Mukherjee
*[[Sandipta Sen]] as Dr. Neema Pradhan
*Suprobhat Das as Bob Das
*Rajat Ganguly as Ranjan Ganguly
*Saswati Guhathakurta as Mrs. Rama Roy
*Suhotra Mukhopadhyay as a younger Tony Roy
*[[Joydip Mukherjee]] as Mr. Raja Roy

== Episodes ==
{{Series overview
| color1 = #4C5966
| link1 = #Season 1 (2021)
| episodes1 = 8
| released1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|23}}
}}

==Season 1 (2021)==
On 23 July 2021 hoichoi released all eight episodes of Murder in the Hills.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Anjan Dutt to direct a murder mystery - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/anjan-dutt-to-direct-a-murder-mystery/articleshow/82027493.cms|access-date=2021-07-26|website=The Times of India|date=12 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-10|title=দার্জিলিংয়ের বুকে হত্যা রহস্য নিয়ে অঞ্জন দত্ত, উন্মোচন কি হবে?|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anjan-dutt-s-debut-web-series-murder-in-the-hills-see-trailer-31625917783517.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710132845/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/anjan-dutt-s-debut-web-series-murder-in-the-hills-see-trailer-31625917783517.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 July 2021|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Hindustantimes Bangla|language=bn}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#4C5966 |overall=Police decided to encounter Guddu and Bablu and attack them. Kaleen ask them to stay low, they hide in Bihar border. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=U.S. |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Birthday Party
|DirectedBy = Anjan Dutt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Secret Diary
|DirectedBy = Anjan Dutt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Dangerous Bob
|DirectedBy = Anjan Dutt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Kidnap
|DirectedBy = Anjan Dutt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Mysterious Cellphone
|DirectedBy = Anjan Dutt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Suspicious Sheela
|DirectedBy = Anjan Dutt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 7
|Title = Showdown
|DirectedBy = Anjan Dutt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 8
|Title = Ultimate Truth
|DirectedBy = Anjan Dutt
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|07|23}}
|ShortSummary =
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

==Reception==
Upam Buzarbaruah of Times of India writes, "''Murder in the Hills'' has an Agatha Christie-esque title and premise. And the connection ends there."<ref>{{Cite news|title=MURDER IN THE HILLS SEASON 1 REVIEW : A WHODUNIT THAT FALTERS ON THE BUILD-UP|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/web-series/reviews/bengali/murder-in-the-hills/season-1/seasonreview/84750147.cms|website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|tt14994366}}

[[Category:Indian web series]]
[[Category:2021 web series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Television shows based on works by Agatha Christie]]
[[Category:Hoichoi original programming]]
[[Category:Works based on Murder on the Orient Express]]

Kosi River (Uttarakhand)

2026-02-02T12:17:39Z

Mdraselsarker:

{{Infobox river
| name = Kosi River
| name_native =
| name_other =
| etymology =
| image = Kosi River valley near Almora, Uttarakhand, India.jpg
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption = Kosi River valley near Almora
| image_alt = Kosi River valley near Almora
| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| subdivision_type1 = Country
| subdivision_name1 = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type2 = State
| subdivision_name2 = [[Uttarakhand]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| subdivision_type4 =
| subdivision_name4 =
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| source1_location = Dharapani Dhar, [[Kausani]]
| source1_coordinates=
| source1_elevation =
| mouth_location = [[Ramganga River]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| mouth_coordinates = {{coord|28.63407|79.02825|format=dms|type:river_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation =

| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size = {{Convert|346|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population =

| length_km = 168
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right = Suyal, Ramgad, Bhowaligad
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}
'''Kosi River''', also known as '''Koshi''', is a tributary of the [[Ramganga]] River. It is an important river in the [[Kumaon division|Kumaon region]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>Negi, Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers, pg-49</ref> [[Capparis decidua|Kair]] and [[Dalbergia sissoo|Shisham]] forests are found on the banks of the river.<ref>Negi, Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers, pg-89</ref> The length of the Kosi river is {{convert|168|km|abbr=on}} and its basin is spread over an area of about {{Convert|346|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>Bhatt, Ecology of the Mountain Waters, pg-44</ref>

== Course ==
[[File:Kosi River, Jim Corbett National Park, Ramnagar, Uttarakhand.jpeg|thumb|left|Kosi River flowing through the [[Jim Corbett National Park]] near [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]]]
The Kosi originates from the Dharapani Dhar near [[Kausani]], and flows towards the south. Flowing through the towns of Someshwar and [[Almora]], it reaches Khwarab, where it is joined by the Suyal river.<ref> Aggarwal, Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future, pg-289</ref> From Khwarab, it begins to flow west, passing through [[Khairna]], Garampani and Betalghat. After reaching Salt Patti, it flows in the north-west direction till Mohaan, from where it takes a sharp bend and starts flowing towards the south-east. After passing through Dhikuli, it descends into the plains at [[Ramnagar, Nainital|Ramnagar]]. After traveling {{convert|70|mi|km|abbr=on}} from Ramnagar, it enters the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] at Sultanpur. It passes through the left of [[Rampur, Uttar Pradesh|Rampur]] city and joins [[Ramganga]] near Chamraul village of [[Shahabad, Rampur|Shahabad]] tehsil in [[Rampur district]], Uttar Pradesh.<ref> Aggarwal, Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future, pg-289</ref>

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite book|last1=Negi|first1=Sharad Singh|title=Himalayan Rivers, Lakes, and Glaciers|year=1991|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=9788185182612|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Aggarwal|first1=J. C.|last2=Agrawal|first2=S. P.|title=Uttarakhand: Past, Present, and Future|year=1995|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788170225720|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=alRh51xE_v0C|language=en}}
* {{cite book|last1=Bhatt|first1=Shanker D.|last2=Pande|first2=Ravindra K.|title=Ecology of the Mountain Waters|year=1991|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=9788170243663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85nG6fprPK8C|language=en}}

{{Hydrography of Uttarakhand}}

[[Category:Rivers of Uttarakhand]]
[[Category:Rivers of Uttar Pradesh]]

Chakar, India

2026-01-29T10:25:30Z

Mdraselsarker: new a info

{{use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Chakar
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Punjab, India
| coordinates = {{coord|30.643|N|75.394|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Jagraon]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 233
| population_total = 11,000
| population_as_of = 2010
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gurmukhi|Punjabi]]
| demographics1_title2 = Regional
| demographics1_info2 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 142035
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|www.chakarindia.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Chakar''' is a village in the [[Jagraon|Jagraon tehsil]] of [[Ludhiana district]] in [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]].<ref name="ti">{{cite news | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20091201/ldh1.htm | title=Sarpanch suspended for fake caste certificate | date=1 December 2009 | newspaper=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] | access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref><ref name="hp">{{cite web | url=http://www.hunpanjabi.net/company/member-details.aspx?mc=3 |script-title=pa:ਪ੍ਰਿੰ. ਸਰਵਣ ਸਿੰਘ |website=Hun Panjabi | access-date=1 July 2012 | url-status=usurped | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120414114146/http://www.hunpanjabi.net/company/member-details.aspx?mc=3 | archive-date=14 April 2012 }}</ref> It is located on the [[Guru Gobind Singh Marg]]. The sixth [[Sikh guru]], [[Guru Hargobind Sahib]] visited this place in 1631 during his tour of Malwa region and the tenth master, [[Guru Gobind Singh]] in 1705 after the battle of [[Chamkaur Sahib]]<ref name="wg">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldgurudwaras.com/historical-gurudwaras/india/punjab/ludhiana/gurudwara-sri-patshahi-chevin-ate-dasvin-chakar | title=Gurudwara Sri Patshahi Chhevin ate Dasvin - Chakar | publisher=WorldGurdwaras.com | access-date=1 July 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111201459/http://www.worldgurudwaras.com/historical-gurudwaras/india/punjab/ludhiana/gurudwara-sri-patshahi-chevin-ate-dasvin-chakar | archive-date=11 November 2012 }}</ref>

== Geography ==

Chakar is located at 30°38'37"N 75°23'48"E with average elevation of 234 metres. Nearby villages include Mallah, Minia, Kussa, Rama, Hathure, Lakha and [[Manuke, Ludhiana district|Manuke]]. Near Cities are [[Jagraon]] :22 km, [[Raikot]] :24 km, [[Moga district|Moga]] :33 km, [[Nakodar]] :56 km, [[Ludhiana]] :63 km and near AirPorts are [[Ludhiana Airport]] :70 km, [[Raja Sansi Airport]] :151 km, [[Chandigarh Airport]] :161 km, [[Pathankot Airport]] :193 km.

== Culture ==

People belongs to [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] culture. [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is the [[mother tongue]] as well as the [[official language]] here.

=== Religion ===

The village is predominated by the [[Sikh]]s, the follower of [[Sikhism]] with Hindu and [[Muslim]] minorities.

The [[gurudwara]], Guru Sar Patshahi Chhevin and Patshahi Dasvin, constructed in the 1970s, is located at the northwestern corner of the village. It was constructed in the '70s in memory of the two [[Sikh guru]]s, [[Guru Hargobind Sahib]] and [[Guru Gobind Singh]] who visited the place in 1631 and 1705, respectively.<ref name=wg/> The Gurdwara is managed by the [[Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee]] through a village committee.

There is a Mandir and a [[Mosque]] as the worship site for Hindu and Muslims.

== Sports academy ==
Sher-E-Punjab Sports Academy and Welfare Club was established in 2005 and government registered in October 2007. [[Boxing]], [[association football|football]], athletics and [[kabaddi]] are the most played sports.<ref name="tl">{{cite news | url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Sher-e-Punjab+sports+academy+transformations+rural+Punjab.-a0212350105 | title=Sher-E-Punjab Sports Academy Chakar | work=News in English | date=23 March 2009 | access-date=3 July 2012}}</ref>

== Sewage unit ==

Implementation of the sewerage system was first started in 2011.<ref name="pt">{{cite news | url=http://punjabitribuneonline.com/2011/02/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A4-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%82-%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82/ |script-title=pa:ਸੰਤ ਸੀਚੇਵਾਲ ਵੱਲੋਂ ਪਿੰਡਾਂ ਵਿੱਚ ਸੀਵਰੇਜ ਪਾਉਣ ਦਾ ਕੰਮ ਸ਼ੁਰੂ | date=10 February 2011 |newspaper=Punjabi Tribune | access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> The installation of a sewerage system marks a milestone in the history of developing Chakar.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://www.chakarindia.in/}}
{{Ludhiana district}}


[[Category:Villages in Ludhiana district]]

1980–81 Karnataka State Film Awards

2026-01-26T15:34:14Z

Mdraselsarker:

{{Short description|Annual Indian film awards ceremony}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The '''[[Karnataka State Film Awards]] 1980–81,''' presented by [[Government of Karnataka]], felicitated the best of [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada Cinema]] releases in the year 1980.

== Film awards ==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Producer
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Director
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|First Best Film]]'''
|''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]''
|B. Thimmanna
|[[S. R. Puttanna Kanagal]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Second Best Film]]'''
|''Mooru Darigalu''
|N. S. Devi Prasad
|[[Girish Kasaravalli]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Film|Third Best Film]]'''
|''Sangeetha''
|Wheel Productions
|[[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|}

== Other awards ==
{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Director|Best Direction]]'''
|''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]''
|[[S. R. Puttanna Kanagal]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]'''
|''Sri Raghavendra Vaibhava''
|[[Srinath (Kannada actor)|Srinath]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]'''
|''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]''
|[[Aarathi]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]'''
|''[[Ranganayaki (film)|Ranganayaki]]''
|[[Ramakrishna (Kannada actor)|Ramakrishna]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]'''
|''Sangeetha''
|[[Pramila Joshai]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Child Actor (Male)|Best Child Actor]]'''
|''Rama Lakshmana''
|Master Sathyaprakash
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Direction]]'''
|''Sangeetha''
|[[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematography]]'''
|{{*}}''[[Mareyada Haadu]]'' <br> {{*}}''Mooru Darigalu''
|{{*}}[[R. N. K. Prasad]] <br> {{*}}S. R. Bhat
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editing]]'''
|''Mooru Darigalu''
|[[Suresh Urs]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]'''
|''[[Hanthakana Sanchu]]''
|A. Govinda Swamy
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Story|Best Story Writer]]'''
|''Sangeetha''
|[[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]'''
|''Mooru Darigalu''
|[[Girish Kasaravalli]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|'''[[Karnataka State Film Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue Writer]]'''
|''Sangeetha''
|[[Chandrashekhara Kambara]]
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karnataka State Film Awards}}

[[Category:Karnataka State Film Awards|1980-81]]

Electoral history of Yogi Adityanath

2026-01-26T09:02:50Z

Mdraselsarker: new a article

{{Short description|Elections featuring Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh}}
[[File:Yogi Adithyanath in Uttar Pradesh 2023.jpg|thumb|]]
This is a summary of the '''electoral history of [[Yogi Adityanath]]''', who is currently serving as the 21st [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]], since March 2017.
== Summary ==
=== Lok Sabha elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| rowspan=5|[[Gorakhpur Lok Sabha constituency|Gorakhpur]]
| {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=5}}
|268,428
|42.62
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|267,382
|41.10
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|353,647
|51.31
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|403,156
|53.85
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|539,127
|51.83
|{{Won}}
|-
|}
=== Uttar Pradesh Legislative Council elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|2017
|[[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Members]] of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|colspan="2" |''Indirect election''
|{{Won}}
|}

=== Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2" |Party
!Votes
!%
!Result
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| rowspan=5|[[Gorakhpur Urban Assembly constituency|Gorakhpur Urban]]
| {{party name with colour| Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|165,499
|66.18
|{{Won}}
|}

== Detailed results ==
=== Lok Sabha elections ===
====1998 Lok Sabha elections====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1998 Indian general election|General Election, 1998]]: [[Gorakhpur]]<ref>{{Cite news |title=A Hindu priest takes charge of India’s most populous state |url=https://www.economist.com/asia/2017/03/23/a-hindu-priest-takes-charge-of-indias-most-populous-state |access-date=2025-02-11 |work=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,68,428
|percentage = 42.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jamuna Prasad Nishad]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,42,222
|percentage = 38.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Prahlad Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 85,282
|percentage = 13.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Harikesh Bahadur]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 22,621
|percentage = 3.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sant Lal Jaiswal
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 3,892
|percentage = 0.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 26,206
|percentage = 4.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,29,765
|percentage = 50.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====1999 Lok Sabha elections====
{{Election box begin | title=[[1999 Indian general election|General Election, 1999]]: [[Gorakhpur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Politics in Gorakhpur since the 1920s: the making of a safe ‘Hindu’ constituency |url=https://www.isca.ox.ac.uk/publication/907548/hyrax |access-date=2025-02-11 |website=www.isca.ox.ac.uk |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 2,67,382
|percentage = 41.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jamuna Prasad Nishad]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,60,043
|percentage = 39.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[D. P. Yadav]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 93,852
|percentage = 13.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dr. Jamal Ahmad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 20,026
|percentage = 3.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Bankey Lal
|party = Janata Dal (Secular)
|votes = 2,723
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,339
|percentage = 1.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,50,545
|percentage = 51.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

====2004 Lok Sabha elections====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|votes = 3,53,647
|percentage = 51.31
|change = +10.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jamuna Prasad Nishad]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 2,11,608
|percentage = 30.70
|change = -9.27
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pradeep Kumar Nishad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 70,449
|percentage = 10.22
|change = -4.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Shardendu Pandey
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 33,477
|percentage = 4.86
|change = +1.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Milan
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,785
|percentage = 1.27
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chandra Bhan Singh Patel
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 3,225
|percentage = 0.47
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gopal Rajbhar
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|votes = 3,081
|percentage = 0.45
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ram Kishum
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,716
|percentage = 0.39
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mahanth Ramdas Brahmchari
|party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
|votes = 2,260
|percentage = 0.33
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,42,309
|percentage = 20.61
|change = +19.48
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 6,89,248
|percentage = 48.13
|change = -3.45
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +10.21
}}
{{Election box end}}

====2009 Lok Sabha elections====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|votes = 4,03,156
|percentage = 53.85
|change = +2.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vinay Shankar Tiwari]]
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 1,82,885
|percentage = 24.43
|change = +14.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 83,059
|percentage = 11.09
|change = -19.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lalchand Nishad
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 30,262
|percentage = 4.04
|change = -0.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Chhedilal
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 8,953
|percentage = 1.20
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Niranjan Prasad
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 6,519
|percentage = 0.87
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Govind
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 4,829
|percentage = 0.65
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Aman
|party = Ambedkar Samaj Party
|votes = 3,007
|percentage = 0.40
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Harishchandra
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,944
|percentage = 0.39
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Divyashankar Nishad
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 2,353
|percentage = 0.31
|change = -0.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Awdhesh Singh
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,232
|percentage = 0.30
|change = 0
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 2,20,271
|percentage = 29.42
|change = +8.81
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 7,48,617
|percentage = 44.13
|change = -4.00
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +2.34
}}
{{Election box end}}
====2014 Lok Sabha elections====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Gorakhpur]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Yogi Adityanath]]
|votes = 5,39,127
|percentage = 51.83
|change = -2.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rajmati Nishad
|votes = 2,26,344
|percentage = 21.76
|change = +10.67
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ram Bhuwal Nishad
|votes = 1,76,412
|percentage = 16.96
|change = -7.47
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Astbhuja Prasad Tripathi
|votes = 45,719
|percentage = 4.40
|change = +0.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Radhe Mohan Misra
|votes = 11,873
|percentage = 1.14
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 8,153
|percentage = 0.78
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 3,12,783
|percentage = 30.07
|change = +0.65
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,40,199
|percentage = 54.63
|change = +10.50
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = -2.02
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly elections ===
==== 2022 ====
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Gorakhpur Urban<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Yogi Adityanath]]
|party=Bharatiya Janta Party|votes=1,65,499|percentage=66.18|change={{increase}}10.33}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Kalyan Chaudhary|party=Samajwadi Party|votes=62,109|percentage=24.84|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Khwaja Shamsuddin|party=Bahujan Samaj Party|votes=8,023|percentage=3.21|change={{decrease}}7.90}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chandrashekhar Azad (politician)|Chandrashekhar Azad]]||party=Azad Samaj Party (Kanshi Ram)|votes=2640|percentage=1.20|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Chetna Pandey|party=Indian National Congress|votes=2,880|percentage=1.15|change={{decrease}}26.95}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Ram Davan Maurya|party=Right to Recall Party|votes=490|percentage=0.2|change=''New''}}

{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=None of the Above|party=None of the above|votes=1,194|percentage=0.48|change={{increase}}0.10}}
{{Election box majority||votes=1,03,390|percentage=41.34|change={{increase}}13.59}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=53.8|change={{increase}}2.68}}
{{Election box hold with party link||winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}10.33
}}{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Electoral history of the Bharatiya Janata Party]]
* [[Electoral history of Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
* [[Electoral history of L. K. Advani]]
* [[Electoral history of Narendra Modi]]
* [[Electoral history of Rajnath Singh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Electoral history of Indian politicians|Y]]
[[Category:Yogi Adityanath]]

The Spy Chronicles

2026-01-14T21:42:44Z

Mdraselsarker: new

{{short description|2018 non-fiction book by Indian and Pakistani authors}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| italic title = 
| name = The Spy Chronicles: RAW, ISI and the Illusion of Peace
| image = The_Spy_Chronicles_cover.jpg
| image_size =
| border =
| alt =
| caption = Cover of the first edition
| author = [[A. S. Dulat|AS Dulat]], [[Asad Durrani]] and [[Aditya Sinha]]
| audio_read_by =
| title_orig =
| orig_lang_code =
| title_working =
| translator =
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = India
| language =
| series =
| release_number =
| subject =
| genre =
| set_in =
| publisher = [[HarperCollins]]
| publisher2 =
| pub_date = 2018
| english_pub_date =
| published =
| media_type =
| pages =
| awards =
| isbn = 978-9-352-77925-3
| isbn_note =
| oclc =
| dewey =
| congress =
| preceded_by =
| followed_by = [[Honour Among Spies]]
| native_wikisource =
| wikisource =
| notes =
| exclude_cover =
| website =
}}

'''''The Spy Chronicles: RAW, ISI and the Illusion of Peace''''' is a 2018 book in the format of a dialogue between two intelligence chiefs of India and Pakistan, [[A. S. Dulat|AS Dulat]] and [[Asad Durrani]], and moderated by [[Aditya Sinha]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/true-lies-and-spies-the-spy-chronicles-raw-isi-and-the-illusion-of-peace-book-review-as-dulat-aditya-sinha-asad-durrani-5200773/|title=True Lies and Spies|last=Singh|first=Sushant|date=2 June 2018|website=The Indian Express|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609121058/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/true-lies-and-spies-the-spy-chronicles-raw-isi-and-the-illusion-of-peace-book-review-as-dulat-aditya-sinha-asad-durrani-5200773/|archive-date=9 June 2018|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/05/22/an-indian-spook-and-a-pakistani-spy-decided-to-team-up-heres-what-happened-next/|title=An Indian spook and a Pakistani spy decided to team up. Here's what happened next.|last=Dutt|first=Barkha|date=22 May 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523062137/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/global-opinions/wp/2018/05/22/an-indian-spook-and-a-pakistani-spy-decided-to-team-up-heres-what-happened-next/|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/no-visa-to-ex-chief-of-isi-to-visit-india-for-book-launch/articleshow/64298172.cms|title=No visa to ex-chief of ISI to visit India for book launch|date=24 May 2018|website=The Times of India|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> The conversations between the two intelligence chiefs took place during 2016 and 2017 in [[Istanbul]], [[Kathmandu]] and [[Bangkok]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/8oT3MdHZflMQxGNRT7cKMP/The-spies-who-turned-into-seers.html|title=The spies who turned into seers|last=Sarkar|first=Dipankar De|date=1 June 2018|website=Livemint|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-spy-chronicles-by-as-dulat-asad-durrani-and-aditya-sinha/story-ZBzDeQVXflsqBpOG7DYx2M.html|title=Review: The Spy Chronicles by AS Dulat, Asad Durrani and Aditya Sinha|last=Laskar|first=Rezaul H|date=8 June 2018|website=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816194411/https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-the-spy-chronicles-by-as-dulat-asad-durrani-and-aditya-sinha/story-ZBzDeQVXflsqBpOG7DYx2M.html|archive-date=16 August 2018|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> AS Dulat is a former head of India's external intelligence agency, the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), Lt. Gen. Asad Durrani is a former head of Pakistan's external agency, [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] (ISI), and Aditya Sinha is an Indian journalist.

In 2020, Asad Durrani published a follow-up ''fictional'' book 'Honour Among Spies' about a Pakistani Lt General who faces repercussions for having co-authored a book with a former Indian intelligence chief.

==Authors==
===A. S. Dulat ===
A. S. Dulat is a former special director of India's [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] and former chief of the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW) from 1999 to 2000. After retirement he was appointed as advisor on [[Kashmir]] in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] and served there from January 2000 to May 2004.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/book-review-kashmir-the-vajpayee-years/|title=Book Review – AS Dulat's 'Kashmir: The Vajpayee Years'|date=11 July 2015}}</ref>

===Asad Durrani===
[[Lieutenant General]] Mohammad Asad Durrani is a retired [[three-star rank|3-star]] rank [[general officer|general]] in the [[Pakistan Army]] and presently a commentator and speaker.<ref>Asad Durrani, [http://issi.org.pk/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/1-Strategic-decision-making-in-Pakistan.pdf Strategic decision making in Pakistan], ''Strategic Studies''</ref> Durrani previously served as the [[director-general]] of the [[Directorate for Inter-Services Intelligence|Inter-Services Intelligence]] 1990-1991 and former director-general of the Pakistan Army's [[Military Intelligence of Pakistan|Military Intelligence]] 1988–1989.<ref>Muhammad Saleh Zaafir, [https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/319527-former-isi-raw-chiefs-co-author-book Former ISI, RAW chiefs co-author book], The News, 21 May 2018</ref>

===Aditya Sinha===
Aditya Sinha is an Indian author and journalist. He has been a journalist since 1987, occupying positions such as Editor-in-Chief of ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' and ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' (''DNA''). He has reported on terrorism in [[Punjab insurgency|Punjab]], [[Kashmir insurgency|Kashmir]] and [[Assam insurgency|Assam]] and has also done reporting from [[Peshawar]], Pakistan. He started his journalistic career as a crime reporter in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/a-s-with-sinha-dulat/|title=Author Biographies, HarperCollins Publishers India, A.S. Dulat with Sinha|website=HarperCollins|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302193142/https://harpercollins.co.in/author-details/a-s-with-sinha-dulat/|archive-date=2 March 2019|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.exchange4media.com/people-movement-news/aditya-sinha-appointed-editor-in-chief-of-the-new-indian-express-25665.html|title=Aditya Sinha appointed Editor-in-Chief of The New Indian Express|last=Franko|first=Judy|date=14 April 2007|website=Exchange4media|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302194217/https://www.exchange4media.com/people-movement-news/aditya-sinha-appointed-editor-in-chief-of-the-new-indian-express-25665.html|archive-date=2 March 2019|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="IT_AS">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/lifestyle/culture/story/the-ceo-who-lost-his-head-book-review-aditya-sinha-fiction-lifest-965268-2017-03-12|title=Journalist Aditya Sinha's first fiction work revolves around a murder mystery|last=Karishma|first=Kuenzang|date=12 March 2017|website=India Today|access-date=2 March 2019}}</ref>

== Description ==
The book covers various topics such as [[Kashmir]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Ajit Doval]], trade wars, the [[deep state]], the [[26/11 Mumbai attacks]], [[Donald Trump]], [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Osama bin Laden]], [[Hafiz Muhammad Saeed|Hafiz Saeed]], [[Balochistan]], the [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|2016 surgical strikes]] and [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]] among other things. In the book Dulat says that ISI is a more influential intelligence agency; however, Durrani observes that "R&AW is at least as good as we are” but discusses that R&AW may have the upper hand because it has "career intelligence officers" whereas ISI consists of army men.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/lifestyle/books/spy-chronicles-what-got-asad-durrani-into-trouble-with-isi|title=Spy Chronicles: What Got Gen Durrani Into Trouble With the ISI|date=5 June 2018|website=The Quint|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> In the book Durrani claims that Pakistan may have directed the [[American SEAL]]s to Osama bin Laden in May 2011 as well as may have collected a payment for the cooperation and pretended to be surprised afterwards.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/world/asia/pakistan-asad-durrani-spy-chronicles-india.html|title=Pakistani Ex-Spy Chief Faces Inquiry Over Book With Indian Counterpart|last1=Abi-Habib|first1=Maria|date=29 May 2018|work=The New York Times|access-date=3 March 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190303082257/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/29/world/asia/pakistan-asad-durrani-spy-chronicles-india.html|archive-date=3 March 2019|last2=Masood|first2=Salman|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Durrani also says that ISI's involvement in Kashmir has turned out to be less than successful.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/320560-no-isi-guy-ever-defected-or-caught-on-camera-ex-raw-chief|title=No ISI guy ever defected or caught on camera: ex-RAW chief|last=Syed|first=Azaz|date=24 May 2018|website=The News|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

A.S. Dulat and Asad Durrani have previously collaborated, writing a paper together titled "''Kashmir: Confrontation to Cooperation''" in 2013 published by the [[University of Ottawa]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410540|title=Ex-ISI chief Asad Durrani's name to be placed on ECL after controversial book|date=28 May 2018|website=DAWN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131125238/https://www.dawn.com/news/1410540|archive-date=31 January 2019|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/7-days/spy-meets-spy/cid/1670228|title=Spy meets spy|date=26 January 2014|website=Telegraph India|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> In the book Durrani notes this in the opening chapter, which also mentions another collaboration between the two after the 59th [[Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs|Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs]] in 2011, when they co-authored an article on intelligence cooperation which was published in ''[[The Hindu]]'' and [[Dawn (newspaper)|''Dawn'']].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indiapakistan-need-for-intelligence-cooperation/article2224644.ece|title=India-Pakistan: need for intelligence cooperation|last1=Dulat|first1=Amarjeet Singh|date=14 July 2011|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110191430/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indiapakistan-need-for-intelligence-cooperation/article2224644.ece|archive-date=10 January 2018|last2=Durrani|first2=Asad|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

Aditya Sinha says that the book has "no great revelations" but is "more about perspective" and "a metaphor for the actual relationship between the two countries."<ref name=":4" />

== Aftermath ==
The book was released jointly by former Prime Minister of India [[Manmohan Singh]] and former Vice President of India [[Hamid Ansari]] as well as other dignitaries on 24 May 2018. The Indian government denied a visa to Asad Durrani to attend the book launch.<ref name=":2" />

The publication of the book resulted in accusations of betrayal against Asad Durrani.<ref name=":7" /> On 28 May 2018, Pakistan placed Durrani on the "[[Exit Control List]]", barring him from leaving the country. An investigation headed by a three-star general was formed to ascertain whether Durrani violated Pakistan's military regulations.<ref name=":6" /> Former Prime Minister of Pakistan [[Nawaz Sharif]] demanded that the [[National Security Council (Pakistan)|National Security Committee (NSC)]] should discuss the book.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2018/05/26/pakistan-army-summons-former-isi-head-over-book--spy-chronicles-.html|title=Pakistan Army summons former ISI head over book 'Spy Chronicles'|date=26 May 2018|website=The Week|location=Islamabad|agency=Press Trust of India|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref> While addressing the [[Pakistan Senate]] in relation to the book, [[Raza Rabbani]] had said that if "a politician done the same thing he would have been labelled a traitor."<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.geo.tv/latest/196800|title=Politician would've been termed 'traitor' for teaming up with Indian counterpart to pen book: Rabbani|last=Yusuf|first=Nausheen|date=25 May 2018|website=Geo TV|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525101305/https://www.geo.tv/latest/196800-wa-politician-teamed-up-with-an-indian-counterpart|archive-date=25 May 2018|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> However, in October 2018, Asad Durrani's lawyer said they had not received any notice of an inquiry and sought the removal of Asad Durrani's name from the Exit Control List.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1439802|title=IHC orders ministries to submit reports on former spy chief Durrani|last=Imran|first=Mohammad|date=18 October 2018|website=DAWN|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref>

Shazar Shafat, a security analyst, suggests two reasons in ''South Asian Voices'' (hosted by [[The Stimson Center]]) as to why Asad Durrani may be facing the backlash. The first is related to Durrani's comments on [[Akhand Bharat]] in the book such as "Akhand Bharat isn't a fantasy that nowadays some are thinking" (though Dulat calls the idea of Akhand Bharat in the book a "crazy, impractical idea") and the second is in relation to comments on [[Kulbhushan Jadhav]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southasianvoices.org/understanding-controversy-spy-chronicles/|title=Understanding the Controversy Around Spy Chronicles|last=Shafqat|first=Shazar|date=31 May 2018|website=South Asian Voices|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310080003/https://southasianvoices.org/understanding-controversy-spy-chronicles/|archive-date=10 March 2019|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/illusions-controversy/|title=Illusions of controversy|last=Shahid|first=K K|date=3 June 2018|website=TNS – The News on Sunday|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190310082024/http://tns.thenews.com.pk/illusions-controversy/|archive-date=10 March 2019|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> However, a report by CNN found that the book (as well as a pirated PDF version) was freely available in Pakistan and that the Pakistani government's "overreaction", according to [[Hasan Askari Rizvi|Hassan Askari Rizvi]] and other defence analysts, may be because Durrani did not get prior permissions for such a book.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/31/asia/pakistan-isi-book-asad-durrani-intl/index.html|title=Ex-intelligence chief barred from leaving Pakistan over explosive book|last=Saifi|first=Sophia|date=31 May 2018|website=CNN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615054341/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/05/31/asia/pakistan-isi-book-asad-durrani-intl/index.html|archive-date=15 June 2018|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1410634|title=Army to investigate former ISI chief over claims in book|last=Syed|first=Baqir Sajjad|date=29 May 2018|website=DAWN|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref>

On 22 February 2019, Asad Durrani was found guilty of violating Pakistan's Military Code of Conduct for co-writing the book.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/asad-durrani-guilty-pak-military-code-of-conduct-spy-chronicles-dulat-1462489-2019-02-22|title=Ex-ISI boss Asad Durrani found guilty of violating Pak military code for writing book with RAW chief|date=22 February 2019|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/pakistan-army-holds-former-isi-chief-asad-durrani-guilty-of-violating-military-code-of-conduct/articleshow/68115941.cms|title=Pakistan Army holds former ISI chief Asad Durrani guilty of violating military code of conduct|date=22 February 2019|work=The Economic Times|access-date=3 March 2019|agency=Press Trust of India}}</ref> Asad Durrani's pension and other allowances have been withdrawn, and it is yet to be decided if he should be taken off the Exit Control List.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1465527|title=Army chief warns India against 'misadventure'|last=Syed|first=Baqir Sajjad|date=23 February 2019|website=DAWN|access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/governance/ex-isi-chief-durrani-who-admitted-to-creation-of-hurriyat-stripped-of-pension-benefits/196924/|title=Ex-ISI chief Durrani, who admitted to creation of Hurriyat, stripped of pension benefits|last=Malhotra|first=Jyoti|date=23 February 2019|work=The Print|access-date=3 March 2019}}</ref>

=== ''Honour Among Spies'' ===
In 2020, Asad Durrani published a new book called ''Honour Among Spies''. In spite of the disclaimer, "though inspired by some real events, this is a work of fiction" and "any resemblance to actual persons, living or dead, being entirely coincidental", commentators have noted that the hero, Pakistani Lt General Osama Barakzai, is Asad Durani. In the book General Barakzai faces repercussions for co-authoring a book with Indian ex-spy chief Randhir Singh.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sood|first=Rakesh|date=21 November 2020|title=Pakistan: Where fact and fiction come together|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/pakistan-where-fact-and-fiction-come-together/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=ORF|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nayar|first=Mandira|date=18 November 2020|title=War is already on, says ex-ISI chief Asad Durrani on India-Pakistan relationship|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/world/2020/11/18/war-is-already-on-says-ex-isi-chief-asad-durrani-on-india-pakistan-relationship.html|access-date=2020-11-25|website=The Week|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Malhotra|first=Jyoti|date=2020-11-17|title=Barack Obama memoir says a lot. But it's ex-ISI chief Asad Durrani's book that needs attention|url=https://theprint.in/opinion/global-print/barack-obama-memoir-says-lot-but-ex-isi-chief-asad-durrani-book-needs-attention/545994/|access-date=2020-11-25|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Banerji|first=Rana|date=16 November 2020|title=A former ISI chief's sensational story|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/column/rana-banerji-a-former-isi-chiefs-sensational-story/20201116.htm|access-date=2020-11-25|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[The Unending Game|''The Unending Game: A Former R&AW Chief's Insights into Espionage'']]
* ''[[R.N. Kao Gentleman Spymaster]]''
*''[[Open Secrets: India's Intelligence Unveiled]]''

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* Asad Durrani, A.S. Dulat (October 2013). ''[https://socialsciences.uottawa.ca/dialogue/sites/socialsciences.uottawa.ca.dialogue/files/jointpaperonkashmir_0.pdf Kashmir: Confrontation to Cooperation].'' University of Ottawa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190310073951/https://socialsciences.uottawa.ca/dialogue/sites/socialsciences.uottawa.ca.dialogue/files/jointpaperonkashmir_0.pdf Archived] on 10 March 2019.
* Asad Durrani, A.S. Dulat (July 2011). ''[https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indiapakistan-need-for-intelligence-cooperation/article2224644.ece India-Pakistan: need for intelligence cooperation].'' The Hindu. [https://web.archive.org/web/20180110191430/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/indiapakistan-need-for-intelligence-cooperation/article2224644.ece Archived] on 19 January 2018.

== External links ==

* [[iarchive:spy chronicles/page/n227|Full book]] at [[archive.org]]

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Books about Donald Trump]]
[[Category:Books about Vladimir Putin]]
[[Category:Works about the killing of Osama bin Laden]]
[[Category:Hafiz Muhammad Saeed]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian books]]

Madan Mohan Tiwari

2026-01-05T19:02:19Z

Mdraselsarker: Made a info.

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}

'''Madan Mohan Tiwari''' (born 1967)<ref name=":0" /> is an [[Indian National Congress]] politician from the state of Bihar, in India. He is a former member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] in [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]] from the [[Bettiah Assembly constituency]] in [[West Champaran district]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Mohan Tiwari |url=https://prsindia.org/mlatrack/madan-mohan-tiwari |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=PRS Legislative Research |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Nala Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Nala Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/live-election-result-bihar-nala-assembly-election-result-2020-8.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Tiwari is from Bettiah, West Champaran district, Bihar. He is the son of Swaminath Tiwari. He completed his MA in 1990 at MJK College, Bettiah and later did LLB at MS College, Brabu in 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Mohan Tiwari(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- PASCHIM CHAMPARAN(BIHAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/LokSabha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=7850 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
He contested the [[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] on an Indian National Congress ticket but lost. He won the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from Bettiah Assembly constituency representing the Indian National Congress.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bettiah Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/bettiah-bihar-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BETTIAH Election 2020: Get Latest News Updates of the BETTIAH Constituency Seat in Bihar Assembly Election 2020. |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election/bettiah-constituency/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He fought the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] though lost.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bettiah Election Result 2020 : बेतिया विधान सभा चुनाव 2020 उम्‍मीदवार के नाम, पिछले विजेता - NDTV India |url=https://ndtv.in/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2020/bettiah |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=ndtv.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Inc Madan Mohan Tiwari Bettiah Bihar Candidate Assembly Election Result 2020 |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/bihar/candidates/madan-mohan-tiwari-inc-2020-bettiah-8-bihar |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Madan Mohan Tiwari(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- BETTIAH(PASCHIM CHAMPARAN) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10965 |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=myneta.info}}</ref> Later, he also contested the 2024 Paschim Champaran Lok Sabha election but lost to Sanjay Jiswal of the Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Madan Mohan Tiwari, Indian National Congress Representative for Paschim Champaran, Bihar - Candidate Overview {{!}} 2024 Lok Sabha Elections |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-elections/bihar/paschim-champaran/candidateshow/madan-mohan-tiwari-6506 |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiwari, Madan Mohan}}
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{{Bihar-INC-politician-stub}}

Rāgmala (Sikhism)

2025-12-31T17:21:09Z

Mdraselsarker: new basic entry initial version - done

{{Short description|Composition in Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji}}
{{Other uses|Ragamala (disambiguation){{!}}Ragamala}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{tone|date=February 2013}}
{{more citations needed|date=February 2013}}
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{{Infobox religious text|religion=[[Sikhism]]|image=Folio of the Ragamala composition of the Kartarpur Bir.jpg|caption=Folio of the Ragamala composition of the Kartarpur Bir which was written by Bhai Gurdas under the supervision of Guru Arjan, ca.1604|name=Ragamala|previous=Mundavani|subheader=[[Guru Granth Sahib]]|verses=twelve verses running into sixty lines|language=[[Sant Bhasha]]|author=Disputed}}
{{Guru Granth Sahib sidebar}}

'''Ragmala''', alternatively spelt as '''Raagmala''' or '''Ragamala''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]: ਰਾਗਮਾਲਾ {{Small|([[Gurmukhi]])}}; pronounced rāgmālā,) is a composition of twelve verses (sixty lines) that names various [[raga]]''.'' These raga appear in the ''saroops'' of [[Guru Granth Sahib]], after the compositions of Guru Arjan entitled ''Mundavani'' (ਮੁੰਦਾਵਣੀ; meaning "The Royal Seal".)

The title literally means a 'Garland of [[Ragas|Raga]]’, or a ‘Mode of Musical Melodies’ - "mala" means "garland", while "raga" means “musical composition or mode.” This work has inspired the series of [[Ragamala paintings]]. The list differs according to the author and the music school it is based upon. Variations on these lists can be found in the music text books of India.

== Controversy ==

There are eight raga used in Guru Granth Sahib that have not been mentioned in the Ragmala. These are: Bihagara, Wadahans, Manjh, Jaitsri, Ramkali, Tukhari, Prabhati and Jaijawanti. Mali-Gaura is not included in Raagmala but Gaura is.<ref>Surindar Siṅgh Kohli. A Critical Study of Adi Granth. Delhi, 1961</ref><blockquote>“The last pages of the Kartarpur Beerh do not suggest, either because of the presence of blank spaces, or scoring out, or obliteration hortal, or otherwise, that there was or could have been the least intention to write these hymns in the Granth. The Mudaavni is on page 973/1. Pages 973/2 and 974/1 are blank, and on page 974/2 is Raagmala. As such, there could never have been the possibility, nor could it ever have been contemplated that these three writings requiring a space of over four pages could have been accommodated on the two blank pages 973/2 and 974/1.” <ref>Professor Sahib Singh. About the Compilation of Sri Guru Granth Sahib (Tr. Daljit Singh). Amritsar, 1996</ref> - Professor Sahib Singh</blockquote>According to Dr. S. S. Kapoor, the Sikh scholars differ in their opinion about its inclusion in the Granth. The traditional school thinks it to be a part of the Guru Granth Sahib and asserts that it is an index of raga used in the Guru Granth Sahib. This argument can be challenged on the grounds that the contents do not fully match. Another argument of the traditional schools ([[Sampradaya|sampardai]]) that the Ragmala belongs to the original copy (written in the same ink and the same pen as the other parts) of the Granth.

Various [[Sects of Sikhism|Sikh Sampardas]] (traditional lineages of knowledge) allege that the Ragmala is not just a rosary of the Raags of the Guru Granth Sahib, but has a deeper spiritual meaning.

[[Randhir Singh (Sikh)|Bhai Randhir Singh]], founder of the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]], did not consider the Raagmala to be ''[[gurbani]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Manmohan |date=April 1993 |title=Gurmat Rehat Maryada: The Points of Contention |url=https://www.akj.org/chapterdetail.php?bookid=MQ==&%20chapid=MQ== |access-date=29 December 2025 |website=Akhand Keertanee Jathaa |quote=By not reading Raag Mala, 'the Bhai Randhir's have attacked the purity and unity of Sri Guru Granth Sahib'.}}</ref> The group as a whole rejects the composition's authenticity.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FAQ - What Is Raagmala? |url=https://www.akj.org/faq.php |access-date=30 December 2025 |website=Akhand Kirtani Jatha |quote=The Akhand Kirtani Jatha along with many other Gursikhs in the panth do not believe that Raagmala (which is a small composition appearing at the end of modern day saroops of Guru Sahib) was recited by any of the Gurus and thus is not Gurbani.}}</ref>

==Official SGPC standpoint on the ''Raagmala''==
Article XI (a) of the ''[[Sikh Rehat Maryada]]'' (SRM):<blockquote>The reading of the whole Guru Granth Sahib (intermittent or non-stop) may be concluded with the reading of Mundawani or the Rag Mala according to the convention traditionally observed at the concerned place. (Since there is a difference of opinion within the Panth on this issue, nobody should dare to write or print a copy of the Guru Granth Sahib excluding the Rag Mala). Thereafter, after reciting the Anand Sahib, the Ardas of the conclusion of the reading should be offered and the sacred pudding (Karhah Prashad) distributed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_three_chap_five.html |title=Sikh Reht Maryada, the Definition of Sikh, Sikh Conduct & Conventions, Sikh Religion Living, India |accessdate=2013-02-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130209065301/http://sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_three_chap_five.html |archivedate=2013-02-09 }}</ref></blockquote>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Mul Mantar and end of Ragamala from the Kartarpur Bir (manuscript or codex) of the Guru Granth Sahib.jpg|[[Mul Mantar]] and end of Ragamala from the ''Kartarpur Bir'' (circa 29 August 1604; the word "bir" means manuscript or codex) of the Guru Granth Sahib
File:Page showing the Ratanmala, Hakikat Rah Mukam Raja Shiv Nabh Ki, and Ragamala from a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript attributed to Baba Natha Singh.jpg|Page showing the Ratanmala, Hakikat Rah Mukam Raja Shiv Nabh Ki, and Ragamala (the first two being unauthenticated compositions, known as ''kachi bani'') from a Guru Granth Sahib manuscript attributed to Baba Natha Singh, pre-1708
File:Illuminated and illustrated Sikh scripture folio 04.jpg|Sikh [[Ragamala paintings]] from the last page of an illustrated [[Guru Granth Sahib]], which carries the last verse of the Ragmala in a tiny circle. The script is in the [[Paonta Sahib]] hand, circa 18th century
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[Ragamala paintings]]
* [[Sikh music#Raag|Sikh Raags]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* Śabadārath Srī Gurū Granth Sāhib. Amritsar, 1964
* Shamsher Singh Ashok. Rāgmālā Nirṇai. Amritsar, n.d.
* Surindar Siṅgh Kohli. A Critical Study of Adi Granth. Delhi, 1961
* Max Arthur Macauliffe. The Sikh Religion: Its Gurus, Sacred Writings and Authors. Oxford, 1909
* Professor Sahib Singh. About the Compilation of Sri Guru Granth Sahib (Tr. Daljit Singh). Amritsar, 1996
* Madan Singh. Raag Maala - A Re-appraisal in the Context of Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji. Amritsar, 2003.
* Taran Singh. Ragmala. The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism, Vol. III. Ed. Harbans Singh. Punjabi University, Patiala, 1997. P 426.
* Kavi Santokh Singh. Sri Gur Partap Suraj Granth. https://web.archive.org/web/20080905180746/http://www.ik13.com/Rasses/SGPS%20Raas%203.pdf

== External links ==
* [https://nitnemsahib.com/raag-mala-in-punjabi-gurmukhi/ Raag Mala in Punjabi, Hindi and English]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130209065301/http://sgpc.net/rehat_maryada/section_three_chap_five.html Sikh Rehat Maryada]
* [https://www.raagmalaisgurbani.com/ RaagmalaisGurbani] - pro-Raagmala website
* [https://raagmalainfo.com/ RaagmalaInfo] - anti-Raagmala website

{{Sikh Ragas}}

[[Category:Ragas in the Guru Granth Sahib|*]]
[[Category:Indian classical music]]
[[Category:Indian religious texts]]
[[Category:Music history of India]]
[[Category:Musical terminology]]

Neela Ramgopal

2025-12-17T17:37:28Z

Mdraselsarker: Made new pg.

{{Short description|Indian Carnatic vocalist (1935–2023)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| honorific_prefix = [[Vidushi]]
| name = Neela Ramgopal
| native_name = நீலா ராம்கோபால்
| image = Neela Ramgopal interview.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Ramgopal in 2022
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|5|25}}
| birth_place = [[Kumbakonam]], [[Madras Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2023|3|1|1935|5|25}}
| death_place = [[Bengaluru]], Karnataka, India
| occupation = {{cslist|Singer|music teacher}}
| parents =
| spouse =
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
| embed = yes
| background = solo singer
| genre = [[Carnatic music]]
| instrument = Vocals
| label =
| years_active = 1965–2023
}}
| website =
| awards = {{ubl|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]|Sangita Kala Acharya}}
}}

'''Neela Ramgopal'''{{Efn|Ramgopal was also referred to as Vidushi Neela Ramgopal with honorific title [[Vidushi]] for [[Carnatic music]] scholars.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2023 |title=Vidushi Neela Ramgopal passes away |url=https://starofmysore.com/vidushi-neela-ramgopal-passes-away/ |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>}} (25 May 1935 – 1 March 2023) was an Indian [[Carnatic music|Carnatic vocalist]] and Carnatic music teacher. Some of her works included ''Tamizh Inbam'', ''Rama Upasana'' and ''Narayana Enniro''. She was a recipient of awards, including the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], the Sangita Kala Acharya Award by [[Madras Music Academy]], and the Sangeetha Chudamani award from the Rama Seva Mandali.

==Biography==
Neela Ramgopal was born on 25 May 1935, in [[Kumbakonam]] in Tamil Nadu into a [[Brahmin]] [[Iyer]] family. Her father was a landlord. The family migrated back to their village in Tyagarajapuram where she went to school in [[Thiruvidaimarudur]].<ref name=":2">{{cite news |last1=Ganesh |first1=Deepa |title=In her own style… |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/music/in-her-own-style/article7282511.ece |work=The Hindu |date=4 June 2015 |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="harmony" /> It was only at the age of 23, she started studying Carnatic music seriously.<ref name="silver"/> She started studying [[Carnatic music]] with lessons from Sadagopalachari in Kumbakonam and later under [[N. M. Narayanan]], [[T. K. Rangachary]] and [[M. L. Vasanthakumari]].<ref name="Deccan" /><ref name="sruti">{{cite web |title=Neela Ramgopal |url=https://www.sruti.com/index.php/artist/neela-ramgopal |website=The Sruti Foundation|date=May 2018}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Ramgopal taught students from 1965, the year her very first independent public concert came in.<ref name="silver">{{cite web |title=Neela Ramgopal: Music Should Touch The Heart – Silver Talkies |url=https://silvertalkies.com/neela-ramgopal-music-should-touch-the-heart/ |website=silvertalkies.com}}</ref> During this time she performed regularly as a radio artist with the [[All India Radio]] rising to be an "A Top" grade artist.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TEEPOI |url=https://www.teepoi.com/visage-5-neela-ramgopal |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=www.teepoi.com |language=en}}</ref> She published a book of 50 Tamil compositions in Kannada script.<ref name="SMA"/> In addition, she also recorded audio CDs of krithis in all the 72 [[Melakarta|Melakartha Ragas]].<ref name="SMA"/> Some of her recorded albums included''Tamizh Inbam'', ''Rama Upasana'' and ''Narayana Enniro''.<ref name="harmony"/>

Ramgopal was noted to have trained over 700 students over her career.<ref name=":0" /> She was also noted to be an early adopter of technology offering her training lessons online.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2023 |title=A paean to Neela Mami |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/right-in-the-middle/a-paean-to-neela-mami-1196330.html |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> She received the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]], the Sangita Kala Acharya award from the [[Madras Music Academy]] and the Sangeetha Chudamani award from the Rama Seva Mandali.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2 March 2023 |title=Vidushi Neela Ramgopal passes away |url=https://starofmysore.com/vidushi-neela-ramgopal-passes-away/ |access-date=5 March 2023 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Ramgopal moved to [[Bangalore]] in [[Karnataka]] after her wedding at 19, initially living in [[Basavanagudi]] before moving to [[Jayaprakash Nagar, Bangalore|J. P. Nagar]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite web |title=Neela Ramgopal |url=https://www.teepoi.com/visage-5-neela-ramgopal#v5storyD |website=www.teepoi.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="silver"/> She had two children.<ref name="harmony" /> She was known to have been a polyglot with works in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Kannada]], and [[English language|English]], and was referred to as Neela ''Maami'' by her students.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Ramgopal died on 1 March 2023 in Bangalore. She had been diagnosed with cancer earlier. She was aged 87.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=1 March 2023 |title=Noted Carnatic vocalist and guru Neela Ramgopal passes away |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/noted-carnatic-vocalist-and-guru-neela-ramgopal-passes-away/article66569007.ece |access-date=5 March 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Books==
*{{cite book |last1=Raghavan |first1=Harini |title=Neela Ramgopal – A Musical Journey |date=8 November 2015 |publisher=Nadasurabhi Cultural Association}}<ref name="harmony">{{cite web |title=A late bloomer « Harmony Magazine |url=https://www.harmonyindia.org/etcetera_posts/a-late-bloomer/}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
*[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] 2016<ref>{{cite web |title=President of India to confer tomorrow Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowships and Awards for 2016 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1516849 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>
*Gurukripa Award 2017<ref name="SMA">{{cite web |title=Guru Kripa Awards |url=https://www.shankarmahadevanacademy.com/guru-kripa-awards/ |website=www.shankarmahadevanacademy.com |language=en}}</ref>
*Sangeetha Kala Acharya Award from the [[Madras Music Academy]] 2011<ref>{{cite web |title=Sangita Kala Acharya |url=https://musicacademymadras.in/awards/sangita-kala-acharya/ |publisher=Madras Music Academy}}</ref>
*Kanchana Shree title 2018 by the Kanchana Shree Lakshminarayana Music Academy Trust<ref name="Deccan">{{cite news |title=City music trust honours vocalist Neela Ramgopal |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/metrolife/metrolife-cityscape/city-music-trust-honours-vocalist-neela-ramgopal-702064.html |work=Deccan Herald |date=8 November 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
*Best performer award from Sri Krishna Gana Sabha, Chennai<ref name="sruti"/>
*Best performer award from Madras Music Academy<ref name="sruti"/>
*Gana Prakeerthi award from the Nagarkoil Trust<ref name="sruti"/>
*Sangeetha Kala Samragni award from the Ramakrishna Gaanasabha<ref name="sruti"/>
*Sangeetha Chudamani award from Rama Seva Mandali<ref name="sruti"/>
*Karnataka Kalasri award from the Karnataka state government Sangeetha Nrithya Academy<ref name="sruti"/>

== Notes ==

{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{YouTube|id=y71tBEGScL4|title=Eternal Raga – Story of Carnatic Singer Neela Ramgopal by Teepoi}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramgopal, Neela}}
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:2023 deaths]]
[[Category:Women Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Carnatic singers]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]

Mughal–Rajput wars

2025-12-01T04:33:46Z

Mdraselsarker: Made a entry.

{{Short description|1526–1779 conflicts in India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=April 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Mughal–Rajput wars
| image = File:Babur’s_army_in_battle_against_the_army_of_Rana_Sanga_at.jpg
| caption = {{circa|1590}} painting depicting the [[Battle of Khanwa]]
| date = 21 February 1527 – June 1779
| place = Modern day [[Haryana]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Gujarat]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Bihar]], [[Jammu]], [[Himachal Pradesh]], [[Uttarakhand]]
| result =
| territory =
| combatant1 = [[Mughal Empire]]
| combatant2 = [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput Kingdoms and Dynasties]]
| commander1 = [[Babur]]<br />[[Humayun]]<br />[[Akbar]]<br />[[Jahangir]]<br />[[Shah Jahan]]<br />[[Aurangzeb]]<br />[[Bahadur Shah I]]<br />[[Farrukhsiyar]]
| commander2 = [[Rana Sanga]]{{Assassinated}}<br />Ajja Jhala{{KIA}}<br />[[Medini Rai]]{{KIA}}<br />[[Prithviraj Singh I]]<br />[[Maldeo Rathore]]<br />[[Udai Singh II]]<br />[[Maharana Pratap]]{{WIA}}<br />[[Chandrasen Rathore]]<br />[[Amar Singh I]]<br />[[Durgadas Rathore]]<br />[[Raj Singh I]]<br />[[Sangram Singh II]]<br />[[Ajit Singh of Marwar|Raja Ajit Singh]]<br />[[Jai Singh of Mewar|Jai Singh]]<br />[[Chhatrasal]]<br>[[Jai Singh II|Sawai Jai Singh]]<ref name="RZ">{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503-1938|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|pages=162|isbn=9788125003335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=bahadur+shah+was+absent}}</ref>
}}
{{Campaignbox Mughal–Rajput Wars}}

The '''Mughal–Rajput wars''' were a series of battles between various [[List of Rajput dynasties and states|Rajput Kingdoms]] and Dynasties with the [[Mughal Empire]]. The conflict originated with the invasion of India by [[Timurid dynasty|Timurid]] King [[Babur]], to which the most powerful Rajput state, [[Kingdom of Mewar]] under [[Rana Sanga]], offered staunch resistance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Giles Tillotson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ApDrAAAAMAAJ |title=Mughal India |date=1991 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-011854-4 |pages=4 |language=en |quote=He was immediately challenged by assembled Rajput forces under Rana Sanga of Chittor who was reckoned by Babur as one of the two greatest Hindu rulers.}}</ref> The conflicts went on since 1526 for over 200 years. The conflict can broadly be divided into three phases: 1526 to 1556, which was indecisive; the second happened between 1556 and 1679, largely in Mughal favour; and third between 1679 and 1799, a period marked by [[Rathore rebellion (1679–1707)|Rajput dominance.]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=G.N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jIs9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar and Mughal Emperors |date=1954 |publisher=S.L Aggarwal |pages=42 |quote=Nevertheless, the victory had a far-reaching results and shifted the sovereignty of the country from the Rajputs to the Mughals who were to enjoy it for over two hundred years. It would be however a mistake to suppose that the Rajput power was crushed for ever and that they wielded no influence in the politics of country. No one realized it better than Babur himself who stopped short of further encroachment upon Rajasthan.}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2005 |publisher=Rupa and company |pages=530–532|isbn=978-81-291-1501-0 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=S.N |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bXWiACEwPR8C |title=An Advanced History of Modern India |date=2010 |publisher=Macmillan |pages=11|isbn=978-0-230-32885-3 }}</ref>

The primary reason of the war was the expansionist policy of Mughal Empire which was opposed by some Rajput rulers.<ref name=":0" /> Maldeo was the most powerful ruler in Rajputana when [[Akbar]] started his expansion in mainland India. Maldeo had recently defeated the [[Mewar]] led alliance at Harmoda and conquered the foritified city of Merta. However Maldeo found it hard to recover from his losses suffered against [[Sher Shah Suri]] and the continuous battles that he had to continue in order to recover his lost lands. He was also isolated by his fellow neighbouring rulers due to his aggressive expansion. When the Mughal emperor invaded, Maldeo soon started losing his lands against the imperial armies. He lost [[Nagaur]] and [[Ajmer]] in 1557 and [[Jaitaran]] in 1558. In 1562 Akbar conquered [[Merta City|Merta]] and [[Parbatsar]] as well. Akbar's "Rajput Policy" also started after these conquests. He gave the Rajputs a choice to either surrender and become Mughal vassals or face invasions and lose their lands. Some sources indicate that Maldeo had sent his son Chandrasen in 1562 to negotiate with Akbar however these negotiations failed due to Maldeo refusing to personally submit to Akbar. The Mughal emperor wanted to vassalize Maldeo but the rebellion of Mirza Sharf-ud-din saved Maldeo and allowed him to rule Marwar until his death in 1562.<ref name=":1" /> The Kingdom of Mewar refused to bend the knee due to its foremost place among both Hindu and Rajput states.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mankekar |first=D.R |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5E9AAAAMAAJ |title=Mewar Saga |date=1976 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |pages=Viii |isbn=978-0-7069-0416-1 |quote=At a moment when Hindu monarchies all round had fallen like nine pins and bent the knee to the mighty Mughal emperors and Hinduism itself was threatened, the Sisodias of Mewar sallied forth as the bold defenders and protectors of their Faith. Their land became a proud and defiant haven to the Hindu religion and its idols and way of life, persecuted as they were by inconoclastic, bigoted Muslim sultans. Under the security and patronage e.\tended by the maharanas, Hindu culture and religion flowered and flourished. In their hospitable land political fugitives and refugees, not excluding the fleeing heir-apparent (later Shahjahan) of Mughal Emperor Jahangir, received ready asylum. Steeped in the code of chivalry, the maharanas were renowned for treating their vanquished foes and their women with respect and honour.}}</ref> The situation continued till reign of [[Aurangzeb]], whose rigorous anti-Hindu policy united Kingdom of Mewar and Marwar and later the [[Kingdom of Amber]] too. After which Rajput Kingdoms started exploiting the weak position of Mughal emperors after the death of Aurangzeb and made themselves masters of [[Malwa]] and [[Gujarat]], which later brought them in conflict with [[Maratha Confederacy]].<ref name=":2" />

==History and phases==
===Under Babur===
In 1526, when Babur invaded [[Hindustan]], his forces faced a stiff resistance from Rana Sanga in the [[Battle of Bayana]], but defeated Rana in the [[Battle of Khanwa]] in 1527. Emperor Babur died of natural causes in 1530. The hostility between [[Rajput|Rajput Confederacy]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] still continued.<ref>{{harvnb|Haig|1925|pp=322–323}}</ref>

===Under Akbar===
Babur's grandson Emperor [[Akbar]] faced heavy resistance from [[Rana Udai Singh II]] and [[Maharana Pratap]].{{citation needed|date=July 2024}} But the Mughal Army under Akbar achieved numerous victories against the Rajput army. Most prominently in 1576 Akbar achieved a decisive victory in the [[Battle of Haldighati]] led by [[Man Singh I]], a Rajput general of the Mughal Empire. The victory led to tremendous gains for the Mughal Empire. Subsequently, Mughals and Rajputs established a peaceful relation with Emperor Akbar accepting many Rajput leaders into Mughal court and giving them top political positions.<ref>{{harvnb|Chandra|2005|p=243}}</ref> [[Chandrasen Rathore]] led a rebellion for two decades against Akbar, but a large portion of Rajputs accepted Akbar's authority due to his religious tolerance achieving peace and harmony.<ref>{{cite book |title=Royal Umbrellas of Stone: Memory, Politics, and Public Identity in Rajput Funerary Art |first=Melia Belli |last=Bose |publisher=BRILL |year=2015 |isbn=978-9-00430-056-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dR0CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA150 |page=150}}</ref>

===Under Aurangzeb===
The peace established during the time of Emperor Akbar was broken by the religious intolerant policies of his great-grandson [[Aurangzeb]]. In 1679, the States of [[Mewar]] and [[Marwar]] rebelled against Aurangzeb. While a peace treaty was signed with Mewar after a year, war with Marwar went on until the death of Aurangzeb and concluded when the Rathore forces were finally able to capture Marwar following Aurangzeb's death which led to a succession war and the eventual decline of the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=183}}</ref>

[[Chhatrasal]] the Raja of Panna rebelled against Aurangzeb, and later formed his own kingdom on Bundelkhand in the 1720s many years after the death of Aurangzeb during which time the Mughal Empire entered a declining phase.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=187–188}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-07-31 |title=Successors of Mughal: Detailed Overview |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/successors-of-mughal-detailed-overview-1442577539-1 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Carter |first=Maxwell |title=Last of the Great Mughal Emperors |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/last-of-the-great-mughal-emperors-1501269181 |access-date=2024-06-05 |work=WSJ |language=en-US}}</ref>

===During the decline of the Mughal Empire===
Since the time of Emperor Aurangzeb his hardline Islamism policies isolated his non-Muslim allies and the power of the Mughal Military had greatly diminished by the time of his death in 1707 and his subsequent successors were generally incompetent rulers. Shortly after Aurangzeb's death, during the [[Rajput Rebellion (1708–1710)|Rajput rebellion of 1708–10]], the now weakened Mughals were forced to accept a humiliating peace treaty with the Rajput Rajas. The Rajputs forced the Mughals to make them governors of [[Malwa]], [[Sindh]] and [[Gujarat]]<ref>{{harvnb|Haig|1925|p=322}}</ref> In later years the declining Mughal Empire tried to collect taxes in Rajputana during the late 18th century, however they were met with resistance in every town and village they went, leading to unsuccessful invasions by the Mughal forces. These campaigns affected the Mughal Empire financially and caused arrears and the disbanding of large amounts of troops. The Mughal capital itself was affected during these conflicts, leaving only a few retainers to guard the palace and man the artillery.<ref name=FM>{{Cite book|last=Sarkar|first=Jadunath|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.43007|title=Fall Of The Mughal Empire Vol. 1|date=1964|pages=216, 223}}</ref>

== Battles ==

===Early Mughal–Rajput wars (1527–1616)===
* [[Battle of Bayana]]
:[[Rana Sanga]] led the Rajput army and besieged the fortress of Bayana held by the Afghans under Nizam Khan in February 1527. Mughal Emperor [[Babur]] sent a Mughal contingent under Abdil Aziz, which was defeated by Rana Sanga.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chandra|first=Satish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part - II|date=2005|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|isbn=978-81-241-1066-9|pages=33|language=en|quote=Babur sent a detachment to Bayana which was defeated and scattered by the Ranas forces. Baburs forces was already demoralised, hearing news of the valour of the Rajputs and the formidable force they had collected.}}</ref><ref name=HC>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa|year=2006|pages=454|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rajasthan%20hooja|quote=From Baburs memoirs we learn that Sanga's success against the Mughal advance guard commanded by Abdul Aziz and other forces at Bayana, severely demoralised the fighting spirit of Baburs troops encamped near Sikri.}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Khanwa]]
:The Rajput Confederacy under [[Rana Sanga]] was defeated by [[Babur]] in 1527. This was the largest battle ever between the Mughals and the Rajputs involving a total of more than 150,000 soldiers and resulted in massive territorial expansions for the Mughal Empire.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Barua|first=Pradeep|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BBhuAAAAMAAJ|title=The State at War in South Asia|date=2005|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1344-9|pages=34|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Chanderi|Siege of Chanderi]]
:[[Babur]] besieged and captured Chanderi Fort in Malwa and its ruler [[Medini Rai]] was defeated and killed in the battle.
* [[Siege of Bikaner (1534)|Siege of Bikaner]]
:Rao Jaitsi of Bikaner successfully defended his capital and defeated a Mughal army under Kamran, brother of Mughal emperor Humayun.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa and company|year=2006|pages=541|isbn=9788129108906|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=1538+kamran}}</ref>
* [[Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)|Siege of Chittorgarh]]
:[[Akbar]] led the Mughal army in besieging the famed Chittorgarh fort in 1567, which was then under the command of [[Jaimal Rathore]] and [[Patta Singh Sisodia]], commanders of [[Udai Singh II|Udai Singh]]. The siege went on for four months, with the fortress walls being breached after the death of Jaimal, ensuring that the Mughals emerged victorious.{{sfn|Chandra|2005|pp=107–108}}
* [[Siege of Ranthambore (1568)|Siege of Ranthambore]] (1568)
:[[Rao Surjan Hada]] had to surrender [[Ranthambore Fort]] to [[Akbar]] after the latter successfully put the fort under siege.
* [[Battle of Haldighati]]
:The Mughal army under the command of [[Man Singh I|Man Singh]] defeated [[Maharana Pratap]]'s Mewari army in the field of Haldighati in 1576. [[Gogunda]] was annexed by the Mughals.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Kesri|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXIjYAAACAAJ|title=Maharana Pratap: The Hero of Haldighati|date=2002|publisher=Books Treasure|pages=18–35|language=en}}</ref>
*Shahbaz Khan's invasions of Mewar(1577–1580)
Shahbaz Khan's campaigns in [[Mewar]] comprised a sequence of battles through which the [[Mughals]] effectively subdued key regions of [[Mewar]]. These strategically crucial areas encompassed [[Kumbhalgarh]], [[Mandalgarh]], [[Chittorgarh]], [[Gogunda]], [[Udaipur]], and Central [[Mewar]]. The [[Mughal dynasty|Mughal]] victories solidified their control over these significant parts of [[Mewar]], in the process signifying a pivotal conquest in the expansion of the [[Mughal Empire]]'s domain in [[India]].
* [[Khan Khana invasion of Mewar|Pratap's re-occupation of Mewar (1588)]]
The Mughals had shifted their attention to Punjab and other northwestern provinces after Jaganath Kachwaha's invasion of Mewar. [[Maharana Pratap]] took advantage of this situation to attack the Mughal occupied areas and captured thirty-six Mughal outposts. Udaipur, Mohi, Gogunda, Mandal and Pandwara were some of the important areas that were recovered through this conflict.<ref name=GN>{{Cite book|first=GN|last=Sharma|title=Mewar and the Mughal Emperors: 1526-1707 A. D.|publisher=Shiva Lal Agarwala|year=1962|pages=103|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7sQBAAAAMAAJ&q=thirtysix|quote=}}</ref> [[Chittor]] and Mandalgarh however continued to remain under the Mughals.{{sfn|Sarkar|1960|p=83}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Vanina |first=Eugenia |date=October 2019 |title=Monuments to Enemies? 'Rajput' Statues in Mughal Capitals |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/monuments-to-enemies-rajput-statues-in-mughal-capitals/20D45D35D02CE70E4D801D631C78EB79 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=683–704 |doi=10.1017/S1356186319000415 |issn=1356-1863 |s2cid=211645258|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Somani|1976|page=349}}: "During these years Akbar was engrossed in other affairs of his empire and found a new field for his ambition in the South, Pratap soon managed to recapture all the 86 important outposts of Mewar excluding Mandalgarh and hittor, Several copper plates, color phones of MSS and inscriptions corroborate this fact, A perusal of the copper plate!” of V.E, I644 (587 A.D.) of Rikhabdeva, the colo- phone of M.S, Gora Badal Qhopai! copied at Sadari (Godawar) in ‘V.E, I645 (688 A.D.), the copper plate of Pander’ (Jahazpur) dated V.E. 647 (590 A.D.) etc. all pertaining to his reign, prove that a considerable territory was regained by him, which he managed to enjoy throughout the latter part of his life"</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dasharatha Sharma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YRFUAAAAYAAJ |title=Rajasthan Through the Ages: From 1300 to 1761 A.D. |date=1990 |publisher=Rajasthan State Archives |pages=145–147 |language=en |author-link=Dasharatha Sharma}}</ref>

* [[Battle of Dewair (1606)|Battle of Dewair]] (1606)
:Both [[Amar Singh I]] and [[Abu'l-Hasan Asaf Khan|Asaf Khan]] claimed victory in an indecisive battle.
:
:* Battle of Ranakpur-- [[Amar Singh I|Rana]] reorganized his army, and a fierce battle unfolded between the Mewari and Mughal forces of Abdullah at Ranakpur, near [[Kumbhalgarh]], resulting in significant casualties on both sides. The Mewari forces emerged victorious, turning Abdullah Khan's campaign in Mewar, despite its initial success, into a total failure. He was subsequently called back and sent to [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Maujumdar |first=RC |title=History and Culture of the Indian People, Volume 07, The Mughul Empire |year=1970 |isbn=9788172765699 |page=341|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan }}</ref>
* Mughal conquest of Mewar, [[Amar Singh I|Amar Singh]] I surrendered to [[Shah Jahan]] in 1615. The Mughals achieved victory the following year in 1616.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nicoll |first=Fergus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VoxmDwAAQBAJ&q=shah+jahan+mewar |title=Shah-Jahan: The Rise and Fall of the Mughal Emperor |date=2018-04-13 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=978-93-87326-95-8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Asher |first=Catherine Blanshard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ctLNvx68hIC&q=jahangir+mewar |title=Architecture of Mughal India |date=1992-09-24 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-26728-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jahan |first=Dr Ishrat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZiCDwAAQBAJ&q=jahangir+mewar |title=Socio-Cultural life in Medieval History |date=29 December 2018 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-22280-3 |language=en}}</ref>

===Later Mughal–Rajput wars (1679–1779)===
* [[Rajput War (1679–1707)]] – A war between the Rathores and the Mughals that lasted for almost 30 years. The war was a result of Mughal Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]'s religious intolerant policies that broke years long peace between the Mughals and the Rajputs.
** Battle of Jodhpur (1707) – [[Durgadas Rathore]] and Ajit Singh took advantage of the disturbances following the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 to seize [[Jodhpur]] when the Mughal Empire ended a declining phase and eventually evict the occupying [[Mughal Army|Mughal]] force out of [[Marwar]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hooja|first=Rima|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa Publication|year=2006|pages=705}}</ref>
* [[Rajput Rebellion 1708–1710]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Jadunath |title=A history of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938 |date=1994 |publisher=Orient Longman |editor=Raghubīra Siṃha |isbn=81-250-0333-9 |edition=Rev. |location=Hyderabad |oclc=312542101}}</ref>
**July 1708 – Jai Singh and Ajit Singh storm Amber and Jodhpur and retake their capitals from the Mughal garrisons.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Jadunath|last=Sarkar|title=A History of Jaipur: C. 1503–1938|publisher=Orient Blackswan|year=1994|pages=162|isbn=9788125003335|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O0oPIo9TXKcC&q=bahadur+shah+was+absent}}</ref>
** July 1708 – Durgadas Rathore routed Saiyid Hussain Khan Barha at Kaladera and forced him to retreat to Narnaul.<ref name=KS>{{Cite book|first=V.S.|last=Bhatnagar|title=Life and times of Sawai Jai Singh|publisher=Impex India|year=1974|pages=57, 69|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=plFuAAAAMAAJ|quote=The Saiyid returned to Kaladera where he was again routed by Durgadas. He then fled to Narnaul.}}</ref>
** November–December 1708 – Battle of Kama – Ajit Singh [[Kachwaha]], the [[Rajput]] zamindar of Kama defeated the combined armies of Mughal and Jats. After a bitter fight the Mughal Fauzdar Raza Bahadur was killed and the injured Jat chieftain [[Churaman]] retreated to Thun.<ref name=RP>{{Cite book|first=Ram|last=Pande|title=Social and Political History of the Jats, Bharatpur Upto 1826|publisher=Shodhak|year=2006|pages=14|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRJuAAAAMAAJ|quote=In the battle of Sambhar (Nov. - Dec, 1708) between the Rajputs and the Imperialists, Churaman attacked the Rajput forces, but when his companion Raza Bahadur was killed he fled towards his territory.}}</ref>
** October 1708 – Sayyid Hussain Barha of Mewat and Churaman Jat defeated near Sambhar by the [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]–[[Kachhwaha]] army. Barha shot dead with two of his brothers.<ref name="RZ" />
** January 1710 – Mir Khan of Narnaul with 7000 Mughal troops and Churaman Jat with 6000 Jats effectively checked by Gaj Singh Naruka at Javli.<ref name="RZ" />
** 24 March 1710 – Battle of Tonk – Muhammad Khan of Tonk was defeated by the Rathor–Kachwaha army.<ref name="RZ" />
* [[Battle of Bandanwara]]
:[[Sangram Singh II]] of [[Mewar]] along with other [[Rajput]] chiefs defeated the imperial [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] army<ref>{{harvnb|Somani|1976|p=324}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Gangwana]]
:The '''Battle of Gangwana''' was a military engagement fought between the [[Jodhpur State|Kingdom of Marwar]] and a combined army of the [[Jaipur State|Jaipur Kingdom]] and the [[Mughal Empire]] in 1741, with the latter emerging victorious and the Rathores being defeated.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_DLQeSBLpUwsC/page/n161 154]|quote=Battle of Gangwana 1741.|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages|date=2008-01-01|publisher=Sarup & Sons|isbn=9788176258418|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Mandan]]
:In 1775, The Shekhawati Rajputs defeated a Mughal force under Mitra Sen Ahir, Peero Khan and Kale Khan. After heavy losses Peero Khan died while Mitra Sen Ahir fled.<ref name=JP>{{Cite book|first=Rima|last=Hooja|title=A History of Rajasthan|publisher=Rupa and company|year=2006|pages=694|isbn=9788129115010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqd1RAAACAAJ&q=rime%20hooja%20rajasthan|quote=in a pitched battle at Mandan, both sides suffered heavily. Peero Khan died and Mitra Sen fled the field, leaving the Shekhawat chiefs victorious....Battle of Khatu–Shyamji. This last occurred when Murtaza Khan Bhadech was sent into Shekhawati to collect revenue arrears.....Devi Singh of Sikar defeated the intruder.}}</ref>
*Siege of Kanud {{when|date=April 2024}}
:A garrison of 400 Rajputs under the ailing Nawal Singh Shekhawat was besieged by a Mughal army. The fort did not fall but Nawal died from his illness. The Mughals negotiated with the garrison and exchanged Kanud fort for other villages, which were given to Nawal's widow as compensation.<ref name=MA>{{Cite book|first=R.K., S.R|last=Gupta, Bakshi|title=Rajasthan Through the Ages|publisher=Sarup & Sons|year=2008|pages=215–216|quote=The Rajputs however made a long and desperate defence.....400 men of the garrison made a sortie and attacked the trenches of Mitra sen Ahir, inflicting a hundred casualties.....Nawal Singh Shekhawat, who was severely ill within the fort...and died.}}</ref>
* [[Battle of Khatu Shyamji]]: Devi Singh Shekhawat repelled the imperial Mughal army under Murtaza Khan Bhadech, but top Rajput leader Mahant Mangal Das was also killed in the battle with no territorial changes in 1779.<ref name=JP/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book |last=Haig |first=Wolseley |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.46989 |title=Cambridge History Of India Vol. 2 |date=1925 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |author-link=Wolseley Haig}}
*{{cite book | title=Military History of India | publisher=M. C. Sarkar and Sons Private LTD. Kolkota | date=1960 | url=https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.21517 |first=Jadunath |last=Sarkar}}
*{{cite book|title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D.|first=Ram Vallabh|last=Somani|date=1976|publisher=Mateshwari Publications|url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mughal-Rajput Wars}}
[[Category:Babur]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Rajputs]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:16th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:17th-century conflicts]]
[[Category:18th-century conflicts]]

44th Chess Olympiad

2025-11-06T14:26:26Z

Mdraselsarker: Starting a entry

{{Short description|2022 chess tournament in Chennai, India}}
{{Featured article}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox games
| name = 44th Chess Olympiad
| logo = Chess Olympiad 2022 official logo.png
| size =
| logo_alt = Geometric circular pattern with "44th FIDE Chess Olympiad Chennai 2022" circling it
| caption = Logo of the 44th Chess Olympiad
| host_city = [[Mamallapuram]], [[Chennai]]
| country = India
| stadium = [[Four Points by Sheraton]]
| dates = 28 July – 9 August 2022
| opened_by = [[Narendra Modi]]
| torch_lighter = [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] and [[R Praggnanandhaa]]
| nations = {{ubl|186 (Open)|160 (Women)}}
| teams = {{ubl|188 (Open)|162 (Women)}}
| athletes = 1,737 (937 in Open and 800 in Women's event)
| gold_o = {{UZB}}
| silver_o = {{ARM}}
| bronze_o = {{IND}}
| gold_w = {{UKR}}
| silver_w = {{GEO}}
| bronze_w = {{IND}}
| board1_o = {{Flagicon|India}} [[Gukesh Dommaraju]]
| board2_o = {{Flagicon|India}} [[Nihal Sarin]]
| board3_o = {{flagicon|England}} [[David Howell (chess player)|David Howell]]
| board4_o = {{Flagicon|Uzbekistan}} [[Jahongir Vakhidov]]
| board5_o = {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Mateusz Bartel]]
| board1_w = {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[Pia Cramling]]
| board2_w = {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Nino Batsiashvili]]
| board3_w = {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Oliwia Kiołbasa]]
| board4_w = {{flagicon|Mongolia}} [[Bat-Erdene Mungunzul]]
| board5_w = {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Jana Schneider (chess player)|Jana Schneider]]
| Gaprindashvili = {{flagu|India}}
| previous = [[43rd Chess Olympiad|Batumi 2018]]
| next = [[45th Chess Olympiad|Budapest 2024]]
}}

The '''44th Chess Olympiad''' (28 July{{snd}}10 August 2022) was a [[FIDE]]-organised international team chess event held in [[Chennai]], the [[List of state and union territory capitals in India|capital]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India. It consisted of two main tournaments—an Open event, enabling participation of players from all genders, and a Women's event, enabling participation of female players only—as well as several events to promote [[chess]]. The Olympiad was initially supposed to take place in [[Khanty-Mansiysk]], Russia, the host of the [[Chess World Cup 2019]], in August 2020, but it was later moved to [[Moscow]]. However, it was postponed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and then relocated to Chennai following [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russia's invasion of Ukraine]]. This was the first [[Chess Olympiad]] to take place in India.

The total number of participants was 1,737: 937 in the Open and 800 in the Women's event. The number of registered teams was 188 from 186 nations in the Open section and 162 from 160 nations in the Women's section; being the host nation, India had three teams participating in each section. Both sections set team participation records. The main venue of the Chess Olympiad was the convention centre at the [[Four Points by Sheraton]], while the opening and closing ceremonies were held at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]. The Chief Arbiter of the event was France's Laurent Freyd.

A total of 11 rounds were played in both the Open and Women's events, and each featured four players from one team facing four players from another team. Uzbekistan won the gold medal in the Open event, which was their second medal at the Chess Olympiad after having previously won a silver medal at the [[30th Chess Olympiad|1992]], while Ukraine claimed their second gold in the Women's event after having previously won the [[37th Chess Olympiad|2006]]. English player [[David Howell (chess player)|David Howell]] had the highest performance for an individual player in the Open event with a [[Elo rating#Performance rating|performance rating]] of 2898 (he scored 7½ out of a possible 8 points). Polish player [[Oliwia Kiołbasa]] had the highest individual performance in the Women's event with a performance rating of 2565 (she scored 9½ of a possible 11 points).

The 93rd FIDE Congress also took place during the Olympiad, at which [[Arkady Dvorkovich]] was re-elected as FIDE President and former World Champion [[Viswanathan Anand]] was elected as FIDE Deputy President.

== Background ==
The [[Chess Olympiad]] is a biennial chess tournament in which teams representing nations compete in an Olympic-style event.<ref name="chessable">{{cite web |url=https://www.chessable.com/blog/chess-olympiad-2022/ |title=Chessable's Guide to the 44th FIDE Chess Olympiad |first=Matthew |last=Astle |publisher=Chessable |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425101837/https://www.chessable.com/blog/chess-olympiad-2022/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="regulations">{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/chess_olympiad_regulations.pdf |title=Chess Olympiad: Regulations for the Chess Olympiad |publisher=[[FIDE]] |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718121716/https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/chess_olympiad_regulations.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[1st unofficial Chess Olympiad|first unofficial edition]], labelled as the "Chess Olympic Games", was held in Paris in 1924, and coincided with the [[1924 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympic Games]] that took place in the city in the same year.<ref name="földeák">{{cite book |last=Földeák |first=Árpád |date=1979 |title=Chess Olympiads, 1927-1968 |location=New York City |publisher=[[Dover Publications]] |page=7 |isbn=978-0486237336 }}</ref> Despite the fact that the event was not officially part of the Olympic Games and the winners were not awarded official [[Olympic medal]]s, the rules of the Olympic Games applied.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chennai2022.fide.com/chess-olympiad-paris-1924-unofficial/#:~:text=Game%20system%3A,added%20to%20the%20final%20score. |title=Chess Olympiad: Paris 1924 (unofficial) |publisher=Chennai 2022 |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=9 January 2025 }}</ref> The organisers of the Summer Olympics defined chess as a sport,{{Efn|Chess was officially recognised as a sport by the [[International Olympic Committee]] in 1999. At the [[Chess at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Summer Olympics]], a two-game exhibition match between grandmasters [[Vishwanathan Anand]] and [[Alexey Shirov]] took place, but no Olympic medals were awarded.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessjournal.com/is-chess-an-olympic-sport/ |title=Is Chess an Olympic Sport? (The Reality of Chess in Sports) |date=16 December 2021 |publisher=The Chess Journal |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425113919/https://www.chessjournal.com/is-chess-an-olympic-sport/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}} but demanded that only amateurs be allowed to participate, which posed a problem because it was difficult to draw a line between amateurs and professionals.<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/a-brief-history-of-chess-olympiad-news-213032 |title=A Brief History Of Chess Olympiad |publisher=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425100332/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/a-brief-history-of-chess-olympiad-news-213032 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[1st Chess Olympiad|first official edition]] of the Chess Olympiad was held in London in 1927.<ref name="földeák"/><ref>{{cite book |title= An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess |first=Edward R. |last=Brace |publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group |year=1977 |language=English |page=64 |isbn=1-55521-394-4}}</ref> Up until 1950 the tournament was organised at irregular intervals. From then on it has been held once every two years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportsdestinations.com/sports/team-sports/inside-events-chess-olympiad-30771#:~:text=The%20Olympiads%20were%20occasionally%20held,of%20teams%20of%20four%20players. |title=Inside Events: Chess Olympiad |first=Mary Helen |last=Sprecher |publisher=Sports Destination Management |date=26 August 2022 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425100335/https://www.sportsdestinations.com/sports/team-sports/inside-events-chess-olympiad-30771#:~:text=The%20Olympiads%20were%20occasionally%20held,of%20teams%20of%20four%20players. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="history"/> The [[1st Women's Chess Olympiad|first Women's Chess Olympiad]] took place in [[Emmen, Netherlands]] in 1957;<ref>{{cite book |last=Sunnucks|first=Anne |date=1970 |title=The Encyclopedia of Chess |location=New York City |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |language=English |page=335 |isbn=978-0709110309 }}</ref> since 1976, the Women's tournament has been held simultaneously with an Open tournament{{Efn|The Open tournament enables participation of players from all genders.}} at the Chess Olympiads.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/fide-chess-olympiad-2022-india-medal-tally-women-team-bronze |title=FIDE Chess Olympiad 2022 highlights: India finish with nine medals, including historic women's team bronze |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001232534/https://olympics.com/en/news/fide-chess-olympiad-2022-india-medal-tally-women-team-bronze |url-status=live }}</ref> The former [[Soviet Union]] has historically been the most successful nation with 18 gold medals won.<ref name="chessable"/>

The 44th Chess Olympiad was supposed to take place in 2020. Bidding for the Olympiad and the simultaneous FIDE Congress opened in December 2015; bids could be made in connection with those for the [[Chess World Cup 2019]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/9284-2020-chess-olympiad-bidding-procedure.html |title=2020 Chess Olympiad: Bidding Procedure |publisher=FIDE |date=16 December 2015 |access-date=5 August 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051457/https://old.fide.com/component/content/article/1-fide-news/9284-2020-chess-olympiad-bidding-procedure.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Each city bid had to be submitted to the [[FIDE|Fédération Internationale des Échecs]] (FIDE) by 31 March 2016, including details of the organising committee, finances, provision of amenities and stipends.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/chess_olympiad_regulations.pdf |title=FIDE Handbook: Regulations of the Chess Olympiad |publisher=FIDE |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=18 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718121716/https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/chess_olympiad_regulations.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The city of [[Khanty-Mansiysk]] (Russia) submitted the only original bid for the event,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/fide-congress-new-chess-laws-championships-and-more |title=FIDE Congress - New chess laws, championships and more |first=Albert |last=Silver |publisher=ChessBase |date=31 August 2016 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=1 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901150543/https://en.chessbase.com/post/fide-congress-new-chess-laws-championships-and-more |url-status=live }}</ref> although the national federations of Argentina and Slovakia had previously also expressed interest.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1041583/khanty-mansiysk-in-russia-awarded-2020-chess-olympiad |title=Khanty-Mansiysk in Russia awarded 2020 Chess Olympiad |first=Duncan |last=Mackay |publisher=[[Inside the Games]] |date=13 September 2016 |access-date=10 April 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029212415/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1041583/khanty-mansiysk-in-russia-awarded-2020-chess-olympiad |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://azertag.az/en/xeber/2020_Chess_Olympiad_to_be_held_in_Khanty_Mansiysk-992328 |title=2020 Chess Olympiad to be held in Khanty-Mansiysk |date=14 September 2016 |publisher=[[Azerbaijan State News Agency|AZERTAC]] |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109223230/https://azertag.az/en/xeber/2020_Chess_Olympiad_to_be_held_in_Khanty_Mansiysk-992328 |url-status=live }}</ref> The bid was approved at the 87th FIDE Congress in September 2016.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2016/FIDE_News/GA_Agenda_2016/2016_General_Assembly_Minutes_Baku.pdf |title=87th FIDE Congress Baku, Azerbaijan General Assembly 11–13 September 2016 |publisher=FIDE |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109223231/https://old.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2016/FIDE_News/GA_Agenda_2016/2016_General_Assembly_Minutes_Baku.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2019, in the opening ceremony of the [[FIDE Grand Prix 2019#Hamburg, November 2019|FIDE Grand Prix in Hamburg]], FIDE President [[Arkady Dvorkovich]] announced that the Chess Olympiad would be relocated from Khanty-Mansiysk to [[Moscow]].<ref name="move">{{cite web|url=https://ruchess.ru/en/news/all/world_chess_olympiad_2020_to_be_moved_from_khanty_mansiysk_to_moscow_/?date=16.9.2012|title=World Chess Olympiad 2020 to Be Moved from Khanty-Mansiysk to Moscow|date=5 November 2019|publisher=[[Chess Federation of Russia]]|access-date=10 April 2023|archive-date=10 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410215452/https://ruchess.ru/en/news/all/world_chess_olympiad_2020_to_be_moved_from_khanty_mansiysk_to_moscow_/?date=16.9.2012|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/news/200 |title=Dates for the Candidates and the 44th Chess Olympiad announced |publisher=FIDE |date=12 November 2019 |access-date=24 March 2023 |archive-date=23 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123155336/https://www.fide.com/news/200 |url-status=live }}</ref> The president of the [[Russian Chess Federation]], [[Andrey Filatov]], explained that the decision was driven by technical problems because of the enlarged number of participants due to the inaugural [[Chess Olympiad for People with Disabilities]], as well as the growing demands from amateur chess players following the [[2018 FIFA World Cup]] who would like to attend the event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ruchess.ru/en/news/all/khanty_mansiysk_to_remain_host_city_of_world_chess_olympiad_2020/ |title=Khanty-Mansiysk to Remain Host City of World Chess Olympiad 2020 |publisher=Russian Chess Federation |date=5 November 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=13 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513212122/https://ruchess.ru/en/news/all/khanty_mansiysk_to_remain_host_city_of_world_chess_olympiad_2020/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ultimately, it was decided that Khanty-Mansiysk would host the Chess Olympiad for People with Disabilities from 29 July to 4 August 2020, whereas Moscow was supposed to host the tournaments of the Chess Olympiad from 5 to 17 August 2020.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/top-tournaments-coming-2020-candidates-olympiad |title=High profile tournaments coming in 2020! |first=André |last=Schulz |date=23 November 2019 |publisher=ChessBase |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=27 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230127214854/https://en.chessbase.com/post/top-tournaments-coming-2020-candidates-olympiad |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="move"/>

In February 2022, following the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], FIDE decided to move the Chess Olympiad, FIDE Congress and Chess Olympiad for People with Disabilities away from Russia.<ref name="not">{{cite web | url=https://fide.com/news/1599 | title=2022 Chess Olympiad to be moved from Moscow | date=26 February 2022 | publisher=FIDE | access-date=26 February 2022 | archive-date=8 November 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108045345/https://fide.com/news/1599 | url-status=live }}</ref> Shortly after this announcement, the [[All India Chess Federation]] (AICF) expressed interest in hosting the events, in either [[Delhi]], [[Gujarat]] or [[Tamil Nadu]]. The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] agreed to host the Chess Olympiad and provided around {{INRConvert|75|c|lk=on}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/Chess-Olympiad-2022-to-take-place-in-Chennai-India |title=How did India get the Chess Olympiad 2022 + player reactions on this news |first=Sagar |last=Shah |publisher=ChessBase India |date=17 March 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=31 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731033125/https://www.chessbase.in/news/Chess-Olympiad-2022-to-take-place-in-Chennai-India |url-status=live }}</ref> On 15 March 2022, FIDE announced that [[Chennai]], the capital of Tamil Nadu, would be the new host of the event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chennai-to-host-chess-olympiad/article65229167.ece |title=Chennai to host Chess Olympiad |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=16 March 2022 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108045347/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chennai-to-host-chess-olympiad/article65229167.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> It meant that the Chess Olympiad would be hosted in [[India]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece |title=Chennai to host first ever Chess Olympiad in India from July 28 |date=12 April 2022 |publisher=[[Sportstar]] |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723144224/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-chennai-july-india-russia-ukraine-war-aicf-fide-sports-news/article38472034.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Preparations ==
[[File:44th Chess Olympiad 2022 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|alt=Indian postal stamp|Indian postal stamp dedicated to the 44th Chess Olympiad]]
The total budget for the Olympiad was {{INRConvert|92|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/tn-sanctions-92-crore-for-chess-olympiad-in-chennai/article65575617.ece |title=TN sanctions ₹92 crore for Chess Olympiad in Chennai |publisher=[[Business Line]] |date=28 June 2022 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411073150/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/tn-sanctions-92-crore-for-chess-olympiad-in-chennai/article65575617.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The event was hosted and managed in India by the AICF.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fide.com/news/1672|title=FIDE signs contract with AICF for the 2022 Chess Olympiad|publisher=FIDE|date=1 April 2022|access-date=19 July 2023|archive-date=6 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606020439/https://fide.com/news/1672|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessbase.in/news/FIDE-signs-contract-with-AICF-for-the-Chess-Olympiad-2022 |title=FIDE signs contract with AICF for the 2022 Chess Olympiad |publisher=Chessbase India |date=2 April 2022 |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=29 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230329062550/https://chessbase.in/news/FIDE-signs-contract-with-AICF-for-the-Chess-Olympiad-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Sanjay Kapoor, who later became president of AICF, was the president of the organising committee for the 44th Chess Olympiad, and AICF's secretary, Bharat Singh Chauhan, was the tournament director.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/fide-officially-hands-over-hosting-rights-to-india-for-fide-chess-olympiad-202220220401233251/ |title=FIDE officially hands over hosting rights to India for FIDE Chess Olympiad 2022 |publisher=[[Asian News International]] |date=1 April 2022 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322163726/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/fide-officially-hands-over-hosting-rights-to-india-for-fide-chess-olympiad-202220220401233251/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The coordinating committee was headed by the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]] [[M. K. Stalin]] and included [[A. Raja]] ([[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] from [[Nilgiris Lok Sabha constituency|Nilgiris]]), [[Udhayanidhi Stalin]] ([[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|MLA]] from [[Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni Assembly constituency|Chepauk-Thiruvallikeni]]) three representatives of the AICF, the president of the [[Tamil Nadu State Chess Association]] and other representatives of the local authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/coordination-committee-for-44th-international-chess-olympiad-set-up/article65344842.ece |title=Coordination committee for 44th International Chess Olympiad set up |work=The Hindu |date=22 April 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729113335/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/coordination-committee-for-44th-international-chess-olympiad-set-up/article65344842.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> France's [[International Arbiter]] Laurent Freyd was named Chief Arbiter of the Olympiad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/news/1848 |title=On the way to Chennai for the Arbiters' Team |publisher=FIDE |date=5 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726080604/https://www.fide.com/news/1848 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Venue and transport ===
The venue was the convention centre at the [[Four Points by Sheraton]] in [[Mahabalipuram]] near Chennai.<ref name="venue">{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chess-olympiad-in-india-will-add-to-our-stature-anand/article65230236.ece|title=Chess Olympiad in India will add to our stature: Anand|date=16 March 2022|work=The Hindu|access-date=26 March 2022|archive-date=26 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226165906/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chess-olympiad-in-india-will-add-to-our-stature-anand/article65230236.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> This consisted of an existing banquet hall (Hall 1) and a newly constructed hall (Hall 2), which cost {{INRConvert|5|c}}. Hall 1 had a usable area of {{convert|22,500|sqft|sqm}}, while Hall 2 was double the size at {{convert|45,000|sqft|sqm}}. Hall 1 hosted games played between the best-ranking teams in the standings on the top 28 boards in the Open section and the top board in the Women's section, while the rest of the boards were played in Hall 2. Exhibition space was also provided.<ref name="preparations">{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/behind-the-scenes-chennai-chess-olympiad-preparation-logistics-arrangements-mahabalipuram-tamil-nadu-stalin/article65666337.ece |title=Chess Olympiad 2022: How is Chennai preparing for the FIDE event |publisher=Sportstar |first=Rakesh |last=Rao |date=23 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726080603/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/behind-the-scenes-chennai-chess-olympiad-preparation-logistics-arrangements-mahabalipuram-tamil-nadu-stalin/article65666337.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="express">{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/international-chess-olympiad-only-a-week-away-tamil-nadu-village-all-decked-up-8044026/|title=Chess Olympiad 2022: World's biggest Chess championship to begin next week, here's all you need to know|date=21 July 2022|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=23 July 2022|archive-date=24 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220724033021/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/international-chess-olympiad-only-a-week-away-tamil-nadu-village-all-decked-up-8044026/|url-status=live}}</ref> The opening and closing ceremonies were held at the [[Nehru Indoor Stadium]], part of the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Chennai)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] complex.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chennai-chess-olympiad-updates-declaring-open-the-44th-chess-olympiad-pm-modi-says-tn-is-chess-powerhouse-of-india/article65693456.ece |title=Chennai Chess Olympiad updates: Declaring open the 44th Chess Olympiad, PM Modi says TN is chess powerhouse of India |date=28 July 2022 |work=The Hindu |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104440/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chennai-chess-olympiad-updates-declaring-open-the-44th-chess-olympiad-pm-modi-says-tn-is-chess-powerhouse-of-india/article65693456.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> This was built in 1995 at a cost of {{INRConvert|20|c|year=1995}} and has a capacity of 8,000 spectators.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai |url=https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/ins.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207101550/https://www.sdat.tn.gov.in/ins.php |archive-date=7 December 2022 |access-date=11 April 2023 |publisher=Sports Development Authority of Tamil Nadu}}</ref>

Around 125 buses, 100 [[SUVs]] and six luxury cars were used to transport players and dignitaries during the event. The road between [[Chennai International Airport]] and Mahabalipuram was widened and reconstructed to improve traffic flow, and one lane of the highway was reserved for Olympiad traffic during the event.<ref name="preparations"/>

=== Security and biosecurity ===
The [[Tamil Nadu Police]] deployed 4,000 police officers to provide security during the Olympiad, on special duty from 25 July to 10 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/4000-policemen-to-be-drafted-to-provide-security-for-chess-olympiad/article65678473.ece |title=4,000 policemen to be drafted to provide security for Chess Olympiad |work=The Hindu |date=24 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728150511/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/4000-policemen-to-be-drafted-to-provide-security-for-chess-olympiad/article65678473.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Greater Chennai Police]] deployed an additional 22,000 police officers during Modi's visit to the city on 28 July. Flying of drones and other unmanned aerial vehicles was banned in the city limits in the period 28–29 July.<ref name="express"/>

Because the event was held during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in India]], the [[Department of Health and Family Welfare (Tamil Nadu)|Tamil Nadu Health Department]] deployed medical teams and 30 ambulances to perform COVID-19 screening at airports, hotels and venues. Nearly 1,000 doctors and other health personnel were engaged for the Olympiad. Thirteen hospitals in and around [[Rajiv Gandhi Salai|Old Mahabalipuram Road]] and [[East Coast Road]] were utilised. The Government of Tamil Nadu issued health insurance cards to all players, covering medical expenses up to {{INRConvert|2|l|lk=l}} per player.<ref name="health">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chess-olympiad-players-to-get-medical-cover/article65671623.ece |title=Chess Olympiad players to get medical cover |work=The Hindu |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728230911/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chess-olympiad-players-to-get-medical-cover/article65671623.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chess-olympiad-2022-tamil-nadu-to-give-health-insurance-cards-to-2000-players/articleshow/93166424.cms |title=Chess Olympiad 2022: Tamil Nadu to give health insurance cards to 2,000 players |first=Pushpa |last=Narayan |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729075107/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/chess-olympiad-2022-tamil-nadu-to-give-health-insurance-cards-to-2000-players/articleshow/93166424.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[COVID-19 testing#Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test|COVID-19 PCR testing]] was performed on a randomly selected two per cent of all arriving flight passengers at the airport, including players, coaches, support staff and visitors. All passengers had to present a [[COVID-19 vaccine card|vaccine passport]] certifying they had received two doses of a [[COVID-19 vaccine]], or a certificate of a negative PCR test taken within 72 hours before arrival. Thermal screening was applied to all players on a daily basis and symptomatic cases were isolated, tested and treated.<ref name="health"/> Due to the [[2022 monkeypox outbreak]], players from outside India were required to also be tested for [[monkeypox]].<ref name="testing">{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/44th-chess-olympiad-2022-chennai-monkeypox-scare-tn-health-minister-mandates-testing-all-overseas-players-arriving-chennai-1544170 |title=Chess Olympiad 2022 Chennai: Amid Monkeypox Scare, TN Health Minister Mandates Testing All Overseas Players |publisher=[[ABP News]] |date=24 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728115029/https://news.abplive.com/tamil-nadu/44th-chess-olympiad-2022-chennai-monkeypox-scare-tn-health-minister-mandates-testing-all-overseas-players-arriving-chennai-1544170 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Food safety officials inspected food served every day in all hotels accommodating players. Due to the elevated risk of [[malaria]] and [[dengue fever]], continuous fogging and spraying measures were deployed to prevent mosquito breeding. Additional hygiene training and inspection was arranged.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/handbooks-health-insurance-cards-to-be-given-to-all-players/article65690291.ece |title=Chess Olympiad players to get handbooks, health insurance cards |work=The Hindu |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729181316/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/handbooks-health-insurance-cards-to-be-given-to-all-players/article65690291.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 100 staff from other districts were used to monitor food safety measures in all hotels.<ref name="health"/>

=== Ticketing ===
The price of a full-day ticket for Hall 1 was {{INRConvert|3000}} for domestic visitors and {{INRConvert|8000}} for foreigners, while students under 19 years of age, women and government staff of Tamil Nadu could get a two-hour ticket at discounted price of {{INRConvert|300}}. A full-day ticket for Hall 2 was {{INRConvert|2000}} for domestic visitors and {{INRConvert|6000}} for foreigners, while the concession categories received a two-hour ticket for {{INRConvert|200}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://tickets.aicf.in/ |title=44th Chess Olympiad – Tickets |publisher=Chennai 2022 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601115644/https://tickets.aicf.in/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The high pricing raised concerns that people would not be able to pay the amount to attend the event. An official of the AICF explained that the pricing had resulted mainly from the fact that the event was held at a hotel with limited capacity of spectators compared to stadiums, while an official of the Tamil Nadu State Chess Association stated that all tickets for the event had been entirely sold.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/will-the-pricey-tickets-checkmate-chess-fans-at-the-chess-olympiad-2022/article65665541.ece |title=Will the pricey tickets checkmate fans at the Chess Olympiad 2022? |first=Narayanan |last=V |publisher=Business Line |date=21 July 2022 |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509184407/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/sports/will-the-pricey-tickets-checkmate-chess-fans-at-the-chess-olympiad-2022/article65665541.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> To prevent [[Cheating in chess#Technology|cheating using chess engines]], players had to leave their mobile phones and any other electronic devices outside the playing halls.<ref name="express"/>

== The event ==
A torch relay was held prior to the event, the first for a Chess Olympiad. It started on 19 July at the [[Indira Gandhi Arena]] in New Delhi, where FIDE President Arkady Dvorkovich handed the torch to the Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], who passed it to former World Chess Champion [[Viswanathan Anand]]. The torch was then taken to 75 cities in 40 days, finishing in Chennai where it passed through [[Shore Temple]]. Related events involved the Indian sport [[mallakhamba]]. The torch arrived at the venue in Mahabalipuram on the morning of 27 July, the day before the event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/chess-olympiad-pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-torch-relay-for-first-time-ever-in-the-history-of-the-tournament-1964265-2022-06-19 |title=Chess Olympiad: PM Narendra Modi flags off Torch Relay for first time ever in the history of the tournament |publisher=[[India Today]] |date=19 June 2022 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164403/https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/other-sports/story/chess-olympiad-pm-narendra-modi-flags-off-torch-relay-for-first-time-ever-in-the-history-of-the-tournament-1964265-2022-06-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/sport/pm-modi-expresses-hope-that-india-will-create-new-record-of-medals-at-44th-chess-olympiad/1003427/ |title=PM Modi expresses hope that India will create new record of medals at 44th Chess Olympiad |date=19 June 2022 |publisher=[[Asian News International]] |access-date=19 June 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322171749/https://theprint.in/sport/pm-modi-expresses-hope-that-india-will-create-new-record-of-medals-at-44th-chess-olympiad/1003427/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chessolympiad.fide.com/chess-olympiad-relay-torch-has-arrived-at-the-venue/ |title=Chess Olympiad relay torch has arrived at the venue! |publisher=Chennai 2022 |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729113335/https://chessolympiad.fide.com/chess-olympiad-relay-torch-has-arrived-at-the-venue/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Opening ceremony ===
The opening ceremony was held on 28 July at 16:00 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]) at the Nehru Indoor Stadium with an audience of more than 20,000 players, coaches and spectators.<ref name="fide-opening">{{cite web |url=https://fide.com/news/1883 |title=Narendra Modi: "There are no losers: only winners and future winners" |publisher=FIDE |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523155426/https://www.fide.com/news/1883 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="hindu-opening">{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chennai-chess-olympiad-updates-declaring-open-the-44th-chess-olympiad-pm-modi-says-tn-is-chess-powerhouse-of-india/article65693456.ece |title=Chennai Chess Olympiad updates: Declaring open the 44th Chess Olympiad, PM Modi says TN is chess powerhouse of India |work=The Hindu |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=15 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230315104440/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/chennai-chess-olympiad-updates-declaring-open-the-44th-chess-olympiad-pm-modi-says-tn-is-chess-powerhouse-of-india/article65693456.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The opening address was given by [[Meyyanathan Siva V]], then Tamil Nadu's Minister for Youth Welfare and Sport Development.<ref name="hindu-opening" /> A musical show, directed by [[Vignesh Shivan]], was performed in which [[Kamal Haasan]] narrated the [[history of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="tie-opening">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chess-olympiad-narendra-modi-chennai-tamil-nadu-8057713/ |title=PM Modi inaugurates 44th Chess Olympiad, calls Tamil Nadu 'chess powerhouse of India' |publisher=The Indian Express |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164415/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/chess-olympiad-narendra-modi-chennai-tamil-nadu-8057713/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Singers [[Dhee (singer)|Dhee]] and Kidakuzhi Mariyammal performed the song "[[Enjoy Enjaami]]".<ref name="hindu-opening"/> A dance song, "Vanakkam Chennai, Vanakkam Chess", was also played.<ref name="tie-opening"/> Pianist [[Lydian Nadhaswaram]] played classical and modern tunes, including a blindfold exhibition. There was also a [[parade of nations|flag parade]] that introduced the participating countries and their delegations.<ref name="fide-opening"/>

The event was formally opened by Modi. In his speech, he discussed chess venues in Tamil Nadu and the [[Chathuranga Vallabhanathar Temple]] in [[Thiruvarur]], where myth states God played chess with a princess. Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu [[M. K. Stalin]] also spoke, praising the organisation of the event in less than four months. He noted that the Olympiad would be held near the coastal town [[Sadras|Sadurangapattinam]], thought to be the home of [[chaturanga]], a [[history of chess#India|predecessor game to chess]]. FIDE President Arkady Dvorkovich also welcomed participants.<ref name="tie-opening"/><ref name="fide-opening"/>

Anand passed the Olympic LED illuminated torch to Modi, who passed it to Indian chess players [[R Praggnanandhaa]] and [[Gukesh Dommaraju]] who "lit" the virtual [[Olympic cauldron]].<ref name="fide-opening"/>

=== Participating teams ===
The event was contested by a total of 350 teams, representing 190 national federations, both records for a Chess Olympiad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europechess.org/44th-chess-olympiad-opens-in-chennai/ |title=44th Chess Olympiad opens in Chennai |publisher=[[European Chess Union]] |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=7 October 2024 }}</ref> India, as host country, was permitted to field three teams in each of the two sections.<ref name="teams-open">{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=0&flag=30 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The Women's tournament featured 162 teams, also a record, representing 160 federations.<ref name="record">{{cite web |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/a-record-breaking-number-of-countries-are-participating-in-the-44th-world-chess-olympiad-news-213037 |title=A Record Breaking Number Of Countries Are Participating In The 44th World Chess Olympiad |publisher=Outlook |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=10 April 2022 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029212412/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/a-record-breaking-number-of-countries-are-participating-in-the-44th-world-chess-olympiad-news-213037 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="teams-women">{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=0&flag=30 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100002/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Russia and [[Belarus]] were banned from taking part by FIDE as a result of the ongoing [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]]. China declined to send a team.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1126258/record-number-teams-chess-olympiad |first=Geoff |last=Berekeley |title=Record number of nations to compete at Chess Olympiad but no China and Russia |publisher=Inside the Games |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164403/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1126258/record-number-teams-chess-olympiad |url-status=live }}</ref> Pakistan boycotted the event and a team from [[Rwanda]] were prevented from attending by their own government.<ref name="pakistan-boycott">{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/pakistan-withdraws-from-chess-olympiad-2022-objects-to-torch-relay-through-kashmir-8056478/ |title=Pakistan withdraws from Chess Olympiad 2022, objects to torch relay through Kashmir |publisher=The Indian Express |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306081917/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/chess/pakistan-withdraws-from-chess-olympiad-2022-objects-to-torch-relay-through-kashmir-8056478/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="rwanda">{{cite web |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/rwanda-misses-out-chess-olympiad-what-went-wrong/ |title=Rwanda misses out on Chess Olympiad, what went wrong? |first=Eddie |last=Nsabimana |publisher=The New Times |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=10 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810171048/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/rwanda-misses-out-chess-olympiad-what-went-wrong/ |url-status=live }}</ref> A team representing the [[Netherlands Antilles]] was permitted to compete, despite having [[Dissolution of the Netherlands Antilles|dissolved itself in 2010]], because the Curaçao Chess Federation remains officially registered as representing the dissolved country in the FIDE Directory.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ratings.fide.com/fide_directory.phtml?country=AHO&list=778 |title=FIDE Directory – Netherlands Antilles |publisher=FIDE |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=14 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014100300/https://ratings.fide.com/fide_directory.phtml?country=AHO&list=778 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Participating teams in the 44th Chess Olympiad
|-
| {{div col|colwidth=17em}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Afghanistan|2013}}''{{ref|A|a}}{{ref|D|d}}
* {{flagcountry|Albania}}
* {{flagcountry|Algeria}}
* {{flagcountry|Andorra}}
* {{flagcountry|Angola}}
* {{flagcountry|Argentina}}
* {{flagcountry|Armenia}}
* {{flagcountry|Aruba}}
* {{flagcountry|Australia}}
* {{flagcountry|Austria}}
* {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}}
* {{flagcountry|Bahamas}}
* {{flagcountry|Bahrain}}
* {{flagcountry|Bangladesh}}
* {{flagcountry|Barbados}}
* {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Bermuda}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Bhutan}}
* {{flagcountry|Bolivia}}
* {{flagcountry|Botswana}}
* {{flagcountry|Brazil}}
* ''{{flagcountry|British Virgin Islands}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Brunei}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}}
* {{flagcountry|Burundi}}
* {{flagcountry|Cameroon}}
* {{flagcountry|Canada}}
* {{flagcountry|Cape Verde}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Cayman Islands}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Central African Republic}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Chad}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Chile}}
* {{flagcountry|Chinese Taipei}}
* {{flagcountry|Colombia}}
* {{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}
* {{flagcountry|Croatia}}
* {{flagcountry|Cuba}}
* {{flagcountry|Cyprus}}
* {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Democratic Republic of Congo}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Denmark}}
* {{flagcountry|Djibouti}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Dominica}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
* {{flagcountry|East Timor}}
* {{flagcountry|Ecuador}}
* {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
* {{flagcountry|El Salvador}}
* {{flagcountry|England}}
* {{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}}
* {{flagcountry|Eritrea}}
* {{flagcountry|Estonia}}
* {{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Faroe Islands}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Finland}}
* {{flagcountry|France}}
* {{flagcountry|Gabon}}
* {{flagcountry|The Gambia}}
* {{flagcountry|Georgia (country)}}
* {{flagcountry|Germany}}
* {{flagcountry|Ghana}}
* {{flagcountry|Greece}}
* {{flagcountry|Guam}}
* {{flagcountry|Guatemala}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Guernsey}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Guyana}}
* {{flagcountry|Haiti}}
* {{flagcountry|Honduras}}
* {{flagcountry|Hong Kong}}
* {{flagcountry|Hungary}}
* {{flagcountry|Iceland}}
* {{flagcountry|India}} (host nation)
* {{Flagdeco|IND}} India-2
* {{Flagdeco|IND}} India-3
* {{flagcountry|Indonesia}}
* {{flagcountry|Iran}}
* {{flagcountry|Iraq}}
* {{flagcountry|Ireland}}
* {{flagcountry|Israel}}
* {{flagcountry|Italy}}
* {{flagcountry|Côte d'Ivoire}}
* {{flagcountry|Jamaica}}
* {{flagcountry|Japan}}
* {{flagcountry|Jersey}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Jordan}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}}
* {{flagcountry|Kenya}}
* {{flagcountry|Kosovo}}
* {{flagcountry|Kuwait}}
* {{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}
* {{flagcountry|Latvia}}
* {{flagcountry|Lebanon}}
* {{flagcountry|Lesotho}}
* {{flagcountry|Liberia}}
* {{flagcountry|Libya}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Liechtenstein}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Lithuania}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Luxembourg}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Macao}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Madagascar}}
* {{flagcountry|Malawi}}
* {{flagcountry|Malaysia}}
* {{flagcountry|Maldives}}
* {{flagcountry|Mali}}
* {{flagcountry|Malta}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Mauritania}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Mauritius}}
* {{flagcountry|Mexico}}
* {{flagcountry|Republic of Moldova}}
* {{flagcountry|Monaco}}
* {{flagcountry|Mongolia}}
* {{flagcountry|Montenegro}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Morocco}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Mozambique}}
* {{flagcountry|Myanmar}}
* {{flagcountry|Namibia}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Nauru}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Nepal}}
* {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
* {{flagcountry|Curaçao}} ''([[Netherlands Antilles]])''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|New Zealand}}
* {{flagcountry|Nicaragua}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Nigeria}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|North Macedonia}}
* {{flagcountry|Norway}}
* {{flagcountry|Oman}}
* <s>{{flagcountry|Pakistan}}</s>{{ref|C|c}}
* {{flagcountry|Palau}}
* {{flagcountry|Palestine}}
* {{flagcountry|Panama}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Papua New Guinea}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Paraguay}}
* {{flagcountry|Peru}}
* {{flagcountry|Philippines}}
* {{flagcountry|Poland}}
* {{flagcountry|Portugal}}
* {{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Qatar}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Romania}}
* <s>{{flagcountry|Rwanda}}</s>{{ref|C|c}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Saint Lucia}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* ''{{flagcountry|San Marino}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|São Tomé and Príncipe}}
* {{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{flagcountry|Scotland}}
* {{flagcountry|Senegal}}
* {{flagcountry|Serbia}}
* {{flagcountry|Seychelles}}
* {{flagcountry|Sierra Leone}}
* {{flagcountry|Singapore}}
* {{flagcountry|Slovakia}}
* {{flagcountry|Slovenia}}
* {{flagcountry|Somalia}}
* {{flagcountry|South Africa}}
* {{flagcountry|South Korea}}
* {{flagcountry|South Sudan}}
* {{flagcountry|Spain}}
* {{flagcountry|Sri Lanka}}
* {{flagcountry|Sudan}}
* {{flagcountry|Suriname}}
* {{flagcountry|Sweden}}
* {{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
* {{flagcountry|Syria}}
* {{flagcountry|Tajikistan}}
* {{flagcountry|Tanzania}}
* {{flagcountry|Thailand}}
* {{flagcountry|Togo}}
* {{flagcountry|Trinidad and Tobago}}
* {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
* {{flagcountry|Turkey}}
* {{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}}
* {{flagcountry|Uganda}}
* {{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
* {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}}
* {{flagcountry|United States}}
* {{flagcountry|United States Virgin Islands}}
* {{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
* {{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}
* {{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
* '''{{flagcountry|Vietnam}}'''{{ref|B|b}}
* {{flagcountry|Wales}}
* ''{{flagcountry|Yemen}}''{{ref|A|a}}
* {{flagcountry|Zambia}}
* {{flagcountry|Zimbabwe}}
{{div col end}}
|}

;Notes
{{refbegin}}
:{{note|A|a}} Countries in ''italics'' denote those fielding teams in the Open event only.
:{{note|B|b}} Countries in '''bold''' denote those fielding teams in the Women's event only.
:{{note|C|c}} Countries in <s>strikethrough</s> registered for the event but withdrew or could not participate before it began.
:{{note|D|d}} FIDE officially recognises [[Flag of Afghanistan#Islamic Republic tricolor|the flag]] of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]].<ref name="afghanistan-flag"/>
{{refend}}

=== Competition format and calendar ===
The tournament was played in a [[Swiss-system tournament|Swiss system format]]. The [[time control]] for all games was 90 minutes for the first 40 moves, after which an additional 30 minutes were granted; an increment of 30 seconds per move was applied from the first move. Players were permitted to [[Draw by agreement|offer a draw]] at any time. A total of 11 rounds were played, and all teams were paired in every round.<ref name="FIDE-rules">{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=95&view=article |title=FIDE Handbook: Olympiad Pairing Rules |publisher=FIDE |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021065148/https://www.fide.com/fide/handbook.html?id=95&view=article |url-status=live }}</ref>

In each round, four players from each team faced four players from another team; teams were permitted one reserve player who could be substituted between rounds. The four games were played simultaneously on four boards with alternating colours, [[chess scoring|scoring]] 1 game point for a win and ½ game point for a draw. The scores from each game were summed together to determine which team won the round. Winning a round was worth two match points, regardless of the game point margin, while drawing a round was worth one match point. Teams were ranked in a table based on match points. [[Tiebreakers|Tie-breakers]] for the table were i) the [[Sonneborn–Berger]] system; ii) total game points scored; iii) the sum of the match points of the opponents, excluding the lowest one.<ref name="FIDE-rules"/>

The event took place from 28 July to 10 August 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=44th Chess Olympiad 2022 Calendar |url=https://www.fide.com/calendar/51215 |publisher=FIDE |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108045343/https://www.fide.com/calendar/51215 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tournament rounds started on 29 July and ended with the final round on 9 August. All rounds began at 15:00 IST (UTC+5:30), except for the final round which began at 10:00 IST (UTC+5:30). There was one rest day on 4 August, after the sixth round.<ref name="schedule">{{cite web |url=https://chessolympiad.fide.com/schedule/ |title=44th Chess Olympiad Chennai – Schedule |publisher=Chennai 2022 |access-date=23 July 2022 |archive-date=23 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723182411/https://chessolympiad.fide.com/schedule/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

:''All times are [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]])''
<div style="text-align:center;">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%;position:relative;"
|-
| style="width:2.5em; background:#0c3; text-align:center;"|'''OC'''||Opening ceremony
| style="width:2.5em; background:khaki; text-align:center;"|'''A'''||Arbiters meeting
| style="width:2.5em; background:khaki; text-align:center;"|'''C'''||Captains meeting
| style="width:2.5em; background:#7CB9E8; text-align:center"|'''1'''||Round
| style="width:2.5em; background:#E7FEFF; text-align:center"|'''RD'''||Rest day
| style="width:2.5em; background:#e33; text-align:center;"|'''CC'''||Closing ceremony
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.9em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em;"
|-
! colspan=2|July/August
!style="width:2.5em"|28th<br />Thu
!style="width:2.5em"|29th<br />Fri
!style="width:2.5em"|30th<br />Sat
!style="width:2.5em"|31st<br />Sun
!style="width:2.5em"|1st<br />Mon
!style="width:2.5em"|2nd<br />Tue
!style="width:2.5em"|3rd<br />Wed
!style="width:2.5em"|4th<br />Thu
!style="width:2.5em"|5th<br />Fri
!style="width:2.5em"|6th<br />Sat
!style="width:2.5em"|7th<br />Sun
!style="width:2.5em"|8th<br />Mon
!style="width:2.5em"|9th<br />Tue
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Ceremonies|| style="background:#0c3; text-align:center;"|'''OC'''|| || || || || || || || || || || || style="background:#e33; text-align:center;"|'''CC'''
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Meetings|| style="background:khaki; text-align:center;"|'''A'''|| || || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| || style="background:khaki; text-align:center;"|'''C'''|| || || || || || || || || || ||
|- style="text-align:center;"
| colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"|Tournament round
|
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''1'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''2'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''3'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''4'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''5'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''6'''
| style="background:#E7FEFF;"|'''RD'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''7'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''8'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''9'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''10'''
| style="background:#7CB9E8;"|'''11'''
|}</div>

=== Open event ===
{{main|Open event at the 44th Chess Olympiad}}
The Open tournament{{Efn|The open section was open to all players, and 13 out of 937 were female.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dtnext.in/chess-olympiad-2022/2022/07/28/list-of-women-chess-players-in-open-section-details-inside |title=List of women Chess players in Open section: Details inside |publisher=[[DT Next]] |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324141514/https://www.dtnext.in/chess-olympiad-2022/2022/07/28/list-of-women-chess-players-in-open-section-details-inside |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/aug/04/chess-olympiad-gender-disparity-out-in-the-open-2484130.html | title=Chess Olympiad: Gender disparity out in the open | publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] | date=4 August 2022 | access-date=19 July 2023 | archive-date=22 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230122181059/https://www.newindianexpress.com/sport/other/2022/aug/04/chess-olympiad-gender-disparity-out-in-the-open-2484130.html | url-status=live }}</ref> was contested by a total of 937 players from 188 teams.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=15&turdet=YES&flag=30&zeilen=99999 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – Alphabetical list of players in the Open event |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> It featured five out of the top ten players from the [[FIDE rankings|FIDE rating list]] published in July 2022. World Champion [[Magnus Carlsen]] played for Norway.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/carlsen-heads-norwegian-team-in-chennai-olympiad |title=Carlsen heads Norwegian team in Chennai Olympiad |first=Tarjei |last=Svensen |publisher=chess24 |date=24 May 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141410/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/carlsen-heads-norwegian-team-in-chennai-olympiad |url-status=live }}</ref> Former World Champion Viswanathan Anand decided not to play for India, acting as team mentor instead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-viswanathan-anand-mentor-indian-teams-announced-aicf-rb-ramesh/article38484003.ece |title=Respect Anand's decision to not participate in Chess Olympiad: RB Ramesh |publisher=Sportstar |date=2 May 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141404/https://sportstar.thehindu.com/chess/chess-olympiad-viswanathan-anand-mentor-indian-teams-announced-aicf-rb-ramesh/article38484003.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Ian Nepomniachtchi]] and [[Ding Liren]], who contested the [[World Chess Championship 2023]], both missed the tournament due to Russia's suspension and China's withdrawal, respectively.<ref name="suspension"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/china-not-to-take-part-in-chess-olympiad-in-chennai/articleshow/92461111.cms |title=China not to take part in Chess Olympiad in Chennai |work=The Times of India |date=25 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716084029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/china-not-to-take-part-in-chess-olympiad-in-chennai/articleshow/92461111.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Other top players who skipped the Olympiad include France's [[Alireza Firouzja]] and [[Maxime Vachier-Lagrave]], with the latter citing the unfavourable weather conditions;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/mvl-on-the-candidates-chennai-and-carlsen |title="MVL" on the Candidates, Chennai and Carlsen |first=Dhananjay |last=Khadilkar |publisher=ChessBase |date=1 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729030244/https://en.chessbase.com/post/mvl-on-the-candidates-chennai-and-carlsen |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Teimour Radjabov]] withdrew from playing for Azerbaijan shortly before the start of the tournament, due to suffering after-effects of a [[COVID-19]] infection that he contracted following the [[Candidates Tournament 2022]].<ref name="radjabov">{{cite web |url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/radjabov-withdraws-from-chess-olympiad-india-now-2nd-seeds |title=Radjabov withdraws from Chess Olympiad, India second seeds |first=Colin |last=McGourty |publisher=chess24 |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141150/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/radjabov-withdraws-from-chess-olympiad-india-now-2nd-seeds |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lê Quang Liêm]] also did not play, because Vietnam only entered the Women's event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnams-women-to-compete-at-chess-olympiad-in-india/234530.vnp |title=Vietnam's women to compete at Chess Olympiad in India |date=28 July 2022 |publisher=[[VietnamPlus]] |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=9 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109232401/https://en.vietnamplus.vn/vietnams-women-to-compete-at-chess-olympiad-in-india/234530.vnp |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Richárd Rapport]] could not compete, as he was in the process of switching federation from Hungary to Romania.<ref name="comment">{{cite web |url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/leko-and-svidler-to-commentate-on-chess-olympiad |title=Leko and Svidler to commentate on Chess Olympiad |first=Colin |last=McGourty |publisher=chess24 |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728184926/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/leko-and-svidler-to-commentate-on-chess-olympiad |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Fabiano Caruana]], [[Levon Aronian]] and [[Wesley So]], all top ten in the FIDE rankings, played for the United States.<ref name="chess24-seeds">{{cite web |url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/breathtaking-us-team-expected-to-be-favourites-in-chennai |title="Breathtaking" US team expected to be favourites in Chennai |first=Tarjei |last=Svensen |publisher=chess24 |date=6 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141408/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/breathtaking-us-team-expected-to-be-favourites-in-chennai |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the absence of Russia and China, the United States were regarded as favourites due to their average rating of 2771, higher than any other team.<ref name="chessbase-seeds">{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-olympiad-in-chennai-the-usa-is-favourite-china-and-russia-do-not-take-part |title=Chess Olympiad in Chennai: The USA is favourite, China and Russia do not take part |first=André |last=Schulz |publisher=ChessBase |date=8 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141409/https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-olympiad-in-chennai-the-usa-is-favourite-china-and-russia-do-not-take-part |url-status=live }}</ref> Anand described the team as "breathtaking", and Dutch player on board one [[Anish Giri]] said that the US team "not dominating the Olympiad would be a shocker".<ref name="chess24-seeds"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/usa-should-dominate-olympiad-says-anish-giri/articleshow/92907073.cms |title=USA should dominate Olympiad, says Anish Giri |work=The Times of India |date=15 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141146/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/usa-should-dominate-olympiad-says-anish-giri/articleshow/92907073.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The host nation India had the second strongest team with an average pre-tournament rating of 2696,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=8&flag=30&snr=2 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – India |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="chess24-seeds"/> while Norway had the third highest average rating of 2692.<ref name="chessbase-seeds2">{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-olympiad-2022-preview |title=Chennai Olympiad: US big favourite, India looking to leave a mark |first=Carlos Alberto |last=Colodro |publisher=ChessBase |date=28 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728105910/https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-olympiad-2022-preview |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=8&flag=30&snr=3 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – Norway |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Other pre-tournament favourites included Spain and Poland.<ref name="chessbase-seeds2"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=8&flag=30&snr=4 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – Spain |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=8&flag=30&snr=5 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – Poland |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The young squads of Germany, Uzbekistan and India's second team were also expected to be competitive.<ref name="chessbase-seeds2"/><ref name="chessbase-seeds"/>

==== Open summary ====
[[File:David Howell 2013.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=David Howell|[[David Howell (chess player)|David Howell]] of England was the best individual player in the Open event.]]
Uzbekistan won the gold medal in the open event, with a total of 19 match points. Their eight wins and three draws made them the only undefeated team in the tournament.<ref name="final-open">{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=0&rd=11&flag=30 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – Final Ranking after 11 Rounds |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Following the tie with the United States in the fourth round,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-fide-chess-olympiad-round-4 |title=Held By Uzbekistan, U.S. Survives Scare; Abdusattorov Shocks Caruana |author=V. Saravanan |publisher=Chess.com |date=1 August 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802050433/https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-fide-chess-olympiad-round-4 |url-status=live }}</ref> the Uzbek team was lagging a point behind Armenia until their head-to-head victory in the ninth round, which put them on top of the table, and the draw against the second team of India in the tenth round, which was enough to retain the lead.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fide.com/news/1909 |title=Uzbek kids lead 44th Chess Olympiad |publisher=FIDE |date=7 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=23 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230523182323/https://www.fide.com/news/1909 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="chess24-r10">{{cite web |url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/chennai-olympiad-10-gukesh-despair-as-uzbekistan-escape |title=Chennai Olympiad 10: Gukesh despair as Uzbekistan escape |author=Colin McGourty |publisher=chess24 |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809012010/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/chennai-olympiad-10-gukesh-despair-as-uzbekistan-escape |url-status=live }}</ref> Armenia defied expectations to win the silver medal with equal number of match points as the winning Uzbek team but worse tie-breaker largely because of their head-to-head loss.<ref name="fide-final">{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/news/1915 |title=Uzbekistan youngsters surprise winners of 44th Chess Olympiad |publisher=FIDE |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809152957/https://www.fide.com/news/1915 |url-status=live }}</ref> The second Indian team won the bronze medal following a strong performance by 16-year-old Gukesh Dommaraju, who won eight consecutive games in the first eight rounds.<ref name="fide-final"/><ref name="chessbase-final">{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-olympiad-2022-r10 |title=Chennai R10: Uzbekistan and Armenia share the lead, heartbreak for Gukesh |first=Carlos Alberto |last=Colodro |publisher=ChessBase |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164413/https://en.chessbase.com/post/chess-olympiad-2022-r10 |url-status=live }}</ref> Three teams scored 17 match points (seven wins, three draws and one loss each): the first Indian team came fourth, the United States fifth, and Moldova sixth.<ref name="final-open"/> The heavily favoured US team failed to win a medal due to lacklustre performances from Caruana, who suffered three losses, and Aronian, who won only one game in the tournament.<ref name="fide-final"/>

The highest scoring individual player in the Open event was [[David Howell (chess player)|David Howell]], playing for England on board three, who scored 7½ out of a possible 8 points (seven wins and one draw) with a performance rating of 2898.<ref name="best-player-open">{{cite web |url=https://chess24.com/en/read/news/uzbekistan-and-ukraine-win-chennai-olympiad |title=Uzbekistan and Ukraine win Chennai Olympiad |first=Colin |last=McGourty |publisher=[[chess24]] |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314171811/https://chess24.com/en/read/news/uzbekistan-and-ukraine-win-chennai-olympiad |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="best-england">{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=20&turdet=NO&flag=30&snr=10 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – England |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Individual gold medals were also awarded to Gukesh Dommaraju of India-2 who scored 9/11 with a performance rating of 2867 on board one, [[Nihal Sarin]] also of India-2 who scored 7½/10 with a performance rating of 2774 on board two, [[Jahongir Vakhidov]] of Uzbekistan who scored 6½/8 with a performance rating of 2813 on board four, and [[Mateusz Bartel]] of Poland who played the tournament as a reserve player and scored 8½/10 points with a performance rating of 2778.<ref name="best-open">{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=21&flag=30 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – Board-prizes (Final Ranking after 11 Rounds) |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Final standings<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=0&rd=11&flag=30 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – Final Ranking after 11 Rounds |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
! # !! Country !! Players !! Average<br />rating !! {{abbr|MP|match points}} !! {{abbr|dSB|Sonneborn–Berger score excluding worst result}}{{ref|†|'''†'''}}
|-
| {{gold1}}|| '''{{Flagu|Uzbekistan}}''' || '''[[Nodirbek Abdusattorov|Abdusattorov]], [[Nodirbek Yakubboev|Yakubboev]], [[Javokhir Sindarov|Sindarov]], [[Jahongir Vakhidov|Vakhidov]], [[Shamsiddin Vokhidov|Vokhidov]]''' || '''2625''' || '''19''' || '''435.0'''
|-
| {{silver2}} || {{Flagu|Armenia}} || [[Gabriel Sargissian|Sargissian]], [[Hrant Melkumyan|Melkumyan]], [[Samvel Ter-Sahakyan|Ter-Sahakyan]], [[Manuel Petrosyan|Petrosyan]], [[Robert Hovhannisyan|Hovhannisyan]] || 2642 || 19 || 382.5
|-
| {{bronze3}} || {{flagdeco|IND}} India-2 || [[Gukesh Dommaraju|Gukesh]], [[Nihal Sarin|Nihal]], [[R Praggnanandhaa|Praggnanandhaa]], [[Adhiban Baskaran|Adhiban]], [[Raunak Sadhwani|Raunak]] || 2649 || 18 || {{CNone}}
|-
| 4 || {{Flagu|India}} || [[Pentala Harikrishna|Harikrishna]], [[Vidit Gujrathi|Vidit]], [[Arjun Erigaisi|Arjun]], [[S. L. Narayanan|Narayanan]], [[Krishnan Sasikiran|Sasikiran]] || 2696 || 17 || 409.0
|-
| 5 || {{Flagu|United States}} || [[Fabiano Caruana|Caruana]], [[Levon Aronian|Aronian]], [[Wesley So|So]], [[Leinier Domínguez|Domínguez]], [[Sam Shankland|Shankland]] || 2771 || 17 || 352.0
|-
| 6 || {{Flagu|Moldova}} || [[Ivan Schitco|Schitco]], [[Andrei Macovei|Macovei]], [[Vladimir Hamițevici|Hamițevici]], [[Iulian Baltag|Baltag]], [[Dragoș Cereș|Cereș]] || 2462 || 17 || 316.5
|-
| 7 || {{Flagu|Azerbaijan}} || [[Shakhriyar Mamedyarov|Mamedyarov]], [[Rauf Mamedov|Mamedov]], [[Gadir Guseinov|Guseinov]], [[Vasif Durarbayli|Durarbayli]], [[Nijat Abasov|Abasov]] || 2680 || 16 || 351.5
|-
| 8 || {{Flagu|Hungary}} || [[Viktor Erdős|Erdős]], [[Ferenc Berkes|Berkes]], [[Tamás Bánusz|Bánusz]], [[Gergely Kántor|Kántor]], [[Péter Ács|Ács]] || 2607 || 16 || 341.5
|-
| 9 || {{Flagu|Poland}} || [[Jan-Krzysztof Duda|Duda]], [[Radosław Wojtaszek|Wojtaszek]], [[Kacper Piorun|Piorun]], [[Wojciech Moranda|Moranda]], [[Mateusz Bartel|Bartel]] || 2683 || 16 || 322.5
|-
| 10 || {{Flagu|Lithuania}} || [[Tomas Laurušas|Laurušas]], [[Titas Stremavičius|Stremavičius]], [[Karolis Jukšta|Jukšta]], [[Paulius Pultinevičius|Pultinevičius]], [[Valery Kazakouski|Kazakouski]] || 2540 || 16 || 297.0
|}

;Notes
{{refbegin}}
* Average ratings calculated by chess-results.com based in July 2022 FIDE ratings.
* {{note|†|†}} The [[Sonneborn–Berger score]] is a tie-breaking criterion used to rank teams with equal match points.
{{refend}}

All board medals were given out according to [[Performance rating (chess)|performance ratings]] for players who played at least eight games at the tournament. David Howell on the third board had the best performance of all players in the tournament with a rating of 2898.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=21&flag=30|title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Open – Board Prizes|publisher=Chess-results.com|access-date=9 August 2022|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100001/https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
{|{{MedalistTable|type=Board|columns=1}}
|-
|Board 1
|[[Gukesh Dommaraju]]<br />{{flagdeco|IND}} India-2
|[[Nodirbek Abdusattorov]]<br />{{Flagu|Uzbekistan}}
|[[Magnus Carlsen]]<br />{{Flagu|Norway}}
|-
|Board 2
|[[Nihal Sarin]]<br />{{flagdeco|IND}} India-2
|[[Nikolas Theodorou]]<br />{{Flagu|Greece}}
|[[Nodirbek Yakubboev]]<br />{{Flagu|Uzbekistan}}
|-
|Board 3
|[[David Howell (chess player)|David Howell]]<br />{{Flagu|England}}
|[[Arjun Erigaisi]]<br />{{Flagu|India}}
|[[R Praggnanandhaa]]<br />{{flagdeco|IND}} India-2
|-
|Board 4
|[[Jahongir Vakhidov]]<br />{{Flagu|Uzbekistan}}
|[[Paulius Pultinevičius]]<br />{{Flagu|Lithuania}}
|[[Jaime Santos Latasa]]<br />{{Flagu|Spain}}
|-
|Reserve
|[[Mateusz Bartel]]<br />{{Flagu|Poland}}
|[[Robert Hovhannisyan]]<br />{{Flagu|Armenia}}
|[[Volodymyr Onyshchuk]]<br />{{Flagu|Ukraine}}
|}

=== Women's event ===
{{main|Women's event at the 44th Chess Olympiad}}
The Women's tournament was contested by a total of 800 players representing 162 teams.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=15&turdet=YES&flag=30&zeilen=99999 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Women |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100002/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> It featured three of the ten top players according to the FIDE rating list published in July 2022: sisters [[Mariya Muzychuk]] and [[Anna Muzychuk]], and [[Nana Dzagnidze]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/fide-ratings-july-2022 |title=FIDE ratings July 2022 |publisher=ChessBase |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324140451/https://en.chessbase.com/post/fide-ratings-july-2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> Since China withdrew and Russia was suspended, the other six players of the top ten were missing: [[Hou Yifan]], highest rated woman player in the world; [[Ju Wenjun]], current Women's World Champion and [[Tan Zhongyi]] from China, and [[Alexandra Kosteniuk]], [[Aleksandra Goryachkina]] and [[Kateryna Lagno]] from Russia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=8&flag=30 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Women – Team-Composition without round-results |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100002/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The absence of Russia and China, which had together won the gold medal at nine of the eleven previous Olympiads, made India the first seed, with an average rating of 2486.<ref name="teams-women"/> Ukraine, with former Women's World Champion [[Anna Ushenina]], were the second highest rated team averaging 2478,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=8&flag=30&snr=2 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Women – Ukraine |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100002/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> while Georgia were seeded third with 2475.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=8&flag=30&snr=3 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Women – Georgia |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=27 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100002/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Other medal contenders were expected to be Poland, France, Azerbaijan, the United States and Germany.<ref name="chess24-seeds"/><ref name="chessbase-seeds2"/>

==== Women's summary ====
[[File:2021-Oliwia-Kiolbasa.JPG|thumb|upright|alt=Oliwia Kiołbasa|[[Oliwia Kiołbasa]] of Poland was the best individual player in the Women's event.]]
Ukraine won the gold medal with 18 match points from seven wins and four draws, making them the only unbeaten team. It was their second title, having previously won in [[37th Chess Olympiad|2006]].<ref name="final-women">{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=0&rd=11&flag=30 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Women – Final Ranking after 11 Rounds |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100002/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The Ukrainians opened the tournament with a perfect score after four rounds before two consecutive draws against Azerbaijan and Romania in the fifth and sixth rounds set them back with a two-point deficit.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fide.com/news/1895 |title=Women's Chess Olympiad: Eight teams won all matches after four rounds |publisher=FIDE |date=1 August 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=2 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802011828/https://www.fide.com/news/1895 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://fide.com/news/1897 |title=Women's Olympiad: Three teams forge ahead with 10 and 9 points each |publisher=FIDE |date=2 August 2022 |access-date=3 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220803222042/https://fide.com/news/1897 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://fide.com/news/1901 |title=Indian eves crush Georgia to jump into sole lead |publisher=FIDE |date=3 August 2022 |access-date=4 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804122316/https://www.fide.com/news/1901 |url-status=live }}</ref> However, following India's loss to Poland in the ninth round,<ref name="FIDE">{{cite web |url=https://fide.com/news/1910 |title=Women's Olympiad: Four-way tie on the top with two rounds to go |publisher=FIDE |date=7 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322142255/https://fide.com/news/1910 |url-status=live }}</ref> they narrowed the gap to one point before the final round in which they beat Poland and benefited from India's loss against the United States to finish on top.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-fide-chess-olympiad-round-11 |title=Flash Report: Uzbekistan Wins Open, Ukraine Wins Women's |publisher=Chess.com |date=9 August 2022 |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809182334/https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-fide-chess-olympiad-round-11 |url-status=live }}</ref> Silver medallists Georgia also finished with 18 match points but had a worse tie-breaker. The bronze medal went to the first Indian team, who were leading the tournament by two points after seven rounds, before losing to Poland in the ninth round and the United States in the eleventh round, finishing on 17 match points.<ref name="FIDE"/><ref name="chessbase-final"/> The United States and Kazakhstan had the same score as India but due to weaker tie-breakers finished in fourth and fifth place, respectively.<ref name="final-women"/>

[[Oliwia Kiołbasa]] had the highest individual score in the Women's event, playing for Poland on board three, who scored 9½/11 (nine wins, one draw and one loss) and a performance rating of 2565 after she had opened the tournament with a perfect score of 9/9.<ref name="FIDE"/><ref name="best-player-women">{{cite web |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/the-winners-of-the-44th-chess-olympiad-women-s-tournament |title=The winners of the 44th Chess Olympiad (Women's Tournament) |publisher=[[ChessBase]] |date=10 August 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530072919/https://en.chessbase.com/post/the-winners-of-the-44th-chess-olympiad-women-s-tournament |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="best-poland">{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=20&turdet=NO&flag=30&snr=4 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Women – Poland |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100002/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Individual gold medals were also won by [[Pia Cramling]] of Sweden with 9½/11 and a rating performance of 2532 on board one, Nino Batsiashvili of Georgia with 7½/10 and a rating performance of 2504 on board two, [[Bat-Erdene Mungunzul]] of Mongolia who scored 7½/10 with a rating performance of 2460 on board four, and [[Jana Schneider (chess player)|Jana Schneider]] of Germany who played as a reserve player and scored 9/10 points with a rating performance of 2414.<ref name="best-women">{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=21&flag=30 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Women – Board-prizes (Final Ranking after 11 Rounds) |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=4 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220804032000/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=21&flag=30 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Final standings<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=0&flag=30 |title=44th Olympiad Chennai 2022 Women – Final Ranking after 11 Rounds |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=22 July 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100002/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
! # !! Country !! Players !! Average<br />rating !! {{abbr|MP|match points}} !! {{abbr|dSB|Sonneborn–Berger score excluding worst result}}{{ref|‡|'''‡'''}}
|-
|{{gold1}}|| '''{{Flagu|Ukraine}}''' || '''[[Mariya Muzychuk|M. Muzychuk]], [[Anna Muzychuk|A. Muzychuk]], [[Anna Ushenina|Ushenina]], [[Nataliya Buksa|Buksa]], [[Iulija Osmak|Osmak]]''' || '''2478''' || '''18''' || '''413.5'''
|-
| {{silver2}} || {{Flagu|Georgia}} || [[Nana Dzagnidze|Dzagnidze]], [[Nino Batsiashvili|Batsiashvili]], [[Lela Javakhishvili|Javakhishvili]], [[Salome Melia|Melia]], [[Meri Arabidze|Arabidze]] || 2475 || 18 || 392.0
|-
| {{bronze3}} || {{Flagu|India}} || [[Koneru Humpy|Humpy]], [[Harika Dronavalli|Harika]], [[R Vaishali|Vaishali]], [[Tania Sachdev|Sachdev]], [[Bhakti Kulkarni|Kulkarni]] || 2486 || 17 || 396.5
|-
| 4 || {{Flagu|United States}} || [[Gulrukhbegim Tokhirjonova|Tokhirjonova]], [[Irina Krush|Krush]], [[Carissa Yip|Yip]], [[Anna Zatonskih|Zatonskih]], [[Tatev Abrahamyan|Abrahamyan]] || 2390 || 17 || 390.0
|-
| 5 || {{Flagu|Kazakhstan}} || [[Zhansaya Abdumalik|Abdumalik]], [[Bibisara Assaubayeva|Assaubayeva]], [[Xeniya Balabayeva|Balabayeva]], [[Guliskhan Nakhbayeva|Nakhbayeva]], [[Nazerke Nurgali|Nurgali]] || 2365 || 17 || 352.0
|-
| 6 || {{Flagu|Poland}} || [[Alina Kashlinskaya|Kashlinskaya]], [[Monika Soćko|Soćko]], [[Oliwia Kiołbasa|Kiołbasa]], [[Maria Malicka (chess player)|Malicka]], [[Michalina Rudzińska|Rudzińska]] || 2423 || 16 || 396.0
|-
| 7 || {{Flagu|Azerbaijan}} || [[Gunay Mammadzada|Mammadzada]], [[Gulnar Mammadova|Mammadova]], [[Govhar Beydullayeva|Beydullayeva]], [[Khanim Balajayeva|Balajayeva]], [[Ulviyya Fataliyeva|Fataliyeva]] || 2399 || 16 || 389.0
|-
| 8 || {{flagdeco|IND}} India-2 || [[Vantika Agrawal|Agrawal]], [[Padmini Rout|Rout]], [[Soumya Swaminathan (chess player)|Soumya]], [[Mary Ann Gomes|Gomes]], [[Divya Deshmukh|Deshmukh]] || 2351 || 16 || 369.5
|-
| 9 || {{Flagu|Bulgaria}} || [[Nurgyul Salimova|Salimova]], [[Gergana Peycheva|Peycheva]], [[Beloslava Krasteva|Krasteva]], [[Gabriela Antova|Antova]], [[Viktoria Radeva|Radeva]] || 2319 || 16 || 361.0
|-
| 10 || {{Flagu|Germany}} || [[Elisabeth Pähtz|Pähtz]], [[Josefine Heinemann|Heinemann]], [[Hanna Marie Klek|Klek]], [[Dinara Wagner|Wagner]], [[Jana Schneider (chess player)|Schneider]] || 2383 || 16 || 344.5
|}

;Notes
{{refbegin}}
* Average ratings calculated by chess-results.com based on July 2022 FIDE ratings.
* {{note|‡|‡}} The Sonneborn–Berger score is a tie-breaking criterion used to rank teams with equal match points.
{{refend}}

All board medals were given out according to performance ratings for players who played at least eight games at the tournament. Oliwia Kiołbasa on the third board had the best performance of all players in the tournament with a rating of 2565.<ref name="best-women"/>
{|{{MedalistTable|type=Board|columns=1}}
|-
|Board 1
|[[Pia Cramling]]<br />{{Flagu|Sweden}}
|[[Eline Roebers]]<br />{{Flagu|Netherlands}}
|[[Zhansaya Abdumalik]]<br />{{Flagu|Kazakhstan}}
|-
|Board 2
|[[Nino Batsiashvili]]<br />{{Flagu|Georgia}}
|[[Anna Muzychuk]]<br />{{Flagu|Ukraine}}
|[[Khanim Balajayeva]]<br />{{Flagu|Azerbaijan}}
|-
|Board 3
|[[Oliwia Kiołbasa]]<br />{{Flagu|Poland}}
|[[Anna Ushenina]]<br />{{Flagu|Ukraine}}
|[[R Vaishali]]<br />{{Flagu|India}}
|-
|Board 4
|[[Bat-Erdene Mungunzul]]<br />{{Flagu|Mongolia}}
|[[Maria Malicka (chess player)|Maria Malicka]]<br />{{Flagu|Poland}}
|[[Tania Sachdev]]<br />{{Flagu|India}}
|-
|Reserve
|[[Jana Schneider (chess player)|Jana Schneider]]<br />{{Flagu|Germany}}
|[[Ulviyya Fataliyeva]]<br />{{Flagu|Azerbaijan}}
|[[Divya Deshmukh]]<br />{{flagdeco|IND}} India-2
|}

=== Gaprindashvili Trophy ===
The [[Nona Gaprindashvili Trophy]], created by FIDE in 1997 and named after former Women's World Champion [[Nona Gaprindashvili]], is given to the teams with the best combined performance in the Open and Women's tournaments (sum of their positions in both standings). The first team of India won the Trophy ahead of the United States in second place and the second Indian team in third place.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=57&flag=30 |title=Gaprindashvilicup (Best federation = sum (Open + Women)) |publisher=Chess-results.com |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=25 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625100002/https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! #
! Team
! Sum of positions
|-
| style="background:gold;"| '''1'''
| '''{{Flagu|India}}'''
| style="text-align: right;"| '''7'''
|-
| style="background:silver;"| 2
| {{Flagu|United States}}
| style="text-align: right;"| 9
|-
| style="background:#c96;"| 3
| {{flagdeco|IND}} India-2
| style="text-align: right;"| 11
|}

== FIDE Congress ==
The 93rd FIDE Congress{{Efn|The FIDE Congress is an annual event that combines the sessions of FIDE's main bodies—namely, the General Assembly, the FIDE Council, the Zonal Council and the FIDE Commissions. In even years, it is preferred that the FIDE Congress takes place during the Chess Olympiad, and it is therefore organised by the organiser of the Chess Olympiad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/FIDECongressRegulations |title=FIDE Handbook: FIDE Congress Regulations |publisher=FIDE |access-date=20 July 2023 |archive-date=19 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230719213151/https://handbook.fide.com/chapter/FIDECongressRegulations |url-status=live }}</ref>}} was held during the Olympiad, from 31 July to 9 August, with its General Assembly on 7 and 8 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://congress.fide.com/?yr=2022&month=8&dy=&cid=mc-c86baa680f5e316af38be3e88818f606 |title=FIDE Congress – India, Chennai |date=23 July 2024 |publisher=FIDE }}{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://doc.fide.com/docs/DOC/2022%20GA%20in%20IND/2022%20GA%20Agenda.pdf |title=93rd FIDE Congress: General Assembly Agenda |publisher=FIDE |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=16 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220716010942/https://doc.fide.com/docs/DOC/2022%20GA%20in%20IND/2022%20GA%20Agenda.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The FIDE presidential election took place on 7 August. Four sets of candidates were approved by the FIDE Electoral Commission, each consisting of a [[joint ticket]] for president and deputy president:<ref name="election">{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/candidates-2022-fide-presidential-elections |title=4 Candidates In FIDE Presidential Elections |first=Peter |last=Doggers |publisher=[[Chess.com]] |date=10 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610145258/https://www.chess.com/news/view/candidates-2022-fide-presidential-elections |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Arkady Dvorkovich]] (president, incumbent) and [[Viswanathan Anand]] (deputy president)
* [[Andrey Baryshpolets]] (president) and [[Peter Heine Nielsen]] (deputy president)
* Inalbek Cheripov (president) and Lewis Ncube (deputy president)
* [[Bachar Kouatly]] (president) and Ian Wilkinson (deputy president)

Each ticket had to meet several requirements in order to be approved: it had to be submitted two months before the General Assembly; the candidates for president and deputy president could not be from the same member federation; and the ticket required endorsements from five member federations including one from each of the four FIDE continents, but no more than eight federations in total, and each federation was entitled to endorse only one ticket.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://congress.fide.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Electoral-Commission_Report_7-June-2022_I-and-II-part.pdf |title=Electoral Commission Report – 7 June 2022 |publisher=FIDE |date=7 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628024725/https://congress.fide.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Electoral-Commission_Report_7-June-2022_I-and-II-part.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A candidate ticket of Enyonam Sewa Fumey (president) and [[Stuart Fancy]] (deputy president) was rejected by FIDE because it had received support from member federations of Africa (Burkina Faso, Egypt, Togo and Senegal), Asia (Papua New Guinea) and America (Haiti) but not from Europe.<ref name="election"/>

Inalbek Cheripov withdrew a few days before the election. On election day, each of the remaining candidates was allowed to speak to delegates for 15 minutes before the voting, in an order determined by drawing lots. Kouatly withdrew during his speech.<ref name="chess.com-election">{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/dvorkovich-re-elected-as-fide-president |title=Dvorkovich Re-elected As FIDE President |first=Peter |last=Doggers |publisher=Chess.com |date=7 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306081720/https://www.chess.com/news/view/dvorkovich-re-elected-as-fide-president |url-status=live }}</ref> Dvorkovich and Anand won in a landslide, winning 157 of the 179 federations who voted. Baryshpolets and Nielsen came in second with 16 votes.<ref name="france24-election">{{cite web |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220807-russian-re-elected-head-of-chess-body-fide-sees-off-ukrainian-challenger |title=Russian re-elected head of chess body FIDE, sees off Ukrainian challenger |publisher=[[France 24]] |date=7 August 2022 |access-date=8 August 2022 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051454/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220807-russian-re-elected-head-of-chess-body-fide-sees-off-ukrainian-challenger |url-status=live }}</ref>

Apart from the re-election of Dvorkovich as FIDE President, other notable decisions were made at the Congress. Uzbekistan was elected to host the 46th Chess Olympiad in either [[Tashkent]] or [[Samarkand]]. They were the only valid bid submitted by the 31 May 2022 deadline.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/74791 |title=The 46th World Chess Olympiad to be held in Uzbekistan in 2026 |publisher=UzDaily |date=8 August 2022 |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509182500/https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/post/74791 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="congress">{{cite web |url=https://doc.fide.com/docs/DOC/2022_GA_Minutes.pdf |title=FIDE General Assembly — Minutes |publisher=FIDE |date=7–8 August 2022 |access-date=27 July 2023 |archive-date=27 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230727073632/https://doc.fide.com/docs/DOC/2022_GA_Minutes.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Xie Jun]] of China, Sheikh Saud bin Adulaziz Al Mualla of the United Arab Emirates, [[Georgios Makropoulos]] of Greece and [[Michael Khodarkovsky]] of the United States were elected as FIDE Vice Presidents.<ref name="congress"/> The Mitropa Chess Association, a Central European chess organisation, was admitted, and the ASEAN Chess Confederation, a Southeast Asian chess organisation, was re-admitted as an affiliate member of FIDE.<ref name="congress"/>

== Year of the Woman in Chess ==
In January 2022, FIDE declared 2022 the "Year of the Woman in Chess". In that context, seven initiatives were planned to organise events and extend collaborations, including annual awards for women in various categories and a "Queen Pavilion" during the Chess Olympiad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/news/1522 |title=Manifesto: The Year of the Woman in Chess |publisher=FIDE |date=14 January 2022 |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509173330/https://www.fide.com/news/1522 |url-status=live }}</ref> On the first day of the Olympiad, the Queen's and Social Pavilion was opened by FIDE President Dvorkovich and Managing Director [[Dana Reizniece-Ozola]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/chess-olympiad-2022-fide-officials-inaugurate-queen-pavilion-and-social-pavilion-194809.html |title=Chess Olympiad 2022: FIDE officials inaugurate Queen's and Social Pavilion to spread message of togetherness |publisher=myKhel |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029212918/https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/chess-olympiad-2022-fide-officials-inaugurate-queen-pavilion-and-social-pavilion-194809.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The winners of the Year of the Woman in Chess Awards were announced at a special ceremony which took place on 5 August. In the period preceding the ceremony, national chess federations were encouraged to submit nominations in different categories that covered almost all aspects of chess. Awards in each category were presented to overall winners, as well as to continental winners. The overall winners across award categories were:
* Spirit of FIDE: Dana Riezniece-Ozola (Latvia)
* FIDE ICON: [[Judit Polgár]] (Hungary)
* Outstanding chess player of 2021: [[Alexandra Kosteniuk]] (Russia)
* Outstanding chess administrator: Sonja Johnson (Trinidad and Tobago)
* Outstanding chess arbiter: [[Anastasia Sorokina]] (Belarus)
* Outstanding photographer: [[Anastasiya Karlovich]] (Ukraine)
* Outstanding 'game changer': [[Jennifer Shahade]] (United States)
* Outstanding chess educator: Alshaeby Razan (Jordan)
* Outstanding chess organiser: Cristina Pernici Rigo (Italy)
* Outstanding chess trainer: [[Shadi Paridar]] (Iran)
* Outstanding influencer/commentator/social media star: [[Tania Sachdev]] (India)
* Outstanding politician: [[Viktorija Čmilytė-Nielsen]] (Lithuania)
* Outstanding representation of 'He-For-She': Jean-Michel Rapaire (Monaco)
* Woman with disability for outstanding fighting spirit: Svetlana Gerasimova (Russia)
* Federation with the highest percentage of female rated players: Vietnam

The awards were provided by Alwahshi Abdullah Salem of the Saudi Arabian Chess Federation, which fielded a women's team at the Olympiad for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fide.com/news/1905 |title=Year of the Woman in Chess Awards Granted in Chennai |publisher=FIDE |date=5 August 2022 |access-date=9 May 2023 |archive-date=9 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509173403/https://fide.com/news/1905 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Marketing ==
[[File:Napier-Bridge-Chessboard.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Napier Bridge|Napier Bridge in Chennai, painted with a chessboard pattern]]

=== Mascot ===
The official mascot was named "Thambi" ({{Translation|younger brother}}), a [[Knight (chess)|chess knight]] wearing a [[veshti|vēṭṭi]] (the ethnic Tamil male attire) and a white shirt. He was depicted with folded hands, extending the Tamil greeting "[[Namaste|Vanakkam]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/tamil-nadu-cm-launches-logo-mascot-of-44th-chess-olympiad/articleshow/92112811.cms |title=Tamil Nadu CM launches logo, mascot of 44th Chess Olympiad |work=The Times of India |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226170855/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/tamil-nadu-cm-launches-logo-mascot-of-44th-chess-olympiad/articleshow/92112811.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The mascot appeared on billboards, statues and posters. Commentators compared Thambi to 'Appu', the mascot for the [[1982 Asian Games]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/chess-olympiad-s-thambi-ain-t-alone-here-s-a-look-at-india-s-mascots-122072600455_1.html |title=Chess Olympiad's Thambi ain't alone: Here's a look at India's mascots |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=26 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728180508/https://www.business-standard.com/article/sports/chess-olympiad-s-thambi-ain-t-alone-here-s-a-look-at-india-s-mascots-122072600455_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Promotional activities ===
[[Buses in Chennai]] were branded with the promotional slogan "Namma Chess, Namma Pride" (trans. ''Our Chess, Our Pride''). Buses in [[Coimbatore]] and [[Tiruchirappalli]] also carried marketing for the event. The mascot Thambi was put at the "Namma Chennai" [[selfie]] point on the East Coast Road; a contest was held for images with the mascot posted on social media, with prizes of free tickets to the opening ceremony. Billboards were installed at major bus stops, and the event was also promoted at [[Chennai Metro]] stations.<ref name="express"/> A private school in [[Perambur]] erected a {{convert|6,400|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} giant chessboard for students to play the pieces. It was opened by [[P. K. Sekar Babu]], Tamil Nadu's minister of [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] The space around the chessboard was decorated with eight {{convert|14|ft|m|adj=on}} cut-outs of the Thambi mascot.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/sport/44th-chess-olympiad-6400-sq-ft-mammoth-chessboard-erected-by-private-school-in-chennai/1056217/ |title=44th Chess Olympiad: 6,400 sq ft mammoth chessboard erected by private school in Chennai |publisher=[[ThePrint]] |date=26 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727093728/https://theprint.in/sport/44th-chess-olympiad-6400-sq-ft-mammoth-chessboard-erected-by-private-school-in-chennai/1056217/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[India Post]] issued a postage stamp featuring the Olympiad. It was unveiled during a ceremony on [[International Chess Day]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chess-olympiad-stamp-unveiled-to-celebrate-world-chess-day/articleshow/93010970.cms |title=Chess Olympiad Stamp unveiled to celebrate 'World Chess Day' |work=The Times of India |date=20 July 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141406/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/chess/chess-olympiad-stamp-unveiled-to-celebrate-world-chess-day/articleshow/93010970.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Sponsors for the tournament included [[Tech Mahindra]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/news/1795 |title=Tech Mahindra onboarded as digital partner for FIDE Chess Olympiad |publisher=FIDE |date=1 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141408/https://www.fide.com/news/1795 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Glaceau Smartwater|Smartwater]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://chessolympiad.fide.com/smartwater-official-beverage-partner-of-the-2022-chess-olympiad/ |title="Smartwater", official beverage partner of the 2022 Chess Olympiad |publisher=Chennai 2022 |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729113521/https://chessolympiad.fide.com/smartwater-official-beverage-partner-of-the-2022-chess-olympiad/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Indian Oil Corporation|Indian Oil]], [[Titan Company|Titan]] and [[Chessable]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/news/1031 |title=FIDE enters partnership with Chessable and chess24 |publisher=FIDE |date=19 April 2021 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141416/https://www.fide.com/news/1031 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Chennai's [[Napier Bridge]] was painted with a chessboard pattern,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/watch-chennais-napiers-bridge-looks-like-a-chess-board-8034119/ |title=Watch: Chennai's iconic Napier Bridge gets a Chess makeover |publisher=The Indian Express |date=17 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729141244/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/chennai/watch-chennais-napiers-bridge-looks-like-a-chess-board-8034119/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which divided opinion. While some commentators liked the artwork, others raised concerns that the pattern was disorienting, especially for people with [[anxiety disorder]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/chennaiites-divided-over-napier-bridges-chess-makeover-for-chess-olympiad-2022/articleshow/93043663.cms |title=Chennaiites divided over Napier Bridge's chess makeover for Chess Olympiad 2022 |first1=Ashish Ittyerah |last1=Joseph |first2=Prakash |last2=Swaminathan |work=The Times of India |date=22 July 2022 |access-date=29 July 2022 |archive-date=29 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220729201918/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/spotlight/chennaiites-divided-over-napier-bridges-chess-makeover-for-chess-olympiad-2022/articleshow/93043663.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> The chessboard pattern also led to traffic congestion as people thronged to the bridge to take selfies and record videos for social media.<ref>{{cite news |title=Napier Bridge's chequered look causing 'reel' traffic trouble: Cops |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/24/napier-bridges-chequered-look-causing-reel-traffic-trouble-cops-2480030.html |access-date=14 August 2022 |publisher=The New Indian Express |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164404/https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2022/jul/24/napier-bridges-chequered-look-causing-reel-traffic-trouble-cops-2480030.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Side tournaments ===
FIDE held an online event in May 2020 titled 'Checkmate Coronavirus'. This consisted of 2,762 tournaments held simultaneously over a 30-day period, played by 120,000 unique participants from over 140 countries. The various winners of the event were awarded masterclasses with [[Grandmaster (chess)|grandmasters]], free tickets to the Olympiad, and/or souvenirs and memorabilia.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/news/1846 |title=Checkmate Coronavirus: Road to Chennai |publisher=FIDE |date=4 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728121840/https://www.fide.com/news/1846 |url-status=live }}</ref> Immediately prior to the Olympiad, on 24 July, a [[rapid chess]] tournament was held in Hall 1 and Hall 2, with 1,414 participants. Games from all 707 boards were broadcast live online. The winner of the event was Indian grandmaster [[Vishnu Prasanna V.|Vishnu Prasanna]], who scored a perfect 9 out of 9 possible points. First prize was {{INRConvert|35000}} and the total prize fund was {{INRConvert|500000}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-fide-chess-olympiad-inauguration |title=44th FIDE Chess Olympiad Inaugurated In Chennai, India |first=V. |last=Saravanan |publisher=Chess.com |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=2 August 2022 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322165238/https://www.chess.com/news/view/2022-fide-chess-olympiad-inauguration |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Broadcasting ==
The Olympiad was broadcast live on FIDE's official [[YouTube]] channel, with commentary by grandmasters [[Judit Polgár]] and [[Mihail Marin]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessdom.com/44th-chess-olympiad-2022-r1-live-with-gm-judit-polgar-and-gm-mihail-marin/ |title=44th Chess Olympiad 2022 R1 live with GM Judit Polgar and GM Mihail Marin |publisher=Chessdom |date=29 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730171148/https://www.chessdom.com/44th-chess-olympiad-2022-r1-live-with-gm-judit-polgar-and-gm-mihail-marin/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In India, television broadcast was on the [[Doordarshan]] channel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/fide-chess-olympiad-2022-chennai-india-team-schedule-live-streaming |title=FIDE Chess Olympiad 2022, live streaming: A first in India – get full schedule |publisher=Olympics |date=27 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927034153/https://olympics.com/en/news/fide-chess-olympiad-2022-chennai-india-team-schedule-live-streaming |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Chess24]] provided online streaming commentary by grandmasters [[Peter Leko]] and [[Peter Svidler]].<ref name="comment"/> [[Chess.com]] streamed the event through their ChessTV, [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] and YouTube channels.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/announcing-chesscom-coverage-2022-chess-olympiad |title=Announcing Chess.com Coverage Of The 2022 Chess Olympiad |publisher=Chess.com |date=6 July 2022 |access-date=30 July 2022 |archive-date=30 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730171135/https://www.chess.com/news/view/announcing-chesscom-coverage-2022-chess-olympiad |url-status=live }}</ref> [[ChessBase|ChessBase India]] also streamed the event live on their YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/44th-chess-olympiad-will-show-the-west-that-india-isn-t-just-a-land-of-snake-charmers-aicf-secy-194253.html |title=44th Chess Olympiad will show the West that India isn't just a land of snake charmers: Bharat Singh Chauhan |first=Avinash |last=Sharma |publisher=myKhel |date=21 July 2022 |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164402/https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/44th-chess-olympiad-will-show-the-west-that-india-isn-t-just-a-land-of-snake-charmers-aicf-secy-194253.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Concerns and controversies ==
=== Doping restrictions ===
{{main|Doping in Russia}}
Russia's initial right to host the event raised concerns because of [[World Anti-Doping Agency]]'s recommendation from November 2019 that the country should be banned from hosting all major events for a period of four years.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2019-11/wada-compliance-review-committee-recommends-series-of-strong-consequences-for |title=WADA Compliance Review Committee recommends series of strong consequences for RUSADA non-compliance |date=25 November 2019 |publisher=[[World Anti-Doping Agency|WADA]] |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=9 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309063831/https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2019-11/wada-compliance-review-committee-recommends-series-of-strong-consequences-for |url-status=live }}</ref> Namely, Russian international teams engaged in widespread [[doping (sport)|doping]] (illegal use of [[performance enhancing drug]]s) in multiple sports, with the complicit inaction of the [[Russian Anti-Doping Agency]], which led the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to launch an investigation. As part of their position that chess is a sport, FIDE is affiliated with WADA and implements [[Chess Olympiad#Drug testing|drug testing at Chess Olympiads]] following WADA guidelines.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://handbook.fide.com/files/handbook/FIDEAntiDopingRules.pdf |title=FIDE Anti-Doping Rules based on Wada's Models of Best Practice for International Federations and the World Anti-Doping Code |publisher=FIDE |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=16 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516200459/http://handbook.fide.com/files/handbook/FIDEAntiDopingRules.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Russian Chess Federation]] denied that WADA's recommendations applied to the Chess Olympiad, as its president Andrey Filatov stated in an interview that the decision to host the Olympiad was made long before WADA's decision.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ruchess.ru/en/news/all/andrey_filatov_shess_results_of_2019_are_inspiring/ |title=Andrey Filatov: Сhess Results of 2019 are Inspiring |publisher=Russian Chess Federation |date=15 January 2020 |access-date=11 April 2023 |archive-date=29 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029212923/https://ruchess.ru/en/news/all/andrey_filatov_shess_results_of_2019_are_inspiring/ |url-status=live }}</ref> FIDE officially responded to WADA that the contracts for the two affected tournaments—[[Candidates Tournament 2020–2021]] and the 44th Chess Olympiad—had already been signed and therefore they could not be moved. FIDE also argued that the events qualified for an exemption specified by WADA because they were the only valid bids to organise each event.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/news/229 |title=Official statement on WADA recommendations |date=28 November 2019 |publisher=FIDE |access-date=14 February 2020 |archive-date=22 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322172236/https://www.fide.com/news/229 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== COVID-19 pandemic ===
{{main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sports|COVID-19 pandemic in Russia|COVID-19 pandemic in India}}
As the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] spread around the world in early 2020, FIDE announced in March 2020 that the Chess Olympiad would be postponed. They planned to reschedule it in the summer of 2021 with the same host.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fide.com/news/460 |title=Statement by the FIDE Council regarding the Chess Olympiad |date=24 March 2020 |publisher=FIDE |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511114410/https://www.fide.com/news/460 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="postponed">{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/fide-postpones-chess-olympiad-to-2021 |title=FIDE Postpones Chess Olympiad To 2021 |first=Peter |last=Doggers |date=24 March 2020 |publisher=Chess.com |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221108051056/https://www.chess.com/news/view/fide-postpones-chess-olympiad-to-2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> In December 2020, when the pandemic was still ongoing, FIDE formally cancelled the event and planned to reorganise it for 2022.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/moscow-chess-olympiad-2022-budapest-2024 |title=Next Chess Olympiad In 2022; Budapest Wins Bid For 2024 |first=Peter |last=Doggers |publisher=Chess.com |date=15 December 2020 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728105515/https://www.chess.com/news/view/moscow-chess-olympiad-2022-budapest-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Even after a two-year delay, the pandemic still affected participation in the Olympiad. The Chinese team, which won gold medals in both events at the [[43rd Chess Olympiad|2018 Chess Olympiad]], withdrew due to the pandemic.<ref name="chessbase-seeds"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d733a57b-4db5-4a6a-a6c3-2f967b65010d |title=Chess: USA Olympiad favourites, as hosts India challenge and England target top six |first=Leonard |last=Barden |author-link=Leonard Barden |publisher=[[Financial Times]] |date=25 July 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728105515/https://www.ft.com/content/d733a57b-4db5-4a6a-a6c3-2f967b65010d |url-status=live }}</ref> Azerbaijan's [[Teimour Radjabov]], the winner of the [[Chess World Cup 2019]], did not play, due to the after-effects of a COVID-19 infection that he contracted after competing in the [[Candidates Tournament 2022]].<ref name="radjabov"/>

=== Russian invasion of Ukraine ===
Amid the international sanctions against Russia in response to the [[Russian invasion of Ukraine|invasion of Ukraine in February 2022]], FIDE announced that the Olympiad would no longer take place in Russia.<ref name="not"/> This has resulted from a recommendation by the [[International Olympic Committee]] made in March 2022 to suspend Russia and Belarus from participation in international tournaments, including the Olympiad, that FIDE followed.<ref name="suspension">{{cite web |url=https://fide.com/news/1638 |title=Russia and Belarus teams suspended from FIDE competitions |publisher=FIDE |date=16 March 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220726141146/https://fide.com/news/1638 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/chess-teams-from-russia-belarus-suspended-not-to-play-in-chennai-olympiad-23218805 |title=Chess teams from Russia, Belarus suspended; not to play in Chennai Olympiad |publisher=[[Mid-Day]] |date=17 March 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=15 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220415181142/https://www.mid-day.com/sports/other-sports/article/chess-teams-from-russia-belarus-suspended-not-to-play-in-chennai-olympiad-23218805 |url-status=live }}</ref> Although their teams were not allowed to compete, the Russian and Belarusian national federations were permitted to take part in the FIDE Congress, submit candidates and vote in the [[#FIDE presidential election|FIDE presidential election]] held during the Olympiad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/sports/russia-and-belarus-can-vote-in-fide-elections-5443900/ |title=Russia And Belarus Can Vote In FIDE Elections |publisher=[[India.com]] |date=9 June 2022 |access-date=26 July 2022 |archive-date=21 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621142237/https://www.india.com/sports/russia-and-belarus-can-vote-in-fide-elections-5443900/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Many Russian chess players disapproved of the invasion. Some decided to leave the country, switch federations, or play under the FIDE flag instead of the Russian flag.<ref>{{cite web |last=Schulz |first=André |date=20 April 2022 |title=Top Grandmasters leave Russia |url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/top-grandmasters-leave-russia |access-date=28 July 2022 |publisher=ChessBase |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927055938/https://en.chessbase.com/post/top-grandmasters-leave-russia |url-status=live }}</ref> Forty-four top Russian players signed an open letter addressed to Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]], stating their opposition to the war. Signatories included [[Ian Nepomniachtchi]], [[Alexandra Kosteniuk]], Peter Svidler, [[Andrey Esipenko]] and [[Daniil Dubov]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/stop-the-war-44-top-russian-players-publish-open-letter-to-putin |title='Stop the war.' 44 Top Russian Players Publish Open Letter To Putin |first=Sam |last=Copeland |publisher=Chess.com |date=20 April 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=7 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220307095826/https://www.chess.com/news/view/stop-the-war-44-top-russian-players-publish-open-letter-to-putin |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Dmitry Andreikin]], [[Alexandr Predke]] and [[Vladimir Fedoseev]], who all played in the [[FIDE Grand Prix 2022]] held in February and March, did not return to Russia and moved to North Macedonia, Uzbekistan and Spain, respectively. [[Daniil Yuffa]], [[Kirill Alekseenko]] and [[Nikita Vitiugov]] also moved to Spain, while [[Alexey Sarana]] stayed in [[Belgrade]] after participating in a tournament there.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chess.com/news/view/russian-chess-grandmasters-leave-russia |title=Russian Grandmasters Leave Russia: 'I Have No Sympathy For This War' |first=Peter |last=Doggers |publisher=Chess.com |date=5 May 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=13 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220813075732/https://www.chess.com/news/view/russian-chess-grandmasters-leave-russia |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Alina Kashlinskaya]] transferred her affiliation to Poland and played for them at the Olympiad.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7790/Artykul/2965726,Russian-chess-player-switches-to-Poland-over-Ukraine-war-report#:~:text=Alina%20Kashlinskaya%2C%20one%20of%20the,according%20to%20a%20Polish%20website.&text=The%202019%20European%20champion%20made,Poland's%20niezalezna.pl%20website%20reported. |title=Russian chess player switches to Poland over Ukraine war: report |publisher=[[Polskie Radio]] |date=25 May 2022 |access-date=28 July 2022 |archive-date=28 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728105520/https://www.polskieradio.pl/395/7790/Artykul/2965726,Russian-chess-player-switches-to-Poland-over-Ukraine-war-report#:~:text=Alina%20Kashlinskaya%2C%20one%20of%20the,according%20to%20a%20Polish%20website.&text=The%202019%20European%20champion%20made,Poland's%20niezalezna.pl%20website%20reported. |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="chess24-seeds"/>

=== Team flags ===
Competitors representing [[Afghanistan]] used [[flag of Afghanistan|the flag]] of the [[Taliban]] militant group, which [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|took control of the country in 2021]], instead of the flag of the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] which was still officially recognised by FIDE.<ref name="afghanistan-flag">{{cite web |last=Basu |first=Nayanima |date=1 August 2022 |title=Afghan chess players hold Taliban flag in Chennai, shows 'good relations' with India says Kabul |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/%EF%BB%BFafghan-chess-players-hold-taliban-flag-in-chennai-kabul-lauds-good-relations-with-india/1063603/ |access-date=11 April 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411184655/https://theprint.in/diplomacy/%EF%BB%BFafghan-chess-players-hold-taliban-flag-in-chennai-kabul-lauds-good-relations-with-india/1063603/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Images of the Taliban flag at the Olympiad were widely circulated by Taliban officials and supporters on social media.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2022/08/01/taliban-flag-chennai-chess-olympiad.html | title=Taliban flag goes up in Chennai's Chess Olympiad venue | publisher=[[Onmanorama]] | date=1 August 2022 | access-date=11 April 2023 | archive-date=30 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630191632/https://www.onmanorama.com/news/india/2022/08/01/taliban-flag-chennai-chess-olympiad.html | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://theprint.in/diplomacy/%EF%BB%BFafghan-chess-players-hold-taliban-flag-in-chennai-kabul-lauds-good-relations-with-india/1063603/ |title=Afghan chess players hold Taliban flag in Chennai, shows 'good relations' with India says Kabul |date=1 August 2022 |publisher=ThePrint |access-date=12 April 2023 |first=Nayanima |last=Basu |archive-date=11 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411184655/https://theprint.in/diplomacy/%EF%BB%BFafghan-chess-players-hold-taliban-flag-in-chennai-kabul-lauds-good-relations-with-india/1063603/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008]], and the Kosovo Chess Federation has been a full member of [[FIDE]] since 2016.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ratings.fide.com/fide_directory.phtml?country=KOS&list=960 | title=Kosovo — FIDE Directory | publisher=FIDE | access-date=11 August 2022 | archive-date=6 June 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606225629/https://ratings.fide.com/fide_directory.phtml?country=KOS&list=960 | url-status=live }}</ref> However, [[India's reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence|India does not recognise the nation]], so the hosts banned the [[flag of Kosovo]] at the Olympiad. The Kosovo team were therefore forced to play under the FIDE flag.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/chess-olympiad-afghanistan-players-wait-for-govt-nod-to-take-part-kosovo-to-play-under-fide-flag-194223.html?story=1 | title=Chess Olympiad: Afghanistan players wait for Govt nod to take part; Kosovo to play under FIDE flag | first=Chitrangada | last=Dc | publisher=myKhel | date=20 July 2022 | access-date=11 April 2023 | archive-date=26 February 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226164402/https://www.mykhel.com/more-sports/chess-olympiad-afghanistan-players-wait-for-govt-nod-to-take-part-kosovo-to-play-under-fide-flag-194223.html?story=1 | url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Other incidents ===
The torch relay passed through parts of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]], in the disputed region of [[Kashmir]]. The route stuck to locations administered by India as [[union territories]], but those locations are also claimed by Pakistan (see [[Kashmir conflict]]). The Pakistan team had already arrived in India for the Olympiad. Nevertheless, the Pakistani federation withdrew from the event in protest, describing the torch route as "provocative".<ref name="pakistan-boycott"/><ref>{{cite web | url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2368293/pakistan-to-pull-out-of-chess-olympiad-in-protest-against-indias-politicisation-of-sports | title=Pakistan to pull out of chess olympiad in protest against India's politicisation of sports | publisher=[[The Express Tribune]] | date=28 July 2022 | access-date=11 April 2023 | archive-date=25 September 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925054642/https://tribune.com.pk/story/2368293/pakistan-to-pull-out-of-chess-olympiad-in-protest-against-indias-politicisation-of-sports | url-status=live }}</ref>

A dispute over the financial management and governance at the Rwandan Chess Federation led to Rwanda's Ministry of Sport blocking the Rwandan team's participation in the Olympiad. The ministry and the country's Olympic committee had refused to recognise the federation since December 2021.<ref name="rwanda"/>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Chess}}
* [[Chess Olympiad]]
* [[Chess World Cup 2019]]
* [[FIDE Online Chess Olympiad 2020]]
* [[FIDE Online Chess Olympiad 2021]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website|https://chennai2022.fide.com/}}
* [https://chess-results.com/tnr653631.aspx?lan=1&art=0&rd=11&flag=30 Open event] and [https://chess-results.com/tnr653632.aspx?lan=1&art=0&rd=11&flag=30 women's event] results

{{S-start}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[43rd Chess Olympiad]]<br />{{small|[[Batumi]], Georgia}}
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Chess Olympiad]] <br />''44th Olympiad'' (2022)
| years = [[Chennai]], India
}}
{{s-aft
| after = [[45th Chess Olympiad]]<br />{{small|[[Budapest]], Hungary}}
}}
{{S-end}}

{{Chess Olympiads}}

[[Category:44th Chess Olympiad]]
[[Category:Chess Olympiads]]
[[Category:2022 in chess]]
[[Category:Sports events postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic|Chess Olympiad]]
[[Category:International sports competitions hosted by India]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian sport]]
[[Category:July 2022 sports events in India|Chess Olympiad]]
[[Category:August 2022 sports events in India|Chess Olympiad]]
[[Category:Sports events affected by the Russian invasion of Ukraine|Chess Olympiad]]
[[Category:Sports competitions in Chennai]]
[[Category:2020s in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Chess in India]]

Haryana Seeds Development Corporation

2025-10-31T00:30:05Z

Mdraselsarker: Started some post first draft!

{{Short description|Indian state government agency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2017}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Haryana Seeds Development Corporation Limited
|logo =
|type = State Government Undertaking
|traded_as =
|slogan =
|foundation = {{Start date and age|1974}}
|location = [[Panchkula]], Haryana, India
|industry = [[Agriculture]] and [[Seeds]]
|products = [[Seeds]]
|owner = [[Government of Haryana]]
|homepage = {{URL|http://www.haryanaseeds.gov.in/}}
}}
'''Haryana Seeds Development Corporation''' is an Indian state government undertaking company, established in 1974<ref>{{cite news|url=http://aghry.nic.in/commercial/comm2k2/Chapter_2A.pdf|title=The Company was incorporated in September 1974 with a view to provide quality seeds at reasonable prices to the farmers in Haryana - Audit Report Commercial for the year ended 31 March 2002 |publisher=Principal Accountants General Haryana}}</ref><ref>[http://www.haic.co.in/activities/seeds.htm Seeds produced & procured by Haryana Seed Development Corporation.]</ref> under the Companies Act, 1956 with the objective of organizing production and distribution of certified seeds to the farmers of the State at reasonable rates.

==Background==
Haryana Seeds Development Corporation was established to provide quality seeds at affordable price in [[Haryana state]] for farmers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hsamb.gov.in/inputscheme.htm|title=Farmer's Welfare Scheme – Input Scheme|work=hsamb.gov.in}}</ref> HSDC has a [[Seed]] Testing Lab at Umri for testing seed samples to measure quality. Their products include an assortment of field crops and vegetables.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}}

==Plants and offices==
Haryana Seeds Development Corporation has six [[Seed]] processing plants at Umri, [[Hisar, Haryana|Hisar]], [[Sirsa, Haryana|Sirsa]], [[Yamuna Nagar]], [[Tohana]] and Pataudi in [[Haryana state]]. HSDC has one Marketing Office at [[Bhiwani]], Haryana and 74 Sale Counters.The corporation is maintaining a Seed Testing Lab at Umri for testing seed samples as an internal quality control measure.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=http://haryanaseeds.org.in/en-us/About-Us|access-date=2021-10-20|website=haryanaseeds.org.in}}</ref>

==Controversy==
In year 2013,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hsdc-places-order-for-raxil-but-with-riders/1095548/|title=HSDC places order for Raxil, but with riders|work=The Indian Express|date=31 March 2013}}</ref> [[Managing Director]] Khemka has demand of [[Central Bureau of Investigation]] inquiry on purchase nearly 10,000 tonnes of wheat seeds from private suppliers, which was started on 18 October 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/cbi-begins-inquiry-into-khemkas-complaint-on-seed-supply/article5247536.ece|title=CBI begins inquiry into Khemka’s complaint on seed supply |work=The Hindu|date=18 October 2013}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Agriculture companies established in the 1970s]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Haryana]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1974]]
[[Category:2013 controversies]]
[[Category:Seed companies]]
[[Category:Agricultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:Agriculture in Haryana]]
[[Category:State agencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1974]]

Abdullah Quraishi Al-Azhari

2025-10-17T21:08:31Z

Mdraselsarker: Starting new entry

{{Short description|Indian scholar (1935–2015)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox philosopher
| image = Maulana AQA.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| name = Maulana Alhaj Abdullah Quraishi Al-Azhari
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1935|09|19}}
| birth_place = [[Dundigal]], [[Ranga Reddy District]], [[Telangana]], India
| death_date = {{death-date and age|8 December 2015|19 September 1935}}
| occupation = Imam and Khateeb of [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] Hyderabad
| main_interests = [[Hadith]], [[Tafsir]], [[Adab (literature)|Adab]], [[Qirat]], [[Khateeb]] and [[Islamic Philosophy]]
| website = {{URL|qirath.com}}
| signature =
}}
{{Sufism}}

'''Maulana''' '''Abdullah Quraishi Al-Azhari''' (19 September 1935 – 8 December 2015 [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]) was an [[ulema|Islamic scholar]] from [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]], India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-03/hyderabad/28329984_1_offer-prayers-bakrid-mecca-masjid|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103145003/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-02-03/hyderabad/28329984_1_offer-prayers-bakrid-mecca-masjid|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 November 2012|title=It was prayers, 'itr' and bonhomie on Bakrid|date=3 February 2004|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2 October 2010}}</ref> He served as the [[khateeb]] and [[imam]] of the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] in [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] and the vice chancellor of [[Jamia Nizamia|Jamia Nizamia University]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fifty-years-of-service-to-the-quran/article3423061.ece|title=Fifty years of service to the Quran|date=16 May 2016|work=The Hindu|agency=The Hindu|last1=Ifthekhar|first1=J. S.|access-date=4 July 2016|archive-date=27 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210227000012/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fifty-years-of-service-to-the-quran/article3423061.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Quraishi was born to Abdur Raheem, in [[Dundigal]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], also an [[imam]] of the [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]],<ref name=":1" /> on September 19, 1935.<ref name=":2">{{cite news|title=Moulana Abdullah Quraishi passes away|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-12-09/Moulana-Abdullah-Quraishi-passes-away/191999|access-date=4 July 2016|agency=The Hans India|publisher=The Hans India|date=9 December 2015|archive-date=12 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812022428/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Telangana/2015-12-09/Moulana-Abdullah-Quraishi-passes-away/191999|url-status=live}}</ref>

He went to Hyderabad from Dundigal and started his studies as a student in Hifz and Qirath of [[Quran]] in Mecca Masjid. Then he studied Metric from [[Aligarh Muslim University]] and Graduated from [[Osmania University]]. Then he completed Fazil in Jamia Nizamia and Academics from Nagpur University. Maulana then completed his '''M.Phil''' by research on ''Dawatul Islamia Al Ma'aasirah Fil Hind.'' The Government of India then decided to send him to [[Al-Azhar University]] in Egypt in 1964 where he completed '[[Shahadatul Aliya]]' and 'Shahadatut Taqassus<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian expats laud Al-Azhari's role |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/144247 |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221061713/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/144247 |url-status=live }}</ref>'. He stayed in Egypt for 8 years and also learned Qirath from Sheikh Ibrahim Awad in Egypt and recited the Qur'an at many places on several occasions there.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==Return from Egypt==
Quraishi returned to Hyderabad from Egypt in 1973 after completing his studies. After coming back, the 8th Nizam, Nawab Mir Barkath Ali Khan [[Mukarram Jah]] opened a school for teaching Qur'an with [[Tajweed]] called ''Idaarah Mukarram Jah Dar-ut-Tajweed Wal Qir'ath'', which was located in Purani Haweli. He is an Arabic Scholar and has also taught [[Adab (Islam)|adab]] since 1978 and was Sheikh-Ul-Adab in Jamia Nizamia. He also served as the Vice Chancellor of [[Jamia Nizamia]].{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==Qur'an Recitation==
Maulana has mastered Qir'ath from Qari Abdur Raheem, Qari Abdul Bari and Qari Kaleemullah Hussaini. He also learnt Qir'ath from Sheikh Ibrahim Awad in Egypt.
Maulana has a unique way of reciting Qir'ath in which all the Tunes which are called 'Lehja' in Arabic, can be completed in 5–7 minutes. He has won several awards all over the world for his Recitation. There are many competitions that are being held globally, and his disciples also go to these competitions to represent him and also to win them. His sessions on Qir'ath are conducted every day after Fajr and has been continuing since more than 30 years. The name of the Qirath school is '''Idaarah Mukarram Jah Dar-ut-Tajweed Wal Qir'ath,''', which was opened by the 8th Nizam of Hyderabad, after he was inspired by Maulana's Qirath. Below are the places where he has taught the Qir'ath.

* 1974–1977 – [[Purani Haveli]]
* 1977–2007 – [[Chowmahalla Palace]], Khiwath
* 2007–2009 – [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]]
* 2009–Till Death – Khaja Ka Chillah, Moghulpura, [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]]

In 1974, Minister of Petroleum of [[Saudi Arabia]], '''Mr. Zaki Yamani''' came to Purani Haweli and was very inspired by his Qir'ath. Since then, Maulana has judged many Qir'ath competitions all over India, including [[Malaysia]] in 1974 and the [[Middle East]].

==Sufism==
Maulana was a [[Sufi]] and became a disciple of Shah Ismail Hussaini Qadri Multani and obtained Baiyyath and Khilafath from Syed Moizuddin Qadri Multani in 1950. He obtained 'Silsilah Chishtiya' from Syed Shah Noorullah Hussaini Ifteqari. Presently, Maulana has around 70–80 disciples with the Multani Silsilah and frequently attend the sessions on Tasawwuf conducted at his residence.

==Islamic career==
* 1974 – 2015 – Teaching Qir'aath for 37 years
* 1978 – 2015 – Vice Chancellor of Jamia Nizamia and Teaching Adab
* 1979–1981 – Recited Taraweeh in [[Chicago]], United States continuously for two years
* 1982–1993 – Principal of Lateefia College for 11 years
* 1987–2015 – Khateeb and Imam of Mecca Masjid since 24 years

==50 Years of Service to Islam==
[[File:Makkah_Masjid_decorated.jpg|thumb|right|Makkah Masjid decorated on the ceremony of Maulana's 50 Years of Service to Islam]]
On the occasion of 50 years of Islamic service,<ref>{{cite news |title=Fifty years of service to the Quran |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fifty-years-of-service-to-the-quran/article3423061.ece |date=11 July 2016 |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222082050/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fifty-years-of-service-to-the-quran/article3423061.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> there was a huge ceremony conducted in Mecca Masjid on 15 May 2012, in honor of Maulana Abdullah Quraishi Sahab. His service includes teaching of Islamic Adab, Literature, Hadees, Qirath, Tasawwuf and he was also Imam and Khateeb of Mecca Masjid where thousands of Muslims have prayed behind him. He has also been reciting Taraweeh in the Month of Ramadan and has always been reciting the Qutbah on the occasion of Eid in the ‘EidGah’ and Milad-Un-Nabi in the Mecca Masjid for four decades.

For these services, he was awarded for 50 Years of Service which was attended by thousands of people in Makkah Masjid in Hyderabad. There were many dignitaries along with the President and all lecturers of Jamia Nizamia. Many dignitaries from [[AIMIM]] including [[Asaduddin Owaisi]] were also present at this ceremony.

==Death and burial==
[[File:Funeral_Prayer_in_Makkah_Masjid.jpg|thumb|right|Funeral prayers in [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Makkah Masjid]]]]
[[File:Procession_going_from_Charminar.jpg|thumb|right|Procession going from [[Charminar]]]]
[[File:Maulana's_Janazah.jpg|thumb|right|Maulana's Janaazah (Body) being taken by the Funeral Procession.]]
Abdullah Quraishi had a mild cardiac attack in 2008, when he was delivering Taraweeh prayers in Masjid Mir Wazeer Ali in Hyderabad. After that, he was taken to Care hospital and since then, he had trouble in walking due to weakness. He also had a hernia surgery in April 2014 and since then he was having more trouble in walking.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} Even then he used to deliver all his lectures in [[Jamia Nizamia]] and also used to teach Qirat in the morning. Abdullah Quraishi was also suffering from Respiratory problems since 2013 and had trouble breathing in his last days. He was taken to hospital multiple times and died on 8 December 2015.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://indtoday.com/khateeb-and-imam-mecca-masjid-abdullah-quraishi-al-azhari-died-indtoday-com/|title=Khateeb and Imam Mecca Masjid Abdullah Quraishi Al-Azhari died – indtoday.com|access-date=2016-07-04|archive-date=10 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310181215/http://www.indtoday.com/khateeb-and-imam-mecca-masjid-abdullah-quraishi-al-azhari-died-indtoday-com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Abdullah Quraishi's [[janazah|funeral]] was conducted on 9 December 2015, the very next day after his demise. It was delayed, as number of people including his Son-In-Law, Abdur Razzaq Mohiuddin had come from different parts of the world to attend it. Funeral prayer was conducted after 'Dhuhr' prayers in Makkah Masjid at around 1:30 PM. An estimated number of 2 Lakh people attended his Prayer and this was the highest turnout of people in Hyderabad for a funeral.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} The funeral procession started from Makkah Masjid through [[Charminar]], [[Laad Bazar]], Masjid Chowk, Hussaini Alam, Shibli Gunj and was rested for a few minutes in Jamia Nizamia in front of the shrine of Maulana Anwarullah Farooqi. After that, it was taken through Fateh Darwaza and finally to the shrine of Abdullah Shah, at [[Misriganj]].<ref name=":2" />

His death was condoled by [[Chief Minister]] of [[Telangana]] [[K Chandrashekar Rao]], Deputy Chief Minister M Mohammed Mahmood Ali, ministers [[Nayani Narasimha Reddy]] and [[K. T. Rama Rao]], Leader of Opposition in Council Mohammed Ali Shabbir<ref>{{cite news |title=Shabbir Ali condoles demise of Moulana Abdullah Quraishi |url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/shabbir-ali-condoles-demise-moulana-abdullah-quraishi-882331/ |access-date=21 February 2022 |archive-date=21 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221062215/https://archive.siasat.com/news/shabbir-ali-condoles-demise-moulana-abdullah-quraishi-882331/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Rajya Sabha]] member V Hanumantha Rao.<ref name=":2" />

==See also==
*[[Jamia Nizamia]]
*[[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]]
*[[Imam]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{commons category}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azhari, Abdullah Quraishi}}
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:Barelvis]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University alumni]]
[[Category:Al-Azhar University alumni]]
[[Category:People from Ranga Reddy district]]
[[Category:Indian Sufis]]
[[Category:Indian expatriates in Egypt]]

Vallakottai Subramaniyaswami temple

2025-09-27T18:09:11Z

Mdraselsarker:

{{short description|Hindu temple in Vallakottai, Tamil Nadu, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu temple
| name = Vallakottai Subramaniyaswami temple
| image = Vallakottai Murugan temple.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Tamil Nadu
| map_caption = Location in [[Tamil Nadu]]
| coordinates = {{coord|12|53|01|N|79|56|00|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| country = [[India]]
| state = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| district = [[Kanchipuram district|Kanchipuram]]
| location = [[Vallakottai]]
| elevation_m =
| deity = Subramaniyaswami ([[Murugan]])
| primary_deity_Godess =
| utsava_deity_God =
| utsava_deity_Godess=
| Direction_posture =
| Pushakarani =
| Vimanam =
| festivals=
| architecture = [[Tamil Hindu Style Of architecture]], Rock cut
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website = {{url|vallakottaimurugantemple.tnhrce.in/}}
}}

'''Vallakottai Subramaniyaswami temple''' (or '''Vallakottai Murugan temple''') in [[Vallakottai]], a panchayat town in [[Kanchipuram district]] in the South Indian state of [[Tamil Nadu]], is dedicated to the Hindu god [[Murugan]]. Constructed in the [[Tamil Hindu architecture|Tamil Hindu style of architecture]], the temple is located in the [[Sriperumbudur]] - [[Singaperumalkoil]] road.

The temple has a gateway leading to a pillared hall and the sanctum. The temple is open from 6:30 am – 12:00 pm and 5 - 8:30 pm. Five daily rituals and many yearly festivals are held at the temple, of which the Adi Pooram festival being the most prominent. The temple is maintained and administered by the Hindu Religious and Endowment Board of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].

==Legend==
[[File:A peacock at The Subramaniya Swamy Temple.jpg|200px|left|thumb|A peacock in the temple enclosure]]
As per Hindu legend, there was a demon by name Vallan who was troubling the [[Deva (Hinduism)|Devas]], the celestial deities. The Devas sought the help of Murugan. He informed them that the time had come to destroy the demon. He eventually waged a war and slayed the demon at the place. He established the place as Vallan Kottai, literally meaning the "Fort of Vallan". [[Indra]], the king of Devas, requested his Guru [[Brihaspathi]] to suggest a place for him to worship Murugan. He suggested going to Vallakottai, an abode of Murugan. Indra came to Vallakottai, pierced the earth with his weapon [[Vajrayudha]] to create a tank to extract water. He performed ablution to image of Murugan at this place and attained his needs. Since Indra created the tank with his Vajrayudha, the temple tank is named as Vajra Theertha.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

As per another legend, a king by name Bhagiratha was ruling the Elanji kingdom. He was very haughty to sage [[Narad|Naratha]] and to teach him a lesson for his behaviour, Naratha infuriated a demon king named Goran to attack Elanji kingdom. Goran was a powerful demon and he made a sudden attack. Bhagiratha was unable to control the forces and eventually lost the battle to Goran. Realising his mistake, he sought the advice of Naratha. The sage advised him to find sage [[Durvasa]], who could find a resolution. The king roamed around the forest for a long time and finally found Durvasa. The sage advised him to worship Murugan at Vallakottai to get back his kingdom. The king worshipped Murugan at this place for a long time and built the temple.<ref name=official>{{cite web|title=Arulmigu Subramaniyaswami Thirukoil,vallakottai|url=http://www.vallakottaimurugantemple.tnhrce.in/index.html|publisher= Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2015|accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref>

==Architecture==
As per the [[Hagiography|hagiographical]] records from the region, the temple is believed to have been built during the 9th century.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Vallakottai transformation|publisher=22 March 2019|last=M.|first=Ramesh|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-interior/the-vallakottai-transformation/article26612302.ece|accessdate=2 August 2020}}</ref> The temple is located in [[Vallakottai]], in [[Kanchipuram district]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] on the road from [[Sriperumbudur]] to [[Singaperumalkoil]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Census of India, 1961: Madras Volume 9, Issue 1 of Census of India, 1961, India. Office of the Registrar General|last=India. Office of the Registrar General|publisher=Manager of Publications|year=1965}}</ref> The temple has a five tiered raja[[gopuram]], the gateway tower and pillared porch in front of it. The sanctum faces East and the image of the presiding deity is {{convert|7|ft|abbr=on}} tall in standing posture. There are twin images of peacock, the divine bird of Muruga, facing the presiding deity.<ref name="dinamalar"/> In modern times, the temple is maintained and administered by the [[Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department]] of the [[Government of Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=HRCE>{{cite web|title=Thirukoil - Temple list of Tamil Nadu|url=https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|publisher=Hindu Religious & Charitable Endowments Department, Government of Tamil Nadu|format=PDF|pages=244|access-date=2 August 2020|archive-date=9 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201009010850/https://tnhrce.gov.in/resources/docs/temple_list.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Religious significance==
Vallakottai temple is revered in ''[[Thirupugazh]]'' composed by [[Arunagirinathar]], a 15th-century saint.<ref name=Saiva5>{{cite book|title=Saiva Encyclopaedia volume 5 - Temples in Tamil Nadu (Later period)|editor-last=Dr. R.|editor-first=Selvaganapathy|publisher=Saint Sekkizhaar Human Resource Development Charitable Trust|location=Chennai, India|language=Tamil|year=2013|page=497}}</ref> The temple is revered in eight verses by the saint. As per a legend, the saint worshipped Murugan at Thiruporur temple and was on his way to [[Thiruthani Murugan Temple]]. During his sleep, a divine voice directed him to go to Vallakottai temple. He woke up to realise it was the order of Murugan and he visited the temple. The temple is considered equal in importance to the [[Arupadaiveedu]], the six abodes of Murugan.<ref name="dinamalar"/>

==Festival and religious practices==
[[File:Vallakottai_Temple_2.jpg|200px|thumb|Kodai Andavar temple tank]]
The temple priests perform the ''[[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]'' (rituals) during festivals and on a daily basis. The temple rituals are performed five times a day: ''Gho Pooja'' at 6:30 a.m., ''Kalasandhi'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Uchikala poojai'' at 8:00 a.m., ''Sayarakshai'' at 6:00 p.m., and ''Arthajama Pooja'' at 8:15 p.m. Each ritual has three steps: ''alangaram'' (decoration), ''neivethanam'' (food offering) and ''deepa aradanai'' (waving of lamps) for the presiding deities.<ref name=pooja>{{cite web|title=Pooja Timing|url=http://www.vallakottaimurugantemple.tnhrce.in/pooja.html|publisher= Hindu Religious and Endowment Board, [[Government of Tamil Nadu]]|year=2015|accessdate=4 November 2015}}</ref> There are weekly, monthly and fortnightly rituals performed in the temple. The temple is open from 6:30 am – 12:00 pm and 5–8:30 pm on all days except during festive occasions when it has extended timings. The major festivals of the temple include the Adi Kiruthikai festival celebrated during the [[Tamil calendar|Tamil]] month of ''Adi'' (June - July).<ref name="dinamalar">{{cite web|title=Sri Subramaniyaswami temple|publisher=Dinamalar |url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/New.php?id=693|year=2011|access-date=4 November 2015}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Murugan temples}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:Murugan temples in Tamil Nadu]]

List of Hindi films of 1921

2025-07-18T19:20:27Z

Mdraselsarker: fix information as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2018}}
{{Bollywood films}}
A list of films produced by the [[Hindi_cinema|Hindi]] film industry based in [[Mumbai]] in 1921:<ref name=Indiancinema>{{cite web|title=Year-1921|url=https://indiancine.ma/grid/year/year==1921 |website=indiancine.ma|publisher=Indiancine.ma|access-date=15 July 2015|ref=Grid View}}</ref><ref name=citwf>{{cite web|title=Database|url=http://www.citwf.com/indexx.asp|website=citwf.com|publisher=Alan Goble|access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=Gomolo>{{cite web|title=SilentFilms 1921|url=http://www.gomolo.com/1920-1929/silent-movies-1921|website=gomolo.com|publisher=Gomolo|access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=BOC>{{cite web|title=Cinema History 1921|url=http://businessofcinema.com/bollywood-news/cinema-history-1921/15463 |website=businessofcinema.com|date=4 April 2006 |publisher=Businessofcinema.com|access-date=15 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=HindiMovie>{{cite web|title=Hindi Movies of Year 1921|url=http://www.10ka20.com/hindi-movies-year-1921.html|website=10ka20.com|publisher=10ka20.com|access-date=15 July 2015|ref=Hindi movie links}}</ref>

==1921 in Indian cinema==
*Star of the East film company was started in Madras by R. S. Prakash.<ref name="Rajadhyaksha">{{cite book|last1=Rajadhyaksha|first1=Ashish |last2=Willemen|first2=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SLkABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA244|access-date=16 July 2015|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-94318-9|pages=1994–|chapter=Chronicle}}</ref>

===Films===
*'''''[[Bhakta Vidur]]''''' directed by [[Kanjibhai Rathod]] and produced by Kohinoor Film Company was the first [[Indian cinema]] film to face a ban, leading to a "major censorship row". Cited by Rajadhyaksha and Willemen as "One of the most famous silent mythologicals", the film featured Vidur in Gandhian attire complete with Gandhi cap and the [[Khaddar]] shirt. The film was banned in [[Karachi]] and [[Madras]]. It had the owners of Kohinoor playing the main roles, with Dwarkadas Sampat as Vidur and Maneklal Patel as Krishna, while the role of Duryodhan was enacted by [[Homi Master]].<ref name="Rajadhyaksha ch. Bhakta Vidur (1921)">Rajadhyaksha, ch. Bhakta Vidur (1921)</ref>
*'''''Bhisma Pratighna''''', [[Telugu film industry]]'s first feature film, was released in 1921.<ref name=IBN>{{cite news|last1=Sen|first1=Shomini|title=How Bombay Became Bollywood|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/100-years-of-indian-cinema-how-bombay-became-bollywood-591702.html|access-date=15 July 2015|agency=IBNLive.com|publisher=IBNLive.com|date=19 February 2013|ref=100 Years of Indian Cinema}}</ref> The film was directed by Raghupathi Venkaya co-directed by R.S. Prakash.
*'''''[[Bilat Ferat]]''''' or ''Bilet Pherat'' a.k.a. ''England Returned'' was the acting debut of [[Dhirendranath Ganguly]] who co-directed and produced the film under his Indo-British Film banner. The film is the first full-length Bengali feature film.<ref name=Rajadhyaksha /> It was also stated to be the first "love story" shown in [[Indian cinema]].<ref name=Movie>{{cite web|title=1921|url=http://www.moviemoviesite.com/Countries/Countries%20I/India/india_1921_1930.htm|website=moviemoviesite.com|publisher=Movie Movie|access-date=15 July 2015|ref=India 1921-1930}}</ref>
*'''''Mahasati Ansuya''''' also called ''Sati Ansuya'' was directed by [[Kanjibhai Rathod]] for Kohinoor Film Company. It starred Sakina and Vaidya. According to Rajadhyaksha and Willemen, the film was a success at the box office and "gained notoriety for a nude shot of Sakina".<ref name="Rajadhyaksha" />
*'''''Nal Damayanti''''', a mythological, was one of the notable films of 1921. Directed by [[Eugenio de Liguoro]] for Madan Theatres, it starred [[Patience Cooper]], E. D. Liguoro and D. Sarkari.<ref name=Movie /> It was cited to be the first international co-production with Italy.<ref name="Rajadhyaksha ch. Chronicle">Rajadhyaksha, ch. Chronicle</ref>
*'''''Surekha Haran''''' was directed by [[Baburao Painter]] for [[Maharashtra Film Company]]. Painter hired [[V. Shantaram]], who had been employed by the studio doing all-purpose jobs, to play the role of Krishna.<ref name="Garga2005">{{cite book|author=B D Garga|title=Art Of Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITAnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|access-date=15 July 2015|date=1 December 2005|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|isbn=978-81-8475-431-5|pages=66–}}</ref> Shantaram's acting in the film brought him into prominence leading to several small roles till Savkari Pash where he was cast in the main role.<ref name=Nair>{{cite web|last1=Nair|first1=P. K.|title=In the Age of Silence|url=http://tlweb.latrobe.edu.au/humanities/screeningthepast/reruns/rr0499/PUdrr6.htm|website=latrobe.edu.au|publisher=latrobe.edu.au|access-date=18 May 2015|ref=Beginnings of Cinema in India}}</ref>

==A-P==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes<br>Cinematographer
|-
|''Behula'' ||C. Legrand ||[[Patience Cooper]] ||Mythology ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''Belgian Emperor's Visit To India'' ||[[Nitin Bose]] || ||Documentary ||
|-
|''[[Bhakta Vidur]]'' ||Kanjibhai Rathod || Dwarkadas Sampat, Sakina, Maneklal Patel, [[Homi Master]], Prabhashankar, Gangaram ||Devotional ||Kohinoor Film Company<br> Gajanan S. Devare
|-
|''[[Bilat Ferat|Bilet Pherat]]'' a.k.a. ''England Returned'' ||[[Dhirendranath Ganguly]] || Dhirendranath Ganguly, Manmatha Pal, Sushilabala, Kunjalal Chakraborty ||Social Comedy ||Indo-British Films<br>Jyotish Sarkar
|-
|''Chandrahasa'' ||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] || [[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]], Tara, Moti, Savita, Dhanji ||Devotional || Kohinoor Film Company
|-
|''Dabbur Kelenkari'' ||Debi Ghosh ||Chani Datta || ||Aurora Film Company, Calcutta<br>Debi Ghosh
|-
|Dhruva Charitra a.k.a. The Story Of Dhruva ||Jyotish Bannerjee ||Patience Cooper, M. Manilal, Master Mohan, Signor P. Mannelli, Signorina F. Mannelli, James Mcgrath, Dadabhai Sarkari, Kusumkumari, Aga Hashr Kashmiri, Pestonji Madan ||Mythology ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]].<br>DOP: Eugenio De Liguoro
|-
|''King Gopichand'' a.k.a. ''Gopichand'' || Vishnupant Divekar ||Hira Koregaonkar, Mama Bhatt ||Legend ||Bharat Film Company<br>DOP: A. P. Karandikar
|-
|''Govardhan Dhari'' ||G. V. Sane || ||Mythology ||Hindustan Cinema Film Company, Nasik
|-
|''Jagat Janani Jagadamba'' a.k.a. ''Ma Durga'' a.k.a. ''Mother Durga'' || Jyotish Bannerjee || ||Mythology ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]].<br>DOP: C. Legrand
|-
|''Krishna Kumar'' a.k.a. ''Pradyumna'' ||Vishnupant Divekar || ||Mythology ||Bharat Film Company
|-
|''Krishna Maya'' ||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] ||Jamna ||Mythology ||Kohinoor Film Company
|-
|''Mahasati Ansuya'' a.k.a. ''Sati Ansuya'' a.k.a. ''Birth Of Shri Dattatreya'' ||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] ||[[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]], Vaidya, Sakina ||Devotional ||Kohinoor Film Company<br>DOP: Vishnu B. Joshi
|-
|''Meerabai'' a.k.a. ''Mira Bai'' ||[[Sisir Kumar Bhaduri]] ||[[Patience Cooper]], S. K. Bhaduri ||Devotional ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''Mohini'' || [[Sisir Kumar Bhaduri]] ||[[Patience Cooper]], S. K. Bhaduri ||Devotional ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''Nal Damayanti'' || E. D. Liguoro || Patience Cooper, E. D. Liguoro, D. Sarkari, K. Adajania, Albertina, Chhapgar ||Mythology || [[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''Pundalik'' ||Ganpat Shinde || ||Devotional ||Hindustan Cinema Film Co., Nasik
|-
|''Pundalik'' ||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] || ||Devotional || Kohinoor Film Company
|}

==R-Z==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes<br>Cinematographer
|-
|''Ratnakar'' ||S. N. Ray ||Chunilal Dev, Shosha Mukhi, Sushila Debi ||Mythology ||Aurora Cinema Co.
|-
|''Rukmini Haran'' ||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] || [[Khalil (actor)|Khalil]], Tara, Moti, Sakina, R. N. Vaidya, Gangaram ||Mythology || Kohinoor Film Company<br>DOP: Vishnu B. Joshi
|-
|''Rukmini Satyabhama'' a.k.a. ''Rukmini Kalyanam'' a.k.a. ''Rukmani Sathyabhama'' a.k.a. ''The Wedding Of Rukmani ''||R. Nataraja Mudaliar || ||Mythology ||Indian Film Company, Madras<ref name="BASKARAN2013">{{cite book|author=SUNDARARAJ THEODORE BASKARAN|title=THE EYE OF THE SERPENT: AN INTRODUCTION TO TAMIL CINEMA|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jBcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT141|access-date=15 July 2015|date=24 December 2013|publisher=Westland|isbn=978-93-83260-74-4|pages=141–|chapter=R. Natarajan Mudaliar}}</ref>
|-
|''Sant Tukaram'' a.k.a. ''Tukaram'' ||Ganpat Shinde || ||Devotional ||Hindustan Cinema Film Co., Nasik
|-
|''Sati Madalsa'' ||[[S. N. Patankar]] || ||Mythology ||National Film Company<br>DOP: Shree Nath Patankar
|-
|''Sati Sulochana'' ||G. V. Sane || ||Mythology || Hindustan Cinema Film Co., Nasik
|-
|''Salaam Aleikum'' || || ||Social ||Oriental Film Company
|-
|''Shani Prabhav'' || G. V. Sane || ||Mythology || Hindustan Cinema Film Co., Nasik
|-
|''Shivratri'' ||C. Legrand ||Kusum Kumari, Prabodh Bose ||Mythology ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''Subhadra Haran'' ||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] || ||Mythology ||Kohinoor Film Company<br>Dop; Vishnu B. Joshi
|-
|''Surekha Haran'' a.k.a. ''The Elopement Of Surekha'' a.k.a. ''Surekha Abhimanyu'' ||[[Baburao Painter]] ||V. Shantaram, Vishnupant Pagnis, Baburao Pendharkar, Ravji Mhaskar, Balasaheb Yadav, Ganpat Bakre, Zunzharrao Pawar, G. R. Mane, Gajrabai ||Mythology ||Maharashtra Film Co., Kolhapur<br>DOP: S. Fattelal
|-
|''Themuras & Tehmuljee'' a.k.a. ''Aflatoon'' || || ||Social ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]].
|-
|''Tridandi Sanyas'' || Vishnupant Divekar ||Soni, Limaye, Anand Shinde ||Mythology ||Bharat Film Company<br>DOP: A. P. Karandikar
|-
|''Urvashi'' || Vishnupant Divekar ||Hira Koregaonkar, Limaye, Vithabai ||Mythology ||Bharat Film Company<br>DOP: A. P. Karandikar
|-
|''Valli Thirumanam'' a.k.a. ''Valli's Wedding'' ||Whittaker || || Mythology ||Whittaker
|-
|''Valmiki'' || G. V. Sane || ||Mythology || Hindustan Cinema Film Co., Nasik
|-
|''Vikram Satva Pariksha'' || G. V. Sane || ||Mythology || Hindustan Cinema Film Co., Nasik
|-
|''Vishwamitra Menaka'' ||[[Kanjibhai Rathod]] ||Ali Miyan, Jamna, Kesar, Raja Babu ||Mythology ||Kohinoor Film Company<br>DOP: Vishnu B. Joshi
|-
|''Vishnu Avatar'' a.k.a. ''The Incarnations Of Lord Vishnu'' ||Jyotish Bannerjee, C. Legrand ||[[Patience Cooper]] || Mythology ||[[Madan Theatres Ltd]].<br>DOP: C. Legrand
|-
|''Yashoda Nandan'' a.k.a. ''Yashoda's Son'' a.k.a. ''Shri Radha Krishna'' ||[[Dhirendranath Ganguly]], Nitish Lahiri ||Dhirendranath Ganguly, Sushiladevi, Manmatha Pal, Kunjalal Chakraborty, Pramodasundari, Amodini Dasi, Nitish Lahiri || Mythology ||Indo-British Film Co., Calcutta Jyotish Sarkar
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.imdb.com/search/title?at=0&countries=in&sort=moviemeter,asc&title_type=feature&year=1921 Bollywood films of 1921] at [[IMDb]]

{{Bollywood|horiz=yes}}
{{1921 films}}
{{Indian film list}}

[[Category:Lists of Hindi films by year|1921]]
[[Category:Lists of 1921 films by language|Hindi]]
[[Category:1921 in Indian cinema|Films, Bollywood]]

Nandamuri Mohana Krishna

2025-06-18T11:47:00Z

Mdraselsarker:

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Short description|Indian cinematographer}}
{{family name hatnote|Nandamuri|lang=Telugu}}{{Infobox person
| name = Nandamuri Mohana Krishna
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =[[Chennai]], India
| alma_mater =
| occupation = [[Director of Photography]], [[Cinematographer]]
| spouse = {{Marriage|Nandamuri Shanti|1981}}
| children = son, [[Taraka Ratna]]; daughter, Rupa
| family = [[List of South Indian film families#Nandamuri family|Nandamuri family]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/celebs--nandamuri-mohana-krishnas-daughter-wedding-telugu-event-53291.html|title=Events - Celebs @ Nandamuri Mohana Krishna's Daughter Wedding Movie Trailer Launch - IndiaGlitz Telugu|website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref>
| yearsactive = 1983-2000
}}
'''Nandamuri Mohana Krishna''' is an Indian [[cinematographer]] known for his works in [[Telugu cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telugu.news18.com/photogallery/movies/taraka-ratna-mohana-krishna-cinemotography-movies-list-and-his-personal-movies-list-ta-1635558.html|title=నందమూరి తారకరత్న తండ్రి మోహనకృష్ణ తెలుగులో సినిమాటోగ్రఫీ అందించిన చిత్రాలు గురించి తెలుసా.|date=21 February 2023|website=News18 తెలుగు}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/tollywood-actor-tdp-leader-nandamuri-taraka-ratna-passes-away-jr-ntr-heart-attack-bengaluru-political-career-films/photostory/98055862.cms|title=Actor, politician & a father: Life and times of Nandamuri Taraka Ratna|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/late-taraka-ratnas-parents-and-sister-broke-down-during-the-actors-last-rites/articleshow/98098236.cms?from=mdr|title=Late Taraka Ratna's parents and sister broke down during the actor's last rites|work=The Times of India |date=20 February 2023|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> He made his breakthrough as a film cinematographer<ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=15 April 1989 |title=After six years break, Andhra CM N.T. Rama Rao returns to celluloid world |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890415-after-six-years-break-andhra-cm-n.t.-rama-rao-returns-to-celluloid-world-815995-1989-04-15 |url-status=live |access-date=18 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918085354/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890415-after-six-years-break-andhra-cm-n.t.-rama-rao-returns-to-celluloid-world-815995-1989-04-15 |archive-date=18 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=15 July 1989 |title=NTR's film Brahmarishi Viswamitra sparks off tussle between Telugu Desam and Congress(I) |work=[[India Today]] |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/special-report/story/19890715-ntrs-film-brahmarishi-viswamitra-sparks-off-tussle-between-telugu-desam-and-congressi-816266-1989-07-15 |access-date=1 January 2021}}</ref> with his father [[N. T. Rama Rao]]'s ''[[Chanda Sasanudu]]'' (1983),<ref name="indiatoday">{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Amarnath K. |date=15 July 1983 |title=Chandasasanudu, starring N.T. Rama Rao, is a typical formula film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19830715-chandasasanudu-starring-n.t.-rama-rao-is-a-typical-formula-film-770825-2013-07-18 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114130720/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19830715-chandasasanudu-starring-n.t.-rama-rao-is-a-typical-formula-film-770825-2013-07-18 |archive-date=14 November 2020 |access-date=21 December 2020 |website=[[India Today]]}}</ref> which was also remade in Tamil as ''[[Sarithira Nayagan]]'' (1984) for which Mohana was also the cinematographer.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 July 2012 |title='Be spontaneous to attract cinema goers' |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/be-spontaneous-to-attract-cinema-goers/article3619902.ece |access-date=21 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=நடிகர் திலகம் சிவாஜி கணேசன் அவர்கள் நடித்த படங்களின் பட்டியல் |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160814054109/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/sivaji-2.asp |archive-date=14 August 2016 |access-date=3 February 2023 |website=[[Lakshman Sruthi]] |language=ta}}</ref> Subsequently, he has continued to collaborate with his father on other projects.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/janaki-ram-was-alone-in-car-at-the-time-of-mishap/articleshow/45482860.cms|title=Janaki Ram was alone in car at the time of mishap|work=The Times of India |date=12 December 2014|via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nandamuri-taraka-ratna-demise-5-little-known-facts-about-the-actor/photostory/98061264.cms?from=mdr|title=Nandamuri Taraka Ratna demise: 9 little-known facts about the actor|work=The Times of India |date=19 February 2023 |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref>

==Early and personal life==
Nandamuri Mohana Krishna was born in [[Madras]] (present-day [[Chennai]], Tamil Nadu) to Telugu actor and three-time [[List of chief ministers of Andhra Pradesh|Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh]] [[N. T. Rama Rao]] and his wife Basavatarakam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/39235.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611124857/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/39235.html|archive-date=11 June 2008|title=Happy Birthday Balakrishna|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=10 June 2008}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 May 2011|title=Succession war between Naidu, NTR families hots up|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/succession-war-between-naidu-ntr-families-hots-up-158764.html|access-date=27 July 2021|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727165516/https://www.deccanherald.com/national/succession-war-between-naidu-ntr-families-hots-up-158764.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Actors [[Nandamuri Balakrishna]], and [[Nandamuri Harikrishna]] are his brothers. Harikrishna's sons [[Nandamuri Kalyan Ram]] and [[N. T. Rama Rao Jr.]], and Mohana Krishna's son [[Taraka Ratna]] are also actors in the Telugu cinema.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/03/stories/2008110353320500.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106063404/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/03/stories/2008110353320500.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2008 |title=Andhra Pradesh / Vijayawada News : Nandamuri family fully supports Naidu, says Harikrishna |date=3 November 2008 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=3 August 2012}}</ref> Mohana Krishna's younger brother Nandamuri Ramakrishna Jr. is a film producer.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/>

Mohana Krishna's son [[Taraka Ratna]] died on 18 February 2023, at the age of 39 while undergoing treatment in Bangalore. He had spent twenty-three days in the hospital in critical condition.<ref name="flames">{{cite news |title=Body of Taraka Ratna consigned to flames |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/body-of-taraka-ratna-consigned-to-flames/article66532689.ece |access-date=18 April 2023 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=20 February 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> He died four days before his 40th birthday.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-02-18 |title=Actor Taraka Ratna passes away after battling for 23 days|newspaper=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/actor-taraka-ratna-passes-away-after-battling-for-23-days/article66526670.ece |access-date=2023-02-22 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Selected filmography==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable" style="width:25%;"
|+ As cinematographer
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Language(s)
! scope="col" | Notes
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1983
! scope="row" | ''[[Chanda Sasanudu]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1984
! scope="row" | ''[[Sarithira Nayagan]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1986
! scope="row" | ''[[Anasuyamma Gari Alludu]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | Telugu
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1988
! scope="row" | ''[[Ramudu Bheemudu (1988 film)|Ramudu Bheemudu]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | Telugu
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1988
! scope="row" | ''Gharwali Baharwali''
| style="text-align:center;" | [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1991
! scope="row" | ''[[Brahmarshi Viswamitra]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | Telugu
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 1993
! scope="row" | ''[[Srinatha Kavi Sarvabhoumudu]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | Telugu
|
|-
| style="text-align:center;" | 2000
! scope="row" | ''[[Goppinti Alludu]]''
| style="text-align:center;" | Telugu
|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|nm0620793}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Krishna, Nandamuri Mohana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Nandamuri–Nara family|Nandamuri Mohana Krishna]]
[[Category:Tamil cinematographers]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Telangana]]
[[Category:Cinematographers from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian photographers]]
[[Category:Indian advertising directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Keelapuliyur

2025-05-10T17:54:22Z

Mdraselsarker: page edit

{{refimprove|date=May 2025}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Keelapuliyur
| native_name = Village
| native_name_lang = ta
| other_name =
| nickname = Puliyur
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Tamil Nadu
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Keelapuliyur, Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11|17|53.62|N|78|57|48.67|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Perambalur district|Perambalur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Panchayati raj (India)]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 621 115
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04328
| blank1_name_sec1 =
| blank1_info_sec1 = Perambalur
| website =
| footnotes = Keelapuliyur Village
| official_name = Keelapuliyur
}}

'''Keelapuliyur''' is a settlement in [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{cite web |author= |date=2011 |title=Basic Population Figures of India, States, Districts, Sub-District and Village, 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |website=censusindia.gov.in |publisher=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=May 10, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711042331/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42554/download/46180/2011-IndiaStateDistSbDistVill-0000.xlsx |archive-date=2022-07-11}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Perambalur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Perambalur district]]

{{Perambalur-geo-stub}}

Shyamchi Aai (1953 film)

2025-05-03T17:02:02Z

Mdraselsarker: done

{{Short description|1953 film by Pralhad Keshav Atre}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Shyamchi Aai
| image = Shyamchi Aai (1953 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Acharya Atre
| producer = Acharya Atre
| writer = Acharya Atre
| screenplay = Acharya Atre
| story = [[Pandurang Sadashiv Sane|Sane Guruji]]
| based_on = {{based on|[[Shyamchi Aai]]|Sane Guruji}}
| starring = [[Vanamala marathi actress|Vanamala]]<br/>[[Madhav Vaze]]<br/>Damuanna Joshi
| music = [[Vasant Desai]]
| cinematography = C. M. Rele
| editing = Narayan Rao
| released = {{Film date|1953}}
| runtime = 152 Minutes
| country = India
| language = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
}}

'''''Shyamchi Aai''''' (lit.:Shyam's Mother) is a 1953 [[Marathi cinema|Marathi film]], directed by [[Pralhad Keshav Atre|P.K.Atre]]. It is based on the book [[Shyamchi Aai]] written by [[Pandurang Sadashiv Sane|Sane Guruji]] in [[Marathi language|Marathi]]. The film was acclaimed upon release. It stars Damuanna Joshi, Vanamala and Madhav Vaze. ''Shyamchi Aai'' won the Golden Lotus Award for Best Film at the [[National Film Awards]] in 1954.<ref name="1stawardPDF"/>

==Plot==

The plot revolves around a boy called Shyam and his relationship with his mother. It shares the effect Shyam's mother has had on Shyam's life and upbringing, and how he is taught to stick to his ideals and principles, even in the face of poverty. The relationships of all the individuals in Shyam's family are explored. The film ends with the illness and sad death of Shyam's mother.

==Cast==
*Damuanna Joshi as Sane Guruji
*[[Vanamala marathi actress|Vanamala]] as Shyam's Mother
*[[Madhav Vaze]] as Shyam
*

==Awards==
The film has won the following awards since its release:

;[[1st National Film Awards]] (India)
* 1953 - [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|President's gold medal for the All India Best Feature Film]]<ref name="1stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/1st_nff_1954.pdf|title=1st National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=21 August 2011|archive-date=4 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004085504/http://dff.nic.in/2011/1st_nff_1954.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mumbaibuzz.com/Articles/Vanamala.html Obit to Vanamala(1915-2007)]
*{{IMDb title|id=0155174|title=Shyamchi Aai}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}

[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 drama films]]
[[Category:1950s Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

{{1950s-Marathi-film-stub}}

Nongspung Assembly constituency

2025-04-24T16:50:12Z

Mdraselsarker: new new article added tags - done

{{Primary|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Meghalaya legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nongspung
| type= SLA
| state = Meghalaya
| established = 1972
| abolished = 2013<ref>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>
| electors = 20,547
| mla = J. Antonius Lyngdoh
| party = {{Party index link|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
<b>Nongspung Assembly constituency </b>was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Meghalaya]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
|-
|-
|-
| [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan=3 | Winstone Syiemiong || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Hill State People's Democratic Party|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1988]] || rowspan=2 | S. Loniak Marbaniang
|-
| [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|1998]] || rowspan=2 | John Anthony Lyngdoh || {{Full party name with color|United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || J. Antonius Lyngdoh
|}
== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2008 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongspung<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2008 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104021122/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2008-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=J. Antonius Lyngdoh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,896 |percentage=41.79% |change={{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kennedy Cornelius Khyriem |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,149 |percentage=37.84% |change={{increase}}30.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wenton Marbaniang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=2,190 |percentage=11.59% |change={{decrease}}19.22 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jimmy Thompson L. Nonglait |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,381 |percentage=7.31% |change={{decrease}}7.24 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Aidalis Ranee |party=Lok Jan Shakti Party |votes=184 |percentage=0.97% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fasterwell Marbaniang |party=Communist Party of India |votes=95 |percentage=0.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=747 |percentage=3.95% |change= {{decrease}}9.15 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,895 |percentage=91.96% |change= {{increase}}21.94 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,547 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}10.22 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{decrease}}2.13 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 2003 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongspung<ref>{{cite web|website=ceomeghalaya.nic.in |publisher=[[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]], [[Meghalaya]]|title=General Election to Legislative Assembly, Mar 2003 - Valid Votes Secured |url=https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104020753/https://ceomeghalaya.nic.in/election-history/general-election-to-meghalaya-legislative-assembly/2003-la.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2025|access-date=4 January 2025}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=John Anthony Lyngdoh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=7,037 |percentage=43.92% |change={{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Loniak Marbaniang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,937 |percentage=30.81% |change={{increase}}1.47 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Winstone Syiemiong |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=2,332 |percentage=14.55% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Srolon Lyngdoh Lyngkhoi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,144 |percentage=7.14% |change={{decrease}}23.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Wenton Marbaniang |party=Meghalaya Democratic Party |votes=210 |percentage=1.31% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bashu S. Marbaniang |party=Khun Hynniewtrep National Awakening Movement |votes=183 |percentage=1.14% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Firstarwell M.Baniang |party=Khasi Farmers Democratic Party |votes=181 |percentage=1.13% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,100 |percentage=13.11% |change= {{increase}}5.39 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,024 |percentage=70.02% |change= {{decrease}}6.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,886 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.70 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |swing= {{increase}}5.65 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1998 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongspung<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1998 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144917/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-MGH98.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=John Anthony Lyngdoh |party=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |votes=6,128 |percentage=38.26% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Loniak Marbaniang |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,892 |percentage=30.54% |change={{increase}}4.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Winstone Syiemiong |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,699 |percentage=29.34% |change={{decrease}}7.84 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jied Kharbteng |party=Communist Party of India |votes=211 |percentage=1.32% |change={{decrease}}3.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Michael Warjri |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=86 |percentage=0.54% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,236 |percentage=7.72% |change= {{decrease}}2.92 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=16,016 |percentage=77.85% |change= {{decrease}}8.71 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,054 |ref = |change= {{increase}}16.31 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=United Democratic Party (Meghalaya) |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}1.08 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1993 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongspung<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1993 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144200/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatReport_MG_93.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Loniak Marbaniang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=5,706 |percentage=37.18% |change={{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Anthony Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,074 |percentage=26.55% |change={{increase}}4.29 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Winstone Syiemiong |party=Independent politician |votes=3,741 |percentage=24.38% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nit Shabong |party=Independent politician |votes=810 |percentage=5.28% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fasterwell Marbaniang |party=Communist Party of India |votes=757 |percentage=4.93% |change={{increase}}2.70 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Danial S. Lyngdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=258 |percentage=1.68% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,632 |percentage=10.63% |change= {{increase}}8.73 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=15,346 |percentage=86.61% |change= {{increase}}4.08 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 18,101 |ref = |change= {{increase}}26.83 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{increase}}1.42 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1988 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1988 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongspung<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1988 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324144042/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1988/Statistical%20Report%201988%20Meghlaya.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018 |access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Loniak Marbaniang |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,119 |percentage=35.76% |change={{decrease}}20.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Winstone Syiemiong |party=Hill People's Union |votes=3,900 |percentage=33.86% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=John Anthony Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,563 |percentage=22.25% |change={{increase}}6.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Blarsing Kurbah |party=Independent politician |votes=678 |percentage=5.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Fasterwell Marbaniang |party=Communist Party of India |votes=257 |percentage=2.23% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=219 |percentage=1.90% |change= {{decrease}}35.37 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,517 |percentage=82.85% |change= {{increase}}7.05 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 14,272 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.33 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}20.39 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1983 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1983 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongspung<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025204117/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20ReportMeghalaya1983.pdf |archive-date=25 October 2017|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Winstone Syiemiong |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,825 |percentage=56.16% |change={{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hershon Marbaniang |party=Independent politician |votes=1,623 |percentage=18.89% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Syrtok Singh Nongrum |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,364 |percentage=15.88% |change={{increase}}5.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Michael Warjri |party=Public Demands Implementation Convention |votes=780 |percentage=9.08% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,202 |percentage=37.27% |change= {{decrease}}1.11 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,592 |percentage=77.21% |change= {{decrease}}0.25 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,667 |ref = |change= {{increase}}7.27 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Hill State People's Democratic Party |swing= {{decrease}}5.91 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1978 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1978 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongspung<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143720/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/StatisticalReport%20Meghalaya78%20.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Winstone Syiemiong |party=Hill State People's Democratic Party |votes=4,988 |percentage=62.06% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Horishon Lyngdoh B. |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=1,904 |percentage=23.69% |change={{increase}}7.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominik Darflynson Lyngdoh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=842 |percentage=10.48% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Benedict Lyngkhoi |party=Independent politician |votes=303 |percentage=3.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,084 |percentage=38.37% |change= {{decrease}}4.62 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,037 |percentage=75.63% |change= {{increase}}29.20 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,876 |ref = |change= {{increase}}65.46 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Hill State People's Democratic Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.46 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Meghalaya Legislative Assembly election]]: Nongspung<ref>{{cite web|website=eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Meghalaya |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324143519/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_MG_72.pdf |archive-date=24 March 2018|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Winstone Syiemiong |party=Independent politician |votes=1,751 |percentage=59.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kwing Drolin Shangdiar |party=All Party Hill Leaders Conference |votes=488 |percentage=16.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dominik Darflynson Lyngdoh |party=Independent politician |votes=477 |percentage=16.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Prestar Kharmih |party=Independent politician |votes=222 |percentage=7.56% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,263 |percentage=42.99% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=2,938 |percentage=46.66% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 6,573 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Meghalaya}}

{{coord missing|Meghalaya}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Meghalaya]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]
{{Meghalaya-geo-stub}}

National Agriculturist Party

2025-01-22T23:54:06Z

Mdraselsarker: Made new post

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = National Agriculturist Party
| leader = [[Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari]]
| foundation = 1934
| dissolution =
| headquarters = [[Agra and Oudh]], [[British India]]
| seats1_title = Seats in the [[1937_Indian_provincial_elections#United_Provinces|1937 United Provinces Legislative Assembly]]
| seats1 = 22
| country = India
| seats2_title = Seats in Legislative Councils
| seats2 = 4
| abbreviation = NAP
| affiliation1_title = Supported by
| affiliation1 = [[Zamindar|Zamindars]], [[Taluqdar|talukdars]], landlord class, [[British government]]
| slogan =
}}
'''National Agriculturist Party''' (NAP) was a political party in the [[United Provinces (1937–1950)|United Provinces]] (present-day [[Uttar Pradesh]]) of [[British India]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Soundings in Modern Southern Asia History |date=1968 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |page=9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&dq=National+Agriculturist+Party&pg=PA261}}</ref><ref>The Congress Party in India: Policies, Culture, Performance. (1991). India: Deep & Deep Publications.</ref> The party won 22 seats in the [[1937_Indian_provincial_elections#United_Provinces|1937 United Provinces legislative assembly election]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Brijesh | last=Singh |title=Comprehensive Modern Indian History: From 1707 To The Modern Times |publisher=S. Chand Publishing |isbn=9789355016577 |page=311 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f864EAAAQBAJ&dq=National+Agriculturist+Party+won&pg=PA311}}</ref> and won four seats in legislative councils. Established in 1934 in both [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh|Agra]] and [[Oudh State|Oudh]], the National Agriculturist Party initially existed primarily on paper. Until 1936, it relied on the personal influence of its members to maintain its presence.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ayesha Jalal |author1-link=Ayesha Jalal |title=The Sole Spokesman |date=1994 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521458504 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D63KMRN1SJ8C&dq=National+Agriculturist+Party&pg=PA29}}</ref> The party was formed with the support of zamindars and talukdars from both Hindu and Muslim communities, and it received backing from landlord class.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Emissary's Tweet |url=https://twitter.com/TheEmissaryCo/status/1437508617729679366 |publisher=The Emissary |date=14 September 2021}}</ref>

It comprised two factions, the National Agriculturist Party of Agra (NAPA) and the National Agriculturist Party of Oudh (NAPO). The National Agriculturist Party received backing from the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sisson |first1=Richard |last2=Wolpert |first2=Stanley |title=Congress and Indian Nationalism The Pre-Independence Phase |date=20 April 2018 |isbn=9780520301634 |pages=318 |publisher=Univ of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47jADwAAQBAJ&dq=National+Agriculturist+Party&pg=PA318}}</ref> Initially supportive of British interests, these parties later played important roles in backing communal organisations within the province.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pai |first1=Sudha |title=Political Process in Uttar Pradesh Identity, Economic Reforms, and Governance |date=2007 |publisher=[[Pearson Longman]] |isbn=9788131707975 |page=48 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S46rbUL6GrMC&dq=National+Agriculturist+Party&pg=PA48}}</ref>

During the 1937 election, although the [[Indian National Congress]] won a majority of seats, they declined to form a government. Consequently, on 1 April 1937, the [[Muhammad Ahmad Said Khan Chhatari]] (the Nawab of [[Chhatari]]), the leader of the National Agriculturist Parties, was invited to form a minority provisional government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1937/apr/19/provincial-governments-ministers|date=19 April 1937|title=PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS (MINISTERS). (Hansard, 19 April 1937)|website=[[Hansard|Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)]]}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[1937 Indian provincial elections]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1934 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Agrarian parties in India]]
[[Category:Defunct political parties in India]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1934]]

Shamrao Vithal Co-operative Bank

2024-12-09T06:32:36Z

Mdraselsarker: enhanced article also and updated info

{{short description|Indian cooperative bank}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
{{Infobox company
| name = SVC Cooperative Bank Limited
| logo = File:Shamrao_Vithal_Co-op._Bank_Logo.png
| type = Co-operative Bank
| foundation = 1906
| location = [[Mumbai]], India
| founder = Late Shamrao Vithal Kaikini (1842-1905)<br />Late Rao Bahadur Shripad Subbarao Talmaki (1868-1948)
| key_people = Durgesh S Chandavarkar (Chairman)<ref name="Indian Cooperative">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiancooperative.com/banks/ucbs-in-focus-shah-recognizes-svc-nkgsb-bassein-banks/|title=UCBs in focus: Shah recognizes SVC, NKGSB & Bassein banks|publisher=Indian Cooperative}}</ref><br/>Ravinder Singh (Managing Director)<ref name="HBL">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=4 May 2023|title=SVC Bank gets new MD|url=https://bfsi.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/banking/svc-bank-elevates-ravinder-singh-as-managing-director/99988552|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref>
| industry = Banking<br />[[Financial service]]s
| products = [[Commercial banking]]<br />[[Retail banking]]<br />[[Private banking]]<br />[[Trade Finance]]<br />[[Asset management]]<br />[[Mortgages]]<br />[[Foreign Exchange]]
| revenue = Rs 33,480.61 crore<ref name="Annual Report">{{Cite web|url=https://www.svcbank.com/sites/default/files/2023-05/AR_2022-23.pdf/|title=SVC Bank Annual Report 2023 filed under financials section|publisher=SVC Bank}}</ref>
| operating_income =
| net_income = Rs 176.31 crore<ref name="Annual Report"/>
| assets =
| num_employees = 2302 (2023)
| homepage = {{url|www.svcbank.com}}
}}

'''The Shamrao Vithal Co-op. Bank Ltd. (SVC Bank)''' known as '''SVC Cooperative Bank Limited''', is a [[Scheduled Banks (India)|scheduled bank]] in India that was established in 1906, being registered as a Co-operative Credit Society on 27 December 1906. Its main goals when it was established were to encourage saving, help the less fortunate people of the community with their economic endeavours, and to raise money to help deserving members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.svcbank.com/Home/History|title=History}}</ref>

==History==
Late [[Rao Bahadur Shripad Subrao Talmaki|Rao Bahadur Shripad Subbarao Talmaki]], the Maharshi of Co-operation, was the main architect of the Bank and he named it after Late Shamrao Vithal Kaikini, who was his main guiding force and Guru. The Bank was originally registered as a Co-operative Credit Society on 27 December 1906.{{cn|date=December 2021}}

==Branches==
The bank has 198 branches and is present in 11 States of India:<ref name="ET">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=15 December 2021|title=SVC Co-operative Bank launches loan festival; to offer credit at attractive rates|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/banking/svc-co-operative-bank-launches-loan-festival-to-offer-credit-at-attractive-rates/articleshow/88301545.cms|newspaper=Economic Times}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]], [[Karnataka]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Telangana]], [[Delhi]], [[Rajasthan]], [[Haryana]], [[Goa]], [[Gujarat]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]].{{cn|date=December 2024}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Banks}}
* [[Banking in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Banking in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:SVC Co-operative Bank Ltd}}
[[Category:Banks established in 1906]]
[[Category:Cooperative banks of India]]
[[Category:Banks based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1906]]

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