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2024 Indian general election in Puducherry

2026-05-05T17:03:29Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: Added some pg more to come - done

{{Short description|Election to constitute the 18th Lok Sabha in 2024 for Puducherry}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox election
| country = India
| type = Parliamentary
| previous_election = 2019 Indian general election in Puducherry
| previous_year = 2019
| election_date = 19 April 2024
| next_year = 2029
| seats_for_election = 1 Puducherry seat in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| ongoing = no
| next_election = 2029 Indian general election in Puducherry
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 17th Lok Sabha#Puducherry
| elected_members = List of members of the 18th Lok Sabha#Puducherry
| opinion_polls = 2024 Indian general election in Puducherry#Opinion polls
| turnout = 78.80% ({{Decrease}}2.45%)
| image_size = 100px
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Vaithilingam.jpg|bSize=180|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=45|oTop=45}}
| leader1 = [[V. Vaithilingam]]
| party1 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INC]]
| leader_since1 = 2023
| alliance1 = [[ Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=A. Namassivayam.png|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=5|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[A. Namassivayam]]
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| leader_since2 = 2021
| alliance2 = National Democratic Alliance
| last_election2 = 31.36%, 0 seat ([[All India N.R. Congress|AINRC]])

| map_image =
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] after election
| before_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| before_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| after_election = [[Narendra Modi]]
| last_election1 = 56.27%, 1 seat
| seats_before1 =
| seats_before2 =
| seats1 = 1
| seats2 = 0
| seat_change1 = {{no change}}
| seat_change2 = {{no change}}
| popular_vote1 = 4,26,005
| popular_vote2 = 2,89,489
| percentage1 = 52.73%
| percentage2 = 35.83%
| swing1 = {{down}} 2.54 [[Percentage point|pp]]
| swing2 = {{up}} 4.47 [[Percentage point|pp]]
}}

The [[2024 Indian general election]] was held in [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] on 19 April 2024 to elect 1 member of the [[18th Lok Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=2024 Lok Sabha polls: BJP leaders of 12 eastern, northeastern states to meet in Guwahati|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/2024-lok-sabha-polls-bjp-leaders-of-12-eastern-northeastern-states-to-meet-in-guwahati/articleshow/101533624.cms|website=Economic Times|language=en|date=6 July 2023}}</ref>

== Election schedule ==
{|class="wikitable"style="text-align:center;margin:auto;font-size:90%;
! rowspan="2" |Poll event
!Phase
|-
| bgcolor="#FFFACD" |I
|-
!Notification date
|20 March
|-
!Last date for filing nomination
|27 March
|-
!Scrutiny of nomination
|28 March
|-
!Last Date for withdrawal of nomination
|30 March
|-
!Date of poll
|'''19 April'''
|-
!Date of counting of votes/Result
|'''4 June 2024'''
|-
!'''''No. of constituencies'''''
|1
|}

==Parties and alliances==
=== Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|1
|-
|}

=== National Democratic Alliance ===

{{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[A. Namassivayam]]
|1
|-
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[File:AIADMK Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian election symbol two leaves.svg|50px]]
|A. Anbalagan
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
|[[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|[[File:Elephant Bahujan Samaj Party.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Elephant.png|50px]]
|D Alangaravelu
|1
|-
|{{Party colour cell|Other}}
|United Republican Party of India
|
|
|K Prabhu Devan
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]]
|[[File:SUCI_flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian_Election_Symbol_Battery_Torch.svg|50px]]
|P Sankaran
|1
|-
|}

==Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|Constituency
|colspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}|
|colspan=3 bgcolor={{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|
|-
!colspan=3| [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
!colspan=3|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|-
!rowspan=3|1
|rowspan=3|[[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]]
|rowspan=3 {{party colour cell|Indian National Congress}}
|rowspan=3|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|rowspan=3|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|rowspan=3 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|rowspan=3|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|rowspan=3|[[A. Namassivayam]]
|}

==Surveys and polls==

===Opinion polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Puducherry (1)}}

===Exit polls===
{{#section-h:Opinion polling for the 2024 Indian general election|Puducherry}}

== Results ==

===Results by party===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="4" rowspan="2"|Alliance/ Party
!colspan="3"|Popular vote
!colspan="3"|Seat
|-
!Votes
!%
!±[[Percentage point|pp]]
!Contested
!Won
!'''+/−'''
|-
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
!style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|4,26,005
|52.73%
|{{decrease}} 2.54
|1
|1
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|2,89,489
|35.83%
|''New''
|1
|0
| {{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Other}}
|colspan="3"|Others
|69,363
|8.57%
| rowspan="2" |{{decrease}} 5.73
|5
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|{{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|colspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|13,320
|1.64%
|19
|0
|{{Steady}}
|-
|bgcolor="Black"|
|colspan="3"|[[None of the above (India)|NOTA]]
|9,763
|1.20%
|{{decrease}} 0.34
!colspan="3" style="background-color:#E9E9E9"|
|-
!colspan="4"|Total
!8,07,940
!100%
! -
!26
!1
!-
|-
|}

===Results by constituency===

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! rowspan="2" |Turnout
! colspan="7" |Winner
!colspan="7"|Runner-up
!rowspan="2"|Margin
|-
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
!colspan="2"|Party
!colspan="2"|Alliance
!Candidate
!Votes
!%
|-
!1
|[[Puducherry Lok Sabha constituency|Puducherry]]
|78.90%{{Decrease}}
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
|[[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]]
|[[V. Vaithilingam]]
|4,26,005
|52.73%
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|{{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
|[[A. Namassivayam]]
|2,89,489
|35.83%
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}} ; color:white;"|1,36,516
|-
|}

== Assembly segments wise lead of Parties ==
[[File:2024 Puducherry Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map.svg|thumb|2024 Puducherry Lok Sabha Elections Assembly Wise Leads Map|150px]]
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2026 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All India N.R. Congress}}"|
! [[All India NR Congress]]
|Not Contested
|12
|-

|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|2
|6
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
|28
|1
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"|
! [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| Not Contested
|5
|-
|bgcolor=#FAF8FA|
! Others
|0
|6
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|30
|}

==See also==
*[[2024 Indian general election in Chandigarh]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Rajasthan]]
*[[2024 Indian general election in Sikkim]]

==References==

{{reflist}}
{{Indian general election, 2024}}
{{Puducherry elections}}
[[Category:2024 Indian general election by state or union territory|Puducherry]]
[[Category:2020s in Puducherry]]

Anukulchandra Chakravarty

2026-05-05T06:53:58Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: Added initial pg needs work

{{short description|Indian physician, philosopher, spiritual leader (1888–1969)}}

{{Use British English|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| image = Sri Sri Thakur Anukulchandra..jpg
| alt =
| caption = Sri Sri Thakur Anukulchandra
| birth_name = Anukul Chandra Chakroborty
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1888|09|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Pabna District, [[British India]] (now [[Bangladesh]]) 
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1969|01|27|1888|09|14|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Deoghar]], [[Bihar]] (now [[Jharkhand]]), India
| alma_mater =
| spouse = Shoroshibala Devi Sarbamangola Devi<ref>{{cite web |title=Patna High Court |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/984640/ |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anukul Thakur: Life and Teachings |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/6693295/Thakur-Anukulchandra-an-Overview}}</ref>
| relatives =
| nationality = Indian
| founder = [[Satsang (Deoghar)]]
| philosophy =
| religion = [[Hindu]]
| literary_works =
| disciples =
| influenced =
| signature =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| children =
| father =
| mother =
}}

'''Yug Purushottama Sri Sri Thakur Anukulchandra''' (14 September 1888 – 27 January 1969), popularly known as '''Sree Sree Thakur''', was an Indian physician and spiritual guru in [[Radhasoami Satsang Dayalbagh|Radha Soami]] [[Sant Mat]] <ref>{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://www.questia.com/library/120072889/religions-view-religions-explorations-in-pursuit |title=Religions view religions : explorations in pursuit of understanding |last=Nayak |first=G.C. |publisher=Rodopi |year=2006 |isbn=90-420-1858-5 |editor-last=Gort |editor-first=Jerald D. |pages=68 |chapter=Hinduism: A Descriptive and/or Prescriptive Appraisal of Other Religions |oclc=901183160 |editor-last2=Jansen |editor-first2=Henry |editor-last3=Vroom |editor-first3=Hendrik M. |access-date=28 February 2020 |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203132608/https://www.questia.com/library/120072889/religions-view-religions-explorations-in-pursuit |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="netaji2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=23&nID=101961&P=1&nPID=20180322 |website=Bartaman Patrika |language=bn |script-title=bn:নেতাজি সুভাষচন্দ্র ও ঠাকুর অনুকূলচন্দ্রের সম্পর্ক, প্রায় অনালোচিত এক অধ্যায় |date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181029153553/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=23&nID=101961&P=1&nPID=20180322 |archive-date=29 October 2018 |access-date=25 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hosena |first1=Selinā |last2=Islam |first2=Nurul |title=Bāṃlā ekāḍemī caritābhidhāna |date=2010 |publisher=Bāṃlā Ekāḍemī |isbn=978-984-07-4354-4 |location=Dhaka |oclc=623263673}}</ref> and the founder of [[Satsang (Deoghar)|Satsang]], in [[Deoghar]], [[Jharkhand]].<ref name=EB1>{{cite web |title=Deoghar Tourism |url=http://deoghar.nic.in/deoghar_tourism.html |access-date=14 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160219143224/http://deoghar.nic.in/deoghar_tourism.html |archive-date=19 February 2016}}</ref><ref name=EB3>{{cite news |title=Politicians turn devotees at Satsang Vihar event |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/Politicians-turn-devotees-at-Satsang-Vihar-event/articleshow/30418116.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=15 February 2014}}</ref> He was born in a [[Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ainy |date=12 June 2016 |title=Sri Sri Thakur Anukul Chandra |url=https://istampgallery.com/sri-sri-thakur-anukul-chandra/ |access-date=21 January 2022 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Early life and service==
[[File:Satsang Ashram, in Deoghar 20.jpg|left|thumb|Satsang Ashram headquarters founded by Anukulchandra]]
Anukulchandra Chakroborty was born on 14th September, 1888 in the [[Hemayetpur|Himaitpur]] village of Pabna district of [[East Bengal]], [[British India]] which is now a part of [[Bangladesh]]. Sivachandra Chakroborty and Monomohini Devi were his father and mother respectively. As a young medical student in Calcutta, Anukulchandra started serving and treating the slum dwellers in 1911. After six years of study, he came back to Himaitpur and began to practice medicine.<ref name="auto2">{{cite conference |url=https://www.dpublication.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/iachss-121-231.pdf |title=Satsang, a Contemporary Religion of Convergence |last1=Roy |first1=Rajarshi |date=February 2019 |pages=231–238 |location=Rome |conference=2nd International Academic Conference on Humanities & Social Science}}</ref> His devotees address him as ''Yuga Purushottam'' or the ''Prophet of the modern age''.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web |url=https://www.satsang.org.in/index.php?=satsang |title=Sree Sree Thakur Anukulchandra |website=www.satsang.org.in}}</ref> On the other hand he is the founder of Satsang at Deoghar in [[Bihar]] now [[Jharkhand]].

In August 1909 Anukulachandra married Saroshibala Devi.<ref name="citation_no1">[https://srisrithakuranukulchandra.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Ocean-in-a-Tea-Cup.pdf] Page 66-67</ref> On November 17, 1930, he married Sarbamangala who was the younger sister of Anukulachandra's first wife.<ref name="citation_no1" />

==Death==
Anukulchandra died on 27 January 1969. The [[Government of India]] released a commemorative postage stamp, in 1987.<ref name="Postage stamps of India">{{Cite web |url=http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx |title=Postage Stamps: Stamp issue calendar 2014, Paper postage, Commemorative and definitive stamps, Service Postage Stamps, Philately Offices, Philatelic Bureaux and counters, Mint stamps (unused stamps) |website=postagestamps.gov.in |access-date=8 December 2019 |archive-date=21 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121210123/http://postagestamps.gov.in/Stamps_List.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Rabindra Nath |place=Kolkata |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |year=2010 |edition=First |title=The revelation after the latest revealed |oclc=775646694}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Islam |first1=Kazi Nurul |year=2011 |title=Historical Overview of Religious Pluralism in Bengal |journal=Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology |location=Dhaka |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=28 |url=http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/Religion%20-%20Kazi.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last1=Sarkar |first1=Rabindra Nath |year=1987 |title=The Latest Revelation in the East |publisher=Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar |location=Kolkata |edition=First}}
* {{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Rajesh |year=2015 |title=Jharkhand governor inaugurates Deoghar function |work=The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jharkhand-governor-inaugurates-Deoghar-function/articleshow/49534813.cms}}
{{Refend}}

{{Sant Mat}}
{{Hindu reform movements}}
{{philosophy of religion}}
{{Portal bar|Biography|Philosophy|Hinduism}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anukulchandra, Sree Sree Thakur}}
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian theologians]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali people]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Founders of new religious movements]]
[[Category:Hindu mystics]]
[[Category:20th-century Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu revivalists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:People from Pabna District]]
[[Category:Indian homeopaths]]
[[Category:Bengali religious reformers]]

Indian Maritime University Navi Mumbai

2026-05-05T05:38:13Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: redirect created

#REDIRECT [[Indian Maritime University]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Mansoori, Rajasthan

2026-05-01T19:03:40Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: added the stub needs work

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mansoori
| settlement_type = Village
| map_caption = Mansoori (India)
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.8115|N|73.8332|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Assembly Constituency]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Dungargarh Assembly constituency|Dungargarh]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 29.39
| population_total = 3436
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}

'''Mansoori''' is a village located in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil of [[Bikaner District]], [[Rajasthan]], India.

People residing in this village basically depend on [[agriculture]], and some inhabitants have their own businesses.

==Demographics==

According to the 2011 census, conducted by Federal Government, the village had a total population of 3436 people, out of which 1794 was the male population and 1642 was the female population residing in this village. The Literacy rate was 43.95%.<ref>{{cite web |title= Population of Mansoori village |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69593-masoori-rajasthan.html}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Mansoori Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|99.50}}
{{bar percent|[[Rajasthani Muslims|Islam]]|green|0.50}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Mansoori Village}}

Almost 99.5% of total inhabitants population follows [[Hinduism]] and there're some followers of [[Islam]] also.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Population by religious community - Bikaner District |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS}}</ref>

[[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani Language|Rajsthani]] is the most spoken language here. The village administration follows [[Hindi Language|Hindi]] as their official language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Languages in Mansoori village|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=97|value2=2.90|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Mansoori village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

Pin Code (Postal Index Number Code) of this village is 334802.<ref>{{cite news |title= Mansoori village Pin Code |url=https://www.abplive.com/pincode/rajasthan/bikaner/mansoori-pincode-334802.html |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

==Transportation==

Mansoori is directly connected to Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun highway, known as [[State Highway 20B (Rajasthan)|SH-20(B)]] through Road.
This highway is located 6 km away from the village, although; connected via road.<ref>{{cite web |title= SH-20(B) Project, Bikaner-Napasar-Ladnun Highway |url=https://www.pioneerinfraindia.com/52-dpr-package-5/ |date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

As of now, there's no Railway transportation available near this village, inhabitants have to travel to [[Nokha railway station|Nokha]](60 km) or [[Shri Dungargarh railway station|Dungargarh]](45 km) for railway transportation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview Of Bikaner Division |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1436959747628-An%20Overview%20of%20Bikaner%20Division%20update%20on%20June%202015.pdf |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=20 October 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
Mansoori Profile on Weather.com.[https://weather.com/en-BZ/weather/radar/interactive/l/bb20940efa4eb565099befd32432a1d0e8b0f8dcaf1b133d3a316955577bf14b?traffic_source=footerNav_Radar]

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Mayabini Ratir Bukut

2026-04-29T08:58:18Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: added some data more to come.

{{AI-generated|date=February 2026|partial=y|reason=[[Special:Diff/1315380484|this 2025 edit]]; user has created several confirmed ChatGPT articles around this time and this also displays [[WP:AISIGNS]] particularly in undue emphasis on legacy, [[WP:AIVOCAB]] etc}}
{{Infobox song
| name = Mayabini Ratir Bukut
| cover =
| alt =
| type = song
| artist = [[Zubeen Garg]]
| album = Daag (soundtrack)
| released = 10 November 2000
| recorded = June 2000
| studio = Geet Audiocraft, Mumbai, Maharashtra
| genre = Assamese, Romantic
| length =
| label = Wave Music
| writer = Zubeen Garg
| composer = Zubeen Garg
| producer = Zubeen Garg
| language = Assamese
}}

'''"Mayabini Ratir Bukut"''' (Assamese: মায়াবিনী ৰাতিৰ বুকুত, English: "In the bosom of the magical night") is a romantic Assamese song by singer-composer [[Zubeen Garg]]. It was released on 10 November 2000 as part of the soundtrack of the Assamese film ''[[Daag (2001 soundtrack)|Daag]]'', directed by [[Munin Barua]].<ref name="AssamMirror">{{cite web |title=Mayabini Ratir Bukut Lyrics |url=https://assammirror.com/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4-mayabini-ratir-bukut-lyrics/33/ |website=Assam Mirror |date=20 June 2024 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref>

== Background ==
The song was written and composed by Zubeen Garg, one of the most popular voices of modern [[Music of Assam|Assamese music]].<ref name="AssamMirror" /> It featured in the soundtrack of ''Daag'', a commercially successful Assamese film.

== Lyrics and theme ==
The lyrics depict romance and longing, using imagery of the night and dreams. The title suggests an intimate, mystical setting—“the magical night”—as a metaphor for love and emotional closeness.{{cn|date=October 2025}}.

The Lyrics of the song is:

মায়াবিনী ৰাতিৰ বুকুত
দেখা পালোঁ তোমাৰ ছবি
ধৰা দিলা গোপনে আহি
হিয়াৰ কোণত…
তুমি যে মোৰ শুকান মনত
নিয়ৰৰে চেঁচা টোপাল
নামি অহা, ৰ’দৰে নৈ
মোৰ দেহত প্ৰতি পুৱা
ধুমুহাৰ স’তে মোৰ
বহু যুগৰে নাচোন
এন্ধাৰো সঁচা মোৰ
বহু দিনৰে আপোন,
নিজানৰ গান মোৰ
শেষ হ’ব
ভাবোঁ তোমাৰ বুকুত।
প্ৰতি শৰতৰ প্ৰভাতি ফুলে
ক’ব তোমাকেই মোৰ কথা
প্ৰতি মেঘালী নিশা জোনে
ক’ব তোমাকেই মোৰ বেথা
ধুমুহাৰ স’তে মোৰ
বহু যুগৰে নাচোন
এন্ধাৰো সঁচা মোৰ
বহু দিনৰে আপোন
নিজানৰ গান মোৰ
শেষ হ’ব
ভাবোঁ তোমাৰ বুকুত।
দুচকুলে তোমাৰ চালে
সপোন আঁতৰি দিঠক নামে
চুব খুজিলেই মোৰ দুহাতে
দিঠক আঁতৰি সপোন আহে
ধুমুহাৰ স’তে মোৰ
বহু যুগৰে নাচোন
এন্ধাৰো সঁচা মোৰ
বহু দিনৰে আপোন
নিজানৰ গান মোৰ
শেষ হ’ব
ভাবোঁ তোমাৰ বুকুত।
মায়াবিনী ৰাতিৰ বুকুত।।

== Release ==
The song was released on 10 November 2000 with the film soundtrack ''Daag''.{{cn|date=October 2025}}

== Reception and legacy ==
Over the years, "Mayabini Ratir Bukut" has become one of Garg’s signature romantic songs.<ref name="AssamMirror" />

In September 2025, following Zubeen Garg’s death, the song was widely sung by fans and mourners to pay tribute.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-21 |title=From New Delhi to Guwahati, 'Mayabini' echoes like a hymn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/from-new-delhi-to-guwahati-mayabini-echoes-like-a-hymn/articleshow/124031890.cms |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=Assam: 'Mayabini' plays all around as Zubeen's lyrics stir deep emotions |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/assam-mayabini-plays-all-around-as-zubeens-lyrics-stir-deep-emotions |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-22 |title=Unprecedented scenes in Guwahati as lakhs bid farewell to Assam's icon: 'No one can be like Zubeen da' |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/zubeen-garg-death-farewell-guwahati-assam-10263255/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Zubeen Garg: The voice that united a nation in song and sorrow |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/opinion/story/zubeen-garg-the-voice-that-united-a-nation-in-song-and-sorrow-1281566-2025-09-23 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-30 |title=Papon pays emotional tribute to late Zubeen Garg ahead of India-Sri Lanka Women's World Cup opener in Guwahati |url=https://www.firstpost.com/firstcricket/papon-zubeen-garg-tribute-india-sri-lanka-icc-womens-world-cup-2025-13938184.html |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Shreya Ghosal pays heartfelt tribute to Zubeen Garg at World Cup |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/shreya-ghosal-pays-heartfelt-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-at-world-cup/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-20 |title=Echoes of “Mayabini Ratir Bukut” ring the air as fans hold midnight vigils for Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/assam/story/echoes-of-mayabini-ratir-bukut-ring-the-air-as-fans-hold-midnight-vigils-for-zubeen-garg-1280134-2025-09-20 |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=India Today NE |language=hi}}</ref> According to ''[[The Times of India]]'', at his cremation “a chorus of his beloved song, ‘Mayabini Ratir Bukut,’ transformed the somber occasion into a moving celebration of his life.”<ref>{{cite news |title=Music lives on: 'Mayabini Ratir Bukut' resonates as Assam bids adieu to Zubeen |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/music-lives-on-mayabini-ratir-bukut-resonates-as-assam-bids-adieu-to-zubeen/articleshow/124075608.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref> Garg had previously requested that this song be played after his death, and tributes poured in from across Assam, India and worldwide.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-21 |title=Zubeen Garg's last wish comes true; fans sing 'Mayabini Ratir Bukut' outside his home ahead of funeral: WATCH |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zubeen-gargs-last-wish-comes-true-fans-sing-mayabini-ratir-bukut-outside-his-home-ahead-of-funeral-watch/articleshow/124023623.cms |access-date=2025-09-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-19 |title=Play "Mayabini ratir bukut …..' on my death : Zubeen appealed once |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2025/09/19/play-mayabini-ratir-bukut-on-my-death-zubeen-appealed-once/ |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-09-19 |title=When I Die, Lay Me In The Brahmaputra & Let Mayabini Play, Wished Zubeen Garg |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/when-i-die-lay-me-in-the-brahmaputra-let-mayabini-play-wished-zubeen-garg/articleshow/123997546.cms |access-date=2025-10-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

''[[Hindustan Times]]'' listed the track among Garg’s most famous Assamese works that “touched millions,” placing it alongside his major Hindi hits like "Ya Ali". The article highlights how ''Mayabini Ratir Bukut'' showcases Garg’s ability to blend modern arrangements with Assamese lyrical traditions, making it a romantic anthem across generations.<ref>{{cite news |title=Remembering Zubeen Garg: His most famous Hindi and Assamese songs that touched millions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/remembering-zubeen-garg-his-most-famous-hindi-and-assamese-songs-that-touched-millions-101758280029880.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=27 September 2025 |access-date=30 September 2025}}</ref>

In its coverage, the [[BBC News|BBC]] noted that ''Mayabini Ratir Bukut'' has become one of the defining works associated with Zubeen Garg’s enduring appeal. The song was described as an exemplar of his ability to combine Assamese romantic poetry with contemporary soundscapes, giving it resonance far beyond the state. The article highlighted how the track continues to symbolize Garg’s “rich contribution to music,” often resurfacing at public gatherings and tributes as a collective expression of memory and admiration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-23 |title=Zubeen Garg: Fans gather in large numbers to mourn iconic Indian singer |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8exxep4n00o |access-date=2025-10-01 |website=BBC News |language=en-GB}}</ref>

At the [[2025 Women's Cricket World Cup|ICC Women’s Cricket World Cup 2025]] in [[Guwahati]], playback singer [[Shreya Ghoshal]] honored Garg with a heartfelt performance, presenting a medley of his popular songs and concluding with "Mayabini Ratir Bukut" during the mid-innings of the India vs Sri Lanka match.<ref name="tribuneindia.com"/><ref>{{Cite news |title=Artists pay tribute to Zubeen Garg during ICC Women's WC opening ceremony |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/news/artists-pay-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-during-icc-women-s-wc-opening-ceremony-125093000613_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

During an episode of ''[[India's Got Talent|India’s Got Talent]]'', contestants presented a rendition of ''Mayabini Ratir Bukut'' as a tribute to Zubeen Garg. The performance prompted judge [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]] to reflect on his association with Garg and acknowledge the song’s lasting significance in Assamese music.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-02 |title=Shaan Turns Emotional as Contestants Perform Zubeen Garg's 'Mayabini' on Reality Show |url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/topheadlines/shaan-turns-emotional-as-contestants-perform-zubeen-gargs-mayabini-on-reality-show |access-date=2025-10-02 |website=The Sentinel - of this Land, for its People |language=en}}</ref>

[[Kaziranga National Park]] named a newborn elephant calf Mayabini in honour of Zubeen Garg, drawing inspiration from "Mayabini Ratir Bukut". The gesture reflected the song’s enduring cultural resonance and its symbolic association with Assam’s natural and artistic heritage.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-10-05 |title=Born in the wild, named to honour Assam's free-spirited legend: Meet calf 'Mayabini' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/born-in-the-wild-named-to-honour-assams-free-spirited-legend-meet-calf-mayabini/articleshow/124323593.cms |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Karmakar |first=Rahul |date=2025-10-05 |title=Kaziranga elephant calf named Mayabini in honour of Zubeen Garg |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/assam/kaziranga-elephant-calf-named-mayabini-in-honour-of-zubeen-garg/article70127399.ece |access-date=2025-10-06 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-05 |title=Kaziranga names newborn elephant calf after Zubeen Garg's song 'Mayabini' to honour late singer |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kaziranga-names-newborn-elephant-calf-after-zubeen-garg-s-song-mayabini-to-honour-late-singer-101759653550981.html |access-date=2025-10-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

The song’s enduring influence is also reflected in public memory and cultural practice: fans continue to revive it at live shows, tributes, and memorials. It is frequently cited in retrospectives of [[List of songs recorded by Zubeen Garg|Garg’s discography]] as one of his defining Assamese songs, marking his versatility between regional and national music industries.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-21 |title=Armaan Mallik Pays Musical Tribute To Zubeen Garg, Leaves Fans In Tears - Watch Video |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/entertainment-news/bollywood/armaan-mallik-pays-musical-tribute-to-zubeen-garg-leaves-fans-in-tears-watch-video-article-152864254 |access-date=2025-09-30 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref> Younger Assamese artists and listeners often refer to it as a benchmark of romantic songwriting in the language, influencing covers and interpretations that seek to recapture its aura.

==Controversy==
In the aftermath of Zubeen Garg's death in September 2025, "Mayabini Ratir Bukut" became the subject of public debate after reports emerged that the track had disappeared from, or been renamed on, several major streaming platforms, prompting questions about rights management and catalogue control and intensifying discussion of issues surrounding the singer's death and its aftermath.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Zubeen Garg's Assamese Original 'Mayabini' Disappears from YouTube Music, Other Music Streaming Platforms |url=https://www.guwahatiplus.com/assam/zubeen-gargs-assamese-original-mayabini-disappears-from-youtube-music-other-music-streaming-platforms |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=Guwahati Plus |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Assam fans emotions flared after removal of Zubeen Garg's iconic 'Mayabini' from streaming platforms |url=http://nenewstv.in/Assam-fans-emotions-flared-after-removal-of-Zubeen-Garg-s-iconic--Mayabini--from-streaming-platforms |access-date=2025-10-03 |website=NE News TV |language=en}}</ref>

Local media reported that listeners and fan groups observed the track missing or listed under different titles on services such as [[Spotify]], [[Apple Music]], [[JioSaavn]] and [[YouTube Music]]; these reports generated widespread discussion on social media and in regional press. Some outlets and commentators noted that the recording rights were associated with ''Zubeen Garg Music LLP'' and that questions about catalogue control, metadata issues, or ongoing legal matters may have contributed to the song's temporary unavailability on certain platforms. The extent and cause of the removals have not been confirmed by the streaming services in publicly available statements cited in reliable news coverage.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2000 songs]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2025}}

Kunal Kamra v. Union of India

2026-04-25T01:45:20Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: done

{{Short description|2023 constitutional case law pertaining online free speech}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox court case
| court = [[Bombay High Court]]
| date decided = September 26, 2024
| full name = Kunal Kamra v. Union of India & Ors.
| citations = Writ Petition (L) No. 9792 of 2023
| judges = [[Bombay High Court]]: [[G. S. Patel]] and [[Neela Gokhale]] (Division Bench) A. S. Chandurkar (Third Judge) [[Supreme Court of India]]: [[D. Y. Chandrachud]] (CJI), [[J. B. Pardiwala]], and [[Manoj Misra]]
| charge = Challenge to the Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Amendment Rules, 2023.
}}

'''''Kunal Kamra v. Union of India''''' was a [[Public interest litigation in India|public interest litigation]] filed by Indian comedian [[Kunal Kamra]] along with several organisations including editors, journalists, and publication houses in the [[Bombay High Court]] challenging the constitutionality of the 2023 amendment to the [[Information Technology Rules, 2021|Information Technology Rules (2021)]]. The amendment introduced a government-established "fact-checking" unit to identify and flag or remove social media content related to government affairs as fake, false, or misleading. The amendment raised concerns about freedom of speech and expression, the potential for government censorship, and the extent of [[Safe harbor (law)|safe harbour]] protection for social media intermediaries in India, with the petitioners highlighting the lack of clear standards and arbitrary scope of censorship. The two-judge bench of the court issued a split verdict, leading to a tie-breaker decision by Justice Chandurkar who issued a judgement in the favour of plaintiffs holding that the rules were unconstitutional and exceeded the authority granted by the [[Information Technology Act, 2000|IT Act, 2000]]. {{As of|2025}}, an appeal against the judgement is pending before the [[Supreme Court of India]].

==Background==
On April 6, 2023, the Indian government introduced amendements to [[Information Technology (Intermediary Guidelines and Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021]] including a provision to establish a "fact-checking unit (FCU)" to flag "fake, false or misleading online content related to the [central] government".<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-20 |title=Kunal Kamra seeks interim stay on Fact-Checking Unit under IT Amendment Rules in Supreme Court {{!}} Today News |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kunal-kamra-seeks-interim-stay-on-fact-checking-unit-under-it-amendment-rules-in-supreme-court-11710924212842.html |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=mint |language=en}}</ref> [[Press Information Bureau]], an agency of the [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]] was designated as the fact-checking body. Once a content was flagged, the intermediaries (social media platforms, for example) were expected to take down the content or lose their safe-harbour provisions protecting them from liability for user-generated content.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kunal Kamra v. Union of India |url=https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/kunal-kamra-v-union-of-india/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Global Freedom of Expression |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunal Kamra vs Union Of India on 26 September, 2024 |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/172701335/?ref=static.internetfreedom.in |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

Kunal Kamra, a political satirist who frequently uses social media to comment on government policies and actions, filed a writ petition in the Bombay High Court in April 2023 challenging the constitutionality of these new rules.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazarika |first=Abhimanyu |date=2024-03-20 |title=Kunal Kamra moves Supreme Court seeking stay on Fact Check Units under IT Amendment Rules |url=https://www.barandbench.com/news/kunal-kamra-moves-supreme-court-seeking-stay-fact-check-units-it-amendment-rules |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Comedian Kunal Kamra Challenges IT Rules Amendment |url=https://www.bwlegalworld.com/article/comedian-kunal-kamra-challenges-it-rules-amendment-472560 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=BW Legal World |language=en}}</ref> He argued that the establishment of FCU violated several provisions of the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act) and the Constitution of India,<ref>{{Cite web |last=maniyar |first=zahid |date=2024-01-31 |title=A split judgment in the challenge against the 2023 IT amendments |url=https://cjp.org.in/a-split-judgment-in-the-challenge-against-the-2023-it-amendments/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=CJP |language=en-US}}</ref> and that the rules would have a "chilling effect" on free speech and his ability to practice his profession, as intermediaries would be incentivised to take down any content critical of the government to avoid legal risks.<ref name=":0" /> In June 2023, several other organisations, including the Editors Guild of India, the Association of Indian Magazines, and the News Broadcasters and Digital Association, also filed challenges against the rule.<ref name=":0" /> Several [[digital rights]] advoacy organisations such as [[Internet Freedom Foundation]] and [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] published statements criticising the amendment noting its adverse impact on online freedom of speech and right to receive information and sought to challenge the rule.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-06 |title=Statement on the notification of the IT Amendment Rules, 2023 |url=https://internetfreedom.in/statement-on-the-notification-of-the-it-amendment-rules-2023/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Internet Freedom Foundation |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Baghdasaryan |first=Meri |date=2022-07-21 |title=New Amendments to Intermediary Rules threaten Free Speech in India |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2022/07/new-amendments-intermediary-rules-threaten-free-speech-india |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

The appeals were heard and adjudicated together by a two-judge division bench of Bombay High Court consisting of Justices Gautam S Patel and Neela Gokhale.<ref>{{Cite web |last=N |first=Ishwar Ahuja,Bhairavi S. |date=2024-02-07 |title=An Analysis of Kunal Kamra vs Union of India |url=https://www.barandbench.com/view-point/an-analysis-of-kunal-kamra-vs-union-of-india |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=Bar and Bench - Indian Legal news |language=en}}</ref>

== Judgement ==
On January 31, 2024, the judges issued a split-verdict with Justice Patel finding the rules unconstitutional while Justice Gokhle upholding their validity.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jain |first=Anmol |date=2024-10-08 |title=The Bombay High Court Dismisses the Ministry of Truth |url=https://verfassungsblog.de/india-fact-checking-unit-fake-news/ |journal=Verfassungsblog |doi=10.59704/a561364a8208abeb |issn=2366-7044|doi-access=free }}</ref> Subsequently, the case was referred to Justice A. S. Chandrukar as the third judge to break the tie. While the matter was being deliberated, the petitioners requested an interim stay order which was denied by the Bombay High Court but granted by Supreme Court of India on appeal.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-21 |title=Supreme Court stays Centre’s Fact Check Unit notification |url=https://indialegallive.com/constitutional-law-news/supreme-court-news/fact-check-unit-it-rules/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |work=India Legal |language=en-US}}</ref>

In the final judgement, Justice Chandrukar agreed with Justice Patel, finding that the rules of the amendment violated the Articles 14, 19(1)(a), and 19(1)(g) of the Constitution of India and exceeded the authority granted by the IT Act of 2000. He agreed with plaintiffs contention that the rules were vague, lacked procedural safeguards, and created a chilling effect making it too broad and arbitrary.

== Significance ==
The judgement is considered significant for establishing a critical precedent in support of protecting and expanding the freedom of expression by limiting government intervention and censorship.<ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Indian constitutional case law]]
[[Category:2023 in Indian law]]
[[Category:2024 in Indian law]]
[[Category:Bombay High Court]]
[[Category:Supreme Court of India cases in 2023]]

Malayalam phonology

2026-04-24T19:11:47Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: added a entry w/ infobox

{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Short description|Phonology of the Malayalam language}}
{{Contains special characters|Indic}}
{{IPA notice}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2025}}

[[File:Malayalam vowels.png|upright=1.13|thumb|[[Monophthong]]s of Malayalam, from Namboodiripad, Savithry (2016)<ref name="namboodiripad-2016" />|class=skin-invert-image]]
[[File:Ken.ogg|thumb|Literary Malayalam]]

'''Malayalam phonology''' comprises the sound system of the [[Malayalam]]. It is characterized by a large consonant inventory, including true subapical retroflexes and a phonemic distinction in vowel length. The language also maintains clear contrasts among dental, alveolar, and retroflex places of articulation.

For the consonants and vowels, the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) symbol is given, followed by the Malayalam character and the [[ISO 15919]] transliteration.<ref name="haowen jiang-2010" /> The current Malayalam script bears high similarity with [[Tigalari script]], which was used for writing the [[Tulu language]], spoken in [[Tulu Nadu|coastal Karnataka]] ([[Dakshina Kannada]] and [[Udupi district|Udupi]] districts) and the northernmost [[Kasargod district]] of Kerala.<ref name="vinodh rajan">{{cite web|author1=Vaishnavi Murthy K Y|author2=Vinodh Rajan|title=L2/17-378 Preliminary proposal to encode Tigalari script in Unicode|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17378-tigalari.pdf|access-date=28 June 2018|website=unicode.org|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208134202/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17378-tigalari.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Tigalari script was also used for writing [[Sanskrit]] in [[Malabar District|Malabar region]].

== Vowels ==
[[File:malayalam.svg|thumb|The first letter in Malayalam|class=skin-invert-image]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan=2|
!scope="col" colspan=3 | [[Vowel length|Short]]
!scope="col" colspan=3 | Long
|-
!scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
!scope="col" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
!scope="col" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
!scope="col" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
!scope="col" | [[Central vowel|Central]]
!scope="col" | [[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
!scope="row" | [[Close vowel|Close]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|i}} '''{{lang|ml|ഇ}}'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|u}} '''{{lang|ml|ഉ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|iː}} '''{{lang|ml|ഈ}}'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|uː}} '''{{lang|ml|ഊ}}'''
|-
!scope="row" | [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|e}}''' {{lang|ml|എ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|ə̆}} '''്'''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|o}} '''{{lang|ml|ഒ}}'''
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|eː}} '''{{lang|ml|ഏ}}'''
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|oː}} '''{{lang|ml|ഓ}}'''
|-
!scope="row" | [[Open vowel|Open]]
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|a}} '''{{lang|ml|അ}}'''
|
|
| style="text-align:center;"|{{IPAslink|aː}} '''{{lang|ml|ആ}}'''
|
|}

*⟨{{lang|ml| ്}}⟩ {{IPA|/ə̆/}} [ə̆~ɤ̈̆] formed from word final short /u/'s but now there are /u/'s finally as well, mostly in loanwords but also natively like in {{transliteration|ml|guru}}, {{transliteration|ml|kuru}}, {{transliteration|ml|puẓu}} and native {{transliteration|ml|pērŭ}}, there are minimal pairs as well: {{transliteration|ml|appŭ}} "water", {{transliteration|ml|appu}} a given name, {{transliteration|ml|naṭŭ}} "plant! (imperative)", {{transliteration|ml|naṭu}} "middle"; It is also added to the end of loanwords ending in some consonants, e.g. Sanskrit ''manas'', ''āpad'', Malayalam {{transliteration|ml|manassŭ}}, {{transliteration|ml|āpattŭ}}, English ''current'' Ml. {{transliteration|ml|karaṇṭŭ}}. In declensions the short u is deleted while the full u isnt, eg. naṭŭ-illa, naṭu-illa > naṭilla, naṭuvilla. It is the {{transliteration|ml|saṁvr̥tōkāram}}, an [[epenthesis|epenthentic vowel]] in Malayalam. Therefore, it has no independent vowel letter (because it never occurs at the beginning of words) but, when it comes after a consonant, there are various ways of representing it. In medieval times, it was just represented with the symbol for {{IPA|/u/}} ⟨{{lang|ml|കു}}⟩, but later on it was just completely omitted (that is, written as an inherent vowel ⟨{{lang|ml|ക}}⟩, thus, ⟨{{lang|ml|പേര്}}⟩ {{transliteration|ml|pērŭ}} "name" was once written as ⟨{{lang|ml|പേര}}⟩ {{transliteration|ml|pēra}} which means "guava"). In modern times, it is written in two different ways – the Northern style, in which a [[chandrakkala]] is used ⟨{{lang|ml|ക്}}⟩, and the Southern or [[Travancore]] style, in which the diacritic for a {{IPA|/u/}} is attached to the preceding consonant and a chandrakkala is written above ⟨{{lang|ml|കു്}}⟩. According to one author, this alternative form ⟨{{lang|ml|കു്}}⟩ is historically more correct, though the simplified form without a vowel sign ''u'' is common nowadays.<ref>{{cite web|last=Muller|first=Eric|title=Malayalam cillaksarams|work=JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3126 L2/06-207|url=http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/N3126.pdf|year=2006|access-date=2009-09-10|archive-date=24 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124054804/http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/N3126.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
* {{IPA|/a/}} (phonetically central: {{IPA|[ä]}}) is represented as basic or the "default" vowel in the [[abugida]] script.

Malayalam has also borrowed the [[Sanskrit]] [[diphthongs]] of {{IPA|/ai̯/}} (represented in Malayalam as {{lang|ml|ഐ}}, ai) and {{IPA|/au̯/}} (represented in Malayalam as {{lang|ml|ഔ}}, au) although these mostly occur only in Sanskrit loanwords. Traditionally (as in Sanskrit), four vocalic consonants (usually pronounced in Malayalam as consonants followed by the {{transliteration|ml|saṁvr̥tōkāram}}, which is not officially a vowel, and not as actual vocalic consonants) have been classified as vowels: vocalic r ({{lang|ml|ഋ}}, {{IPA|/rɨ̆/}}, r̥), long vocalic r ({{lang|ml|ൠ}}, {{IPA|/rɨː/}}, r̥̄), vocalic l ({{lang|ml|ഌ}}, {{IPA|/lɨ̆/}}, l̥) and long vocalic l ({{lang|ml|ൡ}}, {{IPA|/lɨː/}}, l̥̄). Except for the first, the other three have been omitted from the current script used in Kerala as there are no words in current Malayalam that use them.

Some authors say that Malayalam has no diphthongs and {{IPA|/ai̯, au̯/}} are clusters of V+glide j/ʋ<ref name="krishnamurti-2003" /> while others consider all V+glide clusters to be diphthongs {{IPA|/ai̯, aːi̯, au̯, ei̯, oi̯, i̯a/}} as in {{transliteration|ml|kai, vāypa, auṣadhaṁ, cey, koy}} and {{transliteration|ml|kāryaṁ}}<ref name="haowen jiang-2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf |title=Malayalam: a Grammatical Sketch and a Text |author=Haowen Jiang |website=Department of Linguistics, [[Rice University]] |date=April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120911225521/http://www.owlnet.rice.edu/~hj3/pub/Malayalam.pdf |access-date=2022-01-08|archive-date=11 September 2012 }}</ref>

Vowel length is phonemic and all of the vowels have minimal pairs; for example {{transliteration|ml|kaṭṭi}} "thickness", {{transliteration|ml|kāṭṭi}} "showed", {{transliteration|ml|koṭṭi}} "tapped", {{transliteration|ml|kōṭṭi}} "twisted, stick, marble", {{transliteration|ml|er̠i}} "throw", {{transliteration|ml|ēr̠i}} "lots"<ref name="haowen jiang-2010" />

Vowels tend to be fronted around palatalized consonants and backed around velarized consonants.<ref>{{Cite web| title=Palatalization and velarization in Malayalam nasals: a preliminary acoustic study of the dental–alveolar contrast | url=https://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202021%20Palatalization%20and%20velarization%20in%20Malayalam%20nasals%20-%20a%20preliminary%20acoustic%20study%20of%20the%20dental-alveolar%20contrast.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019073040/https://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202021%20Palatalization%20and%20velarization%20in%20Malayalam%20nasals%20-%20a%20preliminary%20acoustic%20study%20of%20the%20dental-alveolar%20contrast.pdf | archive-date=2023-10-19}}</ref>

Some speakers also have {{IPA|/æː/, /ɔː/, /ə/}} from English loanwords; e.g. {{IPA|/bæːŋgɨ̆/}} "bank" but most speakers replace it with {{IPA|/aː/, /eː/}} or {{IPA|/ja/}}; {{IPA|/oː/}} or {{IPA|/aː/}} and {{IPA|/e/}} or {{IPA|/a/}}.<ref name="krishnamurti-2003" /> 

== Consonants ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=2|
! scope="col" |[[Bilabial consonant|Labial]]
! scope="col" |[[Dental consonant|Dental]]
! scope="col" |[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! scope="col" |[[Retroflex]]
! scope="col" |[[Postalveolar]]/ [[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! scope="col" |[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!scope="col" |[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
!scope="row" colspan=2|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}} '''{{lang|ml|മ}}'''
|{{IPA link|n̪}} '''{{lang|ml|ന}}'''
|{{IPA link|n}} '''{{lang|ml|ന}}''' / '''{{lang|ml|ഩ}}'''{{Efn|Obsolete}}
|{{IPA link|ɳ}} '''{{lang|ml|ണ}}'''
|{{IPA link|ɲ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഞ}}'''
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}, ({{IPA link|ŋʲ}}) '''{{lang|ml|ങ}}'''
|
|-
! rowspan="4" scope="row" |[[Plosive]]/ [[Affricate]]
!scope=row| [[Voicelessness|voiceless]]
|{{IPA link|p}} '''{{lang|ml|പ}}'''
|{{IPA link|t̪}} '''{{lang|ml|ത}}'''
|{{IPA link|t}} '''{{lang|ml|റ്റ}}'''
|{{IPA link|ʈ}} '''{{lang|ml|ട}}'''
|{{IPA link|t͡ɕ}}~{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} '''{{lang|ml|ച}}'''
|{{IPA link|k}}, ({{IPA link|kʲ}}) '''{{lang|ml|ക}}'''
|
|-
!scope=row| [[Aspirated consonant|aspirated]]
|{{IPA link|pʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഫ}}'''
|{{IPA link|t̪ʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഥ}}'''
|
|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഠ}}'''
|{{IPA link|t͡ɕʰ}}~{{IPA link|t͡ʃʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഛ}}'''
|{{IPA link|kʰ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഖ}}'''
|
|-
![[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|{{IPA link|b}} '''{{lang|ml|ബ}}'''
|{{IPA link|d̪}} '''{{lang|ml|ദ}}'''
|({{IPA link|d}}){{efn|Only occurs after ṉ.}} '''{{lang|ml|ന്റ}}'''
|{{IPA link|ɖ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഡ}}'''
|{{IPA link|d͡ʑ}}~{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} '''{{lang|ml|ജ}}'''
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഗ}}'''
|
|-
![[Breathy voice|breathy]]
|{{IPA link|bʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഭ}}'''
|{{IPA link|d̪ʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ധ}}'''
|
|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഢ}}'''
|{{IPA link|d͡ʑʱ}}~{{IPA link|d͡ʒʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഝ}}'''
|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഘ}}'''
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Fricative]]
|{{IPA link|f}} '''{{lang|ml|ഫ}}'''
|
|{{IPA link|s}}, ({{IPA link|z}}) '''{{lang|ml|സ}}'''
|{{IPA link|ʂ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഷ}}'''
|{{IPA link|ɕ}}~{{IPA link|ʃ}} '''{{lang|ml|ശ}}'''
|
|{{IPA link|h}} '''{{lang|ml|ഹ}}'''
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Approximant consonant|Approx.]]
! scope="row" | {{small|central}}
|{{IPA link|ʋ}} '''{{lang|ml|വ}}'''
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɻ}} '''{{lang|ml|ഴ}}'''{{efn|Often transliterated as {{transliteration|ml|zh}} by Malayalis and Tamils, may also be transliterated as {{transliteration|ml|ẓ}} or {{transliteration|ml|r̤}} by some others.}}
|{{IPA link|j}} '''{{lang|ml|യ}}'''
|
|
|-
! scope="row" | {{small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|l}} '''{{lang|ml|ല}}'''
|{{IPA link|ɭ}} '''{{lang|ml|ള}}'''
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Tap consonant|Tap]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɾ}} '''{{lang|ml|ര}}'''
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" scope="row" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|
|{{IPA link|r}} '''{{lang|ml|റ}}'''
|
|
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}

* As in other Dravidian languages, the retroflex series are true [[subapical consonant]]s, in which the underside of the tongue contacts the roof.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Hamann |first=Silke |year=2003 |title=The Phonetics and Phonology of Retroflexes |location=Utrecht, Netherlands |url=https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/627/full.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |access-date=13 January 2021 |archive-date=16 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116155425/https://dspace.library.uu.nl/bitstream/handle/1874/627/full.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |url-status=live }}</ref>
* All of the alveolars except /s/ are apical.<ref name="haowen jiang-2010" />
* /{{IPA|ɕ ~ ʃ}}, {{IPA|t͡ɕ ~ t͡ʃ}}, {{IPA|t͡ɕʰ ~ t͡ʃʰ}}, {{IPA|d͡ʑ ~ d͡ʒ}}, {{IPA|d͡ʑʱ ~ d͡ʒʱ}}/ can either be postalveolar or alveolo-palatal depending upon the speaker and dialect; the postalveolar and alveolo-palatal realizations are in free variation.<ref name="namboodiripad-2016">{{cite thesis |first=Savithry |last=Namboodiripad |year=2016 |title=Malayalam (Namboodiri Dialect) |publisher=Cambridge University Press |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/malayalam-namboodiri-dialect/19CBF6E9E1CE65A84928F7C9C2286A9B |access-date=22 December 2020 |archive-date=2 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302184525/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-international-phonetic-association/article/malayalam-namboodiri-dialect/19CBF6E9E1CE65A84928F7C9C2286A9B |url-status=live }}</ref>
* The [[alveolar nasal]] once had a separate character ⟨ഩ⟩ that is now obsolete and the sound is now almost always represented by the symbol that was originally used only for the [[dental nasal]]. However, both sounds are extensively used in current colloquial and official Malayalam, and although they were allophones in Old Malayalam, they now occasionally contrast in gemination – for example, {{transliteration|ml|eṉṉāl}} ('by me', first person singular pronoun in the instrumental case) and {{transliteration|ml|ennāl}} ('if that is so'), which are both written {{transliteration|ml|ennāl}} (എന്നാൽ) and {{transliteration|ml|tiṉṉŭ}} "eat!", {{transliteration|ml|tinnŭ}} "ate".
* The unaspirated alveolar stop also had a separate character ⟨ഺ⟩ but it has become obsolete, as the sound only occurs in geminate form (when geminated it is written with a {{lang|ml|റ}} below another {{lang|ml|റ}} ⟨റ്റ⟩) or immediately following other consonants (in these cases, {{lang|ml|റ}} or {{lang|ml|ററ}} are usually written in small size underneath the first consonant).
*The proto Dravidian alveolar stop ''*ṯ'' developed into an alveolar trill {{IPA|/r/}} in many of the [[Dravidian languages]] and ''*ṉṯ'' became {{transliteration|ml|nn}} in Malayalam while ''*ṯṯ'' remained.<ref name="krishnamurti-2003" /> Currently Malayalam only has {{IPA|[nd]}} in the genitive case ending {{transliteration|ml|-ṉṟe}} and a word formed with it {{transliteration|ml|taṉṟēṭam}}; Malayalam regained it from the older genitive case ending {{transliteration|ml|-ṉuṭaiya}} > {{transliteration|ml|-ṉuṭe}} > {{transliteration|ml|-ṉṭe}} > {{transliteration|ml|-ṉṟe}}, Malayalam still retains both forms in words like {{transliteration|ml|eṉṉuṭe}} and {{transliteration|ml|eṉṟe}} though the former is dated, a similar process happened in some Sri Lankan Tamil dialects.<ref>{{cite book |first=Kamil|last=Zvelebil|title=Some features of Ceylon Tamil|series=Indo-Iranian Journal|year=1965|volume=9|issue=2|pages=113–138|publisher=JSTOR|jstor=24650188|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24650188}}</ref>
* {{lang|ml|ന്റ}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[nd]}} but {{lang|ml|ൻറ}} can be pronounced as {{IPA|[nd]}} or {{IPA|[nr]}}; {{IPA|[nr]}} doesn't occur natively but it occurs in loans like {{lang|ml|എൻറോൾ}} ({{transliteration|ml|en̠r̠ōḷ}}) 'enroll' or {{lang|ml|ഹെൻറി}} ({{transliteration|ml|hen̠r̠i}}) 'Henry'.<ref>The Unicode Standard Version 13.0 – Core Specification, South and Central Asia-I, Official Scripts of India pg. 514</ref>
* All non-geminated voiceless stops and affricate become voiced intervocalically and after a nasal as in Tamil.<ref name="haowen jiang-2010" /><ref name="krishnamurti-2003" />
* The geminated velars {{IPA|/kk/}} and {{IPA|/ŋŋ/}} are sometimes palatalized word medially after {{IPA|/j, i(:), e(:)/}} like in the words {{lang|ml|കിടക്കുക}} {{IPA|[kiɖɐk:ugɐ]}} vs {{lang|ml|ഇരിക്കുക}} {{IPA|[iɾikʲ:ugɐ]}} and {{lang|ml|മങ്ങൽ}} {{IPA|[mɐŋ:ɐl]}} vs. {{lang|ml|മത്തങ്ങ}} {{IPA|[mɐt̪:ɐŋʲ:ɐ]}}, their distribution is unpredictable e.g. it doesn't palatalize in {{transliteration|ml|vikkŭ}} but does in {{transliteration|ml|irikkŭ}}. If the palatalization is from {{IPA|/j/}} it is sometimes deleted e.g. {{transliteration|ml|poykko}} can be {{IPA|[pojkʲːo]}} or {{IPA|[pokʲːo]}}, {{transliteration|ml|aḍaykka}} as {{IPA|[ɐɖɐjkʲːɐ]}} or {{IPA|[ɐɖɐkʲːɐ]}}. Some of the northern dialects might pronounce them without palatalization.<ref name="namboodiripad-2016" /><ref name="haowen jiang-2010" />
* The letter {{lang|ml|ഫ}} represents both {{IPA|/pʰ/}}, a phoneme occurring in Sanskrit loanwords, and {{IPA|/f/}}, which is mostly found in comparatively recent borrowings from European languages. Though nowadays most people (especially youngsters) pronounce {{IPA|/pʰ/}} as {{IPA|/f/}} like in the word {{lang|ml|ഫലം}} {{IPA|/falam/}}.<ref name="haowen jiang-2010" /> In the Jesari dialect the native word-initial {{IPA|/p/}} is also spirantized to {{IPA|[f]}}.<ref>{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC&q=laccadive | title=A Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian Languages | isbn=978-3-447-04455-4 | last1=Andronov | first1=Mikhail Sergeevich | year=2003 | publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag | access-date=25 June 2022 | archive-date=2 October 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002110634/https://books.google.com/books?id=vhB60gYvnLgC&q=laccadive | url-status=live }}</ref>{{page needed|date=July 2025}}
* {{IPA|/m, n, ɳ, l, ɭ/}} are unreleased word finally.<ref name="haowen jiang-2010" /> Words will never begin or end with a geminated consonant. All consonants appear word medially.<ref name="haowen jiang-2010" />
* The plain stops, affricates, nasals, laterals, the fricatives other than {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʂ/}} and approximants other than {{IPA|/ɻ/}} can be geminated and gemination can sometimes change the meaning of the word, e.g. {{transliteration|ml|kaḷam}} 'cell', {{transliteration|ml|kaḷḷam}} 'lie'.<ref name="haowen jiang-2010" /> {{IPA|/ɲ, ŋ, t/}} only occur in geminated form intervocalically.<ref name="namboodiripad-2016" />
* The approximant {{IPA|/ɻ/}} has both rhotic and lateral qualities, and is indeterminate between an approximant and a fricative. The articulation of {{IPA|/ɻ/}} changes part-way through, perhaps explaining why it behaves as both a rhotic and a lateral, both an approximant and a fricative, but the nature of the change is not understood.<ref>Scobbie, Punnoose & Khattab (2013) "Articulating five liquids: a single speaker ultrasound study of Malayalam". In ''Rhotics: New Data and Perspectives.'' BU Press, Bozen-Bolzano.</ref>
* {{IPA|/n, t, ɾ, l, ɻ/}} are palatalized and have an advanced tongue root while {{IPA|/n̪, r, ɭ/}} are clear or velarized and have a retracted tongue root, particularly noticeable in geminates. /ɾ, r/ can vary between {{IPA|⟦ɹ̟ʲ ~ ɾ̟ʲ ~ r̟ʲ, ɾ̠ˠ ~ r̠ˠ⟧}}.<ref name="namboodiripad-2016" /><ref>{{cite book |title=Palatalization and velarization in Malayalam nasals: a preliminary acoustic study of the dental–alveolar contrast |last=Dowla Khan |first=Sameer ud |year=2021 |publisher=Reed College |url=https://www.reed.edu/linguistics/khan/assets/Khan%202021%20Palatalization%20and%20velarization%20in%20Malayalam%20nasals%20-%20a%20preliminary%20acoustic%20study%20of%20the%20dental-alveolar%20contrast.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web| title=Phonetic implementation of geminates in Malayalam nouns | url=https://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/Local&Simpson1999.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415145403/http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/jcoleman/Local&Simpson1999.pdf | archive-date=2012-04-15}}</ref>
* {{IPA|/ʋ/}} may be realized as {{IPA|[ʋ], [v], [w]}} or {{IPA|[β̞]}}.<ref name="namboodiripad-2016" />
* Around 75% of {{transliteration|ml|nk}} and 50% of {{transliteration|ml|ñc}} and {{transliteration|ml|nt}} from Old Malayalam got assimilated to {{transliteration|ml|ṅṅ, ññ}} and {{transliteration|ml|nn}}, almost all of the {{transliteration|ml|ṉṯ}} merged with {{transliteration|ml|nn}} suggesting an earlier merger of some of the {{transliteration|ml|n̠t̠}} and {{transliteration|ml|nt}} (for e.g. the cognate of Tamil {{transliteration|ta|nan̠r̠i}} is spelt as {{transliteration|ml|nandi}} (influenced by Sanskrit {{transliteration|sa|nandi}}) and pronounced {{transliteration|ml|nanni}}); {{transliteration|ml|mp}} and {{transliteration|ml|ṇṭ}} were unchanged, e.g. Tamil {{transliteration|ta|mūṉṟu, maruntu, kañci, teṅku}}, but Malayalam {{transliteration|ml|mūnnŭ, marunnŭ, kaññi, teṅṅŭ.}}{{sfnp|Krishnamurti|2003|p=167}} Word final {{transliteration|ml|ai, āy and ey}} became {{transliteration|ml|a}} unless the word is monosyllabic, e.g. Tamil {{transliteration|ta|avai, māṅgāy, veṇṇey}} but Malayalam {{transliteration|ml|ava, māṅṅa, veṇṇa}}. Final {{transliteration|ml|āy}} in monosyllabic words became {{transliteration|ml|āya}} e.g. Tamil {{transliteration|ta|kāy}}, but Malayalam {{transliteration|ml|kāya}}.
* Loanwords with {{IPA|/z/}} are replaced with {{IPA|/s/}} and not with {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} like in Hindi or Telugu e.g. {{IPA|/brasi:l/}} English "Brazil" unless it was loaned through Indo-Aryan then the Indo-Aryan pronunciation is taken e.g. {{IPA|/d͡ʒilla/}} Hi. {{IPA|/d͡ʒilaː/}} Per. {{IPA|/zilʔ/}}, other Perso-Arabic phonemes like {{IPA|/q, x, ɣ, ħ, Cˤ, ʕ, ʔ/}} are replaced with {{IPA|/k, kʰ, g, h, C, ∅, ∅/}}, sometimes {{IPA|/q, x/}} are replaced with {{IPA|/kʰ, k/}} e.g. Arabic {{lang|ar|قطر}} {{transliteration|ar|qaṭar}}, {{lang|ar|خَطّ}}&lrm; {{transliteration|ar|xaṭṭ}} became {{lang|ml|ഖത്തർ}} {{transliteration|ml|khattaṟ}}, {{lang|ml|കത്ത്}} {{transliteration|ml|kattŭ}}. English loans with {{IPA|/θ, ð, ʒ/}} are replaced with {{IPA|/t̪, d̪, ʃ/}}; the dentals do not clash with English loans with {{IPA|/t, d/}}, which are replaced with {{IPA|[t, d]}} or {{IPA|[ʈ, ɖ]}}, though {{IPA|[d]}} is rare because of the limited distribution natively e.g. "taxi" as {{transliteration|ml|ṯāksi}} or more commonly {{transliteration|ml|ṭāksi}}. The English {{IPA|/ɹ/}} is loaned as either {{IPA|/ɾ/}} or {{IPA|/r/}} unpredictably, for e.g. 'current' got loaned as {{transliteration|ml|karaṇḍŭ}} but 'maroon' got loaned as {{transliteration|ml|mar̠ūṇ}} or {{transliteration|ml|mer̠ūṇ}} but the cluster {{IPA|/ɹs/}} is loaned as {{IPA|/ɻs/}} other clusters are loaned as /rC/ or /ɾC/, {{IPA|/ɻ/}} only occurs in words with {{IPA|/ɹs/}} e.g. 'force' as {{transliteration|ml|fōḻsŭ}}. Speakers with non rhotic English accents don't have /ɹC/ clusters in English loans and pronounce it as {{transliteration|ml|fōs(ŭ)}}. In Sanskrit, loans with /t̪C/ and /d̪C/ (unless C is a sonorant or a dental stop) sometimes the {{IPA|/t̪, d̪/}} becomes {{IPA|/l/}} especially in {{IPA|/t̪s/}} e.g. ''utsava > ulsavam, utpādana > ulpādaṉam, udghāṭana > ulghāḍaṉam''.<ref name="shekharsankaran">{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929361 | jstor=42929361 | title=Notes on Colloquial Malayāḷam | last1=Shekhar | first1=A. C. | last2=Sankaran | first2=C. R. | journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute | date=1944 | volume=6 | issue=1/2 | pages=49–52 }}</ref> There are some native words with {{IPA|/s/}} (''urasŭ''), {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (''vīśŭ''), {{IPA|/ʂ/}} (''muṣiyuka''), {{IPA|/pʰ/}} (''apphan''), {{IPA|/bʰ/}} (''ēbhyan''), some interjections with {{IPA|/h/}} (''ōhō, āhā'') but rest of the fricatives (except {{IPA|/f/}} in native words of Jesari) and aspirates are only found in loans.
* Rarely, some speakers pronounce the voiced aspirated consonants as voiceless so words like {{transliteration|ml|dhaṉam}} as {{transliteration|ml|thaṉam}}, it is more commonly deaspirated so {{transliteration|ml|dhaṉam}} as {{transliteration|ml|daṉam}} and {{transliteration|ml|kharam}} as {{transliteration|ml|karam}}, intervocalically the voiceless aspirate also becomes voiced so {{transliteration|ml|mukham}} as {{transliteration|ml|mogam}}.{{sfnp|Steever|2015|p=63}}

==Colloquial and dialectal language==
Source:<ref name="shekharsankaran"/>
* {{transliteration|ml|i}}, {{transliteration|ml|u}} gets lowered to {{transliteration|ml|e, o}} when before Ca, eg. {{transliteration|ml|iṭam, mukham}} > {{transliteration|ml|eṭam, mogam}}, this change is seen in 10th century inscriptions, {{transliteration|ml|irunnaṭattu}} instead of {{transliteration|ml|irunniṭattu}}.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/42929457 | jstor=42929457 | title=[Evolution of Malayalam] | last1=Sekhar | first1=A. C. | journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute | date=1951 | volume=12 | issue=1/2 }}</ref> Exceptions include {{transliteration|ml|ivan uḷḷa}} > {{transliteration|ml|ivan, oḷḷa}} (south), {{transliteration|ml|ŭḷḷa iḷḷa, eḷḷa, ḷḷa}} in other dialects. The latter word and {{transliteration|ml|uṇṭŭ}} have seen such variation since old Malayalam of the south. {{transliteration|ml|u}} can become {{transliteration|ml|ŭ}} sporadically in other dialects as with the previous word.
* Medial {{transliteration|ml|u}}'s maybe pronounced as a {{transliteration|ml|kuttiyalugaram}} in the north and center, in central it may even merge with a for some, eg. {{transliteration|ml|kaṟuppŭ}} > {{transliteration|ml|kaṟ(a)ppŭ}}, {{transliteration|ml|appuṟam}} > {{transliteration|ml|app(a)ṟam}}, {{transliteration|ml|taṇuttŭ}} > {{transliteration|ml|taṇ(a)ttŭ}}. In center and north, {{transliteration|ml|ru}} can become {{transliteration|ml|ri}} when there is a non back vowel preceding it, eg. {{transliteration|ml|ceruppŭ}}, {{transliteration|ml|irumpŭ}}, {{transliteration|ml|parutti, kurukkŭ}} > {{transliteration|ml|cerippŭ}}, {{transliteration|ml|irimpŭ}}, {{transliteration|ml|paritti, kurikkŭ}}. This change is also seen in the standard form.
* Sporadic cases of {{transliteration|ml|a}} > {{transliteration|ml|e}}, eg. {{transliteration|ml|laḍḍu, gaṅga, daśa, karayuka, raktam, raṇṭŭ, śani, bahu, jalam}} > {{transliteration|ml|leḍḍu, geṅṅa, deśa, kareyuka, rektam, reṇṭŭ, śeni, behu, jelam}}, but not in {{transliteration|ml|calam, śaśi}} or {{transliteration|ml|nagaram}}.
* Cases of {{transliteration|ml|aya, ava}} > {{transliteration|ml|ē, ō}}, most commonly in the north and in some castelects, ef. {{transliteration|ml|avaḷuṭe}} > {{transliteration|ml|ōḷṭe}}.
* A general feature is that the overall length of vowels decrease further north you go.
* In fast speech initial consonants may be dropped, eg. {{transliteration|ml|ceytu koḷḷām}} > {{transliteration|ml|ceytōḷām; ḍraivŭ cey}} > {{transliteration|ml|ḍraivey; iṭṭu vaccu}} > {{transliteration|ml|iṭṭēccu; pōkuka vēṇam eṭā}} > {{transliteration|ml|pōkēṇam ḍā/pōkaṇam ḍa/pōṇōḍa; pōkuka vēṇṭā eṭī}} > {{transliteration|ml|pōkēṇṭā ḍī/pōkaṇṭa ḍi/pōṇḍṟi; paḻam āyi}} > {{transliteration|ml|paḻōy; pōyi koḷḷuka vēṇam}} > {{transliteration|ml|poykkōḷaṇam}} > {{transliteration|ml|pokkyōṇam}}.
* {{transliteration|ml|l, ḷ, ḻ}} dropped in coda, eg. {{transliteration|ml|tāḻttŭ, vilkkŭ, ñaṅṅaḷuṭe}} (>{{transliteration|ml|ñaṅṅaḷṭe}}), {{transliteration|ml|taṇṇīrmattaṉ, ippōḷ}} > {{transliteration|ml|tāttŭ, vikkŭ, ñaṅṅaṭe, taṇṇimattaṉ, ippō}}. Northern and Southern dialects might hypercorrect the last and similar words to {{transliteration|ml|ippam}}. Word finally it happens only if the next word starts with a consonant.
* Medial {{transliteration|ml|k}} maybe lenited to a fricative or completely lost in center and north, eg. {{transliteration|ml|varukayilla}} > SK. {{transliteration|ml|varilla}}, NK. CK. {{transliteration|ml|varūla}}; {{transliteration|ml|pōkunnŭ}} > CK. {{transliteration|ml|pōṇŭ}}.
* {{transliteration|ml|ḻ}} merged with {{transliteration|ml|y}} in certain Mappila and castelects, eg. {{transliteration|ml|paḻam > payam}}. Judeo-Malayalam used to made them {{transliteration|ml|t}} Intervocalically and {{transliteration|ml|s}} before another {{transliteration|ml|t}}, there are also cases of hypercorrection like {{transliteration|ml|kaḻa}} < {{transliteration|ml|katha}}, but they are only attested in writing and was not present during aliyah. This was also done by certain northern Thiyya speakers affirming the affinity of Judeo Malayalam and northern Malayalam.<ref>{{Cite web | last1=Gamliel | first1=Ophira | title=(PDF) Fading memories and Linguistic Fossils in the religiolect of Kerala Jews | url=https://www.academia.edu/34133186 | access-date=2025-12-02 | website=www.academia.edu}}</ref>
* More cases of nasal assimilation, eg. {{transliteration|ml|candaṉam, bhaṅgi, vēṇṭum}} > {{transliteration|ml|cannaṉam, baṅṅi, vēṇam}}. In some dialects {{transliteration|ml|neñcŭ, kuṭumbam}} > {{transliteration|ml|neññŭ, kuṭummam}}.
* Loss of aspiration, eg. {{transliteration|ml|dhaṉam, mukham > daṉam, mogam/mōm}}.
* {{transliteration|ml|śc}} > {{transliteration|ml|śś}}, sometimes {{transliteration|ml|cc}} too, eg. {{transliteration|ml|niścayam, talaccēri}} > {{transliteration|ml|niśśayam, talaśśēri}}.
* Merger of {{transliteration|ml|v}} with {{transliteration|ml|b}} farther north and sporadically in center, particularly among Mappila speech, e.g. {{transliteration|ml|vā, vēṇam}} > {{transliteration|ml|bā, bēṇam}}. In some areas like Malappuram it's merged with {{transliteration|ml|m}} instead, so {{transliteration|ml|vēṇam}} > {{transliteration|ml|mēṇam}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://www.languageinindia.com/july2013/ravisankarkeralatriballanguages.pdf |title=Tribal Languages of Kerala |author=Ravi Sankar S. Nair |journal=Language in India |issn=1930-2940 |volume=13 |publisher=M. S. Thirumalai |location=Bloomington, MN |date=7 July 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312181418/http://www.languageinindia.com/july2013/ravisankarkeralatriballanguages.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2025 |access-date=11 August 2025}}</ref>

== Sample text ==
The following text is Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].

=== English ===
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

=== Malayalam ===
{{lang|ml|മനുഷ്യരെല്ലാവരും തുല്യാവകാശങ്ങളോടും അന്തസ്സോടും സ്വാതന്ത്ര്യത്തോടുംകൂടി ജനിച്ചിട്ടുള്ളവരാണ്‌. അന്യോന്യം ഭ്രാതൃഭാവത്തോടെ പെരുമാറുവാനാണ്‌ മനുഷ്യന് വിവേകബുദ്ധിയും മനസാക്ഷിയും സിദ്ധമായിരിക്കുന്നത്‌.}}

=== Romanisation (ISO 15919) ===
manuṣyarellāvaruṁ tulyāvakāśaṅṅaḷōṭuṁ antassōṭuṁ svātantryattōṭuṅkūṭi janicciṭṭuḷḷavarāṇ‌ŭ. anyōnyaṁ bhrātr̥bhāvattōṭe perumāṟuvānāṇ‌ŭ manuṣyanŭ vivēkabuddhiyuṁ manasākṣiyuṁ siddhamāyirikkunnat‌ŭ.

=== IPA ===
/manuʂjaɾellaːʋaɾum t̪uljaːʋakaːʃaŋŋaɭoːʈum an̪t̪assoːʈum sʋaːt̪an̪t̪rjat̪t̪oːʈuŋkuːʈi d͡ʒanit͡ʃt͡ʃiʈʈuɭɭaʋaɾaːɳɨ̆ ǁ anjoːnjam bʱraːt̪rɨ̆bʱaːʋat̪t̪oːʈe peɾumaːruʋaːnaːɳɨ̆ manuʂjanɨ̆ ʋiʋeːkabud̪d̪ʱijum manasaːkʂijum sid̪d̪ʱamaːjiɾikkun̪ːat̪ɨ̆ ǁ/

== References ==
<ref name="krishnamurti-2003">{{cite book
| last = Krishnamurti
| first = Bhadriraju
| title = The Dravidian Languages
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| year = 2003
}}</ref>

{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
* {{cite book |last=Steever |first=Sanford B. |title=The Dravidian Languages |date=15 April 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-91171-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6WDxBwAAQBAJ}}

[[Category:Malayalam language]]
[[Category:Phonologies by language]]

Veer Singh Patel

2026-04-22T02:01:20Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: put up initial biography added tags...

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1980)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Veer Singh Patel
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] (MLA) of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2012
| term_end = 2017
| predecessor = constituency created
| successor = [[Chandrika Prasad Upadhyay]]
| constituency = [[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]], Uttar Pradesh
| birth_date = 1980
| birth_place =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| father = [[Shiv Kumar Patel]] (Dadua)
| mother =
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| relations = {{ubl|[[Bal Kumar Patel]] (uncle) | [[Ram Singh Patel]] (cousin)}}
| spouse = [[Mamta Patel]]
| children = [[1 Son, 1 Daughter]] l [[Ashmit Patel, Aanya Patel]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation =
| profession = Politician
}}

'''Veer Singh Patel''' (born 1980) is an Indian politician and former [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] representing the [[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]] constituency in [[Uttar Pradesh]] as a [[Samajwadi Party]] member from 2012 to 2017. Prior to becoming a Member of the Legislative Assembly, Veer Singh Patel was unopposed elected as the Jila Panchayat Adhyaksh (Chairman) of Chitrakoot in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Power flows from barrel of gun in Bundelkhand |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/power-flows-from-barrel-of-gun-in-bundelkhand/articleshow/57312270.cms |work=The Times of India |date=23 February 2017 }}</ref> He is the son of [[Dadua]] (Shiv Kumar Patel) who was killed in 2007.

==Politics==
Patel got active in politics after his father [[Dadua]] died in an encounter with the [[Uttar Pradesh Police]] on 22 July 2007.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2017 |title=यूपी चुनाव: ददुआ के बेटे वीर सिंह पर समाजवादी पार्टी ने फिर लगाया दांव, कर्वी से टिकट |url=https://www.abplive.com/news/states/up-polls-veer-singh-samajwadi-party-mla-candidate-from-karwi-seat-545189 |work=ABP News }}</ref>

In 2016, he got into controversy for beating up an officer from the electricity department because the officer didn't agree to forgive or reduce the bills of his supporters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=डकैत के पुत्र "सपा विधायक" ने एसडीओ को पीटा, मामला दर्ज|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/chitrakoot-sp-mla-veer-singh-smashed-sdo-electrical-fir-lodged-15137001.html |date=2 December 2016 |work=Dainik Jagran }}</ref>

Patel lost the 2017 and 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election from [[Chitrakoot, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Chitrakoot]] and [[Manikpur Assembly constituency|Manikpur]] respectively.{{Citation needed|date=November 2022}}

He also lost the 2019 Lok Sabha election from [[Khajuraho Lok Sabha constituency|Khajuraho]]. He got just 40,077 votes, while the winner [[V. D. Sharma]] of BJP got 8,11,135 votes.

==Criminal charges==
In his election affidavit of 2022, Patel mentioned that he has 11 criminal cases upon him including kidnapping. Out of 11 cases, he has been convicted in one case in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=2962 |title=Veer Singh Patel (Samajwadi Party), Constituency: Manikpur, UP |work=Myneta.info |date=30 October 2022}}</ref>

==Family==
His uncle [[Bal Kumar Patel]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 March 2021 |title=पूर्व सांसद बाल कुमार और पूर्व विधायक वीर सिंह पटेल पर धोखाधड़ी का आरोप, गिरफ्तारी की मांग |trans-title=Former MP Bal Kumar and former MLA Veer Singh Patel accused of fraud, demand for arrest |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/former-mp-bal-kumar-and-former-mla-veer-singh-patel-accused-of-cheating-mother-of-arrest |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=[[Amar Ujala]] |language=hi}}</ref> is a former Lok Sabha MP and [[Ram Singh Patel]] (MLA) is his cousin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2022 |title=UP: 'बुंदेलखंड के वीरप्पन' के बेटे-भतीजे को सपा ने मैदान में उतारा, जानें- ददुआ की सियासी ताकत |trans-title=UP: SP fielded son-nephew of 'Veerappan of Bundelkhand', know - political power of Dadua |url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/up-assembly-elections/story/akhilesh-yadav-ticket-dacoit-dadua-son-veerappan-of-bundelkhand-veer-singh-patel-ram-singh-patel-sp-candidate-ntc-1404669-2022-02-03 |access-date=10 November 2022 |website=[[Aaj Tak]] |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh Patel, Veer}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1980 births]]

Parjanga Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:21:23Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: started a pg

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{About| the assembly constituency|its eponymous town|Parjanga}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Parjanga
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 58
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Northern Division
| district = [[Dhenkanal district|Dhenkanal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhenkanal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dhenkanal]]
| established = 2009
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,19,662{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Parjanga''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Dhenkanal district]], [[Odisha|Odisha, India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305083546/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=58|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 March 2014|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Parjanga(58) District : Dhenkanal |accessdate= 5 March 2014}}</ref>

The area of this constituency includes Parjang block, Kankadahada block and five gram panchayats (GPs; Kusumajodi, Kantapal, Tumusinga, Kantiokateni and Kantioputasahi) of Kamakshyanagar block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

The constituency was formed in the 2008 Delimitation<ref>{{Cite web |title=Delimitation 2008 |url=https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Web/forms/int1.pdf |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]] }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and went for polls in the [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]].

==Elected members==

{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp120.htm|title= 120 - Kamakhyanagar Assembly Constituency|work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate= 3 March 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|56.94}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|46.93}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|40.06}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|44.84}}
}}

Since its formation in 2009, four elections were held till date.

The list of members elected from Parjanga constituency is:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/123-126.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305091949/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/123-126.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Parjanga Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/parjanga.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate= 17 June 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Parjanga Assembly Election Results 2024: Parjanga Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/parjanga-constituency-result-18058 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=7 October 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
| rowspan="3" |[[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 25 May 2024 in 3rd phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 6th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In the 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Nrusingha Charan Sahu|Nrushingha Charan Sahu]] by a margin of 32,162 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Parjanga}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]]|votes=1,00,595|percentage=56.94|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Biju Janata Dal|candidate=[[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]]|votes=68,433|percentage=38.74|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Ranjit Kumar Sahu|votes=3,482|percentage=1.97|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,512|percentage=0.86|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=32,162|percentage=18.2|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,76,669|percentage=80.43|change=}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In the 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Nrusingha Charan Sahu|Nrushingha Charan Sahu]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]] by a margin of 740 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Parjanga<ref name="TP Ass Cand">{{cite web |title=List of Contesting Candidates(Phase-III) (AC) |url=http://www.ceoorissa.nic.in/docs/Election/2019/Form7A/Phase3/List%20of%20Contesting%20Candidates%20%283rd%20Phase-AC%20Wise%29.pdf|website=ceoorissa.nic.in |publisher=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer, Odisha |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]]
|votes = 78,747
|percentage = 46.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]]|votes=78,007|percentage=46.49|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Jasaswini Rout|votes=6,795|percentage=4.05|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=1,518|percentage=0.90|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=740|percentage=0.44|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=167,802|percentage=78.5|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2014 ===
In the 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]] by a margin of 3,052 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=17 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|archive-date=18 August 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Parjanga<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Parjanga|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1858.htm?ac=58|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=17 June 2014}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014 Constituency: Parjanga (58)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=58|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030082614/https://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=58|url-status=usurped|archive-date=30 October 2023|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]]
|votes = 60,523
|percentage = 40.06
|change = {{up}}1.33
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]]|votes=57,471|percentage=38.04|change={{up}}3.48}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Santosh Kumar Rout|votes=18,240|percentage=12.07|change={{down}}4.87}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=2,209|percentage=1.46|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=3,052|percentage=2.02|change={{down}}2.15}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=151,084|percentage=80.04|change={{up}}10.96}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 188,759
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2009 ===
In the 2009 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]] by a margin of 5,188 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=5188 |accessdate=5 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |archive-date=27 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]]: Parjanga<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Nrusingha Charan Sahu]]
|votes = 48,131
|percentage = 38.73
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Bibhuti Bhusan Pradhan]]|votes=42,943|percentage=34.56|change=''-''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Laxmidhar Sahoo|votes=21,048|percentage=16.94|change=''-''}}
{{Election box majority||votes=5,188|percentage=4.17{{efn|% of total valid votes}}|change=''-''}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,24,277|percentage=69.08|change=''-''}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Dhenkanal district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha|state=expanded}}
{{coords|20.92|85.32|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Dhenkanal district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:2004 establishments in Orissa]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2004]]

Sutahata Assembly constituency

2026-04-18T13:17:43Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: put up a info w/ refs

{{Short description|Former West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sutahata
| type= SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| latest_election_year =
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| constituency_no = 205
| established = 1962
| electors =
| reservation = None
| abolished = 2011
}}

'''Sutahata Assembly constituency''' was an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Purba Medinipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As a consequence of the orders of the [[Delimitation Commission of India|Delimitation Commission]], Sutahata Assembly constituency ceases to exist from 2011.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 dated 15 February 2006 | access-date = 2010-12-10 | publisher = Government of West Bengal | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf | archive-date = 18 September 2010 }}</ref>

It was part of [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)]].

==Results==
===2006===
In the 2006 elections, Nityananda Bera of [[CPI(M)]] defeated his nearest rival Tushar Kanti Mondal of [[Trinamool Congress]].
{{Election box begin | title=[[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|West Bengal assembly elections, 2006]]: Sutahata constituency}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Nityananda Bera
|votes = 108,033
|percentage = 56.80
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Tushar Kanti Mondal
|votes = 70,754
|percentage = 37.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narendra Nath Patra
|votes = 6929
|percentage = 3.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rabindaranth Biswas
|votes = 2353
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = Independent
|candidate = Tushar Mandal
|votes = 2247
|percentage = 1.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 37,279
|percentage = 19.6%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 190,355
|percentage = (90.9%)
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1977-2006===
* In [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006]] and [[2001 West Bengal state assembly election|2001]] state assembly elections, Nityananda Bera of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] won the 205-Sutahata assembly seat (SC) defeating his nearest rival Tushar Kanti Mondal of [[Trinamool Congress]].
* Tushar Kanti Mandal of [[Indian National Congress]] defeated Nityananda Bera of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1996.
* [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Tushar Mandal of [[Indian National Congress|INC]] in 1991,
* [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Narendra Nath Patra of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].
* [[Lakshman Chandra Seth]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] defeated Narendra Nath Patra of [[Independent politician|Independent]] candidate in 1982.
* Shiba Nath Das of [[Janata Party]] defeated Lakshman Chandra Seth of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] in 1977.
<ref>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp205.htm |title = 205 - Sutahata (SC) Assembly Constituency |work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977 | publisher = Election Commission of India|access-date = 2010-12-07 }}</ref>

===1962-1972===
* 1972 – Rabindra Nath Karan ([[Communist Party of India]]).
* 1971 – Baneswar Patra ([[Bangla Congress]]).
* 1969 – Harahari Deb ([[Indian National Congress]]).
* 1967 – M.C. Das ([[Bangla Congress]]).
* 1962 – Mahtab Chand Das ([[Indian National Congress]]).
<ref>{{cite web | url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/statisticalreports/electionstatistics.asp | title = Statistical Reports of Elections | access-date = 2010-12-01 | work = General Election Results and Statistics | publisher = Election Commission of India | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101005110118/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/ElectionStatistics.asp | archive-date = 2010-10-05 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Purba Medinipur topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

{{coord|22.14|N|88.08|E|display=title|region:IN-WB|format=dms}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politics of Purba Medinipur district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1962]]
[[Category:1962 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 2011]]
[[Category:2011 disestablishments in India]]

Sardarpur Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:35:32Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: put up first page v1

{{Short description|Constituency of the Madhya Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sardarpur
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 196
| map_image = 196-Sardarpur.svg
| state = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| district = [[Dhar district|Dhar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Dhar Lok Sabha constituency|Dhar]]
| established = 1972
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Pratap Grewal]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| preceded_by = Welsingh Bhuriya
}}
'''Sardarpur''' is one of the 230 [[Madhya Pradesh Vidhan Sabha|Vidhan Sabha]] (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of [[Madhya Pradesh]] state in central [[India]].<ref name="election2018">{{cite web|title=List of Assembly Constituencies|url=http://eci.nic.in/archive/se98/background/S12/ListACs-MP.html|website=eci.nic.in|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=18 May 2018}}</ref> It comprises [[Sardarpur tehsil]] in [[Dhar district]] and is reserved for members of the [[Scheduled tribes]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> As of 2023, it is represented by [[Pratap Grewal]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] party.{{update after|2029|1}}

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
=== Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Madhya Bharat Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Shankar Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

=== Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Election!!Member!! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Shankarlal Garg
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Sumer Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1967 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Babusingh Alawa
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
| [[1972 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Mool Chand Patel
|-
| [[1980 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (Indira)|dab=y}}
|-
| [[1985 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="4" |Ganpat Singh Patel
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[1990 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|-
| [[1993 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
|[[2003 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
| Mukam Singh Nigwal<ref name=election2003>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3738-madhya-pradesh-2003/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2003 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2008 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2008]]
| [[Pratap Grewal]]<ref name=election2008>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3739-madhya-pradesh-2008/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2008 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
| Welsingh Bhuriya<ref name=election2013>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3740-madhya-pradesh-2013/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 December 2021 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2018]]<ref name=election2018/>
| rowspan=2|[[Pratap Grewal]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/mp-legislative-election-2023-statistical-report |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2023 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 January 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sardarpur<ref name="election2023"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Pratap Grewal]]
|votes = {{formatnum:86114}}
|percentage = 49.35
|change = -9.26
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Welsingh Bhuriya
|votes = {{formatnum:81986}}
|percentage = 46.98
|change = +10.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajendra Tolaram - Gamad
|votes = {{formatnum:2940}}
|percentage = 1.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2126}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:4128}}
|percentage = 2.37
|change = -19.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:174508}}
|percentage = 77.35
|change = -4.13
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Sardarpur<ref name=election2018 name="election2018-1">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9685-madhya-pradesh-legislative-election-2018-statistical-report/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2018 to the Legislative Assembly of Madhya Pradesh |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=30 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="election2018"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pratap Grewal]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:96419}}
|percentage = 58.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sanjay Singh Baghel
|votes = {{formatnum:60214}}
|percentage = 36.6
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mehtabsingh Dawar
|votes = {{formatnum:1659}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3298}}
|percentage = 2.0
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36205}}
|percentage = 22.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:164501}}
|percentage = 81.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sardarpur]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh}}
{{coords|22.66|74.98|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Dhar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Madhya Pradesh]]

The Belbati Princess

2026-04-15T16:17:02Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: put up a stub added tags...

{{Short description|Indian folktale collected by Cecil Henry Bompas}}

'''The Belbati Princess''' is an [[Indian folklore|Indian folktale]], from the [[Ho people]] in [[East India|Eastern India]], collected by Cecil Henry Bompas. The tale is a local form of the tale "[[The Love for Three Oranges (fairy tale)|The Love for Three Oranges]]", which is classified as type ATU 408 of the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] (ATU). As with ''The Three Oranges'', the tale deals with a prince's search for a bride that lives in a fruit (a [[Aegle marmelos|bel-fruit]]), who is replaced by a false bride and goes through a cycle of incarnations until she regains physical form again. Variants are known across India with other species of fruits.

== Sources ==
Author Cecil Henry Bompas collected the tale from a [[Ho people|Ho source]] in [[Santal Parganas district|Santal Parganas]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Bompas |first=Cecil Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/FolkloreOfTheSantalParganas/page/n5/mode/1up |title=Folklore of the Santal Parganas |location=London |publisher=David Nutt |date=1909 |page=7 (Preface) |quote=I have added as an appendix some stories which I collected among the Hos of Singhbhum, a tribe closely related to the Santals...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bompas |first=Cecil Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023641131/page/n455/mode/1up |title=Folklore of the Santal Parganas |location=London |publisher=David Nutt |date=1909 |page=451 (Appendix)}}</ref> According to Indian anthropologist [[Sarat Chandra Roy]], the tale was "current among the Hos of [[Singhbhum district|Singbhum]]".<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Roy |first=Sarat Chandra |title=AEtiological Myths about the Paddy Plants |journal=[[Man in India]] |volume=6 |date=1926 |page=147 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.33422/page/147/mode/1up?q=%22belbati+princess%22 |quote=In the undermentioned folktales which are current among the Hos of Singbhum ... In the story entitled: ''The Belbati Princess'' ...}}</ref> In another line of scholarship, the tale is said to resemble tales of Bengal's "cultural orbit", and its appearance in the "[[India tribal belt|tribal belt]]" is "somewhat unexpected".<ref>{{cite book |title=Folklore of the Kolhan |first1=Pallaba |last1=Senagupta |first2=Arpita |last2=Basu |first3=Śarmishṭhā |last3=Basu |publisher=Asiatic Society |date=2006 |page=66}}</ref> The tale was also republished and sourced from [[Bihar]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Bihar |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |first=P. C. |last=Roy Chaudhury |date=2017 |pages=7–10 |isbn=9788172016296}}</ref>

== Summary ==

In this tale, six of seven brothers are married, save for the youngest, Lita. He will marry no one save for the Belbati Princess. His sisters-in-law mock him for it, but he leaves to find her. He meets three holy ''[[Muni (saint)|muni]]'' who direct him to a garden with [[rakshasas]] that guard the bel tree with the fruit that holds the princess. The third muni warns him the he must seek the biggest bel fruit.

Lita enters the garden and steals one of the smaller ones; the Rakshasas gang up on him and devour the boy. The muni sends a crow to find him, and bids the bird brings the Rakshasas' excrement to the muni. The holy man revives Lita and turns him into a parakeet; Lita flies to the garden, steals the fruit, and returns to the muni, who tells him to open the fruit only by a certain well. In a hurry, Lita rushes to the well and falls to the ground, accidentally cracking open the bel fruit. The Belbati Princess comes out of the fruit in a blaze of light that kills Lita. The princess asks a passing girl of the Kamar caste (from the blacksmith caste, in another translation) for some water to revive him. The Kamar girl, cunningly, says she cannot reach the water in the well, and the Princess says she will do it herself. The Kamar girl then complains she will not stand by the boy's corpse, and the Belbati Princess gives her clothes to the girl as a pledge. Seizing the opportunity, the Kamar girl shoves the princess into the well, revives Lita with some water, then marries him.

Later, while hunting with his brothers, Lita stops near the same well and finds a beautiful flower inside. He takes it home, but the false Princess cuts off its petals; where the petals land, a bel tree sprouts. Later, Lita's horse rushes off to the new bel tree, and a fruit falls on its saddle. Lita brings the fruit home and opens it, releasing a girl. Lita lets the girl live with them, but the false Princess feigns illness and accuses the new girl of sorcery, wanting to have her killed. Lita fulfills her wishes and delivers the Belbati girl to four Ghasis to be killed. As a last request, the girl asks for her hands and feet to be cut off and placed on the four corners of her grave. It happens thus, and a palace appears.

At the end of the tale, Lita goes on a hunt and stops to rest at the mysterious palace, where two birds are talking to each other about the story of the Belbati Princess, who comes to the palace every six months. The first time, Lita fails to hold her; the next time, he secures her. He marries the true Belbati Princess and punishes the Kamarin girl.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bompas |first=C. H. |title=Folklore of the Kolhan |journal=[[Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal]] |volume=71 |issue=3|date=1902 |pages=71–74}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bompas |first=Cecil Henry |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023641131/page/n464/mode/1up |title=Folklore of the Santal Parganas |location=London |publisher=David Nutt |date=1909 |pages=461–464}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Folklore of the Kolhan |first1=Pallaba |last1=Senagupta |first2=Arpita |last2=Basu |first3=Śarmishṭhā |last3=Basu |publisher=Asiatic Society |date=2006 |pages=18–22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Folk Tales of Bihar |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |first=P. C. |last=Roy Chaudhury |date=2017 |pages=7–10 |isbn=9788172016296}}</ref>

== Analysis ==
=== Tale type ===
The tale is classified in the international [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 408, "The Three Oranges".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aarne |first1=Antti |last2=Thompson |first2=Stith |title=The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography |series=Folklore Fellows Communications FFC |volume=184 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Academia Scientiarum Fennica |date=1961 |pages=135–137}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=60}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uther |first1=Hans-Jörg |author-link=Hans-Jörg Uther |title=The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson |date=2004 |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |isbn=978-951-41-0963-8 |pages=241–243 }}</ref> In the Indian variants, the protagonist goes in search of the fairy princess on his sisters-in-law's mocking, finds her and brings her home, but an ugly woman of low social standing kills and replaces her. The fairy princess, then, goes through a cycle of transformations until she regains physical form.<ref name="auto"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayeda |first1=Noriko |last2=Brown |first2=W. Norman |title=Tawi Tales; Folk Tales From Jammu |publisher=American Oriental Society New Haven |location=Connecticut |date=1974 |page=537}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Tale of the Three Oranges |first=Christine |last=Goldberg |publisher=Suomalainen tiedeakatemia |date=1997 |pages=140–141}}</ref>

In an article in ''[[Enzyklopädie des Märchens]]'', scholar Christine Shojaei Kawan separated the tale type into six sections, and stated that parts 3 to 5 represented the "core" of the story:<ref>Kawan, Christine Shojaei. "Orangen: Die drei Orangen (AaTh 408)" [Three Oranges (ATU 408)]. In: ''[[Enzyklopädie des Märchens]]'' Online, edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [2002]. p. 347. https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/database/EMO/entry/emo.10.063/html. Accessed 2023-06-20.</ref>

*(1) A prince is cursed by an old woman to seek the fruit princess;
*(2) The prince finds helpers that guide him to the princess's location;
*(3) The prince finds the fruits (usually three), releases the maidens inside, but only the third survives;
*(4) The prince leaves the princess up a tree near a spring or stream, and a slave or servant sees the princess's reflection in the water;
*(5) The slave or servant replaces the princess (transformation sequence);
*(6) The fruit princess and the prince reunite, and the false bride is punished.

=== Motifs ===
==== The maiden's appearance ====
According to the tale description in the international index, the maiden may appear out of the titular [[citrus fruits]], like [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]] and [[lemon]]s. However, she may also come out of pomegranates or other species of fruits, and even eggs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aarne |first1=Antti |last2=Thompson |first2=Stith |title=The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography |series=Folklore Fellows Communications FFC |volume=184 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Academia Scientiarum Fennica |date=1961 |page=135}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Uther |first1=Hans-Jörg |author-link=Hans-Jörg Uther |title=The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson |date=2004 |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica |isbn=978-951-41-0963-8 |pages=241 }}</ref> In [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}}'s ''Oral Tales of India'', this [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|motif]] is indexed as "D211. Transformation: man to fruit".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=S. |last2=Balys |first2=J. |date=1958 |title=The oral tales of India |location=Bloomington |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |page=101}}.</ref> More specific motifs to the story include "D431.6.1.2. Woman emerges from fruit" and "T543.3. Birth from fruit".<ref>{{cite book |title=Folklore of the Kolhan |first1=Pallaba |last1=Senagupta |first2=Arpita |last2=Basu |first3=Śarmishṭhā |last3=Basu |publisher=Asiatic Society |date=2006 |page=67}}</ref>

==== The transformations and the false bride ====
The tale type is characterized by the substitution of the fairy wife for a false bride. The usual occurrence is when the false bride (a witch or a slave) sticks a magical pin into the maiden's head or hair and she becomes a dove.{{efn|"The motif of a woman stabbed in her head with a pin occurs in AT 403 (in India) and in AT 408 (in the Middle East and southern Europe)."<ref>{{cite journal |last=Goldberg |first=Christine |title=Reviewed Work: The New Comparative Method: Structural and Symbolic Analysis of the Allomotifs of "Snow White" by Steven Swann Jones |journal=[[The Journal of American Folklore]] |volume=106 |issue=419 |date=1993 |page=106 |doi=10.2307/541351 |jstor=541351 }}</ref>}} Christine Shojaei-Kawan notes that variants of Indian tradition lack the motif of the false bride mistaking the fruit maiden's reflection in the well for her own. Instead, generally in these tales the hero faints and the fruit princess goes to fetch water to awake him, when a girl of lower caste notices the fruit princess and trades clothes with her, then drowns her in water.<ref>Kawan, Christine Shojaei. "Orangen: Die drei Orangen (AaTh 408)" [Three Oranges (ATU 408)]. In: ''[[Enzyklopädie des Märchens]]'' Online, edited by Rolf Wilhelm Brednich, Heidrun Alzheimer, Hermann Bausinger, Wolfgang Brückner, Daniel Drascek, Helge Gerndt, Ines Köhler-Zülch, Klaus Roth and Hans-Jörg Uther. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2016 [2002]. pp. 350-351. https://www-degruyter-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/database/EMO/entry/emo.10.063/html. Accessed 2024-07-03.</ref>

In other variants, the maiden goes through a series of transformations after her liberation from the fruit and regains a physical body.{{efn|As Hungarian-American scholar [[Linda Dégh]] put it, "(...) the Orange Maiden (AaTh 408) becomes a princess. She is killed repeatedly by the substitute wife's mother, but returns as a tree, a pot cover, a rosemary, or a dove, from which shape she seven times regains her human shape, as beautiful as she ever was".<ref>{{cite book |last=Dégh |first=Linda |title=American Folklore and the Mass Media |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=1994 |page=94 |isbn=0-253-20844-0}}</ref>}} In that regard, according to Christine Shojaei-Kawan's article, Christine Goldberg divided the tale type into two forms. In the first subtype, indexed as AaTh 408A, the fruit maiden suffers the cycle of metamorphosis (fish-tree-human) - a motif Goldberg locates "from the Middle East to Italy and France".<ref>{{cite book |last=Goldberg |first=Christine |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h0cSAQAAIAAJ&q=%22gradual+changes+in+its+details%22 |chapter=Imagery and Cohesion in the Tale of the Three Oranges (AT 408) |title=Folk-Narrative and World View. Vortage des 10. Kongresses der Internationalen Gesellschaft fur Volkserzahlungsforschung (ISFNR) - Innsbruck 1992. |editor1=I. Schneider |editor2=P. Streng |volume=I |date=1996 |page=211|publisher=P. Lang |isbn=978-3-631-48698-6 }}</ref> In the second subtype, AaTh 408B, the girl is transformed into a dove by the needle.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Shojaei-Kawan |first=Christine |date=2004 |url=http://www.folklore.ee/folklore/vol27/kawan.pdf |title=Reflections on International Narrative Research on the Example of the Tale of the Three Oranges (AT 408) |journal=Folklore (Electronic Journal of Folklore) |volume=XXVII |page=35}}</ref> In this light, researcher Noriko Mayeda and Indologist [[W. Norman Brown]] noted that the fruit maiden "generally" goes from human to flower, then to tree, to fruit again, and finally regains human form.<ref>Mayeda, Noriko; Brown, W. Norman. ''Tawi Tales; Folk Tales From Jammu''. American Oriental Society New Haven, Connecticut, 1974. p. 537.</ref>

In addition, in Indian variants, after a cycle of transformations into a flower and a tree, the false wife orders the fruit maiden's execution. The fruit maiden's body parts then form a palace for her to dwell and two birds that repeat her story to the prince.<ref>Goldberg, Christine. "[https://books.google.com.br/books?id=h0cSAQAAIAAJ&q=%22or+her+eyes+become+two+speaking+parrots+that+inform+the+prince+that+he%22&dq=%22or+her+eyes+become+two+speaking+parrots+that+inform+the+prince+that+he%22&hl=pt-BR&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjfq4m_wIWLAxUBnpUCHWQkOJ8Q6AF6BAgFEAI Imagery and Cohesion in the Tale of the Three Oranges (AT 408)]". In: ''Folk-Narrative and World View. Vortage des 10. Kongresses der Internationalen Gesellschaft fur Volkserzahlungsforschung (ISFNR) - Innsbruck 1992''. I. Schneider and P. Streng (ed.). Vol. I, 1996. p. 214.</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Tale of the Three Oranges |first=Christine |last=Goldberg |publisher=Suomalainen tiedeakatemia |date=1997 |pages=43, 141}}</ref>

== Variants ==
=== India ===
While organizing the Indic index, [[Stith Thompson]] and Warren Roberts noted the close proximity between types 403, "The Black and the White Bride", and 408, "The Three Oranges" - types that deal with the theme of the "Substituted Bride". To better differentiate between them, both scholars remarked that the heroine must be replaced by a female antagonist that is unrelated to her.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |pages=58–59, 60}}</ref> Thompson's second revision of the international type index listed 17 variants of tale type 408 in India and [[South Asia]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Aarne |first1=Antti |last2=Thompson |first2=Stith |title=The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography |series=Folklore Fellows Communications FFC |volume=184 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Academia Scientiarum Fennica |date=1961 |page=137}}</ref>

==== The Bél-Princess ====
In the tale ''The Bél-Princess'', collected by [[Maive Stokes]], a king has six married sons and a cadet still single. The seventh prince dislikes his sisters-in-law, who, in retaliation, say he wants to marry a "Bél-Princess". On hearing this, the prince decides to look for her. On his journey, he meets a sleeping fakir whom he takes care and grooms for six months. After the fakir wakes up, the fakir thanks the prince and helps him in getting to the Bél-Princess: she lives in a bel-fruit in a tree in a garden guarded by demons in the fairies' country; and gives him the means to enter the garden unnoticed, warning him to get the fruit and not look back. The prince goes to the garden to steal the fruit, but looks back and turns to stone. Back to the fakir, he notices the prince's absence after a week and goes to look for him at the garden, restoring him to life. The prince enters the garden again and takes the fruit with him, which leads to the garden's guardians to chase him. The fakir turns him into a fly to hide from the fairies and demons, then sends him on his way with a warning: open the fruit only at home, not on the road. The prince journeys back home, but stops to rest near a well in his father's garden, and opens the bel-fruit: the Bél-Princess appears before him and he faints at her beauty. A wicked woman appears to fetch water and sights the Bél-Princess, whom she trades clothes and jewels and shoves her down a well, then takes her place by the prince's side. The prince wakes up and, upon seeing the wicked woman in the Bél-Princess's clothes, takes her as his bride to the palace. Back to the true Bél-Princess, she goes through a cycle of incarnations: she turns into a pink lotus-flower inside the well which only the prince can fetch; he brings it home, but the false bride throws it outside in the garden; a bel-fruit tree sprouts with a large fruit that only the prince can pluck. The false bride finds the fruit on the table and throws it away. The bel-fruit reveals a girl the poor gardener's family adopts and raises as their own. Seven years later, the false bride's cow eats the orchard the gardener's daughter (the reincarnated Bél-Princess) shoos it away. For this, the false bride orders the girl's execution. Two executioners take the girl to the jungle to kill her, but, on seeing her beauty, feel pity for her and decide to spare her. However, the girl takes one of their knives and cuts out her organs: her eyes become a parrot and a [[Mynah|mainá bird]]), her heart becomes a tank, and her body parts become a palace in the jungle, her head its dome, and her arms and legs the pillars of its verandah. Time passes; the prince goes on a hunt and passes by the uninhabited palace that appeared in the jungle, and spends the night on the palace verandah. Suddenly, the parrot and the mynah being to talk to each other about the prince's story, and stop their conversation at a certain point. For the next days, the prince returns to the palace to overhear the birds' conversation and learns of the fate of the true Bél-Princess and how he can see her again: open every room of the palace, reach the center, lift a trap door and descend the stairs to an underground palace, where she is located. The following day, he follows the parrot's instructions and reaches the underground palace, where he finds the revived Bél-Princess. He reveals the situation to her, how the birds told everything, and tells her he will tell his parents about his true bride. The prince returns home and wants to bring everyone to the palace in the forest for his marriage to the Bél-Princess. The king orders the execution of the false bride, and the royal family joins the prince for their marriage to the true Bél-Princess.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stokes |first=Maive |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/31209/pg31209-images.html#Page_138 |title=Indian fairy tales, collected and tr. by M. Stokes; with notes by Mary Stokes |location=London |publisher=Ellis and White |date=1880 |pages=138–152}}</ref> According to Stokes, the tale was provided by an ayah named Múniyá, an old woman from Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stokes |first=Maive |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/31209/pg31209-images.html |title=Indian fairy tales, collected and tr. by M. Stokes; with notes by Mary Stokes |location=London |publisher=Ellis and White |date=1880 |pages=V (Preface), 283}}</ref> [[Richard McGillivray Dawkins]] remarked that both ''The Belbati Princess'' and ''The Bél-Princess'' are "near relatives" of Italian tale ''The Three Citrons''.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dawkins |first=Richard McGillivray |title=Modern Greek in Asia Minor: A study of the dialects of Siĺli, Cappadocia and Phárasa, with grammar, texts, translations and glossary |location=London |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |date=1916 |page=272}}</ref>

==== The Marriage of Bael Kaniya ====
Ethnologist [[Verrier Elwin]] collected a tale from the [[Ghotul]] Pata, Bandopal, from North [[Bastar State]], with the title ''The Marriage of Bael Kaniya''. In this tale, the wife of a Muria Raja spends time with her brother-in-law, the raja's younger brother, until one day they quarrel. The younger brother leaves home and travels to another country where a woman named Jal-Kaniya lives with her Rakshasa husband. Jal-Kaniya's sister, Bael-Kaniya, lives in a bel-fruit in a garden protected by tigers, bears and snakes. The young prince greets Jal-Kaniya and announces he wishes to marry Bael-Kaniya, but is warned of the dangers that lie ahead in his journey. Jal-Kaniya then hides the youth from her Rakshasa husband, for fear of him devouring the human. The Rakshasa husband comes and senses a human smell, then Jal-Kaniya shows him the prince. By his nature, the Rakshasa opens his mouth to devour the boy, when the chelik shrinks himself, enters the Rakshasa's mouth and cuts him open from the inside. Jal-Kaniya laments her husband's death, for he was the only one that could help the prince reach the garden where Bael-Kaniya lives. The chelik revives the Rakshasa and they journey to the garden with provisions to distract its guardians (a tiger, a bear and a snake). The Rakshasa plucks Bael-Kaniya's fruit and brings it to the prince, advising him to open it when he returns home. On the road, after three days, the prince decides to open the bel-fruit and stops by a tank: a motiari appears from the fruit and combs his hair. She goes to cook some food for him, and he is fast asleep. The tale then explains the tank is where cheliks and motiaris of Tarbhum (the underworld) come to dance and fetch water. The Tarbhum chelik finds the Bael-Kaniya and goes to report to his monarchs, then comes back to kidnap the fruit maiden and bring her to Tarbhum. The tale then continues as another tale type: the human prince starts a journey to the underworld to rescue Bael-Kaniya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Elwin |first=Verrier |title=Folk-tales of Mahakoshal |location=London |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1944 |pages=24–28}}</ref> {{ill|Georgy A. Zograf|ru|Зограф, Георгий Александрович}} translated the tale to Russian as "Женитьба на Бэл-кании" ("Marriage to Bel-Kaniya").<ref>{{cite book |title=Сказки Центральной Индии |trans-title=Tales from Central India |editor=Георгий Зограф |location=Moskva |publisher=Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука» |date=1971 |pages=205–209 |language=RU}}</ref> According to Zograf, the heroine's name, "Bael-Kaniya", translates to "the girl from the bel tree".<ref>{{cite book |title=Сказки Центральной Индии |trans-title=Tales from Central India |editor=Георгий Зограф |location=Moskva |publisher=Главная редакция восточной литературы издательства «Наука» |date=1971 |page=357 (notes to tale nr. 48) |language=RU}}</ref>

==== The Story of the Girl Belavati ====
In an [[Orissa]]n tale collected by author Upendra Narayan Dutta Gupta with the title ''The Story of the Girl Belavati'', a king's only son departs to find a wife. On the road, he meets a Kamaruni (one from the blacksmith caste) girl who warns him about an Apuja (unpropitiated) goddess that may kill him. The prince journeys on and meets the bloodthirsty Thakurani goddess, who wants to devour the youth, but, on seeing him on a horse, she stops, since the animal is her favourite [[Vahana]] (mount). The goddess sends him with a boon: she instructs to reach [[Asura]] country, sweep the Asuras' houses and prepare dishes of [[rice and curry]] to earn their favour. The prince does as the goddess instructed him and earns the Asuras' favour. After a while, the prince, in return for his deeds, asks for Belavati. One of the Asuras gives him a bael fruit, which is to be opened only at the prince's home. The prince rides back home, but stops by a well and opens the fruit, releasing a dazzlingly beautiful maiden. The prince faints at her sight, and Belavati tries to wake him up. Suddenly, a Kundabhusundi (fat ugly woman; 'she-demon', in another translation) woman appears, beats the fruit maiden to death and throws her body into the well, then puts on her clothes to pass herself as Belavati. The prince wakes up, sees the ugly woman beside him and thinks she is the girl from the fruit, then takes her home. As for the true Belavati, she goes through a cycle of incarnations: two Padma (lotus) flowers inside the well that a gardener (Mali) takes to the prince, then a bael tree. The gardener plucks a fruit from the tree and brings it home to his wife. They try to open it, but a voice inside the fruit begs to be cut in a certain way, for she is Belavati who wishes to become their adopted daughter and bring them wealth. It happens thus, and the family's fortune increases. One day, the false bride notices Belavati is alive when the girl goes to make ablutions in a tank, and lies that the girl made faces at her, and for this she must be punished. The king attends the false bride's request and orders the death of the gardener's daughter. The following morning, a temple to Mahadeva (Mahadeb, in another translation; both referring to [[Shiva]]) sprouts in the place where the girl was executed. The king sends a Brahman to make the [[Puja (Hinduism)|Puja]] to the deity and bring him a bael-leaf. One day, the Brahman overhears a pair of birds (Sua, a parrot, and Sari, another type of talking bird) conversing about the prince, Belavati, and the false bride. The Brahman writes their tale in the walls of the temple, and listens closely to the birds' conversation: in order to restore the true Belavati, the king is to offer himself before the temple with a piece of straw between his teeth and a straw rope around his neck, and ask for forgiveness. The king is informed by the Brahman and goes to the temple to prostrate himself before the God. By doing so, Belavati reappears before the king. The king then takes her home to marry his son, and executes the Kundabhusundi.<ref>{{cite book |first=Upendra Narayan |last=Dutta Gupta |title=Folk Tales of Orissa |location=Bhubaneswar |publisher=G. Gupta |date=1975 |orig-year=1922 |pages=161–178}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gupta |first=G. |chapter=Introducing the Folk Tales of Orissa |title=Folk Culture & Literature |editor=Sri C. R. Das |volume=I |location=Orissa, India |publisher=Institute of Oriental and Orissan Studies |pages=9–13 [13]}}</ref> The tale is also known as ''The Story of Belabati'' (''Belabati katha'')<ref>{{cite book |last=Padhi |first=Brundaban Ch. |chapter=Folklore and Literature |title=Folk Culture and Literature |volume=I |editor=Sr. C. R. Das |location=Orissa, India |publisher=Institute of Oriental and Orissan Studies |date=1983 |page=78}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Kunja Behari |last=Dash |author-link=:or:କୁଞ୍ଜବିହାରୀ ଦାଶ |title=Folklore of Orissa |publisher=Orissa Sahitya Akademi |date=1979 |page=233}}</ref> and ''The Girl inside the ''Bel'' Fruit''.<ref>{{cite book |title=Folktales of Odisha |first=Mahendra Kumar |last=Mishra |author-link=:or:ମହେନ୍ଦ୍ର କୁମାର ମିଶ୍ର |translator=Ashok K. Mohanty |location=India |publisher=National Book Trust |date=2015 |isbn=9788123773773 |pages=163–169}}</ref>

==== Belkumari (Vindhya) ====

In an Indian tale from [[Vindhya Pradesh]] with the title "बेलकुमारी" ("Belkumari" or "Bel Princess"), Chuk Raja has seven sons, the youngest, Ku War, still unmarried. His sisters-in-law bless him to find "Belkumari". Ku War asks where he can find this "Belkumari", and one of his sisters-in-law points him to a forest beyond seven rivers, and Belkumari lives in the lake. Ku War rides to the lake and finds a hermit's hut. The hermit (muni) asks the reason for his presence there, and he says he is looking for Belkumari. The hermit says he can find her in the bel tree on the little island guarded by rakshasas (demons), and advises him to swim to the island, release the goat tied to the tree to distract the rakshasas and steal the fruit. Ku War does as instructed, steals the bel fruit while the guardians are distracted devouring the goat and brings the fruit to the muni, who advises the prince to open it only at home. Ku War goes back home, but stops to rest by a beautiful lake. Doubting the muni's words, he opens the bel fruit near the lake: the beautiful Belkumari appears to him. He says he is tired and rests on Belkumari's lap. Meanwhile, a blacksmith's daughter comes to the lake ([[ghat]]) and find the couple there. Belkumari explains they are to be married to each other, and the blacksmith's daughter feigns helplessness and asks for the princess's help in drawing water from the ghat. Belkumari leaves to fetch water for the blacksmith's daughter, who follows her and shoves her into the ghat to drown, while she takes her place besides the prince. Ku War wakes up and notices the princess does not resemble the previous girl, and believes this is because he disobeyed the muni. Still, he takes her as his bride. Some time later, the seven princes go on a hunt, and Ku War discovers a sweet-smelling giant lotus flower in the ghat, which he brings back home, despite his brothers' objections. One day, while Ku War is away, the blacksmith's daughter throws the lotus away; where it falls, a tree sprouts. The Mali (gardener) plucks its fruit, brings it home and cuts it open, releasing a girl he adopts. The false bride learns of this, feigns illness and asks to bathe in the gardener's daughter's blood to be cured. The prince orders the girl to be killed and her blood to be delivered to his bride. The gardener mourns for the loss of his daughter and buries her. A bel tree springs from her grave. Some time later, the prince meets a sadhu, who notices the prince's sadness and learns of his predicament. The [[sadhu]] gives the prince a ring with which he can listen to the talk of the birds. The prince goes to the garden and begins to listen to the conversation between two pigeons ("कबूतर", in the original), who mock the prince for foolishly falling for the blacksmith's girl's ruse. The prince bids the pigeons tell him the whole story: they reveal the blacksmith's ruse and say the real Belkumari can be found inside the fruit hanging from the bel tree. Ku War cuts open the bel fruit and releases Belkumari again. They return to the palace and the false bride realizes her rival is alive. The prince moves to kill the false wife, but Belkumari intervenes on her behalf to be spared. She is sent home, and Belkumari marries the prince.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bharat Ki Lok Kathayen |location=Delhi, India |date=1962 |publisher=Suchan, Prasaran Mantralay Bharat Sarkar |pages=43–48 |lang=Hindi}}</ref>

==== The King and the Bael Girl ====

Indian author {{ill|Harihar Vaishnav|hi|हरिहर वैष्णव}} published a tale from [[Bastar division|Bastar]] titled "राजा और बेल कन्या" ("The King and the Bael Girl"). In this tale, a king suffers for lack of a wife and lack of an heir, since everytime he takes a wife, she dies to illness or in childbirth. In addition, no family agrees to give him their daughters for bride, for fear of losing them. Eventually, the king finds a young bride to marry. They live happily for a while and she becomes pregnant, but the king worries for both mother and child. The king's fears are confirmed, as the queen dies in childbirth with their child. Devastated, the king places the minister to rule in his stead, dons a sage apparel, and leaves the palace to live a life of abdication and penance. He goes to meditate under a bael tree for years. On one occasion, he prays to [[Bhagavan]] about his wish to have a wife and son, and Bhagavan advises him to pluck a fruit from the bael tree and open it. The king does as the deity instructed and returns to his kingdom. He stops by a well on the border of his kingdom to sate his thirst and cuts open the fruit: out comes a beautiful girl, and they fall in love with each other. He tells her to wait for him there while he goes to bring back a retinue to welcome her as his queen. After he leaves, a girl named Jamadarin discovers the Bael Girl and talks to her, they trade clothes and jewellery and she shoves the Bael Girl down the well, then waits for the king. The monarch returns with a retinue and notices his bride looks dark-skinned now, and the Jamadarin lies that the sun darkened her skin. Still, the king takes her as his queen, but still cannot have an heir. As for the true Bael Girl, she becomes a lotus flower in the well. People try to collect it, but only the monarch is able to: he brings it home and places it next to his bed. The Jamadarin suspects the flower is the Bael Girl and tosses it away in the garden, then lies to the king the flower withered. On the place the flower fell, a vegetable sprouts which the king also brings home with him. The Jamadarin orders a cook to boil the vegetable. It happens thus and she throws it away. A bael tree begins to grow where the boiled vegetables fell, and yields many bel fruits. The king plucks one of the fruits, opens it and out comes the Bael Girl, the same one he met by the well. The king is puzzled: if the real Bael Girl has just come out of the fruit, then who is the one he married? The Bael Girl explains the king married an impostor who took the Bael Girl's clothes and jewels, threw her down the well and tried to destroy her many times when the Bael Girl went through a cycle of transformations. The king executes the Jamadarin and makes the Bael Girl his queen.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bastara kī maukhika kathāeṃ |author1=Lālā Jagadalapurī |author2=Harihara Vaishṇava |publisher=Bastara Saṃbhāga Halbī Sāhitya Parishad |date=1991 |pages=86–89 |lang=Hindi}}</ref>

==== Belpatri Rani ====
In a [[North India]]n tale titled "बेलपत्री रानी" ("Belpatri Rani"), a moneylender ("साहूकार", in the original) has seven sons who work together. He marries his six elder sons, save for the youngest, Chandar. One day, the man falls ill and nominates his firstborn as the next head of the family, then dies. They also look after the young Chandar, but dote and spoil him. One day, due to his behaviour, his sisters-in-law mock him about him finding the Belpatri Rani. Moved by their words, he goes out to the verandah and walks up to a well, then falls asleep. A pari appears in his dreams and directs him to a sadhu. Chandar wakes up and decides to start a journey to find this sadhu. After a long while, he reaches a river. Next to the river, the sadhu lies in meditation under a [[banyan tree]], spots the youth and exhorts him to leave, lest he burns the stranger to ashes. Chandar begs the sadhu to help him find Belpatri Rani, and the sadhu reveals there is a bael tree on the other side of the lake, from where many bel fruits fall, generating Belpatris that come to dance at night; they protect Belpatri Rani from prying eyes, but whoever sights her is reduced to ashes. The youth is resolute in finding Belpatri Rani, and the sadhu turns him into a parrot, for him to fly up to the bael tree, steal a fruit and fly back to him, without looking behind. It happens thus, and Chandar, in parrot form, flies to the tree and perches on a branch. As the Belpatri Ranis appear to frolic in the water, a fruit falls from the tree, which Chandar fetches in his beak and rushes back to the sadhu. One of the Ranis hears a branch cracking, notices the bird and calls for her sisters to chase it, causing a great noise. Chandar looks behind him and is fulminated, leaving the Ranis to grab the fruit. One of the Ranis tells the sadhu they will turn the thief's family to ashes, and the sadhu says the Ranis have taken their revenge. With this, the Ranis return to the tree, while the sadhu revives Chandar from the pile of ashes, warning him to be more careful. Chandar turns into a green parrot, hides amidst the leaves, steals another fruit and flies back to the sadhu, the Ranis chasing after him. The sadhu turns him into a fly to trick the Ranis, and invites them to check on his hut. The Ranis find nothing, and quickly make a turn for the tree, lest the sunrays burn them to ashes. The sadhu restores Chandar to human form when the maidens leave, advising him to go back home and never return. Chandar returns home and stops by the same well, then rests for a while. In the morning, the bael fruit opens on its own, a Belpatri Rani emerges and places Chandar's head on her lap. Suddenly, a Jamadarin appears and talks to the Belpatri Rani, learns everything, and decides to get rid of her rival: she convinces her to trade clothes and see their reflections in the well; she then shoves the Belpatri into the well and takes her place next to Chandar. The youth wakes, notices the bale fruit is cracked in two, and surmises the girl beside him is the Belpatri Rani, but her face is ugly. Still, he takes the Jamadarin to his palace and marries her, and is mocked by his sisters-in-law. One day, he goes to drink water from the well and finds a lotus flower he brings home with him. The Jamadarin throws it out the window; amaranth vegetables grow where it fell. The Jamadarin decides to cook the plant, when it begins to reveal her ruse from inside the pan. She throws the vegetables away; from them springs another bael tree. Chandar finds the bael tree and decides to guard it. One night, a bael fruit falls from it, which he brings home. At night, Belpatri Rani comes out of the fruit. Chandar finds her again and they talk. He learns of the whole truth, and introduces Belpatri Rani to his sisters-in-law, who admire the fruit maiden's beauty.<ref>{{cite book |title=उत्तर भारत की ग्रामीण लोककथायें |trans-title=Rural Tales of North India |volume=4 |series=Bhāratīya bauddhika loka dharohara |author1=अक्षय |author2=इंगिता |author3=घनश्याम गुप्ता |author4=इंदिरा गाँधी राष्ट्रीय मानव संग्रहालय |publisher=पूर्वाशा प्रकाशन |date=2007 |pages=95–103 |lang=Hindi |isbn=9788190276979}}</ref>

==== Princess Belmanti ====
In an Indian tale in the [[Magahi language]] collected by {{ill|Ramprasad Singh|hi|रामप्रसाद सिंह}} with the title "बेलमंती रानी" ("Belmanti Rani"), translated as ''Princess Belmanti'', four orphan brothers ([[Yadav]], in the original) live together, the elder three married and the youngest still single. One day, the elder three depart to earn a living, and leave their cadet under his sisters-in-law's care. While taking care of him, the girls try to set him up with their own sisters, but he declines. For this, the girls tell him to find for bride the Princess Belmanti ("Belmanti Rani"), a beautiful princess. The youth goes in search of this Princess Belmanti and finds a sadhu's hut next to a garden. He tends the garden and makes offerings, which the sadhu thanks him for, then directs him to the place where he can find Princess Belmanti: pluck the fruit from the bel tree (or wood apple tree) at the end of the trail and do not look back. The youth goes to fetch the fruit, but looks behind him and turns to ashes. Noticing his delay, the sadhu finds the youth and revives him, who then plucks another fruit and makes a turn back home. He stops by a well to drink water and the fruit falls to the ground, releasing Princess Belmanti in front of him. He goes back home to bring a palanquin for her. While he is away, a midwife comes to fetch water, whom Princess Belmanti asks to drink from her bucket. The midwife steals the maiden's clothes and jewels and shoves her into the well. The youth returns and takes the midwife as his bride, believing her to be Princess Belmanti. Some time later, before the wedding, the youth's brothers go to drink water from the same well and find a flower which they try to retrieve, but only the youth can. He brings it home, but the false bride throws it outside. Flowers and leaves sprout in the ashes, but the woman also discards them. A bel tree sprouts, which the false bride delivers to a gardener. The gardener promises to share its yield with the youth. The bel fruit yields a single bel fruit that the gardener delivers the youth. He takes the bel fruit home with him and opens it: out emerges Princess Belmanti. He marries her, while the midwife is buried alive.<ref>{{cite book |title=Magadha kī lokakathāem̐: Sañcayana |volume=2 |author=Rāma Prasāda Siṃha |publisher=Magahī Akādamī |date=1996 |page=105 |lang=Hindi}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Magahi Folklore and Folk Tales |first=Sheela |last=Verma |publisher=Manohar |date=2008 |pages=138-140 (text for tale nr. 8) |isbn=9788173048043}}</ref>

==== Belvanti Rani (Bhojpuri) ====
In a tale from the [[Bhojpuri region]] titled "बेलवन्ती रानी" ("Belvanti Rani"), a king has seven sons, six of them married, save for the youngest. One day, during a meal, the young prince complains that the food has no salt, and his sisters-in-law mockingly tell him he wishes to marry the Belvanti Rani. The prince leaves the palace and walks through the forest until he finds a sadhu's hut. The prince sweeps the hut, washes the dishes and hides. The sadhu comes home and finds everything in order, without knowing who did it for him. The prince then forages for fruits and vegetables for the sadhu, then hides. After some days, the sadhu questions who is his mysterious helper, for he promises to give them a boon. The prince appears to the sadhu, prostrates before the sage, and says he is looking for the Belvanti Rani. The sadhu warns the prince the Rani is guarded by fairies around the bel tree, gives him a ''gutka'' ("गुटका", in the original), for him to put it in his mouth, rendering him invisible to Belvanti Rani's guardians, then advises him to fetch the bel fruit and to not look back, for the fairies will call for him, but the prince is to pay them no heed, lest he looks back and burns to ashes. The prince leaves the sadhu's hut and goes to find the bel tree where Belvanti Rani lives: he climbs up the tree, cracks a branch, steals the fruit and rushes back to the sadhu. The fairy guardians begin to shout, the prince looks behind himself and turns to ashes, allowing the fairies to retrieve the fruit. Noticing the prince's delay, the sadhu goes to meet him and revives his ashes with water from a cup, then bids him cease his quest. Undeterred, the prince returns to the tree, steals another fruit and rushes back to the sadhu's hut. The sadhu advises the prince to open the bel fruit only at home, not on the road, for he will be deceived. The prince returns home and stops by a well to open the fruit: a beautiful princess comes out of it. The prince decides to rest on her lap. Suddenly, a "chamin" ("चमइन", in the original; 'cobbler woman') comes to the well, strips the princess of her clothes and tosses Belvanti Rani inside the well, then takes her place beside the prince. The prince wakes up and takes the chamin girl back home, believing her to be the Belvanti Rani. When the chamin begins to cook, the rice begins to talk from the pan and mocks her, and so do the vegetables. The prince's sisters-in-law continue to mock him, saying he married a chamin. The prince returns to the sadhu, thinking he made a mistake, and the sadhu advises him to take the chamin to the well, feign thirst and ask her to draw some water, then shove her in the water. It happens thus, and the chamin is thrown in the well. The prince then goes back to the sadhu, who explains the Belvanti Rani has returned to the bel tree. The prince places some [[gutka]] in his mouth, races to the garden again and steals another bel fruit, then rushes to the sadhu's hut, where he is advised again to only open the fruit at home. The prince returns home and cracks open the fruit in the palace garden: out comes Belvanti Rani again. The prince marries her and introduces Belvanti Rani to his sisters-in-law, who endure his reply in silence.<ref>{{cite book |title=बेलवन्ती रानी: भोजपुरी लोककथा संग्रह भोजपुरी संस्थान ग्रंथमाला |trans-title=Belawanti Rani: A collection of Bhojpuri folk tales |editor=सुशीला पाण्डेय [Sushila Pandeya] |publisher=Bhojapur−i Saṃsth−ana |date=1982 |pages=9-13 (text for tale nr. 1) |lang=Bhojpuri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXVLAAAAMAAJ&q=%22%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%22}}</ref>

==== Belavati Kanya (Bengali) ====
In a [[Bengali language]] tale published by author {{ill|Sourindra Mohan Mukherjee|bn|সৌরীন্দ্রমোহন মুখোপাধ্যায়}} with the title "বেলবতী কন্য" ("Belavati Kanya"; "The Belavati Girl"), a king has seven sons, six of them already married save for the youngest. The prince is blessed by everyone, even his elder sister-in-law, who blesses him to marry Belavati Kanya. After he finishes his studies, the prince asks her where to find this Belavati Kanya, and she tells him that in a country next to the ocean, there is a forest where four munis live, who can point him the way to Belavati Kanya. The prince rides to this forest and enters the first sage's hut; he forages for some banana leaves in the jungle and waits for the first muni. The muni appears and is told of the prince's quest, but cannot help him and tells him to look for the next muni. The prince reaches the other side of the lake, clears out the path, brings fruits and roots and banana leaves for the second muni. This muni thanks the prince for his help, and advises him how to find Belavati Kanya: she is in a bel fruit on the bel tree, guarded by Rakshasas (demons); the prince is to take a deep breath in water, approach the tree and untie a black goat to distract the demons, fetch the fruit and rush back, without exhaling. The prince dives near the tree, finds the goat and lets out his breath, then takes another breath, unties the goat and throws the animal to the demons, then steals the bel fruit and returns to the muni. The muni breaks the fruit in front of the prince, shows him the girl, then closes it again, advising him to only open it at home.

The prince rides back to the palace, when he stops by a beautiful garden and decides to open the bel fruit near the ghat: out comes the Belavati Kanya. The prince decides to rest and lays his head on her lap. Suddenly, a blacksmith's daughter appears and questions Belavati Kanya. After learning they are the prince and princess and soon to be married, the blacksmith's daughter feels jealous and devises a plan: she feigns having a sore leg and asks Belavati Kanya to help her to fetch water for her. When Belavati Kanya is drawing water in a jug, the blacksmith's daughter shoves her in the ghat and takes her place next to the prince. The prince wakes up and believes her to be Belavati Kanya, now looking uglier since he opened it on the road. Still, he takes her back and marries her. Some time later, the seven princes hunt near the ghat, and they spot a red lotus flower in the water, which only the prince can pluck. When he does, it exhales a sweet fragrance for him. The prince takes the flower home, which the false bride rips apart and throws in the garden, to the prince's dismay. Where the petals fell, a bel tree sprouts, yielding a large bel fruit. When the prince's horse passes by the tree, the fruit falls on its back, which is carried to the house of the sahi ('horse-keeper'). The sahi opens up the fruit, and out comes Belavati, who is adopted by the childless sahi couple. Later, the false Belavati feigns illness and asks for the blood of the sahi's adopted daughter as remedy, as goddess Kali told her in a dream. The sahi couple's daughter is killed and the false Belavati bathes in her blood. As time passes, the prince's sadness deepens and he wanders through the land when he reaches a river bank. He finds an empty house nearby and walks to the verandah, where two beautiful birds begin to sing the story of the true Belavati Kanya. The prince listens to the story and asks how he can find Belavati Kanya. The birds tell him that Belavati Kanya lives next to her parents' emerald palace, but comes once a semester to the house near the lake. After he spends six months playing flute with the birds, Belavati Kanya reappears at the verandah. The prince begs for her forgiveness with tears, she accepts his apologies and returns with him to the palace. The prince then executes the blacksmith's daughter and marries the true Belavati Kanya.<ref>{{cite book |title=সাঁঝের বাতি [Sanjera Bati] |author=শ্রীসৌরীন্দ্রমোহন মুখোপাধ্যায় |location=Calcutta |publisher=নিউ আরিছ্রিক প্রেস |date=1912 |pages=64–77 |lang=Bengali}}</ref>

=== Bangladesh ===
In a [[Bangladesh]]i tale collected from a source in the [[Tangail district|Tangail]] region with the title "বেলবতী কন্য" ("Belabati Kanya"; "The Belabati Girl"), a merchant has five sons, the young named Huyaman Saodagar. In time, the merchant dies, and his four elder sons raise their cadet, enrolling him at school to be taught by a swami while they trade as merchants. One day, his teacher's wife wishes to eat deer meat, but cannot find any, so the swami mentions the idea to his students and Huyaman offers to fulfill the request. The next day, Huyaman gathers some friends, says his goodbyes to his family and goes to hunt some game. During the hunt, Huyaman goes to sleep in the forest. Soon enough, Shiva and Parbati, who have been travelling, sight the sleeping youth and comment he would pair well with Belabati Kanya, who lives beyond seven oceans. The deity couple bring Huyaman to Belabati Kanya's room, who is asleep. Both wake up, see each other and fall in love, spend time together, then fall asleep again. Shiva and Parbati bring the youth back to the forest, where he wakes up asking for the mysterious girl whom he saw last night. Huyaman wanders in the forest until he finds a dervish whom he begs to help him to find the maiden, since she lives beyond seven oceans in a heavily guarded palace. The dervish turns him into a bird and advises him to fetch the bel fruit in the garden, but with care, otherwise he will not gain his bride. The youth in bird form flies across the seven oceans, reaches the garden with the bel tree, steals the bel fruit with the girl inside and makes a turn for the dervish, the guardians behind him. However, he eludes his pursuers and, not believing in its magic, breaks open the bel fruit, releasing the Belabati maiden. He flies back to the dervish, who restores him to human form, then walks back home. On the road, he stops to rest by a pond and cracks open the fruit; out comes Belabati Kanya, who makes a pillow for Huyaman. A woman named Maya Mota Goyalani (a fat cowherd) spies on the event from the merchant's house and goes to meet Belabati Kanya. She spins a sob story and convinces the fruit maiden to change saris and ornaments with her for her to wash, and dresses the other with her poor clothes, then shoves her in the water.

Huyaman wakes up and recognizes the cowherd, who claims to be Belabati Kanya who has been released out of her home garden. He takes the false fruit maiden home. Outside, the true Belabati Kanya sings verses alerting Huyaman of the trickery, but the false bride forbids him from going outside by telling him it is a ghost. The next day, the cowherd tries to find the bel fruit in the ghat, but cannot reach it, nor other people, only Huyaman, who brings it home. The false bride asks him for the fruit, and gives it to the swami to get rid of it. However, the fruit appears on the roof of the house and Belabati Kanya keeps singing from the fruit. The fat cowherd takes the bel fruit, goes to the river and tosses it in the water. However, the fruit lands on the other margin and a tree grows, from where the fruit maiden sings her sad song. The merchant, who was barred from leaving the house on the false pretenses of a ghost outside, goes to the tree and demands to know who is singing the song. The true Belabati Kanya comes out of the tree and explains the person Huyaman brought home is an imposter and a cowherd, who tricked and tried to drown Belabati Kanya in the pond, but she survived in the form of a fruit. Huyaman decides to punish the false bride: he has his servants dig up a well and asks the false bride to draw some water. The cowherd falls for the ruse and is shoved into the well, then is buried alive when the well is filled with earth. Huyaman takes the true Belabati Kanya home and marries her.<ref>{{cite book |title=রংপুরের পালাগান (প্রথম খণ্ড) |editor=মফিজুল ইসলাম (Mafizul Islam) |location=Dhaka |publisher=Bangla Ekaitami |date=1978 |pages=23 (source), 24 (summary), 25-35 (text) |lang=Bengali}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
In a [[Nepal]]ese tale titled ''The Bel Girl'', a farmer couple has four sons, three married and the cadet still unmarried. He is doted on by his family and sisters-in-law. One day, he catches a bird in a hunt and asks his sister-in-law to cook it for him. The bird is cooked and he eats it, but starts convulsing due to too much red pepper seasoning in the bird. The sister-in-law dislikes his reaction and mockingly tells him to look for a "bel girl" to cook his food. The youngest brother decides to look for her and enters the forest just outside their house until he finds a mound which he clean up to reveal a sage. The youth feeds the sage and he, in gratitude, advises him how to get the bel fruit: reach a pond near a Shiva temple, pluck one bel fruit from a nearby tree and fly back to the sage's location, never looking back on the garden, lest he becomes stone. The sage turns the youth into a parrot, who steals the bel fruit and makes a return, but he becomes stone by listening to a voice. The sage realizes the youth is in danger and walks to the garden, finds the petrified parrot and revives it. The parrot flies back to the tree and steals another bel fruit, this time not looking back. The sage turns the youth to human form and advises him not to break the fruit. The youth journeys back and accidentally trips over a stone, letting the bel fruit fall to the ground and crack in two: a beautiful girl comes out of the fruit. He brings the girl home and marries her, as the tale ends.<ref>{{cite book |title=Some Folk Tales of Nepal |publisher=Department of Culture, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, HMG for Nepal National Commission for UNESCO, Ministry of Education, HMG |date=1968 |pages=37–39 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hZyBAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+bel+girl%22+nepal}}</ref>

=== Mauritius ===
Author Pahlad Ramsurrun collected and published a tale from [[Mauritius]] with the title ''The Legend of the Wood Apple Princess''. In this tale, a king and queen have three sons. In time, the elder two find wives, leaving their cadet to be doted on by their parents. His sisters-in-law bring him his morning milk, but mock him for being served. One day, he refuses to tolerate their mocking remarks, and both women, in return, tell him that only the wood apple princess would be enough for him. Moved by their words, he decides to search for the [[wood apple]] princess. He leaves home and departs to the Izoo-bizoo Forest, a dangerous location, pass by a crossroads, and finally reaches a sadhu deep in meditation. The prince builds a hut and decides to wait for the sadhu. Sometime later, the sadhu exits his trance and meets the prince, who says he is looking for the wood apple princess. After some failed dissuasion, the sadhu turns the prince into a bird, advises him to fly up north to the Izoo-bizoo Forest, steal one of the wood apples from the largest tree and fly back without looking back, for the she-demons that guard the tree will chase him. The prince, in bird form, flies to the tree to steal the flower and rushes back to the sadhu, but the pursuing she-demons bid him to look behind and he burns to ashes. The sadhu notices the prince's delay and goes to investigate: he finds his ashes and revives him with some hymns. Resurrected, the prince insists in getting the fruit, and is turned into a green parrot. This time, the prince, in parrot form, steals the fruit and goes back to the sadhu, who turns the prince into a cat and the fruit into a fly to trick the chasing she-demons. After the creatures leave, the sadhu turns the prince to human form and warns him not to open the fruit on the road, for the princess will appear, and he will faint and need water. The prince journeys back home, but, doubting the sadhu's words, decides to cut open the fruit: the beautiful wood apple princess emerges, and the prince faints. The princess rushes to a well to fetch some water. A village dancer at the well notices the princess and trades clothes and jewellery with her before she gives her some water, then shoves the princess inside the well and goes to revive the prince. The prince awakens and mistakes the village dancer for the true wood apple princess, then takes her to the palace to make her his wife. His sisters-in-law keep mocking him, for they recognize her as the village dancer, but the prince ignores their remarks. As for the real wood apple princess, a blooming plant appears in the well, which only the prince can pluck and brings it home. At midnight, while he is asleep, the wood apple princess leaves the flower and does chores around the prince's room, then returns to the flower. The prince realizes someone tidies his room and decides to investigate: he pretends to be asleep and sees the wood apple princess leave the flower. He secretly destroys the flower then goes back to sleep. After the princess finishes cleaning up his room, she tries to return to the flower, but cannot find it. The prince catches her, and she reveals she is the true wood apple princess, while the one the prince married is the village dancer. The prince cuts up the dancer's hair and tosses her in prison, then marries the true wood apple princess.<ref>{{cite book |title=A river of stories |volume=4, Fire: tales and poems from across the Commonwealth |editor1=Emma Butler |editor2=Alice Curry |location=London |publisher=[[Commonwealth Education Trust]] |date=2016 |pages=58-65 (text), 173 (source) |isbn=978-0-9929910-2-9}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[The Enchanted Canary]]
* [[Lovely Ilonka]]
* [[The Pomegranate Fairy (Indian folktale)]]
* [[The Coconut Lady (Indian folktale)]]
* [[The Princess from the Fruit]]
* [[Princess Aubergine]]
* [[The Prince and the Gypsy Woman]]
* [[The Story of a Fairy and a Prince (Shan folktale)]]

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{The Love For Three Oranges}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Belbati Princess (Indian folktale)}}
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about shapeshifting]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about talking animals]]
[[Category:Fairy tales about princesses]]
[[Category:Fruit in fairy tales]]
[[Category:ATU 400-459]]
[[Category:False hero]]

Last Drop (film)

2026-04-05T06:27:57Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: added new data with sources.

{{Orphan|date=December 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Last Drop
| image =
| caption =
| director = Nishith Sahasransu Ray
| writer = Nishith Sahasransu Ray
| cinematography = Swarup Ranjan
| editing = Nishith Sahasransu Ray
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2020}}
| runtime = 1 minute
| country = India
| language = English
}}

'''''Last Drop''''' is a 2020 Indian 1-minute short documentary<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABC Talkies - Last Drop |url=https://abctalkies.com/app/movie-detail/60ddb30efcb76723975cfa24 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=ABC Talkies |language=en}}</ref> film<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Film Festivals Favorite Short 'Last Drop' Now Streaming on ABC Talkies – Retropoplifestyle |url=https://www.retropoplifestyle.com/international-film-festivals-favorite-short-last-drop-now-streaming-on-abc-talkies/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> written and directed by Nishith Sahasransu Ray.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/bhubaneswar/odia-youngsters-short-film-to-be-screened-at-international-festival/articleshow/74824052.cms | title=Odia youngster's short film to be screened at international festival | newspaper=The Times of India | date=26 March 2020 }}</ref> This short film is an awareness film on water conservation.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rajpal |first=Seema |date=2020-07-06 |title=Don't let it drop: How this Odia youth's documentary on water wastage is hot on the film festival circuit |url=https://www.edexlive.com/breaking/2020/Jul/08/aspiring-filmmaker-nishith-sahasransu-rays-short-film-last-drop-is-a-plea-to-save-water-13144.html |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=EdexLive |language=en}}</ref>

==Plot==
"Last Drop" ingeniously uses a simple idea—a leaking tap – to deliver a profound message about water conservation. Through its minimalist approach.

==Production==
This film was produced, written, edited, and directed by Nishith Sahsransu Ray.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OrissaPost Page: 2 |url=http://odishapostepaper.com/edition/832/orissapost/page/2 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=odishapostepaper.com}}</ref> He made the film while he was pursuing engineering. Swarup Ranjan was the cinematographer. Sound mixing was done by Pratap Kumar.

==Awards==
“Last Drop” has been selected for screening in various film festivals. It was selected for screening at Central Illinois Feminist Film Festival (USA) in 2020 for its documentary category,<ref>{{Cite web |title=2nd Edition Selection List |url=https://cinemaking.org/?page_id=525 |access-date=2024-07-16 |language=en-US}}</ref> Japan world's tourism film festival in 2020,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-21 |title=Announcement of our festival official selection 2021 |url=https://jwtff.world/archives/2306 |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Japan World's Tourism Film Festival |language=ja}}</ref> Longless Film Festival 2020, [[:simple:Lift-Off Global Network|Lift Off global Network sessions film festival]], 2020 (UK), Muestra de Video Arte Faenza (Cuba)-2020,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Artistas seleccionados '20 — Video Arte Faenza |url=https://vafaenza.com/Artistas-seleccionados-20 |access-date=2024-07-28 |website=vafaenza.com |language=en}}</ref> and Miami 4 Social Change Youth Film Festival (USA), 2020 and Honorable Mention at Cinemaking International Film Festival (Dhaka), 2021.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt12504996}}
* [https://letterboxd.com/film/last-drop-1/ ''Last drop''] at [[Letterboxd]]

[[Category:2020 documentary films]]
[[Category:2020 films]]
[[Category:Indian documentary films]]
[[Category:English-language Indian films]]
[[Category:2020 English-language films]]
[[Category:2020 Indian films]]

Aagraham (1991 film)

2026-03-31T04:38:46Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: Added basic details w/ sources - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aagraham
| image =
| caption =
| director = [[K. S. Ravi]]
| producer = [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]]
| writer = [[Paruchuri Brothers]]
| starring = [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] [[Amala Akkineni]]
| music = [[Raj–Koti]]
| cinematography = [[Vijay C. Kumar]]
| editing = K. V. Krishna Reddy
| studio = M. S. Arts
| distributor = Mayuri Film Distributors
| released = {{Film date|1991}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}
'''''Aagraham''''' is a 1991 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by [[K. S. Ravi]], starring [[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]] and [[Amala Akkineni]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aagraham (1991) |url=https://indiancine.ma/AFMI/info |access-date=2024-09-01 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2007 |title=Happy birthday to Amala |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-to-amala-telugu-news-33554.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222220419/http://www.indiaglitz.com/happy-birthday-to-amala-telugu-news-33554.html |archive-date=22 December 2016 |access-date= |website=IndiaGlitz.com}}</ref> It was produced by Shyam Prasad Reddy on M. S. Arts banner. [[Prabhu Deva]] and [[Raju Sundaram]] were the choreographers.<ref>{{Citation|title=Aagraham|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0264331/|access-date=2019-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bharatmovies.com/telugu/info/aagraham.htm|title=Aagraham. Aagraham Movie Cast & Crew.|website=www.bharatmovies.com|access-date=2019-02-19|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130344/https://www.bharatmovies.com/telugu/info/aagraham.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="am2">{{Cite web |date=25 June 2014 |title=Ammoru (1995) |url=https://www.iqlikmovies.com/epic/movie/2013/04/11/Ammoru/95 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906111556/https://www.iqlikmovies.com/epic/movie/2013/04/11/Ammoru/95 |archive-date=6 September 2019 |website=iQlik Movies}}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Rajasekhar (actor)|Rajasekhar]]
*[[Amala Akkineni]]
*Padhire Krishna Reddy
*Ram Gopal
*Ramesh
*Veera Swamy
*Gadiraaju Subbarao
*Sundara Rama Krishna
*Sridhar Reddy
*Rajasekhar Reddy

==Awards==
*[[Sarojini Devi Award for a Film on National Integration|Nandi Award for Best National Integration Film]] - [[Shyam Prasad Reddy]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf|title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008)|trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008)|publisher=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]]|access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:1991 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Raj–Koti]]
[[Category:1991 action drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Ravi]]
[[Category:1991 drama films]]

{{1990s-Telugu-film-stub}}

Mamata Banerjee

2026-03-28T00:38:05Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: improve layout and corrected details for consistency

{{Short description|8th Chief Minister of West Bengal since 2011 (born 1955)}}
{{Redirect|Mamata}}
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mamata Banerjee
| honorific_suffix = 
| image = File:Official portrait of Mamata Banerjee.jpg
| caption = Official portrait, 2015
| alt = Official portrait, 2015
| signature = Mamata_Banerjee_Signature.png
| office = Chief Minister of West Bengal
| order = 8th
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[First Banerjee ministry|Mamata I]] [[Second Banerjee ministry|Mamata II]] [[Third Banerjee ministry|Mamata III]]
| term_start = {{start date|2011|05|20|df=yes}}
| governor = {{Unbulleted list|[[M. K. Narayanan]]|[[D. Y. Patil]] ''(additional charge)''|[[Keshari Nath Tripathi]]|[[Jagdeep Dhankhar]]|[[La. Ganesan]] ''(additional charge)''|[[C. V. Ananda Bose]]|[[R. N. Ravi]]}}
| predecessor = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]

{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Additional ministries}}
| 1blankname1 = [[Third Banerjee ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 1namedata1 = * [[Department of Home and Hill Affairs|Home & Hill Affairs]]
* [[Department of Personnel & Administrative Reforms (West Bengal)|Personnel & Administrative Reforms]]
* Finance & Excise
* Planning
* Statistics Program Implementation
* [[Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (West Bengal)|Health and Family Welfare]]
* [[Ministry of Land & Land Reforms (West Bengal)|Land and Land Reforms]]
* Refugee and Rehabilitation
* [[Ministry of Information & Cultural Affairs (West Bengal)|Information & Cultural Affairs]]
* [[Ministry of Minority Affairs & Madrassah Education (West Bengal)|Minority Affairs & Madrassah Education]]
* Sports & Youth Affairs
| term_start1 = {{start date|2011|05|20|df=yes}}
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency3 = [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| term_start3 = {{start date|2011|11|16|df=yes}}
| term_end3 = {{start date|2021|05|02|df=yes}}
| predecessor3 = [[Subrata Bakshi]]
| majority3 = 54,213 {{small|(2011)}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2021|title=Bhowanipore bypoll: Mamata Banerjee breaks her own record|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bhowanipore-bypoll-mamata-banerjee-breaks-her-own-record/cid/1833313|work=The Telegraph|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003232305/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/bhowanipore-bypoll-mamata-banerjee-breaks-her-own-record/cid/1833313|url-status=live}}</ref>
| successor3 = [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| ooffice3 =
| constituency2 = [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| term_start2 = {{start date|2021|10|03|df=yes}}
| predecessor2 = [[Sovandeb Chattopadhyay]]
| majority2 = 58,835<ref name=Constituencywise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003142939/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/ConstituencywiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Roundwise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174241/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/RoundwiseS25159.htm?ac=159|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=partywise>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|access-date=3 October 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211003174612/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultByeOct2021/partywiseresult-S25.htm?st=S25|url-status=live}}</ref>
| office4 = [[All India Trinamool Congress|President of the All India Trinamool Congress]]
| term_start4 = {{Start date|2001|df=yes}}
| term_end4 =
| predecessor4 = [[Ajit Kumar Panja]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|Union Cabinet offices
|titlestyle = border:1px dashed purple;}}{{Infobox officeholder |embed = yes
| office5 = [[Minister of Railways (India)|Union Minister of Railways]]
| predecessor5 = [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
| primeminister5 = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| term_start5 = {{Start date|2009|05|22|df=yes}}
| term_end5 = {{End date|2011|05|19|df=yes}}
| successor5 = [[Dinesh Trivedi]]
| office6 =
| primeminister6 = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
| predecessor6 = [[Ram Naik]]
| successor6 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| term_start6 = {{start date|1999|10|13|df=yes}}
| term_end6 = {{end date|2001|03|15|df=yes}}
| office7 = [[Ministry of Coal|Union Minister of Coal]]
| primeminister7 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| term_start7 = 9 January 2004
| term_end7 = 22 May 2004
| predecessor7 = [[Karia Munda]]
| successor7 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| office9 = [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Union Minister of Mines]]
| term_start9 = 9 January 2004
| term_end9 = 22 May 2004
| primeminister9 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| predecessor9 = [[Ramesh Bais]] ([[:Category:Union ministers of state of India with independent charge|''MOS (I/C)'']])
| successor9 = Shibu Soren
| office10 = [[Union Council of Ministers#Ranking|Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Education (India)|Human Resource Development]]
| term10 = 21 June 1991 — 17 January 1993<ref name="wbcmo">{{cite web|title=Chief Minister's Office – Government of West Bengal|url=http://wbcmo.gov.in/profile.aspx|website=wbcmo.gov.in|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055638/http://wbcmo.gov.in/profile.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
| primeminister10 = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]
| minister10 = [[Arjun Singh (politician, born 1930)|Arjun Singh]]
| subterm10 = 1991—1993
| suboffice10 = Departments in-charge for:{{Bulleted list
|{{small|[[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports#History|Youth Affairs and Sports]]}}
|{{small|[[Ministry of Women and Child Development#History|Woman and Child Development]]}}}}
| predecessor10 = [[Bhagey Gobardhan]]<ref>{{cite web|title=tcpd/cabinet_data|url=https://github.com/tcpd/cabinet_data/blob/master/TCPD_Indian_Cabinet_1990_2019.csv|work=GitHub|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925191212/https://github.com/tcpd/cabinet_data/blob/master/TCPD_Indian_Cabinet_1990_2019.csv|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sote103-('C) – Cabinet Secretariat|url=https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=4 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104102945/https://cabsec.nic.in/writereaddata/changeinportfolio/english/1_Upload_1574.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| successor10 ={{Unbulleted list| [[Mukul Wasnik]] {{small|(Youth Affairs and Sports)}}|[[Basavarajeshwari]] {{small|(Women and Child Development)}}}}
| office11 = [[Minister without portfolio#India|Union Cabinet Minister (without portfolio)]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Vajpayee reinducts Mamata Banerjee as cabinet minister without portfolio|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|date=22 September 2003|work=India Today|access-date=4 January 2021|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201194502/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref>
| term_start11 = 8 September 2003
| term_end11 = 8 January 2004<ref name="wbcmo" />
| primeminister11 = Atal Bihari Vajpayee
| predecessor11 = [[N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar]]
| successor11 = [[Natwar Singh]]
}}
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office12 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency12 = [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin, West Bengal]]
| term_start12 = {{start date|1991||}}
| term_end12 = {{end date|2011||}}
| predecessor12 = [[Biplab Dasgupta]]
| successor12 = [[Subrata Bakshi]]
| constituency13 = [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur, West Bengal]]
| term_start13 = {{start date|1984||}}
| term_end13 = {{end date|1989||}}
| predecessor13 = [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
| successor13 = [[Malini Bhattacharya]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (since 1998)
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress (R)]] (1975–1978) [[Indian National Congress (I)]] (1978–1998)
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1955|01|5|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/Members/bioprofilediedresigned.aspx?mpsno=39|title=Mamata Banerjee's Biodata in Lok Sabha's Document|website=loksabha.nic.in|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525094119/http://164.100.47.132/Lssnew/Members/bioprofilediedresigned.aspx?mpsno=39|archive-date=25 May 2012}}</ref>{{efn|name=birth|Original date: 5 October 1959<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata five years younger than official records |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-five-years-younger-than-official-records-571219 |work=NDTV |date=25 January 2012 |access-date=6 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=26 January 2012 |title=Mamata Banerjee five years younger than official records |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-banerjee-five-years-younger-than-official-records/articleshow/11641228.cms |access-date=17 September 2021 |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916221632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-banerjee-five-years-younger-than-official-records/articleshow/11641228.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 November 2017|title=Mamata is 5 years younger than official age|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/Mamata-is-5-years-younger-than-official-age/article20388885.ece|website=Business Line|access-date=17 September 2021|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055636/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/Mamata-is-5-years-younger-than-official-age/article20388885.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| birth_place = [[Calcutta, West Bengal]], India
| nationality = Indian
| spouse =
| parents =
| relations = [[Abhishek Banerjee (politician)|Abhishek Banerjee]] (nephew)
| residence = {{ubl|30-B, Harish Chatterjee Street, [[Kolkata]]}}
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| website =
| image_size =
| signature_size =
| width =
| footnotes = {{Collapsible list
|titlestyle = background-color:#56FF;text-align:center;
|title = Position Held
|bullets = on
| 1970–80: General-Secretary, Mahila Congress (I), West Bengal
| 1978–81: Secretary, District Congress Committee (Indira) [D.C.C. (I)], Calcutta South
| 1984: General-Secretary, All India Youth Congress (I)
| 1985–87: Member, Committee on the Welfare of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
| 1987–88: Member, National Council, All India Youth Congress (I) Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Human Resource Development Member, Executive Committee, Congress Parliamentary Party [C.P.P. (I)]
| 1989: Member, Executive Committee, Pradesh Congress Committee [P.C.C. (I)], West Bengal
| 1990: President, Youth Congress, West Bengal
| 1993–96: Member, Committee on Home Affairs
| 1995–96: Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs Member, Committee on Public Accounts
| 1996–97: Member, Committee on Home Affairs Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs
| 1998–99: Chairman, Committee on Railways, Member of General Purposes Committee Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Home Affairs
| 1999: Leader, All India Trinamool Congress Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha Member, General Purposes Committee
| 2001–2003: Member, Consultative Committee, Ministry of Industries
| 8 September 2003 – 8 January 2004: Union Cabinet Minister (without any portfolio)
| 2004: Member, Committee on Personnel, Public Grievances, Law & Justice
| 5 August 2006: Member, Committee on Home Affairs
| 5 August 2007: Member, Committee on Home Affairs
| 31 May 2009 – 19 July 2011: Leader, All India Trinamool Congress Parliamentary Party, Lok Sabha
}}
| nickname = {{ubl|''Didi'' ({{translation|elder sister}})}}
| source = http://wbcmo.gov.in/profile.aspx
| date = 9 October 2011
}}
{{Mamata Banerjee sidebar}}

'''Mamata Banerjee''' ({{IPA|bn|ˈmɔmot̪aˑ ˈbɔnd̪ːoˌpad̪ːʱae̯|audio=BN-Pronunciation-Mamata Banerjee.oga}}; born 5 January 1955){{efn|name=birth}} is an Indian politician and lawyer who is currently serving as the [[List of chief ministers of West Bengal|chief minister]] of [[West Bengal]] since 20 May 2011; she is the first woman to hold the office. The founder and president of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC or TMC), she previously served as a [[Cabinet Minister (India)|Union Cabinet Minister]] and is also the current leader of the house in West Bengal's Legislative Assembly.

She founded the AITC in 1998 after separating from the [[Indian National Congress (I)]], and became its second president later in 2001. She often refers to herself as ''Didi'' (meaning, ''elder sister'' in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]). She made history as the first sitting Chief Minister of India to argue as a lawyer in the Supreme Court.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/mamata-banerjee-poem-narendra-modi-demonetisation-decision-abolision-of-500-and-1000-notes-4372074/ |title=Mamata Banerjee's hard-hitting poem targets PM Modi's demonetisation decision, but fails to woo Netizens |date=12 November 2016 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=7 October 2017 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007121246/http://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-in-india/mamata-banerjee-poem-narendra-modi-demonetisation-decision-abolision-of-500-and-1000-notes-4372074/ |archive-date=7 October 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Roy|first=Sandip|date=17 October 2014|title=The 1.8 crore question: Is Mamata Banerjee India's most underrated artist?|language=en-US|work=Firstpost|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html|url-status=dead|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007124128/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html|archive-date=7 October 2017}}</ref> Banerjee previously served twice as [[Minister of Railways (India)|Minister of Railways]], becoming the first woman to do so.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 March 2020|title=Did You Know? Mamata Banerjee was India's first-ever Sports Minister|url=https://thebridge.in/featured/mamata-banerjee-sports-football/|access-date=9 December 2021|website=The Bridge|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081300/https://thebridge.in/featured/mamata-banerjee-sports-football/|url-status=live}}</ref> She is also the second female [[Ministry of Coal|Minister of Coal]], and [[Ministry of Education|Minister of Human Resource Development]], [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]], [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]] in the [[Union Council of Ministers of India|cabinet]] of the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 |title=Detailed Profile=Km. Mamata Banerjee |publisher=[[Government of India]] |access-date=11 August 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826092154/http://india.gov.in/govt/loksabhampbiodata.php?mpcode=39 |archive-date=26 August 2010 }}</ref> She rose to prominence after opposing the erstwhile land acquisition policies for [[industrialisation]] of the [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]]-led government in West Bengal for [[Special Economic Zones]] at the cost of agriculturalists and farmers at [[Singur]].<ref name="nyt">{{cite news|last=Yardley|first=Jim|date=14 January 2011|title=The Eye of an Indian Hurricane, Eager to Topple a Political Establishment|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/world/asia/15india.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=14 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113230008/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/15/world/asia/15india.html|archive-date=13 January 2012}}</ref> In [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]], Banerjee pulled off a landslide victory for the AITC alliance in West Bengal, defeating the 34-year-old [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]-led [[Left Front (West Bengal)|Left Front]] government.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13374646 |title=India: Mamata Banerjee routs communists in West Bengal |work=BBC News |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=14 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110513200342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13374646 |archive-date=13 May 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Achin|first=Kurt|date=11 May 2011|title=India's West Bengal Set to End 34 Years of Communist Rule|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/indias-west-bengal-set-to-end-34-years-of-communist-rule-121723199/167457.html|access-date=9 December 2021|website=VOA|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081256/https://www.voanews.com/a/indias-west-bengal-set-to-end-34-years-of-communist-rule-121723199/167457.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news|last=Biswas|first=Soutik|date=15 April 2011|title=The woman taking on India's communists|work=[[BBC World News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13077902|url-status=live|access-date=15 April 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415062931/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13077902|archive-date=15 April 2011}}</ref>

She served as a member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]] from 2011 to 2021. She contested the [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]] assembly seat and lost to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s [[Suvendu Adhikari]] in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 state election]],<ref>{{cite news|date=2 May 2021|title=Nandigram election result 2021: Suvendu Adhikari beats Mamata by 1736 votes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-vs-suvendu-all-eyes-on-nandigram-as-counting-underway-in-west-bengal/articleshow/82350838.cms|access-date=7 May 2021|website=The Times of India|archive-date=4 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504030010/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mamata-vs-suvendu-all-eyes-on-nandigram-as-counting-underway-in-west-bengal/articleshow/82350838.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>{{efn|name=details|For more details see [[2021 Nandigram Legislative Assembly election result controversy|Nandigram Controversy]]}} though her party won a large majority of seats.<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=Trinamool Congress wins big in Bengal and BJP scores less than half of what it aimed for |work=Business Insider India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/elections/news/mamata-banerjees-fate-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-as-tmc-and-bjp-final-tally/articleshow/82347504.cms |access-date=2 August 2021 |archive-date=2 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802144750/https://www.businessinsider.in/politics/elections/news/mamata-banerjees-fate-in-west-bengal-assembly-election-results-2021-as-tmc-and-bjp-final-tally/articleshow/82347504.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> She is the third West Bengal Chief Minister to lose an election from her own constituency, after [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]] in 1967 and [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] in 2011. Mamata challenged the result of the Nandigram Constituency in [[Calcutta High Court]] and the matter is sub judice.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Rajaram|first=Prema|date=12 August 2021|title=Calcutta HC adjourns Mamata Banerjee's petition against Nandigram election result till November 15|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/calcutta-hc-adjourns-mamata-banerjee-petition-nandigram-election-result-november-15-1840126-2021-08-12|access-date=9 December 2021|website=India Today|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925211012/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/calcutta-hc-adjourns-mamata-banerjee-petition-nandigram-election-result-november-15-1840126-2021-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref> She led her party to a landslide victory in the 2021 West Bengal assembly polls.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/mamata-wins-west-bengal-but-loses-in-nandigram/article34466346.ece |title=Mamata wins West Bengal but loses in Nandigram |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=2 May 2021 |website=The Hindu |access-date=11 July 2021 |archive-date=12 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081257/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/mamata-wins-west-bengal-but-loses-in-nandigram/article34466346.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="pratidin">{{Cite web|last=Paul|first=Paramita|date=3 May 2021|title=মমতা একা নন, বিধায়ক না হয়ে মুখ্যমন্ত্রী হওয়ার নজির অতীতেও রয়েছে এ দেশে|trans-title=Mamata is not alone, there is a precedent in this country to be the Chief Minister without being a MLA|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/wb-assembly-polls-2021-tmc-leader-mamata-banerjee-is-not-the-first-cm-to-lose/|access-date=22 October 2021|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112082803/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/wb-assembly-polls-2021-tmc-leader-mamata-banerjee-is-not-the-first-cm-to-lose/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="2024.">{{Cite web|last=Choudhury|first=Monishankar|date=12 May 2021|title=২০২৪ সালে বিজেপি বিরোধী শিবিরের মুখ কি মমতাই?|trans-title=Is Mamata the face of the anti-BJP camp in 2024?|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/editorial/will-mamata-banerjee-be-the-face-against-bjp-in-2024/|access-date=22 October 2021|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112081258/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/editorial/will-mamata-banerjee-be-the-face-against-bjp-in-2024/|url-status=live}}</ref> She got elected as member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] again from [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur constituency]] in the bypoll.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sahay |date=3 October 2021 |title=Mamata Banerjee back in Bengal Assembly with Bhabanipur win |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-banerjee-wins-bhabanipur-bypoll-with-record-margin/article36802508.ece |access-date=11 January 2023 |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=11 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111070352/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-banerjee-wins-bhabanipur-bypoll-with-record-margin/article36802508.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> Banerjee is one of the two [[List of female chief ministers in India|female]] [[List of current Indian chief ministers|incumbent]] Indian chief ministers.

== Early life and education ==
Banerjee was born in [[Calcutta]] (now Kolkata), [[West Bengal]], to a [[Bengali Brahmins|Bengali Hindu Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bag|first=Kheya|date=2011|title=Red Bengal's Rise and Fall|url=http://newleftreview.org/II/70/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130330190401/http://newleftreview.org/II/70/kheya-bag-red-bengal-s-rise-and-fall|archive-date=30 March 2013|access-date=16 October 2012|journal=New Left Review|issue=70 |pages=69–98 |article-number=2909 |doi=10.64590/rqo |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jha|first=Ajit Kumar|date=11 May 2014|title=Political Eclipse of Once Formidable Brahmins|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Political-Eclipse-of-Once-Formidable-Brahmins/2014/05/11/article2217601.ece|url-status=dead|access-date=7 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507060512/http://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/Political-Eclipse-of-Once-Formidable-Brahmins/2014/05/11/article2217601.ece|archive-date=7 May 2016}}</ref> Her parents were Promileswar Banerjee and Gayetri Devi.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|date=25 January 2021|title=Mamata's 5 years younger|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-whod-have-known-mamatas-5-years-younger/20120125.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307151929/http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-whod-have-known-mamatas-5-years-younger/20120125.htm|archive-date=7 March 2012|access-date=29 February 2012|website=Rediff}}</ref> Banerjee's father, Promileswar, died due to lack of medical treatment, when she was 17.<ref name="fire">{{cite news|last=Abdi|first=S.N.M.|date=5 November 2012|title=A Fire-Dweller At The Kiln|newspaper=Outlook India|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-fire-dweller-at-the-kiln/282724|url-status=live|access-date=5 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116202427/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/a-fire-dweller-at-the-kiln/282724|archive-date=16 November 2018}}</ref>

In 1970, Banerjee completed the higher secondary board examination from Deshbandhu Sishu Sikshalay.<ref name="fire" /> She received a bachelor's degree in history from [[Jogamaya Devi College]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jogamayadevicollege.org/history.htm |title=History of the College |publisher=Jogamayadevicollege.org |access-date=13 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726210012/http://www.jogamayadevicollege.org/history.htm |archive-date=26 July 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Mitra|first=Arnab|date=23 April 2011|title='My focus is always to be with the people'|website=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/archive-news/|url-status=dead|access-date=22 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425225124/http://www.hindustantimes.com/My-focus-is-always-to-be-with-the-people/Article1-688732.aspx|archive-date=25 April 2011}}</ref> Later, she earned her master's degree in [[Islamic history]]<ref>{{cite news|date=27 May 2016|title=15 facts about Mamata Banerjee that you probably don't know|website=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/15-facts-about-mamata-banerjee-that-you-probably-dont-know/education/slideshow/52465489.cms|url-status=live|access-date=19 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170626174501/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/15-facts-about-mamata-banerjee-that-you-probably-dont-know/education/slideshow/52465489.cms|archive-date=26 June 2017}}</ref> from the [[University of Calcutta]]. This was followed by a degree in education from [[Shri Shikshayatan College]] and a law degree from [[Jogesh Chandra Chaudhuri Law College]], [[Kolkata]].<ref name="biodata">{{cite web|title=Biographical Sketch, Member of Parliament, X Lok Sabha. BANERJEE, KUMARI MAMATA|url=http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok10/mp52.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726145746/http://parliamentofindia.nic.in/ls/lok10/mp52.htm|archive-date=26 July 2010|website=parliamentofindia.nic.in}}</ref>

In 1984, Mamata Banerjee prefixed her name with ‘Dr’, claiming that she had completed her doctorate. After it came to light that the University (University of East Georgia) from which Banerjee had putatively completed her PhD did not exist, she stopped prefixing her name with the ‘Dr’ title.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2016 |title=Degree row: After Mamata Banerjee, Jitendra Tomar, it's WB education minister Partha Chatterjee's thesis raises eyebrows |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/degree-row-after-mamata-banerjee-jitendra-tomar-its-wb-education-minister-partha-chatterjees-thesis-raises-eyebrows-1104727/ |website=India.com}}</ref>

Banerjee became involved with politics when she was only 15. While studying at the Jogamaya Devi College, she established Chhatra Parishad Unions, the student wing of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress (I) Party]], defeating the [[All India Democratic Students Organisation]] affiliated with the [[Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)]].<ref name="fire" /> She continued in the Congress (I) Party in West Bengal, serving in a variety of positions within the party and in other local political organisations.<ref>{{Cite news|date=12 May 2011|title=Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee biography|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-12|access-date=15 May 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515051657/https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-12|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Early political career (1984–2011) ==

=== Political career with Congress (I) ===

[[File:Mamata Banerjee photographed by Viveka Tirtha (15772151282).jpg|thumb|right|Mamata Banerjee at Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda Centre for Human Excellence and Social Sciences, Rajarhat, New Town, Kolkata]]

Banerjee began her political career in the [[Indian National Congress (Requisitionists)|Congress (I)]] party as a young woman in the 1970s. In 1975 she gained attention in the [[News media|press media]] when she danced on the car of socialist activist and politician [[Jayaprakash Narayan]] as a protest against him, during the Emergency.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dhar|first=Sujoy|date=13 May 2011|title=Mamata's political journey: From a car dance to Chief Ministership|url=https://www.sify.com/news/mamatas-political-journey-from-a-car-dance-to-chief-ministership--news-national-lfnnQ3hibhhsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527090140/http://www.sify.com/news/mamatas-political-journey-from-a-car-dance-to-chief-ministership--news-national-lfnnQ3hibhhsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 May 2015|access-date=25 December 2020|website=[[Sify]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=1 June 2019|title=First, show us some 'Mamata'|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/first-show-us-some-mamata|access-date=25 December 2020|website=Free Press Journal|language=en|archive-date=8 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220608013925/https://www.freepressjournal.in/analysis/first-show-us-some-mamata|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first1=Pradipta|last1=Mukherjee|first2=Jeanette|last2=Rodrigues|date=17 May 2016|title=From jumping on cars to hunger strikes, Mamata shakes up India's status quo|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jvRw4QrDrA8yJ5V84gY3OK/From-jumping-on-cars-to-hunger-strikes-Mamata-Banerjee-shak.html|access-date=26 December 2020|website=mint|language=en|archive-date=26 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626192221/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/jvRw4QrDrA8yJ5V84gY3OK/From-jumping-on-cars-to-hunger-strikes-Mamata-Banerjee-shak.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She quickly rose in the ranks of the local Congress group and remained the general secretary of [[Mahila Congress]] (Indira), West Bengal, from 1976 to 1980.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://profiles.incredible-people.com/mamta-banerjee/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220084704/http://profiles.incredible-people.com/mamta-banerjee/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 February 2006 |title=Mamta Banerjee Profile |work=incredible-people.com }}</ref> In the [[1984 Indian general election|1984 general election]], Banerjee became one of India's youngest parliamentarians ever,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/only-mamata-banerjee-could-defeat-somnath-chatterjee-1312879-2018-08-13 |title=Only Mamata Banerjee could defeat Somnath Chatterjee |website=India Today |author=Prabhash K Dutta |date=13 August 2018 |access-date=24 March 2020 |archive-date=24 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224160318/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/only-mamata-banerjee-could-defeat-somnath-chatterjee-1312879-2018-08-13 |url-status=live }}</ref> defeating veteran Communist politician [[Somnath Chatterjee]], to win the [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur parliamentary Constituency]] in West Bengal. She also became the general secretary of the [[Indian Youth Congress]] in 1984. She lost her seat to [[Malini Bhattacharya]] of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] in the [[1989 Indian general election|1989 general elections]] in an anti-Congress wave.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shubham|date=27 April 2016|title=Bengal polls: Mamata Banerjee has lost only 1 election till date|url=https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bengal-polls-2016-mamata-banerjee-election-performance-since-1984-2082091.html|access-date=25 December 2020|website=Oneindia|language=en|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055641/https://www.oneindia.com/feature/bengal-polls-2016-mamata-banerjee-election-performance-since-1984-2082091.html|url-status=live}}</ref> She was re-elected in the [[1991 Indian general election|1991 general elections]], having settled into the [[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South constituency]]. She retained the Kolkata South seat in the [[1996 Indian general election|1996]], [[1998 Indian general election|1998]], [[1999 Indian general election|1999]], [[2004 Indian general election|2004]] and [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general elections]].<ref name="IndiaToday">{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/trinamool-congress-chief-mamata-banerjee-a-profile-133684-2011-05-12 |title=Mamata, the street-fighting politician and Left nemesis |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518043559/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/story/trinamool-congress-chief-mamata-banerjee-a-profile/1/138015.html |archive-date=18 May 2011 }}</ref>

Banerjee was appointed the [[Council of Ministers of the Republic of India#Ministers of State|Union Minister of State]] for [[Ministry of Human Resource Development (India)|Human Resources Development]], [[Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports|Youth Affairs and Sports]], and [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]] in 1991 by [[Prime Minister of India|prime minister]], [[P. V. Narasimha Rao]]. As the sports minister, she announced that she would resign and protested in a rally at the [[Brigade Parade Ground]] in Kolkata, against the Government's indifference towards her proposal to improve sports in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata mum on relations with BJP |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030107/nation.htm#1 |date=6 January 2003 |access-date=2 December 2006 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070110111304/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030107/nation.htm#1 |archive-date=10 January 2007 }}</ref> She was discharged of her portfolios in 1993. In April 1996, she alleged that Congress (I) was behaving as a stooge of the CPI-M in West Bengal. She said that she was the lone voice of reason and wanted a "clean Congress".<ref>{{cite news |title=Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee biography |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-11 |website=[[India Today]] |date=12 May 2011 |access-date=26 December 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141226192616/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mamata-banerjee-biography/1/137953.html |archive-date=26 December 2014 }}</ref>

In December 1992, Banerjee took a physically challenged girl Dipali Basak, who was allegedly raped by CPI(M) cadre Souvagya Basak, to [[Writers' Building]] to the then Chief Minister [[Jyoti Basu]] but was harassed by the police before being arrested and put on detention.<ref name="millenniumpost 2012-07-21">{{cite news |date=21 July 2012 |title=Why Bengal can never forget 21 July |website=millenniumpost.in |url=http://www.millenniumpost.in/why-bengal-can-never-forget-21-july-5597 |access-date=13 June 2021 |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601103647/http://www.millenniumpost.in/why-bengal-can-never-forget-21-july-5597 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chaudhuri |first=Subhasish |date=23 March 2016 |title='Political pawns' Didi forgot |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/39-political-pawns-39-didi-forgot/cid/1321396 |work=[[The Telegraph (India)|The Telegraph)]] |access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref> She had sworn she would enter the building again only as chief minister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/05/03/bengals-election-result-is-narendra-modis-personal-failure|title=Bengal's election result is Narendra Modi's personal failure|website=Newslaundry.com|date=3 May 2021|access-date=12 July 2021|archive-date=5 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705224957/https://www.newslaundry.com/2021/05/03/bengals-election-result-is-narendra-modis-personal-failure|url-status=live}}</ref>

The State Youth Congress led by Mamata Banerjee organised a protest march to Writers' Building in Kolkata on 21 July 1993 against the Left Front government. They demanded that voters' ID cards be made the only required document for voting, to put a stop to CPM's "scientific rigging". [[1993 Kolkata firing|Thirteen people were shot and killed by police]] during the protest and many others were injured. Reacting to this incident the then-Chief Minister of West Bengal, Jyoti Basu, said that the "police had done a good job." During the 2014 inquiry, Justice (retired) Sushanta Chatterjee, former Chief Justice of the Orissa High Court, described the police response as "unprovoked and unconstitutional". "The commission has come to the conclusion that the case is even worse than [[Jallianwala Bagh massacre]]," said Justice Chatterjee.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/1993-kolkata-police-firing-worse-than-jalianwallah-bagh/article10963265.ece |title=Report on Kolkata firing may spark a fresh row |first=Suvojit |last=Bagchi |date=29 December 2014 |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=14 June 2021 |archive-date=27 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220727081954/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/1993-kolkata-police-firing-worse-than-jalianwallah-bagh/article10963265.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/looking-back-at-july-21-1993/articleshow/8310909.cms|title=Looking back at July 21, 1993|website=The Times of India|date=14 May 2011|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=6 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706003735/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/looking-back-at-july-21-1993/articleshow/8310909.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/|title=What had happened on July 21 1993 at Writers' building in West Bengal?|date=29 December 2014|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=1 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601142811/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/politics/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/cid/1266400|title=What happened on July 21, 1993|website=Telegraph India|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613192223/https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/what-happened-on-july-21-1993/cid/1266400|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="millenniumpost 2012-07-21" />

=== Founding Trinamool Congress ===
[[File:Mamata Banerjee at Bongaon Stadium in 2008 IMG 0276.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Mamata Banerjee speaking to the elected members and party workers at Bongaon stadium after the West Bengal panchayat elections.]]
In 1997, due to difference in political views with the then [[West Bengal Pradesh Congress Committee]] president [[Somen Mitra|Somendra Nath Mitra]], Banerjee left the Congress (I) Party in West Bengal and became one of the founding members of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], along with [[Mukul Roy]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Chaudhuri|first=Kalyan|date=4 July 2003|title=On the decline|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30217647.ece|access-date=2 January 2021|website=Frontline|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201085145/https://frontline.thehindu.com/other/article30217647.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> It quickly became the primary opposition party to the long-standing Left Front government in the state. On 11 December 1998, she controversially held a [[Samajwadi Party]] MP, [[Daroga Prasad Saroj]], by the collar and dragged him out of the well of the Lok Sabha to prevent him from protesting against the [[Women's Reservation Bill]].<ref>{{cite news |title=National Events in December 1998 |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/revents/01/19980112.htm |work=The Hindu |location=India |access-date=12 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424085700/http://www.hinduonnet.com/revents/01/19980112.htm |archive-date=24 April 2011
}}</ref>

==== Railway Minister (first tenure), 1999–2000 ====
In 1999, she joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-led [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) government and became Railways Minister.<ref name="IndiaToday" /> In 2000, Banerjee presented her first [[Railway Budget of India|Railway Budget]]. In it, she fulfilled many of her promises to her home state West Bengal.<ref name="Tribune_new_2005">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000226/main2.htm#4 |title=New trains for West Bengal |work=The Tribune |location=India |date=26 February 2000 |access-date=12 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930043335/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000226/main2.htm#4 |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> She introduced a new biweekly New Delhi-[[Sealdah]] [[Rajdhani Express]] train and four express trains connecting various parts of West Bengal, namely the [[Howrah]]-[[Purulia]] Rupasi Bangla Express, the Sealdah-[[New Jalpaiguri]] [[Padatik Express]], the [[Shalimar, Pakistan|Shalimar]]-[[Adra, Purulia|Adra]] Aranyak Express, the Sealdah-Ajmer Ananya Superfast Express, and Sealdah-Amritsar Akal Takht Superfast Express.<ref name="Tribune_new_2005" /> She also increased the frequency of the [[Pune]]-Howrah [[Azad Hind Express]] and extended at least three express train services. Work on the Digha-Howrah Express service was also hastened during her brief tenure.<ref name="rediff_railways_2005">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/business/2000/feb/25rail2.htm |title=Railways to focus on tourism, trans-Asian role, hardselling freight services |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=25 February 2000 |access-date=12 November 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050128115957/http://www.rediff.com/business/2000/feb/25rail2.htm |archive-date=28 January 2005 }}</ref>

She also focused on developing tourism, enabling the [[Darjeeling Himalayan Railway]] section to obtain two additional locomotives and proposing the [[IRCTC|Indian Railway Catering and Tourism Corporation Limited]]. She also commented that India should play a pivotal role in the [[Trans-Asian Railway]] and that rail links between [[Bangladesh]] and [[Nepal]] would be reintroduced. In all, she introduced 19 new trains for the 2000–2001 fiscal year.<ref name="rediff_railways_2005" />

In 2000, she and [[Ajit Kumar Panja]] resigned to protest the hike in petroleum prices,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1001001/index.htm |title=Petrol Ignites Mamata Resignation |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)]] |date=1 October 2000 |access-date=24 February 2012 |location=Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127170851/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1001001/index.htm |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}</ref> and then withdrew their resignations without providing any reasons.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001009/nation.htm#1 |title=Mamata's antics invite criticism |work=[[Tribune India]] |date=9 October 2000 |access-date=24 February 2012 |author=Gupta, Subhrangshu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319001624/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20001009/nation.htm#1 |archive-date=19 March 2012 }}</ref>

==== 2001 West Bengal election ====
In early 2001, after ''[[Tehelka]]''{{'s}} exposure of [[Operation West End]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Harding|first=Luke|date=21 March 2001|title=Sting on a shoestring|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0,3604,460371,00.html|url-status=live|access-date=23 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112063745/http://www.theguardian.com/g2/story/0%2C3604%2C460371%2C00.html|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> Banerjee walked out of the NDA cabinet and allied with the Congress Party for West Bengal's 2001 elections, to protest the corruption charges levelled by the website against senior ministers of the government.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211498 |title=West Bengal: Elections 2001 Countdown |work=Outlook India |date=3 May 2001 |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207055623/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?211498 |archive-date=7 December 2013 }}</ref>

==== Minister of Coal and Mines, January 2004 – May 2004 ====
[[File:Sushree Mamata Banerjee assumes the charge of the Minister for Coal and Mines in New Delhi on January 9, 2004.jpg|thumb|Banerjee assumes the charge of the Minister for Coal and Mines in New Delhi on 9 January 2004|left]]
She returned to the [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]] government in September 2003 as a cabinet minister without any portfolio.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 September 2003|title=Vajpayee reinducts Mamata Banerjee as cabinet minister without portfolio|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|access-date=4 January 2021|work=India Today|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201194502/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/glass-house/story/20030922-vajpayee-reinducts-mamata-banerjee-as-cabinet-minister-792033-2003-09-22|url-status=live}}</ref> Along with Mamata, her party colleague Sudip Banerjee was also inducted in the Vajpayee ministry.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sahay|first=Tara Shankar|title=Mamata back in Cabinet, cut to size|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab2.htm|access-date=4 January 2021|work=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=14 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514110949/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab2.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> On 9 January 2004 she took charge as Ministry of Coal and Mines.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coal portfolio is good enough: Mamata|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab1.htm|access-date=4 January 2021|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=1 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201134835/https://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08cab1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> During her short term as the minister of coal and mines, the government disallowed the sale of the [[National Aluminium Company]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=20 January 2004|title=Mamata Tantrums Now Against Nalco Sale|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mamata-tantrums-now-against-nalco-sale/97712/|access-date=31 January 2021|work=The Financial Express|language=en-US|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205011114/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/mamata-tantrums-now-against-nalco-sale/97712/|url-status=live}}</ref> She held the [[Ministry of Coal|Coal]] and [[Ministry of Mines (India)|Mines]] portfolios till 22 May 2004.

==== 2004–2006 election setbacks ====
In Indian general election of 2004 her party aligned with the Bharatiya Janata Party. However, the alliance lost the election and she was the only Trinamool Congress member to be elected from a parliamentary seat from West Bengal.<ref name="IndiaToday" /><ref>{{Cite news|date=14 May 2004|title=Why did the NDA lose West Bengal?|url=https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14mamata.htm|access-date=28 December 2020|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=2 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902205412/https://www.rediff.com/election/2004/may/14mamata.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Banerjee suffered further setbacks in 2005 when her party lost control of the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] and the sitting mayor [[Subrata Mukherjee]] defected from her party.<ref>{{Cite news|date=5 May 2010|title=Subrata Mukherjee joins Trinamool|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/subrata-mukherjee-joins-trinamool/story-WKZAc5mqYelTwHS9AjowiM.html|access-date=5 February 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|archive-date=13 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220513054937/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/subrata-mukherjee-joins-trinamool/story-WKZAc5mqYelTwHS9AjowiM.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2006, the Trinamool Congress was defeated in West Bengal's Assembly Elections, losing more than half of its sitting members.
On 4 August 2006, Banerjee hurled her resignation papers at the [[Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha|deputy speaker]] [[Charanjit Singh Atwal]] in [[Lok Sabha]]. She was provoked by [[Speaker of Lok Sabha|Speaker]] Somnath Chatterjee's rejection of her adjournment motion on illegal infiltration by [[Bangladeshis]] in West Bengal<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ww.itimes.com/photo/mamata-banerjee-cartoons-512c4fa31fae4|title=Mamata Banerjee cartoons |work=itimes|access-date=7 July 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807200203/http://ww.itimes.com/photo/mamata-banerjee-cartoons-512c4fa31fae4|archive-date=7 August 2016|date=26 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Trinamool Congress chief Mamata Banerjee biography |date=12 May 2011 |work=India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/assembly-elections-2011/west-bengal/story/mamata-banerjee-biography-133631-2011-05-11 |access-date=7 July 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806091810/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/mamata-banerjee-biography/1/137953.html |archive-date=6 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Harihar |last=Swarup |title=Profile: The incorrigible Mamata |work=Tribune India |location=Chandigarh |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061224/edit.htm#2 |access-date=7 July 2016|url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307090736/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061224/edit.htm#2 |archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref> on the grounds that it was not in the proper format.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata Banerjee's unending tantrums|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/08/stories/2005080804081000.htm|date=8 August 2005|access-date=2 December 2006 |location=Chennai |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320192445/http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/08/stories/2005080804081000.htm|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-date=20 March 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mamata casts shame at House Paper throw at Speaker|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050805/asp/frontpage/story_5077148.asp|date=4 August 2005|access-date=2 December 2006|location=Calcutta |work=The Telegraph|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070822234553/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050805/asp/frontpage/story_5077148.asp|archive-date=22 August 2007}}</ref>

=== Singur, Nandigram and other movements ===
On 20 October 2005, she protested against the forceful land acquisition and the atrocities perpetrated against local farmers in the name of the [[industrial development]] policy of the [[Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee]] government in West Bengal. Benny Santoso, [[CEO]] of the [[Indonesia]]-based Salim Group, had pledged a large investment in West Bengal, and the [[West Bengal government]] had given him farmland in Howrah, sparking protests. In soaking rain, Banerjee and other Trinamool Congress members stood in front of the Taj Hotel where Santoso had arrived, shut out by the police. Later, she and her supporters followed Santoso's convoy. A planned "black flag" protest was avoided when the government had Santoso arrive three hours ahead of schedule.<ref>{{cite news
|title=Weather plays spoilsport for TMC|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct212005/national18114720051020.asp|date=21 October 2005|access-date=2 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218074247/http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/oct212005/national18114720051020.asp |archive-date=18 February 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Missing on bandh day: its champions – Mamata stays indoors, Cong scarce|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061010/asp/bengal/story_6851157.asp|date=10 October 2006|access-date=2 December 2006|location=Calcutta|work=The Telegraph|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930041000/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1061010/asp/bengal/story_6851157.asp|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref>

==== Singur protest ====
{{Main|Tata Nano Singur controversy}}

In November 2006, Banerjee was forcibly stopped on her way to [[Singur]] for a rally against a proposed [[Tata Motors]] car project. Banerjee reached the West Bengal assembly and protested at the venue. She addressed a press conference at the assembly and announced a 12-hour shutdown by her party on Friday.<ref name="Trinamool_violence">{{cite news |title=Trinamool unleashes violence in West Bengal|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1856399%2C000900030001.htm |date=30 November 2006 |access-date=2 December 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1856399%2C000900030001.htm |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> After being arrested by police earlier in that day "for violating prohibitory orders" near Singur, she alleged that the administration had acted "unconstitutionally" by preventing her from entering Singur where the Tata motors proposed to set up a small car factory. She was intercepted at Hooghly and sent back.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-trinamool-congress-legislators-go-on-the-rampage-in-house-1067047|title=Trinamool Congress legislators go on the rampage in House|first=Sumanta Ray|last=Chaudhuri|date=30 November 2006|website=DNA India|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613101934/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-trinamool-congress-legislators-go-on-the-rampage-in-house-1067047|url-status=live}}</ref> After this incident the Trinamool Congress MLAs protested by damaging furniture and microphones and vandalising the West Bengal Legislative Assembly Building.<ref name="Trinamool_violence" /><ref>{{cite news|date=2 December 2006|title=Heritage vandalised in Bengal House|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Heritage-vandalised-in-Bengal-House/articleshow/678018.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103201138/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-12-02/india/27828165_1_bengal-house-assembly-building-benches|archive-date=3 November 2012}}</ref> A major strike was called on 14 December 2006. But all in all there was no gain. On 4 December, Banerjee began the historic 26-day hunger strike in Kolkata protesting the forcible acquisition of farmland by the government. The then-President [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], who was concerned about her health, spoke to the then-Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] to resolve the issue. Kalam also appealed to Banerjee to withdraw her fast as "life is precious". A letter from Manmohan Singh was faxed to [[Gopalkrishna Gandhi]], the then-Governor of West Bengal, and then it was immediately delivered to Mamata. After receiving the letter Mamata finally broke her fast at midnight on 29 December.<ref>{{cite news|date=29 December 2006|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mamata-ends-25-day-hunger-strike/story-s7gIzBR4FvivAKFuYozrLM.html|title=Mamata ends 25-day hunger strike|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200335/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/mamata-ends-25-day-hunger-strike/story-s7gIzBR4FvivAKFuYozrLM.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/farmers-agitation-mamata-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-179907|title=Mamata Banerjee dials protesting farmers, assures TMC's support|website=The Tribune|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201106/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/farmers-agitation-mamata-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-179907|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-514753|title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee reminds people of her 26-day hunger strike|website=The Sentinel|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200747/https://www.sentinelassam.com/national-news/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-reminds-people-of-her-26-day-hunger-strike-514753|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=4 December 2020|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/mamata-banerjee-remembers-singur-hunger-strike-context-ongoing-farmers-protest-1502938968.html|title=Mamata Banerjee remembers Singur hunger strike in context of ongoing farmers protest|website=The Statesman|access-date=19 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201349/https://www.thestatesman.com/bengal/mamata-banerjee-remembers-singur-hunger-strike-context-ongoing-farmers-protest-1502938968.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2016 the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] declared that the acquisition of 997 acres of land by West Bengal's Left Front government for the Tata Motors plant in Singur was illegal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Yrl5OkSielFvHttnG4AajM/CPM-govts-acquisition-of-land-for-Tata-Motors-in-Singur-ill.html?facet=amp|title=Singur case: Supreme Court declares land acquisition for Tata plant illegal|website=livemint.com|date=1 September 2016|language=en|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202640/https://www.livemint.com/Politics/Yrl5OkSielFvHttnG4AajM/CPM-govts-acquisition-of-land-for-Tata-Motors-in-Singur-ill.html?facet=amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Nandigram protest ====
{{Main|Nandigram violence}}

In 2007 a battalion of armed police stormed the rural area of [[Nandigram]] in the district of [[Midnapore East|Purba Medinipur]] with the aim of quashing protests against the West Bengal government's plans to expropriate {{convert|10000|acre|km2}} of land for a [[Special Economic Zone]] (SEZ) to be developed by the Indonesian-based [[Salim Group]]. At least 14 villagers were shot dead and 70 more were wounded. This led to a large number of intellectuals to protest on the streets.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/11/30/nandigram-peoples-struggle-heroic-clark-1196438590.html|title=Nandigram people's struggle "heroic": Clark|work=One India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217023009/http://news.oneindia.in/2007/11/30/nandigram-peoples-struggle-heroic-clark-1196438590.html|archive-date=17 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.iacboston.org/india/1207-nandigram-says-no.html|title=Nandigram says 'No!' to Dow's chemical hub|work=International Action Center|author=Kirschbaum, Stevan|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090706032521/http://www.iacboston.org/india/1207-nandigram-says-no.html|archive-date=6 July 2009|access-date=14 February 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/story/246969.html |title=The Great Left Debate: Chomsky to Saddam, Iraq to Nandigram |date=5 December 2007 |work=The Indian Express |location=India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416093108/http://www.indianexpress.com/story/246969.html |archive-date=16 April 2008 }}</ref> CPI(M) cadres allegedly molested and raped 300 women and girls during the Nandigram invasions.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Arindam |title=Mamata promises to marry off raped girls of Nandigram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mamata-promises-to-marry-off-raped-girls-of-nandigram/story-umlmKryBUWdkP6re98mV2L.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=26 April 2007 |archive-date=27 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427095714/https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mamata-promises-to-marry-off-raped-girls-of-nandigram/story-umlmKryBUWdkP6re98mV2L.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=19 December 2007|title=CPI(M) leaders raped mother and daughters in Nandigram: CBI|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/cpim-leaders-raped-mother-and-daughters-in-nandigram-cbi-21735-2007-12-19|work=India Today|access-date=30 November 2021|archive-date=29 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129203547/https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/cpim-leaders-raped-mother-and-daughters-in-nandigram-cbi-21735-2007-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

Banerjee wrote letters to Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh and Union Home Minister [[Shivraj Patil]] to stop what she called "state-sponsored violence" promoted by CPI(M) in Nandigram.<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://sanhati.com/articles/446/| title=You are not what you were – Ashok Mitra after 14th November, 2007| author=Mitra, Ashok| date=15 November 2007| work=Sanhati| access-date=4 November 2021| archive-date=18 December 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218200129/http://sanhati.com/articles/446/| url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url=http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061207/31650.htm| title='Go back Medha' posters in Kolkata| work=India eNews.com| date=7 December 2006| access-date=23 February 2010| archive-date=11 January 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070111170928/http://www.indiaenews.com/india/20061207/31650.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> Her political activism during the movement is widely believed to be one of the contributing causes to her landslide victory in [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]].

The CBI report on the incident vindicated CPI(M)'s stand that Buddhadeb did not order the police to open fire. They did so only to disperse the unlawful assembly after every other standard operating procedure had failed.<ref>{{cite news|last=Sen|first=Saibal|title=Nandigram firing: Full text of CBI's Nandigram chargesheet|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nandigram-firing-Full-text-of-CBIs-Nandigram-chargesheet/articleshow/29665581.cms|access-date=17 March 2014|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=31 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201184221/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Nandigram-firing-Full-text-of-CBIs-Nandigram-chargesheet/articleshow/29665581.cms|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref><ref name="telegraph140307">{{cite news |title=Red-hand Buddha: 14 killed in Nandigram re-entry bid |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=15 March 2007 |location=Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317192827/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1070315/asp/frontpage/story_7519166.asp |archive-date=17 March 2007 }}</ref> But supporting the violence in Nandigram by his own party workers, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya had said earlier "They (the oppositions) have been paid back in the same coin."<ref>{{cite news|url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/violent-elements-paid-back-in-their-own-coin_407133.html|title='Violent elements paid back in their own coin'|date=13 November 2007|website=Zee News|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613093249/https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/violent-elements-paid-back-in-their-own-coin_407133.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/13nandi6.htm|title=Oppn paid back in the same coin, says Bengal CM|website=Rediff.com|access-date=13 June 2021|archive-date=13 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210613093249/https://www.rediff.com/news/2007/nov/13nandi6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> There are allegations of involvement of some local TMC leaders in the Nandigram Violence.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-conducts-massive-roadshow-in-nandigram/article34188262.ece|title=West Bengal Assembly elections | Battle for Nandigram turns personal|first=Shiv Sahay|last=Singh|date=29 March 2021|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=8 April 2021|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055642/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-conducts-massive-roadshow-in-nandigram/article34188262.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 March 2021|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=286426&P=1&nPID=20210330|title=এখানে জিতব, এখান থেকে সরকার গড়ব, নন্দীগ্রামে আত্মবিশ্বাসী মমতা | হুইল চেয়ারেই নন্দীগ্রামের মানুষের দুয়ারে পৌঁছলেন নেত্রী|website=bartamanpatrika.com|language=bn|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614052833/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=13&nID=286426&P=1&nPID=20210330|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=29 March 2021|url=https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-and-bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikaris-poll-campaign-at-nandigram-live-update-1e3v|title='‌চটি–পুলিশকে ওঁরাই ডেকেছে, পুলিশের ড্রেসেই নন্দীগ্রামে গুলি.‌.‌.‌', ফের বিস্ফোরক মমতা‌|website=aajkaal.in|language=bn|access-date=14 June 2021|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614052820/https://www.aajkaal.in/news/state/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-and-bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikaris-poll-campaign-at-nandigram-live-update-1e3v|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Chief Minister Government of West Bengal (20054618606).jpg|thumb|right|Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal speaking at an event in London.]]

=== 2009–2011 electoral progress ===
Before the 2009 parliamentary elections she allied with the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) led by Indian National Congress. The alliance won 26 seats. Banerjee joined the central cabinet as the railway minister (second tenure). In the 2010 Municipal Elections in West Bengal, TMC won Kolkata Municipal Corporation by a margin of 62 seats. TMC also won Bidhan Nagar Corporation by a seven-seat margin.<ref>{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Raj|title=Who is Mamata Banerjee?|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/who-is-mamata-banerjee--5920.html|access-date=24 December 2014|publisher=[[India TV]]|date=20 April 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150109064644/http://www.indiatvnews.com/politics/national/who-is-mamata-banerjee--5920.html|archive-date=9 January 2015}}</ref> In 2011, Banerjee won a sweeping majority and assumed the position of chief minister of the state of West Bengal. Her party ended the 34-year rule of the Left Front.

Trinamool Congress performed well in the 2009 parliamentary election, winning 19 seats. Its allies in Congress and SUCI also won six and one seats respectively marking the best performance by any opposition party in West Bengal since the beginning of the Left's regime. Until then, the Congress victory of 16 seats in 1984, was considered their best show in opposition.

==== Railway Minister (second tenure), 2009–2011 ====
In 2009, Mamata Banerjee became the railway minister for the second time. Her focus was again on West Bengal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1137196.ece |title=Mamata gifts new projects to north Bengal |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 January 2011 |access-date=24 February 2012 |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206223959/http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/other-states/article1137196.ece |archive-date=6 December 2013 }}</ref>

[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil administering the oath as Cabinet Minister to Km. Mamata Banerjee, at a Swearing-in Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on May 22, 2009.jpg|thumb|Banerjee has sworn again as Cabinet Minister at Rashtrapati Bhawan, New Delhi at 2009.]]

She led [[Indian Railways]] to introduce a number of non-stop ''[[Duronto Express]]'' trains connecting large cities<ref name="Duronto Express">{{cite web |url=http://trak.in/news/mamata-flags-off-sealdah-new-delhi-duronto-express/5901/ |title=mamata-flags-off-sealdah-new-delhi-duronto-express |publisher=Armoks News |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091014075956/http://trak.in/news/mamata-flags-off-sealdah-new-delhi-duronto-express/5901/ |archive-date=14 October 2009 }}</ref> as well as a number of other passenger trains,<ref name="Nineteen New Trains">{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mamata-banerjee-to-start-19-new-trainsfebruary-7/384573/ |title=Mamata Banerjee to start 19 new trains on 7 February |work=[[Business Standard]] |access-date=4 February 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303003438/http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/mamata-banerjee-to-start-19-new-trainsfebruary-7/384573/ |archive-date=3 March 2012 |date=4 February 2010 |last=Chatterji |first=Saubhadro }}</ref> including women-only trains.<ref name="Women-Only Trains">{{cite web |url=http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/opinion/india-women-only-trains |title=A New Way to Commute: Women-Only Trains in India |work=[[Marie Claire]] |access-date=27 January 2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128121934/http://www.marieclaire.com/world-reports/opinion/india-women-only-trains |archive-date=28 January 2010 |date=27 January 2010 }}</ref><ref name="Ladies Special Bandel">{{cite news |url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamata-keeps-word-ladies-special-rolls-out-today-metro-link-on-track/491276/ |title=Ladies Special Rolls Out |work=[[Express India]] |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010191635/http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/mamata-keeps-word-ladies-special-rolls-out-today-metro-link-on-track/491276/
|archive-date=10 October 2012 }}</ref><ref name="Ladies Special Mumbai">{{cite web |url=http://bombay-local.blogspot.com/2009/08/new-cst-panvel-ladies-special-trains.html |title=New CST Panvel Ladies Special |work=Bombay-Local |access-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029141633/http://bombay-local.blogspot.com/2009/08/new-cst-panvel-ladies-special-trains.html |archive-date=29 October 2009 }}</ref> The Anantnag-Qadigund segment of the [[Jammu–Baramulla line]] that had been in the making since 1994<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19981010/28350834.html |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 October 1998 |title=Destination nowhere |first=Arun |last=Sharma |access-date=14 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318223757/http://www.expressindia.com/news/ie/daily/19981010/28350834.html |archive-date=18 March 2012 }}</ref> was inaugurated during her tenure.<ref name="Qazigund">{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=53658|work=Press Release, Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=28 October 2009|title=Prime Minister dedicates Anantnag-Quazigund rail line in Kashmir to nation|access-date=2 December 2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112063748/http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=53658|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> She also declared the {{convert|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} long line-1 of the [[Kolkata Metro]] as an independent [[Indian Railways#Railway zones|zone]] of the Indian Railways<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/30/stories/2010123067622400.htm |title=Kolkata Metro gets railway zone status |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=30 December 2010 |access-date=24 February 2012 |location=Chennai |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929030204/http://www.hindu.com/2010/12/30/stories/2010123067622400.htm |archive-date=29 September 2011 }}</ref> for which she was criticised.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/rail-budget-parliament-uproar-over-kolkata-metro-plan-615 |title=Rail budget: Parliament uproar over Kolkata metro plan |work=[[Asian Age]] |date=25 February 2011 |access-date=24 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110324222150/http://www.asianage.com/india/rail-budget-parliament-uproar-over-kolkata-metro-plan-615 |archive-date=24 March 2011 }}</ref>

She stepped down as [[Railway Minister of India|railway minister]] to become the [[Chief Minister of West Bengal|chief minister of West Bengal]]. She commented: "The way I am leaving the railways behind, it will run well. Don't worry, my successor will get all my support."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110518/jsp/nation/story_13996638.jsp |title=Job done, successor only has to monitor |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=24 February 2012 |location=Calcutta |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127173353/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110518/jsp/nation/story_13996638.jsp |archive-date=27 November 2013 }}</ref> Her nominee from her party, [[Dinesh Trivedi]], succeeded her as railway minister.

Banerjee's tenure as railway minister was subsequently questioned as most of the big-ticket announcements made by her when she held the post, saw little or no progress.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://business-standard.com/india/news/mamatas-big-rail-plans2011-12-still-stuckperformance-track/467535/|title=Mamata's big rail plans of 2011–12 still stuck on performance track|access-date=13 March 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707114911/http://business-standard.com/india/news/mamatas-big-rail-plans2011-12-still-stuckperformance-track/467535/|archive-date=7 July 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Reuters reported that "Her two-year record as railway minister has been heavily criticized for running the network into more debt to pay for populist measures such as more passenger trains."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56950620110512|title=Special Report – "Big Sister" Mamata set to evict Left from Kolkata|last=Scrutton|first=Alistair|date=12 May 2011|work=[[Reuters]]|access-date=24 February 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303115523/http://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-56950620110512|archive-date=3 March 2012}}</ref> The Indian Railways became loss-making during her two-year tenure.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2011-railway-why-the-railways-under-mamata-are-incurring-loss/20110128.htm|title=Why Indian Railways is incurring losses under Mamata|date=28 January 2011|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 February 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120174002/http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-budget-2011-railway-why-the-railways-under-mamata-are-incurring-loss/20110128.htm|archive-date=20 January 2012}}</ref>

== Chief Minister of West Bengal (2011–present) ==

[[File:Mamata Banerjee with Hillary Clinton.jpg|thumb|left|Then United States secretary of State, [[Hillary Clinton]] during a meeting with West Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee at the [[Writers' Building|Writers']], Kolkata on 7 May 2012.]]

[[File:Chief Minister Government of West Bengal (20086289081).jpg|thumb|left|Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal shown at an event in [[London]] on 27 July 2015.]]

In [[2011 West Bengal state assembly election|2011]], the All India Trinamool Congress along with [[Socialist Unity Centre of India|SUCI]] and the INC won the West Bengal legislative assembly election against the incumbent Left Alliance by securing 227 seats. TMC won 184 seats with the INC winning 42 seats and the SUCI secured one seat. This marked the end of the 34-year long Left Front government.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=10 June 2011 |title=The defeat of the Left Front in West Bengal, India |url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/06/10/the-defeat-of-the-left-front-in-west-bengal-india/ |access-date=11 July 2022 |website=East Asia Forum |language=en |last1=Lahiri-Dutt |first1=Kuntala |archive-date=11 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711152314/https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2011/06/10/the-defeat-of-the-left-front-in-west-bengal-india/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Listen
|filename=Mamata Banerjee Oath of Office.ogg
|title=Taking the Oath at Raj Bhavan, Kolkata
|description=Mamata Banerjee takes the oath of office as Chief Minister administered by Governor M. K. Narayanan on 20 May 2011.
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Banerjee was sworn in as chief minister of West Bengal on 20 May 2011.<ref name="BBC20110520">{{cite news |title=Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal chief minister |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13465915 |access-date=3 January 2021 |work=BBC News |date=20 May 2011 |archive-date=1 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201064250/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-13465915 |url-status=live }}</ref> As the first female chief minister of West Bengal,<ref name="BBC20110520" /> one of her first decisions was to return 400 acres of land to Singur farmers. "The cabinet has decided to return 400 acres to unwilling farmers in Singur," the chief minister said. "I have instructed the department to prepare the papers for this. If Tata-babu ([[Ratan Tata]]) wants, he can set up his factory on the remaining 600 acres, otherwise we will see how to go about it."<ref name="singur">{{cite news |title=Singur Land Given Back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Singur-land-return-kicks-off-Mamata-power-stint/articleshow/8476024.cms |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108045450/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-05-21/kolkata/29567996_1_unwilling-farmers-mamata-banerjee-singur |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

She has also been credited for setting up of the [[Gorkhaland Territorial Administration]].<ref name="Gorkhaland">{{cite news |title=Gorkhaland Autonomous Council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata-/Gorkhaland-pact-Chidambaram-credits-Didi-Gurung-with-deal/articleshow/9277972.cms |date=19 July 2011 |access-date=30 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108035912/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-19/kolkata/29790280_1_gjm-roshan-giri-mamata |archive-date=8 January 2014 |url-status=live |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

She began various reforms in the education and health sectors. Some of the reforms in the education sector included the release of teachers' monthly pay on the first of every month<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/04/stories/2011060458730100.htm |location=Chennai |title=College teachers to get salary by the first of every month |date=4 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825183018/http://www.hindu.com/2011/06/04/stories/2011060458730100.htm |archive-date=25 August 2011 |work=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/india/154568-mamata-effect-salaries-on-first-of-the-month.html |title=Mamata effect: Salaries on first day of the month |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721070317/http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/india/154568-mamata-effect-salaries-on-first-of-the-month.html |archive-date=21 July 2012 }}</ref> and quicker pensions for retiring teachers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Quicker pensions for retiring teachers: Mamata |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-03/kolkata/29616471_1_school-teachers-part-time-teachers-teaching-community }}{{dead link|date=October 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> In the health sector Banerjee promised: "A three-phase developmental system will be taken up to improve the health infrastructure and service."<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.aalatimes.com/2011/06/13/mamata-banerjee-announces-health-sector-reform/ |title=Mamata Banerjee announced health sector reform |access-date=3 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819080145/http://www.aalatimes.com/2011/06/13/mamata-banerjee-announces-health-sector-reform/ |archive-date=19 August 2011 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> On 30 April 2015, a representative of [[UNICEF]] India congratulated the government for making [[Nadia district|Nadia]] the first Open Defecation Free district in the country.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-declares-nadia-first-opendefecation-free-district-in-india/article7158148.ece|title=Mamata declares Nadia first 'open defecation-free' district in India|newspaper=The Hindu|date=30 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112063746/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-declares-nadia-first-opendefecation-free-district-in-india/article7158148.ece|archive-date=12 January 2016}}</ref> In a statement on 17 October 2012, Banerjee attributed the increasing incidence of rape in the country to "more free interaction between men and women". She said that "Earlier if men and women would hold hands, they would get caught by parents and reprimanded but now everything is so open. It's like an open market with open options." She was criticised in the national media for these statements.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-mamata-banerjee-blames-media-free-interaction-of-men-women-for-rising-cases-of-rape-3928213-.html|title=Mamata blames media, 'free interaction of men-women' for rising cases of rape!|date=17 October 2012|work=Daily Bhaskar|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130101054330/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-mamata-banerjee-blames-media-free-interaction-of-men-women-for-rising-cases-of-rape-3928213-.html|archive-date=1 January 2013}}</ref>

She was also instrumental in the rollback of the petrol price hikes<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/petrol-price-cut-a-positive-step-mamata-banerjee_742058.html |work=Zee News |title=Petrol price cut a positive step: Mamata Banerjee |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131210012614/http://zeenews.india.com/news/west-bengal/petrol-price-cut-a-positive-step-mamata-banerjee_742058.html |archive-date=10 December 2013 }}</ref> and the suspension of FDI in the retail sector until a consensus is evolved.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dont-want-govt-to-fall-but-cant-support-fdi-mamata-to-pm/883290/ |work=The Indian Express |title=Dodon't want government to fail, but can't support FDI |access-date=3 December 2011 |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055645/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/dont-want-govt-to-fall-but-cant-support-fdi-mamata-to-pm/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In a bid to improve the law and enforcement situation in West Bengal, police commissioners were created at [[Howrah Police Commissionerate|Howrah]], [[Barrackpore Police Commissionerate|Barrackpore]], [[Asansol-Durgapur Police Commissionerate|Durgapur-Asansol]] and [[Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate|Bidhannagar]]. The total area of Kolkata Municipal Corporation was brought under the control of the [[Kolkata Police]].

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Banerjee had shown a keen interest in making the public aware of the state's history and culture. She named several stations of the Kolkata Metro after freedom fighters,<ref>{{cite news|title=Game of the name|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090726/jsp/calcutta/story_11281380.jsp|access-date=29 February 2012|work=The Telegraph India|location=Calcutta|first=Soumitra|last=Das|date=26 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127175711/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1090726/jsp/calcutta/story_11281380.jsp|archive-date=27 November 2013}}</ref> and plans on naming upcoming stations after religious leaders, poets, singers and the like.<ref>{{cite news|title=Didi's metro name game|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110116/jsp/bengal/story_13447860.jsp|access-date=29 February 2012|work=The Telegraph India|location=Calcutta |first=Sanjay|last=Mandal|date=16 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417051853/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110116/jsp/bengal/story_13447860.jsp|archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee has been criticised for starting controversial stipends to imams (Iman Bhatta)<ref name="Gupta">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-muslims-and-paribartan/article8517367.ece|title=Mamata, Muslims and paribartan|last=Gupta|first=Smita|date=25 April 2016|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101140247/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/mamata-muslims-and-paribartan/article8517367.ece|archive-date=1 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/mamata-banerjees-appeasement-policies-have-created-real-danger-1721089|title=Opinion: Mamata Banerjee's Appeasement Policies Have Created Real Danger|work=NDTV |access-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103074037/https://www.ndtv.com/opinion/mamata-banerjees-appeasement-policies-have-created-real-danger-1721089|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Hindustan Times">{{Cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/there-s-a-method-to-the-west-bengal-madness/story-2kOsMxzXPVVV4nIANYKoNM.html|title=Bengal's people must step in to save the state from communal politics|date=11 July 2017|work=hindustantimes.com/|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072625/http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/there-s-a-method-to-the-west-bengal-madness/story-2kOsMxzXPVVV4nIANYKoNM.html|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> which was ruled unconstitutional by [[Calcutta High Court]].<ref name="firstpost.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/mamatas-allowance-to-imams-unconstitutional-rules-calcutta-hc-1080409.html|title=Mamata's allowance to Imams unconstitutional, rules Calcutta HC|date=3 September 2013|work=Firstpost|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103081032/http://www.firstpost.com/politics/mamatas-allowance-to-imams-unconstitutional-rules-calcutta-hc-1080409.html|archive-date=3 January 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Chatterjee">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-dangerous-connivance/article4585420.ece|title=A dangerous connivance|last=Chatterjee|first=Garga|date=6 April 2013|work=The Hindu|access-date=2 January 2018|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140430083844/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/a-dangerous-connivance/article4585420.ece|archive-date=30 April 2014|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTV 2013-09-02">{{Cite news |first=Monideepa |last=Banerjie |date=2 September 2013 |title=Calcutta High Court scraps Mamata Banerjee's stipend to imams |publisher=NDTV |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/calcutta-high-court-scraps-mamata-banerjees-stipend-to-imams-533409 |access-date=2 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180103072742/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/calcutta-high-court-scraps-mamata-banerjees-stipend-to-imams-533409 |archive-date=3 January 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Chief Minister Government of West Bengal (19892837430).jpg|thumb|left|[[Priti Patel]], then Minister of State for Employment in Government of United Kingdom, and former Home Secretary of United Kingdom meeting Mamata Banerjee, Chief Minister Government of West Bengal in London.]]

On 16 February 2012, [[Bill Gates]], of the [[Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]], sent a letter to the West Bengal government praising Banerjee and her administration for achieving a full year without any reported cases of polio. The letter said this was not only a milestone for India but also for the whole world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://post.jagran.com/bill-gates-appreciates-mamata-banerjee-for-polio-eradication-1329885022 |title=Bill Gates appreciates Mamata Banerjee for polio eradication |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223041241/http://post.jagran.com/bill-gates-appreciates-mamata-banerjee-for-polio-eradication-1329885022 |archive-date=23 February 2012 |access-date=23 February 2012}}</ref>

In June 2012, she launched a [[Facebook]] page to rally and gather public support for [[A.P.J Abdul Kalam]], her party's choice for the presidential elections.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mamata-launches-facebook-page-seeks-support-for-apj-abdul-kalam-232142 |title=Mamata launches Facebook page – seeks support for APJ Abdul Kalam |date=16 June 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616082835/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/mamata-launches-facebook-page-seeks-support-for-apj-abdul-kalam-232142 |archive-date=16 June 2012 }}</ref> After he refused to stand for the second time, she supported [[Pranab Mukherjee]] for the post, after a long tussle over the issue, commenting she was personally a "great fan" of Mukherjee and wishing that he "grows from strength to strength".<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata didi is a big fan of Pranab Mukherjee |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-03/news/31558997_1_pranab-mukherjee-trinamool-congress-congress-party |work=Economic Times |date=3 May 2012 |access-date=26 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150226202800/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-05-03/news/31558997_1_pranab-mukherjee-trinamool-congress-congress-party |archive-date=26 February 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=R.N. Subrahmanyam|date=3 May 2012|title=Prez polls: Mamata throws surprise on Pranab Mukherjee|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/prez-polls-mamata-throws-surprise-on-pranab-mukherjee/944883/2|access-date=16 October 2012|work=The Indian Express|archive-date=10 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610055646/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/latest-news/prez-polls-mamata-throws-surprise-on-pranab-mukherjee/|url-status=live}}</ref>

She is against calling ''bandhs'' (work stoppage) although actively supported them when she was in opposition.<ref>{{cite news|date=28 February 2012|title=Mamata Banerjee admits her calls for bandh were a mistake|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-admits-her-calls-for-bandh-were-a-mistake-469147|work=NDTV|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925205930/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-admits-her-calls-for-bandh-were-a-mistake-469147|url-status=live}}</ref>

Her tenure was also heavily marred by the [[Saradha Group financial scandal|Saradha Scam]] – financial embezzlement which led to the imprisonment of [[Madan Mitra]] – a former minister in her cabinet, [[Kunal Ghosh]] – a party MP, and rigorous grilling of several party men holding important posts. The Saradha Group financial scandal and the [[Rose Valley financial scandal]] came to light during her tenure and her painting being sold to the firms were being scrutinised by law enforcement agencies. One of her paintings was also sold to Sudipto Sen (central figure in the [[Saradha scam]]) for {{INRConvert|1.8|c|lk=on|year=2018}}, while 20 more of her pictures were seized from other Saradha Group shareholders.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Saradha scam: Sale of Mamata Banerjee's painting for Rs 1.8 crore under CBI lens |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saradha-scam-Sale-of-Mamata-Banerjees-painting-for-Rs-1-8-crore-under-CBI-lens/articleshow/44807114.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180628101631/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Saradha-scam-Sale-of-Mamata-Banerjees-painting-for-Rs-1-8-crore-under-CBI-lens/articleshow/44807114.cms |archive-date=28 June 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sale of Mamata Banerjee's Paintings Under Scrutiny as CBI Asks For Trinamool Income |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/proceeds-from-mamata-banerjees-paintings-under-scrutiny-as-cbi-asks-for-trinamool-accounts-745419 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513080903/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/proceeds-from-mamata-banerjees-paintings-under-scrutiny-as-cbi-asks-for-trinamool-accounts-745419 |archive-date=13 May 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |work=NDTV}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The 1.8 crore question: Is Mamata Banerjee India's most underrated artist? |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513014451/https://www.firstpost.com/politics/the-1-8-crore-question-is-mamata-banerjee-indias-most-underrated-artist-1759725.html |archive-date=13 May 2018 |access-date=12 May 2018 |website=firstpost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=From Rs 2 Cr to 9 Cr in 48 Hrs: Mamata Paints Bank Balance Green |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/painter-didi-in-trouble-cbi-quizzes-tmc-on-sale-of-mamatas-paintings |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171007121103/https://www.thequint.com/news/india/painter-didi-in-trouble-cbi-quizzes-tmc-on-sale-of-mamatas-paintings |archive-date=7 October 2017 |access-date=12 May 2018 |work=The Quint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Das |first=Madhuparna |date=19 December 2018 |title=CBI seizes Didi's 20 paintings from chit fund firm owners |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cbi-seizes-didis-20-paintings-from-chit-fund-firm-owners/articleshow/67155786.cms?from=mdr |access-date=22 October 2019 |newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> During her tenure she challenged the federal system of India when she ordered the arrest of [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] officials, who arrived in Kolkata to investigate the Saradha Group financial scandal.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata police 'nab' CBI men, Mamata Banerjee at war with Centre – Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cops-nab-cbi-men-mamata-banerjee-at-war-with-centre/articleshow/67824420.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212043850/https://m.timesofindia.com/india/cops-nab-cbi-men-mamata-banerjee-at-war-with-centre/amp_articleshow/67824420.cms |archive-date=12 February 2019 |access-date=11 February 2019}}</ref> But CBI's attempted arrest of Kolkata Police Commissioner was also an attack on federalism.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2019 |title=CBI's Attempted Arrest of Kolkata Police Commissioner Was an Attack on Federalism |url=https://thewire.in/politics/cbis-attempted-arrest-of-kolkata-police-commissioner-was-an-attack-on-federalism |website=The Wire}}</ref>

[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Ms. Sheikh Hasina and the Chief Minister of West Bengal, Ms. Mamata Banerjee at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on April 08, 2017.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Modi, the Prime Minister of Bangladesh, Sheikh Hasina and the Chief Minister Banerjee at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on 8 April 2017.]]

[[File:The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind unveiling the Foundation Stone of Savitribai Public Girls Hostel and APJ Abdul Kalam International Visitors Guest House, at the 64th Annual Convocation of IIT Kharagpur, in West Bengal.JPG|thumb|left|President Kovind during a Foundation Stone laying ceremony at the 64th Annual Convocation of IIT Kharagpur, in West Bengal. The Governor of West Bengal, and the Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee are also seen.]]

In the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016 assembly elections]], All India Trinamool Congress won with a landslide two-thirds majority under Mamata Banerjee winning 211 seats out of total 293,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/elections|title=NDTV Live Results|access-date=19 May 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517184429/http://www.ndtv.com/elections|archive-date=17 May 2016}}</ref> who has been elected as Chief Minister West Bengal for the second term.<ref>{{cite news|title=TMC storms back to power in Bengal, Cong-Left alliance loses|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|access-date=21 May 2016|agency=The Financial Express|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160520213107/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/india-news/west-bengal-election-results-2016-counting-begins-for-294-assembly-seats/259295/|archive-date=20 May 2016}}</ref> All India Trinamool Congress won with an enhanced majority contesting alone and became the first ruling party to win without an ally since 1962 in West Bengal.

In 2017 [[Kanyashree Prakalpa|Kanyashree]], a scheme launched by her government, was ranked the best by the [[United Nations]] among 552 social sector schemes from across 62 countries.<ref>{{cite news|last=Kundu|first=Indrajit|date=7 October 2021|title=UN honours Mamata Banerjee with highest public service award for girl child project Kanyashree|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-un-public-service-award-kanyashree-netherlands-984439-2017-06-23|access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925205929/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-un-public-service-award-kanyashree-netherlands-984439-2017-06-23|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Bengal Global Business Summit - 2022.jpg|thumb|left|'''Banerjee''' giving speech at ''Bengal Global Business Summit - 2022'' in Kolkata on 20 April.]]

[[File:Mamata Banerjee with UNESCO officers.jpg|thumb| Banerjee with UNESCO officers Érik Falt and Tim Curtis, during a celebration over the enlistment of [[Durga Puja]] as a intangible cultural heritage, on 1 September 2022.]]

[[File:The Union Minister for Home Affairs and Cooperation, Shri Amit Shah at the 25th Eastern Zonal Council meeting, in Kolkata on December 17, 2022 (3).jpg|thumb|Minister of Home Affairs, [[Amit Shah]] and Mamata Banerjee at the 25th Eastern Zonal Council meeting, in [[Kolkata]] on 17 December 2022.]]

In the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], AITC won with a landslide two-thirds majority. But, Mamata Banerjee who fought from [[Nandigram Assembly constituency|Nandigram]] lost against [[Suvendu Adhikari]] of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] by 1,956 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 May 2021|title=Nandigram: After Hours of Confusion, BJP's Suvendu Adhikari Emerges Winner|url=https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari|work=The Wire|access-date=24 September 2021|archive-date=8 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608203828/https://thewire.in/politics/nandigram-election-bengal-mamata-banerjee-suvendu-adhikari|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|access-date=2 May 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Nandigram Election Result 2021 LIVE: Nandigram MLA Election Result & Vote Share|url=https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|work=Oneindia|access-date=5 October 2021|archive-date=27 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210627210242/https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/|url-status=live}}</ref> Mamata Banerjee however challenged this outcome and the matter is sub judice.{{efn|name=details}} As her party won 213 seats out of total 292, she was elected as Chief Minister of West Bengal for the third term. Later at Raj Bhawan, she tendered her resignation to [[Jagdeep Dhankhar]].<ref name="Zee News 2021-05-03">{{Cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=West Bengal: CM Mamata Banerjee arrives at Raj Bhavan |website=Zee News |url=https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-arrives-at-raj-bhavan-2359539.html |access-date=5 May 2021 |archive-date=5 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505092208/https://zeenews.india.com/video/india/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-arrives-at-raj-bhavan-2359539.html |url-status=live }}</ref> She took oath as Chief Minister on 5 May 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=5 May 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee sworn in as West Bengal Chief Minister for third time|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-sworn-in-as-bengal-cm-for-third-time/article34487107.ece|access-date=5 May 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505065018/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/mamata-sworn-in-as-bengal-cm-for-third-time/article34487107.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=5 May 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee takes oath as Bengal CM, says violence will be tackled firmly|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-west-bengal-cm-7302681/|access-date=5 May 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en|archive-date=5 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505082127/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-west-bengal-cm-7302681/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her party later won 2 remaining seats and she herself won Bhabanipur by-election by a huge margin of 58,835<ref name=Constituencywise /><ref name=Roundwise /><ref name=partywise /> votes. She was sworn in as MLA on 7 October.<ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2021|title=বিধায়ক পদে শপথ নিলেন মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়, প্রথা ভেঙে শপথ বাক্য পাঠ করালেন রাজ্যপাল|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-mla/|work=Sangbad Pratidin|language=bn|access-date=7 October 2021|archive-date=7 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211007085122/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/kolkata/mamata-banerjee-takes-oath-as-mla/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 October 2021|title=Mamata Banerjee, 2 other TMC MLAs take oath of office in presence of governor Jagdeep Dhankhar|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/mamata-banerjee-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-of-office-in-presence-of-governor-jagdeep-dhankhar-101633599454467.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-date=10 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211010024827/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/kolkata-news/mamata-banerjee-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-of-office-in-presence-of-governor-jagdeep-dhankhar-101633599454467.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=8 October 2021|title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee and 2 other TMC MLAs take oath, BJP legislators skip assembly|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-and-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-bjp-legislators-skip-assembly/articleshow/86852464.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=10 October 2021|archive-date=8 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008160752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/mamata-and-2-other-tmc-mlas-take-oath-bjp-legislators-skip-assembly/articleshow/86852464.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

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After winning the election, following her promises she launched the scheme '''Lakshmir Bhandar'''. In this scheme women under the age of 60 were provided the basic financial help, about 500 rupees for general and 1000 rupees to minorities.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2021 |title=Bengal Govt in Financial Fix After Launch of Flagship 'Lakshmir Bhandar' Scheme |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bengal-govt-in-financial-fix-after-launch-of-flagship-lakshmir-bhandar-scheme-4400186.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710150702/https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bengal-govt-in-financial-fix-after-launch-of-flagship-lakshmir-bhandar-scheme-4400186.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The scheme turned out to be a huge success as it became massively popular.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 August 2021 |title=On First Day, 1.23 Million Register for Lakshmi Bhandar Scheme in West Bengal |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/on-first-day-1-23-million-register-for-lakshmi-bhandar-scheme-in-west-bengal-4095743.html |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=News18 |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710145157/https://www.news18.com/news/india/on-first-day-1-23-million-register-for-lakshmi-bhandar-scheme-in-west-bengal-4095743.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Another scheme was also projected under her leadership, '''Students Credit Card scheme''', to give financial supports in loan to intellectual students who are unable to keep higher studies due to lack of money. The loan limit was up to 10 lakh rupees, under the nominee of government of West Bengal.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Ronit Kumar |date=10 July 2022 |title=West Bengal Govt Distributes 'Student Credit Card' Among Beneficiaries To Help Them Pursue Higher Studies |url=https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/west-bengal-government-distributes-student-credit-card-among-students-36456 |access-date=10 July 2022 |website=thelogicalindian.com |language=en |archive-date=10 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710145151/https://thelogicalindian.com/trending/west-bengal-government-distributes-student-credit-card-among-students-36456 |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 30 November 2021, she surpassed her immediate predecessor Buddhadeb Bhattacharjee to become the third-longest-serving Chief Minister of West Bengal. If Mamata remains in office at least till 26 October 2025, she would become the second-longest-serving Chief Minister after [[Jyoti Basu]], superseding [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] and if remains in office till 22 September 2025, she would also be become the second-female-longest-serving Chief Minister after [[Sheila Dikshit]], superseding [[J. Jayalalithaa]].

On 18 August 2025, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee launched the ''Shramashree'' scheme,<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2025 |title=Mamata Banerjee: পরিযায়ীদের জন্য শ্রমশ্রী প্রকল্প নবান্নর! মাসে মিলবে ৫০০০ টাকা {{!}} Nabanna Shramshree Scheme {{!}} India Hood {{!}} |url=https://indiahood.in/news/west-bengal/nabanna-announcement-shramashree-scheme-for-migrant-workers-ppd-18-08/299797/ |access-date=4 September 2025 |language=en-US}}</ref> a rehabilitation initiative aimed at Bengali-speaking migrant workers returning to West Bengal following alleged harassment in certain other states. Under the scheme, each returning worker receives a one-time travel grant of ₹5,000 and a monthly allowance of ₹5,000 for up to one year or until they secure employment. Beneficiaries are also provided with ''Khadya Sathi'' ration cards for food security, ''Swasthya Sathi'' health insurance, and their children are enrolled in state schools; those without homes are offered accommodation in community kitchens. The scheme further includes skill assessment and training under the ''Utkarsha Bangla'' initiative, with job cards issued through the ''Karmashree'' scheme. A dedicated online portal and mobile app facilitate registration, and once registered, beneficiaries are issued identity cards to access these services. State outreach camps—''[[:bn:দুয়ারে সরকার|Duare Sarkar]]'' and ''Amader Para Amader Samadhan''<ref>{{Cite web |title=দুয়ারে সরকার |url=https://ds.wb.gov.in/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250428024853/https://ds.wb.gov.in/ |archive-date=28 April 2025 |access-date=4 September 2025 |website=ds.wb.gov.in}}</ref>''(APAS)''—have been designated as venues for enrolment and awareness campaigns to encourage participation in the scheme until early November 2025.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

==Issues and protests==

=== No NRC movement ===
No NRC movement was widespread and widely successful in [[West Bengal]]. The movement was supported and consolidated by [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Due to the popularity of the movement, the BJP was forced to disown and distance from All India NRC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=No Plans For Pan-India NRC For Now, Government Tells Parliament |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/no-decision-to-prepare-nrc-on-national-level-government-to-parliament-2172891 |access-date=2020-03-12 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> [[Amit Shah]] did not refer to NRC in his visit to Kolkata on 1 March, denoting its success.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Daniyal |first1=Shoaib |title=Protest impact: Why did Amit Shah avoid any mention of NRC in Kolkata? |url=https://scroll.in/article/954948/protest-impact-why-did-amit-shah-avoid-any-mention-of-nrc-in-kolkata |access-date=2020-03-11 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

Mamata Banerjee had argued that NRC in Assam was a 'game plan' to 'divide and rule' Indians accusing the Assam Government and the Center under BJP.<ref>{{Citation |title=Mamata Banerjee on NRC Draft Released in Assam |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lASTpfPu22E |access-date=2020-03-06 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Mamata Banerjee slams NRC Final draft |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Az7QgsPg0x0 |access-date=2020-03-06 |language=en}}</ref> That the NRC would make Indians refugees in their own country.<ref>{{Cite web |title="Divide-And-Rule": Mamata Banerjee Slams Assam's Draft Citizens' List |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-slams-assams-draft-list-of-citizens-as-divide-and-rule-policy-says-people-made-refug-1892002 |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> On 12 September 2019, Mamata Banerjee led a protest rally in Kolkata against NRC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mamata Banerjee to hold protest rally against NRC today {{!}} Indiablooms – First Portal on Digital News Management |url=https://www.indiablooms.com/news-details/N/54481/mamata-banerjee-to-hold-protest-rally-against-nrc-today.html |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=Indiablooms.com}}</ref> In the rally, she declared that "You can silence Assam but not Bengal".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-09-12 |title='You can silence Assam but not Bengal,' Mamata Banerjee challenges BJP after leading rally against NRC |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/you-can-silence-assam-but-not-bengal-mamata-challenges-bjp-after-leading-rally-against-nrc/story-t6z1BVGMRRSwsUuPR8ka3K.html |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> On 26 December 2019, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee led a massive rally against NRC and CAA from Kolkata's Raja Bazar to Mullick Bazar.On that protest attacking the Modi government she said, "I don't know my mother's birth date, birth place, how will you know".<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Manogya Loiwal |date=26 December 2019 |title=I don't know my mother's birth date, birthplace, how will you: Mamata Banerjee at CAA protest |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-dont-know-my-mother-birthplace-birth-date-1631688-2019-12-26 |access-date=2020-03-29 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

Park Circus ground became the major venue for anti CAA protests in Kolkata<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |date=2020-03-25 |title=Kolkata's anti-CAA protesters leave placards, shoes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kolkatas-anti-caa-protesters-leave-placards-shoes/article31165884.ece |access-date=2020-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> where various personalities, politicians and social activists joined the protest. E.g.:P [[P. Chidambaram|P. Chidamabaram]] joined the anti CAA protests in Kolkata on 18 January 2020.<ref>{{Citation |title=P Chidambaram joins anti-CAA, NRC protest in Kolkata |date=18 January 2020 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/p-chidambaram-joins-anti-caa-nrc-protest-in-kolkata/videoshow/73348823.cms |access-date=2020-03-29}}</ref> Singer [[Kabir Suman]], activist [[Umar Khalid]] and [[Yogendra Yadav]] also visited the venue to express their support to the protestors.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title='It's do-or-die battle': Women protesters at Kolkata's Park Circus Maidan to continue anti-CAA stir till favourable outcome |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/its-do-or-die-battle-women-protesters-at-kolkatas-park-circus-maidan-to-continue-anti-caa-stir-till-favourable-outcome-7925621.html |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=Firstpost}}</ref>

Women also actively participated in the anti NRC and anti CAA protest in Kolkata and staged a sit in protest in the park circus maidan on 8 January. One of the protestors said, "I want to ask Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] and his ministers what documents they have which prove them Indians."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=18 January 2020 |title='It's do-or-die battle': Women protesters at Kolkata's Park Circus Maidan to continue anti-CAA stir till favourable outcome |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/its-do-or-die-battle-women-protesters-at-kolkatas-park-circus-maidan-to-continue-anti-caa-stir-till-favourable-outcome-7925621.html |access-date=2020-03-29 |website=Firstpost}}</ref> The anti NRC movement in Kolkata was characterised by placards, posters and slogans targeting the BJP and the centre.<ref name=":02">{{Cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Shiv Sahay |date=2020-03-25 |title=Kolkata's anti-CAA protesters leave placards, shoes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/kolkatas-anti-caa-protesters-leave-placards-shoes/article31165884.ece |access-date=2020-03-29 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> People have also left behind dozens of pair of shoes, scarves and dupattas in the park circus ground as a protest against NRC AND CAA.{{cn|date=March 2026}}

=== COVID-19 management ===
{{Main|COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal}}

Banerjee and her government was accused of concealing facts by the opposition parties like CPI(M) and Congress, other critics and many doctors.<ref name="HuffCovid">{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/west-bengal-coronavirus-death-toll-mamata-banerjee-tablighi-jamaat_in_5e85646ac5b6f55ebf47d216 |date=2 April 2020 |website=[[HuffPost]] |first=Rohini |last=Chatterji |quote=Confusion prevailed on the death toll from the novel coronavirus in West Bengal with Mamata Banerjee claiming only three people had been confirmed to have died of the coronavirus. However, a state health department official told PTI the death toll was now at 7. |title=Only 3 Dead In West Bengal, Says Mamata; 54 Tablighi Jamaat Attendees Quarantined |access-date=10 April 2020}}</ref><ref name="FBCOVID">{{cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/coronavirus-outbreak-mamata-banerjee-displays-little-cooperation-even-as-opposition-unites-to-stand-behind-centre-8239541.html |quote=Again, on 2 April, while seven coronavirus deaths in the state were confirmed by its health department, the figure was soon revised to three. |title=Coronavirus Outbreak: Mamata Banerjee displays little cooperation even as Opposition unites to stand behind Centre |website=Firstpost |first=Debobrat |last=Ghose |date=8 April 2020 |access-date=9 April 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |author=ANI |date=23 April 2020 |title='Gross under-testing, misreporting of Covid data': Non-resident Bengali doctors write to Mamata Banerjee |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gross-under-testing-misreporting-of-covid-data-non-resident-bengali-doctors-write-to-mamata-banerjee/articleshow/75316682.cms |access-date=23 April 2020 |website=The Times of India |location=Kolkata |quote=Citing a media report, the doctors said that West Bengal has conducted just 33.7 tests per million, compared to a national average of around 156.9 per million, despite having the capacity to conduct around 1,000 tests a day.}}

-{{cite news |last=Loiwal |first=Manogya |date=15 April 2020 |title=West Bengal doctors forum hits out at govt, says not enough tests being conducted |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-doctors-forum-hits-out-at-govt-says-not-enough-tests-being-conducted-1667141-2020-04-15 |website=indiatoday.in |location=Kolkata}}</ref> The BJP also accused Mamata of doing "appeasement" and made Covid issues related to communalism and Taglibhi Jamaat in Delhi.<ref name="IndiaTodayCovid">{{cite news |date=8 April 2020 |title=Is hiding Jamaat cases about vote bank: BJP asks Mamata on Bengal coronavirus numbers |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/video/bjp-mamata-banerjee-coronavirus-bengal-tablighi-jamaat-1664619-2020-04-08 |access-date=9 April 2020 |website=India Today |quote=The BJP has accused Mamata Banerjee of indulging in vote bank politics after the West Bengal Chief Minister refused to share update on those who attended the Tablighi Jamaat event in Delhi, identified as a hotspot for the spread of novel coronavirus.}}</ref> She blamed them for raising "false alarm" and "maligning West Bengal’s health department" over COVID-19 deaths in Bengal. Mamata Banerjee also blamed BJP's IT cell for using fake news.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 April 2020 |title='Fake news' to malign health dept: Mamata Banerjee on allegation of foul play over COVID-19 death figures |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/coronavirus/fake-news-to-malign-health-dept-mamata-banerjee-on-allegation-of-foul-play-over-covid-19-death-figures-1502874514.html |website=The Statesman}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FDubAO1ytww |title=বাম বিজেপীর মিথ্যাচারের পর্দা ফাঁস |date=2 May 2020 |language=bn |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxXFvfqlea8 |title=Comrade, আপনাকেই বলছি... | |date=22 April 2020 |language=bn |via=YouTube}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=17 April 2020 |title=Covid 'false alarm': FIR against West Bengal BJP MP |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/covid-false-alarm-fir-against-bengal-bjp-mp/articleshow/75190516.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref> The government later banned use of cellphones in hospitals.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chakraborty |first1=Ajanta |last2=Ghosh |first2=Dwaipayan |last3=Banerjee |first3=Tamaghna |date=23 April 2020 |title=West Bengal: No mobile in coronavirus facilities, says health department |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/no-mobile-in-corona-facilities-health-dept/articleshow/75305469.cms |access-date=23 April 2020 |newspaper=The Times of India |location=Kolkata |quote=Union minister Babul Supriyo tweeted on the ban on mobiles in hospitals, questioning its timing. He questioned whether the person who recorded the video had been "booked". Kolkata Police responded it was completely incorrect and a misinformation.}}</ref> Many people were arrested for spreading fake news related to communalism amid the lockdown.<ref>{{cite web |date=6 April 2020 |title=QCrime: 8-Year-Old Raped, Killed; 32 Arrested in WB Over Fake News |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/india-crime-news-06-april-2020 |website=The Quint}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=5 April 2020 |title=In Bengal, 32 arrested in 7 days for spreading fake news amid lockdown |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-bengal-32-arrested-in-7-days-for-spreading-fake-news-amid-lockdown/story-kyKfmauGsoUUlqhAuhlixH.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> FIR was lodged against a Bengal BJP MP. The [[National Institute for Research in Bacterial Infections]] (NIRBI) lodged complains against the West Bengal Government for not sending enough samples to them for testing.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kundu |first=Indrajit |date=13 April 2020 |title=Mamata govt not sending enough samples for Covid-19 testing, says central lab director |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/central-lab-says-mamata-govt-not-sending-enough-samples-for-covid-19-tests-as-bengal-reports-fewer-cases-1666467-2020-04-13 |access-date=14 April 2020 |website=[[India Today]] |location=[[Kolkata]] |quote=Responding to Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee’s complaints about lack of testing kits in West Bengal, Dutta said ICMR has dispatched 42,500 kits to NICED so far.}}</ref>

=== 2024 RG Kar incident and others ===
{{Main|2024 Kolkata rape and murder}}

Banerjee was widely<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhillon |first=Amrit |date=16 August 2024 |title=Indian medics step up strike in protest at doctor's rape and murder |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/article/2024/aug/16/indian-medics-strike-protest-doctor-rape-murder-kolkata |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> criticised for handling of the [[2024 Kolkata rape and murder incident|rape and murder]] of a young trainee doctor at [[R. G. Kar Medical College and Hospital]] and alleged coverup.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 September 2024 |title=Kolkata rape-murder case: RG Kar senior medics allege evidence tampering as protesting colleagues meet Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/kolkata-rape-murder-case-rg-kar-senior-medics-allege-evidence-tampering-as-protesting-colleagues-meet-mamata-banerjee-11726492463973.html |work=Mint}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Ex-head of India's RG Kar College charged for alleged evidence tampering in rape case |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/india/ex-head-indias-rg-kar-college-charged-alleged-evidence-tampering-rape-case-2024-09-15/ |work=Reuters}}</ref> She was accused by the family<ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=18 September 2024 |title=R.G. Kar Medical College victim's father accuses Mamata Banerjee of inaction: 'My daughter would have been alive...' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/my-daughter-would-have-been-alive-rg-kar-medical-college-victims-father-accuses-mamata-banerjee-of-inaction/article68654960.ece |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=ANI |date=11 September 2024 |title=R.G. Kar victim doctor's parents question Bengal CM; Not satisfied with Mamata Banerjee's role in case |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/not-satisfied-with-mamata-banerjees-role-in-case-rg-kar-victim-doctors-parents-question-bengal-cm/article68629063.ece |access-date=29 September 2024 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> of trying to protect the now ex-principal Sandip Ghosh<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mondal |first=Pranab |date=21 August 2024 |title=The power and peril of Dr Sandip Ghosh: From 'reserved teen' to principal who ran Kolkata college as 'fiefdom' |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2024/08/21/the-power-and-peril-of-dr-sandip-ghosh-from-reserved-teen-to-principal-who-ran-kolkata-college-as-fiefdom |access-date=29 September 2024 |website=Newslaundry |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Sandip Ghosh indulged in 'business of dead bodies', says RG Kar medical college ex-colleague: Report |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/kolkata-rape-murder-case-rg-kar-ex-employee-accuses-sandip-ghosh-of-selling-unclaimed-bodies-report-101724225179973.html |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref> whose involvement in the incident is being investigated by the [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]]. It was followed by widespread protests related to women's rights and doctor's protests in the city of Kolkata, some other cities in India and in Bangladesh.{{Citation needed|date=March 2026}}

===== Sandeshkhali incident =====
{{main|2024 Sandeshkhali violence}}

In February 2024, several women in [[Sandeshkhali]] village came forward, first on Republic TV saying that Trinamool Congress local bloc leader and alleged strongmen Sheikh Shahjahan, Uttam Sardar and Shibu Hazra had been sexually assaulting and raping them. Mamata Bannerjee was accused by the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] leaders for keeping silence on the crime and protecting such criminal politicians and the BJP was accused of trying to turn a land-grab incident into a communal issue against Muslims with accusations of sexual assault by Sheikh Shahjahan.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sandeshkhali: BJP says Mamata Banerjee's conscience dead, questions Rahul Gandhi's 'silence' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/sandeshkhali-bjp-says-mamata-banerjees-conscience-dead-questions-rahul-gandhis-silence-101708499091890.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 February 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/sandeshkhali-bengal-minister-no-woman-complained-assault-partha-bhowmick-sujit-bose-2506693-2024-02-24 |title=Trinamool minister visits Sandeshkhali, claims assault allegations 'fake' |magazine=India Today |date=24 February 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref> He has been on the run, after Enforcement Directorate officers attempted to arrest him on a corruption case, who were [[2024 Sandeshkhali violence|attacked]] by his supporters.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Shiv Sanjay |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/ed-conducts-fresh-raids-at-tmc-leader-shahjahan-sheikhs-home-again/article67771376.ece|title=ED searches Sheikh Shahjahan house, asks him to appear on January 29 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=24 January 2024 |access-date=24 February 2024}}</ref> On 29 February 2024, at around 5:30 am (IST), Shahjahan was arrested by the West Bengal police from [[Minakhan]], [[North 24 Parganas]] by them.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/sandeshkhali-violence-west-bengal-police-arrests-tmc-leader-sheikh-shahjahan-11709172057783.html|title=Sandeshkhali violence: West Bengal Police arrests TMC leader Sheikh Shahjahan|date=29 February 2024|work=[[Livemint]]}}</ref>

===== 2026 Enforcement Directorate — I-PAC searches =====
In January 2026, the [[Enforcement Directorate]] (ED) carried out searches at the offices of the political consultancy Indian Political Action Committee (I-PAC) in [[Kolkata]] and at related locations as part of a money-laundering probe linked to an alleged coal pilferage case. During the operation on 8 January 2026, Chief Minister Mamata Banerjee visited the premises, including the residence of I-PAC director Pratik Jain and the company's office, while searches were underway. The ED alleged that Banerjee and members of her party's team removed physical documents and electronic devices from the premises, which the agency described as interference with its investigation; Banerjee and the [[Trinamool Congress]] denied the allegation, saying she was safeguarding party documents and accusing the agency of political motivation. The ED subsequently approached the Calcutta High Court and later the Supreme Court alleging obstruction of its investigation, and Kolkata Police registered FIRs and began separate inquiries related to the incident; the matter is the subject of ongoing litigation and investigation.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite news |title=Probe agency ED approaches Supreme Court in showdown with Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/probe-agency-ed-complains-to-supreme-court-in-showdown-with-mamata-banerjee-10600365 |newspaper=NDTV |date=10 January 2026 |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news |title=I-PAC raids: ED moves SC over 'interference' from Mamata govt, Bengal files counter-petition caveat |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/i-pac-raids-ed-moves-sc-over-alleged-interference-from-mamata-govt-bengal-files-counter-petition-caveat-hc-hearing-pushed-to-jan-14/articleshow/126450932.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=10 January 2026 |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=ED moves Supreme Court in I-PAC case, alleges interference by Mamata Banerjee-led Bengal govt |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/ed-moves-supreme-court-in-i-pac-case-alleges-interference-by-mamata-banerjee-led-bengal-govt/articleshow/126453569.cms |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=10 January 2026 |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="IE">{{cite news |title=ED raids on I-PAC: Kolkata police start recording statements of guards, house help at Pratik Jain's house |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/ed-raids-i-pac-kolkata-police-guards-house-prateek-jain-house-10466280/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=11 January 2026 |access-date=11 January 2026}}</ref>

== Personal life and recognitions ==
Throughout her political life, Banerjee has maintained a publicly austere lifestyle, dressing in simple traditional Bengali clothes and avoiding luxuries.<ref name="taat">{{cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/mamata-saris-the-rage-in-kolkata-this-durga-puja-99919.html|title=Mamata saris the rage in Kolkata this Durga Puja|website=FirstPost|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107080747/http://www.firstpost.com/living/mamata-saris-the-rage-in-kolkata-this-durga-puja-99919.html|archive-date=7 January 2012|url-status=dead|access-date=11 March 2012}}</ref><ref name="lifestyle">{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/diptoshmajumdar/5/61837/mamata-express-you-cant-stop-her-anymore.html|title=Blog article in IBNLive.in.com|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100606192506/http://ibnlive.in.com/blogs/diptoshmajumdar/5/61837/mamata-express-you-cant-stop-her-anymore.html|archive-date=6 June 2010|url-status=dead|access-date=3 June 2010}}</ref> During an interview in April 2019, Prime minister [[Narendra Modi]] claimed that despite their political differences, Banerjee sends her own selected ''kurtas'' and sweets to him every year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47114401|title=On Wednesday, Bollywood star Akshay Kumar interviews PM Modi|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=25 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409193052/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-47114401|archive-date=9 April 2019|url-status=live|quote=West Bengal chief minister and arch rival Mamata Banerjee sends him sweets and kurtas every year}}</ref>

She identifies herself as a [[Hindu]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Nusrat's Muslim, I am Hindu but we are exactly alike except she's beautiful and I am not, says Mamata |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-watch-nusrat-s-muslim-i-am-hindu-but-we-are-exactly-alike-except-she-s-beautiful-and-i-am-not-says-mamata-banerje-2748543 |access-date=8 June 2019 |work=[[Daily News and Analysis|DNA]] |date=12 May 2019 |archive-date=14 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190614073906/https://www.dnaindia.com/india/photo-gallery-watch-nusrat-s-muslim-i-am-hindu-but-we-are-exactly-alike-except-she-s-beautiful-and-i-am-not-says-mamata-banerje-2748543 |url-status=live }}</ref> Banerjee is a self-taught painter and a poet.<ref>{{cite news|title=The poet and painter in Mamata Banerjee's looks beyond Bengal|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-poet-and-painter-in-mamata-banerjees-looks-beyond-bengal/1075840/0|access-date=2 April 2013|newspaper=Indian Express|date=18 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://aitcofficial.org/publications-by-didi/|title=Publications, Poetry and Paintings : All India Trinamool Congress|website=aitcofficial.org|language=en-US|access-date=7 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104004315/http://aitcofficial.org/publications-by-didi/|archive-date=4 November 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Her 300 paintings were sold for ₹9crore ([[Indian Rupee|₹]]90 million, [[Pound Sterling|£]]990,000 or [[United States Dollar|US$]]1,350,000).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html|title=WTF: Mamata Banerjee Paintings Sold For 9 Crores|work=indiatimes.com|access-date=12 May 2018|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081145/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2012, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine named her as one of the [[Time 100|100 Most Influential People in the World]].<ref name="Time 100">{{cite magazine|title=Time 100: Mamata Banerjee, Populist|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2111984,00.html|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|access-date=18 April 2012|date=18 April 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419073120/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0%2C28804%2C2111975_2111976_2111984%2C00.html|archive-date=19 April 2012}}</ref> ''[[Bloomberg Markets]]'' magazine listed her among the [[50 Most Influential (Bloomberg Markets ranking)|50 most influential people in the world of finance]] in September 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/finance/mamata-banerjee-among-worlds-50-influential-leaders-in-finance_59747.html |title=Mamata Banerjee among world's 50 influential leaders in finance |website=Zeenews.india.com |access-date=16 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214095120/http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/finance/mamata-banerjee-among-worlds-50-influential-leaders-in-finance_59747.html |archive-date=14 December 2013 |date=6 September 2012 }}</ref> In 2018, she was conferred the Skoch Chief Minister of the Year Award.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mamata-banerjee-is-the-skoch-chief-minister-of-the-year/articleshow/67178399.cms |title=Mamata Banerjee is the Skoch Chief Minister of the Year |website=[[The Economic Times]] |date=20 December 2018 |access-date=26 April 2019 |archive-date=6 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206080605/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mamata-banerjee-is-the-skoch-chief-minister-of-the-year/articleshow/67178399.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Banerjee stepped out into the streets of Kolkata during lockdown, caused by the COVID-19 outbreak, to spread awareness among the common people.<ref>{{Cite web|date=26 March 2020|title=Didi's lessons on social distancing: Mamata Banerjee takes to Kolkata streets to fight Covid19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/didi-s-lessons-on-social-distancing-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-kolkata-streets-to-fight-covid19/story-oMNOulx2aPn1i2bbpjvwrO.html|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/didi-s-lessons-on-social-distancing-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-kolkata-streets-to-fight-covid19/story-oMNOulx2aPn1i2bbpjvwrO.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=28 March 2020|title='Keep Shops Open, What Will People Eat?' Mamata Banerjee Takes to The Streets During Lockdown|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/keep-shops-open-what-will-people-eat-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-the-streets-during-lockdown-2554567.html|work=News18|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/keep-shops-open-what-will-people-eat-mamata-banerjee-takes-to-the-streets-during-lockdown-2554567.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2020|title=Mamata Banerjee Hits Kolkata Streets Again, Urges People To Stay Indoors|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-lockdown-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-again-urges-peo-2217243|work=NDTV|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/coronavirus-lockdown-west-bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-again-urges-peo-2217243|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 April 2020|title=Mamata hits the streets, speaks directly to locked-down Kolkata|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/mamata-hits-the-streets-speaks-directly-to-locked-down-kolkata-6376681/|work=The Indian Express|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165649/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/mamata-hits-the-streets-speaks-directly-to-locked-down-kolkata-6376681/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 April 2020|title=Mamata Hits Streets of Kolkata to Address Citizens Amid Lockdown|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-coronavirus-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-talks-directly-to-citizens-to-maintain-lockdown|work=The Quint|access-date=14 November 2021|archive-date=14 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114165647/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-coronavirus-mamata-banerjee-hits-kolkata-streets-talks-directly-to-citizens-to-maintain-lockdown|url-status=live}}</ref> While appealing for maintaining religious harmony, Banerjee has reiterated the fact on numerous occasions that ''"''Religion is personal, but festivals are universal."<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2019|title=Religion is personal, but festivals are universal says Mamata Banerjee|url=http://www.uniindia.com/religion-is-personal-but-festivals-are-universal-says-mamata-banerjee/east/news/1654080.html|work=United News of India|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023082359/http://www.uniindia.com/religion-is-personal-but-festivals-are-universal-says-mamata-banerjee/east/news/1654080.html|archive-date=23 October 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=7 September 2021|title=Faith may be personal but festivals are universal: Mamata Banerjee on Durga puja celebrations|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-durga-puja-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-faith-festivals-covid-rules-1850248-2021-09-07|work=India Today|access-date=23 October 2021|archive-date=23 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211023000838/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-durga-puja-2021-cm-mamata-banerjee-faith-festivals-covid-rules-1850248-2021-09-07|url-status=live}}</ref>

She received an Honorary D.Litt in Literature from [[St. Xavier's University, Kolkata|St. Xavier's University]] on 6 February 2023<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2023 |title=West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee conferred honorary doctorate for contributions to literature and art |url=https://www.edexlive.com/news/2023/Feb/06/west-bengal-cm-mamata-banerjee-conferred-honorary-doctorate-for-contributions-to-literature-and-art-33766.html |website=EdexLive}}</ref> and another from [[Calcutta University]] on 12 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=Never gave up despite being hurt all my life, says emotional Mamata after accepting honorary doctorate |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/never-gave-up-despite-being-hurt-all-my-life-says-emotional-mamata-after-accepting-honorary-doctorate-1137459-2018-01-11 |website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 January 2018 |title=Mamata Banerjee receives D Litt degree, says intolerance is rising in the country |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/mamata-banerjee-to-receive-d-litt-degree-calcutta-hc-to-hear-pil-today-5020036/ |website=Indian Express}}</ref> She also received an honorary doctorate from the [[Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology]], a Bhubaneshwar-based deemed university.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 September 2018 |title=Odisha varsity to confer doctorate on Mamata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Odisha-varsity-to-confer-doctorate-on-Mamata/articleshow/16443132.cms |website=Times of India}}</ref>

In 2021, Mamata Banerjee was invited to attend ''World Meeting for Peace'' in [[Rome]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bengal chief minister Mamata Banerjee invited to attend peace conference in Rome|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-invited-to-attend-peace-conference-at-rome-101628698080852.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=11 August 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925192744/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bengal-chief-minister-mamata-banerjee-invited-to-attend-peace-conference-at-rome-101628698080852.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mamata Banerjee invited to 'World Meeting for Peace' in Rome along with Pope, Angela Merkel|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-invited-to-world-meeting-for-peace-1839838-2021-08-12|work=India Today|date=12 August 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925192743/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/mamata-banerjee-invited-to-world-meeting-for-peace-1839838-2021-08-12|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Lack of vaccine acceptance a travel barrier: West Bengal CM Mamata Banerjee|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cm-lack-of-vax-acceptance-a-travel-barrier/articleshow/86052006.cms|work=The Times of India|date=9 September 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925192739/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/cm-lack-of-vax-acceptance-a-travel-barrier/articleshow/86052006.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> She was the only Indian invited to attend the event. But in September, the [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Union Ministry of External Affairs]] (MEA) denied her permission to attend the peace conference stating that the event was not "commensurate in status for participation by the chief minister of a state".<ref>{{cite news|title=Centre denies permission to Mamata for trip to Rome next month|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-denies-permission-to-mamata-for-trip-to-rome-next-month-101632573497938.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=25 September 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925195844/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/centre-denies-permission-to-mamata-for-trip-to-rome-next-month-101632573497938.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre Denies Mamata Banerjee Permission To Attend Peace Conference in Rome|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-mamata-banerjee-says-centre-denied-her-permission-to-attend-peace-conference-in-rome|work=The Quint|date=25 September 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925195845/https://www.thequint.com/news/politics/west-bengal-news-mamata-banerjee-says-centre-denied-her-permission-to-attend-peace-conference-in-rome|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Centre Didn't Let Me Go To Rome Peace Meet Out Of "Jealousy": Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-did-not-let-me-to-go-to-rome-global-peace-meet-out-of-jealousy-mamata-2553629|work=NDTV|date=25 September 2021|access-date=26 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925200631/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/centre-did-not-let-me-to-go-to-rome-global-peace-meet-out-of-jealousy-mamata-2553629|url-status=live}}</ref> BJP MP [[Subramanian Swamy]] slammed Modi government on Banerjee's Rome visit cancelation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Modi should permit Mamata to travel to Rome: Subramanian Swamy|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/26/modi-should-permit-mamata-to-travel-to-rome-subramanian-swamy.html|work=The Week|date=26 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=27 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927015445/https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2021/09/26/modi-should-permit-mamata-to-travel-to-rome-subramanian-swamy.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=কোন আইনে মমতাকে রোম যেতে বাধা দেওয়া হল? কেন্দ্রের ভূমিকা নিয়ে প্রশ্ন বিজেপি সাংসদের|url=https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/subramanian-swamy-questions-centres-move-to-stop-mamata-banerjees-italy-tour/|language=bn|work=Sangbad Pratidin|date=26 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926211727/https://www.sangbadpratidin.in/india/subramanian-swamy-questions-centres-move-to-stop-mamata-banerjees-italy-tour/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Subramanian Swamy: 'কোন আইনে Mamata-র রোম সফর বাতিল', কেন্দ্রকে তোপ BJP সাংসদের|url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/nation/subramanian-swamy-slams-narendra-modi-govt-on-mamata-banerjees-rome-visit-cancelation_406330.html|language=bn|work=Zee 24 Ghanta|date=26 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926211711/https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/nation/subramanian-swamy-slams-narendra-modi-govt-on-mamata-banerjees-rome-visit-cancelation_406330.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Indian Diplomat [[K. P. Fabian]], the reason cited by MEA was unconvincing.<ref>{{cite news|title=Italian organisation that invited Mamata highly prestigious: ex-envoy|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/italian-organisation-that-invited-mamata-highly-prestigious-ex-envoy/article36684864.ece|work=The Hindu|date=26 September 2021|access-date=27 September 2021|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926180130/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/italian-organisation-that-invited-mamata-highly-prestigious-ex-envoy/article36684864.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> Similarly, in December, Banerjee was denied permission by the MEA to visit [[Nepal]].<ref>{{cite news|title='Vindictive,' cries TMC as Centre bars Mamata Banerjee from visiting Nepal|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vindictive-cries-tmc-as-centre-bars-mamata-banerjee-from-visiting-nepal-101639159824014.html|work=Hindustan Times|date=10 December 2021|access-date=11 December 2021|archive-date=10 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210181616/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/vindictive-cries-tmc-as-centre-bars-mamata-banerjee-from-visiting-nepal-101639159824014.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

TIME magazine published its annual list of 'The 100 Most Influential People of 2021' on 15 September 2021. The list includes Mamata Banerjee among others.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dutt|first=Barkha|date=15 September 2021|title=The 100 Most Influential People of 2021. Mamata Banerjee.|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]|url=https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6096016/mamata-banerjee/|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915212047/https://time.com/collection/100-most-influential-people-2021/6096016/mamata-banerjee/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=15 September 2021|title=PM Modi, Mamata Banerjee Among TIME's 100 Most Influential People|website=NDTV|agency=PTI|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-mamata-and-adar-poonawalla-among-time-magazines-100-most-influential-people-of-2021-2542154|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=15 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915234109/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/pm-modi-mamata-and-adar-poonawalla-among-time-magazines-100-most-influential-people-of-2021-2542154|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=16 September 2021|title=বিশ্বের ১০০ প্রভাবশালীর তালিকায় মমতা, তীব্র সমালোচনা মোদির নামে|language=bn|trans-title=Mamata in the list of 100 most influential people in the world, sharp criticism of Modi|newspaper=Bartaman|url=https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=14&nID=319131&P=1&nPID=20210916|access-date=16 September 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916173559/https://bartamanpatrika.com/detailNews.php?cID=14&nID=319131&P=1&nPID=20210916|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== In popular culture ===
* ''[[Baghini (2019 Film)|Baghini]]'', a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]], inspired by Mamata Banerjee's life, was released on 24 May 2019. It is not a [[Biographical film|biopic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Devarsi|date=15 April 2019|title='Baghini: Bengal Tigress' is inspired by Mamata Banerjee but is not a biopic, filmmakers say|url=https://scroll.in/reel/919749/baghini-bengal-tigress-is-inspired-by-mamata-banerjee-but-is-not-a-biopic-filmmakers-say|access-date=9 December 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209051427/https://scroll.in/reel/919749/baghini-bengal-tigress-is-inspired-by-mamata-banerjee-but-is-not-a-biopic-filmmakers-say|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Itengar|first=Shriram|date=15 April 2019|title=After Narendra Modi, Baghini: Bengal Tigress evokes Mamata Banerjee|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415193949/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2019/apr/15/20107/after-narendra-modi-baghini-bengal-tigress-evokes-mamata-banerjee|archive-date=15 April 2019|access-date=16 April 2019|publisher=Cinestaan}}</ref>
* Former Trinamool Congress MLA Dipak Kumar Ghosh wrote a controversial book on her personal life, ''Mamata Bandopadhyayke Jemon Dekhechi''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deepak Ghosh |url=http://archive.org/details/mamatakejemondekhechi |title=মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় কে যেমন দেখেছি - দীপক ঘোষ |date=2013}}</ref> It creates critical response among the Bengali readers.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 May 2025 |title=FIR filed against BJP's Koustav Bagchi: Posting excerpts from late TMC leader's book sparks row on woman's dignity, political decorum in Bengal - Kolkata News |url=https://www.bhaskarenglish.in/local/west-bengal/kolkata/news/koustav-bagchi-complaint-for-posting-dipak-ghosh-against-mamata-banerjee-sparks-controversy-135139838.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Bhaskar English |language=en}}</ref> A [[defamation]] case was also filed against Deepak Ghosh but the case has not been resolved yet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 March 2025 |title=Dipak Ghosh Passed Away: বিতর্ক আর রাজনীতির ঘূর্ণাবর্ত পেরিয়ে প্রয়াত একদা IAS-বিধায়ক দীপক ঘোষ... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/bengali/kolkata/retired-ias-and-controversial-ex-tmc-mla-dipak-ghosh-passed-away_571830.html |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=Zee24Ghanta.com |language=bn}}</ref> The controversial book was banned by an interim order of Civil Judge, [[Barasat]] Court on 22 July 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2025 |title=মমতাকে নিয়ে লেখা বিতর্কিত বইয়ের প্রচার ও বিক্রিতে আদালতের স্থগিতাদেশ - Barasat Court Imposes Ban on Book About Deepak Ghosh, Controversial Book on Mamata Banerjee |url=https://www.thewall.in/west-bengal/barasat-court-imposes-ban-on-book-about-deepak-ghosh-controversial-book-on-mamata-banerjee/tid/167129 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=TheWall |language=bn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/bn-in/news/national/mamata-banerjee-%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A7%9F-%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%98-%E0%A6%B7-%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AC-%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95-%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%87-banned-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%A8-%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B6-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4-%E0%A6%B0/ar-AA1J6R3O |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>

== Works in arts and literature ==
[[File:Mamata Banerjee at 43rd International Kolkata Book Fair.jpg|thumb|right|Mamata Banerjee at 43rd [[International Kolkata Book Fair]] with her books in hand]]

Numerous books written by her have been published so far. In 2022, she was given ''Paschimbanga Akademy Award'' for 'Kabita Bitan' which consists of 946 poems.<ref>{{Cite news |title=সাহিত্য চর্চায় নিরলস সাধনার জন্য বাংলা আকাদেমির বিশেষ পুরস্কার পেলেন মমতা বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায় |url=https://bengali.abplive.com/district/mamata-banerjee-chief-minister-of-west-bengal-mamata-banerjee-gets-bangla-academy-award-for-literary-contribution-887048 |access-date=11 May 2022 |work=ABP Ananda |date=9 May 2022 |language=bn}}</ref>

She is also a self-taught painter.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mamata Banerjee, chief minister, painter and fighter, faces tough polls |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/writer-painter-fighter-mamata-banerjee-faces-major-political-challenge-121040100095_1.html |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=Business Standard India |date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=20 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220520164813/https://www.business-standard.com/article/elections/writer-painter-fighter-mamata-banerjee-faces-major-political-challenge-121040100095_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Her paintings have also been auctioned several times.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 April 2015 |title=WTF: Mamata Banerjee Paintings Sold For 9 Crores |url=https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html |access-date=20 May 2022 |work=IndiaTimes |archive-date=13 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513081145/https://www.indiatimes.com/culture/who-we-are/wtf-mamata-banerjee-paintings-sold-for-9-crores-285240.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

She is also a lyricist and her compositions are mostly based on '[[Durga Puja]]' and 'Motherland'. 'Maa Go Tumi Sarbojanin' sung by [[Shreya Ghoshal]] is one of her most popular songs.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prakashan |first=Priya |date=14 October 2015 |title=Durga Puja 2015: Mamata Banerjee pens Maa Go Tumi Sarbojonin on the auspicious occasion of the Navratri {{!}} India.com |url=https://www.india.com/viral/durga-puja-2015-mamata-banerjee-pens-maa-go-tumi-sarbojonin-on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-the-navratri-629627/ |access-date=11 May 2022 |website=India.com |archive-date=10 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240610060145/https://www.india.com/viral/durga-puja-2015-mamata-banerjee-pens-maa-go-tumi-sarbojonin-on-the-auspicious-occasion-of-the-navratri-629627/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Electoral history ==
{{Main|Electoral history of Mamata Banerjee}}

===Lok Sabha===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[Kolkata Dakshin (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kolkata Dakshin]]
| {{Party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
| 576,045
| 57.19
| rowspan="2"|[[Rabin Deb]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=8}}
| 356,474
| 35.39
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 219,571
| 21.8
|-
! [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
| rowspan="5"|[[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
| 393,561
| 51.1
| 295,132
| 38.3
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 98,429
| 12.8
|-
! [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
| 469,103
| 58.26
| Subhankar Chakraborty
| 255,095
| 31.68
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 214,008
| 26.58
|-
! [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
| 503,551
| 59.37
| Prasanta Kumar Sur
| 279,470
| 32.95
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 224,081
| 26.42
|-
! [[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
| 438,252
| 52.5
| Bharati Mukherjee
| 334,991
| 40.1
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 103,261
| 12.4
|-
! [[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| 367,896
| 52.46
| [[Biplab Dasgupta]]
| 274,233
| 39.1
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 93,663
| 13.36
|-
! [[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2"|[[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| 410,288
| 46.67
| [[Malini Bhattacharya]]
| 441,188
| 50.19
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -30,900
| -3.52
|-
! [[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
| 331,618
| 50.87
| [[Somnath Chatterjee]]
| 311,958
| 47.85
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 19,660
| 3.02
|-
|}

=== West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year
! Constituency
! colspan="2"|Party
! Votes
! %
! Opponent
! colspan="2"|Opponent Party
! Opponent Votes
! %
! Result
! Margin
! %
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur ''(by-election)'']]
| {{Party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=4}}
| 85,263
| 71.9
| Priyanka Tibrewal
| {{Party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| 26,428
| 22.29
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 58,835
| 49.61
|-
| [[Nandigram (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nandigram]]
| 108,808
| 47.64
| [[Suvendu Adhikari]]
| 110,764
| 48.49
| {{no2|Lost}}
| -1,956
| -0.85
|-
! [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur]]
| 65,520
| 47.67
| [[Deepa Dasmunshi]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 40,219
| 29.96
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 25,301
| 17.71
|-
! [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| [[Bhabanipur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bhabanipur ''(by-election)'']]
| 73,635
| 77.46
| [[Nandini Mukherjee]]
| {{Party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 19,422
| 20.43
| {{yes2|Won}}
| 54,213
| 57.03
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Ma Mati Manush]]
* [[Ambikesh Mahapatra]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
;Books
*{{Cite book|last=Paul|first=Shutapa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G_V5DwAAQBAJ|title=Didi: The Untold Mamata Banerjee|date=2018|publisher=Penguin Random House India|isbn=978-93-5305-360-4|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Monobina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VcfjAAAAQBAJ|title=Didi|date=2012|publisher=Harper Collins|isbn=978-93-5116-044-1|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last=Nielsen|first=Kenneth Bo|url=https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/29645/indias-democracies.pdf?sequence=1#page=101|title=India's Democracies|publisher=Scandinavian University Press (Universitetsforlaget)|year=2016|isbn=978-82-15-02689-3|editor-last=Ruud|editor-first=Arild Engelsen|pages=101–130|chapter=5. Mamata Banerjee. Redefining Female Leadership|editor-last2=Heierstad|editor-first2=Geir}}
*{{Cite book|last=Mitra|first=Dola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rei6oQEACAAJ|title=Decoding Didi: Making Sense of Mamata Banerjee|date=2014|publisher=Rupa|isbn=978-81-291-3267-3|language=en}}

;Journals
*{{Cite journal|last=Kariwal|first=Yash|date=January–March 2019|title=Role of Print Media in the Construction of a Political Image of Mamata Banerjee: A Content Analysis of News Coverage in The Telegraph Newspaper|url=http://ijrar.com/upload_issue/ijrar_issue_20543201.pdf|journal=International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews|volume=6|issue=1|issn=2349-5138|eissn=2348-1269}}

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Shankar Mahadevan

2026-03-27T14:28:16Z

Mdfaisalahmed121:

{{Short description|Indian singer (born 1967)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shankar Mahadevan
| image = Shankar Mahadevan 01 (cropped).jpg
| caption = Mahadevan in 2009
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1967|3|3}}
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| children = 2, [[Siddharth Mahadevan|Siddharth]], Shivam
| website = {{URL|shankarmahadevan.com}}
| module = {{Infobox musical artist
|embed = yes
| genre = [[Music of India|Indian music]]
| occupation = {{Flatlist|
* Singer
* [[composer]]
}}
| instrument = Vocals
| years_active = 1994–present
| label =
| current_member_of = [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]
| past_member_of =
}}
}}

'''Shankar Mahadevan''' (born 3 March 1967) is an Indian singer and [[composer]] who is part of the [[Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]] trio that makes music for [[Cinema of India|Indian films]]. In 2023, he was awarded an [[Honorary degree|honorary doctorate]] (''honoris causa'' degree) by [[Birmingham City University]].<ref name="birmingham">{{cite web |url=https://www.bcu.ac.uk/news-events/news/bollywood-star-to-be-recognised-with-top-university-honour |title=Bollywood star to be recognised with top university honour |date=9 November 2022|access-date=24 June 2023 |website=Birmingham City University|archive-date=25 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230625014009/https://www.bcu.ac.uk/news-events/news/bollywood-star-to-be-recognised-with-top-university-honour|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life and early career==
Shankar Mahadevan was born in [[Chembur]], [[Mumbai]] into a [[Tamils|Tamil]] family originally from [[Palakkad]], [[Kerala]].<ref name="ti">{{cite web |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021021/login/music.htm |title=Nerd who started at 5 and still not Breathless |last=Puri |first=Amit |date=21 October 2002 |newspaper=Tribune India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310201553/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021021/login/music.htm |archive-date=10 March 2007 |access-date=20 November 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/interesting-facts-about-musical-genius-shankar-mahadevan-27319.html |title=Interesting facts about musical genius Shankar Mahadevan |publisher=India TV|access-date=4 March 2016|archive-date=7 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307133128/http://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/interesting-facts-about-musical-genius-shankar-mahadevan-27319.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Narayan |first=Shoba |date=17 January 2015 |title=The psychology of a Matunga Tamilian |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zKv7XNp51knGxIfJwZp1XM/The-psychology-of-a-Matunga-Tamilian.html |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=mint |language=en |archive-date=21 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190921154253/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zKv7XNp51knGxIfJwZp1XM/The-psychology-of-a-Matunga-Tamilian.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar Mahadevan – Artist Biography |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/shankar-mahadevan-bio/,QE2Oks7qzI_ |access-date=15 April 2023 |website=JioSaavn |language=en-US |archive-date=15 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230415173859/https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/shankar-mahadevan-bio/,QE2Oks7qzI_ |url-status=live}}</ref> He learned [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical]] and [[Carnatic music]] as a child and began playing the [[veena]] at the age of five under [[Lalita Venkatram|Shri Lalitha Venkataraman]]. Mahadevan studied music under [[Shrinivas Khale|Pandit Shrinivas Khale]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/khale-maestro-till-last-breath-mahadevan-113634107.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923051410/https://www.yahoo.com/news/khale-maestro-till-last-breath-mahadevan-113634107.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 September 2017 |title=Khale a maestro till his last breath: Mahadevan |website=yahoo.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/best-marathi-songs-by-shankar-mahadevan-you-would-love-to-listen-to/photostory/66087505.cms |title=Best Marathi songs by Shankar Mahadevan you would love to listen to |date=5 October 2018 |work=Times of India.|access-date= 18 October 2018|archive-date= 7 November 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191107052515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/best-marathi-songs-by-shankar-mahadevan-you-would-love-to-listen-to/photostory/66087505.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> and T.R. Balamani.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ramani |first=Hema Iyer Ramani and V. v |date=27 July 2017 |title=The sound of his music |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/shankar-mahadevan-is-a-man-of-many-avatars/article19369627.ece|access-date=31 October 2020 |issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107221147/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/shankar-mahadevan-is-a-man-of-many-avatars/article19369627.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

He is an alumnus of [[Our Lady of Perpetual Succour High School|Our Lady of Perpetual Succour High School, Chembur]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar Mahadevan Alumni |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/best-schools-from-city-s-east/story-YtW8JmZnngE9uK4qzPSIBP.html}}</ref> and graduated in 1988 with a degree in [[Computer science|Computer Science]] and [[Software engineering|Software Engineering]] from the [[Ramrao Adik Institute of Technology]] in [[Navi Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Post News |date=2021-03-03 |title=Happy B’day Shankar Mahadevan; Ace singer ditched software job for music - OrissaPOST |url=https://www.orissapost.com/happy-bday-shankar-mahadevan-ace-singer-ditched-software-job-for-music/ |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Odisha News, Odisha Latest news, Odisha Daily - OrissaPOST |language=en-US}}</ref> affiliated with [[Mumbai University]], and was a software engineer for the company Leading Edge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eminent Alumni {{!}} RAIT|url=http://www.dypatil.edu/mumbai/rait/eminent-alumni/|access-date=21 October 2020|language=en-US|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020195113/http://www.dypatil.edu/mumbai/rait/eminent-alumni/|url-status=live}}</ref> After working for Leading Edge Systems (now Trigyn Technologies Limited), Mahadevan ventured into music.<ref>{{cite news |last=Yasir |first=S.M. |date=6 November 2003 |title=Striking the right note... for his supper |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/06/stories/2003110600310400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040405131141/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/11/06/stories/2003110600310400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 April 2004 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=20 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/interview-folk-music-is-above-even-classical-music-shankar-mahadevan-2666478 |title=Folk music is above even classical music: Shankar Mahadevan |date=23 September 2018 |work=DNA India|access-date= 18 October 2018|archive-date= 7 November 2018|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181107194142/https://www.dnaindia.com/just-before-monday/interview-folk-music-is-above-even-classical-music-shankar-mahadevan-2666478|url-status= live}}</ref>

He has two sons, [[Siddharth Mahadevan]] and Shivam Mahadevan, both of whom are singers.

==Musical career==
Mahadevan got early fame as an Indi-pop star with his fusion of [[Carnatic music|Carnatic]], [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani]], and [[Jazz]]. At that time, his non-film album, ''[[Breathless (Shankar Mahadevan album)|Breathless]]'' topped the Indian music charts in 1998.<ref>Kumar, R. ed., 2003. Essays on Indian music. Discovery Publishing House.</ref> He won one [[Grammy Awards|Grammy Award]] and received three nominations.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar Mahadevan {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://grammy.com/artists/shankar-mahadevan/54037 |access-date=2025-11-13 |website=grammy.com}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
[[File:Padma Shri Shankar Mahadevan.jpg|thumb|The President, Shri Ram Nath Kovind presenting the Padma Shree Award to Mahadevan, at an Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on 11 March 2019]]
* 2000: [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Yenna Solla Pogirai" (''[[Kandukondain Kandukondain]]'')
* 2006: [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu]] – "Chandrullo" (''[[Nuvvostanante Nenoddantana]]'')
* 2007: [[Swaralaya Yesudas Award|Swaralaya-Kairali-Yesudas Award]] for outstanding contribution to Indian film music<ref>{{cite web |url=http://thiraseela.com/main/awardDetail.php?id=105 |title=Swaralaya Kairali Yesudas Award |publisher=Thiraseela.com |access-date=3 January 2013 |archive-date=12 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412165337/http://thiraseela.com/main/awardDetail.php?id=105 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2007: [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Maa" (''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'')
* 2008: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Kerala State Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Kalyana Kacheri" (''[[Madampi]]'')<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala State Film Awards |url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305021732/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/stateawards4.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=5 November 2021 |website=[[Kerala State Chalachitra Academy]]}}</ref>
* 2009: [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Male Playback Singer|Asianet Film Award for Best Male Playback]] – "Pichavecha Naal" (''[[Puthiya Mukham]]'')
* 2009: Annual Malayalam Movie Awards (Dubai) for Best Male Singer – "Pichavecha Naal" (''[[Puthiya Mukham]]'')<ref>{{cite news |title=Mohan Lal, Kaniha to get best actor, actress award! |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mohan-lal-kaniha-to-get-best-actor-actress-award/story-YdkJOOKqu8ZJbS4JoevA4H.html |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=30 October 2009 |author=Juhan Samuel|archive-date=25 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725183835/https://www.hindustantimes.com/regional-movies/mohan-lal-kaniha-to-get-best-actor-actress-award/story-YdkJOOKqu8ZJbS4JoevA4H.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2011: [[Lata Mangeshkar Award#Government of Andhra Pradesh|Lata Mangeshkar Award]] by [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Antao |first=Lisa |date=1 October 2011 |title=Lata Mangeshkar Award for Shankar Mahadevan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/lata-mangeshkar-award-for-shankar-mahadevan/articleshow/10195689.cms |website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-date=5 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105000236/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/lata-mangeshkar-award-for-shankar-mahadevan/articleshow/10195689.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2011: Kerala Film Critics Award for Best Male Playback Singer – "Indhumukhi Varumo" (''[[Holidays (2010 film)|Holidays]]'')<ref>{{cite news |date=26 February 2011 |title=Critics award: ''Gaddama'' adjudged best film |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/critics-award-gaddama-adjudged-best-film/755271/ |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=29 February 2012 |archive-date=19 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130319070804/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/critics-award-gaddama-adjudged-best-film/755271 |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2012: MAA Music Award for Best Male Playback Singer – "Nee Dookudu" (''[[Dookudu]]'')
* 2012: [[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer]] – "Bolo Na" (''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]'')
* 2015: [[Tulu Cinemotsava 2015|Tulu Cinemotsava Awards]] for Best Playback Singer – Rikshaw Driver ([[Tulu Cinema|Tulu Movie]])
* 2019: [[Padma Shri|Padma Shri Award]] for his contributions to film music under the category Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 March 2019 |title=Mohanlal, Prabhudheva and Shankar Mahadevan receive Padma Awards |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-prabhudheva-shankar-mahadevan-receive-padma-awards-5621012/ |website=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=4 November 2021 |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104210105/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/mohanlal-prabhudheva-shankar-mahadevan-receive-padma-awards-5621012/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2023: Awarded an honorary doctorate (''honoris causa'' degree) by Birmingham City University.<ref name="birmingham" />
* 2024: [[Grammy Award for Best Global Music Album]] for ''[[This Moment (Shakti album)|This Moment]]'' as a member of [[Shakti (band)|Shakti]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Shankar Mahadevan & Zakir Hussain Triumph at 2024 Grammy Awards with 'The moment' album |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/shankar-mahadevan-zakir-hussain-triumph-at-2024-grammy-awards-with-the-moment-album |website=Bru Times News |language=en |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205075902/https://www.brutimes.com/news/entertainment/shankar-mahadevan-zakir-hussain-triumph-at-2024-grammy-awards-with-the-moment-album |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Grammy Awards 2024 winner Shakti: 5 things you need to know about Shankar Mahadevan and Zakir Hussain's fusion band |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/grammy-awards-2024-winner-shakti-5-things-you-need-to-know-shankar-mahadevan-zakir-hussain-101707104359367.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |date=5 February 2024 |access-date=5 February 2024 |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205075901/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/grammy-awards-2024-winner-shakti-5-things-you-need-to-know-shankar-mahadevan-zakir-hussain-101707104359367.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* 2026: [[Grammy Awards]] nominations for the album ''Mind Explosion (50th Anniversary Tour Live)'' in the [[Best Global Music Album]] category and ''Shrini's Dream (Live)'' in the [[Best Global Music Performance]] category.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shankar Mahadevan {{!}} Artist {{!}} GRAMMY.com |url=https://grammy.com/artists/shankar-mahadevan/54037 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=grammy.com}}</ref>

==Filmography==
===As actor===
* ''[[Aranmanai 3]]'' (2021) Tamil – guest appearance in song "Theeyaga Thondarihvn
* ''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]'' (2015) Marathi film
* ''[[Rhythm (2000 film)|Rhythm]]'' (2000) Tamil – guest appearance in song "Thaniye"
* ''[[Ek Se Badkar Ek]]'' (1995) Doordarshan Serial

===As composer===
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* ''[[Rockford (film)|Rockford]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Bhopal Express (film)|Bhopal Express]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Shool]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Dillagi (1999 film)|Dillagi]]'' (1999)
* ''[[Mission Kashmir]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Aalavandhan]]'' (2001) (Tamil)
* ''[[Dil Chahta Hai]]'' (2001)
* ''[[Yeh Kya Ho Raha Hai?]]'' (2002)
* ''[[Ek Aur Ek Gyarah]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Armaan (2003 film)|Armaan]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Nayee Padosan]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Kuch Naa Kaho]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Kal Ho Naa Ho]]'' (2003)
* ''[[Rudraksh (film)|Rudraksh]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Main Hoon Na]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Kyun! Ho Gaya Na...]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Lakshya (2004 film)|Lakshya]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Phir Milenge (2004 film)|Phir Milenge]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Vanity Fair (2004 film)|Vanity Fair]]'' (2004)
* ''[[Bunty Aur Babli]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Dil Jo Bhi Kahey...]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Dus]]'' (2005)
* ''[[Kabhi Alvida Naa Kehna]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Don: The Chase Begins Again]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Salaam-e-Ishq: A Tribute to Love]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Marigold: An Adventure in India]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Heyy Babyy]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Jhoom Barabar Jhoom]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Johnny Gaddaar]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Taare Zameen Par]]'' (2007)
* ''[[High School Musical 2 (soundtrack)|High School Musical 2]]'' soundtrack (Hindi version)
* ''[[Rock On!!]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]'' (2008)
* ''[[Madambi]]'' (Malayalam) (2008)
* ''[[Chandni Chowk to China]]'' (2009)
* ''[[13B: Fear Has a New Address]]'' / ''[[13B: Fear Has a New Address|Yavarum Nalam]]'' (Hindi-Tamil) (2009)
* ''[[Shortkut]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Luck by Chance]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Sikandar (2009 film)|Sikandar]]'' (2009)
* ''[[Konchem Ishtam Konchem Kashtam]]'' (Telugu) (2009)
* ''[[Wake Up Sid]]'' (2009)
* ''[[London Dreams]]'' (2009)
* ''[[My Name Is Khan]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Kismat Talkies]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Hum Tum Aur Ghost]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Tere Bin Laden]]'' (2010)
* ''[[Koochie Koochie Hota Hai]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Patiala House (film)|Patiala House]]'' (2011)
* ''[[De Ghuma Ke]]'' (World Cup 2011 song)
* ''[[Game (2011 film)|Game]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Don 2]]'' (2011)
* ''[[Chittagong (film)|Chittagong]]'' (2012)
* ''[[Vishwaroopam]]'' (2013)
* ''[[Bhaag Milkha Bhaag]]'' (2013)
* ''[[D - Day]]'' (2013)
* ''[[One by Two (2014 film)|One By Two]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Darr @ the Mall]]'' (2014)
* ''[[2 States (2014 film)|2 States]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Kill Dil]]'' (2014)
* ''[[Mitwaa]]'' (2015) Marathi
* ''[[Katyar Kaljat Ghusali (film)|Katyar Kaljat Ghusali]]'' (2015) Marathi
* ''[[Than Than Gopal]]'' (2015) Marathi
* ''Thai Manne 2.0'' (2023) Tamil<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Netaji and Chatrapati Shivaji featuring Thai Manne 2.0 Ravi Murrugiah/ Shankar Mahadevan #ThaiManne |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dwg8VDulIHg |publisher=Vasan Digitz |date=31 July 2023 |access-date=5 February 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
* ''Thai Manne 2.0'' (2023) Hindi<ref>{{Cite AV media |title=Netaji and Chatrapati Shivaji featuring Bharat Maa 2.0 Ravi Murrugiah/ Shankar Mahadevan #ThaiManne |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TecNrCuDEvk |date=31 July 2023 |access-date=19 August 2023 |language=en |publisher=Vasan Digitz |archive-date=19 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230819122911/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TecNrCuDEvk |url-status=live |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

===As playback singer===
{{Main|List of songs recorded by Shankar Mahadevan}}

==Discography==
===Solo albums===
* [[Nine (Shankar Mahadevan album)|Nine]]
* [[Breathless (Shankar Mahadevan album)|Breathless]]

===Jingles===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ List of Shankar Mahadevan jingles
|-
! scope="col" | Name
! scope="col" | Brand
! scope="col" | Composer
! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Notes
|-
| "Kuch Khaas Hai Hum Sabhi Mai"
| [[Cadbury Dairy Milk|Dairy Milk]]
|
|{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}
|-
| "Chal Nikal Taiyaar Ho Ja"
| Delhi Disaster Management Authority
| Vaibhav Saxena
|<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tyagi |first=Avantika |url=https://archive.org/details/timesofindia-musicinterview |title=Blending music to create heady re-(mix) |date=31 January 2015 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |via=Internet Archive (archive.org)}}</ref>
|}

==Television==
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2022]] as a judge
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021|Sa Re Ga Ma Pa :Sapnon Ki Shuruwaat]] as a judge
* [[Taare Zameen Par (TV series)|Taare Zameen Par]] as a judge
* [[Rising Star (Indian TV series)|Rising Star Live]] on [[Viacom 18|Colors]] as a judge
* Indian Voice on [[Mazhavil Manorama]] as a judge
* [[Super Singer (TV series)|Super Singer]] 6 & 7 as a special guest on [[Star Vijay]]
* Vijay Star Nite as a performer on Star Vijay
* [[Super Singer Junior]] seasons 6 & 7 on Star Vijay as a judge
* Super Singer Champion of Champions on Star Vijay as a judge
* [[Super Singer (TV series)|Super Singer 8]] as a performer & judge along with other leading singers of Tamil ([[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Sid Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan|Unni Krishnan]], [[Anuradha Sriram|Anuradha Sri Ram]], [[Shashaa Tirupati|Shasha Tirupati]], [[Stephen Devassy]], [[S. P. Charan|SPB Charan]], [[Vijay Yesudas]], [[Benny Dayal]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana Ragavendar]], [[Saindhavi]], [[Shakthisree Gopalan]], [[Pradeep Kumar (musician)|Pradeep Kumar]], [[Vijay Prakash]], [[Karthik (singer)|Karthick]], [[Gana Bala]], [[Anthony Daasan]], [[Chinnaponnu]], [[Grace Karunas]], [[Karunas]]) on the Grand Launch Episode on [[Star Vijay]]
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012]] as a judge and mentor
* [[Music ka Maha Muqqabla]] as a contestant-captain of Shankar's Rockstars
* [[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009]], as a judge and mentor

==See also==
* [[Shankar Mahadevan Academy]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Shankar Mahadevan}}
* {{official website|http://shankarmahadevan.com/}}
* [http://www.shankarmahadevanacademy.com Shankar Mahadevan Academy]
* {{IMDb name|0536708}}
{{Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}
{{National Film Award Best Male Playback Singer}}{{Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer – Telugu}}{{Shakti (band)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mahadevan, Shankar}}
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:Tamil film score composers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Marathi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards South winners]]
[[Category:Sanskrit-language singers]]
[[Category:Hindi film score composers]]
[[Category:Best Male Playback Singer National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian male film score composers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Remember Shakti members]]
[[Category:Kerala Film Critics Awards winners]]
[[Category:Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy]]

Hrishikesh Mukherjee

2026-03-27T10:08:48Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: done

{{Short description|Indian film director (1922–2006)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Hrishikesh Mukherjee
|image =Hrishikesh Mukherjee 2013 stamp of India.jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
|caption =Mukherjee on a 2013 stamp of India
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1922|09|30}}
|birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
|death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2006|08|27|1922|09|30}}
|death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|editor|screenwriter}}
|years_active =
|spouse =
|children =
|signature=
|signature_alt=
|awards =
|honours = [[Dada Saheb Phalke Award]] (1999) 
[[Padma Vibhushan]] (2001)
| notable_works = {{flatlist|
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]}}
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Anupama (1966 film)|Anupama]]}}
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Majhli Didi]]}}
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Satyakam]]}}
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]}}
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]}}
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]}}
*{{lang|hi-latn|[[Chaitali (film)|Chaitali]]}}
}}
}}

'''Hrishikesh Mukherjee''' (30 September 1922 – 27 August 2006) was an Indian film director, editor and writer. He is regarded as one of the greatest filmmakers of [[Indian cinema]]. Popularly known as ''Hrishi-da'', he directed 42 films during his career spanning over four decades, and is named the pioneer of the 'middle cinema' of India. Renowned for his [[Social problem film|social films]] that reflected the changing middle-class ethos, Mukherjee "carved a middle path between the extravagance of mainstream cinema and the stark realism of [[art film|art cinema]]".<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gulzar |author2=Nihalani, Govind |author3=Chatterjee, Saibal |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema|year=2003|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica (India) Pvt Ltd.|isbn=81-7991-066-0|page=592}}</ref><ref>[http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/dec/17dinesh.htm The common man lure of Hrishikesh Mukherjee's films] ''[[Rediff.com]]''.</ref><ref>[http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28slide1.htm Hrishikesh Mukherjee's best films] Special Photo feature, ''[[Rediff.com]]'', 28 August 2006.</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Duara, Ajit|title=A touch of realism|date=3 September 2006|access-date=19 September 2011|url=http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/09/03/stories/2006090300310500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110161843/http://www.hindu.com/mag/2006/09/03/stories/2006090300310500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

He is known for a number of films, including ''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]'', ''[[Satyakam]]'', ''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]'', ''[[Anupama (1966 film)|Anupama]]'', ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'', {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]}}, ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]'', ''[[Gol Maal]]'', ''[[Majhli Didi]]'', ''[[Chaitali (film)|Chaitali]]'', ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]'', ''[[Bawarchi]]'', ''[[Khubsoorat]]'', {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Kissi Se Na Kehna]]}}, and {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Namak Haraam]]}}.

He also remained the chairman of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] (CBFC) and of the [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]] (NFDC).<ref name=Hin/> The [[Government of India]] honoured him with the [[Dada Saheb Phalke Award]] in 1999 and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2001. He received the [[NTR National Award]] in 2001 and he also won eight [[Filmfare Awards]].

==Early life and background==
Hrishikesh Mukherjee was born in the city of Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]) in pre-independence India to a [[Bengali Brahmins|Bengali Brahmin]] family.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-08-28|title=Hrishikesh Mukherjee|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/hrishikesh-mukherjee-413774.html|access-date=2022-01-08|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> He studied science and graduated in chemistry from the [[University of Calcutta]]. He taught mathematics and science for some time before taking up filmmaking as a career.

==Career==
Mukherjee chose to begin working, initially as a cameraman, and then film editor, in [[B. N. Sircar]]'s New Theatres in [[Calcutta]] in the late 1940s, where he learned his skills from Subodh Mitter ('Kenchida'), a well known editor of his times.<ref>[http://www.ultraindia.com/movies/awards/hrishikesh.htm Hrishikesh Mukherjee Biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015095045/http://ultraindia.com/movies/awards/hrishikesh.htm |date=15 October 2007 }} on winning, the 31st Dada Saheb Phalke Award.</ref> He then worked with [[Bimal Roy]] in [[Mumbai]] as film editor and assistant director from 1951,<ref>[http://www.upperstall.com/people/hrishikesh-mukherjee Hrishikesh Mukherjee] ''Upperstall.com''.</ref> participating in the landmark Roy films ''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]'' and ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]''.

His debut directorial venture, ''[[Musafir (1957 film)|Musafir]]'' (1957), was not a success, but he persisted and received acclaim for his second film ''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]'' in 1959. The film, crew and cast won five [[Filmfare Awards]], with Mukherjee only losing the Best Director Award to his mentor, Bimal Roy.

In the following years he made numerous films. Some of his most notable films include: ''[[Anuradha (1960 film)|Anuradha]]'' (1960), ''[[Chhaya (1961 film)|Chhaya]]'' (1961), ''[[Asli-Naqli]]'' (1962), ''[[Anupama (1966 film)|Anupama]]'' (1966), ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]'' (1968), ''[[Satyakam]]'' (1969), ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]'' (1971), ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'' (1971), ''[[Bawarchi]]'' (1972), {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]}} (1973), {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Namak Haraam]]}} (1973), ''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]'' (1975), ''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]'' (1975), ''[[Alaap]]'' (1977), ''[[Gol Maal]]'' (1979), ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' (1980) and ''[[Bemisal]]'' (1982). He was the first to introduce [[Dharmendra]] in comedy roles, through ''Chupke Chupke'', and gave [[Amitabh Bachchan]] his big break with ''Anand'' in 1970, along with [[Rajesh Khanna]], he also introduced [[Jaya Bhaduri]] to [[Hindi cinema]] in his film ''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]''.<ref name=Hin>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=53183e3d-34a2-4bc5-8c5f-e629fc02f02e&&Headline=Remembering+Hrishikesh+Mukherjee&strParent=strParentID Remembering Hrishikesh Mukherjee] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905232647/http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=&id=53183e3d-34a2-4bc5-8c5f-e629fc02f02e&&Headline=Remembering%20Hrishikesh%20Mukherjee&strParent=strParentID |date=5 September 2008 }} ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', 26 August 2008</ref> Having worked with his mentor, [[Bimal Roy]] as an editor, in films like ''[[Madhumati]]'', he was much sought after as an editor as well.<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28hm.htm Remembering Hrishida] ''[[Rediff.com]]'', 28 August 2006.</ref>

==Later life==
Mukherjee was honoured with the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] by the [[Government of India]], in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ultraindia.com/movies/awards/hrishikesh.htm |title=Hrishikesh Mukherjee wins Dadasaheb Phalke Award |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015095045/http://ultraindia.com/movies/awards/hrishikesh.htm |archive-date=15 October 2007 }}</ref> Mukherjee was chairman of the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] and of the [[National Film Development Corporation of India|National Film Development Corporation]]. He was also awarded the [[Padma Vibhushan]], the second highest civilian award for his contribution to Indian cinema by government of India in 2001 . The [[International Film Festival of India]] honoured him with a retrospective of his films in November 2005. He holds the distinction of working with almost all the top Indian stars since independence of India in 1947.

His last film was ''[[Jhooth Bole Kauwa Kaate]]''. Since his original hero [[Amol Palekar]] had grown old he had to cast [[Anil Kapoor]]. He has also directed TV serials like [[Talaash (Indian TV series)|''Talaash'']].

==Death==
In later life, Mukherjee suffered from chronic [[kidney failure]] and would go to [[Lilavati Hospital]] for dialysis. He was admitted to Lilavati Hospital in [[Mumbai]] early on Tuesday, 6 June 2006 after he complained of uneasiness. Mukherjee died few weeks later on 27 August 2006.<ref name="timesindiaobit">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1930646.cms Hrishikesh Mukherjee is dead].''[[The Times of India]]'', 27 August 2006.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121004102108/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/filmmaker-hrishikesh-mukherjee-dead/19858-8.html Filmmaker Hrishikesh Mukherjee dead] [[CNN-IBN]], 28 August 2006.</ref>

==Personal life==
Mukherjee was married and has three daughters and two sons.<ref>[https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5291132.stm?ls Veteran Bollywood director dies] [[BBC News]], 27 August 2006.</ref> His wife died more than three decades before him.
His younger brother Dwarkanath Mukherjee helped write the screenplay for many of his films.
He was an animal lover and had many dogs and sometimes an odd cat at his residence in [[Bandra]], Mumbai. He was staying with only his servants and pets in the last phase of his life. Family members and friends would visit him regularly.

==Awards==
* 2001: [[Padma Vibhushan]] by the Government of India
* 2001: [[NTR National Award]]
* Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman from the Government of Madhya Pradesh for 1997-1998<ref>{{Cite web |title=क्या है 'किशोर अलंकरण', किन हस्तियों को मिल चुका है ये सम्मान |url=https://www.amarujala.com/education/kishore-kumar-samman-recipient-list-waheeda-rehman-to-be-awarded-this-year |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2010-10-15 |title=The Kishore Kumar award instituted by the Madhya Pradesh government in 1997, is given away for direction, acting, script writing and lyrics every year. Past recipients of the prestigious award have included Hrishikesh Mukherjee, Gulzar, Shyam Benegal and Amitabh Bachchan. This year it has been given to Yash Chopra. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/the-kishore-kumar-award-instituted-by-the-madhya-pradesh-government-in-1997-is-given-away-for-direction-acting-script-writing-and-lyrics-every-year-past-recipients-of-the-prestigious-award-have-included-hrishikesh-mukherjee-gulzar-shyam-benegal-and-amitabh-bachchan-this-year-it-has-been-given-to-yash-chopra-/articleshow/6752191.cms |access-date=2024-03-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

;[[Berlin International Film Festival]]
* [[11th Berlin International Film Festival|1961]]: [[Golden Bear]]: Nomination: ''[[Anuradha (1960 film)|Anuradha]]''<ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0137362/awards Awards] ''[[Internet Movie Database]]''</ref>

;[[Filmfare Awards]]
* 1956: [[Filmfare Best Editing Award]]: ''Naukari''
* 1959: Filmfare Best Editing Award: ''[[Madhumati]]''
* 1970: [[Filmfare Best Screenplay Award]]: {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Anokhi Raat]]}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Screenplay Award |url=http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_screenplay.htm |publisher=Filmfare Award Official Listings, [[Indiatimes]] |access-date=28 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429080308/http://recipeguide.indiatimes.com/awards2001/ex_screenplay.htm |archive-date=29 April 2014 }}</ref>
* 1972: [[Filmfare Best Movie Award]]: ''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]'' shared with N. C. Sippy
* 1972: Filmfare Best Editing Award: ''Anand''
* 1972: [[Filmfare Best Story Award]]: ''Anand''
* 1981: Filmfare Best Movie Award: ''[[Khubsoorat]]'' shared with N. C. Sippy
* 1994: [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South]] (1994)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/lifetime-achievement-award-south-winners-down-the-years-6684.html|title=Lifetime Achievement Award (South) winners down the years...}}</ref>

;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]

* 1970: [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor]]: ''[[Priya (1970 film)|Priya]]''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vijayakumar |first=B |date=6 May 2012 |title=Old Is Gold: Priya 1970 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/old-is-gold-priya-1970/article3387630.ece |access-date=6 November 2020 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>
* 1974: Kerala State Film Award for Best Editor: ''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]''
;[[National Film Awards]]
*[[5th National Film Awards|1957]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Certificate of Merit for Third Best Feature Film in Hindi]] – ''[[Musafir (1957 film)|Musafir]]''<ref name="5thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/5th_nff.pdf|title=5th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=2 September 2011}}</ref>
* [[7th National Film Awards|1959]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Hindi]] – ''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]''<ref name="7thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/7th_nff.pdf|title=7th National Film Awards|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]]|access-date=4 September 2011}}</ref>
* [[8th National Film Awards|1960]]: [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|President's Gold Medal for the All India Best Feature Film]] – ''Anuradha''<ref name="8thaward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|title=8th National Film Awards|publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]|access-date=7 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012062918/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm8thNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[14th National Film Awards|1966]]: President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Hindi – ''[[Anupama (1966 film)|Anupama]]''
*[[16th National Film Awards|1968]]: President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Hindi – ''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]''
*[[17th National Film Awards|1969]]: President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Hindi – ''[[Satyakam]]''
*[[18th National Film Awards|1970]]: President's Silver Medal for Best Feature Film in Hindi – ''Anand''
* [[47th National Film Awards|1999]]: [[Dada Saheb Phalke Award]]

==Filmography==
===Films as director===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !!Film !!Starring
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1957|1957]]
|''[[Musafir (1957 film)|Musafir]]''
|[[Dilip Kumar]], [[Kishore Kumar]], [[Suchitra Sen]] and [[Usha Kiran]].
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1959|1959]]
|''[[Anari (1959 film)|Anari]]''
|[[Raj Kapoor]], [[Nutan]], [[Lalita Pawar]] and [[Motilal (actor)|Motilal]].
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1960|1960]]
|''[[Anuradha (1960 film)|Anuradha]]''
|[[Balraj Sahni]], [[Leela Naidu]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1961|1961]]
|''[[Chhaya (1961 film)|Chhaya]]''
|[[Sunil Dutt]], [[Asha Parekh]]
|-
|''[[Memdidi]]''
|[[David (actor)|David]], [[Jayant (actor)|Jayant]], [[Lalita Pawar]], [[Asit Sen (actor)|Asit Sen]], [[Tanuja]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1962|1962]]
|''[[Asli-Naqli]]''
|[[Dev Anand]], Sadhna
|-
|''[[Aashiq (1962 film)|Aashiq]]''
|[[Raj Kapoor]], [[Padmini (actress)|Padmini]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1964|1964]]
|''[[Sanjh Aur Savera|Saanjh Aur Savera]]''
|[[Guru Dutt]], [[Meena Kumari]]
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1966|1966]]
|''[[Anupama (1966 film)|Anupama]]''
|[[Dharmendra]], [[Sharmila Tagore]]
|-
|''[[Gaban (1966 film)|Gaban]]''
|[[Sunil Dutt]], [[Sadhana Shivdasani|Sadhana]]
|-
|''[[Do Dil]]''
|[[Biswajit]], [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
|-
|''[[Biwi Aur Makan]]''
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajit]], [[Kalpana Mohan]], [[Mehmood (actor)|Mehmood]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1967|1967]]
|''[[Majhli Didi]]''
|[[Dharmendra]], [[Meena Kumari]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1968|1968]]
|''[[Aashirwad (film)|Aashirwad]]''
|[[Ashok Kumar]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
|-
|''[[Chotto Jigyasa]]''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-15 |title=Prosenjit shares a throwback picture from the sets of 'Chotto Jigyasa' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/prosenjit-shares-a-throwback-picture-from-the-sets-of-chotto-jigyasa/articleshow/66633355.cms |access-date=2025-01-24 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://letterboxd.com/film/chotto-jigyasa/ |title=Chotto Jigyasa (1968) |language=en |access-date=2025-01-24 |via=letterboxd.com}}</ref>
|[[Prosenjit Chatterjee]], [[Biswajit Chatterjee]], [[Madhabi Mukherjee]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1969|1969]]
|''[[Satyakam]]''
|[[Dharmendra]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]]
|-
|''[[Pyar Ka Sapna]]''
|[[Mala Sinha]], [[Biswajeet]], [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Helen (actress)|Helen]], [[Johnny Walker (actor)|Johnny Walker]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1971|1971]]
|''[[Anand (1971 film)|Anand]]''
|[[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|-
|''[[Guddi (1971 film)|Guddi]]''
|[[Dharmendra]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]], [[Utpal Dutt]]
|-
|''[[Buddha Mil Gaya]]''
|[[Om Prakash]], [[Navin Nischol]], [[Deven Verma]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1972|1972]]
|''[[Bawarchi]]''
|[[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]]
|-
|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Sabse Bada Sukh]]}}
|[[Vijay Arora]], [[Asrani]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1973|1973]]
|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Abhimaan (1973 film)|Abhimaan]]}}
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]], [[Asrani]]
|-
|{{Lang|hi-latn|[[Namak Haraam]]}}
|[[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rekha]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1974|1974]]
|''[[Phir Kab Milogi]]''
|[[Biswajit Chatterjee|Biswajit]], [[Mala Sinha]], [[Deven Verma]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1975|1975]]
|''[[Chupke Chupke (film)|Chupke Chupke]]''
|[[Dharmendra]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Sharmila Tagore]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]]
|-
|''[[Mili (1975 film)|Mili]]''
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Jaya Bhaduri]]
|-
|''[[Chaitali (film)|Chaitali]]''
|[[Dharmendra]], [[Saira Banu]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1976|1976]]
|''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]''
|[[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Ashok Kumar]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1977|1977]]
|''[[Alaap]]''
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rekha]]
|-
|''[[Kotwal Saab]]''
|[[Shatrughan Sinha]], [[Aparna Sen]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1978|1978]]
|''[[Naukri]]''
|[[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Zaheera]], [[Raj Kapoor]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1979|1979]]
|''[[Gol Maal]]''
|[[Amol Palekar]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Bindiya Goswami]]
|-
|''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]''
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rakhee Gulzar|Rakhee]], [[Vinod Mehra]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1980|1980]]
|''[[Khubsoorat]]''
|[[Rekha]], [[Rakesh Roshan]], [[Ashok Kumar]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1981|1981]]
|''[[Naram Garam]]''
|[[Amol Palekar]], [[Utpal Dutt]], [[Swaroop Sampat]], [[Shatrughan Sinha]]
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1982|1982]]
|''[[Bemisal]]''
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Rakhee Gulzar|Rakhee]], [[Vinod Mehra]]
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1983|1983]]
|''[[Rang Birangi]]''
|[[Amol Palekar]], [[Parveen Babi]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Farooq Sheikh]]
|-
|''[[Kissise Na Kehna]]''
|[[Utpal Dutt]], [[Deepti Naval]], [[Farooq Sheikh]]
|-
|''[[Achha Bura]]''
|[[Raj Babbar]], [[Anita Raj]]
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1985|1985]]
|''[[Jhoothi]]''
|[[Rekha]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Amol Palekar]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Deven Verma]]
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1988|1988]]
|''[[Namumkin]]''
|[[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Raj Babbar]], [[Zeenat Aman]], [[Vinod Mehra]]
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[List of Bollywood films of 1998|1998]]
|''[[Jhooth Bole Kauwa Kaate]]''
|[[Anil Kapoor]], [[Juhi Chawla]], [[Amrish Puri]], [[Reema Lagoo]]
|-
|}

===Films as editor, writer or assistant director===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Year !! Film !!Production Function !!Notes
|-
|1947
|''Tathapi''
|
|
|-
|1950
|''Pehla Aadmi''
|Editor, Assistant Director
|
|-
|1952
|''[[Maa (1952 film)|Maa]]''
|Editor, Assistant Director
|
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1953|1953]]
|''[[Do Bigha Zamin]]''
|Scenario, editor, Assistant Director
|
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1953|1953]]
|''[[Parineeta (1953 film)|Parineeta]]''
|Editor
|
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1954|1954]]
|''[[Biraj Bahu]]''
|Editor
|
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1955|1955]]
|''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]''
|Co-editor with Das Dhaimade
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/devdas-2174/cast-crew|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207073727/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/devdas-2174/cast-crew|url-status=live|archive-date=7 February 2019|title=Devdas film}}</ref>
|-
|1955
|''[[Garam Coat]]''
|Editor
|
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1958|1958]]
|''[[Madhumati]]''
|Editor
|
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1959|1959]]
|''Heera Moti''
|||
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1961|1961]]
|''Char Diwari''
|Editor
|
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1961|1961]]
|''[[Gunga Jumna|Ganga Jumna]]''
|Co-editor with Das Dhaimade
|
|-
|1965
| ''[[Chemmeen]]''
|Editor
|
|-
|1968
| ''[[Mere Hamdam Mere Dost]]''
|Editor
|
|-
|1974
| ''[[Nellu (1974 film)|Nellu]]''
|Editor
|
|-
|1970
|''[[Dastak (1970 film)|Dastak]]''
|Editor
|
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1977|1977]]
|''[[Alaap]]''
|Story, producer
|
|-
|1977
|''Anuroopa''
| One and only [[Cinema of Karnataka|Kannada Film]] as editor||
|-
|1981
|''[[Professor Pyarelal]]''
|Editor||
|-
|[[List of Bollywood films of 1983|1983]]
| ''[[Coolie (1983 Hindi film)|Coolie]]''
|Editor
|
|-
|}

===TV serials===
*''Hum Hindustani'' (1986)
* [[Talaash (Indian TV series)|''Talaash'']] (1992)
*''Dhoop Chhaon''
*''Rishte''
*''Ujaale Ki Or''
*''Agar Aisa Ho Toh''

==Further reading==
* ''Great Masters of Indian Cinema: The Dadasaheb Phalke Award Winners'', by D. P. Mishra, Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Govt. of India, 2006. {{ISBN|81-230-1361-2}}. ''page 122''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0611531}}
* [http://www.allmovie.com/cg/avg.dll?p=avg&sql=2:227417 Hrishikesh Mukherjee] at [[AllMovie]]

{{navboxes
|title=Awards for Hrishikesh Mukherjee
|state=collapsed
|list1=
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{NTR National Award}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{Hrishikesh Mukherjee}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestStory}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestEditing}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award – South}}
}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mukherjee, Hrishikesh}}
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney failure in India]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]

Kaithal railway station

2026-03-27T07:09:14Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: minor add references and updated info

{{Short description|Railway station in Haryana, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}

{{Infobox station
| name = Kaithal
| type = Indian Railways station
| style = Indian Railways
| image = Kaithal Railway Station.jpeg
| image_caption =
| address = Railway Station Road, Kaithal, Haryana
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|29.7930|N|76.3981|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|237|m|ft}}
| line = Kurukshetra–Narwana line
| structure = Standard (on ground station)
| platform =
| tracks = {{RailGauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} broad gauge
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = No
| opened = 1870
| electrified = Yes
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = KLE
| division = Delhi
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| status = Functioning
| map_dot_label = '''KAITHAL''' railway station
| map_type = India Haryana
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in Haryana
}}

'''Kaithal railway station''' (station code: KLE) is a railway station located in Kaithal district in the Indian state of Haryana. It serves the town of Kaithal and lies on the Kurukshetra–Narwana line under the Delhi Division of Northern Railway.

== Station details ==
Kaithal railway station serves the town of Kaithal and nearby areas. It is a small station equipped with basic passenger amenities such as ticket booking counters and waiting areas.

== Additional stations ==
Apart from Kaithal railway station (KLE), the town is also served by New Kaithal railway station (NKLE), providing additional rail connectivity in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/new-kaithal-nkle/ |title=New Kaithal Railway Station (NKLE) |website=India Rail Info |access-date=28 March 2026}}</ref>

== Train services ==
The station is served by passenger and express trains connecting it to nearby cities such as Kurukshetra, Narwana, Jind, and Delhi.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in |title=National Train Enquiry System |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

== Connectivity ==
The station is well connected by road to nearby towns and cities. Local transport including buses, auto-rickshaws, and taxis are available for last-mile connectivity.

== See also ==
* [[Indian Railways]]
* [[List of railway stations in Haryana]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== The railway station ==
Kaithal railway station (station code: KLE) is located in Kaithal district in the Indian state of Haryana. It lies at an elevation of {{convert|237|m|ft}} above mean sea level and falls under the Delhi Division of Northern Railway.<ref name="indiarailinfo">{{cite web |url=https://indiarailinfo.com/arrivals/kaithal-kle/4748 |title=Kaithal Railway Station Arrivals |website=India Rail Info |access-date=27 March 2026}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1870]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Kaithal district]]

{{Haryana-railstation-stub}}

Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari

2026-03-25T19:41:14Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: started new bio.

{{Short description|Uzbek Islamic scholar and mystic (14-15 Century)}}

{{Multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=January 2019}}
{{Unreliable sources|date=November 2025}}
}}
{{Infobox saint|name=Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari |image=File:Exclusive by saba haajiali.jpg|image_size=|caption=Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari's Shrine at [[Haji Ali Dargah]]|titles=|birth_date=14th Century|birth_place=[[Uzbekistan]]|death_date=15th Century|death_place=[[Mumbai]] gujrat sultanate|feast_day=|beatified_date=|beatified_place=|beatified_by=|canonized_date=|canonized_place=|canonized_by=|major_shrine=[[Haji Ali Dargah]], [[Worli]], [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]]|attributes=|patronage=[[Maharashtra]], [[India]]|issues=|suppressed_date=|influences=|tradition=[[Sufi Saint]]|successor=}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
'''Pir Haji Ali Shah Bukhari''' or '''Pir Haji Ali''' was a [[Kubrawiya|Kubrawiyya]], a [[Hajji]], born to a wealthy merchant family from [[Uzbekistan]]. His shrine in [[Haji Ali Dargah]] is situated in [[India]]'s largest city [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-sufi-of-mumbai-haji-ali-dargah/|title=The Sufi of Haji Ali Dargah|website=www.theculturetrip.com|date=May 2016|accessdate=15 December 2018|archive-date=27 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027183505/https://theculturetrip.com/asia/india/articles/the-sufi-of-mumbai-haji-ali-dargah/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== History ==
Peer Syed Haji Ali Shah Bukhari was a wealthy merchant. Haji Ali Shah came from [[Samarqand]] with [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani]]. He was a disciple of [[Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani|Ali Hamadani]], At some point during the [[Delhi Sultanate]] rule over the island of [[Worli]], Peer Sayyed Haji Ali came to settle there. Many legends point out that during his journey to Mecca, he fell ill and died, and on his request, his followers cast his body into the sea. Earlier in his life, the Peer has helped a poor woman recover some oil by jabbing a finger into the earth. This act later filled him with remorse, so much that he did not want to injure the earth more. The casket carrying his coffin floated back to the shores near Worli. Today, a humble yet eye-catching tomb stands at this spot amongst the rocks, some 500 meters into the sea. The saint gave up all his wealth and material possessions to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. Then, after traveling around the world, he settled in one of the islands that today make up the city of [[Mumbai]] and dedicated his life to spread Islam in the area.
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hajialidargah.in/hajiali_history1.html|title=History of Sayyed Pir Haji Shah Bukhari|website=www.hajialidargah.in|accessdate=15 December 2018}}</ref>

He had no children of his own so has no direct descendants.

==See also==
* [[Haji Ali Dargah]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQ3E1Vuvyj0 Qawwali at Haji Ali dargah]

== References ==
[[Category:Chishtis]]
[[Category:Indian Sufi saints]]
[[Category:Sufi mystics]]
[[Category:Sufi teachers]]
[[Category:14th-century Asian people]]
[[Category:People from Bukhara]]
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yousuf |first=Ambreen |title=Haji Ali Dargah: Spiritual, Islamic abode in Mumbai |url=https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/haji-ali-dargah-spiritual-islamic-abode-in-mumbai/news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250430072442/https://www.dailysabah.com/arts/haji-ali-dargah-spiritual-islamic-abode-in-mumbai/news |archive-date=30 April 2025 |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=Daily Sabah |date=6 October 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Dey |first=Panchali |title=Haji Ali Dargah - all that you need to know about this floating wonder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/haji-ali-dargah-all-that-you-need-to-know-about-this-floating-wonder/articleshow/64061737.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112234524/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/haji-ali-dargah-all-that-you-need-to-know-about-this-floating-wonder/articleshow/64061737.cms |archive-date=12 November 2024 |access-date=3 November 2025 |work=Times of India Travel |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Manglik |first=Mr Rohit |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y38zEQAAQBAJ&dq=Pir+Haji+Ali+Shah+Bukhari&pg=PA33 |title=Geography of Toruism: [9789368426943] |date=23 May 2023 |publisher=EduGorilla Publication |isbn=978-93-6842-694-3 |pages=32–5 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |first1=Noorjehan Safia |last1=Niaz |first2=Zakia |last2=Soman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUJDDwAAQBAJ&dq=Pir+Haji+Ali+Shah+Bukhari&pg=PA271 |title=Reclaiming Sacred Spaces: Muslim Women's Struggle for Entry into Haji Ali Dargah |date=16 December 2017 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-948321-98-3 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Haji Ali Book |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/524614812/Haji-Ali-Book |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103031135/https://www.scribd.com/document/524614812/Haji-Ali-Book |archive-date=3 November 2025 |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref>{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{islam-bio-stub}}

Nabadwip

2026-03-13T22:57:40Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: minor edit

{{Short description|Ancient city in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2015}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Nabadwip
| nickname = [[Oxford]] of the East
| settlement_type = [[City]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/3/1
| caption_align = center
|image1=Front view of the arcades of Somaj Bari, Nabadwip.jpg
|caption1= Facade of Somaj Bari
|image2=Unique architecture of Shiva temple, Ramchandrapur Bhajan Ashram, Nabadwip.jpg
|caption2=Shiva temple at Ramachandrapur Bhajan Ashram
| image3 = Exterior view of Nabadwip Mahanirban Math.jpg
|caption3=Mahanirban Math
|image4=Nabadwip dham station.jpg
|caption4=Nabadwip dham railway station
|image5=Side view of Nabadwip Sanskrit Charcha Kendra, 2nd campus of The Sanskrit College and University 1.jpg
|caption5=Nabadwip Sanskrit Charcha Kendra
|image6=Charichara Para Bhadrakali Mata, Nabadwip Shakta Rash.jpg
|caption6=Shakta rash
|image7=Side view of Rani Rashmoni Kachari bari, Nabadwip 2.jpg
|caption7=Rani Rashmoni Kachari Bari
|image8=Entrance gate of Manipur Rajbari, Nabadwip.jpg
|caption8=manipur Rajbari
| image9 = TOVP - The Temple of Vedic Planatarium, Sreedham Mayapur, Nadia, West Bengal.jpg
|caption9=Skyline of [[Mayapur]] across the [[Ganges]]
}}
| image_alt =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India3
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.42|N|88.37|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{flagicon image|}} [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nadia district|Nadia]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporations in India|Municipality]]
| governing_body = [[Nabadwip Municipality]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 9.81
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 14
| population_total = 125,543
| population_urban = 175,474
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 741302
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 03472
| registration_plate = WB 51,52
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Ranaghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Ranaghat]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Nabadwip (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| blank3_info_sec1 = Pundarikakhya Saha
| blank4_name_sec1 = [[Member of parliament|MP]]
| blank4_info_sec1 = [[Jagannath Sarkar (BJP politician)|Jagannath Sarkar]]
| website = {{URL|http://www.nabadwipmunicipality.in|nabadwipmunicipality.in}}
| footnotes = Birth Place of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Nripendra Krishna|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265084|title=Sri Sri Chaitanya Charitamrita|date=1961}}</ref>
}}

'''Nabadwip''' ({{IPA|bn|nɔbodːip}}), also spelt '''Navadwip''', historically known as '''Nadia''', is a heritage city in [[Nadia district]] in the Indian state of [[West Bengal]]. It is regarded as a holy place by Hindus, and is the birthplace of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. Located on the western bank of the [[Hooghly River]] at its [[confluence]] with [[Jalangi River]], it is considered to have been founded in 1063 CE, and served as the old capital of the [[Sena dynasty]]. A center of learning and philosophy in medieval India, the city is still noted for its traditional Sanskrit schools.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/406781/Navadwip |title=Navadwip |website=Encyclopædia Britannica}}</ref>

The [[Navya Nyaya]] school of [[logic]] reached its peak with the efforts of some well known contemporary philosophers of Nabadwip. The great [[Vaishnava]] saint, social reformer and an important figure of the [[Bhakti movement]], [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] (1486–1534) was born here. It was after Chaitanya Mahaprabhu's birth that Nabadwip became an important center of pilgrimage for the Vaishnavas worldwide as well as for Hindus in general. Many who follow [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]] visit Nabadwip to celebrate the birthday of Shri Mahaprabhu, which, as per lunar calculations, occurs on Phalguni Purnima (i.e. on the Full moon day of February–March). This day is commonly known as [[Gaura-purnima]].<ref name="Ro">{{cite journal
| author = Ro'sel, J.A.
| year = 1990
| title = The Evolution And Organization Of Pilgrimage To Jagannstha At Purt
}}</ref> Aside from this, Nabadwip is visited for various other festivals like Dol Jatra and Rash purnima.

The [[Hoogly river|Bhagirathi river]] originally flowed down the west of Nabadwip in the past, forming a natural boundary between the districts of [[Purba Bardhaman district|Purba Bardhaman]] and [[Nadia district|Nadia]]. With time it has shifted its course to where it is at present, cutting the city off from the rest of the Nadia district.

==Etymology==
The name of the city is derived from the conjunction of the Bengali words '''/naba/ (new) and /dwipa/ (island)''' meaning New-island. In the down stream of the river [[Ganges]], the alluvial deposits carried over during its course that starts at the Himalayas, were gradually deposited, forming a new island which is present day's Nabadwip. The name Nabadwip and Nadia has the same connotation of the same geographical location flanked at west and north by the [[Ganges]] at earlier times.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mandal|first=Mrityunjoy|title=Nabadwiper Itibritta|publisher=Nabadwip Sahityo Somaj|year=2013|location=Nabadwip|pages=59}}</ref> Kabi Karnapur used ''Nabadwip'' as ''Nabīna dbīpaṁ'' (Bengali: ''নবীন দ্বীপং''), mean ''New Island'' in his book ''Chaitanya Charitamritam''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mandal|first=Mrityunjoy|title=Nabadwiper Itibritta|publisher=Nabadwip Sahityo Somaj|year=2013|location=Nabadwip|pages=58}}</ref><ref>Kabi Karnapur, Sri Chaitanya Charitam, 6|23</ref>

The claim that the name Nabadwip refers to an area comprising nine islets has no ground. There are many historical references in this respect. The misconception around the nomenclature of the name "Nabadwip" arose due to the publication of the book "Bhakti Ratnakar" of Narahari Chakraborty. Hence "Nabadwip" i.e. nine islands, namely Antardwip, Simantadwip, Rudradwip, Madhyadwip, Godrumdwip, Ritudwip, Jahnudwip, Modadrumdwip, and Koladwip. However again, it is to mention that all these islands are loosely scattered over a vast geographical area that the Historians do not approve of the idea as being "Nabadwip".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mandal|first=Mrityunjoy|title=Nabadwiper Itibritta|publisher=Nabadwip Sahityo Somaj|year=2013|location=Nabadwip|pages=62}}</ref>

==History==
Although significant examples of the history of Nabadwip have been found since the [[Sena dynasty|Sen dynasty]], various historians have been referring to Nabadwip in the [[Pala Empire|Pala period]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=vincent A.|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.100000|title=The Oxford History Of India, ed.2|date=1923|pages=184–185}}</ref> English historian [[John Clark Marshman]] mentioned Nabadwip as the capital of Adishur.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Marshman|first=John Clark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jwt0HAAACAAJ&q=Marshman's+History|title=Marshman's History of Bengal, in Bengali|date=1853|language=en}}</ref>

===Sen era===
It is known from the Deopara stone slab of [[Rajshahi District|Rajshahi district]] that Raja Samanta Sena, a resident of [[Karnataka]], lived in the Ganges-Pulin in his last years when he was defeated by his [[Leasehold estate|tenants]] and [[zamindar]]s. According to the eminent historian [[Hara Prasad Shastri|Harprasad Shastri]], Samanta Sen lived on the shores of [[Bhagirathi River|Bhagirathi]], probably in Nabadwip in his last years.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sastri Haraprasad|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.60489|title=A School History Of India|date=1896|pages=34}}</ref> Prior to [[Gauḍa (city)|Gour]], Nabadwip was the capital of [[Sena dynasty]] during the reigns of [[Ballala Sena|Ballal Sen]] and [[Lakshmana Sena|Lakshman Sen]]. They ruled Bengal from here in the period from 1159 to 1206. The Ballal Dhipi in the Bamanpukur area adjacent to Nabadwip, which is associated with the history of [[Sena dynasty|Sen dynasty]], has been protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rāṛhī|first=Kānticandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NtPAQAAIAAJ|title=Nabadvīpa-mahimā|date=2004|publisher=Nabadvīpa Purātattva Parishada|pages=55|language=bn}}</ref> During the reign of [[Lakshmana Sena|Lakshman Sen]], in 1202 AD, [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khalji]] invaded and plundered Nabadwip and defeated [[Lakshmana Sena|Lakshman Sen]], a victory that led to Muslim rule in Bengal. At that time the prosperity of Nabadwip was particularly damaged. During the Muslim rule, various temples, golden monasteries and idols of Bengal and Nabadwip were destroyed.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Jūzjānī|first=Minhāj Sirāj|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ixTEEz8ssC&pg=556|title=Tabaḳāt-i-Nāṣirī: A General History of the Muhammadan Dynasties of Asia, Including Hindūstān, from A.H. 194 [810 A.D.], to A.H. 658 [1260 A.D.], and the Irruption of the Infidel Mug̲h̲als Into Islam|date=1881|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal|pages=559|language=en}}</ref>

===Chaitanya era===
The birth of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] is an important chapter of the fifteenth century. With the advent of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]], [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava culture]] was well established in Nabadwip. However, even before the birth of Mahaprabhu, during the reign of [[Jalaluddin Fateh Shah]] (1481–87), royal fear appeared in Nabadwip. The ruling society and the [[Brahmin]] society obstructed the spread of [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] culture in Nabadwip at that time.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jaẏānanda|title=Jayānandaʼs Caitanya-maṅgala = Jaẏānanda biracita Caitanyamaṅgala|last2=Majumdar|first2=Bimanbehari|last3=Mukhopadhyay|first3=Sukhamay|date=1971|publisher=The Asiatic Society|location=Calcutta|oclc=499557268}}</ref> Many [[Brahmin]] scholars and common people had to leave Nabadwip at that time due to the oppression of the king. However, when Chand Kazi, the then ruler of Nabadwip, issued an order to the [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava community]] to stop chanting, [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Mahaprabhu]] went to Kazi's house with his companions and convinced the Kazi to allow the chanting, which is the first instance of civil disobedience movement in the history of India.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ধর্মের বেড়াজাল ভেঙে সাম্যের ধারণার প্রতিষ্ঠা|url=https://www.anandabazar.com/editorial/incarnation-of-chaitanya-mahaprabhu-is-a-path-breaking-chapter-in-the-history-of-bengal-1.968387|access-date=2020-06-18|website=anandabazar.com|language=bn}}</ref> During Chaitanya and later, various [[Pandit]]s-Sadhaks-Vidyalankars and Sanskrit Pandits were born in Nabadwip. During the period of Chaitanya, [[Vasudeva Sarvabhauma|Basudev Sarvabhauma]], [[Raghunatha Siromani|Raghunath Shiromani]], [[Raghunandana|Raghunandan]] etc. and later [[Krishnananda Agamavagisha]], [[Buno Ramnath]] etc., Nabadwip became the main center of Sanskrit practice and learning.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mookerji|first=Radhakumud|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mjFfqpq7HhkC|title=Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist|date=1989|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ.|isbn=978-81-208-0423-4|language=en}}</ref> At the time of Raja Rudra Roy, there were four thousand students and six hundred professors teaching in Nabadwip, leading to its nickname as the "Oxford of Bengal".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Cotton|first=Sir Evan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a3scAAAAMAAJ|title=Calcutta, Old and New: A Historical and Descriptive Handbook to the City|date=1980|publisher=General Printers & Publishers|pages=1|language=en}}</ref>

===Next centuries===
Buno Ramnath, Shankara Tarkabagish and other scholars and logicians made the name of Nabadwip famous in the eighteenth century. [[Shakti]] worship spread in Nabadwip during the time of [[Krishnachandra Roy|Raja Krishnachandra]] of Nadia royal family. During the reign of Raja Krishnachandra Roy and later Raja Girish Chandra, the popularity, glory and pomp of [[Shakta Rash]] increased. Various temples and idols were established in that time.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Roy|first=Alok Ed|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.265018|title=Sekaler Darogar Kahini Ed. 2nd|date=1958}}</ref>

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map
|width=420| height=400| zoom=13
|coord={{coord|23.41|N|88.37|E}}| float=left|caption='''Nabadwip-Mayapur''' R: temple, F: facility, H: historical site Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|23.409535|N|88.370211|E}} | label-pos1=right|label1= Poramatala temple complex| numbered1=R | mark-title1=Poramatala temple complex (R)|label-color1= #800000 |label-size1=12| mark-size1=13|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1=#A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|23.413048|N|88.369211|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Mahaprabhutala temple complex| mark-title2= Mahaprabhutala temple complex (R)| numbered2=R|label-offset-y2=-2
|mark-coord3={{coord|23.407578|N|88.372018|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Sribas Angan temple complex| numbered3=R| mark-title3= Sribas Angan temple complex (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|23.411087|N|88.372642|E}} | label-pos4=left|label4= Dwadash Shiva temple| numbered4=R| mark-title4= Dwadash Shiva temple (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|23.4128641|N|88.3636111|E}} | label-pos5=left|label5= Buro Shiva temple| numbered5=R| mark-title5= Buro Shiva temple (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|23.4249|N|88.3906|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= ISKCON temple| numbered6=R| mark-title6= ISKCON temple (R)
|mark-coord7={{coord|23.426424|N|88.370685|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Birthplace of Mahaprabhu| numbered7=H| mark-title7= Birthplace of Mahaprabhu (H) |shape-color7=#AA6666
|mark-coord8={{coord|23.397629|N|88.364484|E}} | label-pos8=top|label8= Manipur Rajbari| numbered8=H| mark-title8= Manipur Rajbari (H) |shape-color8=#AA6666
|mark-coord9={{coord|23.4143855|N|88.3599413|E}} | label-pos9=top|label9=Birthplace of Bishnupriya| numbered9=H| mark-title9= Birthplace of Bishnupriya (H) |shape-color9=#AA6666
|mark-coord10={{coord|23.397909|N|88.356824|E}} | label-pos10=left|label10=Nabadwip Dham RS | numbered10=F| mark-title10= [[Nabadwip Dham railway station]] (F) |shape-color10=#C42222
|mark-coord11={{coord|23.4141774|N|88.3553402|E}} | label-pos11=left|label11=Bishnupriya RS | numbered11=F| mark-title11= [[Bishnupriya railway station]] (F) |shape-color11=#C42222
|mark-coord12={{coord|23.402845|N|88.359104|E}} | label-pos12=left|label12=Nabadwip bus stand | numbered12=F| mark-title12= Nabadwip bus stand (F) |shape-color12=#C42222
|mark-coord13={{coord|23.386354|N|88.365653|E}} | label-pos13=left|label13= Gouranga Setu| numbered13=F| mark-title13= Gouranga Setu (F) |shape-color13=#C42222
|mark-coord14={{coord|23.4001|N|88.3765|E}}|label14= Hooghly River| label-color14= #77A1CB| label-angle14=-70| label-pos14=top| label-size14=11| mark-size14=0| mark-title14=none
|mark-coord15={{coord|23.4159|N|88.3906|E}}|label15= Jalangi River| label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15=-18| label-pos15=top| label-size15=11| mark-size15=0| mark-title15=none
|mark-coord16={{coord|23.4327|N|88.3513|E}}|label16= Horse Shoe Lake| label-color16 = #77A1CB| label-angle16=0| label-pos16=top| label-size16=11| mark-size16=0| mark-title16=none}}

==Demographics==
In the 2011 census, Nabadwip [[Urban Agglomeration]] had a population of 175,474, out of which 90,810 were males and 84,664 were females. The 0–6 years population was 8,388. In education section, total literates in Nabadwip city are 102,793 of which 55,569 are males while 47,224 are females. Average literacy rate of Nabadwip city is 87.75 percent of which male and female literacy was 91.14 and 84.07 percent. Total children (0-6) in Nabadwip city are 8,388 as per figure from Census India report on 2011. There were 4,329 boys while 4,059 are girls. The child forms 6.68% of total population of Nabadwip City.[http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/206-nabadwip.html]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title = Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above |work= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 |access-date = 2011-10-21 }}</ref>

The following municipality and census towns were part of Nabadwip Urban Agglomeration in 2011 census: Nabadwip (M), [[Char Maijdia]] (CT), [[Char Brahmanagar]] (CT), [[Bablari Dewanganj]] (CT), [[Tiorkhali]] (CT), [[Gadigachha]] (CT) and [[Majdia, Nabadwip|Majdia]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_4_PR_UAs_1Lakh_and_Above_Appendix.pdf | title= Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011 | work= Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh |publisher =Census of India 2011 | access-date = 18 October 2020}}</ref>

{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Nabadwip had a population of 115,036. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. Nabadwip has an average literacy rate of 75%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 80%, and female literacy is 70%. In Nabadwip, 9% of the population is under 6 years of age.

=== Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religion in Nabadwip (2011)<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/206-nabadwip.html|title=Nabadwip Religion 2011|access-date=22 March 2017}}</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism]]
|color1 = Orange
|value1 = 98.97
|label2 = [[Islam]]
|color2 = Green
|value2 = 0.79
|label3 = [[Christianity]]
|color3 = DodgerBlue
|value3 = 0.04
|label4 = [[Sikhism]]
|color5 = Gold
|value4 = 0.01
}}
[[Hinduism]] is the majority religion in Nabadwip city with 98.97% followers. Islam is second most popular religion in city of Nabadwip with approximately 0.79% following it. In Nabadwip, Christianity is followed by 0.04%, Jainism by 0.00%, Sikhism by 0.01% and Buddhism by 0.00%. Around 0.01% stated ''Other Religion'', approximately 0.18% stated ''No Particular Religion''.

==Civic administration==
===Police station===
[[File:Nabadwipmap2.jpg|thumb|left|Nabadwip PS Map]]
Nabadwip police station has jurisdiction over Nabadwip municipality and the [[Nabadwip (community development block)|Nabadwip]] CD block.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Nadia | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Planning and Statistics, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 7 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/ |title = Nadia District Police |work =Police Unit | publisher= West Bengal Police| access-date = 17 May 2017}}</ref> The total area covered by the police station is 102.94 km2 and the population covered is 260,843 (2001 census).<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | title = Nabadwip Police Station Details | publisher = Nadia Police | access-date = 17 May 2017 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160329131028/http://nadiapolice.gov.in/PSDETAILS.html | archive-date = 29 March 2016 | df = dmy-all }}</ref>

==Education==
[[File:Old image of Pakatol of Prasanna Chandra Tarkaratna, Nabadwip.jpg|thumb|Old image of Pakatol of [[Prasanna Chandra Tarkaratna]], Nabadwip]]
[[File:Nbhs1.jpg|thumb|right|Nabadwip Bakultala High School]]
There are a total of 18 high and higher secondary schools in Nabadwip, Notables among them are [[Nabadwip Bakultala High School]] (1875), [[Nabadwip Hindu School]] (1873), Nabadwip Siksha Mandir (H.S), R.C.B Saraswatmandir, Jatiya Vidyalaya, Tarasundari Girls High School, Nabadwip Bakultala Girls High School, Nabadwip Balika Vidyalaya, Sudarshan High School and Techno India School etc. There is a college namely [[Nabadwip Vidyasagar College]] (in the name of the Great Social Reformer and the Father of Bengali Prose) affiliated under [[University of Kalyani]].

== Climate ==
From April to June, the weather remains hot and temperature ranges from a maximum of 35 °C to a minimum of 26 °C.
Monsoon season prevails during beginning-June to mid-September. Also retrieving monsoon from mid-October till mid-November.<ref name="fallingrain.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/28/Krishnanagar.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Krishnanagar, India|website=www.fallingrain.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

The weather is quite pleasant, the summers and winters are moderate. The level of moisture increases during summers.
{{Weather box
|location= Nabadwip
|metric first= yes
|single line= yes
|Jan high C= 26
|Feb high C= 29
|Mar high C= 34
|Apr high C= 37
|May high C= 37
|Jun high C= 35
|Jul high C= 33
|Aug high C= 33
|Sep high C= 33
|Oct high C= 33
|Nov high C= 31
|Dec high C= 27
|Jan low C= 12
|Feb low C= 15
|Mar low C= 20
|Apr low C= 24
|May low C= 25
|Jun low C= 26
|Jul low C= 25
|Aug low C= 25
|Sep low C= 25
|Oct low C= 23
|Nov low C= 18
|Dec low C= 13
|rain colour= green
|Jan rain mm= 1
|Feb rain mm= 2
|Mar rain mm= 3
|Apr rain mm= 4
|May rain mm= 107
|Jun rain mm= 243
|Jul rain mm= 377
|Aug rain mm= 321
|Sep rain mm= 280
|Oct rain mm= 129
|Nov rain mm= 1
|Dec rain mm= 1
|Jan rain days= 4
|Feb rain days= 3
|Mar rain days= 4
|Apr rain days= 6
|May rain days= 12
|Jun rain days= 18
|Jul rain days= 23
|Aug rain days= 22
|Sep rain days= 18
|Oct rain days= 11
|Nov rain days= 3
|Dec rain days= 1
|Jan humidity = 63
|Feb humidity = 55
|Mar humidity = 52
|Apr humidity = 58
|May humidity = 65
|Jun humidity = 75
|Jul humidity = 83
|Aug humidity = 83
|Sep humidity = 81
|Oct humidity = 74
|Nov humidity = 66
|Dec humidity = 65
|Jand sun = 6.6
|Febd sun = 7.1
|Mard sun = 7.3
|Aprd sun = 7.8
|Mayd sun = 7.3
|Jund sun = 4.1
|Juld sun = 3.0
|Augd sun = 3.4
|Sepd sun = 3.9
|Octd sun = 5.9
|Novd sun = 6.4
|Decd sun = 6.6
|source= [http://weather-averages.com/location/in/1261669-nabadwip-navadwip]
}}

== Festival ==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 2/2
| total_width = 400
| caption_align = center
| align = right
| image_style = border:none;
| background color = #F7E7CE
| image1 = Nbdp14rash1.JPG
| image2 = Chaitanya sankirtan.jpg
| footer = Left: Gourangini Mata in [[Shakta Rash|Rash jatra]]; Right: [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]] and [[Nityananda]], is shown performing a '[[kirtan]]' in the streets of Nabadwip, Bengal.
}}

Many festivals are celebrated in Nabadwip throughout the year. Among them [[Shakta Rash]], [[Dol Purnima]] [[Ratha Yatra]] are the most popular religious festivals in Nabadwip. Other major festivals are [[Kali Puja]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Gaura-purnima]] (the birthday of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]), Shiber Biye, [[Gajan (festival)|Gajan]], [[Pohela Boishakh]], [[Jhulan Purnima]] etc. An extinct festival of Nabadwip is Dhulōṭa (Bengali: ধুলোট). It is the general conferences of Kirtaniyas, occurred in month of [[Magh (Bengali calendar)|Magh]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=Mrityunjoy |title=Nabadwiper Itibritta |publisher=Nabadwip Sahityo Somaj |year=2013 |location=Nabadwip |pages=142}}</ref> Typically, it is a thirteen-day-long ''Sankirtana'', performed by renowned Kirtaniyas from all over [[Bengal]] who gathered in Nabadwip in that time.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bhatia|first=Varuni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=824sDwAAQBAJ&q=Dhulor&pg=PA187|title=Unforgetting Chaitanya: Vaishnavism and Cultures of Devotion in Colonial Bengal|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-068624-6|pages=80|language=en}}</ref>

===Shakta Rash===
{{See also|Shakta Rash}}
Shakta Rash is the most celebrated age-old festival of Nabadwip, celebrated thirty-five days after the autumnal [[Durga puja]] celebration, or fifteen days after [[Kali puja]] in Kartik Purnima. The main feature of the festival is to make huge idols of different types of goddesses and to worship [[Shakti]]. After the patronize of Raja [[Krishnachandra Roy]] and mainly ''Girish Chandra Basu'', Nabadwip [[Shakta Rash]] became more popular and glorious.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Girish Chnadra|title=Sekaler Daroga Kahini|publisher=Pustak Biponi|year=1888|location=kolkata|pages=34–35}}</ref>

===Rath Yatra===
{{multiple image|perrow=2/2|total_width=400|caption_align=center
|align=right
|image_style=border:none;
|background color=#F7E7CE
|image1=নটকনা বা সাতকরা.jpg
|image2=Nabadwip somaj bari nrisingha mandir bigroho.jpg
|footer=Left: ''Notkona'' fruit, specially found in [[Ratha Yatra]] in Nabadwip; Right: The Ratha-Yatra of Jagannath In Nabadwip features unusual images with hands.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.anandabazar.com/district/nodia-murshidabbad/worship-of-lord-jagannath-followed-by-a-different-style-in-nabadwip-1.636993?ref=nodia-murshidabbad-new-stry|title=আজ উল্টোরথ, নবদ্বীপে বিরলদৃষ্ট জগন্নাথ থাকেন নিভৃতেই|first=দেবাশিস|last=বন্দ্যোপাধ্যায়|website=anandabazar.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>
}}
Although [[Ratha Yatra]] is the main festival of Odisha, still Nabadwip have a pride of Ratha Yatra because of [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]. Nearly 20-25 Ratha Chariots are bloom in this occasion. Here in Nabadwip one can found some exceptions like full hand idols of Lord Jagannatha. Here another speciality is a fruit called "Notkona" which is specially found in this eve, mainly brought from Assam. This Fruit is a vital part of Eastern part of Bengali.<ref name="auto"/>

==Transport==
===Rail services===
[[Nabadwip Dham railway station]] is the main railway station of Nabadwip. The railway inaugurated in 1913. It is situated 105 km from Howrah on the [[Howrah-Bardhaman Main Line#Other routes|Bandel-Katwa Branch Line]].<ref>Railway local time table</ref>
Nabadwip Dham Railway Station is seventh longest railway station of India (2362 ft).
[[Bishnupriya railway station]] is another Halt station of Nabadwip, 107 km from howrah junction and 38 km from katwa junction.

Nabadwip Dham is 65 km from [[Bandel]],105 km from [[Howrah]] and 112 km from [[Sealdah]] on the Bandel-[[Katwa]]-Azimganj section of [[Eastern Railway (India)|Eastern Railway]].<ref>Eastern Railway time table.</ref> It has very good railway communication with North Bengal, [[Assam]], [[Bihar]], [[Odisha]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiarailinfo.com|title=India Rail Info: A Busy Junction for Travellers and Rail Enthusiasts|website=indiarailinfo.com|access-date=5 April 2018}}</ref>

===Bus services===
There is a good bus services in Nabadwip. From Nabadwip bus stand, it connect with [[Krishnanagar, Nadia|Krishnanagar]], [[Shantipur]], [[Phulia]], [[Ranaghat]], [[Chakdaha]], [[Nadanghat]], [[Kusumgram]], [[Bardhaman]], [[Karimpur]], [[Samudragarh]], [[Memari]], [[Tarapith]] Via [[Katwa]] etc. A long-distance bus services like [[Durgapur]], [[Asansol]], [[Tarakeswar]], [[Siliguri]], [[Dinhata]] Via [[Berhampur]], [[Maldah]], [[Coochbehar]], [[Bolpur]], [[Puruliya]], [[Bankura]], [[Suri, Birbhum|Suri]], [[Gangarampur]] provided here.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://nabadwipmunicipality.org/ Nabadwip Municipality]
* [https://wbtourismgov.in/destination/place/NABADWIP_DHAM Department of Tourism] by West Bengal Government
* [http://nabadwippuratattva.in/ Nabadwip Puratattva Parishad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218224911/http://nabadwippuratattva.in/ |date=18 December 2021 }}
* [https://www.britannica.com/place/Navadwip Nabadwip] ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' entry
* {{Wikivoyage inline}}
* {{Wikiquote-inline}}

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[[Category:Cities and towns in Nadia district]]
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Vaikom

2026-03-13T13:26:22Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: correct layout based on references and fixed typos

{{About|a Municipality in Kottayam district|the constituency|Vaikom (State Assembly constituency)|the temple|Vaikom Temple}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Vaikom
| native_name = വൈക്കം
| native_name_lang = mal
| other_name =
| settlement_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]<ref name="auto">{{Cite web | url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf | title=Grama Panchayaths | website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
| image_skyline = Vaikom Temple.JPG
| image_alt =
| image_caption = [[Vaikom Temple|Vaikom Mahadeva Temple]]
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|9|45|00|N|76|23|34|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Taluks of Kerala|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = Vaikom
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| leader_title = Chairperson
| leader_name = Renuka Ratheesh ([[Indian National Congress|INC]])
| leader_title1 = Municipal Council
| leader_name1 = Vaikom Municipal Council
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 8.73
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=677767 |title=Census of India: Search Details |access-date=12 May 2014 |archive-date=18 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518133640/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=677767 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| population_total = 23,234
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], English
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686141
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 04829
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-36, [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-67
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest cities
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Kottayam]], [[Kochi]], [[Alappuzha]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Vaikom''' ({{IPA|ml|ʋɐjkʲːɐm|IPA}}) is a [[Municipalities of Kerala|municipality]]<ref name="auto"/> in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]]. It is located {{convert|33|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the district headquarters in [[Kottayam]] and about {{convert|183|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the state capital of [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. As per the [[2011 Indian census]], Vaikom has a population of 23,234 people, and a population density of {{convert|2661|/sqkm|abbr=on}}.

==Location==
Vaikom is situated at the northwestern end of the Kottayam district, close to the border with the [[Ernakulam district]]. Vaikom is a lakeside town situated on the banks of the [[Vembanad|Vembanad lake]] similar to other lakeside towns like [[Kottayam]] and [[Changanassery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/responsible-tourism/destination/vaikom/5|title=Vaikom|website=keralatourism.org|publisher=[[Department of Tourism (Kerala)]]}}</ref> Its western borders are bound by the Vembanad lake. The [[Muvattupuzha|Muvattupuzha river]] has its [[River mouth|mouth]] near Vaikom where it empties into the Vembanad lake, many [[Distributary|distributaries]] of the Muvattupuzha river pass through Vaikom. It is also close to the tourism destination [[Kumarakom]] and the city of [[Kochi]]. Vaikom is situated on the [[Ernakulam]]-[[Alappuzha]]-[[Kottayam]] border area and it is 33 km from [[Ernakulam]], 33 km from [[Kottayam]] via [[Kumarakom]], 39 km from [[Alappuzha]] and about {{cvt|56|km|mi}} from [[Cochin International Airport|Kochi International Airport]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kerala-article/2023/vaikom-village-life-experience/1326|publisher=[[Department of Tourism (Kerala)]]|title=Vaikom Village Life Experience : Showcasing Kerala's Rural Tradition}}</ref>
[[File:View from Vaikom Beach.jpg|thumb|The view from the Vaikom beach, overlooking the [[Vembanad|Vembanad Lake]]|270x270px|none]]

== History ==
Vaikom was believed to be a part of a kingdom called Venmalanadu in the past. When Venmalanadu was split into Vadakkumkoor and [[Thekkumkur|Thekkumkoor]], it became part of Vadakkumkoor dynasty. Vadakkumkoor kingdom spread along the path of [[Muvattupuzha]] river towards the north east side from Kaduthuruthy, Vaikom, [[Piravom]], [[Muvattupuzha]], [[Kothamangalam]] and [[Thodupuzha]]. There was an important port at Chemmanakary, near Vaikom during the Vadakkumkoor era. Later in 1742, it became part of Travancore when the then [[Maharajah of Travancore]], [[Anizham Thirunal Marthanda Varma]], annexed Vadakkumkoor to his kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |title=Vaikom, General Information |url=http://lsgkerala.in/vaikomblock/history/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023539/http://lsgkerala.in/vaikomblock/history/ |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2013-06-16 |work=Kerala |publisher=Government of Kerala}}</ref>

Vaikom gained its fame on a national level during the [[Vaikom Satyagraha]].
[[File:Gandhi at vaikom satyagraha-2.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Gandhiji|Mahatma Gandhi]] at [[Vaikom Satyagraha]]]]

==Vaikom Temple==
{{Main|Vaikom Temple}}
The [[Vaikom Temple|Vaikom Shiva Temple]], known as ''Thekkan Kashi'' (Southern [[Varanasi|Kashi]]), is the centre of the town, and is the site of the ''Vaikom Ashtami'' celebrations during November. It is notable as the venue of the [[Vaikom Satyagraha|Vaikom Agitation]] for achieving for the lower castes the right to walk on the roads surrounding the temple. One of the most popular temples in Kerala dedicated to [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vaikommunicipality.in/ml/history|title=ചരിത്രം {{!}} Vaikom Municipality|website=www.vaikommunicipality.in|access-date=2016-08-17|archive-date=18 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218185651/http://www.vaikommunicipality.in/ml/history|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Administration==
Vaikom is administered by a municipality and is the seat of a [[District Munsiff Court|munsiff's]] court (among the oldest to be established in the [[Kingdom of Travancore]], 100 years old). The Vaikom assembly constituency is part of the [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)|Kottayam parliamentary constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/KERALA/Final_Order_Kerala.pdf
| title = Delimitation Commission of India - Kerala and Order No.55
| access-date = 2010-08-29
| work = Kerala
| publisher = Election Commission of India }}</ref>

==Economy==
[[File:Vaikom Anchal Petty with new PostBox.jpg|thumb|Old and New post box]]
The traditional economy has been based on [[coconut]], [[rice]] crops, and [[fishing]]; more recently, crops like [[nutmeg]], [[black pepper]], and [[latex]] have been introduced. Tourism and software are pursued as a means to livelihood. {{cn|date=May 2024}}

[[Hindustan Newsprint|The Kerala Paper Products Limited]] (Previously called Hindustan Newsprint Limited) is situated in [[Velloor]],{{convert|17|km|1|abbr=on}} away from Vaikom.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.keralapaper.in|title=Kerala Paper Products Limited Home Page}}</ref>
[[File:Vaikkom Mahadeva Temple (2).jpg|thumb|Mahadheva Temple]]
==Demographics==
As per the 2001 census,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.vaikommunicipality.in/about
| title = Vaikom, General Information
| access-date = 2013-06-16
| work = Kerala
| publisher = Government of Kerala
| archive-date = 17 December 2012
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121217132413/http://www.vaikommunicipality.in/about
| url-status = dead
}}</ref> Vaikom has a population of about 22637 (male: 10955; female: 11682). This region has a literacy rate of 92% (male: 97%; female: 90%). Population density of the region is 2496 per square km.

In the 2011 census,<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803295-vaikom-kerala.html| title = Vaikom, census2011 information
| access-date = 2015-09-24
| work = Kerala
}}</ref> the Vaikom municipality had a population of 23,234 of which 11,304 are males while 11,930 were females. The population of children under age 6 was 1807, which was 7.78% of the total population of Vaikom. The female sex ratio in Vaikom municipality is 1055. Vaikom's child sex ratio is almost 960. Vaikom city's literacy rate is 96.84%, higher than the state average of 94.00%. Male literacy is almost 98.30% and female literacy rate is 95.47%.

Hindus are the largest religious community in Vaikom, accounting for 85% of the population. Christians represent 12%, and Muslims 3%.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803295-vaikom-kerala.html|title=Vaikom Municipality City Population Census 2011-2019 |website=www.census2011.co.in|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref>

==Notable people==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}


*Justice [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
*[[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]]
*[[Mammootty]], actor
*[[P. K. Biju]]
*[[George Josy]]
*[[Cherian K. Cherian]]
*[[V. N. Janaki]]
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]], actor
*[[A. J. John]]
*[[Monce Joseph]]
*[[M. K. Kamalam]]
*[[Abraham Kattumana]]
*[[Kalaikkal Kumaran]], actor
*[[Mathew Ulakamthara]], poet and literary critic
*[[N. Mohanan]]
*[[Vaikom Chandrasekharan Nair]]
*[[N. N. Pillai]]
*[[P. Krishna Pillai]], leader of the first communist movement in [[Kerala]]
*[[Vaikom Padmanabha Pillai]], military officer of the Kingdom of [[Travancore]]
*[[Vaikom Ramachandran]], poet
*[[Thomas Unniyadan]]
*[[Vaikom Vijayalakshmi]]
*[[Vaikom Viswan]]
*[[S. Ramesan]], Malayalam language poet and orator


{{Div col end}}

[[File:Vaikom Beach Panorama.jpg|800px|center|thumb|Vembanadu lake, boat jetty, KTDC restaurant, riverside park, and playground.]]

==See also==
*[[Vallakam]]
*[[Chempu]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vaikom}}
{{Geographic Location
| title = '''Places around Vaikom'''
| Northwest = [[Perumbalam]]
| North = [[Udayamperoor]]
| Northeast = [[Piravom]]
| West = [[Pallippuram, Alappuzha|Pallippuram]]
| Centre = Vaikom
| East = [[Thalayolaparambu]]
| Southwest = [[Cherthala]]
| South = [[Thalayazham]]
| Southeast = [[Kottayam]]
}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Kottayam district}}
{{Central Travancore}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vaikom| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Travancore]]

1737 Calcutta cyclone

2026-03-11T22:48:20Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: Added basic pg basic info - done

{{Short description|Tropical cyclone in the North Indian Ocean}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}
{{Infobox weather event
| formed = 9 October 1737
| dissipated = 13 October 1737
}}{{Infobox weather event/IMD
| winds = 140 
}}{{Infobox weather event/SSHWS
| winds = 145
}}{{Infobox weather event/Effects
| areas = [[Mughal Empire]] (modern day [[Bangladesh]] and [[West Bengal, India]])
| year = 1737
| fatalities = 300,000+
}}{{Infobox weather event/Footer
| season = [[Pre-1890 North Indian Ocean cyclone seasons|1737 North Indian Ocean cyclone season]]
}}
The '''1737 Calcutta cyclone''', also known as the '''Hooghly River cyclone of 1737''' or the '''Great Bengal cyclone of 1737''', was the first [[Tropical cyclone|super cyclone]] on record in the North [[Indian Ocean]] and is regarded as one of the worst natural disasters in Indian history. It hit the coast near [[Kolkata]] on the morning of 11 October 1737 and has been reported to have killed over 300,000 people in Calcutta, and caused widespread catastrophic damage. The cyclone hit land over the [[Ganges|Ganges River Delta]], just southwest of Calcutta. Most deaths resulted from the storm surge and happened on the sea: many ships sank in the [[Bay of Bengal]] and an unknown number of livestock and wild animals were killed from the effects of the cyclone. The damage was described as "extensive" but numerical statistics are unknown.

== Meteorological history ==
Based on inland observations that the cyclone's tidal effects were felt as far as {{cvt|130|km}} inland south-southwest of [[Calcutta]], the storm likely formed near the coast of [[Burma]], supported by observations of ships passing in the area.<ref name="imd">{{Cite report |url=https://metnet.imd.gov.in/mausamdocs/14718_F.pdf|title=Reconstructing the Great Bengal Cyclone of 1737|pages=67–72|author=A.K Sen Sarma|volume=47|date=1996|access-date=3 May 2021|publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]]|location=[[Kalyani, West Bengal]]}}</ref> The cyclone presumably moved northwest before turning northward, paralleling the coast of [[Calcutta]] between 10 and 11 October.<ref name="imd"/> The storm then began to slow down before turning north-northeastwards, making landfall over the [[Ganges|Ganges River Delta]], just south of Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=In the Line of Cyclones: Worst Bengal cyclones since 1737|url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/in-the-line-of-cyclones-worst-bengal-cyclones-since-1737|access-date=2021-05-03|publisher=Get Bengal}}</ref> It slowed down while crossing the [[West Bengal]], entering modern-day [[Bangladesh]] on or by 13 October before being last noted that day, far to the north of [[Dacca]].<ref name="imd"/>

=== The track ===
[[File:Track of the 1737 Calcutta cyclone.png|thumb|Presumed track of the 1737 Calcutta cyclone (as Illustrated by the track of the [[1864 Calcutta cyclone]] that devastated comparable areas)]]
[[India Meteorological Department]] researchers conducted a study about the storm's track, finding similar storms that passed on or near [[Calcutta]] to cause similar damage and the same date when they passed.<ref name="imd"/> The [[1864 Calcutta cyclone]] is an example they used, as the storm also had caused similar aftermath to the area nearly 127 years before.<ref name="imd"/> The full brunt of the 1864 storm was felt at Calcutta from 10:00 pm to 4:00 am ([[Indian Standard Time|IST]]) on 4 and 5 October (14:30 pm to 20:30 pm, [[Universal Standard Time|UTC]]).<ref name="imd"/> Meanwhile, the storm started to brush the coast of the area on "the night of October 11 and 12", presumably between the same time as the 1864 storm but using the date of the 1737 storm.<ref name="imd"/> Researchers then adjusted the landfall time of the 1737 storm to match the time where the residents inland experienced the storm's fury.<ref name="imd"/>

== Impact ==
The cyclone is regarded as one of India's worst natural disasters since reliable statistics began to be recorded.<ref name="imd"/>

Rain accumulation of the [[Ganges]] was estimated at 381 mm (15 in) over six hours.<ref name="colorado"/> In his official report, Thomas Joshua Moore, the [[British East India Company]] duties collector, said that almost all the thatched buildings had been destroyed by the storm and flood.<ref name="colorado">{{Cite report |url=http://cires1.colorado.edu/~bilham/gif_images/1737Calcutta.pdf|title=The 1737 Calcutta Earthquake and Cyclone evaluated |pages=1–10 |first=Roger |last=Bilham |location=Boulder, Colorado |date=1994 |access-date=2021-05-03}}</ref> An estimated 3,000 inhabitants of the town have been killed.<ref name="colorado"/>

A contemporary account of the cyclone, from the [[The Gentleman's Magazine|Gentleman's Magazine]] of London, stated that an earthquake had destroyed some 20,000 ships in the harbour and killed some 300,000 people.<ref name="colorado"/> Given the population of Calcutta was 20,000 at the time, the 300,000 figure is either an error or, less probably, a figure relating to the whole of Bengal. Although there would appear to be little evidence for the widely reported figure of 300,000 deaths, or for an earthquake at all, this number shows up recurrently in popular literature.<ref name="colorado"/> At the same time, the figure of 3,000 is only an estimation of the number of deaths inside the city itself.<ref name="colorado"/>

Many cattle, tigers, and rhinoceroses were drowned in a storm surge with an estimated height of 10–13 meters (or 30–40 feet) from the storm and the "earthquake".<ref name="colorado"/> Many crocodiles were also drowned by the strong river currents, and birds were plunged into the river by the winds, drowning them.<ref name="colorado"/> Two 500-ton ships were thrown by large waves into a populated village, which further broke into pieces.<ref name="colorado"/> Many people and cattle were killed.<ref name="colorado"/> Two more ships of 60 tons were wrecked and found over the high grounds, destroying large trees.<ref name="colorado"/> Eight out of nine ships were lost in the [[Ganges River]] and most of their crews drowned in the high seas.<ref name="colorado"/> Three out of four [[List of ships of the line of the Dutch Republic|Dutch ships]] also sank in the Ganges River and Bay of Bengal, respectively.<ref name="colorado"/> The spire of the Govindaram temple was also destroyed by the cyclone.<ref name="amphan"/>

In the aftermath of [[Cyclone Amphan]] on [[Kolkata]], many people, including Chief Minister of [[West Bengal]] [[Mamata Banerjee]] compared the catastrophe of the storm to this cyclone due to its similar effects and impact.<ref name="amphan">{{Cite web|last=Mohapatra|first=Samhati|date=2020-05-22|title=Amphan's fury conjures up memories of 1737 Bengal cyclone|url=https://thefederal.com/states/east/west-bengal/amphans-fury-conjures-up-memories-of-uncanny-cousin-1737-bengal-cyclone/|access-date=2021-05-03|website=The Federal|language=en-US}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[1864 Calcutta cyclone]] - a deadly tropical cyclone that devastated the same area nearly 130 years after.
*[[1970 Bhola cyclone]] - the deadliest tropical cyclone worldwide.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/gif_images/1737Calcutta.pdf The 1737 Calcutta Earthquake and Cyclone Evaluated by Roger Bilham, BSSA, Vol. 84, No. 5, October 1994]
* [http://www.imdmumbai.gov.in/cycdisasters.htm Cyclone-Related Disasters on India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051025071035/http://www.imdmumbai.gov.in/cycdisasters.htm |date=2005-10-25 }}
*

{{Super cyclonic storms}}

[http://cires.colorado.edu/~bilham/1737Earthquake.html The report on the 1737 Earthquake]

{{DEFAULTSORT:1737 Calcutta cyclone}}
[[Category:18th century in Kolkata]]
[[Category:1737 in India]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in India]]
[[Category:Bay of Bengal]]
[[Category:1737 disasters]]
[[Category:1730s natural disasters]]
[[Category:18th-century disasters in India]]

Santalum album

2026-03-10T22:56:54Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: brief improve details per standard format further and updated info

{{Short description|Species of tree in the sandalwood family}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = White sandalwood
|image = Santalum_album_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-128.jpg
|image_caption =
|status = VU
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Arunkumar, A.N. |author2=Dhyani, A. |author3=Joshi, G. |date=2019 |title=''Santalum album'' |volume=2019 |article-number=e.T31852A2807668 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-1.RLTS.T31852A2807668.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
|genus = Santalum
|species = album
|authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
[[File:檀香 Santalum album 20210712091332 04.jpg|thumb|x292px|The light green calyx gradually turns dark red. Some calyces have four sepals and some have five.]]

'''''Santalum album''''' is a small tropical tree, and the traditional source of [[sandalwood oil]]. It is native to [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]] and the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]), the [[Philippines]], and [[Western Australia]].<ref name="powo">{{cite web |title=Santalum album L. |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:780592-1 |website=Plants of the World Online |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens Kew |access-date=19 June 2024}}</ref> It is commonly known as the '''white sandalwood''' or '''Indian sandalwood.''' It was one of the plants exploited by [[Austronesians|Austronesian]] [[arboriculture]] and it was introduced by Austronesian sailors to [[Mainland Southeast Asia]], [[South Asia]] and [[East Asia]], during the ancient [[spice trade]], becoming [[Naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] in [[South India]] by at least 1300 BCE.<ref name="Fuller2015">{{cite book |editor=Tripati, Sila |last1=Fuller |first1=Dorian Q. |last2=Boivin |first2=Nicole |last3=Castillo |first3=Cristina Cobo |last4=Hoogervorst |first4=Tom |last5=Allaby |first5=Robin G. |title=Maritime Contacts of the Past: Deciphering Connections Amongst Communities |date=2015 |publisher=Kaveri Books |location=Delhi |isbn=978-81-926244-3-3 |pages=1–23 |chapter=The archaeobiology of Indian Ocean translocations: Current outlines of cultural exchanges by proto-historic seafarers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/272434953}}</ref> It was greatly valued for its fragrance, and is considered sacred in some religions like [[Hinduism]]. The high value of the species has caused [[over-exploitation]], to the point where the wild population is vulnerable to [[species extinction|extinction]]. Indian sandalwood still commands high prices for its [[essential oil]] owing to its high [[alpha-santalol]] content, but the lack of sizable trees has essentially eliminated its former use for fine [[woodworking]]. The plant is long-lived, but harvest is only viable after many years.

==Description==
[[File:Santalum album (Chandan) in Hyderabad, AP W2 IMG 0023.jpg|thumb|left|Flowers in [[Hyderabad, India]] ]]
''Santalum album is an'' evergreen tree that grows between {{Convert|4-9|m|ft|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fatima |first1=Tanzeem |last2=Srivastava |first2=Ashutosh |last3=Somashekar |first3=P. V. |last4=Hanur |first4=Vageeshbabu S. |last5=Rao |first5=M. Srinivasa |last6=Bisht |first6=Surendra Singh |date=July 2019 |title=Assessment of morphological and genetic variability through genic microsatellite markers for essential oil in Sandalwood (Santalum album L.) |journal=3 Biotech |volume=9 |issue=7 |page=252 |doi=10.1007/s13205-019-1758-9 |pmc=6555841 |pmid=31192077}}</ref> The tree is variable in habit, usually upright to sprawling, and may intertwine with other species. The plant [[parasitise]]s the roots of other tree species, with a [[haustorium]] adaptation on its own roots, but without major detriment to its hosts.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Spallek |first1=Thomas |last2=Melnyk |first2=Charles W. |last3=Wakatake |first3=Takanori |last4=Zhang |first4=Jing |last5=Sakamoto |first5=Yuki |last6=Kiba |first6=Takatoshi |last7=Yoshida |first7=Satoko |last8=Matsunaga |first8=Sachihiro |last9=Sakakibara |first9=Hitoshi |last10=Shirasu |first10=Ken |date=2017-05-16 |title=Interspecies hormonal control of host root morphology by parasitic plants |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=114 |issue=20 |pages=5283–5288 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1619078114 |pmc=5441792 |pmid=28461500|bibcode=2017PNAS..114.5283S |doi-access=free }}</ref> An individual will form a non-[[Obligate parasite|obligate]] relationship with a number of other plants.{{fact|date=March 2025}} Up to 300 species (including its own) can host the tree's development—supplying [[macronutrient]]s [[phosphorus]], [[nitrogen]] and [[potassium]], and shade—especially during early phases of development. It may propagate itself through wood [[Sucker (botany)|suckering]] during its early development, establishing small stands. The reddish or brown [[Bark (botany)|bark]] can be almost black and is smooth in young trees, becoming cracked with a red reveal. The [[heartwood]] is pale green to white as the common name indicates. The [[leaves]] are thin, opposite and ovate to [[Leaf shape|lanceolate]] in shape. Glabrous surface is shiny and bright green, with a glaucous pale reverse. [[Fruit]] is produced after three years, viable seeds after five. These seeds are distributed by birds.
[[File:Santalum album Fruit Krish.jpg|thumb|A ripened fruit of ''Santalum album'' from [[Panchkhal]] Valley, [[Nepal]]]]

== Taxonomy ==

=== Nomenclature ===
{{see also|Sandalwood}}
The [[nomenclature]] for other "sandalwoods" and the taxonomy of the genus are derived from this species' historical and widespread use. Etymologically it is derived from Sanskrit ''chandanam'', meaning "wood for burning incense", and related to ''candrah'', meaning "shining, glowing".<ref>{{cite web | title=Sandalwood (n.) | website=Online Etymology Dictionary | url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/sandalwood | access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

''Santalum album'' is included in the family [[Santalaceae]], and is commonly known as white or East Indian sandalwood.<ref>[http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=62651-3 ''Santalum''] ([[IPNI]])</ref> The name, ''Santalum ovatum'', used by [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|Robert Brown]] in ''[[Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae]]'' (1810) was described as a synonym of this species by [[Alex George (botanist)|Alex George]] in 1984.<ref>{{APNI|name = ''Santalum ovatum''|id=7316}} George, A.S. & Hewson, H.J. in George, A.S. (Ed) (1984), ''[[Flora of Australia]]'' 22: 61, 63, Fig. 18D, Map 71</ref> The epithet ''album'' refers to the "white" of the heartwood.

The species was the first to be known as sandalwood. Other species in the genus ''[[Santalum]]'', such as the Australian ''[[Santalum spicatum|S. spicatum]]'', are also referred to as true sandalwoods, to distinguish them from trees with similar-smelling wood or oil.

=== Phytochemistry ===

Sandalwood oil consists of about 80% α-[[Alpha-Santalol|santalol]] and [[Beta-Santalol|β-santolol]], predominantly the former, which are [[sesquiterpene]]s. Attempts to synthesise these date to 1947 by [[Givaudan]] in Switzerland. The resulting [[isobornyl cyclohexanol]] can be distinguished from santolol, but is much cheaper. Since then other synthetic sandalwood oils have been used in [[Laundry detergent|laundry detergents]] and textiles.{{sfn|Ellena|2022|p=14}} Three of the [[Terpene#Biosynthesis|terpene synthase]] [[gene]]s producing components employed in [[host defense]] are present in ''S. album''.<ref name="Harrasi-et-al-2021">{{cite journal | last1=Al-Harrasi | first1=Ahmed | last2=Khan | first2=Abdul Latif | last3=Rehman | first3=Najeeb Ur | last4=Csuk | first4=René | title=Biosynthetic diversity in triterpene cyclization within the ''Boswellia'' genus | journal=[[Phytochemistry (journal)|Phytochemistry]] | volume=184 | year=2021 | doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112660 | article-number=112660 | pmid=33524859| bibcode=2021PChem.184k2660A }}</ref><ref name="Zhang-et-al-2019">{{cite journal | last1=Zhang | first1=Xinhua | last2=Niu | first2=Meiyun | last3=Teixeira da Silva | first3=Jaime A. | last4=Zhang | first4=Yueya | last5=Yuan | first5=Yunfei | last6=Jia | first6=Yongxia | last7=Xiao | first7=Yangyang | last8=Li | first8=Yuan | last9=Fang | first9=Lin | last10=Zeng | first10=Songjun | last11=Ma | first11=Guohua | title=Identification and functional characterization of three new terpene synthase genes involved in chemical defense and abiotic stresses in ''Santalum album'' | journal=[[BMC Plant Biology]] | volume=19 | issue=1 | date=2019-03-28 | page=115 | doi=10.1186/s12870-019-1720-3| pmid=30922222 | pmc=6437863 | doi-access=free | bibcode=2019BMCPB..19..115Z }}</ref>

==Distribution and history==
Sandalwood is originally native to dry areas in [[Indonesia]] ([[Java]] and the [[Lesser Sunda Islands]]), the [[Philippines]], and [[Western Australia]], where it is found with close [[Congener (biology)|congener]]s.<ref name="powo"/><ref name="Fuller2015"/> It was introduced very early ({{circa|1500 BCE}}) into [[Dravidian peoples|Dravidian]] regions of [[South Asia]] via the [[Austronesian maritime trade network|Austronesian maritime]] [[spice trade]], along with other [[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia|Austronesian domesticates]] like [[areca nut]] and [[coconut]]s. It first appears in archaeological records in South Asia in the southern [[Deccan]] by 1300 BCE. It became naturalized in these regions where dry sandy soils are common.<ref name="Fuller2015"/><ref name="Zumbroich2007">{{cite journal |last1=Zumbroich |first1=Thomas J. |title=The origin and diffusion of betel chewing: a synthesis of evidence from South Asia, Southeast Asia and beyond |journal=eJournal of Indian Medicine |date=2007–2008 |volume=1 |pages=87–140 |url=https://ugp.rug.nl/eJIM/article/download/24712/22162}}</ref>

Sandalwood is now cultivated in [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], the [[Philippines]] and Northern [[Australia]].

==Habitat and growth==
[[File:SantalumAlbumLeaf.jpg|thumb|left]]
''S. album'' occurs from coastal [[Tropical and subtropical dry broadleaf forests|dry forests]] up to {{convert|700| m}} elevation. It normally grows in sandy or well drained stony red soils, but a wide range of soil types are inhabited. This habitat has a temperature range from {{convert|0 to 38|C}} and annual rainfall between {{convert|500|mm}} and {{convert|3000|mm}}. ''S. album'' can grow up to {{convert|30 |feet|order=flip}} vertically. It should be planted in good sunlight and does not require a lot of water. The tree starts to flower after seven years. When the tree is still young the flowers are white and with age they turn red or orange. The trunk of the tree starts to develop its fragrance after about 10 years of growth, but is not ready to harvest till after 20. The tree rarely lives more than 100 years.{{sfn|Ellena|2022|p=12}}

==Conservation==
''S. album'' is recognized as a "vulnerable" species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sandalwoodoilspecialist.com/the-sandalwood-tree/conservation-environmental/|title=Conservation & environmental |website=Sandalwood Oil specialist |language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170405173905/http://sandalwoodoilspecialist.com/the-sandalwood-tree/conservation-environmental/ |archive-date= 2017-04-05 }}</ref> It is threatened by [[over-exploitation]] and degradation to [[habitat (ecology)|habitat]] through altered land use, fire (to which this species is extremely sensitive), [[Sandal spike phytoplasma|Spike disease]], agriculture, and land-clearing are the factors of most concern. To preserve this [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]] resource from over-exploitation, legislation protects the species, and cultivation is researched and developed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rado |first=Andrew |date=July 1994 |title=5.4 Sandalwood (Santalum spp.) |url=http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/newslett/ncnl2-54.htm |journal=Australian New Crops Newsletter |publisher=University of Queensland |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130427022708/http://www.newcrops.uq.edu.au/newslett/ncnl2-54.htm |archive-date=Apr 27, 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.australian-aridlands-botanic-garden.org/general/plants/p_spec/sawo.htm Friends of the Australian Arid Lands Botanic Garden - "Plants: Sandalwood, ''Santalum spicatum''"].</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/pdfs/sandalwood_detail.pdf |title=Sandalwood |website=Forest Products Commission |access-date=2007-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060920204549/http://www.fpc.wa.gov.au/pdfs/sandalwood_detail.pdf |archive-date=2006-09-20 |publisher=WA Gov}}</ref>

Until 2002, individuals in India were not allowed to grow sandalwood. Due to its scarcity, sandalwood is not allowed to be cut or harvested by individuals. The State grants specific permission to officials who then can cut down the tree and sell its wood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/gardens/time-to-lift-restrictions-on-planting-sandalwood/article7285956.ece |url-access=subscription |date=June 5, 2015 |title=Time to lift restrictions on planting sandalwood?|last=Vijay|first=Hema|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-04-05 |language=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405173823/http://www.thehindu.com/features/homes-and-gardens/gardens/time-to-lift-restrictions-on-planting-sandalwood/article7285956.ece |archive-date=2017-04-05 }}</ref> The Indian government has placed a ban on the export of the timber.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />

==Uses and production==
[[File:SantalumAlbumSapling.jpg|thumb|Young sapling]]
''S. album'' has been the primary source of sandalwood and the [[sandalwood oil|derived oil]]. These often hold an important place in the societies of their naturalised distribution range. The central part of the tree, the heartwood, is the only part of the tree that is used for its fragrance. It is yellow-brown in color, hard with an oily texture and due to its durability, is a preferred material for carving. The outer part of the tree, the sapwood, is unscented. The sapwood is white or yellow in color and is used to make turnery items. The high value of sandalwood has led to attempts at cultivation, this has increased the [[Population distribution|distribution]] range of the plant. It was valued in construction, since it was considered rotproof.{{sfn|Ellena|2022|p=12}}

The first extraction of its essential oil occurred in [[Mysore]], India, in 1917. For many years, the oils were extracted in the perfumeries at [[Grasse]], France. Production is now controlled by the Indian state, and demand exceeds supply.{{sfn|Ellena|2022|pp=12-14}}

The [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]] standard for the accepted characteristics of this essential oil is ISO 3518:2002.<ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=32037 ISO 3518:2002]</ref> HPTLC and GC,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} GC-MS based methods are used for qualitative and quantitative analyses of the volatile <ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Misra | first1 = Biswapriya B. | last2 = Das | first2 = Shibendu S. | last3 = Dey | first3 = Satyahari | year = 2013| title = Volatile profiling from heartwood of East Indian sandalwood tree | journal = Journal of Pharmacy Research | volume = 7 | issue = 4| pages = 299–303 | doi = 10.1016/j.jopr.2013.04.030 | doi-access = free }}</ref> essential oil constituents.

White sandalwood has a high [[alpha-santalol|santalol]] content, at about 90%, compared with the other main source of the oil, the cheaper{{sfn|Ellena|2022|p=14}} ''[[Santalum spicatum]]'' (Australian sandalwood), at around 39%, and India used to dominate production of sandalwood oil world-wide, but the industry has been in decline in the 21st century.<ref name="Yousaf 2012">{{cite web | last=Yousaf | first=Shamsheer | title=Indian sandalwood production set to lose home ground edge | website=mint | date=25 January 2012 | url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/BDsfOQH2DCWR5ikaMVlaqI/Indian-sandalwood-production-set-to-lose-home-ground-edge.html | access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> Another source is ''[[Santalum austrocaledonicum]]'' from New Caledonia. Sandalwood is used in the production of the [[perfume]] Samsara by [[Guerlain]] (1989).{{sfn|Ellena|2022|p=14}}

The long maturation period and difficulty in cultivation have restricted extensive planting. Harvest of the tree involves several curing and processing stages, also adding to the commercial value. The wood and oil are in high demand and are an important trade item in three main regions:

===India===
The use of ''S. album'' in India is noted in literature for over two thousand years. It has use as wood and oil in religious practices, and was burned in cremation. In modern times only a small fragment is added to the [[pyre]] for symbolic purposes.{{sfn|Ellena|2022|p=12}} It also features as a construction material in temples and elsewhere. The [[Government of India|Indian government]] has banned the export of the species to reduce the threat by over-harvesting. In the southern Indian states of [[Karnataka]], [[Andhra Pradesh]],<ref name=karn/> and [[Tamil Nadu]] all trees of greater than a specified girth were the property of the state until 2001/2.<ref name="Yousaf 2012"/> Cutting of trees, even on private property, was regulated by the Forest Department.<ref name=karn>[http://karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KFD_Manual_1976.pdf Karnataka Forest Department Rules] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217051358/http://www.karnatakaforest.gov.in/English/Acts_Rules/acts/KFD_Manual_1976.pdf |date=2007-02-17 }}</ref> After that, they were allowed to be sold to private growers, but the product can only be sold to the state forest department. Annual production fell from a high of 4,000 tonnes in the early 1970s, to fewer than 300 tonnes in 2011. The decline is blamed on government policy and [[over-exploitation]], and moves have been made to encourage planters to grow the trees again.<ref name="Yousaf 2012"/>

===Australia===
The native species, ''[[Santalum spicatum]]'', is more common and extensively grown in [[Western Australia]], but {{as of|lc=yes|2020}} there are two commercial Indian sandalwood plantations in full operation based in [[Kununurra]], in the far north of Western Australia: Quintis (formerly Tropical Forestry Services), which in 2017 controlled around 80 per cent of the world's supply of Indian sandalwood,<ref>{{cite web | title=Tropical Forestry Services becomes Quintis as the company shifts focus|first=Clint|last= Jasper| website=ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation) | date=21 March 2017 | url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/rural-news/2017-03-22/tropical-forestry-services-rebrands-sandalwood-co-to-quintis/8374366 | access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref> and Santanol.<ref>{{cite web | title=About Santanol | website=Santanol | url=https://santanol.com/about-santanol/ | access-date=19 September 2020 | archive-date=16 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116105521/https://santanol.com/about-santanol/ }}</ref>

=== Comoros ===
White sandalwood is grated against a stone, coral, or ceramic surface to make a sun-protective medicinal paste called [[msindzano]], worn on the faces of women and girls in Comoros.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://peerj.com/preprints/96v1 |title=Biological Activities of East Indian Sandalwood Tree, Santalum album |last1=Misra |first1=Biswapriya B. |last2=Dey |first2=Satyahari |date=2013-11-12 |publisher=PeerJ PrePrints |issue=e96v1 |language=en}}</ref>

===Sri Lanka===
The harvesting of sandalwood is preferred to be of trees that are advanced in age. Saleable wood can, however, be of trees as young as seven years. The entire plant is removed rather than cut to the base, as in [[coppicing|coppiced]] species. The extensive removal of ''S. album'' over the past century led to increased vulnerability to extinction.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />

{{as of |2020}}, small plantations of white sandalwood also exist in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and the Pacific Islands.<ref name=waspfaq>{{cite web | title=Frequently Asked Questions | website=WA Sandalwood Plantations | url=https://www.wasandalwood.com/faq | access-date=19 September 2020}}</ref>

=== China ===

Sandalwood has been used over a long time in China for the construction of statues and temples, and was burned in [[Censer|censers]] during religious rites.{{sfn|Ellena|2022|p=12}}

=== Egypt ===

Sandalwood was used for [[embalming]] [[Mummy|mummies]], and later was burned as part of Muslim funerals.{{sfn|Ellena|2022|p=12}}

==See also==
* [[Sandal spike phytoplasma]] – disease of ''S. album''
*[[Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book |last=Ellena |first=Jean-Claude |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrZNEAAAQBAJ |title=Atlas of Perfumed Botany |trans-title=Atlas de botanique parfumée|date=2022 |translator=Erik Butler|orig-date=2020 Flammarion, Paris|publisher=[[MIT Press]] |location=[[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]]|isbn=978-0-262-04673-2 }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*{{Commons-inline}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q210858}}

{{Karnataka topics}}

[[Category:Santalum|album]]
[[Category:Flora of India (region)]]
[[Category:Flora of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Essential oils]]
[[Category:Vulnerable plants]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Botanical taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]
[[Category:Austronesian agriculture]]

In Custody (novel)

2026-03-08T16:02:39Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: quick cleanup structure per sources and cleaned formatting

{{short description|1984 novel by Anita Desai}}
{{distinguish|Custody (novel)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{infobox book | 
| name = In Custody
| title_orig =
| translator =
| image = Incustody.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = First hardback edition cover.
| author = [[Anita Desai]]
| illustrator =
| cover_artist =
| country = United Kingdom
| language = English
| series =
| genre =
| publisher = [[Heinemann (book publisher)|Heinemann]]
| release_date = 8 October 1984
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover|Hardback]] & [[Paperback]])
| pages = 208 pp (first edition, hardback)
| isbn = 0-434-18635-X
| isbn_note = (first edition, hardback)
| oclc= 11284150
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
}}

'''''In Custody''''' (1984) is a [[novel]] set in [[Delhi]], [[India]] by [[Indian Americans|Indian American]] writer [[Anita Desai]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vle.du.ac.in/mod/book/view.php?id=10088&chapterid=16681|title=Indian Writing in English: Desai, Anita : In Custody (Theme of Politics of Language )|website=vle.du.ac.in|language=en|access-date=2018-01-03}}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> It was [[List of winners and shortlisted authors of the Booker Prize for Fiction|shortlisted for the Booker Prize]] in 1984.

==Plot summary==

Deven earns a living by teaching [[Hindi language]] [[literatures]] to [[college]] students. As his true interest was in [[Urdu]] poetry, he jumps at the chance to meet the great Urdu poet, Nur. Under the advice of his friend Murad, an [[Editing|editor]] of a periodical devoted to Urdu literature, Deven procures a secondhand tape recorder so that he can help [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcribe]] Urdu's early poetry, as well as conduct an [[interview]] or even write the memoirs of Nur. However, things do not happen as he expects them to.

Devens' old friend Murad visits Deven unexpectedly with an offer for him to interview a great Urdu poet Nur Sahjahanabadi who lives in Chandni Chowk, Old Delhi for his magazine. Deven is fond of Urdu poetry. He accepts the offer. At first, he thinks that he is getting a chance to sit before a great Urdu poet but after reaching his house he notices the unbearable condition of Nur's house. When he meets Nur, he refuses to give an interview by saying that Urdu is now at its last stage and soon this beautiful language will not exist. But he shows some trust in Deven. But Deven gets annoyed by the condition of Nur's house and drops the idea of interviewing Nur. Murad again convinces him to interview Nur with the help of tape recorder so that it can be further used for audio learning by Urdu scholars. Deven, who is a poor lecturer, asks for money from the college for a tape recorder. He goes to a shop to buy, where the shopkeeper, Jain, offers him a second hand tape recorder. At first Deven refuses to purchase it but later Jain convinces him that it is a machine with good quality and his own nephew Chikua will help them to operate it while recording the interview. Unwillingly, Deven agrees to purchase it. Nur's first wife promises Deven that she can arrange a room for Deven if he gives her some money. Deven arranged the money for the payment to her by the college authority with the help of his colleague-cum-friend Siddiqui.
He then goes to Delhi with Chiku for recording, but he fails to record the interview. Now, he not only has no recording but also has to bear the expenses like payment demanded by poet, his wife, nephews of Jain, etc.

==Characters==

# Deven Sharma – a Hindi professor in Mirpore in Lala Ram Lal Collège, who is tired of his mundane life. He loves Urdu and is a hero-worshiper to Nur, a famous Urdu poet. He also gets the opportunity to meet Nur. He is very naive and seems to live in a world of his own, full of innocence and childhood dreams which gets him in a vulnerable zone. Too simple thus usually manipulated.
# Nur Shahjenabadi – a famous Urdu poet who laments the loss of a beautiful language(Urdu), and thereby a culture. He is a man of age and experience. He lives in misery and confusion as both his wives are constantly involved in a rivalry.
# Murad – a cold and calculating friend of Deven who owns a publishing house in Delhi (editor of Awaaz). He exploits Deven and deceives him throughout the novel. He is a bully and is very selfish but a rich kid (of sorts) which gives him an upper hand against Deven, the son of an impoverished widow .
# Siddiqui – Deven's fellow lecturer of Urdu, is a figure of the decline of the language and culture for which he stands.
# Imtiaz – Nur's second wife; she is a jealous and calculating woman who is trying to steal the limelight off Nur. She is hungry for fame and wealth.
# Sarla – Deven's wife; she seems to be controlling Deven. She has some (smallish) dreams of refrigerators and household help thereby her marital life is not a happy one.

==Film==

The 1993 film adaptation of the novel by [[Merchant Ivory Productions]] ''[[In Custody (film)|In Custody]]'' was directed by [[Ismail Merchant]], with a screenplay by [[Shahrukh Husain]]. It stars the noted actors [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Shabana Azmi]], and [[Om Puri]].

==References==
<references />
*Baena, Rosalía. “The Condition of Life and Art in Anita Desai's In Custody.” ''Commonwealth Essays and Studies'' 22.2 (2000 Spring): 59-68
*Landow, George. [http://www.postcolonialweb.org/india///desai/custodyov.html In Custody on the Postcolonial Web]
*Sen, Sharmila. “Urdu in Custody.” ''South Asian Review'' 22 (2001): 57-70

==External links==
*[http://www.penguinbooksindia.com/Books/BookDetail.asp?ID=2810 Book Review]
{{Anita Desai |state=expanded}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:In Custody (Novel)}}
[[Category:1984 British novels]]
[[Category:British novels adapted into films]]
[[Category:Novels by Anita Desai]]
[[Category:Novels set in India]]
[[Category:Heinemann (publisher) books]]
[[Category:American English-language novels]]
[[Category:British English-language novels]]

Tumsa Nahin Dekha (1957 film)

2026-03-04T04:06:05Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: update information per sources and improved wording for consistency

{{For|the 2004 film|Tumsa Nahin Dekha (2004 film)}}
{{More citations needed|date=November 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Tumsa Nahin Dekha
| image = Tumsa Nahin Dekha 1957.jpg
| alt = The film poster which features face of Ameeta on right and film title on the left, in the foreground. In background are two men fighting and clouds spread over whole poster.
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Nasir Hussain]]
| producer = [[Shashadhar Mukherjee]]
| story = Nasir Hussain
| screenplay = Nasir Hussain
| writer = Nasir Hussain
| starring =[[Shammi Kapoor]] [[Ameeta]] [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]
| music = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| cinematography = Marshall Braganza
| editing = Babu Lavande
| studio = [[Filmistan|Filmistan Pvt. Ltd.]]
| distributor = {{hlist|Filmistan|Ultra<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultraindia.com/film-details/548-tumsa-nahin-dekha|title=Tumsa Nahin Dekha - 1957 - Rights|website=Ultraindia.com|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>}}
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1957}}
| runtime = 141 minutes
| country = [[India]]
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="collection">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tumsa-nahin-dekha-2357/box-office|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125020713/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/tumsa-nahin-dekha-2357/box-office|url-status=live|archive-date=25 January 2018|title=Do you know how Tumsa Nahin Dekha did at the Box Office?|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=28 November 2021}}</ref>
}}

'''''Tumsa Nahin Dekha''''' ([[English language|English]]: ''Saw nobody like you'') is a 1957 [[India]]n [[Hindi film|Hindi language]] [[Romance film|romance]] [[drama film]], produced by [[Sashadhar Mukherjee]] while written and directed by [[Nasir Hussain]], of [[Filmistan|Filmistan Pvt. Ltd]]. The film marked Hussain's evolution into a director. He had written films such as ''[[Munimji]]'' and ''[[Paying Guest]]''.

The film was conceived as a star vehicle for its heroine [[Ameeta]], who was the protégée of [[Filmistan]] Studios owner Tolaram Jalan. Much care was taken with her make-up, wardrobe and lighting. Much of the film's extensive publicity was also built around the actress.

The film's huge success at the box office made the then-struggling [[Shammi Kapoor]] an overnight sensation instead. This was the film in which he developed his own individual look and youthful style, and was his first light-hearted musical and its success helped move him to acting in this genre. The film also stars the popular villain and character actor [[Pran (actor)|Pran]]. Its music is by [[O.P. Nayyar]] and lyrics by [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]].

The film was originally offered to [[Dev Anand]], but he declined, due to which Shammi Kapoor was cast.{{Citation needed |date=January 2024}} However, the director [[Nasir Hussain]] was in a quandary as he had already read the script to Dev Anand and [[Vyjayanthimala]], but Mukherjee prevailed and he also replaced Vyjayanthimala with [[Ameeta]], who was the protégée of [[Filmistan]] Studios owner Tolaram Jalan. The film's original lyricist was [[Sahir]], who wrote the title song, but he too opted out and Majrooh Sultanpuri took his place.

==Plot==
Twenty years ago, after killing his friend, Sardar Rajpal flees from his hometown in Shillong and re-locates to the rural area of Assam along with his adopted daughter Meena. He asks his wife Kamla, to send their son Shankar, so that he can employ him and get him married to Meena. Shankar arrives and he is welcomed by Sardar, who employs him and introduces him to Meena. A few days later, another young man shows up at his door claiming to be Kamla's son. A baffled Sardar also welcomes him, and puts both the young men under observation in order to find who the real Shankar is. The question remains: why would anyone want to impersonate Shankar, and what will happen to Sardar himself after the Police catch up with him for killing his friend 20 years ago?

==Cast==
* [[Shammi Kapoor]] as Shankar Bhat
* [[Ameeta]] as Meena
* [[Pran (actor)|Pran]] as Sohan
* [[Raj Mehra]] as Vishnu
* [[B. M. Vyas]] as Gopal / Sardar Rajpal
* Sheela Vaz as Seema
* [[Kanu Roy]] as Bhola
* [[M. B. Shetty]] as Bhola's henchman
* [[Ram Avtar]] as Johnny
* Shilendra Kumar Singh as Shankar's chacha (uncle)
* [[Anjali Devi]] as Kamla
* Rajendra
* S. L. Puri
* Harbans Darshan M. Arora as Amarnath
* Tina Misquitta as Actress
* [[Bela Bose]] as a dancer in song 'Aaye he door se'

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Tumsa Nahin Dekha
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[O. P. Nayyar]]
| released = {{start date|df=yes|1957|12|10}}<ref name="album on iTunes">[https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/tumsa-nahin-dekha-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/907738860]{{dead link|date=March 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} </ref>
| genre = [[soundtrack|Film soundtrack]]
| label = [[Saregama]]<ref name="label Saregama">{{Cite web|url=https://www.saregama.com/album/tumsa-nahin-dekha_3769|title=Tumsa Nahin Dekha Songs, Tumsa Nahin Dekha Movie Songs MP3 Download | Saregama.com|access-date=28 November 2021|website=Saregama.com}}</ref>
| prev_title = [[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]
| prev_year = 1957
| next_title = [[Howrah Bridge (1958 film)|Howrah Bridge]]
| next_year = 1958
| misc = {{YouTube|jrvN7cvlvLk|AUDIO JUKEBOX}}
{{YouTube|VEnwiqw8iRM|MUSIC VIDEO}}
}}

{|class="wikitable"
! Song
! Singer
|-
| "Jawaniyan Yeh Mast Mast"
| [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| "Chhupnewale Samne Aa"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Tumsa Nahin Dekha"
| Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Tumsa Nahin Dekha"
| [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| "Aaye Hai Door Se, Milne Huzoor Se"
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Dekho Kasam Se Kehte Hai Tumse Haan"
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
|-
| "Sar Par Topi Lal, Haath Mein Resham Ka Rumal"
| Asha Bhosle, Mohammed Rafi
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0051117}}

{{Nasir Hussain}}

[[Category:1957 films]]
[[Category:1957 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Nasir Hussain]]
[[Category:Films scored by O. P. Nayyar]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:1957 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]

Kalyana Vaibhogam

2026-03-03T04:47:39Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: new

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kalyana Vaibhogam
| image = Kalyana Vaibhogam.jpg
| caption = Title card
| director = N. Rathnam
| screenplay = N. Rathnam
| producer = K.S.K. Sankara Subramaniam K.S.K. Arumugam K.S.K. Karthikeyan K.S.K. Kumaran
| starring = {{ubl|[[Ramki]]|[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]|[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]]}}
| cinematography = B. S. Nandhalal
| editing = Rajarajan–Kiton
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Gomathi Shankar Films
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1997|09|05}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Kalyana Vaibhogam''''' ({{translation|Marriage celebration}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[romance film]] directed by N. Rathnam, who had previously directed the film ''[[Chellakannu]]'' (1995). The film stars [[Ramki]], [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] and [[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]], with [[Vadivelu]], [[R. Sundarrajan]], [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]], [[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]], Vijay Krishnaraj and Haja Shareef playing supporting roles. It was released on 5 September 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=A-Z Continued... |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927193802/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Specials/97/Oct/a-z/atoz-3.htm |archive-date=27 September 2013 |access-date=20 February 2015 |website=INDOlink}}</ref> The film was a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''[[Aaina (1993 film)|Aaina]]'' (1993).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chintamani |first=Gautam |date=31 March 2018 |title=How Amrita Singh, Jackie Shroff, Juhi Chawla-starrer Aaina addressed taboo within the framework of a family entertainer |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-amrita-singh-jackie-shroff-juhi-chawla-starrer-aaina-addressed-taboo-within-the-framework-of-a-family-entertainer-4410983.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524055900/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-amrita-singh-jackie-shroff-juhi-chawla-starrer-aaina-addressed-taboo-within-the-framework-of-a-family-entertainer-4410983.html |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=24 May 2023 |website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=May 2023}}
Ramya and Shanthi are step-sisters. Ramya is arrogant while Shanthi is soft-spoken and sensitive. Sakthi is a writer and becomes popular by writing short stories in Tamil weekly magazines. Shanthi is Sakthi's avid fan, sends him letters every week anonymously, and she is in love with him. Sakthi really likes her letters and he decides to meet her, eager to confess his love.

Sakthi thinks that the anonymous fan is Ramya. Later, Sakthi and Ramya fall in love. By luck, Ramya becomes a model, and thereafter her popularity grows rapidly. Sakthi and Ramya decide to get married whereas the heartbroken Shanthi remained silent. The day of the wedding, Ramya runs away with dreams of being a cinema actress and Ramya asks him to wait for him. Feeling betrayed, Sakthi cannot accept it and he finally marries Shanthi. They live happily until Ramya comes back. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ramki]] as Sakthi
*[[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Ramya
*[[Sangita Madhavan Nair|Sangita]] as Shanthi
*[[Vadivelu]] as Jacky
*[[R. Sundarrajan]] as Ganesan
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Shanthi's grandfather
*[[Vennira Aadai Moorthy]] as Ramu
*[[Vijay Krishnaraj]] as Rajasekhar
*Haja Shareef
*Thiagarajan
*[[Kavitha (actress)|Kavitha]] as Kavitha
*Baby Srividya
*Baby Sowmya
*Baby Sridevi
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kalyana Vaibogam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/kalyana-vaibogam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1577954236 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524061012/https://music.apple.com/in/album/kalyana-vaibogam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1577954236 |archive-date=24 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration
|-
| "Vizhioda Aadiye Azhaga" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], [[K. S. Chithra]] || [[Palani Bharathi]]|| 4:24
|-
| "Roja Poovile" || Mano, [[Swarnalatha]] || Navendan || 5:01
|-
| "Hollywood Chance" || [[Malgudi Subha]] || 'Nellai' Arulmani || 5:00
|-
| "Thaada Budala" || [[S. Janaki]], Chorus || Ravi Bharathi || 4:35
|-
| "Kanang Kuruviku" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Swarnalatha || [[Pulamaipithan]] || 4:50
|}

== Reception ==
Ji of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' praised director for taking the story in a straight line without wandering here and there while praising the performances of Khushbu, Sangita and humour and concluded saying if it had been handled a little shorter without sagging, it would have been an enjoyable film.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜி. |date=28 September 1997 |title=கல்யாண வைபோகம் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-09-28/page/n1/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230523163550/https://archive.org/details/kalki1997-09-28/page/n1/mode/2up |archive-date=23 May 2023 |access-date=23 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=1 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref> Two years after release, the producers were given a {{INR}}5 lakh subsidy by the then Tamil Nadu Chief Minister [[M. Karunanidhi]] along with ten other films.<ref>{{Cite news |date=30 March 1999 |title=Subsidy for low budget films distributed |url=http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/%28docid%29/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080427180556/http://www.cscsarchive.org:8081/MediaArchive/art.nsf/(docid)/6225E0E2596F95C065256940004BD706?OpenDocument |archive-date=27 April 2008 |access-date=4 July 2024 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:1997 Indian films]]
[[Category:1997 romance films]]
[[Category:1997 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian romance films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

History of Telangana

2026-02-27T10:56:15Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: made new details.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{TShistory}}
The '''history of [[Telangana]]''', located on the high [[Deccan Plateau]], includes its being ruled by the [[Maurya Empire]] (320 BCE to 230 BCE), the [[Satavahana Dynasty]] (230 BCE to 220 CE), the [[Kakatiya Dynasty]] (1083–1323), the [[Musunuri Nayaks]] (1335–1368), the [[Delhi Sultanate]], the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] (1347–1512), [[Golconda Sultanate]] (1512–1687) and [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] (1724–1950).<ref>{{cite web|title=Telangana History PDF|url=http://www.telanganastateofficial.com/telangana-state-history-in-english-pdf/|publisher=Bookinfo}}</ref>

In 1724, [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Nizam-ul-Mulk]] defeated Mubariz Khan and conquered Hyderabad. His successors ruled the princely state of Hyderabad, as [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]]. The Nizams established [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway|first railways]], postal and telegraph networks, and the first modern universities in Telangana.

After Indian independence, the Nizam did not sign the [[Instrument of Accession|instrument of accession to India]]. The Indian army invaded and annexed [[Hyderabad State]] in 1948. From 1948 to 1956, Telangana remained as part of [[Hyderabad State (1948–1956)|Hyderabad State]], and then it was merged into [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]], a state created for Telugu people. In 2014, Telangana became the 29th state of India after the [[Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh|bifurcation]] of Andhra Pradesh, consisting of thirty-three (33) districts, with [[Hyderabad]] as its capital.<ref name="Notification">{{cite web|title=Notification|url=http://www.egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/158365.pdf|work=The Gazette of India|publisher=Government of India|date=4 March 2014|access-date=4 March 2014}}</ref> The city of Hyderabad served as the joint capital for the residual [[Andhra Pradesh]] and Telangana for a period of ten years until 2024.<ref>{{cite news|title=A brief history of Telangana|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/a-brief-history-of-telangana-114060100762_1.html|access-date=20 July 2014|work=Business Standard Ltd.|date=1 June 2014|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=Hyderabad no longer joint capital of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana from today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/hyderabad-joint-capital-andhra-pradesh-telangana-states-lok-sabha-elections-2547155-2024-06-02 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Early history ==

=== Aśmaka (Assaka) Mahajanapada ===
One of the earliest known political formations in the region of present-day Telangana was the ancient [[Aśmaka]] (Assaka) Mahajanapada, which flourished roughly between 700 BCE and 400 BCE. Distinguished as the only southern kingdom among the sixteen great Mahajanapadas of early Iron Age India, [[Aśmaka]] held an important place in the subcontinent's historical and cultural landscape.

Buddhist texts and the [[Puranas]] describe [[Aśmaka]] as a prosperous kingdom situated along the banks of the [[Godavari]] River, south of the Vindhya ranges. Its capital city, Podana—also referred to as Potali or Paudanyapura—is identified by most scholars with modern-day [[Bodhan]] in Telangana The prominence of Aśmaka in early historical texts highlights the deep antiquity and cultural significance of the Telangana region.<ref name="Ashmaka1">{{cite book |last=Law |first=B. C. |title=Historical Geography of Ancient India |publisher=University of Calcutta |year=1954 |pages=73–75}}</ref><ref name="Ashmaka2">{{cite book |last=Sastri |first=K. A. Nilakanta |title=The Age of the Nandas and Mauryas |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1952 |pages=10–12}}</ref>

=== Satavahana Dynasty ===
{{Main|Satavahana dynasty}}
The Satavahanas rose to political power after the fall of the [[Mauryan Empire]]. [[Koti Lingala]] seems to be one of the 30 cities of Satavahana dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/protection-wall-for-koti-lingala-temple-in-karimnagar/article6401870.ece|title=Protection wall for Koti Lingala temple|date=11 September 2014|work=The Hindu}}</ref> Excavations revealed brick wells, coins belonging to a pre-Satavahana period, namely, Gobhada and Samagopa. It is believed that the place is the site of the hermitage of sage Bhavari.<ref>Buddhism and Modern Society, ed. by Y. S. Rao and G.B. Naik, Deep & Deep Publications; 2008, p. 293</ref> Several coins of Simukha, the founder of the Satavahana dynasty, and those of other early rulers like Kanha and [[Vashishtiputra Sātakarni|Satakarni I]] were found.<ref>Indian History, Krishna Reddy; Tata-McGraw Hill Education, New Delhi, 2011. p. A-250</ref>

The Deccan, during this period, was an emporium of inland and maritime trade. The region between the rivers of Godavari and Krishna was full of ports and throbbing with activity{{Citation needed|reason=No factual evidence for the claim|date=January 2018}}. There was plenty of currency to facilitate trade and the people entered upon a period of great industrial, commercial and maritime activity. Buddhism flourished throughout the period and the rulers were also devoted to Vedic ritualism. They constructed several Buddhist Stupas, Viharas and Chaityas. Satavahanas were able rulers and loved literacy and architecture. The 17th ruler of this dynasty, [[Hāla]] was a great poet and his "Gathasaptasati" in Prakrit was well received by all. Gunadhnya, the minister of Hala was the author of "Brihatkadha". According to Matsya Purana, there were 29 rulers of this dynasty. They ruled over for about 456 years, from the 2nd century BC to the 2nd century AD. The empire included most of the southern peninsula and some southern parts of the present Indian states of [[Maharashtra]], [[Orissa, India|Orissa]] and [[Madhya Pradesh]]. The court language used by the Satavahanas was [[Prakrit]].

The decline and fall of the Satavahana Empire left the state in a political chaos. Local rulers, as well as invaders, tried to carve out small kingdoms for themselves and to establish many dynasties. Such instability continued to prevail until the rise of the [[Western Chalukyas]].{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

== Kakatiya dynasty ==
{{Main|Kakatiya Dynasty}}
[[File:Ramappa_Temple_(Human_Scale).jpg|thumb|The [[Ramappa Temple|Ramappa temple]] constructed during the reign of the Kakatiya dynasty, is a [[World Heritage Site]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple, Telangana |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1570/ |access-date=2022-08-28 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>]]
The 12th and 13th centuries saw the emergence of the [[Kakatiya dynasty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gloriousindia.com/history/kakatiya_dynasty.html|title=Kakatiya Dynasty – History – Glorious India|website=gloriousindia.com}}</ref> The Kakatiyas are known for their famous architecture such as [[Warangal Fort]], [[Ramappa Temple]], [[Thousand Pillar Temple]] and [[Kota Gullu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyfiles.co.uk/KingListsFarEast/IndiaKakatiyas.htm|title=Kingdoms of South Asia – Indian Kingdom of the Kakatiyas|first=P. L. Kessler and Abhijit|last=Rajadhyaksha|website=historyfiles.co.uk}}</ref>{{sfn|Haig|1907|pp=65-70}}

At first they were feudatories of the Western [[Chalukya]]s of [[Basavakalyan|Kalyani]], ruling over a small territory near [[Warangal]]. A ruler of this dynasty, [[Prola II]] (1110–1158), extended his sway to the south and declared his independence. His successor [[Rudra]] (1158–1195) pushed the kingdom to the east up to the Godavari delta. He built [[Warangal Fort]] to serve as a second capital and faced the invasions of the [[Seuna]] [[Yadu|Yadavas]] of [[Daulatabad, Maharashtra|Devagiri]]. The next ruler, Mahadeva, extended the kingdom to the coastal area. Ganapati Deva succeeded him in 1199. He was the greatest of the [[Kakatiya]]s and the first after the [[Satavahana]]s to bring almost the entire [[Telugu people|Telugu]] area under one unified empire. Ganapati put an end to the rule of the Velanati [[Chola]]s in 1210 and extended his empire to [[Anakapalle]] in the north.

The most prominent ruler in this dynasty was [[Rudrama Devi|Rani Rudrama Devi]] (1262–1289), one of the few queens in Indian history. An able fighter and ruler, Rudrama defended the kingdom against the Cholas and the [[Seuna (Yadava) dynasty|Seuna Yadavas]], earning their respect. [[Marco Polo]] visited India during her reign and made note of her rule.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=adpkHQ9SCq0C|title=Travel and Ethnology in the Renaissance: South India Through European Eyes, 1250-1625|last=Rubiés|first=Joan-Pau|date=2002-09-05|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521526135|pages=50, 73}}</ref>

On the death of Rudrama at the beginning of 1290, her grandson [[Prataparudra II]] ascended the throne. Prataparudra had to fight battles throughout his reign against either internal rebels or external foes. Prataparudra expanded his borders to the west to [[Raichur]] and in the south to [[Ongole]] and the [[Nallamala Hills]], whilst introducing many administrative reforms, some of which were also later adopted in the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].

In 1309, the [[Delhi Sultanate|Sultan of Delhi]], [[Alauddin Khalji|Alauddin Khilji]] sent his general [[Malik Kafur]] on an expedition to the [[Kakatiya]] kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam.|date=1960–2009|publisher=Brill|others=Gibb, H. A. R. (Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen), 1895–1971., Bearman, P. J. (Peri J.)|isbn=978-9004161214|edition= New|location=Leiden|oclc=399624}}</ref> Kafur's army reached the Kakatiya capital [[Warangal]] in January 1310, and breached its outer fort after [[Siege of Warangal, 1310|a month-long siege]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gopal|first=S.|date=September 1969|title=Ideas in History, by Bisheshwar Prasad (ed.), Asia Publishing House, Bombay 1968, Rs. 25.00|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=6|issue=3|pages=330|doi=10.1177/001946466900600307|s2cid=141120788 |issn=0019-4646}}</ref> The Kakatiya ruler [[Prataparudra]] decided to surrender and agreed to pay tribute. Kafur returned to Delhi in June 1310 with a huge amount of wealth obtained from the defeated king.

=== Invasion by Delhi Sultanate ===
{{Main|Siege of Warangal, 1323}}
In 1323, [[Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq]] sent his son [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Ulugh Khan]] on an expedition to the [[Kakatiya]] capital of Warangal. The ensuing [[Siege of Warangal, 1323|Siege of Warangal]] resulted in the annexation of Warangal, and the end of the Kakatiya dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cGd2huLXEVYC|title=A Social History of the Deccan, 1300-1761|author=Richard M. Eaton|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=9780521254847|page=21}}</ref> [[Prataparudra]] was taken captive, and sent to Delhi, but it is believed he died en route. [[Muhammad bin Tughluq|Ulugh Khan]] ruled briefly as viceroy, until he returned to Delhi to succeed the throne.

As early as 1330, the [[Musunuri Nayaks]] who served as army chiefs for Kakatiya kingdom united the various Telugu clans and recovered [[Warangal]] from the viceroy of the [[Delhi Sultanate]] and ruled for half a century. Surrounded by more significant states, by the 15th century these new entities had ceded to the [[Bahamani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultanate]] and the [[Sangama dynasty]], the latter of which evolved to become the [[Vijayanagara Empire]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=A social history of the Deccan, 1300-1761 : eight Indian lives|last=Maxwell.|first=Eaton, Richard|date=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0521254847|location=Cambridge, UK|pages=22|oclc=58431679}}</ref>

== Bahmani and Deccan Sultanates ==
{{Main|Bahmani Sultanate|Golconda Sultanate}}
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1/2
| total_width = 300
| align =
| direction =
| width =
| caption_align = center
| header = The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad
| image1 = CharminarView-1.jpg
| caption1 = [[Charminar]]
| image2 = Tomb of Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah.jpg
| caption2 = One of the [[Qutb Shahi tombs]]
| image3 = Golconda Fort 005.jpg
| caption3 = [[Golconda Fort]]
| footer = The [[Qutb Shahi]] Monuments of Hyderabad were submitted by India in the [[List of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India#Tentative List|tentative list]] for [[UNESCO World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage]] status in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5573/|title=The Qutb Shahi Monuments of Hyderabad Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Charminar – UNESCO World Heritage Centre|last=Centre|first=UNESCO World Heritage|website=whc.unesco.org|access-date=2018-09-28}}</ref>
| footer_align = center
}}

The [[Bahmani Sultanate]] ruled the region in the 15th century. In 1463, Sultan Muhammad Shah Bahmani II dispatched [[Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk]] to the Telangana region to quell disturbances. Sultan Quli quelled the disturbance and was rewarded as the administrator of the region. He established a base at [[Kakatiya]] hill fortress of [[Golconda]] which he strengthened and expanded considerably. By the end of the century, Quli ruled from Golconda as the ''subedar'' (governor) of the Telangana region. Quli enjoyed virtual independence from [[Bidar]], where the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] was then based. In 1518, the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] disintegrated into five different kingdoms, with the others based in [[Ahmednagar]], [[Berar Sultanate|Berar]], [[Bidar]] and [[Bijapur Sultanate|Bijapur]]. Sultan Quli declared independence from the Bahmani rule and established the Golconda Sultanate under the title "Sultan Quli Qutub Shah",{{sfn|Sardar|2007|pp=19-41}}<ref name="The Nocturnal Court">{{cite book|title=The nocturnal court: life of a prince of Hyderabad|last=Jaisi|first=Sidq|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-19-566605-2|pages=29–30}}
* {{cite book|title=A history of south India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|last=Sastri|first=Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1976|isbn=978-0-19-560686-7|page=192}}</ref> he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city ''Muhammad Nagar''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/br/2002/05/28/stories/2002052800050300.htm|title=Hyderabad through the ages|last=Nayeem|first=M.A|date=28 May 2002|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~islamarc/WebPage1/htm_eng/index/map_e.htm|title=Golconda|last=Matsuo|first=Ara|date=22 November 2005|publisher=[[University of Tokyo]]|access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref>

During this period, the city of [[Hyderabad]] was established by [[Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah]] in 1591, on the banks of the [[Musi River (India)|Musi River]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Textbook of medieval indian history.|last=Sailendra.|first=Sen|date=2013|publisher=Primus Books|isbn=978-9380607344|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=822894456}}</ref> The [[Charminar]] and [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]] were constructed to form a centerpiece of the city. Over the years, Hyderabad would grow as an important trading center for diamonds, pearls, arms and steel.

The Qutb Shahi rulers were patrons of both [[Indo-Persian culture|Indo-Persian]] and the local [[Culture of Andhra Pradesh|Telugu]] art and culture.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals- Mughal Empire (1526-1748) – 2|last=Chandra|first=Satish|date=2007-07-30|publisher=Har Anand Publications|isbn=9788124112694|language=en}}</ref> Early [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]] type of architecture is reflected in the Qutb Shahi buildings. Some examples of it include the [[Golkonda|Golconda Fort]], [[Qutb Shahi Tombs|Qutb Shahi tombs]], [[Charminar]], [[Makkah Masjid, Hyderabad|Mecca Masjid]], [[Khairtabad Mosque]], [[Taramati Baradari]] and [[Toli Masjid|Toli Mosque]].

== Mughal conquest and rule ==
{{See also|Siege of Golconda}}
[[File:Aurangzeb_during_the_siege_of_Golconda,_1687_(Hyderabad,_India).jpg|thumb|[[Aurangzeb]] during the [[Siege of Golconda]]. The [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] victory over Golconda led to the end of the [[Qutb Shahi dynasty]].]]
[[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince [[Aurangzeb]] spent most of his time in the Deccan, fighting local Hindu and Muslim kingdoms alike to establish Mughal sovereignty. The Golconda Sultanate faced various attacks by the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] prince [[Aurangzeb]], who was appointed Viceroy of the Deccan by his father and [[Mughal emperors|Mughal Emperor]] [[Shah Jahan]]. It was forced to pay an annual tribute to the Mughal Empire.

In 1656, [[Aurangzeb]] attacked [[Golconda Fort]] by surprise but was forced to call off the siege on orders of [[Shah Jahan]]. Therefore, a treaty was signed between [[Abdullah Qutb Shah]] and [[Aurangzeb]], when the former accepted Mughal sovereignty, paid an annual tribute and married his daughter to Aurangzeb's [[Muhammad Sultan (Mughal prince)|eldest son]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramanathan|first=Suguna|date=September 1995|title=Book Reviews : SUSAN VISHVANATHAN, The Christians of Kerala, Oxford University Press, Madras, 1993|journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review|volume=32|issue=3|pages=410–411|doi=10.1177/001946469503200315|s2cid=143972779 |issn=0019-4646}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=W. F.|date=October 1920|title=History of Aurangzib. By Jadunath Sarkar, M.A. Vols. III (1916) and IV (1919). Sarkar & Sons (Calcutta), Heffer & Sons (Cambridge).|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland|volume=52|issue=2|pages=262|doi=10.1017/s0035869x00148105|issn=0035-869X}}</ref>

After becoming [[Mughal Empire|Mughal Emperor]], Aurangzeb returned to the Deccan. He captured Hyderabad and besieged Golconda in 1687, and the refused any negotiations.{{sfn|Haig|1907|pp=215-217}} On 22 September 1687, after a nine month long siege, Golconda was captured. [[Abul Hasan Qutb Shah]] was taken prisoner, and Hyderabad's diamond trade was all but destroyed.

== Nizams of Hyderabad ==
{{Main|Nizam of Hyderabad|Hyderabad State}}
The [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizams of Hyderabad]], also known as the ''Asaf Jahi'' dynasty, ruled [[Hyderabad State]],<ref group="note">Hyderabad State (1724–1948) is not to be confused with Hyderabad State (1948–1956). The former was a princely state ruled by the Nizams, and the latter was a state of the Republic of India</ref> which comprised [[Telangana]], [[Marathwada]] and [[Kalyana-Karnataka]] from 1724 to 1948. Under this period, [[Hyderabad State]] was the largest [[princely state]] in [[British Raj|British India]], and had its own [[India Government Mint, Hyderabad|mint]], [[Hyderabadi rupee|currency]], [[Nizam's Guaranteed State Railway|railway]] and postal system. The Nizam acquired massive amounts of wealth due to the diamond trade.

=== Asaf Jah I ===
[[File:Hyderabad_Coat_of_Arms.jpg|thumb|right|[[Coat of arms|Coat of Arms]] of the [[Hyderabad State]]]]
{{Main|Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I}}
With the emaciation of the Mughal Empire after [[Aurangzeb|Aurangzeb's]] death in 1707, the Mughal-appointed governors of the ''Deccan Suba'' ([[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] province) gained more autonomy from Delhi. In 1714, the Mughal Emperor [[Farrukhsiyar]] appointed [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Mir Qamar-ud-din Siddiqi]] as the viceroy to the Deccan and gave him the title of ''Nizam-ul-Mulk (governor of the country)''. He was well suited for the position as he had fought alongside his [[Ghazi ud-Din Khan Feroze Jung I|father]] and [[Nawab Khwaja Abid Siddiqi|grandfather]] who were commanders during the siege of Hyderabad.

In 1724, he defeated [[Mubariz Khan]] to establish control over Hyderabad. He received the title of ''[[Nizam of Hyderabad|Asaf Jah]]'' from Mughal Emperor [[Muhammad Shah]] in the following year. Thus began the [[Asaf Jahi dynasty]] that would rule [[Hyderabad State]] until a year after India's independence from Britain.

=== Successors of Asaf Jah I ===
[[File:Principal_Street,_Hyderabad,_India.jpg|thumb|[[Charminar]] and its surroundings, photographed by [[Lala Deen Dayal]] in the 1880s.]]
When [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] died in 1748, there was political unrest due to contention for the throne among his sons, who were aided by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces.

The death of [[Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I|Asaf Jah I]] in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of [[Ali Khan Asaf Jah II|Asif Jah II]], who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the [[Treaty of Masulipatam|Treaty of Machilipatnam]], surrendering the coastal region to the [[East India Company]] in return for a fixed annual rent.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo">{{cite book|title=Nizam-British relations, 1724–1857|last=Regani|first=Sarojini|publisher=Concept Publishing|year=1988|isbn=978-81-7022-195-1|pages=130–150}}

* {{cite book|title=A comprehensive history of medieval India|last=Farooqui|first=Salma Ahmed|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2011|isbn=978-81-317-3202-1|page=346}}
* {{cite book|title=An historical sketch of the native states of India in subsidiary alliance with the British government|last=Malleson|first=George Bruce|publisher=Asian Education Services|year=2005|isbn=978-81-206-1971-5|pages=280–292}}
* {{cite book|title=The annals of Indian administration, Volume 14|last=Townsend|first=Meredith|publisher=BiblioBazaar|year=2010|isbn=978-1-145-42314-5|page=467}}</ref>

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams.<ref name="Richards2">{{cite journal|last=Richards|first=J. F.|year=1975|title=The Hyderabad Karnatik, 1687–1707|url=http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2626396|url-status=live|journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]]|volume=9|issue=2|pages=241–260|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00004996|s2cid=142989123 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130526221101/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=2626396|archive-date=26 May 2013|access-date=20 April 2012|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="columbia&TOI2">{{cite book|title=Muslim civilization in India|last=Ikram|first=S. M.|publisher=[[Columbia University]]|year=1964|isbn=978-0-231-02580-5|editor-last=Embree|editor-first=Ainslie T|editor-link=Ainslie Embree|chapter=A century of political decline: 1707–1803|author-link=S. M. Ikram|access-date=7 October 2011|chapter-url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306002641/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/ikram/part2_19.html|archive-date=6 March 2012|url-status=live}}

* {{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|title=Testing time again for the pearl of Deccan|last=Rao|first=Sushil|date=11 December 2009|newspaper=The Times of India|access-date=22 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150910232115/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Testing-time-again-for-the-Pearl-of-Deccan/articleshow/5324913.cms?referral=PM|archive-date=10 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In response to regular threats from [[Hyder Ali]] (''Dalwai'' of [[Mysore]]), [[Baji Rao I]] (''[[Peshwa]]'' of the [[Maratha Empire]]), and Basalath Jung (Asaf Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the [[Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau]]), the Nizam signed a [[subsidiary alliance]] with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the [[British Indian Army]] to occupy [[Bolarum]] (modern [[Secunderabad]]) to protect the state's capital, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.<ref name="Reg Sal Geo" />

When the [[British Empire|British]] and the [[France|French]] spread their hold over the country, successive Nizams won their friendship without bequeathing their power. The Nizams allied themselves with each side at different times, playing a significant role in the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]].

The Northern Circars were effectively ceded to the British through a series of events culminating in the 1823 purchase of the Nizam of Hyderabad's claims, although the British had gained control much earlier, beginning in 1758. While the British East India Company had occupied the territory by 1758 after defeating the French, a definitive transfer of ownership from the Nizam was solidified in 1823.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2022-03-17 |title=The Ceded Districts, the Circars, and the Nizam |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/history/compilation/triveni-journal/d/doc68070.html |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Guntur was ceded to the British permanently in 1788. Although a treaty in 1768 had granted the British the Northern Circars, Guntur remained under the control of the Nizam's brother, Basalat Jang, until his death in 1782. It was not until 1788 that Guntur came under the British East India Company's administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-07 |title=Guntur {{!}} Guntur {{!}} Andhra Pradesh, Telugu Culture, Textiles {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guntur-India |access-date=2025-10-14 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref>

The Ceded Region, currently known as Rayalaseema, was ceded to the British in 1800 by the Nizam of Hyderabad as part of a subsidiary alliance agreement. The area, which largely corresponds to the modern region of Rayalaseema, was transferred to the British East India Company.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-04-25 |title=The birth of Rayalaseema |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/the-birth-of-rayalaseema/article5948111.ece |access-date=2025-10-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

As an offshoot of the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]], [[Maulvi Allauddin]] and [[Turrebaz Khan]] led attacks on the [[British Residency, Hyderabad|British Residency]].{{sfn|Bilgrami|Willmott|1883|pp=154-156}}

The [[Great Musi Flood of 1908|Great Musi flood of 1908]] ravaged the city of [[Hyderabad]] and resulted in the death of at least 15,000 people.{{sfn|Law|1914|pp=85-86}}

===Last Nizam===
In 1911, [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]], the seventh and last Nizam of Hyderabad succeeded his father. He was widely known for his wealth and considered one of the wealthiest men of all time. The development of early modern Hyderabad took place during his reign.

Being a secular ruler, he is known for his donations and yearly grants towards various Hindu temples like [[Venkateswara Temple, Tirumala]], [[Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Yadadri]].<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://thenizamsmuseum.com/seventh-nizam.html|title=The Seventh Nizam – The Nizam's Museum Hyderabad, Telangana, India|website=thenizamsmuseum.com|access-date=29 June 2020|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517095333/http://thenizamsmuseum.com/seventh-nizam.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/modern-hyderabad-version-nizam-osman-ali-khan-826265/|title=Modern Hyderabad is the vision of Nizam Mir Osman Ali Khan|date=31 August 2015|website=The Siasat Daily – Archive}}</ref> He also donated a grant of 1 [[Lakh]] [[Hyderabadi rupee|Hyderabadi Rupees]] towards the reconstruction of [[Thousand Pillar Temple]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/world/asia/india/attempt-to-portray-nizam-as-intolerant-oppressor-decried-1.1385949|title=Attempt to portray Nizam as "intolerant oppressor" decried|website=gulfnews.com}}</ref>

He also donated money and yearly grants for research work for 11 years for the compilation of the Hindu holy book "'''Mahabharata'''" at [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], Pune.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://missiontelangana.com/nizam-gave-funding-for-temples-and-hindu-educational-institutions|title=Nizam gave funding for temples, and Hindu educational institutions|date=28 May 2013}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

=== Telangana Rebellion ===
{{Main|Telangana Rebellion}}
In late 1945, there started a peasant uprising in [[Telangana]] area, led by the [[Comrades Association]] (representing [[Communist Party of India]]) also known as The [[Telangana Rebellion]] or ''Vetti Chakiri Udyamam'' or ''Telangana Raithanga Sayudha Poratam''. The communists drew their support from various quarters.

Among the poor peasants, there were grievances against the [[jagir|''jagirdari'']] system, which covered 43% of landholding. Initially, they also drew support from wealthier peasants who also fought under the communist banner, but by 1948, the coalition had disintegrated.

Initially, in 1945, the communists targeted ''[[zamindars]]'' and ''deshmukhs'', but soon they launched a full-fledged revolt against the Nizam. Starting mid-1946, the conflict between the ''[[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]]'' (a private militia led by [[Kasim Razvi]]) and the communists became increasingly violent, with both sides resorting to increasingly brutal methods. The [[Razakars (Hyderabad)|''Razakars'']] cordoned off villages, captured suspected communists en masse and engaged in "absolutely indiscriminate and organised" (according to one Congressman) looting and massacres. According to an Indian government pamphlet, the communists had killed about 2,000 people by 1948.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/32805/1/Sherman_Integration_princely_state_2007.pdf|title=Sherman, Taylor C. (2007). "The integration of the princely state of Hyderabad and the making of the postcolonial state in India, 1948 – 56"}}</ref>

== Post-Independence ==
[[Independence of India|India became independent]] from the United Kingdom in 1947. The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] wanted to explore his options of independence from India, but was [[Operation Polo|forced]] to cede his state to India in 1948 to form [[Hyderabad State]].

=== Indian integration of Hyderabad ===
{{Main|Operation Polo}}[[File:Op Polo Surrender.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Major General]] [[Syed Ahmed El Edroos]] (at right) offers his surrender of the Hyderabad State Forces to [[Major General]] [[Joyanto Nath Chaudhuri]] at [[Secunderabad]]]]'''Operation Polo''', the code name of the Hyderabad "[[Police Action]]"<ref>{{cite web |title=Hyderabad Police Action |url=http://indianarmy.nic.in/Site/FormTemplete/frmTempSimple.aspx?MnId=nmnz/S66ueKkrJc8PBO1kw==&ParentID=z2xdy5FtH8G+oZz4hw/CKg== |publisher=Indian Army |access-date=2014-09-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyderabad.co.uk/policeaction.htm|title=Hyderabad on the Net|access-date=12 September 2014|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224193046/http://www.hyderabad.co.uk/policeaction.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> was a military operation in September 1948 in which the [[Indian Armed Forces]] invaded the [[Hyderabad State|State of Hyderabad]] and overthrew its [[Nizam of Hyderabad|Nizam]], annexing the state to India.

At the time of the [[Partition of India]], the [[princely state]]s of India, who in principle had self-government within their own territories, were subject to [[subsidiary alliance]]s with the British, giving them control of their external relations. In the [[Indian Independence Act 1947]] the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence. However, by 1948 almost all had [[Instrument of accession|acceded]] to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of Hyderabad, where the Nizam, a Muslim ruler, chose independence and hoped to maintain independence.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006">{{cite book|author1=Barbara D. Metcalf|author2=Thomas R. Metcalf|title=A Concise History of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jGCBNTDv7acC|year=2006|edition= 2nd|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-68225-1}}</ref>{{rp|224}} The Nizam was also beset by the [[Telangana Rebellion|Telangana uprising]], which he was unable to subjugate.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006" />{{rp|224}}

The Indian government, anxious to avoid what it termed a [[Balkanization]] of what had been the Indian Empire, was determined on the integration of Hyderabad State into the new Indian Union.<ref name="MetcalfMetcalf2006" />{{rp|223}} Amidst atrocities by the ''[[Razakars (Hyderabad)|Razakars]]'', the Indian Home Minister [[Sardar Patel]] decided to annex Hyderabad<ref>Kate, P. V., Marathwada Under the Nizams, 1724–1948, Delhi: Mittal Publications, 1987, p.75</ref> in what was termed a "police action". The operation itself took five days, in which the Nizam's army were defeated easily.

The operation led to massive violence on communal lines. The Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] appointed a commission known as the [[Pandit Sunderlal Committee Report|Sunderlal Committee]]. Its report, which was not released until 2013, concluded that "as a conservative estimate, 27,000 to 40,000 people had lost their lives during and after the police action."<ref name="India hidden massacre">{{Cite news | last = Thomson | first = Mike | title = India's hidden massacre | publisher = BBC | access-date = 2013-09-26 | date = 2013-09-24 | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-24159594 }}</ref>

=== Hyderabad State (1948–1956) ===
{{Main|Hyderabad State (1948–56)}}
After Operation Polo, the [[Hyderabad State (1948–56)|Hyderabad State]] was formed and [[Mir Osman Ali Khan]] served as [[Rajpramukh|Rajapramukh]] and [[M. K. Vellodi]] was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State.

=== Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014) ===
{{Main|Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)}}

In December 1953, the [[States Reorganisation Commission]] (SRC) was appointed to form states on a linguistic basis.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indiansaga.com/history/postindependence/reorganization.html|title=History of India|website=indiansaga.com|access-date=2018-10-09}}</ref> An agreement was reached between Telangana leaders and Andhra leaders on 20 February 1956 to merge Telangana and Andhra with promises to safeguard Telangana's interests. After reorganization in 1956, the region of Telangana was merged with [[Andhra State]] to form [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]].

=== Telangana State (2014–present) ===
[[File:Andhra_Pradesh_and_Telangana.png|thumb|The former state of [[Andhra Pradesh (1956–2014)|Andhra Pradesh]] prior to the 2014 bifurcation, with the districts separated to form [[Telangana]] in white, and those remaining in yellow]]
On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously passed a resolution to recommend the formation of a separate Telangana state. After various stages the bill was placed in the [[Parliament of India]] in February 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/parliament-adjourned-till-noon-over-telangana-issue/article1-1185194.aspx|title=Telangana bill passed in Lok Sabha; Congress, BJP come together in favour of new state|work=Hindustan Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218081502/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganathetroubledstate/parliament-adjourned-till-noon-over-telangana-issue/article1-1185194.aspx|archive-date=18 February 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=18 February 2014}}</ref> In February 2014, [[Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014]] bill was passed by the [[Parliament of India]] for the formation of Telangana state comprising ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.<ref name="TOI">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms|title=Telangana bill passed by upper house|work=The Times of India|access-date=20 February 2014}}</ref> The bill received the assent of the [[President of India|President]] on 1 March 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|title=The Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act, 2014|publisher=Ministry of law and justice, government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf|archive-date=8 January 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref>

The state of Telangana was officially formed on 2 June 2014. [[Kalvakuntla Chandrashekar Rao]] was elected as the first chief minister of Telangana, following elections in which the [[Bharat Rashtra Samithi]] party secured majority.<ref name="new state">{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr-195289-2014-06-01|title=Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first CM|author1=Amarnath K Menon|date=1 June 2014|work=THE INDIA TODAY GROUP|access-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111151025/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr/1/364724.html|archive-date=11 November 2014|url-status=live|location=Hyderabad}}</ref> [[Hyderabad]] will remain as the joint capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for a period, not more than 10 years.

==See also==
*[[Culture of Telangana]]
*[[Mir Osman Ali Khan|Nizam of Hyderabad]]
*[[History of the Telugu people]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |first=G. Durga |last=Prasad |title=History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. |publisher=P. G. Publishers |location=Guntur |year=1988 |url=http://www.katragadda.com/articles/HistoryOfTheAndhras.pdf |ref={{sfnref|Prasad, History of the Andhras|1988}} |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-date=24 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424131701/http://www.katragadda.com/articles/HistoryOfTheAndhras.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{citation |last=Sardar |first=Marika |title=Golconda through Time: A Mirror of the Evolving Deccan (PhD thesis, New York University) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8zERtJWtSUC |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-549-10119-2}}
* Zubrzycki, John. (2006) ''The Last Nizam: An Indian Prince in the Australian Outback''. Pan Macmillan, Australia. {{ISBN|978-0-330-42321-2}}.
* {{citation |last=Haig |first=Sir Thomas Wolseley |author-link=Wolseley Haig |title=Historic Landmarks of the Deccan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSdWELuOikMC |year=1907 |isbn=978-0265175248 }}
* {{citation |last=Lynton |first=Harriet Ronken |title=Days of the Beloved |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5w9_mkaCYkC |year=1987 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-0863112690 |ref={{sfnref|Lynton, Days of the Beloved|1987}}}}
* {{citation |last=Law |first=John |title=Modern Hyderabad (Deccan) |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Modern_Hyderabad_(Deccan) |year=1914 }}
* {{citation |last=Briggs |first=Henry George |title=The Nizam, his history and relations with the British government |url=https://archive.org/details/nizamhishistoryr01brig/page/n7 |year=1861 }}
*{{citation |last1=Bilgrami |first1=Syed Hussain |last2=Willmott |first2=C. |author-link1=Syed Hussain Bilgrami |title=Historical and descriptive sketch of His Highness the Nizam's dominions |url=https://archive.org/details/historicalandde00willgoog/page/n1 |year=1883 |publisher=Bombay, Printed at the Times of India Steam Press }}
{{History of India by State}}{{Telangana}}

[[Category:History of Telangana| ]]

Kandukur revenue division

2026-02-18T19:17:07Z

Mdfaisalahmed121:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Kandukur Revenue Division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Prakasam district|Prakasam district]]
| image_map =
| map_caption = Kandukur Revenue Division in Prakasam district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Prakasam district|Prakasam]]
}}

'''Kandukur Revenue Division''' (or Kandukur Division) is an [[administrative division]] in the [[Prakasam district]] of the [[India]]n state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the [[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh|3 revenue divisions]] in the district which consists of 7 [[mandals]].

== History ==
Kandukur Revenue division originally was a part of Prakasam district. On April 4th 2022, it became part of [[SPSR Nellore district]].
On Dec 31st 2025, it reverted to [[Prakasam district]] with 7 mandals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Andhra News:కొత్త జిల్లాలు పోలవరం, మార్కాపురం |date=2025-12-30 |url=https://www.eenadu.net/telugu-news/andhra-pradesh/ap-cabinet--approves-formation-of-two-new-districts/1799/125240498 |access-date=2026-02-16 |work=Eenadu}}</ref><ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook - Prakasam |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2818_PART_B_DCHB_PRAKASAM.pdf|website=Census of India|accessdate=18 January 2015|pages=16|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Administration ==
[[Kandukur, SPSR Nellore district|Kandukur]] is the administrative headquarters of the division.<ref>{{cite news|title=Prakasam Collector to visit revenue divisions to solve people’s problems|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/prakasam-collector-to-visit-revenue-divisions-to-solve-peoples-problems/article4566461.ece|accessdate=14 March 2016|work=The Hindu|date=31 March 2013|location=Kandukur}}</ref>
There are 7 [[mandal]]s in Kandukuru revenue division which include<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en |archive-date=1 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231914/https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Mandals
|-
|1
|[[Kandukur mandal|Kandukuru mandal]]
|-
|2
|[[Lingasamudram mandal]]
|-
|3
|[[Gudluru|Gudluru mandal]]
|-
|4
|[[Ulavapadu|Ulavapadu mandal]]
|-
|5
|[[Marripudi|Marripudi mandal]]
|-
|6
|[[Kondapuram Mandal, Nellore District|Kondapuram mandal]]
|-
|7
|[[Ponnaluru|Ponnaluru mandal]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Prakasam district}}

{{Coord|15.2167|N|79.9042|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Revenue divisions in Prakasam district]]

{{Prakasam-geo-stub}}

General Lutheran Church

2026-02-11T05:55:46Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: general add page to improve readability also and updated info

{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name = General Lutheran Church, Inc.
| image = General Lutheran Church emblem.png
| imagewidth = 200
| main_classification = [[Protestant]]
| theology = Confessional Lutheran
| governance = Semi-[[Congregationalist]]
| leader = Rev. Enrique Ramos
| founded_date = 2014
| founded_place = Indiana/ Puerto Rico
| website = http://www.generallutheran.info
| footnotes =
}}

The '''General Lutheran Church''', Inc. (GLC) is a small Lutheran denomination<ref>ELCA Yearbook Committee, ''Evangelical Lutheran Church in America 2018'', Augsburg Fortress Publishers, Minneapolis, November 2017.</ref> organized on March 9, 2014, and incorporated in the state of Indiana on October 26, 2017.<ref name="in">{{cite web|url=https://bsd.sos.in.gov/PublicBusinessSearch/BusinessInformation?businessId=1220832&isSeries=False|website=bsd.sos.in.gov|title=INBiz: Your one-stop source for your business.|accessdate=2017-11-05}}</ref> The address of incorporation passed to Puerto Rico when the church changed leadership. It was founded when ministers of several Lutheran church bodies (namely: Association of Independent Evangelical Lutheran Churches, Fellowship of Evangelical Lutheran Churches, [[Independent Lutheran Diocese]], Lutheran Evangelical Ministries, Lutheran Evangelical Protestant Churches, Lutheran Orthodox Church, and Missionary Lutheran Church) who objected to various positions held in their respective churches, specifically regarding atonement, women's ordination, worship styles, and the [[Lutheran Confessions]], met to discuss these and other issues of concern. This meeting led to the establishment of the General Lutheran Church and to its endorsement of universal salvation, women's ordination, and flexibility with regards to liturgical matters. The church claims to be a successor to the former [[Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.generallutheran.info|title=General Lutheran Church|website=www.generallutheran.info}}</ref>

== Theological statement ==
The General Lutheran Church values the Lutheran Confessions as expressed in the ''Book of Concord'', other works by [[Martin Luther]], and the writings of [[Samuel Simon Schmucker]] as theological guides, and allows its ministers and congregations the liberty of conscience to interpret and apply the teachings of the Confessions. According to the Confessions, Lutherans believe, teach and confess that the [[Bible]] is the Word of God and that it is the "sole rule and norm of all doctrine." General Lutherans are free to view the Book of Concord from [[Confessional_Lutheranism#"Quia"_versus_"Quatenus"_subscription|either the ''quia'' or the ''quatenus'' perspective]]. Those who hold to the ''quia'' perspective believe the Book of Concord is a faithful exposition of Scripture. Those who hold to the ''quatenus'' perspective subscribe to the ''Book of Concord'' insofar as it is faithful to the Scriptures. In the case of ordained ministers and churches in GLC, the ''quatenus'' perspective holds only to the position on universal redemption. The rest of the Confessions are accepted as they stand. The denomination expect congregations and ministers to abide by the following set of beliefs:

* Belief in the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit. -- John 1:18
* Belief that Jesus Christ is the Lord and Savior of all. -- First Corinthians 15:22
* Belief that the Bible is the Verbally, Inspired and Inerrant Word of God, and sufficient guide for faith and practice. -- Matthew 4:4; 2 Timothy 3:16
* Belief in two sacraments: Holy Baptism and Holy Communion. -- Luke 22:14-20
* Belief in the just retribution for sin. -- Colossians 3:25
* Belief that there is a wideness in God's mercy. -- Ephesians 2:4-7

The denomination states that it is not an “[[Evangelical Catholic]]” community in the sense of having the desire to unite, either ecclesiastically or theologically, with the [[Roman Catholic church]], or any of its positions stated in the [[Council of Trent]] and later councils. Rather the GLC professes to be a community that adheres to the generally accepted principles, dogmas, and doctrines of the Protestant faith within Christianity as stated in the Lutheran Confessions.

The denomination bases its belief on universal salvation from Martin Luther's statement, "God forbid that I should limit the time of acquiring faith to the present life. In the depth of the Divine mercy, there may be an opportunity to win it in the future,"<ref>Luther, Martin; Atkinson, James, Editor. ''Luther's Works, Volume 44: Christian in Society I'', p. 428. Fortress Press, Minneapolis, 1966.</ref> and from the New Testament: "And when I am lifted up from the earth, I will draw everyone to myself" (John 12:32), "Everyone will see the salvation of God" (Luke 3:6), "Our hope is set on the living God, who is the savior of all people, especially those who believe" (1 Timothy 4:10), and "in Adam all die and in Christ all live" (Romans 5; 1 Corinthians 15).

==Polity==
The General Lutheran Church is a semi-congregationalist denomination headed by the general leadership, which consists of the dean, the deputy dean, and the provost of the Institute of Pastoral Ministry.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Church Bodies in U.S. and Canada|url=https://directory.elca.org/Pages/index.aspx/directories/lutheran-church-bodies-in-us-and-canada|access-date=May 2, 2021|website=[[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]]}}</ref> The dean is the presiding officer, executive administrator, and spiritual leader of the denomination. The dean is invested with the responsibility of ensuring the purpose and mission of the General Lutheran Church are carried out and that the statement of faith and the general principles of the Christian faith are adhered to. Responsibilities include overseeing and regulating issues related to the administrative, legislative, ministerial, evangelistic, educational, missionary, benevolent, and other interests of the denomination.<ref>Constitution and Bylaws of the General Lutheran Church</ref> The deputy dean is appointed by the dean and serves to assist, advise, and counsel the dean. The deputy dean has no decision-making powers. All final decisions regarding polity and procedure belong exclusively to the dean. The national leadership exercises no control or authority over individual congregations or pastors and serves only in an advisory capacity. It assists pastors in crisis situations or by request.

==Pastoral training==
Martin Luther School of Bible and Theology offers free certificate courses in [[systematic theology]], Lutheran history, [[pastoral counseling]], biblical languages, pastoral theology, and the Lutheran confessions to meet the academic requirements for ordination as a General Lutheran minister.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://generallutheran.info/institute-of-pastoral-ministry |title=Institute of Pastoral Ministry |access-date=2018-06-02 |archive-date=2019-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212131701/https://generallutheran.info/institute-of-pastoral-ministry |url-status=dead }}</ref> The courses are taught by qualified faculty who all hold degrees from institutions accredited by agencies recognized by the [[United States Department of Education]] or hold accredited status in their respective countries.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://generallutheran.info/faculty |title=Faculty |access-date=2018-06-02 |archive-date=2019-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212131519/https://generallutheran.info/faculty |url-status=dead }}</ref> The institute is a member of the Concordia Academic Theology Consortium, Intl., which is a partnership and collaboration effort among the following independent not for profit international institutions that deal in sharing credit-bearing theological courses and programs.

* International Faith Theological Seminary and University College (Kenya)
* Facultade Teologica Missao Macedonia (Brazil)
* Mosupatsela Lutheran Theological College (South Africa)
* Martin Luther School of Bible and Theology (USA)
== Social statement ==
The General Lutheran Church is opposed to same-sex marriage, the ordination of practicing gays and lesbians, and abortions not medically necessary. However, engaging in abusive or malicious behaviors towards the gay and lesbian community, all immigrants, and those who have made the difficult decision to have an abortion are prohibited. The denomination condemns racism, homophobia, xenophobia, sexism, and all other types of hate and discrimination at all levels.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.generallutheran.info/|title=General Lutheran Church|website=www.generallutheran.info}}</ref>{{Full citation needed|date=January 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* ''[https://www.creeds.net/lutheran/luther_large.htm Luther's Large Catechism ]''
* ''[https://www.blc.edu/comm/gargy/gargy1/ELSCatechism.htm Luther's Small Catechism ]''
* ''[http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Schmucker%2C%20S%2E%20S%2E%20%28Samuel%20Simon%29%2C%201799-1873 Online Books by S. S. Schmucker ]''
* ''[http://bookofconcord.org The Book of Concord ]''

== External links ==
*[http://www.generallutheran.info General Lutheran Church]
*[http://generallutheran.info/lutheran-observer The Lutheran Observer]{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[https://martinlutherschool.weebly.com/ Martin Luther School of Bible and Theology]


[[Category:Lutheran denominations established in the 21st century]]
[[Category:Lutheranism in the United States]]
[[Category:Lutheran denominations in North America]]
[[Category:Christian denominations founded in the United States]]

Anjali Rao (actress)

2026-02-10T00:59:29Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: Added basic bio basic info - done

{{Short description|Indian actress (born 1990)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anjali Rao
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India
| occupation = Actress, model
| years_active = 2013–present
| imagesize =
| homepage =
| notable_works = AYM Simbu sister
}}

'''Anjali Rao''' is an Indian actress who has appeared in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam language films, ad films, Shortfilms and television serials. After making her debut as a supporting actress, she has been seen in lead roles in films including ''[[Vanmam]]'' (2014) and ''[[Baby (2015 Tamil film)|Baby]]'' (2015).

==Career==
Anjali Rao was born in [[Guntur, Andhra Pradesh]], India to P B Rao and Sujatha Kumari hailing from Ponnekallu [[Guntur, Andhra Pradesh]] . As her father was an army Officer she travelled across the northern part of India and studied in army schools during her childhood. Her father was later transferred to Chennai. She consequently finished her schooling in Kendriya Vidyala Meenambakkam and followed that up with a BBA and MBA at Vels University in Chennai. During her time in college, Anjali Rao became involved in modelling and worked on commercials which gave her an entry into the film industry. Anjali Rao began her career playing supporting roles in films, notably appearing in the [[Nithya Menen]]-starrer ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]'' (2014), as [[Vijay Sethupathi]]'s pair in the village drama ''[[Vanmam]]'' (2014) and as a ghost in the horror film ''[[Baby (2015 Tamil film)|Baby]]'' (2015). She later worked with [[Gautham Vasudev Menon]] in ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' (2016), featuring as [[Silambarasan]]'s sister.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/anjali-rao-i-wanted-to-play-veda-as-she-wasnt-all-about-shedding-tears/articleshow/68546686.cms|title=Anjali Rao: I wanted to play Veda, as she wasn't all about shedding tears|work=The Times of India|date=25 March 2019|last=UR|first=Arya}}</ref>

Anjali then worked on [[Priyadarshan]]'s social drama ''[[Sometimes (film)|Sometimes]]'' (2017) amongst an ensemble cast, and was picked after impressing producer [[A. L. Vijay]] with her acting skills during their work together in commercials. She also featured as lead actress in ''[[Peechankai]]'' and ''[[Pothanur Thabal Nilayam]]'' .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/080317/i-never-wanted-to-be-a-heroine-anjali-rao.html|title=I never wanted to be a heroine!: Anjali Rao|date=8 March 2017|work=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/no-similarity-with-aamirs-pk/articleshow/57040937.cms|title=No similarity with Aamir's PK|work=indiatimes.com|date=26 February 2017 |access-date=29 March 2017}}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language
|-
| rowspan="3" |2013 || ''[[Soodhu Kavvum]]'' || Kesavan's colleague || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Pizza II: Villa]]'' || Aarthi's friend || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Kochadaiiyaan]]'' || Deepika Padukone Facials || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2014 || ''[[Malini 22 Palayamkottai]]'' || Jency || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|rowspan=2| 2015 || ''[[Vanmam]]'' || Hema || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Baby (2015 Tamil film)|Baby]]'' || Anne ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016 || ''[[Ghatana]]'' || Jency || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| ''[[Achcham Yenbadhu Madamaiyada]]'' || Maythrei Muralidharan || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Sahasam Swasaga Sagipo]]'' || Maythrei Muralidhar || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |2017 || ''Kanna Pinna'' || || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Peechankai]]'' || Abhirami || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |2018 ||''[[Sometimes (film)|Sometimes]]'' || Sheela || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Annanukku Jai (2018 film)|Annanukku Jai]]'' || Veni || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Sei (film)|Sei]]'' || Janaki || [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| Rowspan=3|2022 ||''[[Pothanur Thabal Nilayam]]''||Mirthula|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
| ''[[Yugi (film)|Yugi]]'' ||Netra|| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|''[[Yugi (film)|Adrishyam]]''||Netra|| [[Malayalam]]
|}

== Television and webseries ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2016–2017 ||[[Keratalu (TV series)|''Keratalu'']]|| Swetha ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[Gemini TV]]|| Best Debut Actress at Gemini Awards
|-
|2016||''Sahayathrika''||Asha Kurian
|[[Malayalam]]||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
| 2017–2018 ||[[Mahalakshmi (TV series)|''Mahalakshmi'']]|| Anjali ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]||
|-
| 2017–2018 ||''[[Thalayanai Pookal]]''|| Vethavalli ||[[Tamil language|Tamil]]||[[Zee Tamil]]|| Replaced [[Nisha Krishnan]]
|-
| 2017–2018
|''Ruthugeetham''|| Prashanti ||[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||[[ETV Telugu|ETV]]||
|-
|2018
|''Alarm''
|Malini
|Tamil Telugu Malayalam
|Zee 5|| Webseries
|-
|2018–2020||''[[Swathi Nakshatram Chothi]]''||Veda|||[[Malayalam]]||[[Zee Keralam]]||Replaced by [[Archana Suseelan]]
|-
|2018–2019||''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''||Raji||Tamil||[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
|2019||''Boeing Boeing''||Herself as Contestant||Malayalam||[[Zee Keralam]]||Reality Game show episode winner
|-

|2019||''Thamara Thumbi''||Arundhathi / Vasundhara ||[[Malayalam]] ||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2019
|''Vandhaal Mahalakshmi''
|Anchor
|Tamil
|[[Sun Life]]
|Game Show
|-
|2020
|[[Kanmani (TV series)|''Kanmani'']]
|Ammu
|Tamil
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|
|-
|2021
|[[Hamsageetham (TV series)|''Hamsageetham'']]
|Tara
|Telugu
|[[Gemini TV]]
|Replaced by Susmitha
|-
|2021–2023
|''[[Mrs. Hitler]]''
|Maya
|Malayalam
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|
|-
|2021
|''[[Swarna Palace]]''
|Swarna
|Telugu
|[[Zee Telugu]]
|
|-
|2021
|[[Anantham (web series)|''Anantham'']]
|Lalitha
|Tamil
|[[Zee5]]|| Webseries
|-
|2023
|''[[Anuraga Ganam Pole]]''
|Anjali ( Giri's friend)
|Malayalam
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|guest appearance
|-
|2024–2025||''[[Ninaithen Vandhai (TV series)|Ninaithen Vandhai]]''||Manohari||Tamil||[[Zee Tamil]]||
|-
|2024||''[[Sundari (Malayalam TV series)|Sundari Season 2]]''||Sundari||Malayalam||[[Surya TV]]||
|-
|2025||''[[Regai]]''
|Dhivya||Tamil||[[Zee5]]|| Webseries
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rao, Anjali}}
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:People from Bathinda district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Actors from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Actresses from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Tamil television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]

Pudupattinam, Thanjavur taluk

2026-01-22T16:28:06Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: enhance structure additionally after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Pudupattinam
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Tamil Nadu]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Thanjavur district|Thanjavur]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Thanjavur taluk|Thanjavur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_title = Panchayat President
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 7261
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Tamil language|Tamil]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pudupattinam''' is a village in the [[Thanjavur taluk]] of [[Thanjavur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India.

== Demographics ==

As per the 2001 census, Pudupattinam had a total population of 7261 with 3577 males and 3684 females. The sex ratio was 1030. The literacy rate was 85.02.

== References ==

* {{cite web|title=Primary Census Abstract - Census 2001|url=http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations-Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416170048/http://www.census.tn.nic.in/pca2001.aspx|archivedate=2009-04-16}}

[[Category:Villages in Thanjavur district]]

Manjamma Jogathi

2026-01-19T02:06:42Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: added initial stub basic info.

{{Short description|Indian Kannada theatre actress, dancer, activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Manjamma Jogathi
| image = Manjamma Jogathi with other folklorists.jpg
| image_caption = Manjamma Jogathi (center) with other folklorists.
| image_size = 300px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|05|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kallukamba]], [[Ballari]], [[Karnataka]], India
| birth_name = Manjunatha Shetty
| occupation = {{hlist|Dancer|singer|activist|theatre actress}}
| awards = [[Rajyotsava Award]] (2010) [[Padma Shri]] (2021)
}}

'''Manjamma Jogathii''' (born '''Manjunatha Shetty'''; 20 May 1957), is an Indian theatre actress, singer and dancer of Jogathi Nritya, a folk dance form of North Karnataka. In 2019, she became the first transgender women to be the president of Karnataka Janapada Academy, state's top institution for folk arts.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/blink/know/meet-manjamma-jogati-the-first-transperson-president-of-the-karnataka-janapada-academy/article29981051.ece|title=Meet Manjamma Jogati: The first trans-president of the Karnataka Janapada Academy|work=The Hindu Business Line|author=Archana Nathan|date=15 Nov 2019|access-date=16 Jan 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/house-manjamma-crowdfunding-campaign-trans-woman-leader-karnataka-138632|title=A house for Manjamma: Crowdfunding campaign for a trans woman leader in Karnataka|work=The News Minute|author=Theja Ram|date=20 Nov 2020|access-date=16 Jan 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://lifestyle.livemint.com/news/big-story/the-dance-of-manjamma-jogati-111604499806791.html|title=The unstoppable dance of Manjamma Jogati|work=Live Mint.com|author=Asmita Bhakshi|date=9 Nov 2020|access-date=16 Jan 2021}}</ref> In January 2021, [[Government of India]] announced [[Padma Shri]] award for her contribution to the field of folk arts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prajavani.net/india-news/padma-awards-2021-announced-former-japan-pm-shinzo-abe-dr-belle-monappa-hegde-among-7-padma-799552.html|title=ಪದ್ಮ ಪುರಸ್ಕಾರಗಳು|work=Prajavani|language=Kannada|trans-title=Padma Awards|date=25 January 2021|access-date=25 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/list-of-padma-awardees-2021/article33661766.ece|title=List of Pamda awardees|work=The Hindu|date=25 January 2021|access-date=26 January 2021}}</ref>

==Early life==
Jogathi was born as Manjunatha Shetty in Kallukamba village in [[Karnataka]]'s [[Bellary district]] to Hanumanthaiah and Jayalakshmi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.prajavani.net/district/bengaluru-city/maneyangaladalli-matukate-manjamma-jogati-705746.html|title=ಹರಿದ ಉಡದಾರ ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಹೆಣ್ಣಾಗಿಸಿತು!: ಮಂಜಮ್ಮ ಜೋಗತಿ|work=Prajavani|language=Kannada|date=16 Feb 2020|access-date=16 Jan 2021}}</ref> She was married to Jogappa, a [[Hindu]] deity owing to a ritual and was not allowed to return home.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Parashar |first1=Kiran |title=From a runaway beggar to Padma Shri awardee, the life of Karnataka transgender dancer Manjamma Jogathi |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/padma-shri-awardee-life-of-karnataka-transgender-dancer-manjamma-jogathi-7615523 |website=The Indian Express |access-date=14 November 2021 |language=en |date=10 November 2021}}</ref> She was then known as Manjamma Jogathi. After leaving her house aged 15, she identified herself as a woman. Having completed education only till [[Matriculation#India|Class 10]], she resorted to begging. During this time, she was sexually abused. Later, a father and son duo introduced her to dancing and took her to dance teacher Kallavva Jogathi, where she learnt the Jogathi dance.<ref>{{cite web |title=Meet Padma Shri winner Manjamma Jogathi, the first transgender chairperson of Karnataka Janapada Academy |url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/meet-padma-shri-winner-manjamma-jogathi-the-first-transgender-chairperson-of-karnataka-janapada-academy-10126231.html |website=Firstpost |access-date=14 November 2021 |language=en |date=11 November 2021}}</ref>

==Career==
===Theatre===
Manjamma became a permanent dancer in Kallavva Jogathi's dance group, performing in different parts of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2020/nov/30/a-place-to-callhome-2229715.html|title=A place to call home|work=The New Indian Express|date=30 Nov 2020|access-date=16 Jan 2021}}</ref> After Kallavva's death, Manjamma took over the troupe and made the dance popular among the people. In 2010, she received the [[Rajyotsava award]] by the [[Karnataka Government]]. She was awarded [[Padma Shri]], fourth highest civilian award of [[Republic of India]] in 2021.

==Heading the Karnataka Jaanapada Academy==
She was first appointed as the member of the ''Karnataka Jaanapada Academy'' and later as the president of the same institution by the State government, which made her the first trans woman to head the top institution for Performing arts in the state.<ref>{{Cite news|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/manjamma-jogati-first-transwoman-to-head-an-academy-in-state/article29715337.ece|title=Manjamma Jogati first transwoman to head an academy in Karnataka|work=The Hindu|date=16 Oct 2019|access-date=16 Jan 2021}}</ref>

==Accolades==
* 2023 - The community's election icon<ref>[https://www.examraga.co.in/2023/03/29-march-2023-current-affairs.html ExamRaga]</ref> by The Election Commission (EC) in Karnataka Government of India
* 2021 - [[Padma Shri]] - fourth highest civilian award by [[Government of India]]
* 2010 - [[Rajyotsava award]] by [[Karnataka Government]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Rajyotsava+Awards/en|title=Rajyotsava Awards|website=Official Government Website|access-date=16 Jan 2021}}</ref>
* Life story of Manjamma has added in [[Karnataka Folklore University]] and [[Karnataka State Women's University]] syllabus for its students of Bachelor of Arts.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.kannadaprabha.com/specials/2019/oct/17/in-a-first-a-transwoman-to-head-karnataka-janapada-academy-404139.html|title=ಜಾನಪದ ಅಕಾಡೆಮಿ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷೆಯಾಗಿ ನೇಮಕವಾಗಿರುವ ಮೊದಲ ತೃತೀಯ ಲಿಂಗಿ ಜೋಗತಿ ಮಂಜಮ್ಮ!|work=Kannada Prabha|date=17 Oct 2019|access-date=16 Jan 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.edexlive.com/beinspired/2020/nov/15/this-book-on-janapada-academys-manjamma-jogathi-will-open-your-eyes-and-ears-to-her-life-and-artform-15772.html|title=Why you should read about transgender folk artist Manjamma Jogathi's life in this Kannada book|work=Edexlive|author=Rashmi Patil|date=15 Nov 2020|access-date=16 Jan 2021}}</ref>
* 2006 - Karnataka Janapada Academy Award.<ref>{{Cite web |last=report |first=Ground |date=2021-11-09 |title=Transgender folk dancer Manjamma Jogati, Her life and struggle |url=https://groundreport.in/manjamma-jogati-padmshri-winner/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Ground Report |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Art|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ballari]]
[[Category:People from Karnataka]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian theatre people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Transgender women singers]]

1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election

2026-01-01T11:27:45Z

Mdfaisalahmed121:

{{Short description|Election in Indian state}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| type = legislative
| vote_type = Popular 
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| party_name =
| alliance_name =
| previous_election = 1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1972
| next_election = 1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1980
| election_date = ''10 June 1977''
| seats_for_election = All 200 seats in the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 101
| registered = {{formatnum:15494289}}
| turnout = 57.76%

| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Vice President Shri Bhairon Singh Shekhawat in a Traditional Rajasthani Turban during a book release function in New Delhi on January 27, 2004.jpg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=05|oTop=0}}
| leader1 = [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Chhabra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chhabra]] (bypoll)
| party1 = Janata Party
| seats_before1 = New
| popular_vote1= 50.39%
| seat_change1 = New
| seats1 = 152
| swing1 =

| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Cow_and_Calf_INC.svg|bSize=120|cWidth=100|cHeight=110|oLeft=10|oTop=0}}
| leader2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| party2 = Indian National Congress
| seats_before2 = 145
| popular_vote2= 31.49%
| seat_change2 = {{Decrease}}104
| seats2 = 41
| swing2 =


| title = [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan|CM]]
| before_party =
| before_election = [[President's Rule]]
| after_party = Janata Party
| after_election = [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]]
}}

Elections to the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] were held in June 1977, to elect members of the 200 constituencies in [[Rajasthan]], India. The [[Janata Party]] won a majority of seats as well as the popular vote, and its leader, [[Bhairon Singh Shekhawat]] was appointed as the [[Chief Minister of Rajasthan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rajassembly.nic.in/CMFormer.aspx |title=Former Chief Ministers of Rajasthan |access-date= 22 December 2021}}</ref>

After the passing of ''The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976'', Rajasthan's Legislative Assembly was assigned 200 constituencies.<ref name=delimitation1976>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3939-dpaco-1976/ |title=The Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 1976 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |date=1 December 1976 |access-date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

==Result==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:India Rajasthan Legislative Assembly 1977.svg]]
|party1=[[Janata Party]]|votes1=4160373|seats1=152|sc1=New
|party2=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes2=2599772|seats2=41|sc2={{decrease}}104
|party3=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes3=91640|seats3=1|sc3={{decrease}}3
|party4=[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]|votes4=61682|seats4=1|sc4={{increase}}1
|party5=[[Indian Union Muslim League]]|votes5=21889|seats5=0|sc5=New
|party6=[[Vishal Haryana Party]]|votes6=1290|seats6=0|sc6=New
|party7=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes7=320|seats7=0|sc7=New
|party21=Independents|votes21=1319053|seats21=5|sc21={{decrease}}6
|total_sc={{increase}}16
|invalid=177653
|electorate=15494289
|source=ECI<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3385-rajasthan-1977/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1977 to the Legislative Assembly of Rajasthan |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=26 December 2021}}</ref>
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for ([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[Bhadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhadra]] || None || Lal Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nohar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nohar]] || None || Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Tibi || SC || Dungar Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Hanumangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hanumangarh]] || None || Shopat Singh Makasar || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[Sangaria (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sangaria]] || None || Ram Chander || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ganganagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ganganagar]] || None || Kedar Nath || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kesrisinghpur || SC || Manphool Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Karanpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Karanpur]] || None || Jagtar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Raisinghnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Raisinghnagar]] || SC || Dula Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Pilibanga (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pilibanga]] || None || Harchand Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Suratgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Suratgarh]] || None || Gurusharan Chabbra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Lunkaransar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lunkaransar]] || None || Manik Chand Surana || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bikaner || None || Mehboob Ali || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kolayat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kolayat]] || None || Ram Krishan Dass || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nokha (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nokha]] || SC || Uda Ram Hatila || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Dungargarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungargarh]] || None || Mohan Lal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sujangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sujangarh]] || SC || Rawat Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Ratangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ratangarh]] || None || Jagdish Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sardarshahar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarshahar]] || None || Hajari Mal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Churu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Churu]] || None || Megh Raj || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Taranagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Taranagar]] || None || Mani Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sadulpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sadulpur]] || None || Jaya Narain || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Pilani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pilani]] || None || Sheesh Ram Ola || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Surajgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Surajgarh]] || SC || Subhash Chand Arya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Khetri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khetri]] || None || Mala Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Gudha || None || Inder Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nawalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nawalgarh]] || None || Navrang Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Jhunjhunu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhunjhunu]] || None || Sumitra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mandawa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandawa]] || None || Ram Narain Chaudhari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Fatehpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Fatehpur]] || None || Alam Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Lachhmangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lachhmangarh]] || SC || Paras Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sikar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sikar]] || None || Ranmal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Dhod (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dhod]] || None || Randeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Danta Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Danta Ramgarh]] || None || Madan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Srimadhopur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Srimadhopur]] || None || Har Lal Singh Kharra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Khandela (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khandela]] || None || Gopal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Neem Ka Thana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Neem Ka Thana]] || None || Surya Narain || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Chomu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chomu]] || None || Rameshwar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Amber (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Amber]] || None || Pushpa || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Jaipur Rural || None || Ujla Arora || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Hawa Mahal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hawa Mahal]] || None || Bhanwar Lal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Johribazar || None || Gul Mohammed || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kishanpole (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishanpole]] || None || Girdhari Lal Bhargava || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bani Park || None || Bajrang Lal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Phulera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phulera]] || None || Hari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Dudu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dudu]] || SC || Sohan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sanganer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sanganer]] || None || Vidya Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Phagi || SC || Shiv Karan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Lalsot (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lalsot]] || ST || Har Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sikrai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sikrai]] || ST || Ram Kishore Meena || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bandikui (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bandikui]] || None || Vijay Singh Nandera || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Dausa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dausa]] || SC || Mool Chand Samaria || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bassi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bassi]] || None || Shiv Raj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Jamwa Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jamwa Ramgarh]] || None || Rameshawar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Bairath || None || Gunwant Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kotputli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kotputli]] || None || Ram Karan || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Bansur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bansur]] || None || Hari Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Behror (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Behror]] || None || Bhawani Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Mandawar Assembly constituency|Mandawar]] || None || Hira Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Tijara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tijara]] || None || Ayub || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Khairthal || SC || Sampat Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Ramgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ramgarh]] || None || Jai Krishan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Alwar || None || Jeet Mal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Thanagazi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Thanagazi]] || None || Shiv Narain || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Rajgarh, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Rajgarh]] || ST || Samarth Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Lachhmangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Lachhmangarh]] || None || Ch. Nathi Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kathumar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kathumar]] || SC || Ganga Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kaman (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kaman]] || None || Mohammed Jahoor || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nagar]] || None || Adityendra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Deeg || None || Raja Man Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kumher || None || Kashi Nath || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bharatpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bharatpur]] || None || Suresh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Rupbas || SC || Tara Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nadbai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nadbai]] || None || Hari Krishan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Weir (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Weir]] || SC || Ramji Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bayana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bayana]] || None || Mukat Behari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Rajakhera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajakhera]] || None || Pradyuman Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[Dholpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dholpur]] || None || Jagdish Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bari (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bari]] || None || Salig Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Karauli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Karauli]] || None || Hans Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sapotra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sapotra]] || ST || Rangji || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Khandar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khandar]] || SC || Chunni Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sawai Madhopur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sawai Madhopur]] || None || Manzoor Ali || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bamanwas (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bamanwas]] || ST || Kunji Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Gangapur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Gangapur]] || None || Govind Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Hindaun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hindaun]] || SC || Sharwan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Mahuwa (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mahuwa]] || None || Umrao Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Todabhim (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Todabhim]] || ST || Batti Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Niwai (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Niwai]] || SC || Jai Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Tonk (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Tonk]] || None || Ajit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Uniara || None || Digvijai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Todaraisingh || None || Gordhan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Malpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Malpura]] || None || Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kishangarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishangarh]] || None || Kartar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Ajmer East || SC || Kalyan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Ajmer West || None || Nawal Rai || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Pushkar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pushkar]] || None || Chiranji Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nasirabad (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nasirabad]] || None || Bhanwar Lal Airun || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Beawar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Beawar]] || None || Ugamraj || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Masuda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Masuda]] || None || Noora || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Bhinai || None || Rattan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kekri (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kekri]] || SC || Mohan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Hindoli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Hindoli]] || None || Ganesh Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Nainwa || None || Manak Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Patan || SC || Gopal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bundi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bundi]] || None || Om Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kota || None || Lalit Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Ladpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ladpura]] || None || Purshottam || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Digod || None || Dou Dayal Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Pipalda (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pipalda]] || SC || Hira Lal Arya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Baran || None || Raghubir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kishanganj (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kishanganj]] || ST || Narangi Devi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Atru || SC || Onkar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Chhabra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chhabra]] || None || Prem Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Ramganj Mandi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ramganj Mandi]] || None || Harish Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Khanpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Khanpur]] || None || [[Bhairavlal Kala Badal]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Manohar Thana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Manohar Thana]] || None || Vithal Prasad Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Jhalrapatan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jhalrapatan]] || None || Nirmal Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Pirawa || None || Ishwar Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Dag (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dag]] || SC || Bal Chand Arya || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Begun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Begun]] || None || H. N. Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Gangrar || SC || Mangi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Kapasin || None || Shyama Kumari || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Chittorgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chittorgarh]] || None || Laxma Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nimbahera (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nimbahera]] || None || Padam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Badi Sadri || None || Vridhi Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Pratapgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pratapgarh]] || ST || Kalu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kushalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kushalgarh]] || ST || Jithing || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Danpur || ST || Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Ghatol (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ghatol]] || ST || Nahtu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Banswara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Banswara]] || None || Hari Deo Joshi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bagidora (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bagidora]] || ST || Nathu Ram R/o Bori || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sagwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sagwara]] || ST || Lal Shankar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Chorasi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chorasi]] || ST || Heera Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Dungarpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Dungarpur]] || ST || Amrat Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Aspur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Aspur]] || ST || Bhimji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lasadia || ST || Narayan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Vallabhnagar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Vallabhnagar]] || None || Kamlendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Mavli (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mavli]] || None || Narendra Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Rajsamand (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Rajsamand]] || SC || Kailash Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nathdwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nathdwara]] || None || Navneet Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Udaipur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipur]] || None || Gulab Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Udaipur Rural (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Udaipur Rural]] || ST || Nand Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Salumber (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Salumber]] || ST || Mavji || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sarada || ST || Gamir Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kherwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kherwara]] || ST || Survya Prakash || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Phalasia || ST || Lalu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Gongunda || ST || Bhura Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Kumbhalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kumbhalgarh]] || None || Govind Singh Shaktawat || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bhim (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhim]] || None || Major Fateh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Mandal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandal]] || None || Ram Prasad Ladha || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sahada || None || Ram Chandra Jet || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bhilwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhilwara]] || None || Kaushal Kishore Jain || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Mandalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Mandalgarh]] || None || Manohar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Jahazpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jahazpur]] || None || Trilok Chand || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Shahpura || SC || Bhairu || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Banera || None || Umrao Singh Dhabria || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Asind (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Asind]] || None || Vijendra Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Jaitaran (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaitaran]] || None || Shankar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Raipur || None || Sukh Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sojat (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sojat]] || None || Madhav Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Kharchi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Kharchi]] || None || Khangar Singh Choudhary || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Desuri || SC || Achla Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Pali (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pali]] || None || Mool Chand Daga || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sumerpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sumerpur]] || None || Vigyan Modi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Bali (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bali]] || None || Hanwant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sirohi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sirohi]] || None || Raghu Nandan Vyas || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Pindwara-Abu (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pindwara-Abu]] || ST || Alda Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Reodar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Reodar]] || SC || Madho Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sanchore (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sanchore]] || None || Raghu Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Raniwara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Raniwara]] || None || Ratana Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhinmal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhinmal]] || None || Suraj Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jalore (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jalore]] || SC || Teekam Chand Kant || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Ahore (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ahore]] || None || Gopal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Siwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Siwana]] || SC || Chaina Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Pachpadra (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Pachpadra]] || None || Madan Kaur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Barmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Barmer]] || None || Virdhi Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Gudamalani (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Gudamalani]] || None || Ganga Ram Chodhary || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Chohtan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Chohtan]] || None || Abdul Hadi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Sheo (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sheo]] || None || Kan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Jaisalmer (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jaisalmer]] || None || Kishan Singh Bhati || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Shergarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Shergarh]] || None || Khet Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Jodhpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jodhpur]] || None || Birad Mal Singhvi || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Sardarpura (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Sardarpura]] || None || Madho Singh || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| Sursagar || SC || Narpat Ram Barwad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Luni (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Luni]] || None || Ram Singh Vishoni || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bilara (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bilara]] || None || Ram Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Bhopalgarh (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bhopalgarh]] || None || Paras Ram Maderna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Osian (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Osian]] || None || Ranjeet Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Phalodi (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Phalodi]] || None || Balkrishan || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Nagaur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nagaur]] || None || Bansi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Jayal (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Jayal]] || SC || Mangi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Ladnun (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Ladnun]] || None || Harji Ram || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[Deedwana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Deedwana]] || None || Mathura Das || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Nawan (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Nawan]] || None || Rameshwar Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Makrana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Makrana]] || None || Abdul Aziz || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Parbatsar (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Parbatsar]] || SC || Jeth Mal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Degana (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Degana]] || None || Ram Raghu Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Merta (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Merta]] || None || Ram Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[Mundwa Assembly constituency|Mundwa]] || None || [[Ramdev Beniwal]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of constituencies of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
* [[1977 elections in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rajasthan elections}}

[[Category:1977 State Assembly elections in India|Rajasthan]]
[[Category:State Assembly elections in Rajasthan|1977]]
[[Category:1970s in Rajasthan|1977]]

Nagina Masjid, Agra Fort

2025-12-29T17:48:00Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: added new article first draft

{{Short description|Mosque in Agra India, Build by Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan}}
{{about|the mosque in Agra, Uttar Pradesh|the mosque in Champaner, Gujarat|Nagina Mosque}}
{{other uses|Nagina Masjid (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Nagina Mosque
| image = NaginaMasjid.jpg
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| caption = The mosque in 2008
| map_type = India Uttar Pradesh
| map_size = 250px
| map_alt =
| map_relief = yes
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|27|10|46|N|78|01|21|E|type:landmark_region:IN-UP|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| locale =
| location = [[Agra Fort]], [[Agra]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| deity =
| rite =
| sect =
| tradition =
| festival = 
| cercle =
| sector =
| administration = [[Archaeological Survey of India]]
| consecration_year =
| organisational_status = [[Mosque]]
| functional_status = Active{{clarify|date=March 2025|reason=Is it functioning as a mosque; or is it a monument, only?}}
| heritage_designation =
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| religious_features_label =
| religious_features =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Mughal architecture|Mughal]]
| founded_by = [[Shah Jahan]]
| creator =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = {{circa}} 1631-1640 [[Common Era|CE]]
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length = {{cvt|7.39|m}}
| width = {{cvt|10.21|m}}
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity = Three
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
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| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
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| inscriptions =
| materials = [[Marble]]
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| footnotes =
| website =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation2 = MANI | designation2_offname = Agra Fort: Nagina Masjid | designation2_type = | designation2_criteria = | designation2_date = | delisted2_date = | designation2_partof = [[Agra Fort]] | designation2_number = N-UP-A1-u | designation2_free1name = | designation2_free1value = | designation2_free2name = | designation2_free2value = | designation2_free3name = | designation2_free3value =
| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child = yes
| Official_name = [[Agra Fort]]
| criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(iii)}}(iii)
| ID = 251
| coordinates =
| year = 1984
| embedded = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-width=250|frame-align=center|zoom=13|type=point|marker=landmark|stroke-width=2|plain=yes|frame-latitude=27.179542|frame-longitude=78.021101}} Location of the mosque in [[Agra Fort]]
}} }}
}}

The '''Nagina Masjid''', also known as the '''Gem Mosque''' and the '''Jewel Mosque''',{{efn|See [[Negin]].}} is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[mosque]], situated in the [[Agra Fort]], a [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]], located in [[Agra]], in the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. The mosque was built by [[Shah Jahan]], a [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] leader, who succeeded Jahangir in 1628 CE and constructed three marble mosques inside the fort complex- the [[Moti Masjid (Agra Fort)|Moti Masjid]], Nagina Masjid and [[Mina Mosque|Mina Masjid.]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alluring Agra |url=https://indianculture.gov.in/node/2801041}}</ref>

Nagina Masjid was made between 1631-1640 [[Common Era|CE]] for Shah Jahan's personal use and the usage by the royal women.

It's one of the last structures constructed in the Agra Fort, as Shah Jahan moved the capital to '''[[Shahjahanabad|Shahjahanabad (Old Delhi)]]''' in 1648 and Agra Fort stopped being the primary seat of power.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shah Jahan 1628–1658 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/mughal-empire/shah-jahan-16281658/DD136646A76FA3C7C356A9B524A03C63}}</ref>

The mosque is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]], administered by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_agra.asp |title=List of Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains of Agra |date= |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] |access-date=2016-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721180402/http://www.asi.nic.in/asi_monu_alphalist_uttarpradesh_agra.asp |archive-date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Architecture ==
The Nagina Masjid is an architectural beauty situated in [[Agra Fort]].{{peacock prose|date=March 2025}} It is located nearby the [[Moti Masjid, Agra|Moti Masjid]], another eye catching mosque,{{peacock prose|date=March 2025}} and the [[Mina Mosque]].<ref name=tourism/>

The Nagina Mosque is constructed with attractive pure white [[marble]] and encloses the exquisitely designed prayer chamber.{{peacock prose|date=March 2025}} The Nagina Masjid bears a very simple architecture and a descent decoration.{{clarify|date=March 2025}} The mosque is separated into three [[Bay (architecture)|bays]] by simple pillars underneath the keen arches above. The arch in the center is bigger and has nine cusps, once on either face has seven cusps only. The mosque is {{convert|10.21|m}} wide and {{convert|7.39|m}} long, facing a lined patio. The balcony that provides panoramic views of the road runs towards the Hathi Pol, and is situate on the northern side of the mosque.<ref name=tourism/>

The mosque structure was built for the ladies of the royal family and has three majestic domes and wonderful arches.{{peacock prose|date=March 2025}} A luxurious [[bazaar]], known as Mina Bazar, was functioning down the road from where royal ladies could purchase items, standing on the balcony of the Nagina Masjid.<ref name=tourism>{{cite web |url=https://agratourism.in/nagina-masjid-agra |title=Nagina Masjid Agra |work=Agra Tourism India |date=2023 |access-date=12 March 2025 }}</ref>

== Conservation and Current Status ==
Nagina Masjid in Agra Fort is listed as “a Centrally Protected Monument of national importance under the [[AMASR Act]], 1958.” It was also inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.
<ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Agra Fort |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251/ |access-date=2025-12-10 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{portal|Islam|India}}}}
* [[Sunni Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Agra district]]

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category-inline|Nagina Masjid (Agra Fort)}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.tsiindia.com/north-india/nagina-masjid-agra.html |title=Nagina Masjid Agra |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103184839/http://www.tsiindia.com/north-india/nagina-masjid-agra.html |archive-date=3 November 2019 |work=TSI India.com |date= |access-date= }}

{{Tourist attractions in Agra}}
{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:17th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Agra Fort]]
[[Category:Marble buildings]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with domes in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1640s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Agra]]
[[Category:Mughal mosques]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1640]]
[[Category:Stone buildings in India]]
[[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Agra]]

{{India-mosque-stub}}

Marvé Beach

2025-12-19T04:43:42Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: quick added citations per standard format additionally and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marvé Beach
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Suburb
| image_skyline = Marve-creek.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Marve Beach with ferry
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Mumbai#India Maharashtra#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|19.1973|N|72.7968|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[Districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_type3 = City
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai Suburban district|Mumbai Suburban]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Corporation]]
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)<ref>{{cite web|title=BMC P North Ward|url=http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/ward_dirs/p-north%20Final-FMG-2018.pdf|access-date=29 April 2020|archive-date=26 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926124025/http://dm.mcgm.gov.in/sites/default/files/documents/ward_dirs/p-north%20Final-FMG-2018.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| unit_pref = Metric
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| population_demonym =
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| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]],
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 400095
| area_code = 022
| area_code_type =
| registration_plate =
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}}

'''Marve Beach''' (Pronunciation: [[Help:IPA/Marathi|[maːɾʋe]]]) is located in the Western Suburb of [[Malad]] in the city of [[Mumbai]], [[India]].

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the most spoken language in this region.
East Indian community, Panchkalshi or Somvanshi Kshatriya Pathare (SKP) and Koli's are the native people of this area.

==Details==
Ferry Services to the Essel World and Water Kingdom Amusement Parks and [[Manori]] are available at its north end. [[Water transport in Mumbai|Ferry service]] to Manori is provided by [[Bombay Electric Supply and Transport|BEST]]. You can also carry your two-wheelers onto the Ferry to Manori Island. Marve beach may be reached from Malad Railway Station (West side) by BEST bus no 272. Auto-rickshaws and taxis are available round the clock.
With recent permissions being granted by the government, the site is now witnessing the construction of a Manori to Marve sea link.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ejatlas.org/conflict/manori-marve-sea-link-mumbai-india |title = Manori to Marve Sea Link, Mumbai, India {{!}} EJAtlas}}</ref>

Movement on Marve beach is restricted due to its narrow width as well as presence of [[Indian Navy|Indian Naval]] base, INS Hamla. The beach is not safe for swimming due to presence of very swift currents and sinking sand.

[[File:BEST-ferry.jpg|thumb|left|BEST ferry to Manori]]

==History==
The strip of land from [[Aksa Beach]] to Marve used to be one of many islands that lay off the [[Salsette]] west coast. These islands seem to have remained separate till as late as 1808. At the time of writing of the old Gazetteer of Thana in 1882, these islands could be reached during low tides by walking across the tidal inlets in between.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/greater_bombay/general.html#1| title= Geography - Salsette group of Islands|access-date=25 March 2012|work= Maharashtra State Gazetteer, Greater Bombay district |year=1987}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Tourist attractions in Mumbai}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Marve Beach}}
[[Category:Beaches of Mumbai]]

{{Mumbai-geo-stub}}

Ashok Sharma

2025-11-27T04:50:54Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: small enhanced layout per sources and added references for consistency

'''Ashok Sharma''' may refer to:

* [[Ashok Sharma (actor)]] (born 1965), Nepalese film actor and director
* [[Ashok Sharma (politician)]] (born 1950), Indian politician from Rajasthan
* [[Ashok Sarma]], Indian politician from Assam
* Dr. Ashok Sharma, fictional character in the 2019 Indian TV series ''[[Ek Bhram...Sarvagun Sampanna]]''

{{hndis|Sharma, Ashok}}

Sirsi Educational District

2025-11-26T18:17:39Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: put up the location first draft

{{infobox settlement
| name = Sirsi Educational District
| official_name = ಸಿರ್ಸಿ ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ
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'''Sirsi Educational District''' ( ಸಿರ್ಸಿ ಶೈಕ್ಷಣಿಕ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆ ) is the educational district in [[Karnataka]], It became the 34th educational district in the state, following approval from the Karnataka State Government in 2009. This change aimed to improve the management and delivery of primary and secondary education in the area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sirsi is 34th educational district |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/26071/sirsi-34th-educational-district.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> As of 2021, Sirsi Education District achieved the highest school admission rate in Karnataka, with 98.3% of its target of 1.1 lakh (110,000) students enrolled, according to the Students Achievement Tracking System.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2021-07-16 |title=Karwar, Sirsi top in school admissions in Karnataka |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2021/Jul/16/karwar-sirsi-top-in-school-admissions-in-karnataka-2330873.html |access-date=2025-03-27 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Karnataka}}

[[Category:Schools in Karnataka]]

Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority

2025-11-25T10:41:39Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: started

{{Short description|Urban government body in Haryana, India}}
'''Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority (GMDA)''' is a government body that looks after the development and maintenance of [[Gurgaon|Gurugram]] (erstwhile Gurgaon) city. It is responsible for the urban planning, infrastructure, and mobility of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 14, 2021|first=Shubhra|last=Pant|title=GMDA won’t grant change of land use nod in Manesar|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/gmda-wont-grant-change-of-land-use-nod-in-manesar/articleshow/80259728.cms|access-date=2021-01-20|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-29|title=GMDA brings out new bicycle scheme for city|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/gurugram/gmda-brings-out-new-bicycle-scheme-for-city/story-zxdKDKE38yqRMZTrqchrYK.html|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-15|title=GMDA shelves plan to concretise Aravalli creeks|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/gurugram-news/gmda-shelves-plan-to-concretise-aravalli-creeks-101610734723114.html|access-date=2021-01-20|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

== Partnerships ==

* Partnered with [[Cisco]] to manage the city infrastructure in a unified way.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurugram Metropolitan Development Authority Partners with Cisco for a Safer and Smarter City |website=Enterprise IT World |url=https://www.enterpriseitworld.com/gurugram-metropolitan-development-authority-partners-with-cisco-for-a-safer-and-smarter-city/ |access-date=2021-01-20 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Government departments of Haryana]]

{{gov-agency-stub}}

History of the Indo-Greek Kingdom

2025-11-24T22:35:23Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: new

{{Short description|none}}
{{Indo-Greek articles}}
The '''History of the Indo-Greek Kingdom''' covers a period from the 2nd century BCE to the beginning of the 1st century CE in northern and northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]]. There were over 30 [[Indo-Greek Kingdom|Indo-Greek]] kings, often in competition on different territories. Many of them are only known through their coins.{{citation needed|date=June 2024}}

Many of the dates, territories, and relationships between Indo-Greek kings are tentative and essentially based on [[numismatic]] analysis (find places, overstrikes, monograms, metallurgy, styles), a few [[classical antiquity|classical]] writings, and Indian writings and epigraphic evidence. The following list of kings, dates and territories after the reign of Demetrius is derived from the latest and most extensive analysis on the subject, by [[Osmund Bopearachchi]] and R. C. Senior.

The invasion of northern India, and the establishment of what would be known as the "Indo-Greek kingdom", started around 200 BCE when [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]], son of the Greco-Bactrian king [[Euthydemus I]], led his troops across the [[Hindu Kush]]. [[Apollodotus I|Apollodotus]], may have made advances in the south, while [[Menander I|Menander]], led later invasions further east. Following his conquests, Demetrius received the title ''ανικητος'' ("Anicetus", lit. ''invincible''), a title never given to any king before.<ref>The title "Anicetus" for Demetrius is visible on the pedigree coins minted by [[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]].</ref>

[[File:Indo-Greeks 100bc.jpg|thumb|300px|Indo-Greek Kingdoms in 100 BCE.]]
[[File:Demetrius I of Bactria.jpg|right|thumb|200px|The founder of the Indo-Greek Kingdom [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I "the Invincible"]] (205–171 BCE), wearing the scalp of an elephant, symbol of his conquests in India.]]
Written evidence of the initial Greek invasion survives in the Greek writings of [[Strabo]] and [[Junianus Justinus|Justin]], and in [[Sanskrit]] in the records of [[Patanjali]], [[Kalidasa|Kālidāsa]], and in the ''[[Yuga Purana]]'', among others. Coins and architectural evidence also attest to the extent of the initial Greek campaign.

==Evidence of the initial invasion==

===Greco-Roman sources===
The Greco-Bactrians went over the [[Hindu Kush]] and also started to re-occupy the area of [[Arachosia]], where Greek populations had been living since before the acquisition of the territory by [[Chandragupta Maurya|Chandragupta]] from [[Seleucus I|Seleucus]]. [[Isidore of Charax]] describes Greek cities there, one of them called Demetrias, probably in honour of the conqueror [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]].<ref>In the 1st century BCE, the geographer [[Isidorus of Charax]] mentions [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] ruling over Greek populations and cities in [[Arachosia]]: "Beyond is Arachosia. And the Parthians call this White India; there are the city of Biyt and the city of Pharsana and the city of Chorochoad and the city of Demetrias; then Alexandropolis, the metropolis of Arachosia; it is Greek, and by it flows the river Arachotus. As far as this place the land is under the rule of the Parthians." "Parthians stations", 1st century BCE. Mentioned in Bopearachchi, "Monnaies Greco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", p52. Original text in paragraph 19 of [http://www.parthia.com/parthian_stations.htm#PARTHIAN_STATIONS Parthian stations].</ref>

According to [[Strabo]], Greek advances temporarily went as far as the Shunga capital [[Pataliputra]] (today [[Patna, India|Patna]]) in eastern India:
{{blockquote|"Of the eastern parts of India, then, there have become known to us all those parts which lie this side of the [[Beas River|Hypanis]], and also any parts beyond the Hypanis of which an account has been added by those who, after Alexander, advanced beyond the Hypanis, to the [[Ganges]] and [[Pataliputra]]."|[[Strabo]], 15-1-27<ref>The word for "advance" is "προελθοντες", meaning a military expedition. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23118 Strabo 15-1-27]</ref>}}

[[File:Mappa di Eratostene.jpg|thumb|left|300px|The Hellenistic world view just before the Indo-Greek conquests. India appears fully formed, with the [[Ganges]] and Palibothra ([[Pataliputra]]) in the east. (19th-century reconstruction of the [[ancient world map]] of [[Eratosthenes]] (276–194 BCE).<ref>[http://www.henry-davis.com/MAPS/Ancient%20Web%20Pages/112.html Source]</ref>)]]
The 1st century BCE Greek historian [[Apollodorus of Artemita|Apollodorus]], quoted by Strabo, affirms that the [[Greco-Bactrians|Bactrian Greeks]], led by [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]] and [[Menander I|Menander]], conquered India and occupied a larger territory than the Greeks under [[Alexander the Great]], going beyond the [[Beas River|Hypanis]] towards the [[Himalayas]]:<ref>Strabo quoting Apollodorus on the extent of Greek conquests:
:* "Apollodorus, for instance, author of the Parthian History, when he mentions the Greeks who occasioned the revolt of Bactriana from the Syrian kings, who were the successors of [[Seleucus Nicator]], says, that when they became powerful they invaded India. He adds no discoveries to what was previously known, and even asserts, in contradiction to others, that the Bactrians had subjected to their dominion a larger portion of India than the Macedonians; for [[Eucratides]] (one of these kings) had a thousand cities subject to his authority." Strabo 15-1-3 [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0239&query=head%3D%23118 Full text]
:* "The Greeks who caused Bactria to revolt grew so powerful on account of the fertility of the country that they became masters, not only of Ariana, but also of India, as [[Apollodorus of Artemita]] says: and more tribes were subdued by them than by [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]—by [[Menander I|Menander]] in particular (at least if he actually crossed the [[Beas River|Hypanis]] towards the east and advanced as far as the [[Imaus|Imaüs]]), for some were subdued by him personally and others by [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]], the son of [[Euthydemus I|Euthydemus]] the king of the Bactrians." (Strabo 11.11.1 [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.11.1 Full text])
</ref>

{{blockquote|"The Greeks became masters of India and more tribes were subdued by them than by [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]—by [[Menander I|Menander]] in particular, for some were subdued by him personally and others by [[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius]], the son of [[Euthydemus I|Euthydemus]] the king of the Bactrians."|Apollodorus, quoted in Strabo 11.11.1<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.11.1 Strabo 11.11.1]</ref>}}

The Roman historian [[Junianus Justinus|Justin]] also mentioned the Indo-Greek kingdom, describing a "Demetrius, King of the Indians" ("''Regis Indorum''"), and explaining that after vanquishing him [[Eucratides]] in turn "put India under his rule" ("''Indiam in potestatem redegit''")<ref>Justin on Demetrius "King of the Indians": "Multa tamen Eucratides bella magna uirtute gessit, quibus adtritus cum obsidionem ''Demetrii, regis Indorum'', pateretur, cum CCC militibus LX milia hostium adsiduis eruptionibus uicit. Quinto itaque mense liberatus Indiam in potestatem redegit." ("Eucratides led many wars with great courage, and, while weakened by them, was put under siege by Demetrius, king of the Indians. He made numerous sorties, and managed to vanquish 60,000 enemies with 300 soldiers, and thus liberated after four months, he put India under his rule") {{usurped|1=[https://archive.today/20120527042512/http://www.forumromanum.org/literature/justin/texte41.html Justin XLI,6]}}</ref> (since the time of the embassies of [[Megasthenes]] in the 3rd century BCE "India" was understood as the entire subcontinent, and was mapped by geographers such as [[Eratosthenes]]). Justin also mentions Apollodotus and Menander as kings of the Indians.<ref>"Indicae quoque res additae, gestae per Apollodotum et Menandrum, reges eorum": "Also included are the exploits in India by Apollodotus and Menander, their kings" Justin, quoted in E.Seldeslachts, p284</ref>

Greek and Indian sources tend to indicate that the Greeks campaigned as far as Pataliputra until they were forced to retreat. This advance probably took place under the reign of Menander, the most important Indo-Greek king (A.K. Narain and Keay 2000) and was likely only of a military advance of temporary nature, perhaps in alliance with native Indian states. The permanent Indo-Greek dominions extended only from the [[Kabul]] Valley to the eastern [[Punjab region|Punjab]] or slightly further east.

[[File:IndoGreekNeptune.JPG|thumb|250px|An Indo-Greek [[stone palette]] showing [[Poseidon]] with attendants. He wears a [[Chiton (costume)|chiton]] tunic, a [[chlamys]] cape, and boots. 2nd–1st century BCE, [[Gandhara]], [[Ancient Orient Museum]].]]
To the south, the Greeks occupied the areas of the [[Sindh]] and [[Gujarat]] down to the region of [[Surat District|Surat]] (Greek: ''[[Saraostus]]'') near [[Mumbai]] (Bombay), including the strategic harbour of Barigaza ([[Bharuch]]),<ref>"Menander became the ruler of a kingdom extending along the coast of western India, including the whole of [[Saraostus|Saurashtra]] and the harbour [[Bharuch|Barukaccha]]. His territory also included Mathura, the Punjab, Gandhara and the Kabul Valley", Bussagli p101)</ref> as attested by several writers (Strabo 11; Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, Chap. 41/47) and as evidenced by coins dating from the Indo-Greek ruler [[King Apollodotus I|Apollodotus I]]:

{{blockquote|"The Greeks... took possession, not only of [[Patalene|Patalena]], but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of [[Saraostus]] and [[Sigerdis]]." |Strabo 11.11.1<ref>Strabo on the extent of the conquests of the Greco-Bactrians/Indo-Greeks: "They took possession, not only of [[Patalene|Patalena]], but also, on the rest of the coast, of what is called the kingdom of [[Saraostus]] and [[Sigerdis]]. In short, Apollodorus says that Bactriana is the ornament of [[Ariana]] as a whole; and, more than that, they extended their empire even as far as the [[Serica|Seres]] and the [[Phryni]]." Strabo 11.11.1 ([https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Strab.+11.11.1 Strabo 11.11.1])</ref>}}

The 1st century CE [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]] describes numerous Greek buildings and fortifications in [[Bharuch|Barigaza]], although mistakenly attributing them to Alexander, and testifies to the circulation of Indo-Greek coinage in the region:
{{blockquote|"The metropolis of this country is Minnagara, from which much cotton cloth is brought down to Barygaza. In these places there remain even to the present time signs of the expedition of Alexander, such as ancient shrines, walls of forts and great wells."|Periplus, Chap. 41}}
{{blockquote|"To the present day ancient drachmae are current in Barygaza, coming from this country, bearing inscriptions in Greek letters, and the devices of those who reigned after Alexander, Apollodorus (sic) and Menander."|Periplus Chap. 47<ref>[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/periplus.html Periplus]</ref>}}

From ancient authors (Pliny, Arrian, Ptolemy and Strabo), a list of provinces, satrapies, or simple regional designations, and Greek cities from within the Indo-Greek Kingdom can be discerned (though others have been lost), ranging from the Indus basin to the upper valley of the Ganges.<ref>Greek provinces in India according to Classical sources:
* [[Patalene]] - the whole [[Indus River Delta|Indus delta]] region, with an apparent capital in "Demetrias-in-Patalene;" presumably founded by Demetrius (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1, 55/ Strabo 11.11.1)
* [[Abiria]] - North of the Indus delta and apparently named for the Ahbira peoples, presumably in residence of the region. (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1, 55).
* Prasiane - North of Abiria and East of the main Indus channel. (Pliny, Natural history, VI 71)
* Surastrene - Southeast of Patalene, comprising the [[Kathiawar]] peninsula and parts of [[Gujarat]] to [[Bharuch]] (modern [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]] and [[Surat]]), with the city of "Theophila". (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1, 55/ Strabo 11.11.1/ [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea|Periplus]], Chap.41–47).
* [[Sigerdis]] - a coastal region beyond Patalene and Surastrene, thought to correspond to [[Sindh]]. (Strabo 11.11.1)
* Souastene - subdivision of [[Gandhara]], comprising the [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat Valley]] (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1, 42).
* Goryaea - smaller district located between the lower Swat river and the Kunar ([[Bajaur]]), with the city of "Nagara, also called Dionysopolis". (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1, 42).
* Peucelaitas - denotes the immediate district around [[Pushkalavati]] (Greek: Peucela). (Arrian, On India, IV 11)
* Kaspeiria - comprising the upper valleys of the [[Chenab River|Chenab]], [[Ravi River|Ravi]], and [[Jhelum River|Jhelum]] (i.e., southern [[Kashmir]]). (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1, 42).
* Pandouorum - Region of the Punjab along the [[Hydaspes]] river, with the "city of Sagala, also called Euthydemia" and another city named "Bucephala" (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1), or "Bucephalus Alexandria" (Periplus, 47).
* [[Kulindrene]] - as related by Ptolemy, a region comprising the upper valleys of the [[Sutlej]], [[Yamuna River|Jumna]], [[Beas River|Beas]], and [[Ganges]]. This report may be inaccurate, and the contents of the region somewhat smaller. (Ptolemy, Geographia, VII 1, 42).</ref>

===Indian sources===
Various Indian records describe ''[[Yavana]]'' attacks on [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]], [[Panchala]], [[Saketa]], and [[Pataliputra]]. The term ''Yavana'' is thought to be a transliteration of "Ionians" and is known to have designated Hellenistic Greeks (starting with the [[Edicts of Ashoka]], where [[Ashoka]] writes about "the ''Yavana'' king [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochus]]"), but may have sometimes referred to other foreigners as well, especially in later centuries.

[[Patanjali]], a grammarian and commentator on [[Pāṇini]] around 150 BCE, describes in the ''[[Mahābhāṣya|Mahābhāsya]]'',<ref>"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution", [[Bopearachchi]], p16.</ref> the invasion in two examples using the imperfect tense of [[Sanskrit]], denoting a recent event:
* "''Arunad Yavanah Sāketam''" ("The [[Yavana]]s (Greeks) besieged Saketa")
* "''Arunad Yavano Madhyamikām''" ("The Yavanas were besieged Madhyamika" (the "Middle country")).

The ''[[Anushasanaparava]]'' of the [[Mahabharata]] affirms that the country of Mathura, the heartland of India, was under the joint control of the Yavanas and the [[Kambojas]].<ref>"tatha Yavana Kamboja Mathuram.abhitash cha ye./ ete ashava.yuddha.kushaladasinatyasi charminah."//5—(MBH 12/105/5, Kumbhakonam Ed)</ref> The ''Vayupurana'' asserts that Mathura was ruled by seven Greek kings over a period of 82 years.<ref>"Asui dve ca varsani bhoktaro Yavana mahim/ Mathuram ca purim ramyam Yauna bhoksyanti sapta vai" Vayupurana 99.362 and 383, quoted by Morton Smith 1973: 370. Morton Smith thinks occupation lasted from 175 to 93 BCE.</ref>

Accounts of battles between the Greeks and the Shunga in Central India are also found in the ''[[Mālavikāgnimitram]]'', a play by [[Kālidāsa]] which describes an encounter between Greek forces and Vasumitra, the grandson of [[Pushyamitra]], during the latter's reign.<ref>"Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian coins in the Smithsonian institution", [[Bopearachchi]], p16. Also: "Kalidasa recounts in his Mālavikāgnimitra (5.15.14–24) that [[Pushyamitra Shunga|Puspamitra]] appointed his grandson Vasumitra to guard his sacrificial horse, which wandered on the right bank of the Sindhu river and was seized by Yavana cavalrymen- the later being thereafter defeated by Vasumitra. The "Sindhu" referred to in this context may refer the river [[Indus River|Indus]]: but such an extension of Shunga power seems unlikely, and it is more probable that it denotes one of two rivers in central India -either the Sindhu river which is a tributary of the [[Yamuna]], or the Kali-Sindhu river which is a tributary of the [[Chambal River|Chambal]]." The Yuga Purana, Mitchener, 2002.</ref>

Also the Brahmanical text of the ''[[Yuga Purana]]'', which describes Indian historical events in the form of a prophecy,<ref>"For any scholar engaged in the study of the presence of the Indo-Greeks or Indo-Scythians before the Christian Era, the ''Yuga Purana'' is an important source material" Dilip Coomer Ghose, General Secretary, [[Asiatic Society|The Asiatic Society]], [[Kolkata]], 2002</ref> relates the attack of the Indo-Greeks on the capital Pataliputra, a magnificent fortified city with 570 towers and 64 gates according to [[Megasthenes]],<ref>"The greatest city in India is that which is called Palimbothra, in the dominions of the Prasians [...] Megasthenes informs us that this city stretched in the inhabited quarters to an extreme length on each side of eighty stadia, and that its breadth was fifteen stadia, and that a ditch encompassed it all round, which was six hundred feet in breadth and thirty cubits in depth, and that the wall was crowned with 570 towers and had four-and-sixty gates." Arr. Ind. 10. "Of Pataliputra and the Manners of the Indians.", quoting Megasthenes [http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm Text] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210080315/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/history/primarydocs/Foreign_Views/GreekRoman/Megasthenes-Indika.htm |date=2008-12-10 }}</ref> and describes the ultimate destruction of the city's walls:
{{blockquote|"Then, after having approached [[Saketa]] together with the [[Panchala]]s and the [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]]s, the Yavanas, valiant in battle, will reach Kusumadhvaja ("The town of the flower-standard", [[Pataliputra]]). Then, once Puspapura (another name of Pataliputra) has been reached and its celebrated mud[-walls] cast down, all the realm will be in disorder."|''Yuga Purana'', Paragraph 47–48, 2002 edition.}}

According to the Yuga Purana a situation of complete social disorder follows, in which the Yavanas rule and mingle with the people, and the position of the [[Brahmin]]s and the [[Shudra|Sudra]]s is inverted:
{{blockquote|"[[Shudra|Sudra]]s will also be utterers of ''bho'' (a form of address used towards an equal or inferior), and Brahmins will be utterers of ''arya'' (a form of address used towards a superior), and the elders, most fearful of [[dharma]], will fearlessly exploit the people. And in the city the Yavanas, the princes, will make this people acquainted with them: but the Yavanas, infatuated by war, will not remain in Madhyadesa."|''Yuga Purana'', Paragraph 55–56, 2002 edition.}}

===Epigraphic remains===
Several depictions of Greeks in Central India dated to the 2nd-1st century BCE are known, such as the Greek soldier in [[Bharhut]], or a frieze in [[Sanchi]] which describes Greek-looking foreigners honouring the Sanchi stupa with gifts, prayers and music (image above). They wear the [[chlamys]] cape over short [[Chiton (costume)|chiton]] [[tunic]]s without trousers, and have high-laced [[Sandal (footwear)|sandal]]s. They are beardless with short curly hair and headbands, and two men wear the conical [[pilos]] hat. They play various instruments, including two [[carnyx]]es, and one [[aulos]] double-flute.<ref>Source: "A guide to Sanchi" John Marshall. These "Greek-looking foreigners" are also described in Susan Huntington, "The art of ancient India", p100.</ref> This is near [[Vidisa]], where an Indo-Greek monument, the [[Heliodorus pillar]], is known.

A pillar discovered in Reh, in the [[Ganges|Ganges valley]] 350 km south-east of Mathura mentions Menander:
{{blockquote|"The great king of kings, the great king Menander, saviour, steadfast in the Law ([[dharma]]), victorious and unvanquished..."|Reh inscription.<ref>"Original prakrit: "Maharajasa Rajarajasa/ Mahamtasa Tratarasa Dhammi/kasa Jayamtasa ca Apra/[jitasa] Minada[de?]rasa....", in R. C. Senior, 2004, p.xiv</ref>}}

Another inscription 17km from Mathura, the Maghera inscription, contains the phrase "In the 116th year of the Greek kings...", suggesting Greek rule in the area until around 70 BCE, as the "Greek era" is thought to have started around 186 BCE.<ref>R. C. Senior, 2006, p.xv</ref>

===Archaeological remains===

====Urban remains====
The city of [[Sirkap]], today in northwestern Pakistan near [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]], was built according to the "[[Hippodamian]]" grid-plan characteristic of Greek cities, and was a Hellenistic fortress of considerable proportions, with a 6,000 meter wall on the circumference, of a height of about 10 meters. The houses of the Indo-Greek level are "the best planned of all the six strata, and the rubble masonry of which its walls are built is also the most solid and compact".<ref>Marshall, "Sirkap Archeological Report", p 15–16</ref> It is thought that the city was built by Demetrius.

====Artifacts====
[[File:IndoGreekArtifactsDrawings.JPG|thumb|250px|Main archaeological artifacts from the Indo-Greek strata at [[Taxila (ancient)|ancient Taxila]]. Source: [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] "Taxila, Archaeological excavations".]]
Several Hellenistic artifacts have been found, in particular coins of Indo-Greek kings, stone palettes representing Greek mythological scenes, and small statuettes. Some of them are purely Hellenistic, others indicate an evolution of the [[Greco-Bactrian]] styles found at [[Ai-Khanoum]] towards more indianized styles.
For example, accessories such as Indian ankle bracelets can be found on some representations of Greek mythological figures such as [[Artemis]].

The excavations of the Greek levels at Sirkap were however very limited and made in peripheral areas, out of respect for the more recent archeological strata (those of the [[Indo-Scythian]] and especially [[Indo-Parthian]] levels) and the remaining religious buildings, and due to the difficulty of excavating extensively to a depth of about 6 meters. The results, although interesting, are partial and cannot be considered as exhaustive.<ref>The excavations by [[John Marshall (archaeologist)|John Marshall]] at [[Taxila (modern)|Taxila]] are the only significant excavations ever done, but only a small and peripherical portion of the city of [[Sirkap]] has been excavated to the Greek level ("The chief area in which digging has been carried down to the Greek strata is a little to the West of the main street near the northern gateway (...) Had it been practicable, I should have preferred to choose an area nearer to the city's center, where more interesting structures may be expected than in the outlying quarters near the city wall" ("Taxila", p120). Overall, the Greek excavations only represented a small part of the excavations: "And let me say that seven-eighths of the digging in this area has been devoted to Saka-Parthian structures of the second stratum; one-eight only to the earlier Saka and Greek remains below" ("Taxila", p119)</ref> Beyond this, no extensive archaeological excavation of an Indo-Greek city has ever essentially been done.

Quantities of Hellenistic artifacts and ceramics can also be found throughout Northern India.<ref>Narain "The Indo-Greeks"</ref> Clay seals depicting Greek deities, and the depiction of an Indo-Greek king thought to be Demetrius were found at [[Benares]].<ref>"An ancient reference to Menander's invasion" ''The Indian Historical Quarterly XXIX/1'' Agrawala 1953, p180–182.</ref>

====Stupas====
[[File:Indo-GreekStupa3.jpg|thumb|400px|Evolution of the [[Butkara stupa]] ([[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]]) during the Indo-Greek period.<ref>Reference: Domenico Faccenna, "Butkara I, Swat Pakistan, 1956–1962), Part I, IsMEO, ROME 1980.</ref>]]
[[File:SirkapStupaAcanthus1stCenturyBCE.jpg|thumb|180px|Stupa decorated with [[acanthus (ornament)|acanthus]] leaves, Level III, [[Sirkap]], 1st century BCE. Diameter: 2.5 meters.<ref>Marshall, "Taxila", p.120</ref>]]
When the Indo-Greeks settled in the area of Taxila, large Buddhist structures were already present, such as the stupa of [[Dharmarajika]] built by [[Ashoka]] in the 3rd century BCE. These structures were reinforced in the following centuries, by building rings of smaller stupas and constructions around the original ones. Numerous coins of the Indo-Greek king [[Zoilos II]] were found under the foundation of a 1st-century BCE rectangular chapel near the Dharmarajika stupa.<ref>Chapel H, about 50 meters near the Dharmarajika stupa, in Marshall, "Excavations at Taxila", "The only minor antiquities of interest found in this building were twenty-five debased silver coins of the Greek king Zoilus II, which were brought to light beneath the foundations of the earliest chapel", p248</ref>

Also, various Buddhist structures, such as the [[Butkara Stupa]] in the area of [[Swat (Pakistan)|Swat]] were enlarged and decorated with Hellenistic architectural elements in the 2nd century BCE, especially during the rule of [[Menander I|Menander]].<ref>"From Butkara I we know that building activities never ceased. The stupa was enlarged in a second phase under Menander, and again when the coins of Azes II were in circulation." Harry Falk "Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'Est et l'Ouest", p.347. "The diffusion, from the second century BCE, of Hellenistic influences in the architecture of Swat is also attested by the archaeological searches at the sanctuary of Butkara I, which saw its stupa "monumentalized" at that exact time by basal elements and decorative alcoves derived from Hellenistic architecture", in "De l'Indus a l'Oxus: archaeologie de l'Asie Centrale" 2003, Pierfrancesco Callieri, p212</ref> Stupas were just round mounds when the Indo-Greeks settled in India, possibly with some top decorations, but soon they added various structural and decorative elements, such as reinforcement belts, niches, architectural decorations such as [[plinth]]es, [[torus]]es and [[cavetto]]s, plaster painted with decorative scrolls. The niches were probably designed to place statues or friezes, an indication of early Buddhist descriptive art during the time of the Indo-Greeks.<ref>"They were intended to hold a figured panel, relief-work, or something of the kind" Domenico Facenna, "Butkara I"</ref> Coins of [[Menander I|Menander]] were found within these constructions dating them to around 150 BCE. By the end of Indo-Greek rule and during the [[Indo-Scythian]] period (1st century BCE), stupas were highly decorated with colonnaded flights of stairs and Hellenistic scrolls of [[Acanthus (ornament)|Acanthus]] leaves.

==Consolidation==

===The end of the first conquests===
Back in Bactria a king named [[Eucratides]] managed to topple the Euthydemid dynasty around 170 BCE and some years later made himself ruler of the westernmost Indian territories as well, thus weakening the Indo-Greek kingdom and putting a stop to their expansion.

[[File:MenandrosCoin.jpg|thumb|250px|Coin of [[Menander I|Menander]]. [[Greek alphabet|Greek]] legend, BASILEOS SOTEROS MENANDROY lit. "Saviour King Menander".]]

There may also have been setbacks in the east. The [[Hathigumpha inscription]], written by the king of [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga]], [[Kharavela]], also describes the presence of the ''Yavana'' king whose name has been identified as "Demetrius" with his army in eastern India, apparently as far as the city of [[Rajgir|Rajagriha]] about 70 km southeast of Pataliputra and one of the foremost Buddhist sacred cities, but claims that this Demetrius ultimately retreated to Mathura on hearing of Kharavela's military successes further south:

{{blockquote|"Then in the eighth year, ([[Kharavela]]) with a large army having sacked Goradhagiri causes pressure on Rajagaha ([[Rajgir|Rajagriha]]). On account of the loud report of this act of valour, the Yavana (Greek) King Dimi[ta] retreated to Mathura having extricated his demoralized army and transport."|Hathigumpha inscription, in [[Epigraphia Indica]], Vol. XX.<ref>[http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm Full text of the Hathigumpta inscription] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117151339/http://www.mssu.edu/projectsouthasia/HISTORY/PRIMARYDOCS/EPIGRAPHY/HathigumphaInscription.htm |date=2006-11-17 }}</ref>}}

The interpretation has been challenged, and a presence this far east seems difficult to attest to Demetrius I, who issued no Indian coins whatsoever.

In any case, Eucratides seems to have occupied territory as far as the [[Indus River]], between c. 170 BCE and 150 BCE. His advances were ultimately checked by the Indo-Greek king [[Menander I]] who asserted himself in the Indian part of the empire, and began the last expansions eastwards.

===Consolidation and rise of Menander I===
[[File:Ptolemy Asia detail.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Detail of Asia in the [[Ptolemy world map]]. The "Menander Mons" are in the center of the map, at the east of the [[Indian subcontinent]], beyond the [[Ganges]], right above the [[Malaysian Peninsula]].]]
Menander is considered as probably the most successful Indo-Greek king, and the conqueror of the vastest territory.<ref>"Numismats and historians are unanimous in considering that Menander was one of the greatest, if not the greatest, and the most famous of the Indo-Greek kings. The coins to the name of Menander are incomparably more abundant than those of any other Indo-Greek king" [[Bopearachchi]], "Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques", p76.</ref> The finds of his coins are the most numerous and the most widespread of all the Indo-Greek kings. In Antiquity, from at least the 1st century CE, the "Menander Mons",{{citation needed|date=October 2007}} or "Mountains of Menander", came to designate the mountain chain at the extreme east of the Indian subcontinent, today's [[Naga hills]] and [[Rakhine State|Arakan]], as indicated in [[Ptolemy's world map]] of the 1st century CE geographer [[Ptolemy]]. Menander is also remembered in Buddhist literature, where he called Milinda, and is described in the [[Milinda Panha]] as a convert to [[Buddhism]]: he became an [[arhat (Buddhism)|arhat]] whose relics were enshrined in a manner reminiscent of the Buddha. He also introduced numismatic reforms, such as issuing coins with portraits, which had hitherto been unknown in India. His most common coin reverse [[Athena]] Alkidemos ("Protector of the people") became a common type for his successors in the East.

Conquests east of the [[Punjab region]] were most likely made during the second half of the century by the king [[Menander I]], but his eastern conquests were brief. The following passage may allude to the return of Menander to his home territories, perhaps due to a civil war with the competing king [[Zoilos I]], or the nomad invasion of Bactria:

{{blockquote|"The Yavanas, infatuated by war, will not remain in Madhadesa (the [[Madhya Pradesh|Middle Country]]). There will be mutual agreement among them to leave, due to a terrible and very dreadful war having broken out in their own realm."|''Yuga Purana'', paragraphs 56–57, 2002 edition.}}

Following Menander's reign, about twenty Indo-Greek kings are known to have ruled in succession in the eastern parts of the Indo-Greek territory. Upon his death, Menander was succeeded by his infant son [[Thraso]], but he was apparently murdered and further civil wars ensued. Judging from their coins, many of the later kings claimed descendance from either the Euthydemids or Menander, but the details remain uncertain due to the lack of sources.

===The fall of Bactria===
From 130 BCE, the [[Indo-Scythians|Scythians]] and then the [[Yuezhi]], following a long migration from the border of China, started to invade Bactria from the north. Around 125 BCE, the Greco-Bactrian king [[Heliocles]], was probably killed during the invasion and the Greco-Bactrian kingdom proper ceased to exist. The Indo-Greek kingdom, now entirely isolated from the Hellenistic world,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jakobsson|first=Jens|date=2009|title=Who Founded the Indo-Greek Era of 186/5 B.C.E.?|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20616702|journal=The Classical Quarterly|volume=59|issue=2|pages=505–510|doi=10.1017/S0009838809990140|jstor=20616702|issn=0009-8388|url-access=subscription}}</ref> did nevertheless maintain itself, if we can judge from the vast number of coins issued from the following kings, such as [[King Lysias|Lysias]] and [[Antialcidas]].

During this time, the Indo-Greek territory seems to have extended from the [[Paropamisadae]] and [[Arachosia]] in the west, to eastern Punjab, perhaps even with further eastern strongholds such as [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] (see below). It is uncertain when the coastal provinces along the mouth of the Indus and further east were lost, or how tightly they were ever integrated with the kingdom.

==Later history==
Throughout the 1st century BCE, the Indo-Greeks progressively lost ground to the Indians in the east, and the [[Scythian]]s, the [[Yuezhi]], and the [[Parthian Empire|Parthians]] in the West. About 20 Indo-Greek king are known during this period, down to the last known Indo-Greek king [[Strato II]], who ruled in the [[Punjab region]] until around 10 CE.

===Loss of Mathura and eastern territories (after 100 BCE)===
[[File:YaudheyaCoin.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Coin of the [[Yaudheya]]s.]]
[[File:PhiloxenusCoin2.JPG|thumb|150px|Coin of [[King Philoxenus|Philoxenus]], unarmed, making a blessing gesture with the right hand.]]
The Indo-Greeks may have ruled as far as the area of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] until sometime in the 1st century BCE: the Maghera inscription, from a village near Mathura, records the dedication of a well "in the one hundred and sixteenth year of the reign of the Yavanas", which could be as late as 70 BCE.<ref>The Sanskrit inscription reads "Yavanarajyasya sodasuttare varsasate 100 10 6". R.Salomon, "The Indo-Greek era of 186/5 B.C. in a Buddhist reliquary inscription", in "Afghanistan, ancien carrefour entre l'est et l'ouest", p373</ref> Soon however Indian kings recovered the area of Mathura and south-eastern Punjab, west of the [[Yamuna River]], and started to mint their own coins. The [[Arjunayana]]s (area of Mathura) and [[Yaudheya]]s mention military victories on their coins ("Victory of the Arjunayanas", "Victory of the Yaudheyas"). During the 1st century BCE, the Trigartas, [[Audumbaras]] and finally the [[Kuninda]]s (closest to Punjab) also started to mint their own coins, usually in a style highly reminiscent of Indo-Greek coinage.

The Western king [[Philoxenios|Philoxenus]] briefly occupied most of the remaining Greek territory from the Paropamisadae to Western Punjab c. 100 BCE, after which the territories fragmented again. The following decades saw fierce internal fighting between several kings, such as [[Heliokles II]], [[Strato I]] and [[Hermaeus]], which contributed to the downfall in a manner perhaps reminiscent of how the [[Seleucid]] and [[Ptolemaic Kingdom|Ptolemaic]] states were torn apart by dynastic wars at the same period.

===The Yuezhi expansion (70 BCE–)===

{{main|Yuezhi}}
Philoxenus was succeeded by [[King Diomedes|Diomedes]], probably his son or younger brother, in the west, but his reign was short and he was succeeded by
[[Hermaeus]], a king married to the princess Calliope who was likely a daughter of Philoxenus.<ref>Senior, 2004</ref> After a reign of at least one decade, Hermaeus was overthrown by nomad tribes, either the [[Yuezhi]] or Sakas <ref>Bopearachchi's and Senior's views, respectively. See for instance Bopearachchi, 1998, and Senior, 1998,</ref> When Hermaeus is depicted on his coins riding a horse, he is equipped with the [[recurve bow]] and bow-case of the steppes.

In any case, these nomads became the new rulers of the Paropamisadae, and minted vast quantities of posthumous issues of [[Hermaeus]] up to around 40 CE, when they blend with the coinage of the [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] king [[Kujula Kadphises]]. The first documented Yuezhi prince, [[Sapadbizes|Sapalbizes]], ruled around 20 BCE, and minted in Greek and in the same style as the western Indo-Greek kings, probably depending on Greek mints and {{Transliteration|grc|celators}}.

===Scythian invasions (80 BCE – 50 CE)===
[[File:Hippostratos.jpg|thumb|250px|Tetradrachm of [[Hippostratos]], reigned c. 65–55 BCE.]]
[[File:AzesIIFineCoin.jpg|thumb|250px|Silver coin of the [[Indo-Scythian]] king [[Azes II]] (r. c. 35–12 BCE).]]
{{main|Indo-Scythians}}

Around 80 BCE, an [[Indo-Scythian]] king named [[Maues]], possibly an ally of some of the Indo-Greeks kings, captured Taxila and ruled Gandhara for a few years. The king he dethroned was probably [[Archebius]]. After Maues' death, the Indo-Greeks were able to regain control of Taxila, but at this time the line between Greeks and Sakas may not have been that clear. Among the kings who emerged in Gandhara after Maues' death, [[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidoros]] who was seemingly a regular Indo-Greek king, presents himself as "son of Maues" on a bronze. This discovery caused a small sensation and has led scholars such as Senior <ref>R. C. Senior, 2004 [http://www.onsnumis.org/news/0499newrecpubl.shtml] and 1998. See also {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071015203904/http://iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp8/ot_indoscyth_20050802.html this source]}}.</ref> to assume that also Hermaeus may have been of partly Saka origin.

Another important king during this period was Amyntas, who issued the last Attic coins found in Bactria and may have attempted to reunite the Indo-Greek territories. It was however the king [[Apollodotus II]], seemingly a descendant of Menander, who managed to regain Gandhara from remaining Greek strongholds in eastern Punjab. After the death of Apollodotus II the kingdom fragmented once more.

In the west, he was succeeded by [[Hippostratos]] who was initially a successful ruler, but he was the last western ruler: around 55–50 BCE he was defeated by the Indo-Scythian [[Azes I]], who established his own Indo-Scythian dynasty.

Although the Indo-Scythians clearly ruled militarily and politically, they remained respectful of Greek and Indian cultures. Their coins were minted in Greek mints, continued using Greek and Kharoshthi scripts, and incorporated depictions of Greek deities, particularly Zeus. The [[Mathura lion capital]] inscription attests that they adopted the Buddhist faith, as do the depictions of deities forming the vitarka mudra on their coins. Greek communities, far from being exterminated, probably persisted under Indo-Scythian rule. The [[Buner reliefs]] show Indo-Greeks and Indo-Scythians reveling in a Buddhist context.

===The last eastern kingdom (50 BCE – 10 CE)===
The Indo-Greeks continued to maintain themselves in the eastern Punjab for several decades, until the kingdom of the last Indo-Greek king [[Strato II]] was taken over by the Indo-Scythian ruler [[Rajuvula]] around 10 CE. The coins of these Indo-Greek rulers deteriorated constantly, both in terms of artistic quality (due to the long isolation) and in silver content. Still, the last Strato had the honour of ruling the last pocket of an independent Hellenistic state; when he disappeared, [[Cleopatra]], usually seen as the last of the rulers who followed [[Alexander the Great]], was already gone.

===Indo-Parthian rule (10–60 CE)===
[[File:IndoParthianKing.JPG|thumb|200px|Indo-Parthian king and attendants. [[Ancient Orient Museum]].]]
{{main|Indo-Parthian Kingdom}}
The Parthians, represented by the [[Surena|Suren]], a noble Parthian family of Arsacid descent, started to make inroads into the territories which had been occupied by the [[Indo-Scythians]] and the [[Yuezhi]], until the demise of the last Indo-Scythian emperor [[Azes II]] around 12 BCE. The Parthians ended up controlling all of [[Bactria]] and extensive territories in Northern India, after fighting many local rulers such as the [[Kushan Empire]] ruler [[Kujula Kadphises]], in the [[Gandhara]] region. Around 20, [[Gondophares]], one of the Parthian conquerors, declared his independence from the Parthian empire and established the [[Indo-Parthian kingdom]] in the conquered territories, with his capital in [[Taxila (ancient)|ancient Taxila]].

===Kushan supremacy===
[[File:KushanMan.JPG|thumb|left|170px|A [[Yuezhi]]/ [[Kushan (clan)|Kushan]] man in traditional costume with tunic and boots, 2nd century CE, [[Gandhara]].]]
{{main|Kushan Empire}}
The Yuezhi expanded to the east during the 1st century CE, to found the [[Kushan Empire]]. The first Kushan emperor [[Kujula Kadphises]] ostensibly associated himself with [[King Hermaeus|Hermaeus]] on his coins, suggesting that he may have been one of his descendants by alliance, or at least wanted to claim his legacy. The Yuezhi (future [[Kushan (clan)|Kushan]]s) were in many ways the cultural and political heirs to the Indo-Greeks, as suggested by their adoption of the Greek culture (writing system, [[Greco-Buddhist art]]) and their claim to a lineage with the last western Indo-Greek king Hermaeus.

The last known mention of an Indo-Greek ruler is suggested by an inscription on a signet ring of the 1st century CE in the name of a king [[Theodamas]], from the [[Bajaur]] area of [[Gandhara]], in modern Pakistan. No coins of him are known, but the signet bears in [[kharoshthi]] script the inscription ''"Su Theodamasa"'', ''"Su"'' being explained as the Greek transliteration of the ubiquitous [[Kushan Empire|Kushan]] royal title ''"Shau"'' ("[[Shah]]", "King").

==The Indo-Greek rulers==
"Indo-Greek" kings are distinguished from "Bactrian" kings in that they issued dominantly bilingual coinage, meant for circulation outside the Hindu Kush. However, Demetrius I is usually included (though he issued no such coins) and some mainly Bactrian kings who also held Indian territories. The chronology is tentative, as are the territories. This overview largely gives the chronology of Senior (2004) while most of the territories are adapted from Bopearachchi (1991). The views of both authors, as well as other alternatives, are given under each king.

===The Bactrian period (c. 200–130 BCE)===
'''Territories of Arachosia, Paropamisadae, Gandhara?'''

'''[[Euthydemus I]]''' and '''[[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]]''' (c. 200–175 BCE) [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/demetrios/t.html Coins]. Demetrius was the first Indo-Greek king to gain territories in India. It is possible that he made his first conquests as general for his father, a view supported by the Heliodorus inscription.

[[File:DemetriusCoin.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Demetrius I of Bactria|Demetrius I]], founder of the Indo-Greek kingdom (r. c. 205–171 BCE).]]

'''Territories of Paropamisadae, Gandhara'''
* '''[[Pantaleon]]'''
* '''[[Agathocles of Bactria|Agathocles]]''' [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/agathokles/t.html Coins]. These two Bactrian kings, likely father and son, ruled between c. 190–175 BCE.

'''Territories of Gandhara, western Punjab'''
* '''[[King Apollodotus I|Apollodotus I]]''' (c. 180–160 BCE)
* '''[[Antimachus II]]''' (c. 174–165 BCE or 160–155 BCE). [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Antimachos+II&Thumb=1 Coins] R.C Senior (2004) has suggested that this king was possibly identical with Antimachus I, but an Antimachus, who was the co-regent (and presumably son) of Antimachus I is known from a preserved tax-receipt.

'''Territories of Gandhara, western and eastern Punjab'''
* '''[[Menander I]]''' (reigned c. 165/155 – 135/130 BCE), though with some interruption in the western territories. Legendary for the size of his kingdom, and his support of the Buddhist faith. [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Menander+I&Thumb=1 Coins]

'''Territories of Arachosia, Paropamisadae, Gandhara'''
* '''[[Eucratides]]''' managed to eradicate the Euthydemid dynasty and occupy territory as far as he [[Indus river|Indus]], between c. 160–145 BCE. Eucratides was then murdered by his son, thereafter [[Menander I]] seems to have regained all of the territory as far west as the [[Hindu-Kush]].
* '''[[Zoilos I]]''' This king may have fought against Menander I around 150–140 BCE.
* ('''[[Demetrius III Aniketos|Demetrius III]]''' possibly c. 150 BCE). This ephemeral ruler was possibly identical with the Demetrius, king of the Indians, who fought with Eucratides.<ref>Jakobsson, J. Relations between the Indo-Greek kings after Menander I, part 1, Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 191, 2007</ref>

===Civil wars and nomad invasions (c. 130 BCE – 50 CE)===
'''Territories of Gandhara or western Punjab'''

A smaller kingdom seems to have emerged in the Kabul valley, between c. 130–115/110 BCE.
* '''[[Thrason]]''' Son of Menander, ruled very briefly c. 130 BCE.
* '''[[King Niciuas|Nicias]]'''
* '''[[Theophilos (king)|Theophilos]]''' [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/theophilos/Bop_5.jpg Coin]
* '''[[Philoxenios|Philoxenus]]'''



'''Territories of Arachosia, Paropamisadae, Gandhara, western and eastern Punjab'''
* '''[[King Lysias|Lysias]]''' [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Lysias&Thumb=1 Coins] and
* '''[[Antialcidas]]''' [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/antialkidas/t.html Coins] were the most important successors of Menander. They ruled most of the Indo-Greek kingdom, though perhaps as co-rulers, c. 130–110 BCE.
* '''[[Philoxenios|Philoxenus]]''' (c. 115–105 or 100–95 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Philoxenus&Thumb=1 Coins]. Philoxenus temporarily united the major kingdom with the smaller state in the Kabul valley.

'''Territories of Arachosia and the Paropamisadae'''
* '''[[King Diomedes|Diomedes]]''' (c. 105–95 BCE) [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/diomedes/Bop_10A.jpg Coin]
* '''[[King Hermaeus|Hermaeus]]''' (reigned c. 95–80 BCE).
* ( '''[[Yuezhi]]''' or '''[[Saka]]''' rulers)

'''Territories of Gandhara, western and eastern Punjab'''
A number of kings fought for hegemony during the period after Philoxenus' death to the advent of Maues.
* '''[[Agathokleia]]''' (c. 110–105 BCE), Probably widow of another king, she was presumably regent for her son [[Strato I]]. [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Agathokleia+NOT+Menander&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Strato I]]''' (c. 110–85 BCE) [http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/greece/baktria/kings/strato_I/SNGANS_996.jpg Coin]
The territory of [[Mathura, Uttar Pradesh|Mathura]] and eastern Punjab may have been lost after Strato's death.
* '''[[Heliokles II]]''' (c. 95–80 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Heliokles+II+NOT+Menander&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Archebios]]''' (c. 90–80 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Archebios+NOT+oriental&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Amyntas Nikator]]''' (c. 80–65 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Amyntas+AND+bakt+NOT+Egypt&Thumb=1 Coins]

The following minor kings ruled parts of the kingdom:
* '''[[Polyxenios|Polyxenos]]''' (c. 80 BCE - possibly in Gandhara)
* '''[[Peukolaos]]''' (c. 90 BCE)
* '''[[Demetrius III Aniketos|Demetrius III]]''' Aniketos (possibly c. 75 BCE)
* '''[[Epander]]''' (c. 95–90 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Epander&Thumb=1 Coins]

'''Territories of the Paropamisadae and Gandhara'''
During the 1st century BCE, the Indo-Greeks progressively lost ground against the invasion of the [[Indo-Scythian]]s. After the invasion of ('''[[Maues]]'''), the following kings maintained themselves in the Paropamisadae or Gandhara:
* '''[[Menander II]]''' (c. 70–65 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Menander+II&Thumb=1 Coins]
* '''[[Artemidoros Aniketos|Artemidoros]]''' (c. 75–65 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Artemidoros+AND+Bakt&Thumb=1 Coins].
* '''[[King Telephos|Telephos]]''' (c. 65–60 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Telephos+AND+serpent&Thumb=1 Coins]
Despite his Greek name, Artemidoros was the son of Maues and therefore formally a Scythian king, and the ethnicity of Telephus is unknown as well.
[[File:Hippostratos.jpg|thumb|200px|Tetradrachm of '''Hippostratus'''.]]
'''Territories of Gandhara, western and eastern Punjab'''
* '''[[Apollodotus II]]''' (c. 65–55 BCE) [http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Apollodotus+II&Thumb=1 Coins]
Apollodotus II temporarily united most of the Indo-Greek kingdom, but after his death it fragmented again.

'''Territories of Gandhara and western Punjab'''
* '''[[Hippostratos]]''' (c. 60–50 BCE)[http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Hippostratos&Thumb=1 Coins], who was defeated by the [[Indo-Scythian]] King [[Azes I]].
* ('''[[Azes I]]'''). [[Indo-Scythian]] king.

===Last eastern kingdom===
'''Territories of eastern Punjab'''

The last Indo-Greek kings ruled in eastern Punjab from around 55 BCE – 10 CE

* '''[[King Dionysios|Dionysios]]'''
* '''[[Zoilos II]]'''
* '''[[Apollophanes]]'''
* '''[[Strato II]]'''[https://web.archive.org/web/20051218005108/http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/sg/sg7728.jpg Coin] with Strato III, who was overthrown by
* ('''[[Rajuvula]]'''), [[Indo-Scythian]] king.

{{clear}}

===Indo-Greek princelets (Gandhara)===
After the [[Indo-Scythian]] Kings became the rulers of northern India, remaining Greek communities were probably governed by lesser Greek rulers, without the right of coinage, into the 1st century CE, in the areas of the Paropamisadae and Gandhara:
* '''[[Theodamas]]''' (c. 1st century CE) Indo-Greek ruler of the Bajaur area, northern Gandhara.

The Indo-Greeks may have kept a significant military role towards the 2nd century CE as suggested by the inscriptions of the [[Satavahana]] kings.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite book
| last = Bopearachchi
| first = Osmund
| author-link = Bopearachchi
| title = Monnaies Gréco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques, Catalogue Raisonné
| year = 1991
| language = fr
| publisher = Bibliothèque Nationale de France
| isbn = 2-7177-1825-7
}}[[File:Front page of Monnaies Greco-Bactriennes et Indo-Grecques by Osmund Bopearachchi.jpg|20px]]
* {{cite book
| last = Bopearachchi
| first = Osmund
| author-link = Bopearachchi
| title = SNG 9
| year = 1998
| publisher = American Numismatic Society
| location = New York
| isbn = 0-89722-273-3
}}
* Senior, R. C, ''New Indo Greek Coins'', Journal of the Oriental Numismatic Society 186
* Senior, R. C. and MacDonald, D, ''The decline of the Indo-Greeks'', Monographs of the Hellenic Numismatic Society, Athens, 1998
* Senior, R. C., ''Indo-Greek–The Indo-Greek and Indo-Scythian King Sequences in the Second and First Centuries BC'', 2004, Supplement to Oriental Numismatic Society Newsletter, no. 179

{{Indo-Greek kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of The Indo-Greek Kingdom}}
[[Category:Indo-Greeks]]

Pakistan Muslim League (Z)

2025-11-07T13:53:41Z

Mdfaisalahmed121:

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox political party
| name = Pakistan Muslim League (Z)
| native_name = {{Nobold|{{lang|ur|{{nq|پاکستان مسلم لیگ (ض)}}}}}}
| abbr = PML (Z)
| lang1 = Urdu
| logo = Logo of the Pakistan Muslim League (Z).png
| colorcode = {{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}
| leader = [[Ijaz-ul-Haq]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2002|10}}
| national = [[Pakistan Democratic Movement|PDM]]
| split = [[Pakistan Muslim League (N)|PML (N)]]
| headquarters = [[Bahawalnagar]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| ideology = [[Ziaism]]
| position = [[Right-wing politics|Right-wing]] to [[far-right]]<ref name="Ali1997">{{cite book|author=Parveen Shaukat Ali|title=Politics of conviction: the life and times of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4v8vAQAAIAAJ|year=1997|publisher=The London Centre for Pakistan Studies|isbn=978-1-901899-03-0|quote=Zia-ul-Haq became engaged to his cousin (the daughter of his mother's sister), who was eight years younger than he was. Begum Shafiq Zia-ul-Haq was born in 1932 in Uganda, where her father lived. According to the traditional religious custom, it was an arranged marriage and was solemnized on 10 August 1950, in Model Town, Lahore. Shafiq's father had been staying there on a leave of absence from his job in Uganda so that he could marry his two daughters in his own country.}}</ref>
| merged =
| colors = [[Green]] {{Color sample|{{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}}}
| seats1_title = [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]]
| seats1 = {{Composition bar|0|96|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}}}
| seats2_title = [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]
| seats2 ={{Composition bar|1|336|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}}}
| seats3_title = [[Provincial Assembly of Punjab|Punjab Assembly]]
| seats3 = {{Composition bar|1|371|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}}}
| symbol = [[Helicopter]] [[File:Helico silhouette.svg|centre|100px]]
| website = {{url|www.pmlzia.com}}
| country = Pakistan
| flag = Flag of the Pakistan Muslim League.svg
}}

'''Pakistan Muslim League (Zia)''',{{Efn|'''PML-Z'''; {{langx|ur|{{nq|پاکستان مسلم لیگ (ض)}}}}}} informally referred to as the '''Zia League''',{{Efn|{{langx|ur|{{nq|ضیاء لیگ}}}}}} is a [[List of political parties in Pakistan|Pakistani political party]] with a [[Right-wing politics|right-wing]] political position and an [[Islamism|Islamist]] and [[Ziaism|Ziaist]] ideology. Named after [[Zia-ul-Haq]], the sixth [[president of Pakistan]], the party is headquartered in [[Bahawalnagar]] and led by Zia's son [[Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq|Ijaz-ul-Haq]].

The party was founded in 2002 by Zia's son [[Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq]]. With the [[2002 Pakistani general election|2002 general elections]], Ijaz won his [[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]] seat and merged with the [[Pervez Musharraf]]-endorsed [[Pakistan Muslim League (Q)]].<ref name=":0" /> It gained the [[Ministry of Religious Affairs (Pakistan)|federal religious affairs ministry]] under Haq. After PML-Q was routed following the [[2008 Pakistani general election|general elections of 2008]], PML-Z separated from the larger party in February 2010.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

In March 2010, PML-Zia successfully contested by-elections held in [[Bahawalnagar]] for [[Provincial Assembly of the Punjab|Member of the Punjab Provincial Assembly]], upsetting the [[Pakistan Peoples Party]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://paktribune.com/news/PML-N-wins-NA-123-PP-82-slots-225396.html|title=PML-N wins NA-123, PP-82 slots|newspaper=PakTribune|date=11 March 2010|archive-date=13 June 2020|access-date=28 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613123336/http://old.paktribune.com/news/PML-N-wins-NA-123-PP-82-slots-225396.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the [[2010 Pakistan floods]], the party also came to national attention for distributing relief goods worth millions of [[Pakistani_rupee|rupees]] in [[Punjab, Pakistan|Southern Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daily.pk/pml-z-to-distribute-relief-goods-21924/|title=PML-Z to distribute relief goods|newspaper=Pakistan Daily|date=11 September 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322161406/http://www.daily.pk/pml-z-to-distribute-relief-goods-21924/|archivedate=22 March 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/359435/parties-to-inform-ec-about-merger-with-pml|title=Parties to inform EC about merger with PML|newspaper=Dawn|date=20 May 2004}}</ref>

On 9 October 2011, PML-Zia became the only party to support the [[PML-N]]'s threat to dissolve the Punjab Assembly and pre-empt the PPP's expected victory in the 2012 [[Senate of Pakistan|Senate]] elections.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/270274/dissolve-punjab-assembly-says-unification-bloc/|title=PML-N threatens to dissolve Punjab Assembly|newspaper=Express Tribune|date=9 October 2011}}</ref> In the [[2013 Pakistan general election|general elections in 2013]], PML-Z contested two seats and won again from NA-191 Bahawalnagar in the National Assembly, and two seats in the Punjab Assembly. Haq's constituency NA-191 recorded the highest [[voter turnout]] in the country for 2013.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/552368/pakistan-elections-2013-total-voter-turnout-55/|newspaper=Express Tribune|title=Pakistan elections 2013 total voter turnout: 55%|date=21 May 2013}}</ref>

On 19 March 2023, party leader [[Ijaz-ul-Haq]] along with his party members, joined PTI after meeting with [[Imran Khan]]. The PML(Z) was also merged into PTI.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=BR Web |date=2023-03-19 |title=PML-Z president Ijaz-ul-Haq joins PTI |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40232285 |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Brecorder |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=اعجازالحق پی ٹی آئی میں شامل، ضیا لیگ کو بھی ضم کردیا |url=https://urdu.geo.tv/latest/321740- |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=urdu.geo.tv |language=en}}</ref> It was later on 29 May, that he denied the rumours of PML-Z getting merged into PTI.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-29 |title=Ijazul Haq denies PML-Z merger with PTI |url=https://www.nation.com.pk/29-May-2023/ijazul-haq-denies-pml-z-merger-with-pti |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=The Nation |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-28 |title=Rumours of PML-Z's merger with PTI baseless: Ijaz-ul-Haq |url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2023/05/28/rumours-of-pml-zs-merger-with-pti-baseless-ijaz-ul-haq/ |access-date=2023-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Electoral history ==

=== National Assembly elections ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+[[National Assembly of Pakistan|National Assembly]]
!'''Election'''
!'''Votes'''
!'''%'''
!'''Seats'''
!+/–
|-
|[[2002 Pakistani general election|2002]]
|78,798
|0.27%
|{{Composition bar|1|342|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|-
|[[2013 Pakistani general election|2013]]
|128,510
|0.28%
|{{Composition bar|1|342|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|-
|[[2018 Pakistani general election|2018]]
|1,406
|0.00%
|{{Composition bar|0|342|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|-
|[[2024 Pakistani general election|2024]]
|110,249
|0.19%
|{{Composition bar|1|336|hex={{party color|Pakistan Muslim League (Z)}}}}
|{{increase}} 1
|}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Pakistani political parties}}

[[Category:Islamic political parties in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Muslim League breakaway groups]]
[[Category:Nationalist parties in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Conservative parties in Pakistan|P]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 2002]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Far-right political parties in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Pakistani nationalism]]

Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University

2025-09-23T12:02:13Z

Mdfaisalahmed121:

{{Short description|Law University in Andhra Pradesh, India}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=January 2017}}
{{Primary sources|date=December 2016}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University
| latin_name =
| image = DSNLU_Logo.png
| image_size = 170px
| caption =
| motto = Yato Dharmastato Jayah
| motto_lang = sa
| mottoeng = Act Dharma - Thus get victory
| established = {{start date and age|2008}}
| type = [[National Law University]]
| endowment = ₹35 crores
| academic_staff =
| president =
| chancellor = [[Chief Justice]] of [[Andhra Pradesh High Court]]
| vice_chancellor = Dasari Surya Prakash Rao
| director =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| city = Nyayaprastha, [[Sabbavaram]],
[[Anakapalli district]]
| state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| country = India
| coor = {{Coord|17.73738|83.338519|type:edu|display=inline,title}}
| campus = Subbavaram
| free_label =
| free =
| colors = {{Color box|#007fff}} Azure {{Color box|#00cc66}} Cyan-lime Green
| colours =
| mascot =
| nickname =
| affiliation = [[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]], [[Bar Council of India|BCI]]
| website = {{url|https://dsnlu.ac.in}}
}}

'''Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University''' ('''DSNLU''') is a [[National Law University]] located at [[Sabbavaram]], [[Anakapalli district]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], India constituted by the DSNLU Act, 2008. It offers 5 year integrated B.A [[Bachelor of Laws|LLB]]. (Hons.) course to eligible Undergraduate students based on the [[Common Law Admission Test]] centralized admission process. The University offers postgraduate courses also, including the one-year [[Master of Laws|LL.M]]. programme and, PhD and LL.D. programmes. The university is housed at Nyayaprastha in [[Sabbavaram]] with 45.6 acres built up area in the first phase. The establishing Act of 2008 of the [[Andhra Pradesh]] Legislative Assembly (Act No. 32 of 2008), had provided the main campus at Visakhapatnam.<ref>Bare Act No. 32 of 2008 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly</ref> It is named after the second [[Chief minister]] of Andhra Pradesh, [[Damodaram Sanjivayya]].

==Academics==
DSNLU is one of the National Law Universities of India in the National Law University system of legal education in India. It has a similar academic structure as other National Law Universities within the system. It regularly organises seminars and conferences, with distinguished guests and experts both for academic audiences and policy-setting audiences.

DSNLU conducts teaching in law and allied disciplines, with emphasis on practical training of the students in technical skills of the profession through [[Moot Court]]s, Seminars, Project Reports, Expert Lectures, work and internships in law chambers, Court visits and conducting Legal aid and [[Legal literacy]] camps in parts of the country, with one being "Abhyeti" conducted in [[Bhopal]].<ref>'Campus Notes' - Times Of India dt. 29-12-2013 & 'Bhopal and beyond' - Hindustan Times dt. 29-12-2013</ref>

===Admissions===
Admissions to DSNLU are made through the [[Common Law Admission Test]] (CLAT), which serves as the qualifying examination for the university. Out of a total of 120 seats, 60 are reserved for students from the state of Andhra Pradesh, 48 for all India General category and 12 for NRI and foreign national candidates.<ref name="BarAndBench Breaking 50% News">{{cite news | url=http://barandbench.com/breaking-clat-dsnlus-reservation-down-50/ | title=Breaking: DSNLU's State reservation just went down to 50% | date=12 May 2016 | agency=BarAndBench | access-date=16 May 2016 | author=A, Anuj}}</ref>

===Moot court===
The first national moot court competition of DSNLU was held on 15 & 16 February 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://studentatlaw.in/first-national-moot-court-competition-damodaram-sanjivayya-national-law-university-dsnlu/|title = First National Moot Court Competition – Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University [DSNLU] ‹ Student at Law|date = 22 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/threeday-national-moot-court-competition-gets-under-way/article5692828.ece | title=Three-day national moot court competition gets under way | work=The Hindu | date=15 February 2014 | access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/30425504.cms | title=National Moot Court competitions begin | work=The Times Of India | access-date=3 May 2014}}</ref> The second national moot court competition was held by the University on 6 to 8 March 2015.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/take-moot-court-seriously/article6968829.ece | title=Take moot court seriously | date=6 March 2015 | agency=The Hindu | access-date=16 April 2015 | author=Special Correspondent | location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref> The third national moot was conducted in the last week of February, 2017.<ref name="TOI Article on 3rd DSNMC">{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/moot-court-at-dsnlu/articleshow/57350066.cms |title=Moot Court at Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University |date= 26 Feb 2017 |publisher=Times of India |agency=Times News Network |location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref> Along with the national moot, the University conducted a statewide moot for the students of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, the 1st D.V. Subba Rao Memorial Moot Court competition on 11 and 12 April 2015 in honour of D. V. Subba Rao, an advocate and legal luminary of Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/dv-showered-with-praise/article7095051.ece | title=DV showered with praise | date=11 April 2015 | agency=The Hindu | access-date=16 April 2015 | author=Staff Reporter | location=Visakhapatnam}}</ref>

==Administration==
The government appointed Prof. A. Lakshminath as the first Chancellor, Y. Satyanarayana as the First Vice-Chancellor and Amancherla Subrahmanyam as the first Registrar of the university. After the DSNLU Amendment Act, 2016 had been notified, the Hon'ble Chief Justice of the High Court of Andhra Pradesh is the ex-officio Chancellor of the University. The current chancellor of DSNLU is Hon'ble Justice Dheeraj Singh Thakur and Vice-Chancellor is Prof. Dasari Surya Prakash Rao.

===Vice chancellors===
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"
|- style="background:#ccc;"
! No.
! Vice chancellor
! Took office
! Left office
! Milestones during term as VC
|- style="background:#def;"
| 01
| Y. Satyanarayana
| 2008
| 2011
| Founder VC of DSNLU
|- style="background:#def;"
| 02
| R. G. Babu Bhagavath Kumar
| 2011
| 2015
| Founded DSNLU National Moot Court competition • Established MoUs with other NLUs • Started overseeing construction of new campus at Sabbavaram • Presided over first convocation in December 2014
|- style="background:#def;"
|03
|G.S.N. Raju
|2015
|2016
|
|- style="background:#def;"
| 04
| E.A. Narayana
| February 2016
| June 2016
|
|- style="background:#def;"
| 05
| V. Kesava Rao
| 2016
| December 2018
|Made the shift to the new campus at Nyayaprastha • Established Centre for Advanced Research in Dispute Settlement (CARDS) • Conducted first placement drive
|- style="background:#def;"
| 06
| S. Surya Prakash
| December 2018
| June 2023
|
|- style="background:#def;"
| 07
| Dasari Surya Prakash Rao
| 2023
| Incumbent
|
|}

==Faculty==
{{advert|date=January 2017}}
The faculty of DSNLU includes faculties from various [[National Law Universities]] like [[National Law School of India University]], [[Gujarat National Law University]],<ref name="DDM">{{cite web | url=https://dsnlu.ac.in/dr-dayananda-murthy-c-p-b-a-l-ll-m-m-f-t-ph-d/ | title=Dr. Dayananda Murthy C P | publisher=DSNLU | access-date=8 July 2014}}</ref> [[NALSAR]], [[The West Bengal National University of Juridical Sciences]], [[National Law University, Jodhpur]], [[Chanakya National Law University]], [[Hidayatullah National Law University]], [[Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia National Law University]].

In addition to the permanent staff, eminent jurists, judges, lawyers and academics serve as guest faculty. Members of the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]],<ref name="WIPO Faculty">{{cite web | url=https://dsnlu.ac.in/dr-s-rama-rao-world-intellectual-property-association-wipo/ | title=Dr. S. Rama Rao | publisher=DSNLU | access-date=8 July 2014 | archive-date=14 July 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714202730/https://dsnlu.ac.in/dr-s-rama-rao-world-intellectual-property-association-wipo/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Tata Institute of Social Sciences]] and many other eminent personalities take guest lectures.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* Official website [http://www.dsnlu.ac.in DSNLU website]

{{Autonomous law schools in India}}
{{Universities in Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Damodaram Sanjivayya National Law University}}
[[Category:Law schools in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:National Law Universities]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Visakhapatnam]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:State universities in Andhra Pradesh]]

Mabja Zangbo

2025-08-15T14:44:42Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: added first details first draft.

{{Short description|River in Tibet}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Mabja Zangbo
| native_name =
| name_other = Majia Zangbu, Kongque He, ma jia cang bu<ref name="CNgeoview">{{cite web |title=Mabja Zangbo stream, Tibet Autonomous Region, China |url=https://cn.geoview.info/mabja_zangbo,1280656 |website=cn.geoview.info|access-date=20 January 2023}}</ref> Mabza Zhangbo
| nickname = Peacock River<ref name="LPT19">{{cite book |last1=Planet |first1=Lonely |last2=Lioy |first2=Stephen |last3=Mayhew |first3=Bradley |last4=Eaves |first4=Megan |title=Lonely Planet Tibet |date=1 May 2019 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]] |isbn=978-1-78868-583-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K0qVDwAAQBAJ |access-date=20 January 2023 |language=en |chapter=Purang |quote=... [[Humla Karnali River]], known in Tibetan as Mabja Tsangpo (Peacock River)}}</ref>

| image = File:Karnali river.JPG
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =

| map =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_size =
| pushpin_map_caption=
| pushpin_map_alt =

| subdivision_type1 = Latitude
| subdivision_name1 = 30°14'47"<ref name="CNgeoview" />
| subdivision_type2 = Longitude
| subdivision_name2 = 82°10'2"<ref name="CNgeoview" />
| subdivision_type3 = Place
| subdivision_name3 = Tibet’s [[Purang County|Burang County]]<ref name="pipanews200123">{{cite web |title=China building a new dam in Tibet on a tributary of the Ganga new satellite imagery revealed China builds new dam in Tibet; Potential to affect downstream river flow |url=https://pipanews.com/china-building-a-new-dam-in-tibet-on-a-tributary-of-the-ganga-new-satellite-imagery-revealed-china-builds-new-dam-in-tibet-potential-to-affect-downstream-river-flow-pipa-news/ |website=pipanews.com |access-date=20 January 2023 |date=20 January 2023}}</ref>
| subdivision_type4 = Elevation
| subdivision_name4 = 5726 metres<ref name="CNgeoview" /> above sea level
| subdivision_type5 =
| subdivision_name5 =

| length =
| width_min =
| width_avg =
| width_max =
| depth_min =
| depth_avg =
| depth_max =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min =
| discharge1_avg =
| discharge1_max =

| source1 = near [[Manasarovar Lake]]
| source1_location =
| source1_coordinates= 
| source1_elevation =
| mouth =
| mouth_location =
| mouth_coordinates = 
| mouth_elevation =
| progression =
| river_system =
| basin_size =
| basin_landmarks =
| basin_population =
| tributaries_left =
| tributaries_right =
| waterbodies =
| waterfalls =
| bridges =
| ports =
| custom_label =
| custom_data =
| extra =
}}

'''Mabja Zangbo''' or '''Mabja Tsangpo''' is a river in [[Tibet Autonomous Region]], China. The upper portion of the [[Karnali River]] is called Mabja Zangbo river in China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiawaterportal.org/articles/groundwater-its-not-source-its-resource|title=Catchment area map of lakes Manasarovar and Rakshastal|work=International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development(ICIMOD)|date=2 August 2015 |access-date=31 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ngari |url=http://www.china.org.cn/travel/2010-12/15/content_21549523.htm |website=China.org.cn |access-date=20 January 2023 |location=Beijing |date=15 December 2010}}</ref> It further joins [[River Ghaghara]] (Karnali) in [[Nepal]] and eventually flows into [[Ganges|Ganges River]] (Ganga) in [[India]].<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Pletcher |editor1-first=Kenneth |title=The Geography of China: Sacred and Historic Places |date=15 August 2010 |publisher=Britannica and The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc |isbn=978-1-61530-134-8 |page=295 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tfVN0Gwx67YC |language=en}}</ref> It passes through the tri-junction on Nepal's border with India and China.<ref name="pipanews200123" />

{{Location map|China |float = right |width=260 | caption = Mabja Zangbo River in Tibet |position=right|background=white|lat=30.24639|long=82.16722}}

[[File:Aerial photographs of Tibet with river in October 1980, Tibet & Nepal (5179897299) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Aerial photographs of Tibet with Mabja Zangbo river in October 1980, Tibet & Nepal]]

In January 2023, reports emerged with [[satellite imagery]] of China constructing a dam since May 2021 at around 16 km north of this tri-junction which lies opposite to the [[Kalapani territory]] of [[Uttarakhand]]. This is similar to the activities at the [[Yarlung Zangbo]] ([[Brahmaputra River|Brahmaputra]]) river near [[Arunachal Pradesh]], meant to be aimed at using water as leverage since China is an upper riparian state.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Peri |first1=Dinakar |title=China builds a new dam in Tibet near Indian border |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/china-builds-new-dam-in-tibet-near-indian-border/article66417289.ece |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=The Hindu |date=21 January 2023 |language=en-IN}}</ref> China adheres to the [[Harmon Doctrine]] and dams near the international border may aid in the geopolitics of claiming the disputed area. Due to its extreme nature, this theory of Absolute Territory Sovereignty is rejected by international customary laws.<ref>{{cite news |author1=Neeraj Singh Manhas |title=Why is India-China water diplomacy the need of the hour? |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/why-is-india-china-water-diplomacy-the-need-of-the-hour/2958495/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=Financialexpress |date=24 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Manasarovar Lake]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tibet Autonomous Region]]
[[Category:Ngari Prefecture]]
[[Category:Rivers of Tibet]]

Aroli

2025-07-24T18:03:51Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: Added first entry basic info - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Aroli
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline = Image:KurunthayaVayal.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = View of Kurunthaaya Vayal from [[Vadeshwaram Temple|Vadeswaram]]
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kerala, India
| coordinates = {{coord|11.98|N|75.39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village
| leader_title = Village Officer
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 5537
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 670566
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0497278****
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#KL.E2.80.94Kerala|KL]]-13
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1068 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Kannur district|Kannur]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Azhikode, Kannur|Azhikode]]
| blank4_name_sec1 = Civic agency
| blank4_info_sec1 = Village
| website =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-KL]]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Aroli''' is a village of [[Pappinisseri]] Panchayat in Kannur district in the [[States and territories of India|Indian state]] of Kerala.<ref name="KANNUR">{{cite web|url=http://kannur.gov.in/village.htm|title=Kannur.gov.in : Villages of Kannur District|access-date=2010-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173033/http://kannur.gov.in/village.htm|archive-date=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==
Aroli is located at {{Coord|11.98|N|75.39|E|type:city(5537)_region:IN-KL|display=inline}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/13/Pappinisseri.html Falling Rain Genomics, Inc - Pappinisseri]</ref> It has an average elevation of 1 metres (3 feet).

==Demographics==
According to the 2001 India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Aroli had a population of 5,537.

==Notable site==

* [[Vadeshwaram Temple]]


==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kerala}}
{{Kannur district}}
{{Navboxes
|title = [[North Malabar]]
|list =
{{North Malabar}}
{{Places of interest in North Malabar}}
}}

[[Category:Villages near Dharmashala, Kannur]]

More (store)

2025-05-31T12:22:50Z

Mdfaisalahmed121:

{{Short description|Indian grocery chain - MORE Supermarkets}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=February 2011}}
{{Advert|date=June 2013}}}}
{{Infobox company
| name = More Retail Private Limited More. stores
| brands = More Supermarket, More Hypermart, More Megastore
| image = More 11122014.jpg
| image_caption = A More supermarket in Hyderabad.
| logo = More (store).svg
| logo_size = 225px
| type = Private Company
| predecessor = Aditya Birla Retail Limited founded {{Start date and age|1988|7|14}}
| founded = 2007
| founder =
| location = Mumbai, India
| num_locations = 878 - SuperMarkets, 42 - HyperMarkets
| key_people = Vinod Nambiar – Managing Director Giridhar Ayanur Seetharam (CEO)
| industry = [[Retail]]
| num_employees = over 11,000
| products = {{ubl|[[Supermarket]]|[[Hypermarket]]|Grocery & staples|Daily essentials|Dairy & frozen|Home and furniture|Home appliances|Bed & bath}}
| homepage = {{URL|http://moreretail.in/}}
}}

'''MORE''' (Short for "'''More Retail Private Limited'''") is an [[India|Indian]] food and grocery retail store chain. More operates its stores under two formats; More Supermarkets and More Hypermarkets. More also offers an online grocery service via its mobile app. More Retail<ref>{{Cite web |title=More Retail Pvt Ltd Company Profile |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/7745668Z:IN |website=Bloomberg}}</ref> was previously known as Aditya Birla Retail Limited when it was part of the [[Aditya Birla Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adityabirla.com/our_companies/indian_companies/retail.htm |title=Aditya Birla Group | Companies | Indian companies | Aditya Birla Retail Limited |website=Adityabirla.com |date=2010-06-23 |access-date=2011-02-11}}</ref><ref name=E1>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-07/news/51133730_1_abrl-aditya-birla-retail-hypermarkets|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140726202116/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-07-07/news/51133730_1_abrl-aditya-birla-retail-hypermarkets|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 July 2014|title=Aditya Birla Retail borrows Rs 500 crore from Yes Bank| date=7 July 2014 | first=Sagar | last=Malviya | newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] | access-date=3 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.morestore.com/supermarket.html|title=Forgot Password -|website=Morestore.com}}</ref> before More was sold to investors led by Samara Capital and [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]. More Retail has a network of 878 Supermarkets in 30 cities and 42 Hypermarkets in 12 cities{{citation needed|date=May 2025}}.

The company is headquartered in Mumbai and has offices in Kolkata and Bengaluru.

More Retail Limited also provide customers products under its own labels.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adityabirla.com/error|title=Aditya Birla Group|website=Adityabirla.com|access-date=24 June 2019}}</ref>

== History ==
1986 - K Anjaneyulu and his wife established Trinethra Super Retail, a Hyderabad-based supermarket chain.

2007 - Aditya Birla Group acquired Trinethra Super Retail, which was their first retail acquisition. Trinethra Super Retail had over 172 stores spread across four states - Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In Tamil Nadu and Andhra Pradesh, the Trinethra brand was being used, while in Karnataka and Kerala, the Fabmall brand was being used. [[Aditya Birla Group|ABG]] later rebranded Trinethra as More Retail.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/trinethra-birlas-first-retail-takeover/articleshow/1028058.cms|title=Trinethra: Birla's first retail takeover|website=Timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.adityabirla.com/media/media-releases|title=Media Releases|website=Abg.com|access-date=24 June 2019}}</ref>

2008 – More Retail launched More Hypermarket in Baroda and Mysore.

2008-12 – More Retail expanded its footprint to 635 stores across India

2015 - Aditya Birla Retail Limited acquired Total Super Stores from Jubilant Agri and Consumer Products Ltd (JACL)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/aditya-birla-retail-buys-total-superstores-for-undisclosed-sum/article7197158.ece|title=Aditya Birla buys retail business of Jubilant Industries |date=12 May 2015 }}</ref>

2016-17 – Aditya Birla Retail Ltd won the Retail Transformation and Reinvention award for "Retail Transformation and Re-Invention"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zawya.com/en/press-release/world-retail-congress-announces-winners-of-world-retail-awards-2016-nlxybloy|title=World Retail Congress announces winners of World Retail Awards 2016 }}</ref>

2019 – WItzig Advisory acquired Aditya Birla Retail from Aditya Birla Retail Group and rebranded it as 'More Retail Pvt. Limited'
<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/amazon-samara-capital-co-invest-in-more-owner-witzig-advisory-services-118092100110_1.html|title=Amazon, Samara Capital co-invest in 'more' owner Witzig Advisory Services |date=21 September 2018 }}</ref>

2022 – More Retail has 900+ stores across India.

== Restructuring ==
Various news reports, later confirmed by an order from [[Competition Commission of India]], indicated the More was sold by Aditya Birla Group to a group of investors led by the private equity firm Samara Capital & E-Commerce company [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]. Consequently, More is no longer part of Aditya Birla Group.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://moreretail.in/}}
*{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/samara-amazon-acquires-kumar-mangalam-birlas-more-retail-chain/articleshow/65869738.cms?from=mdr|title=Samara-Amazon acquires Kumar Mangalam Birla's More retail chain|first1=Writankar|last1=Mukherjee|first2=Sagar|last2=Malviya|date=20 September 2018|access-date=24 June 2019|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}

{{Portal bar|Supermarkets|Companies}}
{{Aditya Birla Group}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:More (Store)}}
[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Retail companies of India]]
[[Category:Supermarkets of India]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1988]]
[[Category:1988 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Aditya Birla Group]]

T. Thrivikraman

2025-05-01T19:05:13Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: put up a details initial version

{{Short description|Indian mathematician (born 1943)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = T. Thrivikraman
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|birth_date = {{birth date |1943|5|6}}
|birth_place = [[Arangottukara, Thrissur, Kerala State]], India
|death_date = {{death date and age |2024|3|25|1943|5|6}}
|death_place = [[Neeleswaram, Kasaragod, Kerala State]], India
|fields = Mathematics
|workplaces = Mar Athanasius College, [[Kothamangalam]], [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]]
|alma_mater = [[Kerala University]], [[Madurai Kamaraj University|Madurai University]]
|doctoral_advisor = T. Soundararajan
|academic_advisors =
|doctoral_students =
|notable_students =
|known_for = Contributions to [[topology]], [[fuzzy mathematics]], [[history of mathematics]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced =
|awards =
|signature = 
|footnotes =
}}

'''T. Thrivikraman (Thekkedath Thrivikraman)''' (born 6 May 1943, Died on 25 March 2024 ) was an Indian [[mathematician]] who has made important contributions to [[topology]], [[fuzzy mathematics]], [[history of mathematics]] and to several other areas of mathematics.<ref name=naos/> He actively promoted the culture of mathematical research in Kerala, himself guiding as many as 29 students in their doctoral research.<ref name=gen>{{cite web|title=Thekkedath Thrivikraman MathSciNet|url=https://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=86761|website=Mathematics Genealogy Project|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> He was also actively involved in the activities of the science popularization movement known as [[Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad]].<ref>{{cite web|last1=M C Nambudiripad|title=Namboothiris in the Mainstream of Science Popularisation|url=http://www.namboothiri.com/articles/science.htm|website=Namboothiri Websites Calicut|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>

==Early life and work on==
Thrivikraman was born in [[Arangottukara]], a small village in [[Thrissur district]] in [[Kerala State]]. After completing his Bachelor's studies in mathematics in Thrissur, he took his master's degree in mathematics from [[Kerala University]] in 1964. He started his mathematical career as a lecturer in mathematics in Mar Athanasius College, Kothamangalam, India, immediately after securing his master's degree. He availed leave from Mar Athanasius College and proceeded to [[Madurai Kamaraj University|Madurai University]] to pursue research in mathematics. Initially, he secured the [[Master of Philosophy]] degree in mathematics in 1969. He was awarded the [[Doctor of Philosophy]] degree in 1976 for his [[dissertation]] on "Studies in [[Compactification (mathematics)|Compactification]]s and other Extensions" written under the supervision of Prof. T. Soundararajan. In 1977 he moved over to the Department of Mathematics in [[Cochin University of Science and Technology]] where he held several positions until his retirement in
2003. After retirement from Cochin University of Science and Technology, he joined [[St. Joseph's College, Irinjalakuda]] to help develop a research centre in mathematics. Since 2009, he has been remaining active in mathematics by serving as a Visiting Professor in [[Kannur University]].

More than half of his doctoral students worked on various aspects of fuzzy mathematics. He helped push the boundaries of the theory to newer frontiers. Under his guidance and supervision, studies were conducted on various fuzzy mathematical structures like, fuzzy topology, fuzzy topological semigroups, fuzzy convexity, fuzzy inner-product spaces, fuzzy measures, fuzzy topological games, fuzzy commutative algebra, fuzzy matroids, etc.<ref name=gen/>

During the 79th Annual Conference of the [[Indian Mathematical Society]] held at [[Rajagiri School of Engineering & Technology]], [[Kochi]], during 28–31 December 2013, Thrivikraman, along with two other mathematicians from Kerala [[K. S. S. Nambooripad|Prof. K. S. S. Nambooripad]] and Prof. R. Sivaramakrishnan, were honoured in a special event called ''Guruvandanam'' for their lifetime contributions to mathematics.<ref>{{cite web|title=Guruvandanam|url=http://www.rajagiritech.ac.in/Home/Conf/Guru.asp|publisher=Organising Committee, 79th Annual Conference of IMS|access-date=25 September 2016}}</ref>

==Activities under the banner of Kerala Mathematical Association==
[[Kerala Mathematical Association]] is an organisation established in 1962 to serve the mathematical community comprising students, teachers and researchers inside Kerala and outside. Thrivikraman has been serving the Association as its Academic Secretary. In this capacity he has helped organize several national/international workshops and seminars in various colleges in different parts of Kerala.

==Science popularization efforts==
Thrivikraman is a life-member of Kerala Sasthra Sahithya Parishad. He organised a unit of the Parishad at Kothamangalam and also a Graama Saasthra Samithi there. He published many popular science articles in Malayalam dealing with mathematics in various journals. He contributed about 20 articles to the [[Malayalam]] [[encyclopaedia]] Viswa Vijnana Kosham published by National Book Stall, 8 articles to a Children's encyclopaedia published by STEPS. He authored two books on popular science and mathematics and also a book of poems.

==Recognitions==
*Fellow of the [[National Academy of Sciences, India]]<ref name=naos>{{cite web|title=Fellows of The National Academy of Sciences|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=T|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=26 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226132012/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=T%20|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Zone wise list of Fellows & Honorary Fellows (2015 ), The National Academy of Sciences, India|url=http://www.nasi.org.in/ZONE%20-2015.pdf|access-date=24 September 2016|archive-date=29 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929211457/http://www.nasi.org.in/ZONE%20-2015.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*President of [[Indian Mathematical Society]] during 2004-05<ref>{{cite web|title=Presidents of Indian Mathematical Society|url=http://indianmathsociety.org.in/imspresidents.htm|publisher=Indian Mathematical Society|access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref>
*Life member/Member of several Mathematical and scientific associations at the State, National and International levels{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==Books==
*"Anama" (poems in Malayalam) published (self) in 1974.
*"Ethravare ennam" (book in [[Malayalam]]), published by Kerala Satra Sahitya Parishad in 1998 (title can be loosely translated as "How far can one count?").
*"Aryabhatan - Ganitha Jyothisasthrangalute Kulapathi", (in Malayalam) published by Kerala Sastra Sahitya Parishad in 1999.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thrivikraman, T.}}
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:1943 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kerala]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur district]]

2022 Punjab Kings season

2025-04-12T05:49:27Z

Mdfaisalahmed121:

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team season}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = Punjab Kings
| image =
| season = [[2022 Indian Premier League|2022]]
| coach = [[Anil Kumble]]
| coachtitle = Coach
| captain = [[Mayank Agarwal]]
| captaintitle = Captain
| overseas =
| overseastitle =
| ground = [[Inderjit Singh Bindra Stadium]], [[Mohali]]
| comp1 = [[2022 Indian Premier League]]
| comp1 result = 6th
| comp2 =
| comp2 result =
| most runs = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (460)
| most wickets = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (23)
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[Punjab Kings in 2021|2021]]
| nextseason = [[Punjab Kings in 2023|2023]]
}}

The 2022 season was the 15th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Punjab Kings]]. They were one of the ten teams to compete in the [[2022 Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL to become 10 team tournament from 2022 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-become-10-team-tournament-from-2022-1275505 |access-date=29 September 2021 |publisher=ESPNcricinfo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2021 |title=IPL 2022: CONFIRMED! Two new IPL teams will be announced on THIS date |url=https://zeenews.india.com/cricket/ipl-2022-confirmed-two-new-ipl-teams-will-be-announced-on-this-date-2398024.html |access-date=29 September 2021 |website=Zee News}}</ref>

==Background==
The franchise chose to retain two players ahead of the 2022 mega-auction.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VIVO IPL 2022 Player Retention |url=https://www.iplt20.com/news/3751/vivo-ipl-2022-player-retention |access-date=30 November 2021 |website=IPLT20.com |publisher=Indian Premier League}}</ref>

;Retained: [[Mayank Agarwal]], [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
;Released: [[KL Rahul]], [[Chris Gayle]], [[Darshan Nalkande]], [[Harpreet Brar]], [[Mandeep Singh]], [[Mohammad Shami]], [[Murugan Ashwin]], [[Nicholas Pooran]], [[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]], [[Deepak Hooda]], [[Ishan Porel]], [[Ravi Bishnoi]], [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]], [[Prabhsimran Singh]], [[Dawid Malan]], [[Riley Meredith]], [[Jhye Richardson]], [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]], [[Jalaj Saxena]], [[Moises Henriques]], [[Utkarsh Singh]], [[Fabian Allen]], [[Saurabh Kumar (cricketer)|Saurabh Kumar]]
;Acquired at the auction: Shikhar Dhawan, Kagiso Rabada, Jonny Bairstow, Rahul Chahar, Shahrukh Khan, Harpreet Brar, Prabhsimran Singh, Jitesh Sharma, Ishan Porel, Liam Livingstone, Odean Smith, Sandeep Sharma, Raj Angad Bawa, Rishi Dhawan, Prerak Mankad, Vaibhav Arora, Writtick Chatterjee, Baltej Dhanda, Ansh Patel, Nathan Ellis, Atharva Taide, Bhanuka Rajapaksa, Benny Howell.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-auction/punjab-kings-pbks-full-team-players-list-after-ipl-auction-2022/article38422412.ece|title=Punjab Kings full list of players after IPL auction 2022|access-date=14 February 2021|work=The Hindu}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps are listed in '''bold'''.
'''Squad strength:''' 25 (18 - Indian, 7 - overseas)
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|-
!No.
!Name
!Nationality
!Birth date
!Batting style
!Bowling style
!Year signed
!Salary
!Notes
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Captain
|-
|16 || '''[[Mayank Agarwal]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|2|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2018 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|12|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Batters
|-
|05|| [[Atharva Taide]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2000|04|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|35|| [[Shahrukh Khan (cricketer)|Shahrukh Khan]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|05|27|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|9|c}} ||
|-
|42 || '''[[Shikhar Dhawan]]''' ||{{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1985|12|05|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|8.25|c}} ||[[Vice Captain (cricket)|Vice Captain]]
|-
|54 || '''[[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]]''' || {{cr|SRI}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1991|10|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| All-rounders
|-
|12|| [[Raj Angad Bawa|Raj Bawa]]|| {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2002|11|12|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast medium ]]|| style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} ||
|-
|13|| [[Benny Howell]] || {{cr|ENG}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1988|10|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|40|l}} || Overseas
|-
|15|| '''[[Odean Smith]]''' || {{cr|JAM}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1996|11|1|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6|c}} || Overseas
|-
|19|| '''[[Rishi Dhawan]]''' || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|02|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|55|l}} ||
|-
|23||'''[[Liam Livingstone]]'''|| {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|08|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Leg spin|leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|11.5|c}} || Overseas
|-
|28|| [[Writtick Chatterjee]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1992|09|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|46|| [[Prerak Mankad]] ||{{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|04|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|51||'''[[Jonny Bairstow]]'''|| {{cr|ENG}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1989|09|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|6.75|c}} || Overseas
|-
|84|| [[Prabhsimran Singh]] || {{cr|IND}}||{{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2000|08|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|60|l}} ||
|-
|99|| [[Jitesh Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || - || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Spin Bowlers
|-
|09|| Ansh Patel || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|2002|02|19|df=y}} || Right-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|83|| '''[[Rahul Chahar]]''' || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1999|08|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg break]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|5.25|c}} ||
|-
|95|| [[Harpreet Brar]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|09|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || [[Slow left-arm orthodox]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|3.8|c}} ||
|-
! colspan="9" style="background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center;"| Pace Bowlers
|-
|02|| [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1999|2|5|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2019 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|4|c}} ||
|-
|10|| [[Baltej Singh]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1990|11|04|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|20|l}} ||
|-
|14|| [[Vaibhav Arora]] || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1997|12|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|2|c}} ||
|-
|25|| '''[[Kagiso Rabada]]''' || {{cr|RSA}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1995|5|25|df=y}} ||Left-handed ||Right-arm fast || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|9.25|c}} || Overseas
|-
|55|| [[Ishan Porel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1998|09|05|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|25|l}} ||
|-
|66|| '''[[Sandeep Sharma]]''' || {{cr|IND}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1993|05|18|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm medium || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|50|l}} ||
|-
|72|| '''[[Nathan Ellis]]''' || {{cr|AUS}}|| {{birth date and age2|2022|3|26|1994|09|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast medium]] || style="text-align:center;"| 2022 || style="text-align:right;"| {{INRConvert|75|l}} || Overseas
|-
! colspan="9" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.punjabkingsipl.in/players PBKS Players]
|}

== Administration and support staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Position
!Name
|-
| CEO|| [[Satish Menon]]
|-
| Team manager|| [[Avinash Vaidya]]
|-
| Director of cricket operations & head coach || [[Anil Kumble]]
|-
| Assistant coach || [[Jonty Rhodes]]
|-
| Batting consultant|| [[Julian Wood]]
|-
| Bowling coach|| [[Damien Wright]]
|-
| Physiotherapist || [[Andrew Leipus]]
|-
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| Source:[https://www.punjabkingsipl.in/players PBKS Staff]
|}

== Group stage ==
=== Points table ===
{{2022 Indian Premier League Points table|showteam=PBKS}}

== Group stage fixtures ==
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 27 March 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 205/2 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Faf du Plessis]] 88 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 1/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 208/5 (19 overs)
| runs2 = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] 43 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammed Siraj]] 2/59 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304049.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Odean Smith]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = [[Raj Angad Bawa|Raj Bawa]] (Punjab Kings) made his T20 debut.
* [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] and [[Odean Smith]] (Punjab Kings) made their IPL debuts
| round = {{anchor|match3}}'''Match 3'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 1 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Kolkata Knight Riders]]
| score1 = 137 (18.2 overs)
| runs1 = [[Bhanuka Rajapaksa]] 31 (9)
| wickets1 = [[Umesh Yadav]] 4/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 141/4 (14.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Russell]] 70[[not out|*]] (31)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 2/13 (4 overs)
| result = Kolkata Knight Riders won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304054.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Saiyed Khalid]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umesh Yadav]] (Kolkata Knight Riders)
| toss = Kolkata Knight Riders won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match8}}'''Match 8'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 180/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 60 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Chris Jordan (cricketer)|Chris Jordan]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| score2 = 126 (18 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shivam Dube]] 57 (30)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 3/25 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 54 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304057.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Liam Livingstone]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match11}}'''Match 11'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 8 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| score1 = 189/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 64 (27)
| wickets1 = [[Rashid Khan]] 3/22 (4 overs)
| score2 = 190/4 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shubman Gill]] 96 (59)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 2/35 (4 overs)
| result = Gujarat Titans won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304062.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shubman Gill]] (Gujarat Titans)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match16}}'''Match 16'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Mumbai Indians]]
| score1 = 198/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 70 (50)
| wickets1 = [[Basil Thampi]] 2/47 (4 overs)
| score2 = 186/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Dewald Brevis]] 49 (25)
| wickets2 = [[Odean Smith]] 4/30 (3 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 12 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304069.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Mayank Agarwal]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Mumbai Indians won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match10}}'''Match 23'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 April 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| score1 = 151 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 60 (33)
| wickets1 = [[Umran Malik]] 4/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 152/3 (18.5 overs)
| runs2 = [[Aiden Markram]] 41[[not out|*]] (27)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 2/28 (4 overs)
| result = Sunrisers Hyderabad won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304074.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Pashchim Pathak]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Umran Malik]] (Sunrisers Hyderabad)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match28}}'''Match 28'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 20 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| score1 = 115 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 32 (23)
| wickets1 = [[Axar Patel]] 2/10 (4 overs)
| score2 = 119/1 (10.3 overs)
| runs2 = [[David Warner (cricketer)|David Warner]] 60[[not out|*]] (30)
| wickets2 = [[Rahul Chahar]] 1/21 (2.3 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 9 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304078.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind) and [[Rod Tucker]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Kuldeep Yadav]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Delhi Capitals won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes = The match was originally scheduled to take place at the MCA International Stadium in Pune, but it was relocated to the Brabourne Stadium after a number of [[COVID-19]] cases in the Delhi camp.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Delhi Capitals - Punjab Kings game moved to Brabourne Stadium |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121971/delhi-capitals-punjab-kings-game-moved-to-brabourne-stadium|website=Cricbuzz|access-date=19 April 2022|language=en}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match32}}'''Match 32'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 25 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Chennai Super Kings]]
| score1 = 187/4 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 88[[not out|*]] (59)
| wickets1 = [[Dwayne Bravo]] 2/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 176/6 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Ambati Rayudu]] 78 (39)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 2/23 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 11 runs.
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304084.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Marais Erasmus]] (SA) and [[Tapan Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Chennai Super Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match38}}'''Match 38'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 29 April 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Lucknow Super Giants]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 153/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Quinton de Kock]] 46 (37)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 4/38 (4 overs)
| score2 = 133/8 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 32 (28)
| wickets2 = [[Mohsin Khan (Indian cricketer)|Mohsin Khan]] 3/24 (4 overs)
| result = Lucknow Super Giants won by 20 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304088.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Maharashtra Cricket Association Stadium|MCA International Stadium]], [[Pune]]
| umpires = [[Ulhas Gandhe]] (Ind) and [[Michael Gough (cricketer)|Michael Gough]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Krunal Pandya]] (Lucknow Super Giants)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match42}}'''Match 42'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 3 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Gujarat Titans]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 143/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Sai Sudharsan]] 65[[not out|*]] (50)
| wickets1 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 4/33 (4 overs)
| score2 = 145/2 (16 overs)
| runs2 = [[Shikhar Dhawan]] 62[[not out|*]] (53)
| wickets2 = [[Lockie Ferguson]] 1/29 (3 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 8 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304094.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Rohan Pandit]] (Ind) and [[Virender Sharma]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Kagiso Rabada]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Gujarat Titans won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match48}}'''Match 48'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 7 May 2022
| time = 15:30
| daynight = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Rajasthan Royals]]
| score1 = 189/5 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Jonny Bairstow]] 56 (40)
| wickets1 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 3/28 (4 overs)
| score2 = 190/4 (19.4 overs)
| runs2 = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] 68 (41)
| wickets2 = [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]] 4/29 (4 overs)
| result = Rajasthan Royals won by 6 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304098.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Yeshwant Barde]] (Ind) and [[Chirra Ravikanthreddy]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Yashasvi Jaiswal]] (Rajasthan Royals)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = Mumbai Indians were eliminated as a result of this match.<ref>{{Cite news |title=IPL 2022: Mumbai Indians, 5-time champions, first team to be knocked out of playoffs race |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/ipl-2022/story/ipl-2022-5-time-champions-mi-1st-team-to-be-knocked-out-of-playoffs-race-1946661-2022-05-07 |access-date=8 May 2022 |work=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
| round = {{anchor|match52}}'''Match 52'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| team2 = [[Royal Challengers Bangalore]]
| score1 = 209/9 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 70 (42)
| wickets1 = [[Harshal Patel]] 4/34 (4 overs)
| score2 = 155/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Glenn Maxwell]] 35 (22)
| wickets2 = [[Kagiso Rabada]] 3/21 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 54 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304106.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Brabourne Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Jayaraman Madanagopal]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Pandit]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Jonny Bairstow]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Royal Challengers Bangalore won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match60}}'''Match 60'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 16 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Delhi Capitals]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 159/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Mitchell Marsh]] 63 (48)
| wickets1 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 3/27 (4 overs)
| score2 = 142/9 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Jitesh Sharma]] 44 (34)
| wickets2 = [[Shardul Thakur]] 4/36 (4 overs)
| result = Delhi Capitals won by 17 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304110.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Sadashiv Iyer]] (Ind) and [[Nitin Menon]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Shardul Thakur]] (Delhi Capitals)
| toss = Punjab Kings won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match64}}'''Match 64'''
}}
----
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 22 May 2022
| time = 19:30
| night = y
| team1 = [[Sunrisers Hyderabad]]
| team2 = [[Punjab Kings]]
| score1 = 157/8 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Abhishek Sharma (cricketer, born 2000)|Abhishek Sharma]] 43 (32)
| wickets1 = [[Harpreet Brar]] 3/26 (4 overs)
| score2 = 160/5 (15.1 overs)
| runs2 = [[Liam Livingstone]] 49[[not out|*]] (22)
| wickets2 = [[Fazalhaq Farooqi]] 2/32 (4 overs)
| result = Punjab Kings won by 5 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1304116.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Wankhede Stadium]], [[Mumbai]]
| umpires = [[Anil Chaudhary (umpire)|Anil Chaudhary]] (Ind) and [[Nikhil Patwardhan]] (Ind)
| motm = [[Harpreet Brar]] (Punjab Kings)
| toss = Sunrisers Hyderabad won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes =
| round = {{anchor|match70}}'''Match 70'''
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{2022 Indian Premier League}}
{{Punjab Kings}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Punjab Kings in 2022}}
[[Category:2022 Indian Premier League]]
[[Category:Punjab Kings seasons|2022]]

Thomas Oldham

2025-03-22T15:22:04Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: put up initial stub with sources...

{{Short description|Anglo-Irish geologist}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Thomas Oldham
|image = Thomas oldham.jpg
|image_size = 200px
|caption = Thomas Oldham
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1816|05|04|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Dublin]]
|death_date = {{Death date and age|1878|07|17|1816|05|04|df=y}}
|death_place = [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]]
|residence =
|nationality =
|field = [[Geology]]
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater =
|doctoral_advisor =
|doctoral_students =
|known_for = [[mineral]] [[Oldhamite]]
|awards =
|influences =
|influenced =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Thomas Oldham''' (4 May 1816, [[Dublin]] – 17 July 1878, [[Rugby, Warwickshire|Rugby]]) was an Anglo-Irish [[geologist]].<ref name=OldhamDNB>{{cite DNB|wstitle=Oldham, Thomas|volume= 42|pages=111–112}}</ref><ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Oldham, Thomas}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Thomas was born at Dublin on 4 May 1816 as the eldest son of Thomas Oldham and his wife, Margaret Bagot. Educated at a private schools, he began residency at [[Trinity College, Dublin]] before the age of 16. By spring 1836, he started his B.A.<ref name="OldhamDNB" /> and later studied civil engineering at the [[University of Edinburgh]] as well as geology under [[Robert Jameson]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thomas Oldham | Pioneers of the British Geological Survey | British Geoscientists | Discovering geology | British Geological Survey (BGS) |url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/archives/pioneers/pioneers.cfc?method=viewRecord&personId=177&currentTab=tab_O |accessdate=19 July 2019 |website=www.bgs.ac.uk}}</ref> They became intimate friends. After two years in Scotland, he returned to Dublin.<ref name="OldhamDNB" /> He married Louisa Matilda Dixon of Liverpool in 1850.

== Geology ==
In 1838 he joined the ordnance survey in Ireland as a chief assistant under [[Joseph Ellison Portlock]] who was studying the geology of Londonderry and [[neighbourhood]]. Portlock wrote of him
{{cquote|whenever I have required his aid … I have found him possessed of the highest intelligence and the most unbounded zeal}}

He discovered radiating fans shaped impressions in the town of [[Bray, County Wicklow|Bray]] in 1840. He showed this to the English palaeontologist [[Edward Forbes]], who named it ''[[Oldhamia]]'' after him. Forbes declared them to be [[bryozoa]]ns, however later workers ascribed it to other plants and animals. For a while these were considered the oldest fossils in the world.

He became Curator to the [[Geological Society of Dublin]], and in 1845 succeeded [[John Phillips (geologist)|John Phillips]], nephew of [[William Smith (geologist)|William Smith]], in the Chair of Geology at [[Trinity College, Dublin]]. He was elected a [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] in June 1848.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/Lists-of-Royal-Society-Fellows-1660-2007/ |title=Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660-2007 |publisher=The Royal Society |accessdate=14 July 2010 |location=London |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324095152/http://royalsociety.org/Lists-of-Royal-Society-Fellows-1660-2007/ |archivedate=24 March 2010 }}</ref>

== Career in India ==
He resigned as the Curator to the Geological Society of Dublin in November 1850 and took a position as the first Superintendent of the [[Geological Survey of India]].<ref name="OldhamDNB" /> He was the first Irish geologists to migrate to the subcontinent. He was followed by his brother [[Charles Aemilius Oldham|Charles]], [[William King (GSI)|William King Jr.]] (son of [[William King (geologist)|William King]], the Professor of Geology at [[National University of Ireland, Galway|Queen's College, Galway]]), [[Valentine Ball]], and more than 12 other Irish geologists.

In India he oversaw a mapping programme that focussed on coal bearing strata. The team of geologists made major discoveries. [[Henry Benedict Medlicott]] coined the term "Gondwana Series" in 1872. Oldham's elder son [[Richard Dixon Oldham]] distinguished three types of [[Seismic wave|pressure]] produced by earthquakes: now known as P (compressional), S (shear), and L (Love)-waves, based on his observations made after the [[1897 Assam earthquake|Great Assam Earthquake of 1897]]. Richard showed in 1906 the arrival patterns of waves and suggested that the core of the earth was liquid. His younger son [[Henry Yule Oldham|Henry]] became a [[Reader (academic rank)|reader]] in geography at [[King's College, Cambridge]].

He also started the ''Paleontologia Indica'', a series of memoirs on the [[fossils]] of India. For this work, he recruited [[Ferdinand Stoliczka]] from Europe.

== Later days ==
Oldham resigned from his position in India in 1876 on the grounds of poor health and retired to Rugby in England. In recognition of his lifetime's "long & important services in the science of geology", including ''Palaeontographica Indica'', he was awarded the Royal Society's [[Royal Medal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://royalsociety.org/Content.aspx?id=3311|title=Royal archive winners Prior to 1900 - Royal Medals|publisher=The Royal Society|accessdate=14 July 2010|location=London}}</ref> He died in Rugby on 17 July 1878.<ref>Patrick N. Wyse Jackson, 2005 Thomas Oldham. Earth Sciences 2000 Issue 12 {{cite web |url=http://www.habitas.org.uk/es2k/newsletter/Earth%20Science%202000%20Issue%2012.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-10-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315145541/http://www.habitas.org.uk/es2k/newsletter/Earth%20Science%202000%20Issue%2012.pdf |archivedate=15 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>[http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=name;pkey=Oldham%2C%20Thomas Darwin correspondence database]</ref>
{{botanist|Oldham|Oldham, Thomas}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oldham, Thomas}}
[[Category:1816 births]]
[[Category:1878 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British geologists]]
[[Category:Royal Medal winners]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College Dublin]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
[[Category:Presidents of The Asiatic Society]]

MTV Roadies (season 8)

2024-09-10T06:21:43Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: add layout as per guidelines

#REDIRECT [[MTV Roadies#Season 8]]

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India's Citizen Squad

2024-07-18T18:24:29Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: stub

{{Short description|Indian reality television show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = India's Citizen Squad.jpeg
| genre = Reality-TV
| based_on = Military Reality Show
| country = India
| released = {{Start date|2018|11|30|df=y}}
| channel = [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)|Discovery Channel]]
| director = Kunal Kocchar
| writer = Richa Pant
| producer = Noopur Kaul
| editor = Bhuwan Chandra
}}

'''India's Citizen Squad'''<ref>{{Citation|title=India's Citizen Squad|date=2018-11-30|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14292824/|type=Reality-TV|others=Muntazir Ahmad, Rohit Singh Bhandari, Himanshu Bishnoi, Tanushree Chakrabarti|access-date=2021-04-30}}</ref> is a military reality show telecasted by [[Discovery Channel (Indian TV channel)]]<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-11-30|title=Discovery Channel aims to start a movement with 'India's Citizen Squad'|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/discovery-channel-aims-to-start-a-movement-with-india-s-citizen-squad-118113000345_1.html#:~:text=India%27s%20leading%20destination%20for%20factual,Indian%20society%20for%20the%20better.|access-date=2021-04-30}}</ref> and uploaded to [[Veer by Discovery]] YouTube channel.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discovery Channel aims to start a movement with 'India's Citizen Squad'|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/business/business/discovery-channel-aims-to-start-a-movement-with-indias-citizen-squad201811301225450001/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=ANI News|language=en}}</ref> It features 12 Indian citizens<ref>{{Cite web|title=Discovery to launch a military based show 'India's Citizen Squad'|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/entertainment/discovery-to-launch-military-based-show-india%27s-citizen-squad-26738|access-date=2021-04-30|website=Mumbai Live|language=en}}</ref> to go under training with camp commander Col. Manish Sarin,<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2018|title=Discovery Channel to present 'India's Citizen Squad' on November 30|url=https://bestmediainfo.com/2018/11/discovery-channel-to-present-india-s-citizen-squad-on-november-30/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=www.bestmediaifo.com}}</ref> a veteran from the Gorkha Rifles along with five ex-special forces soldiers<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-08-03|title=Coming Soon: Military based show India's Citizen Squad|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/military-based-show-india-s-citizen-squad-on-tv-soon-watch-video-5289945/|access-date=2021-04-30|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> from the MARCOS, NSG and the Para SF.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Discovery to launch atypical military based show India's citizen squad|work=[[United News of India]]|url=http://www.uniindia.com/discovery-to-launch-atypical-military-based-show-india-s-citizen-squad/India/news/1308887.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Military-based show India's Citizen Squad on TV soon|url=https://telanganatoday.com/military-show-indias-citizen-squad-tv|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Telangana Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Discovery Channel Scouts for Citizen Heroes|url=https://www.scrabbl.com/discovery-channel-scouts-for-citizen-heroes|access-date=2021-05-01|website=www.scrabbl.com|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-26|title=Discovery channel aims to start a movement with 'India's Citizen Squad'|url=https://www.medianews4u.com/discovery-channel-aims-start-movement-indias-citizen-squad/|access-date=2021-05-01|website=MediaNews4U|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Testing the limits|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/testing-the-limits-689972|access-date=2021-05-01|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref>

== List of contestants ==
1. Nilay Sharma from Bengaluru

2. Muntazir Ahmad from Srinagar

3. Ashish Tamang from Darjeeling

4. Sonu Kumar from Muzaffarnagar

5. Sunil Singh from Mumbai

6. Rohit Singh Bhandari from Haldwani

7. Tanushree Chakrabarti from Delhi

8. Himanshu Bishnoi from Hisar
[[File:Discovery Channel’s reality show.jpg|alt=Discovery Channel’s reality show|thumb|Discovery Channel’s reality show]]
9. Pallavi Vengurlekar from Delhi

10. Sunny Sehrawat from Delhi

11. Rishab Singh from Delhi

12. Manav Singh Dhillon from Delhi <ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-11-30 |title=Discovery Channel aims to start a movement with 'India's Citizen Squad' |work=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/discovery-channel-aims-to-start-a-movement-with-india-s-citizen-squad-118113000345_1.html#:~:text=India%27s%20leading%20destination%20for%20factual,Indian%20society%20for%20the%20better. |access-date=2021-05-01}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=India's Citizen Squad (TV Series 2018) - IMDb |url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt14292824/fullcredits |access-date=2021-05-01}}</ref>

== Awards ==
The show won the following awards at the 15th edition of the [[Indian Telly Awards]]

1. [[Indian Telly Award for Best Reality Show|Best Reality Show]] (won)

2. Best Indian Original Format (Non Fiction/Reality) (won) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-21 |title=Here are the winners of The Indian Telly Awards! |url=https://www.indiantelevision.com/specials/event-coverage/occasions/here-are-the-winners-of-the-indian-telly-awards-190321 |access-date=2021-05-01 |website=Indian Television Dot Com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.serialxpress.com/upcoming-twist-23016-a | title=Exclusive updates Winners of Indian Telly Awards name revealed (Upcoming Twist) | date=22 March 2019 | access-date=26 November 2023 |website=www.serialxpress.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Indias-Citizen-Squad/0SC0R3IZMJ122ZQV5AEGU0RJVZ India's Citizen Squad] on [[Amazon Prime Video]]
* [https://www.discoveryplus.in/show/indias-citizen-squad India's Citizen Squad] on [[Discovery+|Discovery Plus]]
* {{IMDb title|id=14292824}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:2018 Indian television series debuts]]

Thoovanayanar Thoovainathar Temple

2024-04-28T23:05:38Z

Mdfaisalahmed121: put up some location initial version

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
[[File:Tiruvarur thoovanayanar temple1.jpg|200x200px|right|The entrance of the temple|thumb]]
'''Thoovanayanar Thoovainathar Temple''' is a [[Hindu temple]] located at Tiruvarur East Street in [[Tiruvarur]] of [[Tiruvarur district]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].<ref name="ss">[http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc089.php Thoovoi Nayanar Temple, Arur Paravayunmandali].</ref>
Historical name of this place is Arurparavaiyunmandazhi. The temple is dedicated to [[Shiva]], as the [[moolavar]] presiding deity, in his manifestation as Thoovainathar. His consort, [[Parvati]], is known as Panchin Mennadiyal.<ref name="dm">{{cite web|url=https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=298 |title= Sri Thoovai Nathar temple|publisher=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=20 December 2015}}</ref>

== Significance ==
It is one of the shrines of the 275 [[Paadal Petra Sthalam]]s - [[Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu#Sthalams|Shiva Sthalams]] glorified in the early medieval ''[[Tevaram]]'' poems by Tamil Saivite [[Nayanars|Nayanar]] [[Tirugnanasambandar]].<ref name="ss"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commonscat|Thoovainathar Temple}}
* {{cite web|title= Sri Thoovai Nathar temple
|url= https://temple.dinamalar.com/en/new_en.php?id=298 |publisher =[[Dinamalar]]}}
* {{cite web|title= Thoovoi Nayanar Temple, Arur Paravayunmandali
|url= http://www.shivatemples.com/sofc/sc089.php |publisher=Shiva Temples of Tamil Nadu, Paadal Petra Sivasthalangal}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Padal Petra Stalam]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Tiruvallur district]]