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Golden Line (Delhi Metro)

2026-05-07T07:58:55Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: new new page

{{Short description|Future line of the metro in Delhi, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width =
| name = Golden Line
| other_name = Line 10, Line 11
| color = {{rcr|Delhi Metro|golden}}
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Rapid transit]]
| system = [[Delhi Metro]]
| status = Under construction
| locale = [[Delhi]]
| start = '''Line 10 (Main Line):''' [[Terminal 1-IGI Airport metro station|Terminal 1-IGI Airport]] [[Tughlakabad metro station|Tughlakabad]]
| end = '''Line 11 (Branch):''' [[Lajpat Nagar metro station|Lajpat Nagar]] [[Saket G Block metro station|Saket G Block]]
| stations = '''Line 10 (Main Line):''' [[List of Delhi metro stations|19]] Elevated: 7 Underground: 12 '''Line 11 (Branch):''' [[List of Delhi metro stations|8]] Elevated: 8
| daily_ridership =
| planopen = '''Line 10 (Main Line):''' {{start date and age|2026|||df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref name="TIE">{{cite news|title=Silver to Gold — Why Delhi Metro changed the colour code of this much awaited line|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-metro-changed-the-colour-code-of-this-much-awaited-line-9133199/|work=The Indian Express|date=29 January 2024|access-date=29 January 2024|language=en}}</ref>, '''Line 11 (Branch):''' Approved
| open =
| close =
| owner = [[Delhi Metro]]
| operator = [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
| character = Underground and Elevated
| stock =
| linelength = {{convert|38.17|km|mi|abbr=on}} '''Line 10 (Main Line):''' {{convert|29.785|km|mi|abbr=on}}, '''Line 11 (Branch):''' {{convert|8.385|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks =
| gauge = {{Track gauge|1435mm|lk=on}} standard gauge
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| speed =
| elevation =
| map = {{Delhi Metro Golden Line Route}}
| map_state = Show
}}

The '''Golden Line''' ('''Line 10 and Line 11''') is a [[rapid transit]] line of the [[Delhi Metro]] currently under-construction. It will start from [[Delhi Aerocity metro station|Delhi Aerocity]] and end in [[Tughlakabad metro station|Tughlakabad]].<ref name="CW">{{cite news|title=Delhi's Airport Metro set for silver line extension to terminal 1|url=https://www.constructionworld.in/policy-updates-and-economic-news/delhis-airport-metro-set-for-silver-line-extension-to-terminal-1/48426|work=Construction World|date=12 January 2024|access-date=14 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> Further extensions to [[Kalindi Kunj metro station|Kalindi Kunj]] and [[Terminal 1-IGI Airport metro station|Terminal 1-IGI Airport]] have also been approved as part of Phase 5A extension. The main line (Line 10) will be {{cvt|29.785|km}} long with 19 stations, out of which seven will be elevated and 12 will be underground. The branch line (Line 11) will be {{cvt|8.385|km}} long with eight stations, all the stations will be elevated.

It will connect [[South Delhi|southern Delhi]] directly with [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] to relieve the increasing traffic, congestion and pollution on roads. Construction began on the line in June 2022, as part of the [[Delhi Metro#Phase IV|fourth phase]] of the Delhi Metro's development, and partial operations are expected by 2026-end.

== History ==
The Golden Line, initially named as Silver Line, was conceptualized by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]] (DMRC) under the [[Delhi Metro#Phase IV|Phase IV]] of [[Delhi Metro]]'s future expansion and development in July 2016. As per the plan, six new lines covering a length of about {{cvt|104|km}} have been planned to be added to the metro network, out of which the Golden Line would cover [[South Delhi|southern Delhi]] at a length of {{cvt|20.2|km}}. The plans were finalized for implementation by the [[Government of Delhi]] in December 2018; this time the length of the Golden Line increased to {{cvt|23.6|km}}.<ref name="N18">{{cite news|title=Delhi Metro's Much-awaited Phase 4 Gets AAP Govt's Nod, Likely to be Ready by 2024|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/delhi-metros-much-awaited-phase-4-gets-aap-govts-nod-likely-to-be-ready-by-2024-1978485.html|work=News18|date=20 December 2018|access-date=29 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> In March 2019, the plans were approved for construction by the [[Government of India]]. Thus, land acquisition for Phase IV and Golden Line began from April 2019, and was completed by three years. Construction was supposed to begin from 2021, but was delayed due to the restrictions imposed by the government due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. Hence, construction was started by [[Afcons Infrastructure]] and [[Larsen & Toubro]] in June 2022.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite web |date=14 June 2022 |title=Delhi: Covid, green concerns put Phase-IV in low gear; push targets back |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-covid-green-concerns-put-phase-iv-in-low-gear-push-targets-back/articleshow/92190010.cms |access-date=16 June 2022 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TMRG">{{cite news|title=Afcons Begins Work on Delhi Metro Silver Line's Underground Section|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2022/06/15/afcons-begins-work-on-delhi-metro-silver-lines-underground-section/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=15 June 2022|access-date=29 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> It was expected to be completed by 2024/25, which has been pushed to 2026-end.

In November 2020, the DMRC changed the alignment of the Golden Line as per the instructions of the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) to circumvent the [[Qutb Minar]] and the [[Mehrauli Archaeological Park]], so to avoid any harm to these critical historical sites during construction and operation.<ref name=":1" /> As per the initial plan, the line was proposed to be extended to [[Indira Gandhi International Airport#Terminal 1|Terminal 1]] of [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], in order to provide commuters a faster and direct link to the airport's premises. The proposal was approved by the Government of Delhi after the DMRC created and showed a [[Project plan|Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) in December 2023, thereby increasing the line's length to {{cvt|25.82|km}}.<ref name="TOI2">{{cite news|title=Delhi Metro's Silver Line to Aerocity may be extended to terminal 1|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metros-silver-line-to-aerocity-may-be-extended-to-terminal-1/articleshow/106107166.cms|work=The Times of India|date=19 December 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|issn=0971-8257|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Good News For Air Travellers! Delhi Metro's Silver Line To Aerocity To Be Extended To Terminal 1|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/delhi-metros-silver-line-to-aerocity-to-be-extended-to-terminal-1-article-106115639|work=Times Now|date=19 December 2023|access-date=19 December 2023|language=en}}</ref> The name of the line was changed from 'Silver Line' to 'Golden Line' in January 2024.<ref name="TS">{{cite news|title=DMRC changes colour code of upcoming Delhi Aerocity–Tughlakabad Metro corridor|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/delhi/dmrc-changes-colour-code-of-upcoming-delhi-aerocity-tughlakabad-metro-corridor-1503264541.html|work=The Statesman|date=29 January 2024|access-date=29 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TMRG2">{{cite web|title=Delhi Metro Phase 4 – Information, Route Maps, Tenders & Updates|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/delhi-metro-phase-4-information-map/|website=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=29 January 2024}}</ref>

The Sarita Vihar Depot serving the Violet Line is being modified to handle trains for the Golden Line also. Trainsets have started arriving at the depot as of April 2026.

== Stations ==
{{main|List of Delhi Metro stations}}
The stations being built on the Golden Line are:<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2020-12-02 |title=Delhi Metro steers clear of Qutub Minar |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/metro-steers-clear-of-qutub-minar/articleshow/79518484.cms |access-date=2023-12-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Delhi Metro map |url=https://delhimetrorail.com/network_map |access-date=14 March 2026 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>

===Main Line (Line 10)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"
! colspan="10" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|golden}};" |Golden Line
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Interchange Connection
! rowspan="2" |Station Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform Level Type
|-
![[English language|English]]
![[Hindi]]
|-
| 1
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Terminal 1 IGI Airport}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-25 |title=Union Cabinet approves Delhi Metro expansion, 13 new stations to come up |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/delhi/union-cabinet-approves-delhi-metro-expansion-13-new-stations-to-come-up/amp |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
| {{Lang|hi|टर्मिनल 1 आई.जी.आई एयरपोर्ट}}
| 2029
| {{rint|air}} [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|IGI Airport (T-1)]] {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
| Underground
| Island
|-
| 2
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Delhi Aerocity}}
| {{Lang|hi|दिल्ली एरोसिटी}}
| 2026
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Airport Express|croute}}
| Underground
| Island
|-
| 3
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Mahipal Pur}}
| {{Lang|hi|महिपालपुर}}
| 2026
| None
| Underground
| Side
|-
| 4
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Vasant Kunj}}
| {{Lang|hi|वसंत कुंज}}
| 2026
| None
| Underground
| Side
|-
| 5
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Kishangarh}}
| {{Lang|hi|किशनगढ़}}
| 2026
| None
| Underground
| Side
|-
| 6
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Chhatarpur}}
| {{Lang|hi|छत्तरपुर}}
| 2026
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Yellow|croute}}
| Underground
| Island
|-
| 7
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Chhatarpur Mandir}}
| {{Lang|hi|छत्तरपुर मंदिर}}
| 2026
| None
| Underground
| Side
|-
| 8
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|IGNOU}}
| {{Lang|hi|इग्नू}}
| 2026
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
| 9
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Neb Sarai}}
| {{Lang|hi|नेब सराय}}
| 2026
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
| 10
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Saket G Block}}<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-13 |title=Lajpat-Saket Metro corridor sees action after long wait in Delhi |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/delhi/2025/Dec/13/lajpat-saket-metro-corridor-sees-action-after-long-wait-in-delhi |access-date=2025-12-25 |website=Indian Express|language=en}}</ref>
| {{Lang|hi|साकेत जी ब्लॉक}}
| 2026
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Golden|croute}} (Line 11)
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 11
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Ambedkar Nagar}}
| {{Lang|hi|अम्बेडकर नगर}}
| 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 12
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Khanpur–Vayusenabad}}
| {{Lang|hi|ख़ानपुर–वायुसेनाबाद}}
| 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 13
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sangam Vihar–Tigri}}
| {{Lang|hi|संगम विहार–तिगड़ी}}
| 2026
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 14
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Anandmayee Marg Jn.}}
| {{Lang|hi|आनंदमयी मार्ग जं.}}
| 2026
| None
| Underground
| Side
|-
| 15
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Tughlakabad Railway Colony}}
| {{Lang|hi|तुग़लक़ाबाद रेलवे कॉलोनी}}
| 2026
| None
| Underground
| Island
|-
| 16
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Tughlakabad Station}}
| {{Lang|hi|तुग़लक़ाबाद स्टेशन}}
| 2026
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
[[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|link=Delhi_Suburban_Railway|20x20px|up]][[Tughlakabad railway station|Tughlakabad]]
| Underground
| Island
|-
| 17
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Sarita Vihar Depot}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|सरिता विहार डिपो}}
| 2029
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 18
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Madanpur Khadar}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|मदनपुर खादर}}
| 2029
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 19
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Kalindi Kunj}}<ref name=":2"/>
| {{Lang|hi|कालिंदी कुंज}}
| 2029
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
| Elevated
| Side
|-
|}

===Branch Line (Line 11)===

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width=100%"
! colspan="10" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|golden}};" |Golden Line Branch 
|-
! rowspan="2" |#
! colspan="2" |Station Name
! rowspan="2" |Opening
! rowspan="2" |Interchange Connection
! rowspan="2" |Station Layout
! rowspan="2" |Platform Level Type
|-
! [[English language|English]]
! [[Hindi]]
|-
| 1
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Saket G Block}}<ref name=":11"/>
| {{Lang|hi|साकेत जी ब्लॉक}}
| Approved
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Golden|croute}} '''(Phase 4 - Under Construction)'''
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 2
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Pushp Vihar}}
| {{Lang|hi|पुष्प विहार}}
| Approved
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 3
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Saket District Centre}}
| {{Lang|hi|साकेत डिस्ट्रिक्ट सेंटर}}
| Approved
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 4
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Pushpa Bhawan}}<ref name=":11"/>
| {{Lang|hi|पुष्पा भवन}}
| Approved
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 5
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Chirag Delhi}}
| {{Lang|hi|चिराग दिल्ली}}
| Approved
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Magenta|croute}}
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 6
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Greater Kailash-1}}
| {{Lang|hi|ग्रेटर कैलाश-1}}
| Approved
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 7
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Andrews Ganj}}
| {{Lang|hi|एंड्रयूज़ गंज}}
| Approved
| None
| Elevated
| Side
|-
| 8
| {{stl|Delhi Metro|Lajpat Nagar}}
| {{Lang|hi|लाजपत नगर}}
| Approved
| {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Pink|croute}} {{rcb|Delhi Metro|Violet|croute}}
| Elevated
| Side
|-
|}

==Project timeline==

=== Main route: IGI Aerocity to Tughlakabad ===
{{anchor | Main }}

* '''2026 Apr:''' 73.33% overall and 78% civil work are complete with 5 tunnel boring machines at work. The whole Aerocity-Tughlakabad main route will be complete by end of 2026.<ref>[https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/india/work-on-golden-line-to-be-completed-by-year-end-officials Work on Golden Line to be completed by year-end: Officials], MSN News, 20 Apr 2026.</ref><ref name="IGRG2">{{Cite web |date=2025-06-08 |title=Delhi Metro’s Golden Line corridor reaches key tunneling milestone |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-s-golden-line-corridor-reaches-key-tunneling-milestone-101749319358920.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Northwest extension: IGI Aerocity to IGI Airport T1 intersection with Magenta Line===
{{anchor | T1 }}

* '''2025 Aug:''' For the Aerocity to the existing [[Terminal 1 IGI Airport metro station]] of [[Magenta Line (Delhi Metro)|Delhi Metro's Magenta Line]], the DPR has been completed and approved, and construction will be completed by 2027-28.<ref name="IGRG1">{{Cite web |date=2025-08-22 |title=Delhi: Metro link for IGI airport’s T1, T3 moves ahead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/delhi-news/delhi-metro-link-for-igi-airport-s-t1-t3-moves-ahead-101755804413453.html |access-date=2025-12-15 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name=ex1>[https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/three-new-corridors-13-stations-all-about-magenta-line-that-will-become-delhi-metro-s-longest Three new corridors, 13 stations: All about Magenta Line that will become Delhi Metro's longest], Feb 2025.</ref>

===Eastwards extension: Tughlakabad to Kalindi Kunj intersection with Magenta Line===
{{anchor | Kalindi }}

* '''2026 Feb:''' For the Tughlakabad to the existing [[Kalindi Kunj metro station]] of Delhi Metro's Magenta Line will be completed by 2028.<ref name=ex1/>

== Train Info ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" style="background:#{{rail color|Delhi Metro|golden}};" |Golden Line
|-
!Rakes
|[[Alstom Metropolis]]
|-
!Train Length
|3/6 coaches
|-
!Train Gauge
|{{Track gauge|4 ft8 1/2in|lk=on}} [[standard gauge]]
|-
!Electrification
|25 kV 50 Hz [[Alternating current|AC]] through [[overhead catenary]] (OHE)
|-
!Train's Maximum Speed
|100 km/h
|-
!Train Operation
|
|}

==See also==
* [[List of Delhi Metro stations]]
* [[Transport in Delhi]]
* [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation]]
* [[Delhi Suburban Railway]]
* [[Delhi Transport Corporation]]
* [[National Capital Region (India)]]

{{Clear}}
{{Portal bar|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Delhi Metro}}
{{Delhi & NCR Metro stations|golden line=yes}}
{{Rapid transit in India}}
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}
{{Railways in Northern India}}

[[Category:Delhi Metro lines]]

2026 Chennai Super Kings season

2026-05-06T05:12:03Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: Added New Stub Added Tags

{{Short description|Indian Premier League cricket team}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox cricket club season
| club = {{IPL Teams 1|csk}}
| season = [[2026 Indian Premier League|2026]]
| image = M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg
| imagesize = 250px
| alt = M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023
| caption = M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, home ground of Chennai Super Kings
| coach = [[Stephen Fleming]]
| captain = [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
| ground = [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]], [[Chennai]]
| comp1 = [[2026 Indian Premier League#League stage|League stage]]
| comp1 result =
| most runs =
| most wickets =
| most catches =
| most dismissals =
| prevseason = [[2025 {{IPL Teams 1|csk}} season|2025]]
| nextseason = [[2027 {{IPL Teams 1|csk}} season|2027]]
}}
{{2026 Indian Premier League Teams}}

The '''2026 season''' will be the 17th season for the [[Indian Premier League]] franchise [[Chennai Super Kings]]. They will be one of the ten teams that competes in the [[2026 Indian Premier League]] (IPL). The team finished in tenth place in the [[2025 Indian Premier League|previous season]].<ref>{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2025-1449924/points-table-standings|title=2025 Indian Premier League points table standings|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627053137/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/points-table-standings|archive-date=27 June 2025}}</ref> The team will be captained by [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] and coached by [[Stephen Fleming]].

== Pre-season ==
{{further|List of 2026 Indian Premier League personnel changes}}
The [[2026 Indian Premier League]] will be the 19th edition of the [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL), a professional [[Twenty20]] (T20) [[cricket]] league held in India, organized by the [[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] (BCCI).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Premier League |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League |access-date=16 December 2025 |website=[[Britannica.com]] |language=en-uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250317155833/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Indian-Premier-League|archive-date=17 March 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Chennai Super Kings]] are the joint-most successful franchise with 5 title wins.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jadeja's last-ball four seals fifth title for CSK in rollercoaster final |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/match-report |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250429212411/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/indian-premier-league-2023-1345038/gujarat-titans-vs-chennai-super-kings-final-1370353/match-report |archive-date=29 April 2025 |access-date=2025-07-23 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |url-status=live}}</ref> The tournament will feature ten teams competing in 49 matches from 28 March to 3 May 2026 across venues in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2025: No increase in the number of matches as BCCI wary of India's workload |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-with-player-workload-in-mind-no-increase-in-number-of-matches-played-1452783 |access-date=2024-10-01 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250525221102/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2025-with-player-workload-in-mind-no-increase-in-number-of-matches-played-1452783 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 to be held between March 28 and May 3 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-be-held-between-march-26-and-may-31-1515758 |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223004319/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-to-be-held-between-march-28-and-may-3-1515758 |url-status=live }}</ref> Chennai will play all their home matches at [[M. A. Chidambaram Stadium]].

=== Player retention ===
Franchises were allowed to retain any number of players from their squad,<ref name="TOI"/> including traded players while excluding players signed as temporary replacements.<ref>{{cite web |date=30 October 2024 |title=IPL to allow temporary replacements for last leg of 2025 season |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-to-allow-franchises-sign-temporary-replacement-players-for-last-leg-of-2025-season-1485918 |access-date=23 May 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]]}}</ref> Franchises were required to submit their retention lists before 15 November 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 Retention: All you need to know ahead of deadline on November 15 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/cricket/ipl/ipl-2026-retention-all-you-need-to-know-ahead-of-deadline-on-november-15-125110900252_1.html |access-date=23 December 2025 |work=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> Chennai retained sixteen players, including captain [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] and former captains [[MS Dhoni]].<ref name="retain1"/><ref name="retain2"/> Chennai also traded their former captain [[Ravindra Jadeja]] along with [[Sam Curran]] to [[Rajasthan Royals]] in return for [[Sanju Samson]].<ref name="csk-rr-trade"/>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Retained players<ref name="retain1">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026: How the squads stack up ahead of the auction |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-how-the-squads-stack-up-1511304 |access-date=23 December 2025 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=16 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116181308/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-how-the-squads-stack-up-1511304 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="retain2">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 retention: Full list of players retained and released |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/indian-premier-league-ipl-2026-retention-list-players-released-cricket |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>
! scope="col" | No.
! scope="col" | Player
! scope="col" | Salary
|-
| 1 || [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 2 || [[Sanju Samson]]{{Efn|name=trade1}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 3 || [[Shivam Dube]] || {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 4 || [[Noor Ahmad]] || {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 5 || [[Khaleel Ahmed]] || {{INRConvert|4.8|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 6 || [[MS Dhoni]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 7 || [[Anshul Kamboj]] || {{INRConvert|3.4|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 8 || [[Dewald Brevis]] || {{INRConvert|2.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 9 || [[Gurjapneet Singh]] || {{INRConvert|2.2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 10 || [[Nathan Ellis]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 11 || [[Jamie Overton]] || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}}
|-
| 12 || [[Mukesh Choudhary]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 13 || [[Ramakrishna Ghosh]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 14 || [[Shreyas Gopal]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 15 || [[Ayush Mhatre]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|-
| 16 || [[Urvil Patel]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}}
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Released players<ref name="retain1"/><ref name="retain2"/><ref name="S2025">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-squad-1458628/series-squads|title=2025 Indian Premier League, Chennai Super Kings squad|access-date=3 June 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526044651/https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/ipl-2025-1449924/chennai-super-kings-squad-1458628/series-squads|archive-date=26 May 2025}}</ref>
! [[Batting (cricket)|Batters]] || [[Wicket-keeper]]s || [[All-rounder]]s || [[Bowling (cricket)|Bowlers]]
|-
| valign="top" |
* [[Andre Siddarth]]
* [[Rahul Tripathi]]
* [[Shaik Rasheed]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Devon Conway]]
* [[Vansh Bedi]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Deepak Hooda]]
* [[Rachin Ravindra]]
* [[Ravichandran Ashwin]]{{Efn|[[Ravichandran Ashwin]] announced his retirement from IPL in August 2025.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ravichandran Ashwin retires from IPL |url= https://m.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/135418/ravichandran-ashwin-retires-from-ipl|access-date=27 August 2025|publisher=[[Cricbuzz]]}}</ref>}}
* [[Ravindra Jadeja]]{{Efn|name=trade1}}
* [[Sam Curran]]{{Efn|name=trade1}}
* [[Vijay Shankar]]
| valign="top" |
* [[Kamlesh Nagarkoti]]
* [[Matheesha Pathirana]]
|}
{{notelist|refs=
{{Efn|name=trade1|[[Chennai Super Kings]] traded [[Ravindra Jadeja]] and [[Sam Curran]] to [[Rajasthan Royals]] in return for [[Sanju Samson]].<ref name="csk-rr-trade">{{cite news |access-date=15 November 2025 |title=IPL 2026: Chennai Super Kings trades Ravindra Jadeja and Sam Curran to Rajasthan Royals for Sanju Samson |url=https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/news/newsdetailspage/5582/3 |publisher=[[Chennai Super Kings]] |date=15 November 2025 |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115053634/https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/news/newsdetailspage/5582/3 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
}}

=== Auction ===
The season's auction took place in December 2025 in [[Abu Dhabi]], United Arab Emirates.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=15 December 2025 |title=IPL auction set to take place on December 16 in Abu Dhabi |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-auction-to-take-place-on-december-16-in-abu-dhabi-1510968 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105022626/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-auction-to-take-place-on-december-16-in-abu-dhabi-1510968 |url-status=live }}</ref> The auction purse for each franchise was set at {{INRConvert|125|c|lk=on}},<ref name="retain1"/> with franchises deducting an amount from the purse for every retained player.<ref name="TOI">{{Cite news |date=2025-11-12 |title=IPL 2026 retention rules explained: How many players can a franchise retain or release before auction? |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-retention-rules-explained-how-many-players-can-a-franchise-retain-or-release-before-auction/articleshow/125275371.cms |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113035257/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/top-stories/ipl-2026-retention-rules-explained-how-many-players-can-a-franchise-retain-or-release-before-auction/articleshow/125275371.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-12-13 |title=IPL 2026 auction: What each team needs and how much they can spend |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2026-auction-what-each-team-needs-and-how-much-they-can-spend/articleshow/125946517.cms |access-date=2025-12-23 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=21 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251221232954/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ipl-2026-auction-what-each-team-needs-and-how-much-they-can-spend/articleshow/125946517.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> Chennai had a purse remaining of {{INR convert|43.40|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-31 |title=IPL 2026 Auction, All You Need To Know: Start Time, Rules, Squads, Purses, Slots And More |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2026/cricket-news/ipl-2026-auction-all-you-need-to-know-start-time-rules-squads-purses-slots-and-more |access-date=2025-01-09 |website=Wisden |language=en |archive-date=23 December 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251223232138/https://www.wisden.com/series/ipl-2026/cricket-news/ipl-2026-auction-all-you-need-to-know-start-time-rules-squads-purses-slots-and-more |url-status=live }}</ref> Chennai bought nine players in the auction, including five capped players and four overseas players.<ref name="sold1">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|auction|ref=ipl-2026-auction-1515016/sold-players|title=2026 Indian Premier League auction, sold players|access-date=23 December 2025|dynamic=n|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251223103935/https://www.espncricinfo.com/auction/ipl-2026-auction-1515016/sold-players|archive-date=23 December 2025}}</ref><ref name="sold2">{{Cite web |title=IPL 2026 player list - full squads of each team |url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/ipl-2026-teams-squads-list-player-prices |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=[[Olympics.com]]}}</ref>

== Squad ==
* Players with international caps as of start of 2026 IPL are listed in '''bold'''.
* Ages are as of {{start date|2026|3|26|df=y}}.
* {{color box|border=darkgray|#FFCCCC|<nowiki>*</nowiki>}} denotes a player who was unavailable for rest of the season.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%;"
|+ [[Chennai Super Kings]] squad for the [[2026 Indian Premier League]]<ref name="S2026">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|ref=ipl-2026-1510719/chennai-super-kings-squad-1511148/series-squads|title=2026 Indian Premier League, Chennai Super Kings squad|access-date=26 March 2026}}</ref>
! S/N || Name || Nationality || Birth date || Batting style || Bowling style || Salary || Notes
|- style="background:#FFCCCC
| 1 || [[Ramakrishna Ghosh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1997|8|28|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 2 || '''[[Matthew Short]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1995|11|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]] || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 7 || '''[[MS Dhoni]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1981|7|7|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || {{INRConvert|4|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 9 || [[Gurjapneet Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1998|11|8|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|2.2|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 11 || '''[[Sanju Samson]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1994|11|11|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 12 || '''[[Dewald Brevis]]''' || {{cr|SA}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|2003|4|29|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] || {{INRConvert|2.2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 13 || [[Prashant Veer]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{birth date and age2|2026|3|26|2005|11|24|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|slow orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|14.2|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 15 || '''[[Noor Ahmad]]''' || {{cr|AFG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|2005|1|3|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Left-arm unorthodox spin|wrist-spin]] || {{INRConvert|10|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 17 || '''[[Rahul Chahar]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1999|8|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] || {{INRConvert|5.2|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 19 || [[Shreyas Gopal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1993|9|4|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 21 || '''[[Akeal Hosein]]''' || {{cr|WIN}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1993|4|25|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Slow left-arm orthodox|slow orthodox]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 23 || [[Aman Hakim Khan]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1996|11|23|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|40|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 24 || '''[[Matt Henry (cricketer)|Matt Henry]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1991|12|14|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 25 || '''[[Shivam Dube]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1993|6|26|df=y}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || {{INRConvert|12|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 26 || [[Kartik Sharma]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|2006|4|26|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|14.2|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 31 || '''[[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|03|26|1997|01|31|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]] || {{INRConvert|18|c|lk=on}} || [[Captain (cricket)|Captain]]
|-
| 35 || '''[[Zak Foulkes]]''' || {{cr|NZ}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|2002|6|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 37 || [[Urvil Patel]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1998|10|17|df=y}} || Right-handed || {{N/A}} || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 45 || '''[[Spencer Johnson (cricketer)|Spencer Johnson]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age|1995|12|16|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[fast bowling|fast]] || {{INRConvert|1.5|c}} || Overseas; Replacement for [[Nathan Ellis]]<ref>https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/138140/csk-sign-spencer-johnson-as-replacement-for-ellis</ref>
|-
| 47 || '''[[Anshul Kamboj]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|2000|12|6|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|3.4|c|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 52 || [[Akash Madhwal]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1993|11|25|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} || Replacement for [[Ayush Mhatre]]<ref>https://www.iplt20.com/news/4309/csk-sign-akash-madhwal-as-a-replacement-for-ayush-mhatre</ref>
|- style="background:#FFCCCC
| 56 || [[Ayush Mhatre]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|2007|7|16|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Off spin|off break]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|- style="background:#FFCCCC
| 71 || '''[[Khaleel Ahmed]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1997|12|5|df=y}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|4.8|c|lk=on}} ||
|- style="background:#FFCCCC
| 72 || '''[[Nathan Ellis]]''' || {{cr|AUS}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1994|9|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|2|c|lk=on}} || Overseas; Ruled Out<ref>https://x.com/i/status/2034910345358450730</ref>
|-
| 88 || '''[[Jamie Overton]]''' || {{cr|ENG}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1994|4|10|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|1.5|c|lk=on}} || Overseas
|-
| 90 || [[Mukesh Choudhary]] || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|3|26|1996|7|6|df=y}} || Left-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || {{INRConvert|30|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
| 97 || '''[[Sarfaraz Khan (cricketer)|Sarfaraz Khan]]''' || {{cr|IND}} || {{Birth date and age2|2026|03|26|1997|10|22|df=y}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg spin]] || {{INRConvert|75|l|lk=on}} ||
|-
|}

== Support staff ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Position || Name
|-
| Head coach || [[Stephen Fleming]]
|-
| Batting coach || [[Michael Hussey]]
|-
| Bowling coach || [[Eric Simons]]
|-
| Fielding coach || [[James Foster (cricketer, born 1980)|James Foster]]
|-
| Assistant coach || [[Rajiv Kumar (cricketer)|Rajiv Kumar]]
|-
| Assistant bowling coach || [[Sridharan Sriram]]
|-
| Assistant fielding coach || [[Arun Karthik]]
|-
|}
* Source: CSK Official Website & ESPNcricinfo<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/matchcentre/teamPage|title= Support Staff |work=Chennai Super Kings - Official Website|access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>{{bsn|date=January 2026}}<ref>{{citeweb|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ipl-2026-csk-james-foster-named-chennai-super-kings-fielding-coach-1528113| title= James Foster named CSK fielding coach|work=ESPNcricinfo |date=16 March 2026 |access-date=19 March 2026}}</ref>

== League stage ==
=== Points table ===
{{#section:2026 Indian Premier League|pt}}

=== League progression ===
{{#invoke:IndianPremierLeagueProgression | create

| L3, L7, L11 , W18, W22, L27, W33, L37, W44, W48|

| caption = League progression
| teams = {{IPL Teams 1|csk}}
| knockoutType = 2
| matchesPerTeam = 14
| matchReportArticle = 2026 Indian Premier League}}


== References ==
{{reflist}}
=== General references ===
* {{Cite journal |date= |title=IPL Season Schedule 2026 |url= |journal=Indian Premier League Schedule |publisher=[[Board of Control for Cricket in India]] |volume=19 |issue=1}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://www.chennaisuperkings.com/}}
* [https://www.iplt20.com/teams/chennai-super-kings Chennai Super Kings on IPLT20 website]
* {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=ipl-2026-1510719|title=2026 Indian Premier League}}

{{Chennai Super Kings}}
{{2026 Indian Premier League}}

[[Category:2026 Indian Premier League|Chennai Super Kings]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings seasons]]

Sankethi Brahmin

2026-04-30T19:24:15Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: done

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| image =
| caption =
| group = Sankethi people
| population = '''{{Circa|25,000|lk=yes}}'''<ref>{{cite news |last1=Satish |first1=DP |title=Karnataka: Brahmins Sacrifice Sheep, Drink Country Liquor at Yajna |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/karnataka-brahmins-sacrifice-sheep-drink-country-liquor-at-yajna-1238604.html |publisher=News18}}</ref>
| languages = [[Sanskrit]], [[Kannada]], [[Sankethi language|Sankethi]]
| region1 = India
| pop1 =
| region2 = United Kingdom
| pop2 =
| region3 = United States
| pop3 =
| religions = [[Hinduism]]
| related = [[Tamils]], [[Kannadigas]]
}}
The '''Sankethi people''' are a South Indian [[Smarta tradition|Smartha]] [[Brahmin]]<ref name=":0" /> community located in [[Karnataka]], India, mostly in villages in the south of the state. They speak a [[Dravidian language]] known as [[Sankethi dialect|Sankethi]], which is related to [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Kannada]].<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor = 42931419|title = Tense in Sanketi Tamila Comparative Note|journal = Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume = 41|pages = 126–129|last1 = Nagaraja|first1 = K.S.|year = 1982}}</ref> Their traditional occupation is agriculture, engaging in the cultivation of crops such as [[areca nut]]s (also known as betel nuts), palm nuts, bananas, and coconuts. The community has traditionally adhered to [[Advaita Vedanta]] and maintains the ancient practice of [[avadhanam]], as well as having a long tradition in [[Carnatic music|Carnatic classical music]].

The two largest Sankethi groups initially settled predominantly in Kowshika village near [[Hassan, India|Hassan]], Karnataka and [[Bettadapura]], [[Mysore district]], and becoming the Kaushika and the Bettadapura communities, respectively.<ref name="lifescape">{{cite book |url=http://www.lifescapesmemoirs.net/chatterjee/religion/religion.pdf |page=45 |publisher=Frandsen Humanities Press |last=Chatterjee|first=Rajeswari|title=Lifescapes of India: Religions, Customs, and Laws of India |date=2003 |access-date=2013-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226233036/http://www.lifescapesmemoirs.net/chatterjee/religion/religion.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-26}}</ref>

== History ==
Sankethis venerate a woman known as Nacharu, respectfully called Nacharamma. The appended ''-amma'' marks her status as the figurative mother of the Sankethi people, who led them out of [[Sengottai]] after mistreatment at the hands of the local [[Brahmin]] orthodoxy. Keshaviah refers to her as "... a solitary Brahmana woman leading some 700 or 800 Brahman families from what was their home from time immemorial ...".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keshaviah|first=M|title=Life of Nacharamma (History of Her Migration)|publisher=Sree Panchacharya Electric Press|year=1936|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367350|pages=44}}</ref> He also says that "At Alwargurchi, ... we met two very old Brahmanas of Vadama sect who ... afforded additional independent testimony to what we had from so many of our own sect".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Keshaviah|first=M.|title=Life of Nacharamma (History of Her Migration)|publisher=Sree Panchacharya Electric Press|year=1936|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.367350|pages=74}}</ref> Several tellings of the story exist within the Sankethi community, as such the exact details are difficult to ascertain.{{Citation needed|date=April 2020}}

=== Migration and other history ===
According to Dr. B.S. Pranatartiharan, a researcher in Sankethi studies and writer, the first wave of migration of Sankethis was in 1087 CE and was prompted by the Nacharamma episode.<ref>{{Cite book|title=ಸಂಕೇತಿ: ಒಂದು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ (Sankethi: A Study)|last=Pranatarthiharan|first=B.S.|publisher=Samudaya Adhyayana Kendra|year=2010}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/trailing-a-tiny-bunch/article2109824.ece|title=Trailing a tiny bunch|last=Ramachandran|first=C. N.|date=2011-06-16|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The date of 1087 CE for the first migration suggests that Sankethis fled during the time of the Pandyan Civil War. There is also evidence, according to an inscription preserved in a museum in [[Shimoga]], that the Sankethi community received a land grant from the king of [[Vijayanagara Empire|Vijayanagara]] in 1524 from [[Krishnadevaraya]] in recognition of [[Vedic]] scholarship.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/history-and-culture/tale-of-two-villages/article4581221.ece|title=Tale of two villages|last=Viswanathan|first=Trichur S.|date=2013-04-04|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-08-26|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A schism emerged in the early 20th century as many Indians began to go to Britain in pursuit of higher studies. The more conservative members of the community were strongly against their sons leaving India for study, citing prohibitions against Brahmins travelling by sea. B. K. Narayana Rao sought to study medicine at the [[Royal College of Surgeons]] in London and ignored the elders' objections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sankethi.org/Members/Famous/BKNRao.html|title=NASA - Fostering the global Sankethi community|website=www.sankethi.org|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> He opened doors for Indian medical postgraduates to study in Europe, and also modernized Indian eye care in Mysore.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/279312/mysores-visionaries.html|title=Mysore's visionaries|date=2012-09-17|work=Deccan Herald|access-date=2018-08-31|language=en}}</ref>

=== Religion ===
The Sankethi community is considered a fairly orthodox [[Hindu]] community, having mostly Vedic rites as a part of daily practice, though they do have certain culturally specific practices such as ''angaḍi habba, vāraturave'' and ''kanū habba''.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pranatarthiharan|first=B.S.|title=ಸಂಕೇತಿ: ಒಂದು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ (Sankethi: A Study)|publisher=Samudaya Adhyayana Kendra|year=2010|pages=171–173}}</ref> Pranatartiharan also reports that Sankethis also have a large variety of family deities, including ''[[Grāmadevatā|grāmadevatas]]'' like Māramma and Dyāvamma.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pranatartiharan|first=B.S.|title=ಸಂಕೇತಿ: ಒಂದು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ (Sankethi: A Study)|publisher=Samudaya Adhyayana Kendra|year=2010|pages=173–175}}</ref> This is attributed to Sankethis' dissociation from work in temple services, as Sankethis are typically not priests (even in temples which they have built themselves).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pranatartiharan|first=B.S.|title=ಸಂಕೇತಿ: ಒಂದು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ (Sankethi: A Study).|publisher=Samudaya Adhyayana Kendra.|year=2010|pages=176–177}}</ref> The Sankethis also have a community deity, known as Vāṇiyamma, who is said to appear in people's dreams and give them sacred missions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pranatartiharan|first=B.S.|title=ಸಂಕೇತಿ: ಒಂದು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ (Sankethi: A Study)|publisher=Samudaya Adhyayana Kendra|year=2010|pages=177}}</ref> Furthermore, the Sankethi community has been open to outside influences, freely incorporating previously not practiced rituals like Caṇdī Homa, which earned the censure of other Brahmin communities for indulging in ''[[Vamachara|vāmācāra]]'' practices.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pranatartiharan|first=B.S.|title=ಸಂಕೇತಿ: ಒಂದು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ (Sankethi: A Study)|publisher=Samudaya Adhyayana Kendra|year=2010|pages=173}}</ref>

The Sankethi community also has an atypical relationship with ''maṭhas'', being historically exempt from paying ''gurudakṣiṇa'' to the Śṛṅgeri Śaṅkarācārya due to multiple purported occasions in which Kaushika Sankethis in particular are remembered to have preserved Śrṅgeri Maṭha's reputation without having been formally tied or subordinate to it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pranatartiharan|first=B.S.|title=ಸಂಕೇತಿ: ಒಂದು ಅಧ್ಯಯನ (Sankethi: A Study)|publisher=Samudaya Adhyayana Kendra|year=2010|pages=15}}</ref>

=== Cuisine ===
Sankethi cuisine is not especially distinctive from other [[southern Karnataka]] cuisine, though there exists a definite influence from Tamil Nadu and Kerala cuisines. For example, ''[[Sevai|shavige]]'', a popular Sankethi dish is highly similar to ''[[idiyappam]]'' from Kerala, but is often flavoured like ''[[sevai]]'' from Tamil Nadu. Sankethis by and large are vegetarians, so their cuisine consists entirely of [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] dishes. There is also ''[[avial]]'' and ''[[koottu|kutu]]'', two other popular dishes in the Sankethi community, which are also found in Tamil cuisines. Due to their migratory history, influences from all over South India are evident.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adukale |first=Adukale |date=2021-02-18 |title=Sankethi Cuisine: The Lost Fare of Karnataka |url=https://adukale.com/blogs/adukale/sankethi-cuisine-the-lost-fare-of-karnataka |access-date=2023-10-28 |website=Adukale |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.sankethi.org/ North American Sankethi Association]

[[Category:Ethnic groups in India| ]]
[[Category:Dravidian peoples]]
[[Category:Kannada Brahmins]]
[[Category:Social groups of Karnataka]]

Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war

2026-04-29T10:49:55Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: added new post...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war
| partof = the [[Sri Lankan civil war]]
| image = 
| caption = The officers of the IPKF comprising all three services bid 'Adieu'. End another chapter in Sri Lankan History.
| date = 29 July 1987 – 24 March 1990 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=29|year1=1987|month2=03|day2=24|year2=1990}})
| place = [[Sri Lanka]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| territory =
| result = Withdrawal after ceasefire
| status =
| combatant1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[India]] {{flag|Sri Lanka}}
| combatant2 = {{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|15px}} [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] '''Supported by:''' {{flag|Sri Lanka}} (clandestinely)
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = {{flagicon|India}} [[President of India|President]] [[R. Venkataraman]] {{Flagicon|India}} [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Rajiv Gandhi]] {{Flagicon|India}} [[Defence Minister of India|Defence Minister]] [[V P Singh]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Major general (India)|Maj.Gen.]] [[Harkirat Singh (Major General)|Harkirat Singh]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Major general (India)|Maj.Gen.]] [[AM Malik]] {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} [[Major general (India)|Maj.Gen.]] [[Ashok K. Mehta]]
| commander2 = {{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg|15px}} [[Velupillai Prabhakaran]]
| commander3 =
| strength1 = 100,000 (peak)
| strength2 = Unknown
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = 1,165 killed, 3009 Wounded<ref name="burden">{{cite web|title=Economic Burden by Sending IPKF in Sri Lanka|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1999-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1999-12-15_300.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=15 December 1999|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=28 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928224908/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1999-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1999-12-15_300.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| casualties2 = LTTE: 5000+ killed and wounded
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Indian Peace Keeping Force}}
{{Campaignbox Sri Lankan Civil War}}
| units1 = {{tree list}}
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Indian Armed Forces.svg}} [[Indian Armed Forces]]
**[[IPKF|Indian Peace Keeping Force]]
***{{army|India}}
***{{navy|India}}
***{{air force|India}}
{{tree list/end}}
| units2 = {{tree list}}
*{{flagicon|Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam}} [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]]
**[[Sea Tigers]]
**[[Air Tigers]]
**[[LTTE Black Tiger|Black Tigers]] ([[Divisions of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Details]])
{{tree list/end}}
}}

The '''Indian intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war''' was the deployment of the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] in Sri Lanka intended to perform a [[peacekeeping]] role. The deployment followed the [[Indo-Sri Lankan Accord]] between India and Sri Lanka of 1987 which was intended to end the [[Sri Lankan civil war]] between [[Separatism|separatist]] [[Sri Lankan Tamil nationalism|Sri Lankan Tamil nationalists]], principally the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE), and the [[Military of Sri Lanka|Sri Lankan Military]].

The original intention was the Indian Peace Keeping Force would not be involved in large scale military operations. However, after a few months, the Indian Peace Keeping Force engaged the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in a series of battles. During the two years in which it was deployed, the IPKF fought numerous battles against the LTTE. During 1989, the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE reached to an agreement and ceased the combat. From May 1989, the Sri Lankan government started to provide weapons to the LTTE for securing the departure of the IPKF. On June 2, the Sri Lankan government asked IPKF to leave and an official ceasefire agreement between the Sri Lankan government and the LTTE was signed on June 28.<ref name="p974">{{cite book | last=Dixon | first=J.S. | last2=Sarkees | first2=M.R. | title=A Guide to Intra-state Wars | publisher=SAGE Publications | series=Correlates of war series | year=2015 | isbn=978-0-87289-775-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qM5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA555| page=555}}</ref> In 1990, the IPKF withdrew under the government of [[V. P. Singh]] after [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] asked IPKF to leave at the time when the LTTE was almost defeated.<ref name="i044">{{cite web | title=Online edition of Daily News | website=dailynews.lk | date=2013-01-11 | url=http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/03/fea12.asp | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130111232336/http://www.dailynews.lk/2009/06/03/fea12.asp | archive-date=2013-01-11 | url-status=dead | access-date=2024-05-13}}</ref>

==Background==
The LTTE and other Tamil militant groups developed strong relationships with political parties in South India, such as [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (led by [[K. Veeramani]]), [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Kamaraj Congress]] (led by [[Nedumaran]]) and [[Tanittamil Iyakkam|Pure Tamil Movement]] (led by Perinchintanarayanan) during late 1970s.<ref name="sndayt">{{cite web | url=http://sundaytimes.lk/970119/plus4.html| title=LTTE: the Indian connection| publisher=Sunday Times| year=1997 | accessdate=2011-07-25}}</ref> These Tamil parties firmly backed the militants' cause of creating a separate Tamil [[Eelam]] within Sri Lanka.

According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar]], a scholar of [[Indian foreign policy]], [[India]]n intervention in Sri Lankan civil war became inevitable as that civil war threatened India’s "unity, national interest and territorial integrity."<ref name="auto">{{cite journal|last1=Laskar|first1=Rejaul|title=Rajiv Gandhi's Diplomacy: Historic Significance and Contemporary Relevance|journal=Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomatist|date=September 2014|volume=2|issue=9|page=47|url=http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|access-date=8 March 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221161446/http://www.diplomatist.com/dipom09y2014/article015.html|archive-date=21 February 2018}}</ref> According to Laskar, this threat came in two ways: On the one hand external powers could take advantage of the situation to establish their [[List of countries with overseas military bases|overseas bases]] in [[Sri Lanka]] thus posing a threat to [[India]], and on the other, the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|LTTE]]’s dream of a sovereign [[Tamil Eelam]] comprising all the [[Tamil People|Tamil]] inhabited areas (of Sri Lanka) posed a threat to [[India]]’s territorial integrity.<ref name="auto"/>

The LTTE and other Tamil militant groups developed strong relationships with political parties in South India, such as [[Tanittamil Iyakkam|Pure Tamil Movement]] (led by [[Perunchithiranar (Tamil nationalist)|Perunchithiranar]]), [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] (led by [[K. Veeramani]]), [[Indian National Congress (Organisation)|Kamaraj Congress]] (led by [[Nedumaran]]) during the late 1970s.<ref name="sndayt"/> These Tamil parties firmly backed the militants' cause of creating a separate Tamil [[Eelam]] within Sri Lanka. Thereafter, LTTE developed relations with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] and [[M. Karunanidhi]], who served as [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]], succeeding one another.

Although Sri Lanka was a key member of [[Non-Aligned Movement]] in its initial stages, the [[Government of Sri Lanka]]'s policies became pro-western as [[Junius Richard Jayewardene|J. R. Jayewardene]] was elected [[Prime Minister of Sri Lanka|prime minister]] with his landslide victory in [[1977 Sri Lankan parliamentary election|1977 parliamentary election]]. Subsequently, he introduced a new constitution and [[open economy]] to Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is the first South-Asian country to adopt liberal open economy.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.fulbrightsrilanka.com/?page_id=561| title=Sri Lanka – an Overview| publisher=Fulbright commission| access-date=2011-07-25| archive-date=16 March 2011| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316231316/http://www.fulbrightsrilanka.com/?page_id=561| url-status=live}}</ref> Together with these developments, India was also concerned about
*Presence of Israeli [[Shin Bet]] intelligence operatives to train Sri Lankan troops on intelligence operations, Pakistani [[Special Services Group]] led by Brigadier Tariq Mohommad to assist Sri Lankan commandos, and South African mercenaries to train [[Sri Lanka Air Force]] pilots in low contour flying, in Colombo, etc.<ref name="atimes">{{cite web| url=http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC09Df04.html| title=Chapter 30: Whirlpool of violence, Sri Lanka: The Untold Story| publisher=Asia Times| year=2002| accessdate=2011-07-25| archive-date=3 December 2002| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021203100501/http://www.atimes.com/ind-pak/DC09Df04.html| url-status=dead}}</ref>

Moreover, [[President of Sri Lanka|President]] J. R. Jayawardene did not enjoy the same warm relationship with [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Indira Gandhi]] that he had enjoyed with her father, Prime Minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="sndayt"/> Thus, with the outbreak of [[Black July|Black July racial riots]], the Indian government decided to support the insurgent groups operating in Northern Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite book |author=David Brewster|url=https://www.academia.edu/7992855|title=India's Ocean: the Story of India's Bid for Regional Leadership |access-date=13 August 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124021151/http://www.academia.edu/7992855/Extract_from_Indias_Ocean_-_the_lead_up_to_Indias_1987_intervention_in_Sri_Lanka|archive-date=24 January 2016}}</ref>

==Training the militants==
Beginning in August 1983, till May 1987, India, through its intelligence agency [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (R&AW), provided arms, training and monetary support to 6 Sri Lankan Tamil militant groups, namely [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE), [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization]] (TELO), [[People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam]] (PLOTE), [[Eelam Revolutionary Organisation of Students]] (EROS) [[Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front]] (EPRLF) and [[Tamil Eelam Liberation Army]] (TELA).{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Even the state governments or Sri Lankan opposition leader [[Appapillai Amirthalingam]] were not aware of such a mission until April 1984.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} The LTTE's rise is widely attributed to the initial backing it received from RAW.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} It is believed that by supporting different militant groups, the Indian government hoped to keep the Tamil independence movement divided and be able to exert overt control over it.<ref name="at1">''Asia Times'' [http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FC26Df04.html Who's behind the LTTE split?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821195541/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/FC26Df04.html |date=21 August 2016 }}.</ref>

During that period, 32 camps were set up all over India to train these militants.<ref name="sndayt"/> However Prime Minister Indira Gandhi maintained the position that "We have never interfered with the internal developments of any country in the past and we will not do so now." Contrary to her statement, 3363 Tamil insurgents, including 10 batches of LTTE (405 men and 90 women) were given military training to fight against Sri Lankan armed forces during the succeeding years.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971212/34650923.html| title=Uppermost in our minds was to save the Gandhis' name| publisher=Express India| year=1997| accessdate=2011-07-25| archive-date=11 August 2007| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070811204127/http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/19971212/34650923.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> Initially 350 TELO cadres were trained at [[Dehradun]], in the hills of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. It was followed with training for 200 cadres from EROS, 100 from EPRLF, and 70 from PLOTE.<ref name="atimes"/> LTTE was the last insurgent group to enter the training.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} First batch of Tigers were trained in [[Special Frontier Force|Establishment 22]] based in [[Chakrata]], [[Uttarakhand]]. Second batch was trained in [[Himachal Pradesh]]. 8 other batches of LTTE were trained in Tamil Nadu.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Ironically, [[Thenmozhi Rajaratnam]] ''alias'' Dhanu, who carried out the [[assassination of Rajiv Gandhi]] and Sivarasan - the key conspirator were among the militants trained by RAW, in [[Nainital]], North India.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/19472490903387191| title=Killing Rajiv Gandhi: Dhanu's sacrificial metamorphosis in death| publisher=tandfonline.com| year=2009 | accessdate=2011-07-25}}</ref>

==Operation Poomalai==
{{Main|Operation Poomalai}}
India became more actively involved in the late 1980s, and on 5 June 1987, the [[Indian Air Force]] [[Operation Poomalai|airdropped food parcels]] to [[Jaffna]] while it was [[Operation Liberation|under siege]] by Sri Lankan forces. At a time when the Sri Lankan government stated they were close to defeating the LTTE, India dropped 25 tons of food and medicine by parachute into areas held by the LTTE in a direct move of support toward the separatists.<ref>{{cite news|url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE0D8173FF936A35755C0A961948260&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fIndia|title = India airlifts aid to Tamil rebels|work = STEVEN R. WEISMAN|publisher = New York Times|date = 5 June 1987|first = Steven R.|last = Weisman|access-date = April 9, 2010|url-status = live|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080219034919/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9B0DE0D8173FF936A35755C0A961948260&n=Top%2FNews%2FWorld%2FCountries%20and%20Territories%2FIndia|archive-date = 19 February 2008}}</ref> Further Sri Lanka government accused, that not only food and medicine but weapons were also supplied to the LTTE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Invasion-by-Indian-jets-on-June-4-1987-enraged-Sri-Lankan-army-officers/2016/09/07/article3615418.ece|title=Invasion by Indian jets on June 4, 1987 enraged Sri Lankan army officers|access-date=2016-09-19|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919230704/http://www.newindianexpress.com/world/Invasion-by-Indian-jets-on-June-4-1987-enraged-Sri-Lankan-army-officers/2016/09/07/article3615418.ece|archive-date=September 19, 2016}}</ref> Negotiations were held, and the [[Indo-Sri Lanka Peace Accord]] was signed on 29 July 1987, by Indian Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] and Sri Lankan President [[Junius Richard Jayewardene|Jayewardene]]. Under this accord, the Sri Lankan Government made a number of concessions to Tamil demands, including a [[devolution]] of power to the [[Provinces of Sri Lanka|provinces]], a merger—subject to later referendum—of the Northern and the Eastern provinces into the [[North Eastern Province, Sri Lanka|single province]], and official status for the [[Tamil language]] (this was enacted as the [[13th Amendment to the Constitution of Sri Lanka]]). India agreed to establish order in the North and East through a force dubbed the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] (IPKF), and to cease assisting Tamil insurgents. Militant groups including the LTTE, although initially reluctant, agreed to surrender their arms to the IPKF, which initially oversaw a cease-fire and a modest [[disarmament]] of the militant groups.

The signing of the Indo-Lanka Accord, so soon after JR Jayawardene's declaration that he would fight the Indians to the last bullet, led to unrest in south. The arrival of the IPKF to take over control of most areas in the North of the country enabled the Sri Lanka government to shift its forces to the south (in Indian aircraft) to quell the protests. This led to an [[Insurrection 1987-89|uprising]] by the [[Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna]] in the south, which was put down bloodily over the next two years.

==Conflict with the LTTE==
While most Tamil militant groups laid down their weapons and agreed to seek a peaceful solution to the conflict, the LTTE refused to disarm its fighters.<ref name="cp1">{{cite news| url =http://www.chinapost.com.tw/latestnews/20061228/43353.htm| title =Tamil rebels abduct 2 rivals, Sri Lankan military says| agency =Associated Press| date =12 December 2006| access-date =3 October 2010| archive-date =17 October 2015| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20151017111914/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/latestnews/20061228/43353.htm| url-status =dead}}</ref> Keen to ensure the success of the accord, the IPKF then tried to demobilize the LTTE by force and ended up in full-scale conflict with them. The three-year-long conflict was also marked by the IPKF being accused of committing various abuses of human rights by many human rights groups as well as some within the Indian media. The IPKF also soon met stiff opposition from the Tamils.<ref>Balasingham, Adele. (2003) ''The Will to Freedom - An Inside View of Tamil Resistance''. Fairmax Publishing Ltd, 2nd ed. {{ISBN|1-903679-03-6}}.</ref><ref>NorthEast Secretariat report on Human rights 1974 - 2004 (see Further Reading section).</ref>

===Operation Pawan===
{{Main|Operation Pawan}}

Operation Pawan was the codename assigned to the operations by the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force]] to take control of [[Jaffna]] from the [[LTTE]] in late 1987 to enforce the disarmament of the LTTE as a part of the [[Indo-Sri Lankan Accord]]. In brutal fighting that took about three weeks, the IPKF wrested control of the [[Jaffna Peninsula]] from LTTE rule. Supported by [[Indian Army]] tanks, helicopter gunships and heavy artillery, the LTTE were routed; however, the IPKF lost 214 soldiers in the hostilities.<ref name=BS>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1987/Chapter03.html Operation Pawan. The Battle for Jaffna] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330082607/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LAND-FORCES/Army/History/1987/Chapter03.html |date=March 30, 2009 }}</ref>

===The Jaffna University Helidrop===
{{Main|Jaffna University Helidrop}}

The Jaffna University Helidrop was the first of the operations launched by the [[Indian Peace Keeping Force|Indian Peace Keeping Forces (IPKF)]] aimed at disarming the Tamil Tigers (LTTE) by force and securing the town of [[Jaffna]], [[Sri Lanka]], in the opening stages of [[Operation Pawan]] during the [[Sri Lankan civil war#Indian involvement|active Indian mediation]] in the Sri Lankan Civil War. Mounted on the midnight of 12 October 1987, the operation was planned as a fast heliborne assault involving [[Mil Mi-8|Mi-8s]] of the [[No. 109 Helicopter Unit, IAF|No. 109 Helicopter Unit]], the [[Para Commandos (India)|10th Para Commandos]] and a contingent of the [[Sikh Light Infantry|13th Sikh Light Infantry]]. The aim of the operation was to capture the [[LTTE]] leadership at [[Jaffna University]] building which served as the [[Military tactics|tactical]] [[headquarters]] of the LTTE, which was expected to shorten Operation Pawan, the battle for Jaffna. However, the operation ended disastrously, failing to capture its objectives -owing to intelligence and planning failures. The heli dropped force suffered significant casualties, with nearly the entire Sikh LI detachment of twenty nine troops falling to the heavy fortifications of the university and fighting until death, along with six Para commandos falling in battle.

==End of Indian involvement==

Nationalist sentiment led many Sinhalese to oppose the continued Indian presence in Sri Lanka. These led to the Sri Lankan government's call for India to quit the island, and they entered into a secret deal with the LTTE that culminated in a ceasefire. But the LTTE and IPKF continued to have frequent hostilities. In April 1989, the [[Ranasinghe Premadasa]] government ordered the [[Sri Lanka Army]] to clandestinely hand over arms consignments to the LTTE to fight the IPKF and its proxy Tamil National Army (TNA).<ref name="atimesd">{{cite web|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DH31Df01.html|work=Asia Times|title=Chapter 55: Assassination of Athulathmudali|access-date=28 July 2011|url-status=unfit|archive-url=https://archive.today/20110604003049/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DH31Df01.html|archive-date=4 June 2011}}</ref><ref>Dissanayaka, T.D.S.A.: "War or Peace in Sri Lanka, Volume II", p. 332. Swastika, 1998.</ref> Although casualties among the IPKF mounted, and calls for the withdrawal of the IPKF from both sides of the Sri Lankan conflict grew, Rajiv Gandhi refused to remove the IPKF from Sri Lanka. However, following his defeat in Indian parliamentary elections in December 1989, the new Prime Minister [[V. P. Singh]] ordered the withdrawal of the IPKF, and their last ship left Sri Lanka on 24 March 1990. The 32-month presence of the IPKF in Sri Lanka resulted in the deaths of 1,165 Indian soldiers and over 5,000 Sri Lankans. The cost for the [[Government of India]] was estimated at over {{INRConvert|10.3|b|lk=on|year=1987}}.<ref name="para">{{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC | title = Paradise poisoned:learning about conflict, terrorism, and development from Sri Lanka's civil wars | page = 562 | year = 2005 | access-date = 19 January 2012 | isbn = 955-580-094-4 | author = John Richardson | publisher = International Center for Ethnic Studies | archive-date = 6 January 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240106124901/https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIRxpjfd-EC | url-status = live }}</ref>

===Rajiv Gandhi's assassination===
{{main|Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi}}

Support for the LTTE in India dropped considerably in 1991, after the assassination of ex-Prime Minister [[Rajiv Gandhi]] by a female suicide bomber named [[Thenmozhi Rajaratnam]]. The Indian press has subsequently reported that Prabhakaran decided to eliminate Gandhi as he considered the ex-prime minister to be against the Tamil liberation struggle and feared that he might re-induct the IPKF, which Prabhakaran termed the "satanic force", if he won the [[1991 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/28rajiv3.htm| title = Prabhakaran had Rajiv killed for being 'anti-Tamil'| publisher = Rediff| date = 31 August 2006| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303190244/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/28rajiv3.htm| archive-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> In 1998 a court in India presided over by Special Judge V. Navaneetham found the LTTE and its leader Velupillai Prabhakaran responsible for the assassination.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/28rajiv.htm| title = 26 sentenced to death for Rajiv Gandhi's assassination| publisher = Rediff| date = 31 August 2006| url-status = live| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303212052/http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/jan/28rajiv.htm| archive-date = 3 March 2016}}</ref> In a 2006 interview, LTTE ideologue Anton Balasingham stated regret over the assassination, although he stopped short of outright acceptance of responsibility for it.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Tamil Tiger 'regret' over Gandhi |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5122032.stm |work=BBC News |date=27 June 2006 |access-date=10 May 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522043902/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5122032.stm |archive-date=22 May 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=We killed Rajiv, confesses LTTE |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1686574.cms |work=The Times of India |date=28 June 2006 |access-date=10 May 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070507031135/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1686574.cms |archive-date=7 May 2007 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
* [[Rohan Gunaratna|Gunaratna, Rohan]]. (1997). ''International & Regional Security Implications of the Sri Lankan Tamil Insurgency'', AABC for International Studies. {{ISBN|955-95060-0-5}}
* [[Rohan Gunaratna|Gunaratna, Rohan]]. (1998). ''Sri Lanka's Ethnic Crisis and National Security'', [[Colombo]]: South Asian Network on Conflict Research. {{ISBN|955-8093-00-9}}
* [[Rohan Gunaratna|Gunaratna, Rohan]]. (October 1, 1987). ''War and Peace in Sri Lanka: With a Post-Accord Report From Jaffna'', [[Sri Lanka]]: Institute of Fundamental Studies. {{ISBN|955-8093-00-9}}

{{Sri Lankan Civil War|state=expand}}
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Indian Peace Keeping Force| ]]
[[Category:Foreign intervention in the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Phases of the Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:1987 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1988 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1989 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:1990 in Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:India–Sri Lanka relations]]
[[Category:Military history of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Military history of India|Sri Lankan Civil War]]
[[Category:1980s in India|Sri Lankan Civil War, Indian invervention in]]
[[Category:1990 in India|Sri Lankan Civil War, Indian invervention in]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1987]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1988]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1989]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1990]]
[[Category:Wars involving India|Sri Lankan Civil War, Indian invervention in]]
[[Category:Wars involving Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan civil war]]
[[Category:Rajiv Gandhi administration]]
[[Category:Invasions of Sri Lanka]]

Miss Vietnam 2022

2026-04-28T19:34:20Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: stub

{{refimprove|date=October 2022}}
{{Infobox beauty pageant
|image =Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy.png
|caption = Miss Vietnam 2022 [[Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy]]
|date = December 23, 2022<ref>{{cite web|url=https://dangcongsan.vn/tu-tuong-van-hoa/chung-ket-toan-quoc-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2022-dien-ra-vao-23-12-623686.html|title=Chung kết toàn quốc Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2022 diễn ra vào 23/12|website=dangcongsan.vn|language=Vietnamese
|date=4 November 2022}}</ref>
|presenters =*{{Hlist|Nguyên Khang|Quỳnh Châu}} ''(Preliminary)''
*{{Hlist|[[Huỳnh Nguyễn Mai Phương|Mai Phương]]|Vũ Mạnh Cường|[[Lương Thùy Linh]]}} ''(Final)''
|acts =*{{Hlist|Sofia|Mai Tiến Dũng|Lưu Hiền Trinh|Shin Hồng Vịnh}} ''(Preliminary)''
*{{Hlist|Quân A.P|Lona|Kay Trần|Hoàng Thùy Linh}} ''(Final)''
|venue = [[Phu Tho Indoor Stadium]], [[District 11 (Ho Chi Minh city)|District 11]] [[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|broadcaster = {{Hlist|[[VTV2]]}}
|entrants = 58
|placements = 20
|winner = '''[[Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy]] [[Da Nang]]'''
|before = [[Miss Vietnam 2020|2020]]
|next = [[Miss Vietnam 2024|2024]]
}}
'''Miss Vietnam 2022''' was the 18th [[Miss Vietnam]] pageant, held at the [[Phu Tho Indoor Stadium]] in [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam, on December 23, 2022.

[[Miss Vietnam 2020]] [[Đỗ Thị Hà]] crowned her successor [[Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy]] at the end of the event.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tienphong.vn/truc-tiep-hop-bao-khoi-dong-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2022-post1451429.tpo|title=[TRỰC TIẾP] Họp báo khởi động Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2022|website=tienphong.vn|language=Vietnamese
|date=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thanhnien.vn/dan-hoa-hau-khoe-nhan-sac-rang-ro-tai-hop-bao-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2022-post1475580.html|title=Dàn hoa hậu khoe nhan sắc rạng rỡ tại họp báo Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2022|website=thanhnien.vn|language=Vietnamese
|date=7 July 2020}}</ref>

==Results==
===Placements===
;Color keys
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{{plainlist|
* {{Color box|#50C878|border=darkgray}} Declared as the winner in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#89CFF0|border=darkgray}} Ended as Runner-up in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#F2CECE|border=darkgray}} Ended as finalist or semifinalist in an International pageant.
* {{Color box|#FFFACD|border=darkgray}} Unplaced.
}}
{{col-end}}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Placement
! Contestant
! International placement
|-style="background-color:#50C878;"
| Miss Vietnam 2022
|
* 005 – [[Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy]]
| {{Center|Winner – [[Miss International 2024]]}}
|-
| 1st Runner-Up
|
* 146 – [[Trịnh Thùy Linh]]
|-style="background-color:#89CFF0"
| 2nd Runner-Up
|
* 166 – Lê Nguyễn Ngọc Hằng
| {{Center|2nd Runner-Up – Miss Intercontinental 2023}}
|-
| Top 5
|
* 122 – Nguyễn Ngọc Mai
* 177 – Hoàng Hương Giang
|-
| Top 10
|
* 088 – Đinh Khánh Hòa
* 114 – Phạm Giáng My
* 216 – Trần Thị Bé Quyên
* 252 – Trần Lê Mai Chi
* 378 – Phan Phương Oanh
|-
| Top 20
|
* 010 – Bùi Thảo Linh
* 093 – Nguyễn Phương Anh
* 101 – Phạm Thị Hồng Thắm
* 106 – Nguyễn Thu Hà
* 121 – Lê Thanh Trúc
* 234 – Đỗ Trần Ngọc Thảo
* 323 – Nguyễn Thị Thanh Tâm
* 369 – Hồ Thị Yến Nhi
* 400 – Lê Minh Anh §
* 445 – Trần Nguyễn Phương Thy
|}
'''§''' - People's Choice winner

===Special awards===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Giải thưởng
! style="background-color:#787878;color:#FFFFFF;"| Thí sinh
|-
|'''Miss [[Áo dài]]'''
|
*'''216''' - Trần Thị Bé Quyên
|-
|'''Best Skin'''
|
* '''146''' - Trịnh Thùy Linh
|-
|'''Best Face'''
|
* '''177''' - Hoàng Hương Giang
|}

==Fast Track Events==
===Beauty With A Purpose===
The winner of Beauty With A Purpose would automatically advance to Top 5
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Final result
! Contestant
|- style="background-color:#FFFACD; font-weight: bold"
| '''Winner'''
|
* '''122''' – Nguyễn Ngọc Mai
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* '''005''' – '''[[Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy]]'''
* '''088''' – Đinh Khánh Hòa
* '''323''' – Nguyễn Thị Thanh Tâm
* '''378''' – Phan Phương Oanh
|-
| '''Top 18'''
|
* '''052''' – Trần Lê Mai Chi
* '''057''' – Nguyễn Linh Thu
* '''081''' – Trần Gia Hân
* '''101''' – Phạm Thị Hồng Thắm
* '''121''' – Lê Thanh Trúc
* '''146''' – Trịnh Thùy Linh
* '''166''' – Lê Nguyễn Ngọc Hằng
* '''177''' – Hoàng Hương Giang
* '''182''' – Mai Trang Thảo
* '''234''' – Đỗ Trần Ngọc Thảo
* '''278''' – Nguyễn Thị Phương Nhung
* '''335''' – Nguyễn Ngọc Tường Vi
* '''426''' – Trịnh Mỹ Anh
|}

=== Beach Beauty ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Final result
! Contestant
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD; font-weight: bold"
|'''Winner'''
|
* '''378''' – Phan Phương Oanh
|-
| '''Top 3'''
|
* '''146''' – Trịnh Thùy Linh
* '''216''' – Trần Thị Bé Quyên
|}

===Multimedia===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Final result
! Contestant
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD; font-weight: bold"
|'''Winner'''
|
* '''323''' – Nguyễn Thị Thanh Tâm
|-
| '''Top 3'''
|
* '''122''' – Nguyễn Ngọc Mai
* '''278''' – Nguyễn Thị Phương Nhung
|-
|'''Top 6'''
|
* '''005''' – [[Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy]]
* '''088''' – Đinh Khánh Hòa
* '''378''' – Phan Phương Oanh
|-
|'''Top 7'''
|
* '''045''' – Nguyễn Thị Hoài Ngọc
|}

===Top Model===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Final result
! Contestant
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD; font-weight: bold"
|'''Winner'''
|
* '''052''' – Trần Lê Mai Chi
|-
| '''Top 3'''
|
* '''066''' – Phan Thị Sen
* '''369''' – Hồ Thị Yến Nhi
|}

===Talent===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Final result
! Contestant
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD; font-weight: bold"
|'''Winner'''
|
* '''166''' – Lê Nguyễn Ngọc Hằng
|-
| '''Top 3'''
|
* '''081''' – Trần Gia Hân
* '''177''' – Hoàng Hương Giang
|}

===Sports===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Final result
! Contestant
|-style="background-color:#FFFACD; font-weight: bold"
|'''Winner'''
|
* '''005''' - [[Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy]]
|-
| '''Top 3'''
|
*'''093''' – Nguyễn Phương Anh
*'''166''' – Lê Nguyễn Ngọc Hằng
|-
| '''Top 8'''
|
*'''045''' – Nguyễn Thị Hoài Ngọc
*'''088''' – Đinh Khánh Hòa
*'''119''' – Phạm Thị Phương Trinh
*'''369''' – Hồ Thị Yến Nhi
*'''426''' – Trịnh Mỹ Anh
|}

==Contestants==
35 contestants in the final<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tienphong.vn/35-thi-sinh-vao-chung-ket-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2022-post1489862.tpo|title= 35 thí sinh vào chung kết Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2022|language=Vietnamese|date=26 November 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%;"
|-
!No.
!Contestants
!Age
!Height (cm)
!Hometown
|-style="background:gold;"
|'''005'''
|'''[[Huỳnh Thị Thanh Thủy]]'''
|'''20'''
|'''{{height|m=1.76}}'''
|'''[[Da Nang]]'''
|-
|010
|Bùi Thảo Linh
|18
|{{height|m=1.75}}
|[[Thanh Hóa]]
|-
|045
|Nguyễn Thị Hoài Ngọc
|21
|{{height|m=1.72}}
|[[Bắc Giang]]
|-
|052
|Trần Lê Mai Chi
|19
|{{height|m=1.68}}
|[[Thanh Hóa]]
|-
|057
|Nguyễn Linh Thu
|23
|{{height|m=1.71}}
|[[Phú Thọ (town)|Phú Thọ]]
|-
|066
|Phan Thị Sen
|21
|{{height|m=1.70}}
|[[Lâm Đồng]]
|-
|081
|Trần Gia Hân
|18
|{{height|m=1.72}}
|[[Nam Định]]
|-
|088
|Đinh Khánh Hòa
|19
|{{height|m=1.73}}
|[[Hanoi]]
|-
|093
|Nguyễn Phương Anh
|20
|{{height|m=1.67}}
|[[Haiphong]]
|-
|101
|Phạm Thị Hồng Thắm
|19
|{{height|m=1.72}}
|[[Quảng Ngãi]]
|-
|106
|Nguyễn Thu Hà
|19
|{{height|m=1.73}}
|[[Tuyên Quang]]
|-
|108
|Lê Thị Hồng Điễm
|20
|{{height|m=1.78}}
|[[Tiền Giang]]
|-
|114
|Phạm Giáng My
|18
|{{height|m=1.70}}
|[[Ninh Bình]]
|-
|119
|Phạm Thị Phương Trinh
|19
|{{height|m=1.72}}
|[[Quảng Nam]]
|-
|121
|Lê Thanh Trúc
|20
|{{height|m=1.72}}
|[[Bình Định]]
|-
|122
|Nguyễn Ngọc Mai
|23
|{{height|m=1.69}}
|[[Nam Định]]
|-style="background:silver;"
|'''146'''
|'''Trịnh Thùy Linh'''
|'''20'''
|'''{{height|m=1.72}}'''
|'''[[Thanh Hóa]]'''
|-style="background:silver;"
|'''166'''
|'''Lê Nguyễn Ngọc Hằng'''
|'''19'''
|'''{{height|m=1.73}}'''
|'''[[Ho Chi Minh City]]'''
|-
|177
|Hoàng Hương Giang
|19
|{{height|m=1.73}}
|[[Bắc Giang]]
|-
|182
|Mai Trang Thảo
|19
|{{height|m=1.67}}
|[[Quảng Nam]]
|-
|215
|Phạm Thị Nhung
|22
|{{height|m=1.74}}
|[[Thanh Hóa]]
|-
|216
|Trần Thị Bé Quyên
|21
|{{height|m=1.74}}
|[[Bến Tre]]
|-
|228
|Nguyễn Hoàng Yến
|18
|{{height|m=1.67}}
|[[Hanoi]]
|-
|232
|Bùi Thị Hoàng Yến
|22
|{{height|m=1.74}}
|[[Hà Tĩnh]]
|-
|234
|Đỗ Trần Ngọc Thảo
|21
|{{height|m=1.68}}
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
|245
|Nguyễn Lê Nhật Quỳnh
|19
|{{height|m=1.76}}
|[[Hanoi]]
|-
|278
|Nguyễn Thị Phương Nhung
|20
|{{height|m=1.66}}
|[[Vĩnh Phúc]]
|-
|323
|Nguyễn Thị Thanh Tâm
|24
|{{height|m=1.74}}
|[[Thanh Hóa]]
|-
|335
|Nguyễn Ngọc Tường Vi
|22
|{{height|m=1.71}}
|[[Khánh Hòa Province|Khánh Hòa]]
|-
|369
|Hồ Thị Yến Nhi
|19
|{{height|m=1.79}}
|[[Thừa Thiên Huế]]
|-
|378
|Phan Phương Oanh
|19
|{{height|m=1.72}}
|[[Hanoi]]
|-
|400
|Lê Minh Anh
|18
|{{height|m=1.70}}
|[[Hanoi]]
|-
|426
|Trịnh Mỹ Anh
|19
|{{height|m=1.75}}
|[[Nghệ An]]
|-
|445
|Trần Nguyễn Phương Thy
|20
|{{height|m=1.75}}
|[[Ho Chi Minh City]]
|-
|462
|Trần Thị Hồng Nhung
|18
|{{height|m=1.72}}
|[[Thừa Thiên Huế]]
|}

==Judges==
The Miss Vietnam 2022 final judges were:<ref name="judge">{{cite news |title=7 giám khảo của Hoa hậu Việt Nam 2022 |url=https://tienphong.vn/7-giam-khao-hoa-hau-viet-nam-2022-post1480151.tpo |accessdate=26 October 2022 |date=21 October 2022}}</ref>

* Lê Xuân Sơn - Editor-in-chief of [[Tiền Phong (newspaper)|Tien Phong newspaper]]<ref name="judge"/>
* Trần Hữu Việt - Member of Executive Committee and Head of Young Writers' Committee of Vietnam Writers Association, Head of Culture and Arts Department of [[Nhân Dân|Nhan Dan newspaper]]<ref name="judge"/>
* Nguyễn Xuân Bắc - Actor, Director of Vietnam Drama Theater<ref name="judge"/>
* Lê Thanh Hòa - Fashion designer and stylist<ref name="judge"/>
* Nguyễn Thụy Vân - 2nd Runner-up of Miss Vietnam 2008<ref name="judge"/>
* [[Trần Tiểu Vy]] - [[Miss Vietnam 2018]]<ref name="judge"/>
* Lê Nguyễn Bảo Ngọc - Miss Intercontinental 2022.<ref name="judge"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Miss Vietnam}}

[[Category:2022 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Vietnamese awards]]

Meter (film)

2026-04-27T17:34:20Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{short description|2023 Indian film by Ramesh Kaduri}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2025}}{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Meter
| image = Meter Telugu film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Ramesh Kaduri
| writer = Ramesh Kadiri Suriya
| producer = Chiranjeevi Pedamallu Hemalatha Pedamallu
| starring = [[Kiran Abbavaram]] [[Athulya Ravi]] [[Pawan (actor)|Pawan]]
| cinematography = Venkat Dilip Chunduru Suresh Sarangam
| editing = [[Karthika Srinivas]]
| music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| studio = Clap Entertainment
| distributor = [[Mythri Movie Makers]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|4|7}}
| runtime = 127 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Meter''''' is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Action comedy|action comedy drama]] film written and directed by Ramesh Kaduri and produced by Clap Entertainment. ''Meter'' features [[Kiran Abbavaram]] and [[Athulya Ravi]] (in her [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] debut) in lead roles. It was released on 7 April 2023 to highly negative reviews from the critics and audience, and was a [[box-office bomb]], becoming a huge all-time career-wide disaster for Kiran Abbavaram.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Kiran |date=5 April 2023 |title=Meter is a high-voltage mass commercial entertainer: Kiran Abbavaram |url=https://telanganatoday.com/meter-is-a-high-voltage-mass-commercial-entertainer-kiran-abbavaram |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408143624/https://telanganatoday.com/meter-is-a-high-voltage-mass-commercial-entertainer-kiran-abbavaram |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
In 2006, during the police selections in [[Rajahmundry]], Venkat Ratnam, the father of Arjun Kalyan who was a police officer at the time, noticed a candidate trying to join the selected candidates' list under [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Kantham Byreddy's recommendation. Venkat Ratnam refused to accept the candidate due to his suspicions, despite pressure from Byreddy. As a result, he was transferred to [[Warangal]], where he tried to intervene when Byreddy's convoy was obstructing a pregnant woman waiting in an autorickshaw. However, Byreddy slapped Venkat Ratnam for his interference. Arjun Kalyan, who witnessed the incident, grew to resent the police job. Nonetheless, his father dreamt of making him a sincere and honest police officer, unlike himself who was forced to do his job in fear.

Fast forward to 2023, Arjun Kalyan participated in [[Telangana Police]] Selections due to his father's insistence, but he failed the selections because he did not want to become a police officer. One day, while accompanying his father and uncle, he stumbled upon a kidnapping in progress and saved the heroine. Although he wasted time, he still managed to make it to the selection tests and passed them all. His father informed him that he was selected as an [[Sub-inspector|S.I]] officer for the [[Punjagutta]] Police Station.

On his first day at the police station, Arjun Kalyan released the arrested drug dealers. As a result, Commissioner Krishna Murari intended to dismiss Arjun Kalyan, but it turned out that the released dealers led the police to their gang, and they were all arrested. Arjun Kalyan became a hero in the city and difficult to terminate from his job. Later, Arjun Kalyan met the father of the woman he had saved from kidnapping, who informed him that she was averse to men and wished to become a nun.

The commissioner then met Arjun Kalyan, who had been absent from the station for a week, and told him that the city had been saved from a bomb disaster due to his undercover operation. Arjun Kalyan had been trailing sleeper cells of bombers while he was out following the heroine in a song sequence, which made the bombers withdraw their plan and retreat. This made him even more famous than before. [[Home Minister]] Kantham Byreddy then contacted Arjun Kalyan to negotiate with him. Arjun Kalyan offered to assist Byreddy with an [[Income Tax Department|IT]] raid, which was planned by Arjun Kalyan to help him lose his job.

Byreddy then tasked Arjun Kalyan with killing a man who had escaped from his custody, claiming he was a criminal. Byreddy ordered an encounter and Kalyan accepted, resulting in the man's death. During the incident, Kalyan's father jumped in to save the man from Kalyan's bullets, but despite his efforts, the man was killed by a truck.

Arjun Kalyan's father slipped into a coma due to the emotional trauma he experienced during the firing incident. Byreddy informs Arjun Kalyan that he was never officially appointed as a police officer due to a clerical error, and that another person was given the position meant for Arjun. Arjun Kalyan becomes determined to seek revenge on Byreddy and become a true police officer. He asks Byreddy for a police job, but is ignored. Arjun Kalyan warns the [[Director general of police|DGP]], who works for the Home Minister, that if the news of the false appointment letter were to be leaked, it would harm the reputation of the police department. He then learns from his father that the man who escaped from Byreddy's custody was one of the 3000 people who were selected in the police selections, but his name was not included in the final list.

Arjun Kalyan kidnaps the DGP and demands his cooperation, but the DGP is killed by Byreddy. Arjun Kalyan obtains the lists of fake police officers appointed by Byreddy using the [[Right to Information Act, 2005|Right to Information Act (RTI)]], and compares the list of applicants with the final list of selected candidates to identify the fake police officers. He then heads to the governor's office to hand over the evidence, but his father is kidnapped by Byreddy. Arjun Kalyan strikes a deal with Byreddy, promising to show him a dummy app that can divert votes to Byreddy's party, in exchange for sending appointment letters to the original 3000 candidates. Byreddy falls for the trick and agrees to send the appointment letters. Arjun Kalyan's father is then retired with great honors.

Byreddy later realizes that the app was a dummy and is eventually arrested by the police for his various fraudulent activities.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Kiran Abbavaram]] as Arjun Kalyan
** Master Roshan as young Arjun
* [[Athulya Ravi]] as Arjun’s love-interest
* [[Pawan (actor)|Dhanush Pawan]] as Home Minister Kantham Byreddy
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]] as Arjun’s uncle
* [[Posani Krishna Murali]] as [[Commissioner of Police|Commissioner]] P. Krishna Murari
* [[Vinay Varma]] as [[Director General of Police|DGP]] Dileep Raavath
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Bharani
* [[Prudhvi Raj]] as Arjun’s girlfriend’s father (before surgery)
* [[Gautham Raju]] as Arjun’s girlfriend’s father (after surgery)
* [[Thagubothu Ramesh]] as Drunkard
* Vamsi Nekkanti as [[Sub-Inspector|SI]] Venkat Rathnam, Arjun’s father
* [[Kalpa Latha]] as Arjun’s mother
* Sammeta Gandhi as Arjun’s grandfather
* Devi Prasad as [[Director General of Police|DGP]] Thakur Sharma
* Keshav Deepak as Doctor
* Rohini as Nun
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Meter
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Sai Karthik]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2023
| recorded = 2022–2023
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Suvarna Sundari (2023 film)|Suvarna Sundari]]
| prev_year = 2023
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{Singles
| name = Meter
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Chammak Chammak Pori
| single1date = 15 March 2023
| single2 = Oh Baby Jaaripomaake
| single2date = 21 March 2023
| single3 = Meter Title Song
| single3date = 4 April 2023
}}
}}

The film's score and soundtrack were composed by [[Sai Karthik]]. The music rights of the film were acquired by [[Sony Music India]]. The third single (title song) was released on 4 April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2023 |title=Kiran Abbavaram's Meter movie title song to be released on April 4 |url=https://telanganatoday.com/kiran-abbavarams-meter-movie-title-song-to-be-released-on-april-4 |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=[[Telangana Today]] |language=en-US |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408143349/https://telanganatoday.com/kiran-abbavarams-meter-movie-title-song-to-be-released-on-april-4 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| all_lyrics = Balaji
| all_music = [[Sai Karthik]]
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Chammak Chammak Pori
| length1 = 3:19
| extra1 = Arun Kaundinya, M. L. Gayatri
| title2 = Oh Baby Jaaripomaake
| length2 = 3:16
| extra2 = Dhanunjay
| title3 = Meter Title Song
| length3 = 3:02
| extra3 = Sai Karthik
}}

== Release ==
''Meter'' was released on 7 April 2023.<ref name=":0" /> The film's satellite and [[Streaming media|digital streaming]] rights were acquired by [[Gemini TV]] and [[Netflix]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2023 |title=Digital rights of Kiran Abbavaram's Meter acquired by an OTT platform |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/digital-rights-of-kiran-abbavarams-meter-acquired-by-an-ott-platform-791895 |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=[[The Hans India]] |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408143350/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/digital-rights-of-kiran-abbavarams-meter-acquired-by-an-ott-platform-791895 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Hindi]] version of the film were acquired by [[Disney+ Hotstar]] and film is streaming on [[Netflix]] & [[Disney+ Hotstar]].

== Reception ==
The film received negative reviews. Abhilasha Cherukuri of [[The New Indian Express|''Cinema Express'']] gave a rating of 1.5 out of 5 and opined that the film has heavily derivative story and a truckload of unintentional humour.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cherukuri |first=Abhilasha |date=7 April 2023 |title=Meter Movie Review: Outside the perimeter of good cinema |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/apr/07/meter-movie-review-outside-the-perimeter-of-good-cinema-42074.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=[[The New Indian Express|Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408143349/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/review/2023/apr/07/meter-movie-review-outside-the-perimeter-of-good-cinema-42074.html |url-status=live}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 2 out of 5 and stated that "writing needs more imagination and coherence".<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 April 2023 |title=Meter Movie Review : This police drama is stale and unimpressive |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/meter/movie-review/99318090.cms |access-date=8 April 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407120953/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/meter/movie-review/99318090.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=tt26234988|title=Meter}}

[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2023 action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2023 action drama films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Telangana Police]]
[[Category:Films scored by Sai Karthik]]

Leander Paes

2026-04-24T12:14:10Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: added references

{{short description|Indian professional tennis player (born 1973)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox tennis biography
|name=Leander Paes {{post-nominals|OLY}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nair |first=Abhijit |date=17 November 2020 |title=Indian Tennis: Leander Paes recognised with Olympics Certificate |url=https://thebridge.in/tennis/indian-tennis-leander-paes-recognised-with-olympics-certificate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817053003/https://thebridge.in/tennis/indian-tennis-leander-paes-recognised-with-olympics-certificate/ |archive-date=17 August 2021 |access-date=16 August 2021 |website=The Bridge}}</ref>
|image=
Paes US16 (11) (29569576630).jpg
| caption= Paes at the [[2016 US Open (tennis)|2016 US Open]]

|country={{flagicon|IND}} India
|residence=[[Mumbai, Maharashtra]], India
|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|06|17}}
|birth_place= [[Calcutta, West Bengal]], India
|height={{height|m=1.78|precision=0}}
|turnedpro=1991
|retired=2020
|plays=Right-handed (one-handed backhand)
|careerprizemoney=$8,587,586
| tennishofyear = 2024
| tennishofid =leander-paes
|singlesrecord={{tennis record|won=101|lost=99}}
|singlestitles=1
|highestsinglesranking=No. 73 (24 August 1998)
|AustralianOpenresult=2R ([[1997 Australian Open – Men's singles|1997]], [[2000 Australian Open – Men's singles|2000]])
|FrenchOpenresult=2R ([[1997 French Open – Men's singles|1997]])
|Wimbledonresult=2R ([[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2001]])
|USOpenresult=3R ([[1997 US Open – Men's singles|1997]])
|Othertournaments=Yes
|Olympicsresult={{bronze3}} ([[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|1996]])
|doublesrecord={{tennis record|won=770|lost=457}}
|doublestitles=55
|highestdoublesranking=[[List of ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players|No. '''1''']] (21 June 1999)
|AustralianOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2012 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2012]])
|FrenchOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|1999]], [[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|2001]], [[2009 French Open – Men's doubles|2009]])
|WimbledonDoublesresult='''W''' ([[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1999]])
|USOpenDoublesresult='''W''' ([[2006 US Open – Men's doubles|2006]], [[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|2009]], [[2013 US Open – Men's doubles|2013]])
|OthertournamentsDoubles=Yes
|MastersCupDoublesresult=F ([[1997 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|1997]], [[1999 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|1999]], [[2000 ATP Tour World Championships – Doubles|2000]], [[2005 Tennis Masters Cup – Doubles|2005]])
|OlympicsDoublesresult=SF – 4th ([[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2004]])
|Mixed=Yes
|mixedtitles=10
|mixedrecord=
|AustralianOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2003 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2003]], [[2010 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2010]], [[2015 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2015]])
|FrenchOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2016 French Open – Mixed doubles|2016]])
|WimbledonMixedresult='''W''' ([[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1999]], [[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2003]], [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2010]], [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2015]])
|USOpenMixedresult='''W''' ([[2008 US Open – Mixed doubles|2008]], [[2015 US Open – Mixed doubles|2015]])
|OthertournamentsMixedDoubles=Yes
|OlympicMixedDoublesresult=QF ([[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|2012]])
|Team = yes
|updated=1 March 2021
[[File:Signature of Leander Paes.svg|150px]] Signature of Leander Paes
|medaltemplates=
{{Medal|Country|{{flagu|India}}}}
{{Medal|Sport|Men's tennis}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]]}} [[File:Olympic rings.svg|center|80px]]
{{Medal|Bronze|[[1996 Summer Olympics|1996 Atlanta]]|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Singles]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[2010 Commonwealth Games|2010 Delhi]]|[[Tennis at the 2010 Commonwealth Games|Men's doubles]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|Men's doubles}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|Men's doubles}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|Men's doubles}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Tennis at the 2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|Mixed doubles}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Tennis at the 1990 Asian Games|1990 Beijing]]|Men's team}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Tennis at the 1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|Men's singles}}
{{Medal|Bronze|[[Tennis at the 2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|Mixed doubles}}
|module={{Infobox person
| embed = yes
| father = [[Vece Paes]]
| mother = [[Jennifer Paes]]
| partner = [[Rhea Pillai]] (2000–2015)
| children = 1
| relations = [[Michael Madhusudan Dutt]] (great-great grandfather)<ref>{{Cite news |date=3 February 2018 |title=Remembering Michael Madhusudan Dutt, the first Bengali playwright who became the face of Bengal Renaissance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/michael-madhusudan-dutt-life-facts-985440-2017-06-29 |access-date=28 September 2024 |work=[[India Today]]}}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (2026–present)
| otherparty = [[Trinamool Congress]] (2021–2026)
}}
}}
'''Leander Adrian Paes''' ({{IPAc-en|p|eɪ|s}} {{respell|PAYSS}}; born 17 June 1973) is an Indian former professional [[tennis]] player. He is regarded as one of the greatest doubles tennis players of all-time and holds the record for the most doubles wins in the [[Davis Cup]].<ref name="Mixed legacy">{{Cite web |date=26 December 2019 |title=The mixed legacy of Leander Paes |work=Hindustan Times |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-mixed-legacy-of-leander-paes/story-0Ds7cHPwU2PeNiqyXM1cUO.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226192351/https://www.hindustantimes.com/editorials/the-mixed-legacy-of-leander-paes/story-0Ds7cHPwU2PeNiqyXM1cUO.html |archive-date=26 December 2019 |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> Paes won eight men's doubles and ten mixed doubles [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam]] titles. He holds a career Grand Slam in men's doubles and mixed doubles making him one of only three men in the Open era to achieve this distinction and won the rare men's/mixed double at the [[1999 Wimbledon Championships]]. Paes, together with [[Mahesh Bhupathi]], were the first pair in Open era history to reach the men's doubles finals of all 4 Grand Slams in the same calendar year (1999). He is currently the brand ambassador of GS Delhi Aces,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-11 |title=Guru Samruddhi Acquires GS Delhi Aces in Tennis Premier League; Leander Paes Joins as Brand Ambassador |url=https://madeinmedia.in/guru-samruddhi-acquires-gs-delhi-aces-in-tennis-premier-league-leander-paes-joins-as-brand-ambassador/ |access-date=2025-09-26 |website=Made-in-Media: Crafting Stories, Shaping Perspectives |language=en-US}}</ref> a team owned by Guru Samruddhi House of Investments in the [[Tennis Premier League]].

His mixed doubles [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]] title in [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2015]] made him the second man (after [[Rod Laver]]) to win Wimbledon titles in three different decades.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2011 Wimbledon Championships Website |url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/match_reports/2010-07-04/201007041278253501136.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707212112/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/news/match_reports/2010-07-04/201007041278253501136.html |archive-date=7 July 2010}}</ref> He repeated the feat by winning a Roland Garros title in three different decades with his mixed doubles title in 2016.

Paes received the [[Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna]] award, India's highest sporting honor, in 1996–97; the [[Arjuna Award]] in 1990; the [[Padma Shri]] award in 2001; and India's third-highest civilian award, the [[Padma Bhushan]] prize, in January 2014 for his outstanding contributions to tennis.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{Cite web |date=2015 |title=Padma Awards |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |archive-date=15 October 2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> He won a [[bronze medal]] for India in [[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|men's singles]] at the 1996 [[Atlanta Olympic Games]] making him the first Asian in Olympic history to win a tennis medal and the only Indian to date. He competed in consecutive Olympics from 1992 to 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leander Paes Bio, Stats, and Results |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/leander-paes-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20110629075949/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pa/leander-paes-1.html |archive-date=29 June 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> making him the only tennis player to compete in [[List of athletes with the most appearances at Olympic Games|seven Olympic Games]]. He is also the most decorated male tennis player in Asian Games history with 5 Gold and 3 Bronze medals. He was won medals in every category (singles, doubles, mixed doubles and team event) and is the highest Indian gold medal-winning athlete across all sports in Asian Games history.

He is a former Davis Cup team captain, where in addition his Davis Cup all-time doubles win record with 45 victories,<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2018 |title=Davis Cup: Paes' record doubles win keeps India alive against China |url=http://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/23056402/paes-record-doubles-win-keeps-india-alive-china |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180407183807/http://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/23056402/paes-record-doubles-win-keeps-india-alive-china |archive-date=7 April 2018 |access-date=7 April 2018 |publisher=espn.in}}</ref> he also has the fourth highest number of overall wins in Davis Cup history with 93 total victories across singles and doubles in a 30-year career for India with match wins in 4 different decades. He played in [[World TeamTennis|World Team Tennis]] for the [[Washington Kastles]]. He was on the 2009, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015 championship teams and was named Male MVP for 2009 and 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=World TeamTennis |url=http://www.wtt.com/players.aspx?playerid=485 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910200354/http://www.wtt.com/players.aspx?playerid=485 |archive-date=10 September 2011 |access-date=27 January 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=12 April 2012 |title=Leander Paes to be Haryana's sports ambassador |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Leander-Paes-to-be-Haryanas-sports-ambassador/articleshow/12630222.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425080307/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Leander-Paes-to-be-Haryanas-sports-ambassador/articleshow/12630222.cms |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=21 January 2014 |work=The Times of India |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes retired from professional tennis in 2020,<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2019 |title=Leander prepares for one last roar, to retire in 2020 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/leander-prepares-for-one-last-roar-to-retire-in-2020/articleshow/72969871.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009045102/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/leander-prepares-for-one-last-roar-to-retire-in-2020/articleshow/72969871.cms |archive-date=9 October 2022 |access-date=26 December 2019}}</ref> following his last Davis Cup tie in Croatia, with a record 1295 weeks spent ranked in the Top 100 in men's doubles.

On 20 July 2024, he was inducted into the [[International Tennis Hall of Fame]] in Newport, Rhode Island. Paes subsequently became the first Asian man to be inducted into the hall.<ref>{{Cite web |title=International Tennis Hall of Fame |url=https://www.tennisfame.com/leander-paes |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=tennisfame.com}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Leander Adrian Paes was born in [[Kolkata|Calcutta, India]] on 17 June 1973. His father, [[Vece Paes]], was a [[field hockey]] player of [[Goan Catholic]] descent.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-09-10 |title=Keeping up the 'Paes' |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/na/11-sept-2013-4/69459 |access-date=2025-03-02 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref> His mother, [[Jennifer Paes]], was a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] basketball player from Calcutta. The family is [[Christians|Christian]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-11-02 |title=Leander Paes favours more jobs to Goan youth – The Navhind Times {{!}} Goa News |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2021/11/02/goanews/leander-paes-favours-more-jobs-to-goan-youth/ |access-date=2025-03-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> He studied at [[La Martiniere Calcutta]], [[Madras Christian College Higher Secondary School]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/6709112.cms|title=Star-studded 175th b'day for MCC school|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 October 2010|access-date=7 October 2018|archive-date=21 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921150755/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/star-studded-175th-bday-for-mcc-school/articleshow/6709112.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> and at [[St. Xavier's College, Kolkata|St. Xavier's College]]. His parents were both athletes. Vece was a midfield squad member in the bronze medal-winning [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian field hockey team]] at the [[1972 Munich Olympics]] although he did not personally receive a medal as he did not take to the field in any of India's matches.<ref>{{cite book|title=Subaltern Sports: Politics and Sport in South Asia|author=James H. Mills|publisher=Anthem Press|year=2005|isbn=1-84331-168-2|page=215}}</ref> His mother captained the Indian basketball team in the 1980 Asian basketball championship. Paes is a direct descendant of [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet [[Michael Madhusudan Dutta]] through his mother.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/a-singles-olympic-medal-and-18-grand-slam-doubles-titles-leander-paes-is-the-ageless-wonder-of-indian-tennis-501415.html|title=A Singles Olympic Medal And 18 Grand Slam Doubles Titles - Leander Paes Is The Ageless Wonder Of Indian Tennis|date=9 February 2022|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183539/https://www.indiatimes.com/sports/a-singles-olympic-medal-and-18-grand-slam-doubles-titles-leander-paes-is-the-ageless-wonder-of-indian-tennis-501415.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/people/leander-paes-story-of-a-tennis-braveheart-who-continues-to-conquer-peaks-534285|title=Leander Paes: story of a tennis braveheart who continues to conquer peaks|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183542/https://www.ndtv.com/people/leander-paes-story-of-a-tennis-braveheart-who-continues-to-conquer-peaks-534285|url-status=live}}</ref>

Paes enrolled with the Britannia Amritraj Tennis Academy in [[Madras]] ([[Chennai]])<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150106121430/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topiclist/Indian-male-tennis-players|work=[[Times of India]]|title=India's Best Mens Tennis Players through History|archive-date=6 January 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> in 1985, where he was coached by Dave O'Meara.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/the-hero-in-young-leander/358952/|title=The hero in young Leander|author=Rahul Chandawarkar|work=The Indian Express|date=9 September 2008|access-date=31 January 2009}}</ref> Paes earned international fame when he won the 1990 Wimbledon Junior title and reached No. 1 in the junior world rankings at age 17.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Leander-Paes|title=Leander Paes: Indian tennis player}}</ref>

== Career ==
=== Early career (1991–1997) ===
Paes first won titles at the Junior [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] and the Junior Wimbledon. He turned professional in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx|title=Leander Paes – Player Profile|author=ATP|date=28 May 2006|access-date=28 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622001401/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx|archive-date=22 June 2009 }}</ref> He became number 1 in the world junior rankings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/leander-paes.html|title=Leander Paes – India's Tennis Pride|author=Debasmita Chanda|access-date=28 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930154653/http://living.oneindia.in/celebrity/leander-paes.html|archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> In 1992, he reached the quarter finals of the doubles event in the [[1992 Barcelona Olympics]] with [[Ramesh Krishnan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/drawsheets/printabledrawsheet.asp?event=1010011400|title=Olympics Barcelona – Men's Doubles – Main Draw|access-date=31 December 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929151118/http://www.itftennis.com/olympics/drawsheets/printabledrawsheet.asp?event=1010011400|archive-date=29 September 2007 }}</ref>

At the [[1996 Atlanta Olympics]] he beat [[Fernando Meligeni]] to win the [[bronze medal]], the first Indian to win an individual medal since [[Khashaba Dadasaheb Jadhav|KD Jadhav]] won bronze at the 1952 [[Helsinki Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sify.com/sports/olympics/fullstory.php?id=13538760|title=KD Jadhav – Man of Bronze|author=Gulu Ezekiel|website=[[Sify]] |access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930222001/http://sify.com/sports/olympics/fullstory.php?id=13538760|archive-date=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes cited the match as one of his greatest performances, in part because his wrist was severely injured.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=101754|title=Fond Memories: Players Recall Greatest Moments III|author=Mark Malinowski|access-date=31 August 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000135/http://www.tennis.com/features/general/features.aspx?id=101754|archive-date=28 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He was awarded the highest sporting honor by the government of India, the [[Khel Ratna]] in 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/rg_khelratna.htm|title=List of Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Award Winners|author=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports, Government of India|access-date=28 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523092914/http://yas.nic.in/yasroot/awards/rg_khelratna.htm|archive-date=23 May 2007}}</ref>

His first successful year in the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|ATP]] circuit came in 1993, when he partnered with [[Sébastien Lareau]] to reach the US Open doubles semifinal. After a moderate season in 1994, he reached the quarter-finals of the [[1995 Australian Open]] doubles with [[Kevin Ullyett]]. From 1996, he partnered with fellow Indian [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]. Their first year was not successful, especially in the Grand Slams, reaching the round of 32 only at Wimbledon. 1997 proved to be a much better year for the team, reaching the US Open semifinals. Paes climbed the doubles ranking from no. 89 at the beginning of the year to no. 14 at year-end.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1997&m=d&e=0#|title=Rankings History|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082917/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0|archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> That year he made his best singles performance in a Grand Slam, losing in the third round of the [[1997 US Open – Men's singles|1997 US Open]] to [[Cédric Pioline]] after beating [[Carlos Costa (tennis)|Carlos Costa]] and [[Arnaud Boetsch]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2017-09-01/2017-09-01_indias_paes_a_mainstay_at_the_us_open.html|title=India's Paes a mainstay at the US Open|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2017-09-01/2017-09-01_indias_paes_a_mainstay_at_the_us_open.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/US-open/usa/1997/m-sl-usa-01a-1997/draws-and-results/|title=U.S. OPEN 1997 SINGLES RESULT|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183542/https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/US-open/usa/1997/m-sl-usa-01a-1997/draws-and-results/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Rise in doubles (1998–2002) ===
Paes/Bhupathi grew stronger in 1998, and reached the semifinals of three Grand Slams, the [[Australian Open]], the [[French Open]] and the US Open. Leander Paes had two of his biggest singles results. The first one came by winning his only ATP singles title at Newport, and the second was beating [[Pete Sampras]] 6–3, 6–4 at the New Haven ATP tournament in their only meeting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980714/19550184.html|title=Paes picks up first ATP singles crown|agency=REUTERS|date=13 July 1998|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929102656/http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19980714/19550184.html|archive-date=29 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0#|title=Official Tournament Draw|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082917/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0|archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/vault/draws.asp?TournamentID=420&TournamentYear=1998|title=Officiela Tournament Draw, New Haven|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=28 May 2007 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug22/sports.htm#1|title=Paes sends Sampras packing|author=ATP Tennis|date=21 August 1998|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312205154/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1998/98aug22/sports.htm#1|archive-date=12 March 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1999, the duo reached the finals of all four Grand Slams, winning Wimbledon and the French Open, becoming the first Indians to win a doubles event at a Grand Slam. Paes teamed up with [[Lisa Raymond]] to win the mixed doubles event at Wimbledon. The year marked his ascent to the no. 1 doubles ranking.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1999&m=d&e=0#|title=Rankings History|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518084438/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1999&m=d&e=0|archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref> The following year, Paes partnered with [[Sébastien Lareau]] for the Australian and [[Jan Siemerink]] for the French, losing in the first round on both occasions. Paes again teamed with Bhupathi for the US Open, but lost in the first round again.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/US-open/usa/2000/m-sl-usa-01a-2000/draws-and-results/|title=2000 U.S Open doubles draws and results|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=3 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230903223853/https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/US-open/usa/2000/m-sl-usa-01a-2000/draws-and-results/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The duo had a disappointing second round exit to Australian duo of [[Todd Woodbridge]] and [[Mark Woodforde]] at the [[Sydney Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesinfo.com.au/results/Masters/te/TEresults.pdf|title=Tennis results|author=www.gamesinfo.com.au|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616060456/http://www.gamesinfo.com.au/results/Masters/te/TEresults.pdf|archive-date=16 June 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes was given the honor of carrying the [[Indian Flag]] at the opening ceremony.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040807/sports.htm#1|title=Anju to carry flag at Athens|author=PTI.|date=6 August 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602164550/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040807/sports.htm |archive-date=2 June 2007 }}</ref>

In spite of winning the French Open in 2001, Bhupathi/Paes had first-round exits in the other three Grand Slams. Paes was awarded the [[Padmashri]] by the [[Government of India]] in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mha.nic.in/Padma/padma2001-E.htm|title=Civilian Awards announced on January 26, 2001|author=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|date=26 January 2001|access-date=28 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070303180626/http://mha.nic.in/Padma/padma2001-E.htm|archive-date=3 March 2007}}</ref> The duo of Paes and Bhupathi won the gold medal at the [[2002 Asian Games]] in Busan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/asiangames/2002-10/11/content_593463.htm|title=Uzbekistan, India, Chinese Taipei split Asiad tennis titles|author=14th Asian Games BUSAN.|date=11 October 2002|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201034500/http://news.xinhuanet.com/asiangames/2002-10/11/content_593463.htm|archive-date=1 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 2002, Leander paired up with [[Michael Hill (tennis)|Michael Hill]] with moderate success.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportzcraazy.com/leander-paes-an-indian-tennis-player-with-lions-heart-as-his-name-means/|title=Leander Paes – An Indian Tennis Player with 'lion's heart' as his Name Means|date=12 October 2018|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://www.sportzcraazy.com/leander-paes-an-indian-tennis-player-with-lions-heart-as-his-name-means/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Leander Martina.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Leander Paes and [[Martina Navratilova]] pairing up in a mixed doubles event]]

=== 2003–2007 ===
After 2003 Paes increasingly focused on doubles. He won the mixed doubles events at the Australian and Wimbledon with [[Martina Navratilova]], both in 2003. Weeks later, Paes was admitted to the [[MD Anderson Cancer Center]] for a suspected brain tumour that was later found to be [[neurocysticercosis]], a parasitic brain infection. He had to miss the US Open, but recovered by the end of that year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tennisweek.com/news/fullstory.sps?iNewsId=6617494&itype=14459&icategoryid=12581 |title=The Leading Tennis Week Site on the Net |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914090049/http://www.tennisweek.com/news/fullstory.sps?inewsid=6617494|archive-date=14 September 2008 }}</ref>

In the 2004 [[2004 Summer Olympics|Athens Olympic Games]], he paired up with Bhupathi, failing again at the semifinals stage. His next Grand Slam success was in the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] doubles event in 2006 with [[Martin Damm]]. Paes led the Indian tennis team at the Doha Asian Games in 2006 and won two golds in the men's doubles (with Bhupathi) and mixed doubles (with [[Sania Mirza]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/Sports/TE/IGTEMatchStatisticsD.aspx-rscid=TEM02-TETNA0-NA01-X.html|title=Men's Doubles Final MD31|author=15th Asian Games Doha.|date=13 December 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016190410/http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/Sports/TE/IGTEMatchStatisticsD.aspx-rscid=TEM02-TETNA0-NA01-X.html|archive-date=16 October 2007|url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/Sports/TE/IGTEMatchStatisticsD.aspx-rscid=TEX02-TETNA0-NA01-X.html|title=Mixed Doubles Final XD21|author=15th Asian Games Doha.|date=13 December 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015180434/http://www.doha-2006.com/gis/Sports/TE/IGTEMatchStatisticsD.aspx-rscid=TEX02-TETNA0-NA01-X.html|archive-date=15 October 2007|url-status=dead }}</ref> Paes maintained his doubles ranking in the top 20 in the world between 2005 and 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=2005&m=d&e=0#|title=Rankings History|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216094214/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=2005&m=d&e=0|archive-date=16 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=rh|title=Rankings History|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017122323/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=rh|archive-date=17 October 2011 }}</ref> With wins in the Rotterdam and Indian Wells, Paes took his doubles tally to 38.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atptennis.com/5/en/vault/drawsdoubles.asp?TournamentID=407&TournamentYear=2007|title=Rotterdam|author=ATP Tennis|access-date=1 June 2007 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://in.rediff.com/sports/2007/mar/19paes.htm|title=Rotterdam|author=PTI|date=19 March 2007|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070322185441/http://in.rediff.com/sports/2007/mar/19paes.htm|archive-date=22 March 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0#|title=Player Profile|author=ATP|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518082917/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx?t=pa&y=1998&m=d&e=0|archive-date=18 May 2015 }}</ref>

=== 2008 ===
Paes/Bhupathi took part in men's doubles at the 2008 [[2008 Summer Olympics|Beijing Olympics]]. They were eliminated in the quarter-finals by [[Roger Federer]] and [[Stanislas Wawrinka]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/paesbhupathi-knocked-out-of-beijing-olympics/71292-29.html|title=Paes Bhupathi out of Olympics 2008|author=IBNLIVE|date=15 August 2008|access-date=15 August 2008|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080818170613/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/paesbhupathi-knocked-out-of-beijing-olympics/71292-29.html|archive-date=18 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> who went on to win gold.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/16swiss.htm|title=Federer leads Swiss to doubles gold|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819002855/http://www.rediff.com/sports/2008/aug/16swiss.htm|archive-date=19 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> With [[Cara Black]] he won the 2008 US Open mixed doubles title.

=== 2009 ===
In 2009, he won the French Open<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-06-06/news/27661488_1_paes-and-lukas-dlouhy-doubles-title-wesley-moodie|title=Paes, Dlouhy win French Open men's doubles|access-date=6 June 2009|work=The Times Of India|date=6 June 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105101451/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-06-06/news/27661488_1_paes-and-lukas-dlouhy-doubles-title-wesley-moodie|archive-date=5 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and US Open Men's doubles titles with [[Lukáš Dlouhý]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4470636|title=Dlouhy, Paes claim men's doubles title|date=2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000436/http://sports.espn.go.com/sports/tennis/usopen09/news/story?id=4470636|archive-date=4 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> and was the runner-up in mixed at the US Open.

=== 2010 ===
He began the 2010 season in good form, again winning the [[2010 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|Australian Open mixed doubles]] title with [[Cara Black]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/indian-challenges/Leander-Paes-and-Cara-Black-win-Australian-Open-mixed-doubles-title/articleshow/5519659.cms|title=Leander Paes and Cara Black win Australian Open mixed doubles title|date=31 January 2010|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180321135209/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/indian-challenges/Leander-Paes-and-Cara-Black-win-Australian-Open-mixed-doubles-title/articleshow/5519659.cms|archive-date=21 March 2018|df=dmy-all}}</ref> This was the pair's third consecutive Grand Slam final and the fourth overall.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://m.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100213/saturday/main1.htm|title=Leander the legend|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://m.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100213/saturday/main1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2012 ===
Paes started the year pairing with [[Radek Štěpánek]] winning the Australian Open men's doubles beating the Bryan brothers and completed his Career Grand Slam in men's doubles. Paes then went on to complete at hattrick of wins at the Miami Masters with his 3rd consecutive win pairing with Štěpánek. Paes and Štěpánek's [[2012 Wimbledon Championships|2012 Wimbledon]] tournament ended when the duo lost to [[Ivan Dodig]] and [[Marcelo Melo]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Paes-Stepanek-Bhupathi-Bopanna-out-of-Wimbledon/articleshow/14653114.cms|title=Paes-Stepanek, Bhupathi-Bopanna out of Wimbledon|date=3 July 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000436/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Paes-Stepanek-Bhupathi-Bopanna-out-of-Wimbledon/articleshow/14653114.cms|archive-date=4 February 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes and [[Elena Vesnina]] reached the finals of the Wimbledon mixed doubles after beating [[Bob Bryan]] and [[Liezel Huber]], 7–5, 3–6, 6–3<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Paes-Vesnina-pair-in-Wimbledon-final/articleshow/14738527.cms|title=Paes, Vesnina pair in Wimbledon final|date=8 July 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708102013/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/wimbledon-2012/indian-challenge/Paes-Vesnina-pair-in-Wimbledon-final/articleshow/14738527.cms|archive-date=8 July 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> on 7 July.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paeselena-reach-wimbledon-final/269998-5.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130126094831/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/paeselena-reach-wimbledon-final/269998-5.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=26 January 2013|title=Paes-Vesnina reach Wimbledon final after hard win
|access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref> They lost in the final to [[Lisa Raymond]] and [[Mike Bryan]] 3–6, 7–5, 4–6.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9493248.stm|title=Mixed Doubles All England Championships Wimbledon BBC Sport Website|date=8 July 2012|access-date=9 July 2012|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/9493248.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/paesvesnina-falter-at-final-hurdle-in-wimbledon/972065/|title=Paes-Vesnina falter at final hurdle in Wimbledon|date=9 July 2012}}</ref>

In the [[2012 Summer Olympics]], the Indian pair ([[Vishnu Vardhan]]) lost to French team [[Michaël Llodra]] and [[Jo-Wilfried Tsonga]], 6–7, 6–4, 3–6.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/London-Olympics-Leander-Paes-Vardhan-knocked-out-of-doubles-event/articleshow/15320062.cms|title=London Olympics: Leander Paes-Vardhan knocked out of doubles event|access-date=2 August 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803022555/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/london-olympics-2012/news/London-Olympics-Leander-Paes-Vardhan-knocked-out-of-doubles-event/articleshow/15320062.cms|archive-date=3 August 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Paes and Štěpánek advanced to the finals at the 2012 US Open after their Spanish opponents, [[Marcel Granollers]] and [[Marc López]], retired because of injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/us-open-tennis-leander-paes-stepanek-enter-doubles-final/20120907.htm|title=Paes-Stepanek, 2012 US Open|date=7 September 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910035547/http://www.rediff.com/sports/report/us-open-tennis-leander-paes-stepanek-enter-doubles-final/20120907.htm|archive-date=10 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2012/indian-challenge/Leander-Paes-Radek-Stepanek-enter-US-Open-final/articleshow/16287428.cms|title=Leander Paes-Radek Stepanek enter US Open final|access-date=7 September 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120907000816/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2012/indian-challenge/Leander-Paes-Radek-Stepanek-enter-US-Open-final/articleshow/16287428.cms|archive-date=7 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> However the duo lost in the final of US Open 2012 to the [[Bryan brothers]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2012/indian-challenge/Leander-Paes-Radek-Stepanek-lose-US-Open-final-to-Bryan-brothers/articleshow/16302542.cms|title=Leander Paes-Radek Stepanek lose US Open final to Bryan brothers|access-date=7 September 2012|work=The Times of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908060907/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/us-open-2012/indian-challenge/Leander-Paes-Radek-Stepanek-lose-US-Open-final-to-Bryan-brothers/articleshow/16302542.cms|archive-date=8 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

Paes and Štěpánek began the ATP World Tour Finals with a win against Pakistan's [[Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi]] and Dutchman [[Jean Julien Rojer]], 6–4, 7–5.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/top-stories/34971838_1_atp-world-tour-finals-dutchman-jean-julien-rojer-leander-paes|title=Paes-Stepanek win ATP World Tour opener|access-date=7 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105104556/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-07/top-stories/34971838_1_atp-world-tour-finals-dutchman-jean-julien-rojer-leander-paes|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=dead}}</ref> and avenged their loss to the Bryans and topped their group with 3 wins. They made it to the semifinals, where they were eliminated by eventual runners-up Bhupathi and [[Rohan Bopanna]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.protennislive.com/posting/2012/605/mdd.pdf|title=BARCLAYS ATP WORLD TOUR FINALS 2012 DOUBLES COMPETITION|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124003534/http://www.protennislive.com/posting/2012/605/mdd.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2013 ===
Paes/Štěpánek won the 2013 US Open, defeating [[Alexander Peya]] and [[Bruno Soares]] 6–1, 6–3. This was Paes' 3rd US Open men's doubles title and 14th Grand Slam title. He became the oldest man to win a Grand Slam title and the first ever aged above 40 years. In January 2014, the [[Government of India]] announced its 3rd Highest Civilian Award [[Padma Bhushan]] for Paes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paes, Gopichand, Yuvraj, Dipika get Padma awards|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/paes-gopichand-yuvraj-dipika-get-padma-awards/|work=IANS|publisher=Biharprabha News|access-date=25 January 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140128071023/http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/01/paes-gopichand-yuvraj-dipika-get-padma-awards/|archive-date=28 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

=== 2014 ===
Paes won the [[2014 Malaysian Open]] men's doubles with [[Marcin Matkowski]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Leander Paes-Marcin Matkowski Win Malaysian Open Title {{!}} Tennis News |url=https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/leander-paes-marcin-matkowski-win-malaysian-open-title-1512101 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=NDTVSports.com |archive-date=25 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625053621/https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/leander-paes-marcin-matkowski-win-malaysian-open-title-1512101 |url-status=live }}</ref> and later went on to make the semi-finals of Wimbledon in men's doubles with Štěpánek

=== 2015 ===
Paes started his 25th season on the ATP World Tour by partnering with Klaasen to reach the Chennai final, where the team lost to Lu/Marray. On 17 January, he won his 55th tour-level title in his 93rd final at Auckland, again with Klaasen. The team recorded three-match tie break victories en route to the final. With the win, Paes had won at least one trophy every season since 1997.

On 1 February, Paes captured his seventh Grand Slam mixed doubles crown at the [[2015 Australian Open]] with [[Martina Hingis]]. It was his 15th major crown overall and his third mixed doubles triumph at Melbourne Park. The pair beat defending champions [[Daniel Nestor]] and [[Kristina Mladenovic]] in the final. As No. 7 seed with Klaasen in men's doubles, Paes lost to eventual champions Bolelli/Fognini in the second round.

At the [[2015 French Open]], Paes started a new partnership with [[Daniel Nestor]]. The pair crashed out in the third round; however, Paes became just the seventh male player in Open Era to complete 700 doubles wins.

At [[Wimbledon 2015]], Paes again teamed up with Hingis to win the mixed doubles championship. The final 6–1, 6–1 score against fifth seeds Alexander Peya and [[Tímea Babos]] came after only 41 minutes. Paes/Nestor reached the third round.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jul/12/martina-hingis-leander-paes-mixed-doubles-title|title=Martina Hingis and Leander Paes race to Wimbledon mixed doubles title|first=Sean Ingle at|last=Wimbledon|date=12 July 2015|newspaper=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305022327/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/jul/12/martina-hingis-leander-paes-mixed-doubles-title|archive-date=5 March 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> By winning his 4th Wimbledon [[List of Wimbledon mixed doubles champions|mixed doubles]] title, Paes shared the record for men's titles in the open era with [[Owen Davidson]].<ref>[[Wimbledon Championships (tennis)#Records]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/7-players-with-most-mixed-doubles-grand-slam-titles-in-open-era-sstl|title=7 players with most mixed doubles Grand Slam titles in Open Era|date=8 December 2018|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183542/https://www.sportskeeda.com/tennis/7-players-with-most-mixed-doubles-grand-slam-titles-in-open-era-sstl|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 12 September 2015, Paes won the mixed doubles at the [[2015 US Open – Mixed doubles|2015 US Open]] with Hingis, defeating [[Sam Querrey]] and [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]] in three sets.

=== 2016 ===
On 3 June 2016, Leander Paes completed his Career Grand Slam in mixed by winning the [[2016 French Open]] with Hingis, thus joining an elite league of players.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/03/martina-hingis-paes-mixed-doubles-career-grand-slam-french-open|title=Martina Hingis and Leander Paes seal career grand slams at French Open|agency=Associated Press|date=3 June 2016|newspaper=The Guardian|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604044843/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/jun/03/martina-hingis-paes-mixed-doubles-career-grand-slam-french-open|archive-date=4 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He broke Davidson's record<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-12|title=Leander Paes – An Indian Tennis Player with 'lion's heart' as his Name Means -|url=https://www.sportzcraazy.com/leander-paes-an-indian-tennis-player-with-lions-heart-as-his-name-means/|access-date=2022-01-14|website=SportzCraazy|archive-date=14 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220114161528/https://www.sportzcraazy.com/leander-paes-an-indian-tennis-player-with-lions-heart-as-his-name-means/|url-status=live}}</ref> for most Grand Slam mixed doubles titles. Paes qualified for the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Summer Olympics]] in Men's doubles and partnered with [[Rohan Bopanna]]. They lost in the first round to the Polish pair of [[Marcin Matkowski]] and [[Łukasz Kubot]]. He later paired up with [[Andre Begemann]], where they reached the final in the [[Winston-Salem Open]]. This pair lost in the first round of the [[2016 US Open (tennis)|2016 US Open]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/tennis/bracket?id=189&matchType=3&year=2016|title=2016 US Open Bracket: Men's Doubles|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://www.espn.com/tennis/bracket?id=189&matchType=3&year=2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He turned up for the Davis Cup against Spain with [[Saketh Myneni]], losing to [[Rafael Nadal]] and [[Marc López]] in 4 sets.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/live-tennis-score-india-vs-spain-davis-cup-1479623|title=India vs Spain Davis Cup, Highlights: Spain Complete 5-0 Whitewash Over India|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://sports.ndtv.com/tennis/live-tennis-score-india-vs-spain-davis-cup-1479623|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2017 ===
Paes played in the 2017 season with his 111th partner, [[André Sá]]. The duo lost to the Indian pair of [[Purav Raja]] and [[Divij Sharan]] in the first round of [[2017 Aircel Chennai Open|Aircel Chennai Open]] in straight sets. With this loss, Paes moved down to 64th in doubles ranks. Though India won their [[2017 Davis Cup|Davis Cup]] tie against [[New Zealand Davis Cup team|New Zealand]], Paes and his last-minute partner, [[Vishnu Vardhan]], lost to the New Zealanders [[Artem Sitak]]/[[Michael Venus (tennis)|Michael Venus]]. Paes and [[Rohan Bopanna]] were kept as reserves by new, non-playing captain Mahesh Bhupathi for the tie against [[Uzbekistan Davis Cup team|Uzbekistan]]. Eventually, Paes was dropped from the final four, which created controversy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-dropped-for-davis-cup-bhupathi-picks-bopanna-for-uzbekistan-tie/articleshow/58042111.cms|title=Paes dropped for Davis Cup; Bhupathi picks Bopanna for Uzbekistan|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=10 July 2017|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183542/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-dropped-for-davis-cup-bhupathi-picks-bopanna-for-uzbekistan-tie/articleshow/58042111.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Paes reached the semis of the [[Dubai open|Dubai Open]] and at [[2017 Delray Beach International Tennis Championships|Delray Beach]]. Paes then played a series of challenger events, never getting his ranking above 49th. He played with [[Adil Shamasdin]], [[Scott Lipsky]], and [[Purav Raja]].

=== 2018 ===
Paes continued his partnership with Raja, losing the [[Maharashtra Open]] in the first round to defending champions Bopanna/[[Jeevan Nedunchezhiyan]]. In the [[Australian Open]], Paes/Raja lost in the round of 16. Paes along with [[James Cerretani]] finished as runner up in the [[Dubai Tennis Championships|Dubai Open]]. Paes was recalled to India's Davis Cup squad to play against China. On 7 April 2018, Paes became the most successful player in Davis Cup history with his 43rd doubles victory. After going 0–2 down, Paes/Bopanna scripted India's comeback and in the end, India won the tie 3–2. After this, Paes skipped clay and grass court seasons. Paes was selected for the [[2018 Asian Games]], but the day before the Games started, he opted out citing the lack of a doubles specialist to accompany him. Paes/Cerretani played in several Challenger tournaments, before losing in the first round of the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. Paes also played Challengers with [[Miguel Ángel Reyes-Varela]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/paes-wins-another-challenger/article25220835.ece|title=Paes wins another Challenger|website=[[The Hindu]]|date=14 October 2018|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183539/https://www.thehindu.com/sport/tennis/paes-wins-another-challenger/article25220835.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 2019 ===
Paes/Reyes-Varela started the 2019 season at the [[Maharashtra Open]]. The duo lost a close quarter-final to the eventual champions, Bopanna/[[Divij Sharan]], 17–15 in a match tie-break. Paes/Reyes-Varela then finished as runners-up in the [[2019 Da Nang Tennis Open – Doubles|Da Nang Challenger]] before losing in the first round of the [[2019 Australian Open – Men's doubles|Australian Open]]. During the season, Paes made the semi-finals of three ATP 250 tournaments (Montpellier, Marrakesh and Lyon) with Benoit Paire. He become the oldest ATP Tour semi-finalist since 2006 when he reached the semi-finals of the Hall of Fame Championship with Marcus Daniell in July 2019.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-and-daniell-out-of-hall-of-fame-open/articleshow/70316220.cms|title=Paes and Daniell out of Hall of Fame Open|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=21 July 2019|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/paes-and-daniell-out-of-hall-of-fame-open/articleshow/70316220.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Davis Cup ===
Paes started his [[Davis Cup]] career in 1990, when he partnered [[Zeeshan Ali]] in doubles to beat the Japanese team in a five-set encounter. He played a key role on the Indian team that reached the World Group from 1991 to 1998. He was part of the [[India Davis Cup team|Indian team]] that reached the semifinals [[1993 Davis Cup|1993]] with wins against Switzerland and France, eventually losing to Australia. In singles, his major wins came against the French duo of [[Arnaud Boetsch]] and [[Henri Leconte]] in 1993, [[Wayne Ferreira]] in 1994, and [[Goran Ivanišević]] in 1995 when India defeated Croatia, beating [[Jan Siemerink]] in 1996 to defeat Netherlands, and [[Jiří Novák]] in 1997.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10001856|title=Player Profile, www.daviscup.com|author=Davis Cup|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302232851/http://www.daviscup.com/en/players/player/profile.aspx?playerid=10001856|archive-date=2 March 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2540/25400480.htm|title=The enduring uniqueness of the Davis Cup|first=Rohit|last=Brijnath|journal=The Sportstar|volume=25|issue=40|date=5–11 October 2002|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017211136/http://www.hinduonnet.com/tss/tss2540/25400480.htm|archive-date=17 October 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He teamed up with Bhupathi to beat [[Saša Hiršzon|Hiršzon]]/Ivanisevic of Croatia in 1995, [[Martin Damm|Damm]]/[[Petr Korda|Korda]] of the Czech Republic in 1997, [[Nicolás Massú|Massú]]/[[Marcelo Ríos|Ríos]] of Chile in 1997, Broad/[[Tim Henman|Henman]] in 1998, and [[Simon Aspelin|Aspelin]]/[[Jonas Björkman|Björkman]] of Sweden in 2005. In 2007, Leander had three wins (two doubles and one singles) and no losses.

In 1993, he defeated No. 25 Arnaud Boetsch in straight sets on clay. Paes defeated Henri Leconte in the same week, and although Ramesh Krishnan won the tie-breaker against Rodolphe Gilbert, it was Paes who put that match over the top.<ref>{{cite news |title=India Beats France in Davis Cup |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-20-sp-14939-story.html |newspaper=LA Times |date=20 July 1993 |access-date=28 June 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628001815/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-20-sp-14939-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1994, he beat World No. 13 [[Wayne Ferreira]] in straight sets, but lost the overall tie.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-02 |title=French miracle, Serbia comeback, Ivanisevic upset |url=https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/18603891/leander-paes-greatest-moments-davis-cup |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=ESPN |archive-date=6 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220406044844/https://www.espn.in/tennis/story/_/id/18603891/leander-paes-greatest-moments-davis-cup |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Year-end finals ===
Paes qualified for appeared with Bhupathi in six season finales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx|title=Leander Paes – Overview – ATP World Tour – Tennis|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090622001401/http://www.atpworldtour.com/Tennis/Players/Top-Players/Leander-Paes.aspx|archive-date=22 June 2009 }}</ref>

Paes played at the year-end championships with Bhupathi each year from 1997 to 2000, as well as in 2002 and 2011, reaching three finals.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/field/965879/pause-rewind-play-leander-paes-and-mahesh-bhupathis-1999-season-was-historic-for-indian-tennis|title=Pause, rewind, play: Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi's 1999 season was historic for Indian tennis|date=28 June 2020|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183539/https://scroll.in/field/965879/pause-rewind-play-leander-paes-and-mahesh-bhupathis-1999-season-was-historic-for-indian-tennis|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tbcy.in/brand/mahesh-bhupathi-managing-director-of-mbta-retired-indian-professional-tennis-player/|title=Mahesh Bhupathi, Managing Director of MBTA & Retired Indian Professional Tennis Player|date=9 December 2020|access-date=24 September 2023|archive-date=15 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015183540/https://tbcy.in/brand/mahesh-bhupathi-managing-director-of-mbta-retired-indian-professional-tennis-player/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1997 they lost the final to [[Rick Leach]] and [[Jonathan Stark (tennis)|Jonathan Stark]]. They lost 1999 final to [[Sébastien Lareau]] and [[Alex O'Brien]]. In 2000, they lost the final to [[Donald Johnson]] and [[Pieter Norval]].

== Playing style ==
Leander has been described as having a strange playing style by [[Andre Agassi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/1692440/report-olympics-moment-leander-paes-wins-bronze-in-atlanta|title=Olympics moment: Leander Paes wins bronze in Atlanta – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=23 May 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084301/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/1692440/report-olympics-moment-leander-paes-wins-bronze-in-atlanta|archive-date=27 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He varies his play as the match goes on; he is one of the [[Volley (tennis)|best volleyers]] and prolific at the drop shot.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/09/05/us-open-2013-mike-bryan-bob-bryan-radek-stepanek-leander-paes/2771885/|work=USA Today|first1=Douglas|last1=Robson|title=Grand Slam slips away from Bryan brothers|date=5 September 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706104202/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/tennis/2013/09/05/us-open-2013-mike-bryan-bob-bryan-radek-stepanek-leander-paes/2771885/|archive-date=6 July 2017|df=dmy-all }}</ref> His volleying techniques were learnt from former Indian player [[Akhtar Ali]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/1819047/report-generations-go-by-but-leander-paes-plays-on|title=Generations go by but Leander Paes plays on – Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|date=5 April 2013|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927084207/http://www.dnaindia.com/sport/1819047/report-generations-go-by-but-leander-paes-plays-on|archive-date=27 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He hits a [[one-handed backhand]], which he drives rarely, preferring instead to slice when returning serve or rallying from his backhand.

== Partnership with Mahesh Bhupathi ==
[[File:LeeAndHesh1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Leander Paes and his longtime doubles partner [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]]]
The duo of Leander Paes and Mahesh Bhupathi was nicknamed the ″Indian Express″. Paes' off-and-on partnership with Bhupathi drew constant media attention in their home country.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000520/spr-trib.htm#1|title=Leander Paes, Mahesh Bhupathi finally part ways|author=M S Unnikrishnan|date=20 May 2000|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623200540/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000520/spr-trib.htm#1|archive-date=23 June 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020323/spr-trib.htm#1|title=Did 'sibling' rivalry lead to Paes-Bhupathi split?|author=M S Unnikrishnan|date=23 March 2002|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930040705/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020323/spr-trib.htm#1|archive-date=30 September 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/04/stories/2006100407701800.htm|title=AITA wants Mahesh Bhupathi back in the team|author=The Hindu|date=4 October 2002|access-date=1 June 2007|location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516093443/http://www.hindu.com/2006/10/04/stories/2006100407701800.htm|archive-date=16 May 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In the [[2006 Asian Games]], a loss to the Chinese Taipei team in the team event led Paes to question Bhupathi's commitment to Team India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timesnow.tv/Paes_questions_Maheshs_commitment/articleshow/712430.cms|title=Paes questions Mahesh's commitment|author=Times Now|date=5 December 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213210535/http://www.timesnow.tv/Paes_questions_Maheshs_commitment/articleshow/712430.cms|archive-date=13 February 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> He once stated in an interview that although he and Bhupathi are friends, he did not consider pairing with his former teammate.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/exclusive-interview-leander-paes/41438-5.html|title=Pairing Hesh not on my mind: Paes|author=IBNLIVE|date=27 May 2006|access-date=1 June 2007|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214071400/https://www.news18.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> However, for the [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2008 Beijing Olympics]], they reunited for their country,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lee-Hesh-to-play-together-in-2008-Olympics/articleshow/2631943.cms|title=Lee-Hesh to play together in 2008 Olympics|author=The Times of India|date=18 December 2007|access-date=31 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103093510/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-12-18/india/27986759_1_lee-hesh-leander-paes-indian-tennis|archive-date=3 November 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref> losing in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Federer/Wawrinka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/INF/TE/C73B/TEM002302.shtml#TEM002302|title=Match Statistics:Men's Doubles Quarterfinal 2|publisher=Official website of Beijing Olympics|date=15 August 2008|access-date=30 January 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211032235/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRM/ENG/INF/TE/C73B/TEM002302.shtml#TEM002302|archive-date=11 February 2009|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

In 2011, the pair won doubles at the [[2011 Aircel Chennai Open|Chennai Open]]. They reunited to play in a Grand Slam Tournament after nine years and claimed runners-up in the [[2011 Australian Open]] and reached the semifinals in the year-end championships.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703398504576099944272231206|work=The Wall Street Journal|first=Nicolas|last=Brulliard|title=A Doubles Pair Reunited, And It Feels So Good|date=26 January 2011|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170704101549/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703398504576099944272231206|archive-date=4 July 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

The Indian duo has a 303–103 career record together. They have a high success rate against various top teams.<ref>Tennislive Match Stats – Mahesh Bhupathi, Leander Paes {{cite web|url=http://www.tennislive.net/atp/mahesh-bhupathi-leander-paes/|title=Mahesh Bhupathi/Leander Paes – TennisLive.net|access-date=2012-02-02|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111211034034/http://www.tennislive.net/atp/mahesh-bhupathi-leander-paes/|archive-date=11 December 2011|df=dmy-all }}</ref> They have a Davis Cup record for the longest doubles winning streak, with 24 straight wins.<ref>Davis Cup Records {{cite web|url=http://www.daviscup.com/en/statistics/player-records.aspx|title=Davis Cup – Statistics|access-date=2017-07-03|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709154241/https://www.daviscup.com/en/statistics/player-records.aspx|archive-date=9 July 2017|df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Paes paired with [[Vishnu Vardhan]] at the London Olympics 2012, following Bhupathi and Bopanna's refusal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/AITA-may-send-two-teams-to-London-Olympics/articleshow/14265577.cms|title=AITA may send two teams to London Olympics|date=19 June 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120619100354/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/AITA-may-send-two-teams-to-London-Olympics/articleshow/14265577.cms|archive-date=19 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Paes threatened to withdraw from the Olympics rather than play with Vardhan, whose world ranking was 296,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Leander-Paes-threatens-to-withdraw-from-London-Olympics/articleshow/14299857.cms|title=Leander Paes threatens to withdraw from London Olympics|date=19 June 2012|work=The Times Of India|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120621021418/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tournaments/london-olympics/Leander-Paes-threatens-to-withdraw-from-London-Olympics/articleshow/14299857.cms|archive-date=21 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref> but withdrew the threat a week later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/im-focussed-on-playing-sport-not-politics-leander-paes/968251/2|title=I'm focussed on playing sport not politics: Leander Paes|date=29 June 2012|access-date=29 June 2012|archive-date=14 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231214071403/https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/print/im-focussed-on-playing-sport-not-politics-leander-paes/|url-status=live}}</ref> Paes and Vardhan [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|reached the second round]] of the tournament, losing to French silver medalists Llodra/Tsonga.

In 2021, [[ZEE5|Zee5]] produced a documentary called ''[[Break Point (2021)|Break Point]]'', showing the ups and downs in the relationship between Paes and Bhupathi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/break-point-mahesh-bhupathi-offers-his-glasses-to-ashwiny-iyer-as-she-picks-leonardo-dicaprio-to-play-leander-paes-in-biopic-101633084180051.html|title=Break Point: Mahesh Bhupathi offers his glasses to Ashwiny Iyer as she picks DiCaprio to play Leander Paes in biopic|work=Hindustan Times |date=October 2021|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-date=22 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722032617/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/web-series/break-point-mahesh-bhupathi-offers-his-glasses-to-ashwiny-iyer-as-she-picks-leonardo-dicaprio-to-play-leander-paes-in-biopic-101633084180051.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Other activities ==
In 2010, he joined the Board of Directors of [[Olympic Gold Quest]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://olympicgoldquest.in/ogq/profile/leander.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204000435/http://olympicgoldquest.in/ogq/profile/leander.html |url-status=dead |title=Leander Paes' profile at Olympic Gold Quest|archive-date=4 February 2016}}</ref> a foundation co-founded by [[Geet Sethi]] and [[Prakash Padukone]] to support talented Indian athletes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/tennis/top-stories/Leander-Paes-joins-Olympic-Gold-Quest/articleshow/5561887.cms|title=Leander Paes joins Olympic Gold Quest|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105091800/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-11/top-stories/28129618_1_ogq-olympic-gold-quest-viren-rasquinha|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=11 February 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Acting career ===
Paes made his film debut in Ashok Kohli's ''Rajdhani Express'', a socio-political thriller.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Rajdhani-Express-Sudhanshus-next/articleshow/14956443.cms|title='Rajdhani Express' Sudhanshu's next|date=15 July 2012|access-date=29 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105080334/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-15/news-interviews/32684321_1_jimmy-shergill-sayali-bhagat-sudhanshu|archive-date=5 November 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live}}</ref>

====Filmography====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
|2013
|''[[Rajdhani Express (film)|Rajdhani Express]]''
|Keshav
|Debut film
|}

=== Political career ===
Paes joined the [[Trinamool Congress]] in Goa on 29 October 2021 and campaigned for the party for the [[2022 Goa Legislative Assembly election|Goa Assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/dispatches/leander-paes-joins-trinamool-congress-in-goa/article37240463.ece|title=Leander Paes joins Trinamool Congress in Goa|date=29 October 2021|work=Frontline}}</ref> On 31 March 2026, he joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] ahead of the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|West Bengal Assembly elections]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/former-ace-tennis-star-leander-paes-joins-bjp-in-delhi-ahead-of-west-bengal-assembly-polls/cid/2153986|title=BJP serves pre-Bengal poll ace, Indian tennis legend Leander Paes joins party in Delhi|date=31 March 2026|work=The Telegraph}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Paes had a live-in-relationship with British model [[Rhea Pillai]] in the 2000s. The couple has a daughter, Aiyana, born in 2005.<ref name=tensed/>

His daughter, Aiyana Paes is also a tennis player who represents Great Britain.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aiyana Paes |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/players/aiyana-paes/800761684/gbr/wt/S/overview/ |website=ITF |access-date=30 September 2025 }}</ref>

== Significant finals ==
By winning the 2012 Australian Open title, Paes achieved the career Grand Slam in mens doubles. By winning the 2016 Roland Garros mixed doubles title, he completed the Career Grand Slam set in both mens and mixed doubles becoming only the 3rd man in the Open era to do so.

=== Doubles: 16 (8 titles, 8 runner-ups) ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!style="width:120px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:145px"|Partner
!style="width:145px"|Opponents
!style="width:190px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[1999 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1999]]||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]||{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Patrick Rafter]]||3–6, 6–4, 4–6, 7–6(12–10), 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|1999]]||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Goran Ivanišević]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jeff Tarango]]||6–2, 7–5
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1999]]||style="background:#cfc;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]||Grass||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|NED}} [[Paul Haarhuis]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Jared Palmer]]||6–7(10–12), 6–3, 6–4, 7–6(7–4)
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[1999 US Open – Men's doubles|1999]]||style="background:#ccf;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|CAN}} [[Sébastien Lareau]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Alex O'Brien]]||6–7, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|2001]]||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open (2)||Clay||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Petr Pála]] {{flagicon|CZE}} [[Pavel Vízner]]||7–6, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2004 US Open – Men's doubles|2004]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[David Rikl]]||{{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]||3–6, 3–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2006 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2006]]||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Martin Damm]]||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bob Bryan]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]||6–4, 3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2006 US Open – Men's doubles|2006]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} Martin Damm||{{flagicon|SWE}} Jonas Björkman {{flagicon|BLR|1995}} [[Max Mirnyi]]||6–7(5–7), 6–4, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2008 US Open – Men's doubles|2008]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Lukáš Dlouhý]]||{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan||6–7(5–7), 6–7(10–12)
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2009 French Open – Men's doubles|2009]]||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open (3)||Clay||{{flagicon|CZE}} Lukáš Dlouhý||{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wesley Moodie]] {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Dick Norman]]||3–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|2009]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open (2)||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} Lukáš Dlouhý||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi {{flagicon|BAH}} Mark Knowles||3–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2010 French Open – Men's doubles|2010]]||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|CZE}} Lukáš Dlouhý||{{flagicon|SER}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]] {{flagicon|CAN}} Daniel Nestor||5–7, 2–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2011]]||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} Mahesh Bhupathi||{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan||3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2012 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2012]]||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Radek Štěpánek]]||{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan||7–6(7–1), 6–2
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||[[2012 US Open – Men's doubles|2012]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} Radek Štěpánek||{{flagicon|USA}} Bob Bryan {{flagicon|USA}} Mike Bryan||3–6, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||[[2013 US Open – Men's doubles|2013]]||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open (3)||Hard||{{flagicon|CZE}} Radek Štěpánek||{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Peya]] {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Bruno Soares]]||6–1, 6–3
|}

=== Mixed doubles: 18 (10 titles, 8 runner-ups) ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!style="width:120px"|Championship
!Surface
!style="width:170px"|Partner
!style="width:170px"|Opponents
!style="width:140px" class="unsortable"|Score
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||1999||style="background:#cfc;"|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]||Grass||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Lisa Raymond]]||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anna Kournikova]] {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Jonas Björkman]]||6–4, 3–6, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2001||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond||{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Rennae Stubbs]] {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Todd Woodbridge]]||6–4, 5–7, [11–9]
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2003||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Martina Navratilova]]||{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Eleni Daniilidou]] {{flagicon|AUS}} Todd Woodbridge||6–4, 7–5
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2003||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon (2)||Grass||{{flagicon|USA}} Martina Navratilova||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastassia Rodionova]] {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Andy Ram]]||6–3, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2004||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|USA}} Martina Navratilova||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Bovina]] {{flagicon|SCG}} [[Nenad Zimonjić]]||6–1, 7–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2005||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|USA}} Martina Navratilova||{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Daniela Hantuchová]] {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Fabrice Santoro]]||3–6, 6–3, 6–2
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2007||style="background:#ccf;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]||Hard||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Meghann Shaughnessy]]||{{flagicon|BLR|1995}} [[Victoria Azarenka]] {{flagicon|BLR|1995}} [[Max Mirnyi]]||6–4, 7–6(8–6)
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2008||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|ZIM}} [[Cara Black]]||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Liezel Huber]] {{flagicon|UK}} [[Jamie Murray]]||7–6, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2009||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon||Grass||{{flagicon|ZIM}} Cara Black||{{flagicon|GER}} [[Anna-Lena Grönefeld]] {{flagicon|BAH}} [[Mark Knowles]]||7–5, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2009||style="background:#ccf;"|US Open||Hard||{{flagicon|ZIM}} Cara Black||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Carly Gullickson]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Travis Parrot]]||6–2, 6–4
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2010||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open (2)||Hard||{{flagicon|ZIM}} Cara Black||{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Ekaterina Makarova]] {{flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Jaroslav Levinský]]||7–5, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2010||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon (3)||Grass||{{flagicon|ZIM}} Cara Black||{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond {{flagicon|RSA}} [[Wesley Moodie]]||6–4, 7–6
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2012||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open||Hard||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina]]||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]] {{flagicon|ROU}} [[Horia Tecău]]||3–6, 7–5, [3–10]
|-
|style="background:#ffa07a;"|Loss||2012||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon||Grass||{{flagicon|RUS}} Elena Vesnina||{{flagicon|USA}} Lisa Raymond {{flagicon|USA}} [[Mike Bryan]]||3–6, 7–5, 4–6
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2015||style="background:#ffc;"|Australian Open (3)||Hard||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]]||{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Kristina Mladenovic]] {{flagicon|CAN}} [[Daniel Nestor]]||6–4, 6–3
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2015||style="background:#cfc;"|Wimbledon (4)||Grass||{{flagicon|SUI}} Martina Hingis||{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Tímea Babos]] {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Alexander Peya]]||6–1, 6–1
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2015||style="background:#ccf;"|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] (2)||Hard||{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Martina Hingis]]||{{flagicon|USA}} [[Bethanie Mattek-Sands]] {{flagicon|USA}} [[Sam Querrey]]||6–4, 3–6, [10–7]
|-
|style="background:#98fb98;"|Win||2016||style="background:#ebc2af;"|French Open||Clay||{{flagicon|SUI}} Martina Hingis||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Dodig]]||4–6, 6–4, [10–8]
|}

=== Olympic medal matches ===

==== Singles: 1 (1 bronze medal) ====
;Bronze medal final
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Opponent
!Score
|-
|style="background:#c96;"|Bronze||[[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]]
|style="background:#ffea5c;"|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|Atlanta]]
|Hard
|{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Fernando Meligeni]]
|3–6, 6–2, 6–4
|}

==== Doubles: 1 ====
{|class="sortable wikitable"
!Result
!Year
!Championship
!Surface
!Partner
!Opponents
!Score
|-
|style="background:yellow;"|4th place||[[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's doubles|2004]]||style="background:#ffea5c;"|[[Tennis at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Athens]]||Hard||{{flagicon|IND}} [[Mahesh Bhupathi]]||{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Mario Ančić]] {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Ivan Ljubičić]]||6–7(5–7), 6–4, 14–16
|}

== Performance timeline ==
{{main|Leander Paes career statistics}}
{{Performance key|active=no}}

=== Singles ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:89%
|-
!Tournament!![[1991 ATP Tour|1991]]!![[1992 ATP Tour|1992]]!![[1993 ATP Tour|1993]]!![[1994 ATP Tour|1994]]!![[1995 ATP Tour|1995]]!![[1996 ATP Tour|1996]]!![[1997 ATP Tour|1997]]!![[1998 ATP Tour|1998]]!![[1999 ATP Tour|1999]]!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!!{{Tooltip|SR|Strike rate}}!!width=40|{{Tooltip|W–L|Win–loss}}
|-
|colspan="14" style="text-align:left;"|'''Grand Slam tournaments'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|[[1993 Australian Open – Men's singles|Q1]]
|[[1994 Australian Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1995 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 Australian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1999 Australian Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2000 Australian Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|[[2001 Australian Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q3]]
|0 / 5
|2–5
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|[[1993 French Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 French Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|[[1998 French Open – Men's singles|Q3]]
|[[1999 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q2]]
|[[2000 French Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|0 / 1
|1–1
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|[[1991 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|Q2]]
|[[1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|Q1]]
|[[1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|Q1]]
|[[1994 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|Q3]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's singles|2R]]
|0 / 5
|1–5
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|[[1992 US Open – Men's singles|Q3]]
|[[1993 US Open – Men's singles|Q2]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1994 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|[[1995 US Open – Men's singles|Q3]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1996 US Open – Men's singles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 US Open – Men's singles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 US Open – Men's singles|1R]]
|[[1999 US Open – Men's singles qualifying|Q1]]
|A
|A
|0 / 4
|3–4
|-
!style=text-align:left|Win–loss
!0–0
!0–0
!0–0
!0–1
!0–1
!1–2
!4–4
!0–3
!0–2
!1–1
!1–1
!0 / 15
!7–15
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="14"|'''National representation'''
|-
|align=left|[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[Tennis at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|1R]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor="#cd7f32"|[[Tennis at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|SF-B]]
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not Held
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's singles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|0 / 3
|5–3
|-
|colspan="14" align="left"|'''Career statistics'''
|-
!style=text-align:left|Titles / Finals
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!1 / 1
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!0 / 0
!colspan=2|1 / 1
|-bgcolor=efefef
|align=left|Year-end ranking
|278
|194
|260
|139
|130
|129
|122
|91
|142
|188
|299
|colspan=2|
|}

=== Doubles ===
{|class="wikitable nowrap" style=text-align:center;font-size:85%
|-
!Tournament!![[1990 ATP Tour|1990]]!![[1991 ATP Tour|1991]]!![[1992 ATP Tour|1992]]!![[1993 ATP Tour|1993]]!![[1994 ATP Tour|1994]]!![[1995 ATP Tour|1995]]!![[1996 ATP Tour|1996]]!![[1997 ATP Tour|1997]]!![[1998 ATP Tour|1998]]!![[1999 ATP Tour|1999]]!![[2000 ATP Tour|2000]]!![[2001 ATP Tour|2001]]!![[2002 ATP Tour|2002]]!![[2003 ATP Tour|2003]]!![[2004 ATP Tour|2004]]!![[2005 ATP Tour|2005]]!![[2006 ATP Tour|2006]]!![[2007 ATP Tour|2007]]!![[2008 ATP Tour|2008]]!![[2009 ATP World Tour|2009]]!![[2010 ATP World Tour|2010]]!![[2011 ATP World Tour|2011]]!![[2012 ATP World Tour|2012]]!![[2013 ATP World Tour|2013]]!![[2014 ATP World Tour|2014]]!![[2015 ATP World Tour|2015]]!![[2016 ATP World Tour|2016]]!![[2017 ATP World Tour|2017]]!![[2018 ATP World Tour|2018]]!![[2019 ATP Tour|2019]]!![[2020 ATP Tour|2020]]!!SR!!W–L
|-
|colspan=34 style=text-align:left|'''[[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1994 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[1995 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1997 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[1998 Australian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:thistle|[[1999 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2000 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2001 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2002 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2003 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2004 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|style=background:thistle|[[2006 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2007 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2008 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2009 Australian Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2010 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|style=background:thistle|[[2011 Australian Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2012 Australian Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2013 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2014 Australian Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2015 Australian Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2016 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2017 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2018 Australian Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2019 Australian Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|1 / 24
|49–23
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1997 French Open|2R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[1998 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[1999 French Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2000 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2001 French Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|style=background:yellow|[[2002 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2003 French Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2004 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2005 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2006 French Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2007 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2008 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2009 French Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|style=background:thistle|[[2010 French Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2011 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2012 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2013 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2015 French Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2016 French Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2017 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2019 French Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|3 / 21
|53–18
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|A
|A
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1992 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles qualifying|Q1]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1993 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1994 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1996 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|QF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|1 / 24
|44–23
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|style=background:yellow|[[1993 US Open (tennis)|SF]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1994 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[1995 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=ecf2ff|[[1996 US Open – Men's doubles qualifying|Q1]]
|style=background:yellow|[[1997 US Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:yellow|[[1998 US Open – Men's doubles|SF]]
|style=background:thistle|[[1999 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2000 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2001 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2002 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|A
|style=background:thistle|[[2004 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2005 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2006 US Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2007 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|style=background:thistle|[[2008 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2009 US Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2010 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#ffebcd|[[2011 US Open – Men's doubles|QF]]
|style=background:thistle|[[2012 US Open – Men's doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2013 US Open – Men's doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2014 US Open – Men's doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2015 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2016 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2017 US Open – Men's doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2018 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor=#afeeee|[[2019 US Open – Men's doubles|1R]]
|A
|3 / 25
|59–22
|-style=font-weight:bold;background:#efefef
|style=text-align:left|Win–loss
|0–0
|0–0
|0–0
|4–2
|4–3
|3–2
|1–1
|5–4
|13–4
|22–2
|0–3
|6–3
|6–4
|11–3
|7–4
|6–3
|15–3
|6–4
|12–4
|16–2
|9–4
|10–4
|14–3
|11–3
|9–3
|6–4
|4–4
|2–4
|2–2
|1–4
|0–0
|8 / 94
|205–86
|}

=== Mixed doubles ===
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center;font-size:82%
|-
!Tournament!!1994!!1995!!1996!!1997!!1998!!1999!!2000!!2001!!2002!!2003!!2004!!2005!!2006!!2007!!2008!!2009!!2010!!2011!!2012!!2013!!2014!!2015!!2016!!2017!!2018!!2019!!2020!!SR
|-
|colspan="29" style="text-align:left;"|'''Grand Slam tournaments'''
|-
|align=left|[[Australian Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1999 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2000 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2001 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2002 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2003 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2004 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|A
|style="background:yellow;"|[[2006 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2007 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2008 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2009 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2010 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2011 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2012 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2013 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2014 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2015 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2016 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2017 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2019 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2020 Australian Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|3 / 20
|-
|align=left|[[French Open]]
|A
|A
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 French Open – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[1999 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2000 French Open – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2001 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2002 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2003 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2004 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2005 French Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2006 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2007 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2008 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2009 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2010 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2011 French Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|style="background:yellow;"|[[2012 French Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2013 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2015 French Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2016 French Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2017 French Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|A
|style=color:#767676|NH
|1 / 20
|-
|align=left|[[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1994 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1996 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[1997 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[1999 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2006 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|3R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2017 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2019 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|style=color:#767676|NH
|4 / 22
|-
|align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1995 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|A
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1997 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1998 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[1999 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2000 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2001 US Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2002 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|style="background:yellow;"|[[2004 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2005 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2006 US Open – Mixed doubles|1R]]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2007 US Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2008 US Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|style="background:thistle;"|[[2009 US Open – Mixed doubles|F]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2010 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|style="background:yellow;"|[[2011 US Open – Mixed doubles|SF]]
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2012 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|A
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|[[2014 US Open – Mixed doubles|QF]]
|bgcolor=lime|[[2015 US Open – Mixed doubles|'''W''']]
|bgcolor="#afeeee"|[[2016 US Open – Mixed doubles|2R]]
|A
|A
|A
|style=color:#767676|NH
|2 / 19
|-style="font-weight:bold; background:#efefef;"
|style=text-align:left|SR
|0 / 1
|0 / 1
|0 / 1
|0 / 3
|0 / 3
|1 / 4
|0 / 3
|0 / 4
|0 / 4
|2 / 3
|0 / 4
|0 / 2
|0 / 4
|0 / 4
|1 / 4
|0 / 4
|2 / 4
|0 / 4
|0 / 4
|0 / 3
|0 / 3
|3 / 4
|1 / 4
|0 / 3
|0 / 0
|0 / 1
|0 / 1
|10 / 81
|-
|style="text-align:left;" colspan="29"|'''National representation'''
|-
|align=left|[[Tennis at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|colspan=18 style=color:#767676|Not held
|bgcolor="#ffebcd"|QF
|colspan=3 style=color:#767676|Not held
|A
|colspan=4 style=color:#767676|Not held
|0 / 1
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
*{{cite web|url=https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|title=Chronology of Important Sports Events — West Bengal|website=wbsportsandyouth.gov.in|publisher=Government of West Bengal – Department of youth services and sports|date=2017|access-date=25 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221013092944/https://wbsportsandyouth.gov.in/chronology|archive-date=13 October 2022|location=Kolkata}}
*{{cite web|url=https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/Sports.aspx|title=Sports in West Bengal|website=wbpolice.gov.in|publisher=West Bengal Police|access-date=26 November 2023|archive-date=28 September 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928072325/https://wbpolice.gov.in/wbp/Common/Sports.aspx}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Leander Paes}}
{{Portal bar|Tennis|Biography|India}}
* {{ATP}}
* {{ITF}}
* {{Davis Cup player}}
* {{Olympics.com|leander-paes}}
* {{Olympedia}}
* {{IMDb name}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-sports|oly}}
{{succession box
|before=[[Pargat Singh]]
|title=[[List of flag bearers for India at the Olympics|Flagbearer]] for {{flagu|India}}
|years=[[2000 Summer Olympics|Sydney 2000]]
|after=[[Anju Bobby George]]
}}
{{s-end}}
{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Sports}}
{{Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{ATP World No.1 doubles players}}
{{International Tennis Hall of Fame members}}
{{navboxes|title=Leander Paes in the [[Grand Slam (tennis)|Grand Slam tournaments]]
|list1=
{{Wimbledon boys' singles champions}}
{{US Open boys' singles champions}}
{{Australian Open men's doubles champions}}
{{French Open men's doubles champions}}
{{Wimbledon men's doubles champions}}
{{US Open men's doubles champions}}
{{Australian Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{French Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{Wimbledon mixed doubles champions}}
{{US Open mixed doubles champions}}
{{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}}
}}
{{ATP Masters Series tournament doubles winners}}
{{2014 Washington Kastles}}
{{2015 Washington Kastles}}
{{Olympic medalists for India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Paes, Leander}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bengali people]]
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[[Category:Indian male tennis players]]
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[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for India]]
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[[Category:Sportspeople from Goa]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in sports]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Khel Ratna Award]]
[[Category:Tennis players at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
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[[Category:Medalists at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
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[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games medallists in tennis]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1990 Asian Games]]
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[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:People from New Alipore]]
[[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles]]
[[Category:ATP number 1 ranked doubles tennis players]]
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[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
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[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from Goa]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian sportsperson-politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Chaoba Devi Langam

2026-04-20T13:03:23Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: new a biography!

{{Short description|Indian footballer (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Western name order|Langam Chaoba Devi}}
{{Meitei name|Langam|Chaoba|Devi}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Chaoba Devi
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Chaoba Devi Langam
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|3|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal]], [[Manipur]], India
| height =
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IOA finalises 22 disciplines for Asiad |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/ioa-finalises-22-disciplines-for-asiad/lite/ |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=20 November 2020 |date=11 November 1998}}</ref>
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| years1 =
| clubs1 = [[Manipur women's football team|Manipur]]
| nationalyears1 = 1994–1999
| nationalteam1 = [[India women's national football team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = ?
| nationalgoals1 = 4
| manageryears1 = 2017–2020
| managerclubs1 = [[KRYPHSA FC|KRYPHSA]]
| manageryears2 = 2022–
| managerclubs2 = [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]]
| manageryears3 = 2024
| managerclubs3 = [[India women's national football team|India (women)]]
}}
'''Chaoba Devi Langam''' ({{langx|mni|Chaoba Devi Langam}}, born 1 March 1973) is an Indian football [[coach (sport)|coach]] and former [[footballer]] from [[Manipur]]. She took up coaching and served as the assistant coach of the Indian women's team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AIFF wants Langam Chaoba Devi as national team scout : 21st jun22 ~ E-Pao! Headlines |url=http://e-pao.net/GP.asp?src=Sport7..210622.jun22 |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=e-pao.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=Chaoba Devi turns attention to FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/chaoba-devi-turns-attention-to-fifa-u-17-women-s-world-cup-119042601215_1.html |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-26 |title=Chaoba Devi: We have seen unpolished diamonds among junior girls |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/football-indian-women-national-team-fifa-u-17-womens-world-cup-2020-maymol-rocky-aiff-chaoba-devi/article26955103.ece |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=Sportstar |language=en}}</ref> She currently serves as the head coach of the club [[Kickstart FC (women)|Kickstart]] in the [[Indian Women's League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-21 |title=IWL: Gokulam complete inevitable title hat-trick in style |url=https://www.espn.in/football/story/_/id/37699229/iwl-indian-womens-league-2023-gokulam-kerala-win-final-hat-trick-titles-5-0-win-kickstart |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-11 |title=Kickstart FC holds former Champions for a goalless draw in their sixth group-stage match of the IWL |url=http://www.indiansportsnews.com/football-news/48461-kickstart-fc-holds-former-champions-for-a-goalless-draw-in-their-sixth-group-stage-match-of-the-iwl |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=www.indiansportsnews.com |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-26 |title=Indian Women's League: We are really happy with our performance, says Kickstart FC owner Laxman Bhattarai - Articles |url=https://www.zee5.com/articles/indian-womens-league-we-are-really-happy-with-our-performance-says-kickstart-fc-owner-laxman-bhattarai |access-date=2023-09-20 |website=ZEE5 |language=en}}</ref> She also served as the head coach of the [[India women's national football team|India women's football team]] in 2024.<ref>{{cite web |title=India to participate in Turkish Women's Cup 2024 in Alanya |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/india-to-participate-in-turkish-womens-cup-2024-in-alanya |website=the-aiff.com |access-date=2 February 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |title=AIFF technical committee recommends L Chaoba Devi as head coach of Indian women's team |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/sports/football/aiff-technical-committee-recommends-l-chaoba-devi-as-head-coach-of-indian-womens-team-2864197 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chaoba from Naoremthong Laishram Leikai, [[Imphal]] is a coach with the Youth Affairs and Sports department, Manipur. Her parents are Langam Angou and Kumudini. She is the youngest of the six siblings.<ref name=":0">{{Citation |last=Dunn |first=Carrie |title=Introduction: The Women's World Cup |date=2016 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137567338_1 |work=Football and the Women’s World Cup: Organisation, Media and Fandom |pages=1–4 |access-date=2023-09-20 |place=London |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |doi=10.1057/9781137567338_1 |isbn=978-1-349-84954-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Her parents were reluctant to let Chaoba play the game and they came to know about her football only when they saw her name in the newspapers after she got selected for the Manipur. She did her schooling in Kebol Girls High School and later went to the Manipur University.

Chaoba passed the NIS Coaching Diploma from SAI Kolkata and in 2014, she completed the AFC 'A ' certificate.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-07-08 |title=Eleven candidates pass AFC A certificate course |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/eleven-candidates-pass-afc-a-certificate-course/articleshow/38012390.cms |access-date=2023-09-20 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Career ==

In 1990, she took part in the 9th Dana Cup International Women's Football Championship at Denmark.<ref name=":0" /> She was part of the Indian women's team at the 11th Asian Women's football championship at Ghuangzhou in 1997. She was part of the team at the 13th Asian Games at Bangkok in 1998. In 1999, she captained the Indian women's team that played at the 12th Asian Women Football Championship at Philippines.

==International goals==
{|class="wikitable"
|-
! No. !! Date !! Venue !! Opponent !! Score !! Result !! Competition
|-
| 1. || 4 September 1994 || [[Nehru Stadium, Chennai|Nehru Stadium]], [[Madras]], [[India]] || {{fbw|CHI}} || align=center|'''1'''–2 || align=center| 1–2 || Jayalalitha Cup
|-
| 2. || rowspan=3|9 December 1997 || rowspan=3|[[Guangdong]], [[China]] || rowspan=3|{{fbw|GUM}} || align=center|'''?'''–0 || rowspan=3 align=center| 10–0 || rowspan=3|[[1997 AFC Women's Championship]]
|-
| 3. || align=center|'''?'''–0
|-
| 4. || align=center|'''?'''–0
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.the-aiff.com/coaches/profile/2017JAN207 AIFF profile]

{{India women's national football team managers}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chaoba Devi, Langam}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women's footballers]]
[[Category:India women's international footballers]]
[[Category:Footballers from Imphal]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Manipur]]
[[Category:Women's association football defenders]]
[[Category:Indian women's football managers]]
[[Category:Indian football coaches]]
[[Category:India women's national football team managers]]
[[Category:Footballers at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games footballers for India]]

Meerganj Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:31:11Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Meerganj
| constituency_no = 119
| map_image = 119-Meerganj.svg
| mla = Dr. D.C. Verma
| party = [[Bhartiya Janta Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 363,673 (2022)
| type= SLA
}}
'''Meerganj Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Bareilly district|Bareilly]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 2012 after the "Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008" was passed and the constituency was formed in 2008. The constituency is assigned identification number 119.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|access-date= 12 December 2015|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/meerganj.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Wards / Areas==
Extant of Meerganj Assembly constituency is Meerganj Tehsil. There are two blocks in this constituency, Fatehgarh west and Meerganj.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Sultan Baig]] || [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|access-date=12 December 2015|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[D. C. Verma]]|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 ||- || - || – ||
|-
| 03 || [[18th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|18th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[D. C. Verma]]|| [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent ||- || - || – ||
|-
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Meerganj<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. D. C. Verma
|votes = {{formatnum:116435}}
|percentage = 50.98
|change = -0.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sultan Beg
|votes = {{formatnum:83955}}
|percentage = 36.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kunwar Bhanu Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:19189}}
|percentage = 8.4
|change = -17.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Mohd Ilyas
|votes = {{formatnum:5288}}
|percentage = 2.32
|change = -15.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1162}}
|percentage = 0.51
|change = -0.33
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:32480}}
|percentage = 14.22
|change = -11.7
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:228387}}
|percentage = 67.25
|change = +2.51
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=2017 General Elections: Meerganj}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[D. C. Verma]]
|votes = {{formatnum:108789}}
|percentage = 51.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sultan Baig
|votes = {{formatnum:54289}}
|percentage = 25.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Narendra Pal Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:36938}}
|percentage = 17.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Mahan Dal
|candidate = Bhanu Pratap Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2267}}
|percentage = 1.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1749}}
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:54500}}
|percentage = 25.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210276}}
|percentage = 64.74
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=2012 General Elections: Meerganj}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Sultan Baig]]
|votes = 57,446
|percentage = 31.23
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[D. C. Verma]]
|votes = 49,525
|percentage = 26.93
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Haji Zahid Husain Guddu
|votes = 35,299
|percentage = 19.19
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 11 candidates
|votes = 41,649
|percentage = 22.64
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 7,921
|percentage = 4.31
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 183,919
|percentage = 66.39
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
<ref name=" 2012 Election Results "/>

==See also==
*[[Bareilly Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Bareilly district]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
*[[Vidhan Bhawan]]
{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bareilly district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs

2026-04-19T16:35:23Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: new biography

{{Short description|2014 non-fiction book of Dalit entrepreneurs}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs
| image = Defying the Odds.png
| caption =
| author = [[Devesh Kapur]], D. Shyam Babu, and [[Chandra Bhan Prasad]]
| country = India
| language = English
| subject = Dalit entrepreneurs, [[Caste system in India]]
| publisher = Random House India
| publication_date =
| pages = 336 pp
| isbn = 978-8-184-00570-7
| pub_date = July 2014
}}

'''''Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs''''' is a 2014 non-fiction book authored by [[Devesh Kapur]], D. Shyam Babu, and [[Chandra Bhan Prasad]], and published by [[Penguin Random House]], India. The book documents the stories of Dalit entrepreneurs in India who have achieved significant success in business despite facing social and economic discrimination associated with the [[caste system in India]].

== Background ==
The book contains short biographical profiles of 21 entrepreneurs who come from the [[Dalit]] community, a marginalised community in India, that faces significant social, political, and economic barriers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/02/13/india-hidden-apartheid-discrimination-against-dalits |title=India: 'Hidden Apartheid' of Discrimination Against Dalits | Human Rights Watch |date=February 13, 2007}}</ref> The book was a part of larger research project by Kapur to identify Dalit entrepreneurs, for which they surveyed 20,000 Dalit households in [[Uttar Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-08-26 |title=Defying the Odds {{!}} Omnia |url=https://omnia.sas.upenn.edu/story/defying-odds |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=omnia.sas.upenn.edu |language=en}}</ref> The project was funded by a multi-year grant awarded to Center for the Advanced Study of India, [[University of Pennsylvania]] from the John Templeton Foundation.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs {{!}} Center for the Advanced Study of India (CASI) |url=https://casi.sas.upenn.edu/defying-odds-rise-dalit-entrepreneurs |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=casi.sas.upenn.edu}}</ref>

The book is derived from interviews with the subjects and their relatives – most of whom are first generation and faced extreme poverty and various forms of caste discrimination.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Review: Defying the Odds – The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.ft.com/content/dcb83eb0-2188-11e4-b145-00144feabdc0 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=www.ft.com |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="Forbes2014">{{cite web |date=2014-10-21 |title=Defying The Odds: The Rise Of Dalit Entrepreneurs |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/tipoff/defying-the-odds-the-rise-of-dalit-entrepreneurs/38873/1 |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=Forbes India}}</ref> The featured profiles are from across India and in diverse fields such as manufacturing, construction, health care, and education.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-10-16 |title=Dalits overcome caste barriers to become self-made entrepreneurs {{!}} Penn Today |url=https://penntoday.upenn.edu/2014-10-16/research/dalits-overcome-caste-barriers-become-self-made-entrepreneurs |access-date=2025-07-10 |website=penntoday.upenn.edu |language=en}}</ref>

The list of people featured in the book include:<ref name="p916">{{cite book |last=Kapur |first=Devesh |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Defying_the_Odds/sSz_AwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=malkit+chand+dalit+entrepreneur&pg=PT104&printsec=frontcover |title=Defying the Odds: The Rise of Dalit Entrepreneurs |last2=Babu |first2=D. Shyam |last3=Prasad |first3=Chandra Bhan |date=July 18, 2014 |publisher=Random House India |isbn=978-81-8400-639-1 |page= |access-date=July 9, 2025}}</ref>

* [[Thomas Barnabas]]
* [[Nand Kishor Chandan]]
* [[Umesh Chaudhary]]
* [[Sanjiv Dangi]]
* [[Rajendra Gaikwad]]
* [[Bhagwan Gawai]]
* [[Malkit Chand]]
* [[Milind Kamble]]
* [[Ashok Khade]]
* [[Rati Bhai Makwana|Ratibhai Makwana]]
* [[Mannem Madhusudana Rao]]
* Murali Mohan
* [[Ravi Kumar Narra]]
* [[Raja Nayak]]
* [[Hari Kishan Pippal]]
* [[Sukesh Rajan]]
* Manju Rani
* [[Vijay Anand Rao Shelke]]
* [[Kishan Lal Singla]]
* Sitaram
* [[Sadhu Thorat]]

== Reception ==
''Defying the Odds'' received positive attention for presenting a new perspective on Dalit identity.<ref name=":0" />

Amy Kazmin for ''[[Financial Times]]'' wrote "''Defying the Odds'' offers a highly readable and unusual perspective on the churning taking place at the Indian economy's grassroots."<ref name=":1" /> ''[[Forbes India]]'' noted that the book "breaks the stereotype of Dalits being a repressed and defeated community and speaks of their rise as entrepreneurs."<ref name="Forbes2014" />

Preeti Mehra from ''[[The Hindu Businessline]]'' praised the book for its detailing of "inspirational tales of economic mobility,''"'' but highlighted the lack of representation of women entrepreneurs.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-07-27 |title=Inspirational tales of economic mobility |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/Inspirational-tales-of-economic-mobility/article20828883.ece |access-date=2025-07-09 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dalit Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2014 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Books about the caste system in India]]
[[Category:Economics books]]
[[Category:Dalit literature]]

Walter Schwabe

2026-04-19T14:09:16Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: entry

{{Short description|British judge}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Walter Schwabe
| honorific_prefix = [[Sir]]
| honorific_suffix = [[King's Counsel|KC]]
| image =
| caption =
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Madras High Court|7th Chief Justice]] of [[Madras High Court]]
| term_start1 = 1921
| term_end1 = 1924
| predecessor1 = [[J. E. P. Wallis]]
| successor1 = [[Murray Coutts-Trotter]]
| appointer1 = [[George V]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 3 March 1873
| birth_place = London, England<ref>Cheltenham College Register 1841-1889, ed. A. A. Hunter, George Bell & Sons (London), 1890, p. 377</ref>
| death_date = 20 April 1931 (aged 58)
| death_place = London, England
| children =
| alma_mater = [[Cheltenham College]], [[Marlborough College]], [[Trinity College, Oxford]]
| parents = {{ubl|[[George Salis-Schwabe]]|Mary Jacqueline}}
| relatives = [[William Milbourne James (judge)|William Milbourne James]] ''(maternal grandfather)''
| spouse = [[Julie Schwabe]]
| occupation = [[Lawyer]], [[judge]]
| profession = [[Chief Justice]]
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sir Walter George Salis Schwabe''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|KC}} (3 March 1873 – 20 April 1931)<ref>''Lawyer: the monthly legal journal'', vol. 5, 1973, pg 46</ref> was a British barrister and [[Chief Justice]] of the [[Madras High Court]] from 1921 to 1924 in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name="times">{{cite news |title= Obituary: Sir Walter Schwabe K.C. |work=[[The Times]] |date=22 April 1931 |page= 16 }}</ref>

Schwabe was the second son of [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] politician Maj.-Gen. [[George Salis-Schwabe|George Salis Schwabe]], [[Companion of the Most Honourable Order of the Bath|C.B.]], by his wife Mary Jacqueline, daughter of [[William Milbourne James (judge)|Sir William Milbourne James]], [[Lord Justice of Appeal]] in 1870. His paternal grandfather, Salis (born Solomon ben Elias) Schwabe (1800–1853), of Crumpsall House, Manchester, and [[Glyn Garth]], Anglesey, formerly of Rhodes House, Middleton, was a successful calico printer of Jewish origin who was born in Ovelgönne (near Oldenburg), first settled in Glasgow in 1817, then moved to Rhodes (near Manchester) in 1832 and converted to the [[Anglican Church]], ten years later to [[Unitarianism]]. He married his cousin [[Julie Schwabe]], who became a noted educationist.<ref>''New Illustrated Lives of Great Composers: Chopin'', Ateş Orga, Omnibus Press, 2015</ref><ref>''Musical Visitors to Britain'', Peter Gordon, 2007, p. 155</ref><ref name="times"/>

Educated at [[Cheltenham College]], [[Marlborough College]] and [[Trinity College, Oxford]] (B.A. 1894), Schwabe was [[call to the Bar|called to the Bar]] from the [[Inner Temple]] 26 January 1897, and entered the [[Northern Circuit]]. He was appointed [[King's Counsel]] in 1913. He was joint author of ''Schwabe and Branson's Law of the Stock Exchange'' and ''Effect of War on Stock Exchange''.<ref name="debrett1297">''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage, Kelly's Directories'', 1963, pg 1297</ref><ref name="debrett1221">''Debrett's Peerage, Baronetage, Knightage and Companionage'', 1931, pg 1221</ref><ref>''The Madras Weekly Notes'', 1921, pg 78</ref>

Schwabe was a well-regarded figure professionally: his 'brilliance as a student, his success at the English Bar, and his attainment as an author gave especial Satisfaction to the members of the Madras Bar'.<ref>Lawyer: the monthly legal journal, vol. 5, 1973, pg 42</ref> Schwabe also served as a captain in the [[19th Battalion, London Regiment (St Pancras)|19th Volunteer Battalion, London Regiment]] during the [[First World War]].<ref name="debrett1221"/> He was created [[Knight Bachelor]] in 1922 (Gazetted April 14).<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13804/page/657| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180218081422/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/13804/page/657| archive-date = 2018-02-18| title = Page 657 {{!}} Issue 13804, 14 April 1922 {{!}} Edinburgh Gazette {{!}} The Gazette}}</ref>

He married firstly, in 1901, Margaret (d. 1927), daughter of Arthur Sanderson, of [[Edinburgh]]; his second wife (m. 1927) was Violet Beatrice, daughter of Percival Edward Reeve and Beatrice Mary, daughter of Capt. George Fearnley-Whittingstall, J.P., of Watford and Hawkswick, Herts., later Mrs Cecil John Thornhill.

Schwabe died 20 April 1931.<ref name="debrett1297"/><ref name="debrett1221"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schwabe, Walter George Salis}}
[[Category:1873 births]]
[[Category:1931 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century British lawyers]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Chief justices of the Madras High Court]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian judges]]
[[Category:British India judges]]
[[Category:20th-century British lawyers]]
[[Category:20th-century British judges]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:People educated at Marlborough College]]
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Oxford]]

Wadhwan Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:37:50Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: stub

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Gujarat State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{expand list|date=June 2025}}{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Wadhwan
| mla = [[Jagdish Makwana | Jagdishbhai Prabhubhai Makwana]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = Gujarat
| district = [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Surendranagar Lok Sabha constituency|Surendranagar]]
| established = 1972
| electors = {{formatnum:300511}}<ref name=election2022/>{{update after|2028|2}}
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 62
}}

'''Wadhwan''' is one of the 182 [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Gujarat]] state in [[India]].<ref name=gjceo>{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125011107/http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |url=http://ceo.gujarat.gov.in/download/PCAC.pdf |archive-date=25 January 2014 |title=Parliament / Assembly constituency wise PS & Electors Detail – Draft Roll – 2014 |access-date= 1 June 2021|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent |date=12 December 2006 |website=Election Commission of India |publisher=Delimitation Commission of India |pages=2–31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date=12 February 2017 }}</ref> It is part of [[Surendranagar district|Surendranagar]] district.

==List of segments==
This assembly seat represents the following segments<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|title=Gujarat: Order No. 33: Table-A: Assembly constituency and Their Extent|date=12 December 2006|website=Election Commission of India|publisher=Delimitation Commission of India|pages=2–31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015941/http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Gujarat/gujarat.pdf|archive-date=5 March 2016|url-status=|access-date=12 February 2017}}</ref>

# Wadhwan Taluka

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!Picture
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
| [[Dhanrajbhai Kela]]||
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party| rowspan=5 }}
|-
|[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Varsa Doshi]] || rowspan="2" |

|-
|[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2012]]

|-
|[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Dhanji Patel]]<ref name=election2017/> ||

|-
| [[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| [[Jagdish Makwana|Jagdish Prabhubhai Makwana]]<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14750-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 18 April 2023}}</ref> ||
|-
|}

==Election results==
===2022===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Wadhwan]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Jagdish Makwana]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,05,903
|percentage = 60.11
|change = +8.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Bajrang Patel|party=Aam Aadmi Party|votes=40,414|percentage=22.94|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Tarun Gadhvi|party=Indian National Congress|votes=22,385|percentage=12.71|change=-27.92}}

{{Election box majority||votes=|percentage=37.17|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,76,168|percentage=|change=}}

{{Election box hold with party link|
|loser = Indian National Congress
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2017===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election]]: Wadhwan<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3841-gujarat-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Gujarat General Legislative Election 2017 |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date= 11 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dhanjibhai Patel (Makson)
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 89,595
|percentage = 51.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Mohanbhai Dahyabhai Patel
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 70,071
|percentage = 40.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Charulata Vasani
|party = IND
|votes = 2,682
|percentage = 1.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,524
|percentage = 11.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,72,450
|percentage = 64.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2012]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Varsa Doshi|Varshaben Doshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 83,049
|percentage = 51.39
|change = +10.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Himanshu Vyas
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 65,491
|percentage = 40.52
|change = +5.79
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,558
|percentage = 10.87
|change = +4.96
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,61,631
|percentage = 69.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2007]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Varsa Doshi|Varshaben Doshi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 47,466
|percentage = 40.64
|change = -10.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Himanshu Vyas
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 40,564
|percentage = 34.73
|change = -1.28
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Dhanrajbhai Kela
|party = Independent
|votes = 23,261
|percentage = 19.92
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 6,902
|percentage = 5.91
|change = -9.42
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,16,786
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Gujarat Legislative Assembly election|Gujarat Assembly Election, 2002]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Dhanrajbhai Kela
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 59,446
|percentage = 51.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ranjitsinh Jilubha Zala
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 41,702
|percentage = 36.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate|
|candidate = Gangarambhai Sankaliya
|party = Independent
|votes = 7,302
|percentage = 6.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 17,742
|percentage = 15.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,15,794
|percentage = 60.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Surendranagar district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Gujarat Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/72-gujarat/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Gujarat}}

{{coord|22.71|71.67|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Surendranagar district]]
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]
[[Category:Politics of Gujarat]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Gujarat]]

Bihar

2026-03-29T09:59:07Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{Short description|State in Eastern India}}
{{Other uses|Bihar (disambiguation)}}
{{distinguish|Bihar County|Bihor County|Bahir|Hajdú–Bihar County}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{AI-generated|date=January 2026|reason=July 2025 edits such as [[Special:Diff/1299596715|this]] and others by this user; note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotional tone, vocab distribution typical of 2025 LLMs, etc. Note that these edits are *not* confined to one section, this is why the tag is at the top of the page}}
{{Infobox Indian state or territory
| name = Bihar
| official_name = State of Bihar
| type = State
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/2/2/2/1
| image1 = Temple No.- 3, Nalanda Archaeological Site.jpg
| caption1 = [[Nalanda Mahavihara]]
| image2 = Golghar patna.jpg
|caption2 = [[Golghar]]
| image3 = Mahabodhi Temple - Bodh Gaya.jpg
| caption3 = [[Mahabodhi Temple]]
| image4 = Himalayan Foot Hills, Valmikinagar, Bihar, India.jpg
| caption4 = [[Valmiki National Park]]
| image5 = Fort of Darbhanga.jpg
| caption5 = [[Darbhanga Fort]]
| image6 = Ghora Katora Lake in Rajgir Bihar.jpg
| caption6 = [[Ghora Katora]] lake
}}
| image_seal = Seal of Bihar.svg
| nickname = "Land of Monasteries"
| motto = [[Satyameva Jayate]] (Truth alone triumphs)
| anthem = [[Mere Bharat Ke Kanthahar]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Porwal |first1=Vikas |date=22 March 2022 |title=Bihar Diwas State Anthem: क्या है बिहार का राज्यगीत, यहां जानिए इसकी दिलचस्प कहानी |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bihar/bihar-diwas-state-anthem-know-about-rajya-geet-of-bihar-and-all-details-in-hindi/1130701 |work=Zee News |language=hi |access-date=27 September 2024}}</ref> (The Garland of My India)
| image_map = IN-BR.svg
| coordinates = {{coord|25.4|85.1|region:IN-BR_type:adm1st|display=inline,title}}
| region = East India
| before_was = [[Bihar Province]]
| formation_date4 = [[Bihar Diwas|22 March 1912]]
| capital = Patna
| largestcity = capital
| districts = [[List of districts of Bihar|38]]
| Governor = [[Syed Ata Hasnain]]
| Chief_Minister = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| party = [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| Deputy_CM = [[Samrat Choudhary]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]) [[Vijay Kumar Sinha]] ([[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]])
| judiciary = [[Patna High Court]]
| legislature_type = Bicameral
| council = [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| council_seats = 75 seats
| assembly = [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| assembly_seats = 243 seats
| rajya_sabha_seats = 16 seats
| lok_sabha_seats = 40 seats
| area_footnotes = <ref name="BiharProfile">{{cite web |title=State Profile |url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm |website=Government of Bihar |access-date=27 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170922043241/http://www.gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/default.htm |archive-date=22 September 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 98940<ref name="bharatonline.com">{{Cite web |title=Bihar Location - Geographical Location Bihar India |url=https://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/travel-tips/location.html |access-date=24 March 2023 |website=www.bharatonline.com |archive-date=24 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324203843/https://www.bharatonline.com/bihar/travel-tips/location.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
| area_total_sq_mi = 38201
| area_rank = 12th
| length_km = 345
| width_km = 483
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name="bharatonline.com"/>
| elevation_m = 53
| elevation_max_m = 880
| elevation_max_point = [[Someshwar Fort]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mandal |first=R. B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&dq=west+champaran+highest+point&pg=PA28 |title=Wetlands Management in North Bihar |date=2010 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-8069-707-4 |language=en |access-date=25 March 2023 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408133850/https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&dq=west+champaran+highest+point&pg=PA28 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| elevation_min_m = 11
| elevation_min_point = [[Ganges|Ganges River]]
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar Profile |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND010_Bihar.pdf |website=census.gov.in |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809192800/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/censusinfodashboard/stock/profiles/en/IND010_Bihar.pdf |archive-date=9 August 2021}}</ref>
| population_total = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 130,725,310<ref name="BiharCensus2023"/>
| population_as_of = [[2022 Bihar Caste-Based Survey|2023 census]]
| population_rank = 2nd
| density_rank = 1st
| population_urban = 16.2%
| population_rural = 83.8%
| population_density = 1,388
| population_demonym = [[Biharis|Bihari]]
| 0fficial_Langs = [[Hindi in Bihar|Hindi]]
| additional_official = [[Urdu]]
| official_script = [[Devanagari script]]
| GDP_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/bihar-budget-analysis-2026-27 | title=Bihar Budget Analysis 2026-27 }}</ref>
| GDP_total = {{Increase}} $157.2 billion (nominal) {{Increase}} $544.5 billion (PPP)
| GDP_year = 2026-27
| GDP_rank = 14th
| GDP_per_capita = {{Increase}} {{INRConvert|76490|lk=r}} (nominal) {{Increase}} $4,231 (PPP)
| GDP_per_capita_rank = 33rd
| HDI = {{Increase}} 0.650 ({{color|green|Medium}})<ref name="snhdi-gdl">{{cite web |title=Sub-national HDI – Area Database |url=https://globaldatalab.org/shdi/table/shdi/IND/ |website=Global Data Lab |publisher=Institute for Management Research, Radboud University |access-date=29 March 2026 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923120638/https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/ |archive-date=29 March 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| HDI_year = 2023
| HDI_rank = 36th
| literacy = 74.3%<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/AnnualReport_PLFS2023-24L2.pdf |title=Annual Report, Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) (July 2023 – June 2024) |date=23 September 2024 |publisher=National Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |pages=A-10 |chapter=Appendix-A: Detailed tables, Table (7): Literacy rate (in per cent) of persons of different age groups for each State/UT (persons, age-group (years): 7 & above, rural+urban (column 6))}}</ref>
| literacy_year = 2024
| literacy_rank = 35th
| sex_ratio = 1090[[female|♀]]/1000 [[male|♂]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sex ratio of State and Union Territories of India as per National Health survey Phase I (2019-2020)|url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf|website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, India|date=10 December 2020|access-date=25 November 2022|archive-date=25 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125015624/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| sexratio_year = 2023
| sexratio_rank =
| iso_code = IN-BR
| registration_plate = BR
| website = state.bihar.gov.in
| foundation_day = Bihar Day
| mammal = [[Gaur]]
| bird = [[House sparrow]]
| fish = [[Walking catfish]]
| flower = [[Tagetes|Marigold]]
| tree = [[Ficus religiosa|Peepal tree]]
| fruit = [[Mango]]
| image_highway = SH IN-BR.png
| SH_numbers = [[List of state highways in Bihar|BR SH1 - BR SH82]]
}}
{{History of Bihar}}
'''Bihar''' ({{IPA|bh|bɪˈɦaːr|pron|Bihar.ogg}}) is a [[states and union territories of India|state]] in [[Eastern India]]. It is the [[list of states and union territories of India by population|second largest state by population]], the [[List of states and union territories of India by area|12th largest by area]], and the [[List of Indian states and union territories by GDP|14th largest by GDP]] in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jha |first=Ramanath |title=Speeding up Bihar's urbanisation |website=ORF |url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/speeding-up-bihars-urbanisation/ |date=19 July 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125021134/https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/speeding-up-bihars-urbanisation/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Table 24: gross state domestic product |publisher=National Statistical Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India |url=https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/24T_19112022B324FDC313754A83A5ADB71E638D7FA6.PDF |via=Reserve Bank of India |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220123930/https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/Publications/PDFs/24T_19112022B324FDC313754A83A5ADB71E638D7FA6.PDF |archive-date= 20 December 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Population Projections For India And States 2011 - 2036 |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf |date=July 2020 |website=Ministry of Health and Family Welfare |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115052031/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/Population%20Projection%20Report%202011-2036%20-%20upload_compressed_0.pdf |archive-date= 15 November 2022}}</ref> Bihar borders [[Uttar Pradesh]] to its west, [[Nepal]] to the north, the northern part of [[West Bengal]] to the east, and [[Jharkhand]] to the south. Bihar is split by the river [[Ganges]], which flows from west to east.<ref name="BiharProfile"/> On 15 November 2000, a large chunk of southern Bihar was ceded to form the new state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand |title=Jharkhand |last=Dutt |first=Ashok K. |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=18 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308153848/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/736533/Jharkhand |archive-date=8 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Around 11.27% of Bihar's population live in urban areas as per a 2020 report.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2020">{{Cite news |last=Subhash |first=Pathak |date=26 December 2020 |title=Bihar cabinet approves 111 new urban bodies, 5 more municipal corporations |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-cabinet-approves-111-new-urban-bodies-5-more-municipal-corporations/story-QfiV4oWxU8anDcZSExiQ2O.html |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125024141/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-cabinet-approves-111-new-urban-bodies-5-more-municipal-corporations/story-QfiV4oWxU8anDcZSExiQ2O.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Additionally, almost 58% of [[Bihari people|Biharis]] are below the age of 25, giving Bihar the highest proportion of young people of any Indian state.<ref name="economic_strangulation">{{cite web |last1=Guruswamy |first1=Mohan |last2=Kaul |first2=Abhishek |title=The Economic Strangulation of Bihar |url=http://cpasindia.org/reports/02-Economic-Strangulation-Bihar.pdf |date=15 December 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530142819/http://www.cpasindia.org/reports/02-Economic-Strangulation-Bihar.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2009 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Centre for Policy Alternatives |page=2 |url-status=usurped |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> The official language is [[Hindi]], which shares official status alongside that of [[Urdu]]. The main native languages are [[Maithili language|Maithili]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], but there are [[Languages of Bihar|several other]] languages being spoken at smaller levels.

In [[Ancient India|Ancient]] and [[Classical India]], the area that is now Bihar was considered the centre of political and cultural power and as a haven of learning.<ref>''Bihar, Past & Present: souvenir, 13th Annual Congress of Epigraphica'' by P. N. Ojha, Kashi Prasad Jayaswal Research Institute</ref> [[Parshvanatha]], the 23rd Tirthankar led the [[Śramaṇa|shramana order]] in this region in 9th century BCE.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Visaria |first=Anish |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/000021/303 |title=Bhagwan Parshvanath |work=JaineLibrary |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Visaria |first=Anish |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007005/146 |title=Janism and Vegetarianism |work=JaineLibrary |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Visaria |first=Anish |url=https://jainqq.org/explore/007585/130 |title=Kalpa Suta |work=JaineLibrary |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> [[Jainism]] was revived and re-organised by [[Mahavira]], the 24th [[Tirthankara|Tirthankar]] in 6th century BCE. From Magadha arose India's first empire, the [[Maurya Empire]], as well as one of the world's most widely adhered-to religions: [[Buddhism]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lopez |first1=Donald |title=Magadha |journal=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2014 |isbn=978-0-691-15786-3 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780190681159.001.0001/acref-9780190681159-e-2475?rskey=JGTi0D&result=1}}</ref> Magadha empires, notably under the [[Maurya]] and [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] dynasties, unified large parts of South Asia under a central rule.<ref>{{cite web| title=The History of Bihar| publisher=Bihar Government| url=http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/history.htm| access-date=15 August 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331063547/http://gov.bih.nic.in/Profile/history.htm| archive-date=31 March 2014| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Another region of Bihar, [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], was an early [[Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila|centre of learning]] and the centre of the [[Videha]] kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&pg=PA87 | title=Wetlands Management in North Bihar | access-date=8 February 2017 | pages=87 | isbn=9788180697074 | last1=Mandal | first1=R. B. | year=2010 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company | archive-date=2 December 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202020349/https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&pg=PA87 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nKqF_AgDd4gC&pg=PA148 | title=Small States Syndrome in India | access-date=16 February 2017 | pages=146| isbn=9788170226918 | last1=Kumāra | first1=Braja Bihārī | year=1998 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref>

However, since the late 1970s, Bihar has lagged far behind other Indian states in terms of social and economic development.<ref name=Bihar_1>
* {{cite news| title = Bihar's 'first' Economic Survey Report tabled| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihars-first-Economic-Survey-Report-tabled/articleshow/1729260.cms| date = 7 March 2007| access-date = 22 August 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130518142032/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-03-07/patna/27879796_1_bihar-capita-income-revenue-account| archive-date = 18 May 2013| url-status = live| work = [[The Times of India]]| df = dmy-all}}
* {{cite news| title = Biharis an unwanted lot| author = Bal Thackeray| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms| work = The Times of India| date = 5 March 2008| access-date = 5 March 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080310002737/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2840902,prtpage-1.cms| archive-date = 10 March 2008| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}
* {{cite news| last1=Wajihuddin| first1=Mohammed| date=10 August 2008| title='Bihari' has become an abuse| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms| work=The Times of India| access-date=10 August 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505073105/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Review/Bihari_has_become_an_abuse/articleshow/3347091.cms| archive-date=5 May 2013| url-status=live| df=dmy-all}}</ref> Many economists and social scientists claim that this is a direct result of the policies of the [[Government of India|central government]]: such as the [[freight equalisation policy]],<ref>{{cite book | first = Arvind N.| last = Das| title = The Republic of Bihar| place = New Delhi| publisher=Penguin Books| year = 1992| isbn = 978-0-14-012351-7}}</ref><ref name="saibal">{{cite news | last = Goswami| first = Urmi A| date = 16 February 2005| title = 'Bihar Needs an Icon, a person who stands above his caste' (Dr Shaibal Gupta – Rediff Interview) | url = http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm| publisher=Rediff| access-date = 16 February 2005| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20050220065240/http://www.rediff.com/election/2005/feb/16inter2.htm| archive-date= 20 February 2005 | url-status= live}}</ref> its apathy towards Bihar,<ref name=Bihar_3>
* {{cite web |last1=Guruswamy |first1=Mohan |last2=Baitha |first2=Ramnis Attar |last3=Mohanty |first3=Jeevan Prakash |title=Centrally Planned Inequality: The Tale of Two States – Punjab and Bihar |url=http://cpasindia.org/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf |date=15 June 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210152/http://cpasindia.org/reports/07-Centrally-Planned-Inequality-Punjab-Bihar.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Centre for Policy Alternatives |url-status=usurped |access-date=17 August 2015}}
* {{cite web |last1=Guruswamy |first1=Mohan |last2=Mohanty |first2=Jeevan Prakash |title=The De-urbanisation of Bihar |url=http://cpasindia.org/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf |date=15 February 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326210154/http://cpasindia.org/reports/03-De-urbanisation-Bihar.pdf |archive-date=26 March 2009 |location=New Delhi, India |publisher=Centre for Policy Alternatives |url-status=usurped |access-date=17 August 2015}}</ref> lack of Bihari sub-nationalism,<ref name=Bihae_4>
* Ahmed Farzand and Mishra Subhash, [https://archive.today/20120710043125/http://indiatoday.digitaltoday.in/index.php?option=com_content&issueid=78&task=view&id=19042&sectionid=4&Itemid=1 Leaders of Bihar unite to counter Raj Thackeray], India Today, 31 October 2008
* {{cite news| last = Gupta| first = Shaibal| title = Bihar: Identity and Development| publisher = Asian Development Research Institute, Patna| url = http://www.bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html| access-date = 30 April 2006| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050330161928/http://bihartimes.com/articles/shaibal/biharidentity.html| archive-date = 30 March 2005}}</ref> and the [[Permanent Settlement]] of 1793 by the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="saibal" /> The state government has, however, made significant strides in developing the state.<ref>{{cite news |last=Phadnis |first=Aditi |author-link=Aditi Phadnis |date=26 July 2008 | title=Lalu in the red |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655 |newspaper=[[Business Standard]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607173041/http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329655 |archive-date=7 June 2011 |access-date=22 August 2015}}</ref> Improved governance has led to an economic revival in the state through increased investment in infrastructure,<ref name="bihar_basher">{{cite news| last = Goswami| first = Urmi A| date = 17 June 2008| title = Biharis get work at home, bashers realise their worth| work = The Economic Times| location = India| url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms| access-date = 17 June 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090213034621/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Biharis_get_work_at_home_bashers_realise_their_worth/articleshow/3135697.cms| archive-date = 13 February 2009| url-status = live| df = dmy-all}}</ref> better healthcare facilities, greater emphasis on education, and a reduction in crime and corruption.<ref name=Bihar_2>
* {{cite news |last1=Dharma |first1=Supriya| last2=Jha |first2=Abhay Mohan |date=15 July 2008 |title=Bihar witnesses a quiet transformation |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718045447/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080057141 |archive-date=18 July 2008 |publisher=[[NDTV]] |access-date=22 August 2015}}
* {{cite news|last=Jha |first=Abhay Mohan |title=English makes inroads in Bihar villages |publisher=NDTV |date=8 March 2008 |url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399&ch=3/8/2008%2011:32:00%20AM |access-date=8 March 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309185254/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080043399 |archive-date=9 March 2008 }}</ref>

== Etymology ==
The name ''Bihar'' is derived from the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Pali]] word {{lang|sa-Latn|[[vihāra]]}} ([[Devanagari]]: {{lang|sa|विहार}}), meaning "abode" and usually referred to a Buddhist monastery. The region roughly encompassing the present state had many Buddhist vihāras, the abodes of Buddhist monks in the ancient and medieval periods.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Swargesh |title=Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect |date=2012 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788180697999 |page=101 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSZ987-0Fb8C&dq=bihar+etymology&pg=PA101 |quote=The name Bihar is derived from the Sanskrit word Vihār (Devanagari) which means "abode".}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarao |first=Karam Tej |title=Vihāra |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315862129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nikalje |first=Sujit |date=June 2013 |title=Appraising Buddha Viharas from a Historical Perspective |url=https://www.ticijournals.org/appraising-buddha-viharas-from-a-historical-perspective/ |journal=IJDTSA |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=2–3 |via=TICI}}</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|History of Bihar}}

{{See also|Timeline for Bihar|Magadha|Mithila Kingdom|History of Buddhism in India|Decline of Buddhism in India|Mithila, India|List of rulers of Mithila}}{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width =
| caption_align = center
| align = left
| image1 = Kundpur seal.jpg
| caption1 = Copy of the seal excavated from Kundpur, [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]]. The Brahmi letters on the seal state: "Kundpur was in Vaishali. Prince Vardhaman ([[Mahavira]]) used this seal after the ''Judgement''."
| image2 = Mahajanapadas (c. 500 BCE).png
| caption2 = [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]], [[Anga]] and [[Vajjika League]] of Mithila, {{circa|600 BCE}}
}}

=== Ancient period ===
[[Chirand]], on the northern bank of the [[Ganga River]], in [[Saran district]], has an archaeological record from the [[Neolithic age]] {{nowrap|({{circa|2500–1345 BCE}})}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/|title=BIHAR: A QUICK GUIDE TO SARAN|access-date=24 March 2017 |work= Outlook |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323054404/http://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/destinations/bihar_a_quick_guide_to_saran/|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp|title=Oldest hamlet faces extinction threat|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053759/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1100925/jsp/bihar/story_12980021.jsp|archive-date=23 March 2017|url-status=dead|work=The Telegraph}}</ref> Regions of Bihar – such as [[Magadha (region)|Magadha]], [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]], and [[Anga]] – are mentioned in religious texts and epics of [[ancient India]].

Mithila gained prominence after the establishment of the [[Videha]] Kingdom.<ref name="BiharProfile"/><ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 17 116–124, 141–143</ref> During the late Vedic period {{nowrap|({{Circa|1100}}–500 BCE),}} Videha became one of the major political and cultural centers of South Asia, along with Kuru and Pañcāla. The kings of the Videha Kingdom were called [[Janaka]]s.<ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris, pages 13, 141–143</ref> [[Sita]], a daughter of one of the Janakas of [[Mithila, India|Mithila]] is mentioned as the consort of [[Rama]], in the [[Hindu epic]] ''[[Ramayana]]'', written by [[Valmiki]].<ref name="BiharProfile"/><ref>[[Michael Witzel]] (1989), ''Tracing the Vedic dialects in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes'' ed. Caillat, Paris</ref>{{page needed|date=January 2019}} The Videha Kingdom later became incorporated into the [[Vajjika League]] which had its capital in the city of [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]], which is also in Mithila.<ref>Raychaudhuri Hemchandra (1972), ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, pp. 85–86</ref> Vajji had a republican form of government where the head of state was elected from the rajas. Based on the information found in texts pertaining to Jainism and Buddhism, Vajji was established as a republic by the sixth century BCE, before the birth of [[Gautama Buddha]] in 563 BCE, making it the first known republic in India.

The [[Haryanka dynasty]], founded in 684 BCE, ruled Magadha from the city of Rajgriha (modern [[Rajgir]]). The two well-known kings from this dynasty were [[Bimbisara]] and his son [[Ajatashatru]], who imprisoned his father to ascend the throne. Ajatashatru founded the city of [[Pataliputra]] which later became the capital of Magadha. He declared war and conquered the [[Vajjika League]]. The Haryanka dynasty was followed by the [[Shishunaga dynasty]]. Later, the [[Nanda dynasty]] ruled a vast tract stretching from [[Punjab]] to [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bronkhorst |first1=Johannes |title=Buddhism in the Shadow of Brahmanism |date=14 February 2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-20140-8 |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BaX58-E5-3MC&pg=PA12}}</ref>

[[File:Chandragupt maurya Birla mandir 6 dec 2009 (31) (cropped).JPG|thumb|[[Chandragupta Maurya]], founder of the [[Mauryan Empire]]|alt=|left|253x253px]]
The Nanda dynasty was replaced by the [[Maurya Empire]], India's first empire. The Maurya Empire and the religion of [[Buddhism]] arose in the region that now makes up modern Bihar. The Mauryan Empire, which originated from Magadha in 321 BCE, was founded by [[Chandragupta Maurya]], who was born in Magadha. It had its capital at [[Pataliputra]] (modern [[Patna]]). Mauryan Emperor [[Ashoka]], who was born in Pataliputra (Patna), is often considered to be among the most accomplished rulers in world history.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Panth |first1=Rabindra |title=India's Perception Through Chinese Travellers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BPdtAAAAMAAJ |year=2007 |page=61 |publisher=Nava Nalanda Mahavihara |isbn=9788188242122 |access-date=6 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151112044300/https://books.google.com/books/about/India_s_Perception_Through_Chinese_Trave.html?id=BPdtAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=12 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>''A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms'', by Fa-hsien (chapter27)</ref>

The [[Gupta Empire]], which originated in Magadha in 240 CE, is referred to as the [[Golden Age of India]] in science, mathematics, astronomy, commerce, religion, and [[Indian philosophy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp |title=The Gupta Period of India |publisher=Ushistory.org |access-date=19 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002003624/http://www.ushistory.org/civ/8e.asp |archive-date=2 October 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bihar and Bengal were invaded by [[Rajendra Chola I]] of the [[Chola dynasty]] in the 11th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ali |first= A. Yusuf |date=1925 |title=The Making of India |publisher=A. & C. Black |page=60}}</ref><ref>''The Cambridge Shorter History of India'', p. 145</ref>

=== Medieval period ===
Buddhism in Magadha declined due to the invasion of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji]], during which many of the [[viharas]] were destroyed along with the universities of [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]]. Some historians believe that thousands of [[Buddhist]] monks were massacred during the 12th century.<ref>The Maha-Bodhi By Maha Bodhi Society, Calcutta (page 8)</ref><ref>Smith V. A., ''Early history of India''</ref><ref>Elliot, History of India, Vol 4</ref><ref name="Scott">{{Cite journal|last=Scott|first=David|title=Buddhism and Islam: Past to Present Encounters and Interfaith Lessons|journal=Numen|volume = 42|issue = 2|pages = 141–155|date = May 1995|doi=10.1163/1568527952598657|jstor=3270172
| issn=0029-5973}}</ref> [[D. N. Jha]] suggests, instead, that these incidents were the result of Buddhist–Brahmin skirmishes in a fight for supremacy.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jha |first=D. N. |title=Grist to the reactionary mill |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/ |date=9 July 2014 |newspaper=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=3 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203142503/http://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/grist-to-the-reactionary-mill/ |archive-date=3 February 2015 |url-status=live}}</ref> After the rule of the [[Pala Empire]], the [[Karnat dynasty]] came into power in the Mithila region in the 11th century and they were succeeded by the [[Oiniwar dynasty]] in the 14th century. Aside from Mithila, there were other small kingdoms in medieval Bihar. The area around [[Bodh Gaya]] and much of [[Magadha (Mahajanapada)|Magadha]] came under the Buddhist [[Pithipatis of Bodh Gaya]]. The [[Khayaravala dynasty]] were present in the southwestern portions of the state until the 13th century.<ref name=Chakrabarty10>{{cite book |last1=Chakrabarty |first1=Dilip |title=The Geopolitical Orbits of Ancient India: The Geographical Frames of the Ancient Indian Dynasties |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=47–48 |isbn=978-0-19-908832-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIAyDwAAQBAJ&dq=the+focus+of+the+history+of+bihar+in+the+eleventh+and+twelfth+century+is+on+Mithila&pg=PT115}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EzPYdQo3vZgC&q=darbhanga+capital&pg=PA165 | title=Wetlands management in North Bihar | access-date=14 December 2016| isbn=9788180697074 | last1=Mandal | first1=R. B. | year=2010 | publisher=Concept Publishing Company }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A0i94Z5C8HMC&q=darbhanga+capital+mithila&pg=PA56 | title=Anthropology of Ancient Hindu Kingdoms: A Study in Civilizational Perspective | access-date=14 December 2016| isbn=9788175330344 | last1=Jha | first1=Makhan | year=1997 | publisher=M.D. Publications Pvt. }}</ref>

Many famous [[Buddhist]] and [[Hindu]] philosophers and scholars have originated or studied in Bihar during the period from the 5th to 13th century at institutions like [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramashila]] including [[Kamalaśīla]], [[Ratnākaraśānti]], [[Śāntarakṣita]], [[Abhayakaragupta]], [[Udayana]] and [[Gaṅgeśa]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prasad Sinha |first1=Bindeshwari |title=Comprehensive History of Bihar, Volume 1, Part 2 |date=1974 |publisher=KP Jayaswal Research Institute |pages=375–403 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.534083/page/n397/mode/2up}}</ref>
[[File:Dr Rajendra Pd. DR.Anugrah Narayan Sinha.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|(Sitting L to R): [[Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]] during [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s 1917 [[Champaran Satyagraha]]|left]]

[[Sasaram]] was also the first capital city of the [[Sur Empire]] founded by the ruler of Bihar, Sultan [[Sher Shah Suri]] who was [[Pathans of Bihar|Pashtun]].<ref>Percy Brown ''[https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Indian_Architecture/4YzgUHTatVIC?hl=en&gbpv=1&bsq=sur+empire+capital+sasaram&dq=sur+empire+capital+sasaram&printsec=frontcover Indian Architecture]'' Vol-II (1956) University of Minnesota</ref><ref>The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "''[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sher-Shah-of-Sur Shēr Shah of Sūr]''". [[Encyclopædia Britannica|Encyclopedia Britannica]]</ref>

=== Colonial era ===
After the [[Battle of Buxar]] (1764), the [[British East India Company]] obtained the diwani rights (rights to administer and collect tax revenue) for Bihar, [[Bengal]], and [[Odisha]]. The rich resources of fertile land, water, and skilled labour had attracted the foreign imperialists, particularly the Dutch and British, in the 18th century. A number of agriculture-based industries had been started in Bihar by foreign entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Early Agro based Industries |url=http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110910142241/http://www.bihargatha.in/early-agriculture-based-enterprenureships |archive-date=10 September 2011 |website=Bihargatha |access-date=13 August 2015}}</ref> Bihar remained a part of the [[Bengal Presidency]] of [[British India]] until 1912, when [[Bihar and Orissa]] were carved out as separate provinces.

=== Pre- and post-Independence ===
{{See also|1970 Bhojpur uprising}}
Farmers in [[Champaran]] had revolted against [[indigo]] cultivation in 1914 (at [[Pipra]]) and 1916 (Turkaulia). In April 1917, [[Mahatma Gandhi]] visited Champaran, where [[Raj Kumar Shukla]] had drawn his attention to the exploitation of the peasants by European indigo planters. The [[Champaran Satyagraha]] that followed received support from many Bihari nationalists, such as [[Rajendra Prasad]], [[Shri Krishna Sinha]] and [[Anugrah Narayan Sinha]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Judith Margaret |last=Brown |title=Gandhi's Rise to Power, Indian Politics 1915–1922: Indian Politics 1915–1922 |publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive |location=New Delhi |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-521-09873-1 |page=77 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77 |access-date=19 April 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510195818/https://books.google.com/books?id=HUo4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA77 |archive-date=10 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH |title=Eminent Gandhian Dr A N Sinha, First Bihar Deputy CM cum Finance Minister |publisher=Indian Post |access-date=20 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081202161527/http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/DR.A.N.%20SINGH |archive-date=2 December 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In the northern and central regions of Bihar, the [[All India Kisan Sabha|Kisan Sabha]] (peasant movement) was an important consequence of the independence movement. It began in 1929 under the leadership of [[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]] who formed the [[Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha]] (BPKS), to mobilise peasant grievances against the [[zamindari]] attacks on their occupancy rights. The movement intensified and spread from Bihar across the rest of India, culminating in the formation of the [[All India Kisan Sabha]] (AIKS) at the [[Lucknow]] session of the [[Indian National Congress]] in April 1936, where Saraswati was elected as its first president.<ref>{{cite book |first=Śekhara |last=Bandyopādhyāya |title=From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India | publisher=Orient Longman |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-250-2596-2 |pages=406–407}}</ref>

Following independence, [[Bihari people|Bihari]] migrant workers have faced violence and prejudice in many parts of India, such as [[Maharashtra]], [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], and [[Assam]].<ref>{{cite news| author=Kumod Verma| date=14 February 2008| title=Scared Biharis arrive from Mumbai| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Scared-Biharis-arrive-from-Mumbai/articleshow/2781266.cms| access-date=14 February 2008| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022092951/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-02-14/patna/27756096_1_mumbai-bound-trains-mns-activists-passenger-trains| archive-date=22 October 2012| url-status=live| work=[[The Times of India]]| df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last=Hussain | first=Wasbir | author-link=Wasbir Hussain | date=11 August 2007 | title=30 Killed in Northeast Violence in India | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html | newspaper=Washington Post | access-date=25 February 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107005651/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/08/11/AR2007081100464_pf.html | archive-date=7 November 2012 | url-status=live | df=dmy-all }}</ref>

Decades following the independence in 1947 were full of violent conflicts between the landless section of Bihari society and the landed elite who controlled the government at various level. This was an outcome of the failed land reform drive and improper implementation of the land ceiling laws that were passed by [[Indian National Congress]] government in the 1950s. Landed castes like [[Rajput]] and [[Bhumihar]] became suspicious of the land reforms and used their influence in government to hinder the efforts of the land redistribution programme, which may have alleviated the huge caste based income inequalities. Unscrupulous tactics such as [[absentee landlordism]] neutralised the reforms which was architected by [[Krishna Ballabh Sahay]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198|title=Politics And Governance In Indian States Bihar, West Bengal And Tripura|author1=Subrata Kumar Mitra|author2=Harihar Bhattacharyya|publisher=World Scientific|year=2018|isbn=978-9813208247|pages=198–200|access-date=10 June 2022|archive-date=9 June 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609193754/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=eDRPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA198&dq=|url-status=live}}Zamindari abolition was not immediately followed by land reforms measures, as Bhumihars and Rajputs, the landowning classes dominant in the Congress, became suspicious. K B Sahay, the main architect of the land reforms, had to restrain the efforts.This worsened the conditions of non-occupancy tenants. Fixation of ceiling and distribution of surplus land could not be imple mented effectively as these laws had a number of conciliatory provisions and the landowners could keep the land under various other categories in excess of the stipulated area.
Thus, the illegal distribution of land, absentee landlordism and the system of sharecropping or bataidari on unfavorable terms, lack of employment in other sectors, absence of modernization of agri culture, lack of adequate irrigation facilities and power etc. led to brewing of discontent to an unimaginable extent. This provided the naxals a fertile ground for fighting on behalf of the poor peasants and organizing them.</ref>

In the [[Zamindari]] areas of Bihar, such as [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]], the [[Dalit]]s were also subjected to frequent humiliation and practice of [[begar]] existed. This led to first spark of mass scale [[naxalism]] to grew up in the plains of Bhojpur. This armed struggle was led initially by [[Jagdish Mahto|Master Jagdish Mahto]], a school teacher turned naxalite.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Sinha|first=Arun|title=Class War in Bhojpur: I|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume= 13|issue= 1|year=1978|pages=10–11|jstor=4366262|quote=He tried to make the poor aware of their condition through a newspaper, but was balked by lack of money and response. He tried democratic protest through the torchlight procession but nothing came of it.Ever since he joined the school, the Master had been going to Ekwari, his village, on leave. As he suffered from chronic dysentery, nobody in the school suspected how the science teacher was using his leave. Towards the end of 1969, his absences on leave became more frequent. That year mysterious' incidents started occurring at Ekwari. Some day a haystack in a landlord's barn would be set on fire, another day someone's crops would be found cut. Reports of these incidents had started reaching Arrah. Soon after the Master applied for three months' leave and never returned.}}</ref> Soon, the struggle spread into other parts of Bihar, where the landlords and agricultural labourers locked horns against each other. Between 1950 and 2000, several massacres took place. In Bihar, unlike the other parts of India, the naxalism took the form of caste conflict as the landed section of society belonged primarily to [[Forward Castes]] and a section of [[Upper Backward Castes]], on the other hand, the landless were the people belonging to [[Schedule Castes]] and a section of [[Other Backward Castes]]. Formation of caste based private armies called ''senas'' took place in response to violent activities of the naxalites. One of the most dreaded caste army of the landlord was [[Ranvir Sena]], which was involved in massacres of Dalits in Laxmanpur Bathe.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Ashwani|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=num2I4NFGqIC&pg=PA129|title=Community Warriors: State, Peasants and Caste Armies in Bihar|date=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-709-8|pages=129|language=en}}</ref> The Dalit struggle against these caste armies was led by [[Indian People's Front]] and its successor [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]], which was controlled at the upper echelon by the middle peasant castes such as the [[Koeri]]s and [[Yadav]]s, with Dalits and Extremely Backward Castes forming its mass support base and activists.<ref name=Sammadar>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT201|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace|chapter=Bihar 1990-2011|author=Ranabir Samaddar|date=3 March 2016|publisher=Routledge, 2016|isbn=978-1317125372|access-date=21 June 2022|pages=201–205|archive-date=2 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230202201354/https://books.google.com/books?id=zA2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ew2rCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182|page=182|title=Government of Peace: Social Governance, Security and the Problematic of Peace
|author=Ranabir Samaddar
|date=3 March 2016|publisher=Routledge, 2016|
isbn=978-1317125389|access-date=7 January 2020}}</ref>

Meanwhile, the 1960s saw the rise of political instability in the state with dwindling power of Indian National Congress and rise of parties like [[Samyukta Socialist Party]]. The leaders belonging to Backward Castes became vocal for their political rights. The toppling of [[Mahamaya Prasad Sinha]] government by [[Jagdeo Prasad]] hastened the end of dominance of Forward Caste backed Indian National Congress in the state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64|title=JP to BJP: Bihar after Lalu and Nitish|author=Santosh Singh|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2020|access-date=4 January 2021|isbn=978-9353886660|pages=64–65|archive-date=19 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419204733/https://books.google.co.in/books?id=VTQPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT64&dq=|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Geography ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Valmikinagar Hydel Project, Bihar.jpg
| image2 = Flooded Bihar.JPG
| footer =
| image3 = Mountain of Ashram.jpg
| caption1 = Himalayan Foothills in [[Valmikinagar]], Bihar
| caption2 = Flooded farmlands during [[2008 Bihar flood]]
| caption3 = Mountain of Ashrams, Vindhya range [[Bodh Gaya]]
}}

{{Main|Geography of Bihar|Climate of Bihar}}
{{See also|Physiographical Regions of Bihar|Forest in Bihar|List of Hills in Bihar}}{{Further|Floods in Bihar}}{{climate chart|
{{center| [[Climate of Bihar]]}}|9.3|23.5|11.5
|11.4|26.3|9.9
|15.9|32.1|12.0
|21.3|36.6|23.8
|24.0|37.0|56.4
|25.7|35.6|164.6
|25.4|32.7|324.8
|25.4|32.5|276.0
|24.8|32.3|216.9
|21.4|31.6|83.1
|15.2|29.0|6.4
|10.3|24.9|6.0
|float=left
|source=<ref>{{cite periodical |title=Climate of Bihar |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf |publisher=[[India Meteorological Department]] |periodical=Climatological Summaries of States |number=18 |access-date=9 May 2021 |archive-date=2 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211002180342/https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
|width=200}}

Bihar covers a total area of {{convert|94163|km2|0|abbr=on}}, with an average elevation above sea level of {{convert|173|ft|m}}. It is landlocked by [[Nepal]] in the north, [[Jharkhand]] in the south, [[West Bengal]] in the east and [[Uttar Pradesh]] in the west.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar {{!}} History, Map, Population, Government, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bihar|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-date=22 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211122083342/https://www.britannica.com/place/Bihar|url-status=live}}</ref> It has three parts on the basis of physical and structural conditions: the [[Rohtas Plateau|Southern Plateau]], the [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik Region]], and [[Gangetic Plain|Bihar's Gangetic Plain]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=by|date=20 December 2017|title=Geographical location of Bihar|url=https://bihar.pscnotes.com/bihar-geography/geographical-location-of-bihar/|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Bihar PSC Exam Notes|language=en-US|archive-date=10 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510201722/https://bihar.pscnotes.com/bihar-geography/geographical-location-of-bihar/|url-status=live}}</ref> Furthermore, the vast stretch of the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|fertile]] [[Gangetic Plain|Bihar Plain]] is divided by the [[Ganges|Ganges River]] into two unequal parts – [[North Bihar]] and South Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2020|title=Geographical Structure of Bihar: Geology {{!}} Physiology {{!}} Plain {{!}}Plateau|url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/geographical-structure-of-bihar-geology-physiology-plain-plateau-1481802502-1|access-date=9 May 2021|website=Jagranjosh.com|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509195204/https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/geographical-structure-of-bihar-geology-physiology-plain-plateau-1481802502-1|url-status=live}}</ref> The Ganges flows west–east and, along with its tributaries, regularly floods parts of the Bihar plain. The main northern tributaries are the [[Gandaki River|Gandak]] and [[Koshi River|Koshi]], which originate in the Nepalese Himalayas, and the [[Bagmati]], which originates in the [[Kathmandu Valley]]. Other tributaries are the Son, [[Budhi Gandak]], Chandan, Orhani and [[Phalgu]]. Bihar has some small hills, such as the [[Rajgir hills]] in center, [[Kaimur Range]] in south-west and [[Sivalik Range|Shivalik Range]] in North. Bihar has a forest area of 6,764.14 km2, which is 7.1 per cent of its geographical area.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=State Profile|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_bihar.php|publisher=Gov. of India|access-date=|archive-date=27 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927104611/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/st_bihar.php|url-status=live}}</ref> The sub-Himalayan foothills of [[Shivalik Range|Shivalik ranges]], primary Someshwar and Dun mountain, in [[West Champaran district]] are clad in a belt of moist deciduous [[forest]]. As well as trees, this consists of brush, grasses and reeds.

Bihar lies completely in the Subtropical region of the Temperate Zone, and its climatic type is [[Humid subtropical climate|humid subtropical]]. Its temperature is subtropical in general, with hot summers and cold winters. Bihar has an average daily high temperature of only 26 °C with a yearly average of 26 °C. The climate is very warm, but has only a very few tropical and humid months. Several months of the year it is warm to hot at temperatures continuously above 25 °C, sometimes up to 29 °C. Due to less rain the best time for travelling is from October to April. The rainiest days occur from May to September.<ref>{{Cite web |title=imdpune.gov.in/ |url=https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf |url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219043745/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climate%20of%20Bihar.pdf |archive-date=19 February 2020 }}</ref>

===Flora and fauna===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Bengal Tiger7.jpg
| image2 = Bauhinia Acuminata.jpg
| footer =
| image3 =
| caption1 = [[Bengal Tiger]] is main attraction at [[Valmiki Tiger Reserve]].
| caption2 = [[Bauhinia acuminata]], locally known as '''Kachnaar'''
| caption3 = A dolphin in [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]]
| image4 = Kanwar Lake Begusarai by Ziddi Photowala.jpg
| caption4 = [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary]], The only Ramsar site in Bihar
}}

{{Main|Flora of Bihar|Fauna of Bihar}}

{{See also|Protected areas of Bihar}}{{Further|Valmiki National Park|Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary}}
Bihar has a [[reserved Forest|nature conservation area]] of {{convert|6845|km2|0|abbr=on}}, which is 7.27% of its geographical area.<ref name="Forest">{{cite web |title=पर्यावरण एवं वन विभाग |url=http://forest.bih.nic.in/BiharatGlance.aspx |website=forest.bih.nic.in |access-date=31 August 2019 |archive-date=8 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200808062406/http://forest.bih.nic.in/BiharatGlance.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> The sub-Himalayan foothill of Someshwar and the Dun ranges in the Champaran district have belts of moist deciduous forests, mixed with shrubs, grass and reeds. High rainfall (above 1,600 mm [63 in]) promotes forests of Sal (''[[Shorea robusta]]'') in these areas. Other important trees are Sal Cedrela Toona, [[Khair]], and Semal. Deciduous forests also occur in the [[Saharsa]] and [[Purnia]] districts,<ref>{{cite web | title = Forest in Bihar | publisher = Forest Ministry of Bihar | url = http://forest.bih.nic.in/ | access-date = 28 November 2008| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090410052852/http://forest.bih.nic.in/ | archive-date = 10 April 2009| url-status = live | df = dmy-all
}}</ref> with common trees including ''Shorea robusta'' ({{lang|hi-Latn|sal}}), [[Diospyros melanoxylon]] ({{lang|hi-Latn|kendu}}), ''[[Boswellia serrata]]'' ({{lang|hi-Latn|salai}}), ''[[Terminalia elliptica|Terminalia tomentose]]'' ({{lang|hi-Latn|asan}}), ''[[Terminalia bellirica|Terminalia bellerica]]'' ({{lang|hi-Latn|bahera}}), ''[[Terminalia arjuna]]'' ({{lang|hi-Latn|arjun}}), ''[[Pterocarpus marsupium]]'' ({{lang|hi-Latn|paisar}}), and ''[[Madhuca indica]]'' ({{lang|hi-Latn|mahua}}).

[[Valmiki National Park]] covers about {{convert|800|km2|0|abbr=on}} of forest and is the 18th [[Tiger Reserve of India]], ranked fourth in terms of the density of its tiger population.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm|title=VALMIKI|date=27 May 2004|access-date=26 October 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040527185358/http://projecttiger.nic.in/valmiki.htm|archive-date=27 May 2004}}</ref> It has a diverse landscape and biodiversity in addition to sheltering protected carnivores. [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]] in [[Bhagalpur]] region is a reserve for the endangered [[South Asian river dolphin]].<ref name="Forest"/> Other species in Bihar include [[leopard]], [[bear]], [[hyena]], [[bison]], [[chital]] and [[barking deer]]. [[Crocodilia]]ns including [[gharial]]s and [[Mugger crocodile|muggers]] as well as Gangetic turtles can be found in the river systems. [[Karkatgarh Waterfall]] on [[Karmanasa River]] is a natural habitat of the crocodilians. In 2016, the government of Bihar has accepted the proposal of the forest authorities to turn the area into a Crocodile Conservation Reserve (CCR).<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=Prasun K |title=Bihar's first crocodile conservation reserve near Karkatgarh soon |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-s-first-crocodile-conservation-reserve-near-karkatgarh-soon/story-GYf0feUPeK33j6IY2EAUCI.html |access-date=1 October 2019 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 January 2019 |language=en |archive-date=6 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506224407/https://www.hindustantimes.com/patna/bihar-s-first-crocodile-conservation-reserve-near-karkatgarh-soon/story-GYf0feUPeK33j6IY2EAUCI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Other notable wildlife sanctuaries include [[Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary]] and [[Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary]]. Many varieties of local and migratory bird species can be seen in natural wetland of [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary]], Asia's largest oxbow lake and only Ramsar site in Bihar, and other notable wetlands of Baraila lake, Kusheshwar Nath Lake, [[Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary|Udaypur lake]].<ref name="Forest" />

===Natural resource===
Bihar is the principal holder of the country's [[pyrite]] reserves and possesses 95% of all known resources.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mishra |first1=B. K. |title=Mineral exploration to boost Bihar's economy: Janak Ram |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/min-mineral-exploration-to-boost-states-economy/articleshow/87143212.cms |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=20 October 2021 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531112649/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/min-mineral-exploration-to-boost-states-economy/articleshow/87143212.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In May 2022, a gold mine was found in the district of [[Jamui district|Jamui]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Saha |first=Pritam |date=29 May 2022 |title='Ants' give whereabouts of 230 MM tons gold mine in Jamui! Bihar on lookout |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/ants-give-whereabouts-of-230-million-tons-gold-mine-in-jamui-bihar-government-on-lookout-2468484.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=Zee News |archive-date=29 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220529120954/https://zeenews.india.com/india/ants-give-whereabouts-of-230-million-tons-gold-mine-in-jamui-bihar-government-on-lookout-2468484.html |url-status=live }}</ref> It accounts for more than 44% of the country's gold reserve, approximately 223 million tons.<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Bihar govt allows exploration of 'country's largest' gold reserve |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bihar-govt-allows-exploration-of-country-s-largest-gold-reserve-122052800396_1.html |access-date=31 May 2022 |work=Business Standard |date=28 May 2022 |archive-date=31 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531112649/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/bihar-govt-allows-exploration-of-country-s-largest-gold-reserve-122052800396_1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{Main|Demographics of Bihar|Languages of Bihar|Religion in Bihar}}

{{Historical population
| source = Census of India<ref>{{cite web |title=Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html |date=2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226150601/https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A-2_Data_Tables/10%20A-2%20Bihar.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2022 |website=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |access-date=8 September 2022}}</ref><ref name="Survey data out">{{Cite news|title=Bihar caste survey data out: What it says|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-caste-census-data-8965210/|website=The Indian Express|language=en|date=2 October 2023|access-date=2 October 2023|archive-date=2 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002125434/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/bihar-caste-census-data-8965210/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| 1901 | {{formatnum:21243632}}
| 1911 | {{formatnum:21567159}}
| 1921 | {{formatnum:21358905}}
| 1931 | {{formatnum:23438371}}
| 1941 | {{formatnum:26302771}}
| 1951 | {{formatnum:29085000}}
| 1961 | {{formatnum:34841000}}
| 1971 | {{formatnum:42126000}}
| 1981 | {{formatnum:52303000}}
| 1991 | {{formatnum:64531000}}
| 2001 | {{formatnum:82999000}}
| 2011 | {{formatnum:104099452}}
| 2023 | {{formatnum:130725310}}
|align=left}}{{Pie chart
| thumb = right
| caption = Religion in Bihar (2023)<ref name="BiharCensus2023"/><ref name="census2011">{{cite web |title=Population by religion community – 2011 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS |archive-date=25 August 2015 |website=Census of India, 2011 |publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hinduism]]
| value1 = 82
| color1 = DarkOrange
| label2 = [[Islam]]
| value2 = 17.70
| color2 = Green
| label3 = Others
| value3 = 0.3
| color3 = Grey
}}

At the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Bihar was the [[List of states and union territories of India by population|third most populous state of India]] with a total population of 104,099,452. It was also India's most densely populated [[States and union territories of India|state]], with 1,106 persons per square kilometre. The [[human sex ratio|sex ratio]] was 1090 females per 1000 males in the year 2020.<ref name="MOHFW NFHS">{{Cite web |title=MOHFW NFHS-5 Survey |url=https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125015624/https://main.mohfw.gov.in/sites/default/files/NFHS-5_Phase-I.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Almost 58% of Bihar's population was below 25 years age, which is the highest in India. In 2021, Bihar has had an urbanisation rate of 20%.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2020" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indiafacts.in/india-census-2011/urban-rural-population-o-india/|title=Urban and Rural Population of India 2011|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315223625/http://indiafacts.in/india-census-2011/urban-rural-population-o-india/|archive-date=15 March 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bihar has an adult [[literacy rate]] of [[List of Indian states and union territories by literacy rate|70.9%]] (79.7% for males and 60.5% for females) in 2017 according to NSC report 2017.<ref name="MOHFW NFHS" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=NSC Report 2017 |url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/resources/article30980071.ece/binary/KI_Education_75th_Final_compressed.pdf#page=68}}</ref> According to Bihar caste survey 2023, Bihar's literacy rate grew upto 79.8%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Time of India Literacy rate of bihar in 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=8 November 2023 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/18-increase-in-literacy-rate-in-12-years-finds-study/articleshow/105052312.cms?}}</ref> (which is 18% increase from 61.18% of Census 2011) showing remarkable growth in education sector from past decades. Population increased to 130,725,310 as per the Bihar caste survey conducted in 2023.<ref name="Survey data out" />

{{Pie chart
| caption = Languages of Bihar from 2011 census<ref name="Languages2011">{{cite web |title=C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Bihar |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |access-date=14 March 2020 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809135104/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10196/download/13308/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-1000.XLSX |url-status=live }}</ref>
| label1 = [[Hindi]]
| value1 = 25.62
| color1 = orange
| label2 = [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]
| value2 = 24.93
| color2 = gold
| label3 = 'Other' Hindi
| value3 = 14.31
| color3 = hotpink
| label4 = [[Maithili language|Maithili]]
| value4 = 12.58
| color4 = mistyrose
| label5 = [[Magahi language|Magahi]]
| value5 = 10.90
| color5 = crimson
| label6 = [[Urdu]]
| value6 = 8.45
| color6 = green
| label7 = [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]]
| value7 = 1.79
| color7 = mediumvioletred
| label8 = Others
| value8 = 1.42
| color8 = grey
}}[[File:Languages Spoken in Bihar and Jharkhand.png|alt=Languages spoken in Bihar and Jharkhand|left|thumb|Detailed Linguistic map of Bihar and Jharkhand]]

=== Religion ===
According to the 2023 census, 81.99% of Bihar's population practised [[Hinduism]], while 17.70% followed [[Islam]].<ref name="BiharCensus2023">{{cite news |last=Anshuman |first=Kuamr |date=3 October 2023 |title=OBCs and EBCs are 63% of Bihar's population: Socio-economic caste survey |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/in-bihar-obcs-and-ebcs-comprise-more-than-63-pc-of-population-caste-survey/articleshow/104103944.cms |work=Economic Times |access-date=4 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003161114/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/in-bihar-obcs-and-ebcs-comprise-more-than-63-pc-of-population-caste-survey/articleshow/104103944.cms |archive-date=3 October 2023}}</ref> [[Christianity in Bihar|Christianity]] (0.05%), Buddhism (0.08%), and Sikhism (0.01%) are [[Religion in Bihar|religious minorities in Bihar]]. Most of Bihar's population belongs to Indo-Aryan-speaking ethnic groups. It also attracted [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] Hindu refugees during the [[Partition of India|Partition of British India]] in 1947.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |title=Census GIS HouseHold |publisher=Censusindiamaps.net |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706213221/http://www.censusindiamaps.net/page/Religion_WhizMap1/housemap.htm |archive-date=6 July 2010 }}{{dead link|date=February 2016|reason=Cyberbot fix not working|fix-attempted=yes}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
=== Languages ===
[[Hindi]] is the official language of the state and is spoken natively by 25.54% of the total population.<ref name="CSDOffLang1950">{{cite web|url=http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act&rule/Act1english.pdf|title=The Bihar Official Language Act, 1950|date=1950|website=Cabinet Secretariat Department, Government of Bihar|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413072041/http://csd.bih.nic.in/Act%26rule/Act1english.pdf|archive-date=13 April 2015|access-date=9 April 2015}}</ref> At 8.42%, Urdu is the second official language in 15 districts of the state.<ref name="Benedikter2009">{{cite book|last=Benedikter|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89|title=Language Policy and Linguistic Minorities in India: An Appraisal of the Linguistic Rights of Minorities in India|date=2009|publisher=[[LIT Verlag]]|isbn=978-3-643-10231-7|location=Münster|page=89|access-date=10 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053006/https://books.google.com/books?id=vpZv2GHM7VQC&pg=PA89&lpg=PA89|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> However, the majority of the people speak one of the [[Bihari languages]], most of which were classified as dialects of Hindi during the census. The major ones are [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] (24.86%), [[Maithili language|Maithili]] (12.55%) and [[Magahi language|Magahi]] (10.87%)<ref name="Chitransh2012">{{cite news|last=Chitransh|first=Anugya|url=http://hillpost.in/2012/09/bhojpuri-is-not-the-only-language-in-bihar/50489/|title=Bhojpuri is not the only language in Bihar|date=1 September 2012|newspaper=Hill Post|access-date=10 April 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228200009/http://hillpost.in/2012/09/bhojpuri-is-not-the-only-language-in-bihar/50489/|archive-date=28 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Cardona2003">{{cite book|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages|date=11 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5|editor1-last=Cardona|editor1-first=George|editor1-link=George Cardona|series=Routledge Language Family Series|page=500|quote=...the number of speakers of Bihari languages are difficult to indicate because of unreliable sources. In the urban region most educated speakers of the language name Hindi as their language because this is what they use in formal contexts and believe it to be the appropriate response because of lack of awareness. The uneducated and the urban population of the region return Hindi as the generic name for their language.|editor2-last=Jain|editor2-first=Dhanesh}}</ref> [[Angika]] and [[Bajjika]], two other notable Bihari languages, but are not represented in the census. Maithili is a recognised regional language of India under the [[Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India|Eighth Schedule to the Constitution]] of India. Proponents have called for Bhojpuri, Magahi, Angika, and Bajjika to receive the same status.<ref name="mha.nic.in">{{Cite web |title=Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule |url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf |website=[[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Ministry of Home Affairs]] |access-date=4 April 2022 |archive-date=24 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220424003517/https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/EighthSchedule_19052017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://hindi.firstpost.com/culture/legislators-demand-magahi-and-bhojpuri-language-to-included-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-sa-19510.html|title=लोकसभा में उठी मगही, भोजपुरी को आठवीं अनुसूची में शामिल करने की मां|date=22 March 2017|access-date=24 February 2019|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328081001/https://hindi.firstpost.com/culture/legislators-demand-magahi-and-bhojpuri-language-to-included-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-sa-19510.html|archive-date=28 March 2019|language=hi|trans-title=Demand for including Bhojpuri in the Eighth Schedule|website=[[Firstpost]]}}</ref> Smaller communities of [[Bengali language|Bengali]] and [[Surjapuri language|Surjapuri]] speakers are found in some parts of the state, especially in the eastern districts and urban areas.<ref name="Languages2011"/>

== Government and administration ==
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| image4 =
| align =
| background color =
| width =
| image1 = Patna high court1.jpg
| image2 = Vidhan-sabha-bihar.jpg
| image3 = Secretariat Building patna.JPG
| total_width =
| image6 =
| image5 =
| image7 =
| image8 =
| footer_background = silver
| footer_align = center
| footer =
| header = [[Government of Bihar]]
| header_background = Grey
| caption1 = [[Patna High Court]]
| caption2 = [[Bihar Vidhan Sabha]]
| caption3 = [[Patna Secretariat]]
}}

{{Main|Government of Bihar|Administration in Bihar}}

{{See also|Divisions of Bihar|Districts of Bihar}}

Under the [[Constitution of India]], the Governor is the head of the government of Bihar, and is appointed by the [[President of India]]. The [[Chief minister]] is the executive head of the government who, with its cabinet ministers, makes all important policy decisions. The political party or coalition of political parties having a majority in the Bihar Legislative Assembly forms the government.

The [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] is the head of the bureaucracy of the state, under whom a hierarchy of officials is drawn from the [[Indian Administrative Service]], [[Indian Police Service]], [[Indian Forest Service]], and different wings of the state civil services. The [[judiciary]] is headed by the Chief Justice of the High Court. Bihar has a [[Patna High Court|high court]] in Patna, which has been functioning since 1916. All the branches of the government are located in the state capital, [[Patna]].

The state is administratively divided into nine divisions and 38 districts. Each division consists of several districts, overseen by a [[Divisional commissioner|Divisional Commissioner]], a senior [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] officer. Each district is headed by a [[District magistrate|District Magistrate]]–cum–Collector, an IAS officer appointed by the government. The district is further divided into subdivisions, which consist of [[Tehsil|tehsils]] for land revenue administration, headed by a [[Sub-divisional magistrate|Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] and [[Tehsildar]], respectively. Districts are also divided into [[Community development block|blocks]], primarily for rural development administration.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Administrative Setup {{!}} District Kaimur, Government of Bihar {{!}} India |url=https://kaimur.nic.in/administrative-setup/ |access-date=3 January 2026 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The police administration in a district is headed by a [[Superintendent of police (India)|Superintendent of Police]] (SP), an IPS officer appointed by the government.

For the governance of urban areas, Bihar has 19 [[Municipal Corporation (India)|municipal corporations]], 89 [[nagar parishad]]s (city councils), and 154 [[nagar panchayat]]s (town councils).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|title=Bihar Civic elections likely in May 2017|access-date=30 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170331031251/https://www.telegraphindia.com/1170330/jsp/bihar/story_143389.jsp#.WNziu7lMTcs|archive-date=31 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pandey |first=Ashutosh Kumar |title=बिहार : नगर विकास एवं आवास विभाग की पहल, पुनर्गठन से नगर परिषदों की बढ़ जायेगी संख्या |trans-title=Bihar: Initiatives of the Department of Urban Development and Housing, will increase the number of city councils by restructuring |url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html |date=20 March 2017 |newspaper=[[Prabhat Khabar]] |language=hi |access-date=19 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324174135/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/reorganization-will-increase-the-number-of-city-councils/956843.html |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|title=पहली बार कोई महिला बनेगी पटना नगर निगम की मेयर|date=11 March 2017 |trans-title=For the first time, a woman will become the mayor of Patna Municipal Corporation|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324175018/http://www.prabhatkhabar.com/news/patna/story/954291.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|title=Ward delimitation begins in Chhapra|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 February 2017 |access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170227073049/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/ward-delimitation-begins-in-chhapra/articleshow/57299170.cms|archive-date=27 February 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|title=छपरा को निगम बख्तियारपुर को मिला नगर परिषद का दर्जा|work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=14 February 2017|access-date=24 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324181148/http://www.bhaskar.com/news/BIH-PAT-HMU-MAT-latest-patna-news-020501-2002341-NOR.html|archive-date=24 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=6 पंचायतों को मिलाकर बनाया गया सहरसा नगर निगम, ये रहे बिहार के सभी 19 नगर निगमों के नाम |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-saharsa-municipal-corporation-formed-by-merging-6-panchayats-22813943.html |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125023719/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/bhagalpur-bihar-saharsa-municipal-corporation-formed-by-merging-6-panchayats-22813943.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 December 2021 |title=बिहार को सहरसा के रूप में मिला एक और नगर निगम, 6 नगर पंचायतों को नगर परिषद का दर्जा |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-nitish-cabinet-decisions-bihar-get-19th-municipal-corporation-6-new-nagar-parishad-nodmk3-3924797.html |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126153447/https://hindi.news18.com/news/bihar/patna-nitish-cabinet-decisions-bihar-get-19th-municipal-corporation-6-new-nagar-parishad-nodmk3-3924797.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

For the governance of rural areas, Bihar has [[Panchayati raj in India|Panchayati Raj Institutions]], comprising 8,053 [[gram panchayat]]s (village councils), 533 [[panchayat samiti]]s (block-level councils), and 38 [[District council (India)|zila parishads]] (district councils).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panchayati Raj Department, Government of Bihar |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/biharprd/CitizenHome.html |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=state.bihar.gov.in}}</ref>

=== Divisions ===
{{See also|Administration in Bihar}}{{Further|Districts of Bihar|Subdivisions of Bihar}}
{| class="wikitable"
|+Details of Divisions
!Map
!Division
!Headquarter
!Area
!Population*2011
!#District
!Districts
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[File:Patna division.svg|frameless]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Patna division|Patna]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Patna]]
| rowspan="6" |16,960 km2
(6,550 sq mi)
| rowspan="6" |17,734,739
| rowspan="6" |6
|[[Patna District|Patna]]
|-
|[[Nalanda District|Nalanda]]
|-
|[[Bhojpur District, Bihar|Bhojpur]]
|-
|[[Rohtas District|Rohtas]]
|-
|[[Buxar district|Buxar]]
|-
|[[Kaimur district|Kaimur]]
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[File:Magadh division.svg|frameless]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Magadh Division|Magadh]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Gaya, India|Gaya]]
| rowspan="5" |12,345 km2
(4,766 sq mi)
| rowspan="5" |10,931,018
| rowspan="5" |5
|[[Gaya District|Gaya]]
|-
|[[Nawada District|Nawada]]
|-
|[[Aurangabad District, Bihar|Aurangabad]]
|-
|[[Jehanabad District|Jehanabad]]
|-
|[[Arwal District|Arwal]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[File:Tirhut division.svg|frameless]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Tirhut Division|Tirhut]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Muzaffarpur]]
| rowspan="6" |17,147 km2
(6,620 sq mi)
| rowspan="6" |21,356,045
| rowspan="6" |6
|[[West Champaran]]
|-
|[[East Champaran]]
|-
|[[Muzaffarpur District|Muzaffarpur]]
|-
|[[Sitamarhi District|Sitamarhi]].
|-
|[[Sheohar District|Sheohar]]
|-
|[[Vaishali District|Vaishali]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Saran division.svg|frameless]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Saran Division|Saran]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Chhapra]]
| rowspan="3" |6,893 km2
(2,661 sq mi)
| rowspan="3" |10,819,311
| rowspan="3" |3
|[[Saran District|Saran]]
|-
|[[Siwan District|Siwan]]
|-
|[[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Darbhanga division.svg|frameless]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Darbhanga division|Darbhanga]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Darbhanga]]
| rowspan="3" |8,684 km2
(3,353 sq mi)
| rowspan="3" |15,652,799
| rowspan="3" |3
|[[Darbhanga District|Darbhanga]]
|-
|[[Madhubani District|Madhubani]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Official Website :: Home Page|url=http://darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in/|access-date=24 January 2020|website=darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in|archive-date=6 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043611/http://darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=6 March 2019|title=Official Website :: Home Page|url=http://darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043611/http://darbhangadivision.bih.nic.in/|archive-date=6 March 2019|access-date=24 January 2020}}</ref>
|-
|[[Samastipur District|Samastipur]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[File:Kosi division.svg|frameless]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Kosi Division|Kosi]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Saharsa]]
| rowspan="3" |5,899 km2
(2,277 sq mi)
| rowspan="3" |6,120,117
| rowspan="3" |3
|[[Saharsa District|Saharsa]]
|-
|[[Madhepura District|Madhepura]]
|-
|[[Supaul District|Supaul]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[File:Purnia division.svg|frameless]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Purnia Division|Purnea]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Purnia|Purnea]]
| rowspan="4" |10,009 km2
(3,864 sq mi)
| rowspan="4" |10,838,525
| rowspan="4" |4
|[[Purnia District|Purnia]]
|-
|[[Katihar District|Katihar]]
|-
|[[Araria District|Araria]]
|-
|[[Kishanganj District|Kishanganj]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[File:Bhagalpur division.svg|frameless]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagalpur division|Bhagalpur]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Bhagalpur]]
| rowspan="2" |5,589 km2
(2,158 sq mi)
| rowspan="2" |5,061,565
| rowspan="2" |2
|[[Bhagalpur District|Bhagalpur]]
|-
|[[Banka District|Banka]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[File:Munger division.svg|frameless]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Munger Division|Munger]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Munger]]
| rowspan="6" |9,862 km2
(3,807 sq mi)
| rowspan="6" |6,120,117
| rowspan="6" |6
|[[Munger District|Munger]]
|-
|[[Jamui District|Jamui]]
|-
|[[Khagaria District|Khagaria]]
|-
|[[Lakhisarai District|Lakhisarai]]
|-
|[[Begusarai District|Begusarai]]
|-
|[[Sheikhpura District|Sheikhpura]]
|}

; Note:

'''*''' Population data obtained from the sum of the populations of the districts.<ref>{{cite web|title=District Census 2011|url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611224943/http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php|archive-date=11 June 2011|access-date=26 December 2012|publisher=Census 2011}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"
|+List of largest populated cities in Bihar governed by a [[Municipal corporation (India)|municipal corporation]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=LIST OF URBAN LOCAL BODY Bihar |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/urban/cache/25/26-Nov-22/SHOW_DOCS/ULB%20List.pdf |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161610/https://state.bihar.gov.in/urban/cache/25/26-Nov-22/SHOW_DOCS/ULB%20List.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
! scope="col" |Rank
! City
! Population (2011)
! Photograph
! rowspan="11" |
! scope="col" | Rank
! City
! Population (2011)
! Photograph
|-
|'''1'''
|[[Patna]]
|1,684,222
|[[File:View of Patna city from the top of Golghar.jpg|200px]]
|'''11'''
|[[Begusarai]]
|252,008
|[[File:Kanwar Lake Begusarai by Ziddi Photowala.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''2'''
|[[Gaya (India)|Gaya]]
|474,093
|[[File:Vishnupadh Temple.jpg|200px]]
|'''12'''
|[[Katihar]]
|240,838
|
|-
|'''3'''
|[[Bhagalpur]]
|400,146
|[[File:Ghantaghar Bhagalpur.jpg|200px]]
|'''13'''
|[[Bettiah]]
|237,254
|[[File:Station Chowk of Bettiah City.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''4'''
|[[Muzaffarpur]]
|354,462
|[[File:MUZAFFARPUR CITY LATEST.jpg|200px]]
|'''14'''
|[[Motihari]]
|221,646
|[[File:Bapudham Motihari Station Board.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''5'''
|[[Purnia]]
|310,738
|
|'''15'''
|[[Saharsa]]
|216,491
|[[File:Matasyagandha Madndir Saharsa.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''6'''
|[[Bihar Sharif]]
|297,268
|
|'''16'''
|[[Munger]]
|213,303
|[[File:Fort of munger-Munger-Bihar.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''7'''
|[[Darbhanga]]
|296,039
|
|'''17'''
|[[Chhapra]]
|202,352
|[[File:Arrah Chhapra June 2017.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''8'''
|[[Sasaram]]
|264,709
|[[File:Sher shah suri tomb sasaram.jpg|200px]]
|'''18'''
|[[Sitamarhi]]
|167,818
|[[File:Janakisthan, Sitamarhi, Bihar.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''9'''
|[[Arrah]]
|261,430
|[[File:Ara Junction.jpg|200px]]
|'''19'''
|[[Madhubani, India|Madhubani]]
|164,156
|[[File:Ruins of Rajnagar Madhubani district.jpg|200px]]
|-
|'''10'''
|[[Samastipur]]
|253,136
|[[File:Samastipur Junction (junction plate).jpg|200px]]
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Politics ===
{{Main|Politics of Bihar}}

{{See also|:Category:Political parties in Bihar|Elections in Bihar|List of politicians from Bihar|2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election}}
[[File:The Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Nitish Kumar discussing with the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh about the relief operations on flood-affected areas, in Bihar, August 28, 2008.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar (left) with Lalu Prasad Yadav (right) discussing with former Prime Minister, [[Manmohan Singh]] (centre) about flood relief operation in Bihar.]]
The politics of Bihar have been based on [[caste]] since the onset of [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian independence]]. The important castes with political presence and influence in Bihar includes: [[Yadav]], [[Koeri]], [[Kurmi]], [[Rajput]], [[Bhumihar]], and [[Brahmin]]. Before 1990, politics was dominated by [[Forward Castes]]– Brahmin, Rajput, Bhumihar, and [[Kayastha]]. The numerous [[Other Backward Class]] group was only given a token representation in the government. This over representation of upper castes was due to their dominance in the [[Indian National Congress]], which dominated the politics of the state for three decades after the independence of India. According to political scientist Sanjay Kumar: "Using their dominant role in state's government, in the period before 1990, the Forward Castes deliberately subverted the 'land reforms', which could have helped Backward Castes and the [[Scheduled Castes]]". The [[Upper Backward Castes|upper backwards]] relied on the political parties of [[Lok Dal]] and later [[Janata Dal]] for increasing their political representation. The year of 1989–90 saw the implementation of [[Mandal Commission]]'s recommendation by [[V. P. Singh]]'s government, which reserved 27% per cent seats in government jobs and educational institutions for the members of [[Other Backward Class]]. This event mobilised them against the "politics of religion" of the [[Bhartiya Janata Party]], which was backed by the [[Forward Castes]]. Important figures such as [[Lalu Prasad Yadav]] and [[Nitish Kumar]] took a leading role in this mobilisation, and by 1990, the upper backwards– [[Koeri]], [[Kurmi]], [[Yadav]] became the new political elites of the state.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IVxODwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27|title= Post-Mandal Politics in Bihar: Changing Electoral Patterns|author= Sanjay Kumar|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|year=2018|
isbn=978-9352805860|pages=27–28|access-date=22 January 2021}}</ref>

Historically, a caste troika consisting the three communities, [[Kushwaha]], [[Kurmi]] and [[Yadav]] also led an anti-upper caste agitation in the state of Bihar, pushing them to the prominence in the state's politics.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Anindya |last2=Thirumalai |first2=Nitya |date=29 January 2024 |url=https://www.news18.com/politics/obc-vs-obc-rising-star-samrat-chaudhary-may-be-bjps-answer-to-nitish-kumar-in-2025-bihar-elections-8758105.html |title=OBC vs OBC: Rising Star Samrat Chaudhary May Be BJP's Answer to Nitish Kumar in 2025 Bihar Elections |work=News18 |access-date=6 July 2024}}</ref>

However, the tipping point of this Backward Caste unity came in [[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], when the dominant OBC castes, who were at the forefront in the collective struggle against the Forward Castes, were divided into two rival political camps. While one of these camps was led by Yadavs under [[Janata Dal]], the other camp was led by Koeri and Kurmis, who assembled under the [[Samata Party]]. According to Sanjay Kumar, this was the election in which the caste divide in the state was most evident not between the Forward and Backward Castes, but rather between two groups of Backward Castes itself. It was this election from which the Forward Castes felt completely marginalised in Bihar's electoral politics and from then onwards, no longer held any significant role in the state's politics.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Sanjay|title="New Phase in Backward Caste Politics in Bihar: Janata Dal on the Decline."|journal =Economic and Political Weekly| volume=34|issue=34/35|year =1999|pages= 2472–80|jstor=4408343|quote= The polarisation was not on the lines of the upper and the backward caste divide, but it was around the two axes of backward caste politics. Laloo Yadav after comp- leting his term in office even with a minority government went to polls in a situation where an anti-incumbency wave was sweeping the country. The consolidated backward castes had fragmented into two blocs, one represented by the yadavs in the form of the Janata Dal and the other represented by the kurmis and koeris represented by the Samata Party. For the first time, the upper-castes felt totally marginalised in the state's politics since the support base of their natural ally, the Congress, has been completely eroded. while the BJP was unable to make much inroads among the voters.}}</ref>

By 2004, ''[[The Economist]]'' magazine said that "Bihar [had] become a byword for the worst of India, of widespread and inescapable poverty, of corrupt politicians indistinguishable from mafia-dons they patronise, caste-ridden social order that has retained the worst feudal cruelties".<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar a byword for worst of India: The Economist |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789 |date=25 February 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010042826/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=28789 |archive-date=10 October 2012 |newspaper=The Indian Express |agency=Press Trust of India |access-date=9 September 2019}}</ref> In 2005, the [[World Bank]] believed that issues faced by the state were "enormous" because of "persistent poverty, complex social stratification, unsatisfactory infrastructure and weak governance".<ref name="wpbihar">{{cite web |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf |title=Bihar – Towards a Development Strategy |publisher=World Bank |year=2005 |location=Washington, DC |access-date=22 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322000944/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/624671468035374716/pdf/328190IN0Bihar1reportl1June200501PUBLIC1.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{As of|2023|post=,}} there are two main political formations: the [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] (NDA) which comprises [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), [[Rashtriya Lok Janshakti Party]] (RLJP); and the [[United Progressive Alliance]] (UPA) between [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD), [[Hindustani Awam Morcha]], [[Rashtriya Lok Samta Party]], [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU) and [[Indian National Congress]] (INC). There are many other political formations. The [[Communist Party of India]] had a strong presence in Bihar at one time, which has since weakened.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf|title=State Wise Seat Won & Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=20 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424233926/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/archiveofge2014/17%20-%20State%20wise%20seat%20won%20and%20valid%20votes%20polled%20by%20political%20party.pdf|archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] CPI(M) and CPM and [[All India Forward Bloc]] (AIFB) have a minor presence, along with the other extreme leftist parties.<ref>{{cite news| url= http://kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/| title= The Decline of Communist Mass Base in Bihar: Jagannath Sardar| date= 25 September 2011| access-date= 20 September 2015| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160106132116/http://kafila.org/2011/09/25/the-decline-of-communist-mass-base-in-bihar-jagannath-sarkar/| archive-date= 6 January 2016| url-status= live| df= dmy-all}}</ref>

[[Nitish Kumar]] has been chief minister of Bihar for 13 years between 2005 and 2020. In contrast to prior governments, which emphasised divisions of caste and religion, his political platform was based on economic development, reduction of crime and corruption, and greater social equality. Since 2010, the government confiscated the properties of corrupt officials and redeveloped them into school buildings.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice|title=Nitish Kumar government orders corrupt official's home to be made into school|access-date=27 February 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504115107/http://www.theweekendleader.com/page.php?cy=Causes&id=420&title=Perfect-justice|archive-date=4 May 2015}}</ref> They also introduced the Bihar Special Court Act to curb crime.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html |title=Court upholds Bihar Special Court Act |access-date=27 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105230129/http://www.newkerala.com/news/world/fullnews-154170.html |archive-date=5 January 2012}}</ref> It also legislated a two-hour lunch break on Fridays, to enable [[Muslim]] employees to pray and thereby reduce absenteeism.<ref>{{cite news| title= Bihar fixes time for Friday prayers by its employees| url= http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842/| newspaper= The Indian Express| date= 25 July 2012| access-date= 25 July 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130220095905/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/bihar-fixes-time-for-friday-prayers-by-its-employees/978842| archive-date= 20 February 2013| url-status= live| df= dmy-all}}</ref> The government has prohibited the sale and consumption of alcohol in the state since March 2016,<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar Brings New Law on Alcohol Ban After HC Quashed Old One |url=http://thewire.in/70591/bihar-brings-new-law-alcohol-ban-hc-quashed-old-one/ |date=4 October 2016 |newspaper=The Wire |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109115342/https://thewire.in/70591/bihar-brings-new-law-alcohol-ban-hc-quashed-old-one/ |archive-date=9 January 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> which has been linked to a drop in tourism<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar witnesses serious drop in tourism after liquor ban |url=http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html |date=3 September 2016 |website=Pradesh18 |access-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161202101123/http://english.pradesh18.com/news/bihar/bihar-witnesses-serious-drop-in-tourism-after-liquor-ban-912876.html |archive-date=2 December 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> and a rise in substance abuse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Amit Kumar |last2=Jha |first2=Sujeet |last3=Mishra |first3=Himanshu |title=Udta Bihar: Huge spike in substance abuse, alcohol bootlegging year after ban |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-exclusive-investigation-udta-bihar-black-marketing-alcohol-drugs-ban-980475-2017-06-01 |access-date=14 January 2020 |work=India Today |date=1 June 2017 |language=en |archive-date=15 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415065157/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-today-exclusive-investigation-udta-bihar-black-marketing-alcohol-drugs-ban-980475-2017-06-01 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Public health ==
[[File:Nitish Kumar, Samrat Chaudhary, J.P Nadda, Mangal Pandey and other leaders of NDA inaugurating health projects worth ₹850 crore.jpg|thumb|Nitish Kumar, [[Samrat Chaudhary]], J.P Nadda and other leaders of National Democratic Alliance inaugurating health projects worth ₹ 850 crore in September 2024.]]
[[File:The eye hospital established in Nitish Kumar's tenure with investment of ₹ 188 crore.jpg|thumb|₹ 188 crore eye care facility and hospital established during ninth tenure of Nitish Kumar.]]
Bihar generally ranks among the weakest in health outcomes in comparison to other Indian states because it lacks adequate health care facilities.<ref name="Berman-2017"/><ref name="Quality improvement efforts in public health facilities of Bihar-2016"/> While the [[National Health Mission]], the [[Clinical Establishments (Registration and Regulation) Act, 2010|Clinical Establishments Act of 2010]], and the formation of the Empowered Action Group (EAG)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arokiasamy |first1=Perianayagam |last2=Gautam |first2=Abhishek |title=Neonatal mortality in the empowered action group states of India: trends and determinants |journal=Journal of Biosocial Science |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=183–201 |doi=10.1017/S0021932007002623 |pmid=18093346 |issn=0021-9320|year=2008 |s2cid=1775511 }}</ref> provide federal funds to expand and improve healthcare services, Bihar's ability to fully utilise this funding is lacking.<ref name="Berman-2017">{{Cite report |last1=Berman |first1=P |last2=Bhawalkar |first2=M |last3=Jha |first3=R |title=Tracking financial resources for primary health care in BIHAR, India. A report of the Resource Tracking and Management Project. |url=https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2031/2017/01/Tracking-financial-resources-for-primary-health-care-in-BIHAR-India.pdf |date=2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720195130/https://cdn1.sph.harvard.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/2031/2017/01/Tracking-financial-resources-for-primary-health-care-in-BIHAR-India.pdf |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=dead |publisher=[[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]] |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref><ref name="Quality improvement efforts in public health facilities of Bihar-2016">{{Cite web |title=Quality improvement efforts in public health facilities of Bihar |url=http://swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar |date=2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180720194950/http://swasth.btast.oneworld.net/knowledge-bank/case-studies/quality-improvement-efforts-public-health-facilities-bihar |archive-date=20 July 2018 |url-status=dead |website=Sector Wide Approach to Strengthening Health (SWASTH) – Bihar Technical Assistance Support Team (BTAST) |access-date=25 June 2023}}</ref>

Research indicates that Bihar relies on privatised hospitals to provide healthcare to the masses, with the second-highest ratio among Indian states for private to public spending and high levels of corruption.<ref name="Berman-2017" /> These factors are associated with slower healthcare delivery and steep healthcare costs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karvande|first1=Shilpa|last2=Sonawane|first2=Devendra|last3=Chavan|first3=Sandeep|last4=Mistry|first4=Nerges|date=20 February 2016|title=What does quality of care mean for maternal health providers from two vulnerable states of India? Case study of Bihar and Jharkhand|journal=Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition|language=En|volume=35|issue=1|pages=6|doi=10.1186/s41043-016-0043-3|issn=2072-1315|pmc=5025984|pmid=26897522 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2016JHPN...35....6K }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Quintussi|first1=Marta|last2=Van de Poel|first2=Ellen|last3=Panda|first3=Pradeep|last4=Rutten|first4=Frans|date=26 April 2015|title=Economic consequences of ill-health for households in northern rural India|journal=BMC Health Services Research|language=En|volume=15|issue=1|pages=179|doi=10.1186/s12913-015-0833-0|issn=1472-6963|pmc=4419476|pmid=25928097 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raza|first1=Wameq A.|last2=van de Poel|first2=Ellen|last3=Bedi|first3=Arjun|last4=Rutten|first4=Frans|date=28 December 2015|title=Impact of Community-based Health Insurance on Access and Financial Protection: Evidence from Three Randomized Control Trials in Rural India|journal=Health Economics|language=en|volume=25|issue=6|pages=675–687|doi=10.1002/hec.3307|pmid=26708298|issn=1057-9230}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author1=Ramani, K. V. |author2=Mavalankar, Dileep |author3=Govil, Dipti |title=Strategic issues and challenges in health management |date=2008 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Sage |isbn=978-8132100201 |oclc=316005200}}</ref> Corruption is enabled as Bihar lacks continuity and transparency of health reporting as required by the Clinical Establishments Act of 2010. In turn, this prevents the government from making evidence-based conclusions about policy changes and hospital effectiveness, resulting in patterns of ill-informed spending and inconsistent hiring.

When comparing Bihar to [[Kerala]], the number of healthcare professionals (including registered nurses, auxiliary nurses, physicians and health supervisors) at each hospital are significantly lower, and remain constant over time while they steadily increase in number in Kerala.<ref name="Government of India">Government of India- Ministry of Health & Family Welfare- Health and Family Welfare Census Data, 2008–2015</ref> According to Ministry of Health statistics, the greatest shortfalls are for physicians and specialists at 75%.<ref name="Berman-2017" /> Bihar has only 50% of the sub-health centres, 60% of the primary health centres, and 9% of the community health centres required by the national supply-to-population standards. The number of public hospital beds in Bihar decreased between 2008 and 2015.<ref name="Government of India" /> Given the high population density of the state, Bihar is significantly behind in the number of healthcare professionals that should be employed.<ref>"Census of India: Provisional Population Totals India: Paper1: Census 2011". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 16 August 2014.</ref><ref name="Government of India" /> Despite these shortcomings, Bihar has shown gradual signs of improvement for female health workers,<ref name="Berman-2017" /> the overall death rate, and infant, neo-natal, child and maternal mortality rates.<ref name="Berman-2017" />

== Economy ==
{{Main|Economy of Bihar|Bihar Economic Survey}}

{| class="mw-collapsible autocollapse" | align="left" | width="150"
|+'''Gross State Domestic Product'''
! Year !! Millions of rupees<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm |title=National Accounts Division : Press release & Statements |publisher=Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation |access-date=16 August 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413232217/http://mospi.nic.in/mospi_nad_main.htm |archive-date=13 April 2006 }}</ref>
| rowspan="9" |
|-
| '''1980'''|| <div class="centre">₹73,530</div>
|-
| '''1985'''|| <div class="centre"> ₹142,950</div>
|-
| '''1990'''|| <div class="centre"> ₹264,290</div>
|-
| '''1995'''|| <div class="centre"> ₹244,830</div>
|-
| '''2000'''|| <div class="centre"> ₹469,430</div>
|-
| '''2005'''|| <div class="centre"> ₹710,060<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |title=Bihar's economy climbs to $12b by 2005 |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805030206/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref></div>
|-
| '''2010'''|| <div class="centre"> ₹2,042,890 </div>
|-
| '''2015'''|| <div class="centre"> ₹3,694,690 </div>
|-
| '''2020'''|| <div class="centre"> ₹6,857,970</div>
|-
| '''2025'''|| <div class="centre"> ₹1,0972,640</div>
|}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Vikramshila Agrovet 2 Langra Mango farm, Mathurapur, Bhagalpur Bihar.JPG
| image2 = Lychee.jpg
| footer =
| caption1 = [[Langra mango]] from a farm in [[Shivnarayanpur]], [[Bhagalpur]], Bihar
| caption2 = Bihar accounts for 71% of India's annual [[litchi]] production.<ref>{{cite news |last=Das |first=Anand ST |title=Distressed Delicacy |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Bu050708distresseddelicacy.asp |date=5 July 2008 |journal=[[Tehelka]] |volume=5 |issue=26 |access-date=14 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214203408/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Bu050708distresseddelicacy.asp |archive-date=14 February 2015 }}</ref>
| image3 = Foxnut Makhana - Nawada District - Bihar - 1.jpg
| caption3 = Bihar produces 90% of the world's [[makhana]] (Euryale ferox) seeds, also known as fox nuts. It is the largest producer of these seeds in the world.
}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| image1 =
| image2 =
| footer =
| caption1 = [[Barauni Refinery|Barauni Petrolium Oil Refinery]] in [[Begusarai]]
| caption2 =
}}

Bihar's gross state domestic product (GSDP) for the fiscal year (FY) 2024- was around {{currency|9765.67|INR|linked=yes}} billion. By sectors, its composition is 19.9% agriculture, 21.5% industry and 58.6% services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Budget 2025-26 |url=https://budget.bihar.gov.in/Default.aspx }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2024–2025 |title=Bihar Economy Survey 2024-25 |url=https://budget.bihar.gov.in/ViewDocument.aspx?id=23#page=38 }}</ref> Bihar has one of the fastest-growing state economy in terms of GSDP, with a growth rate of 13.5% in FY 2024-25.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2024 |title=Bihar Budget 2024-25 |url=https://prsindia.org/budgets/states/bihar-budget-analysis-2024-25 }}</ref> The economy of Bihar was projected to grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 13.4% during 2012–2017 (the 12th [[Five-Year Plans of India|Five-Year Plan]]). Bihar has experienced strong growth in per capita net state domestic product (NSDP). At current prices, per capita NSDP of the state grew at a CAGR of 12.91% from 2004 to 2005 to 2014–15.<ref name="ibef.org">{{cite web |title=Industrial Development & Economic Growth in Bihar |url=http://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation |date=September 2018 |website=[[India Brand Equity Foundation]] |access-date=15 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510195819/https://www.ibef.org/states/bihar-presentation |archive-date=10 May 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> Bihar's per capita income went up by 40.6% in FY 2014–15.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar posts avg GDP growth rate of 10.5% last decade |url=http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bihar-posts-avg-gdp-growth-rate-of-10-5-last-decade-116022501020_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=25 February 2016 |access-date=22 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160705051200/http://wap.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/bihar-posts-avg-gdp-growth-rate-of-10-5-last-decade-116022501020_1.html |archive-date=5 July 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The state's debt was estimated at 77% of GDP by 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |title=Bihar's debt soars to 77% of GDP |publisher=Specials.rediff.com |date=31 March 2009 |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805030206/http://specials.rediff.com/money/2009/mar/31slide5-indias-top-ten-debt-ridden-states.htm |archive-date=5 August 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Agriculture ===
{{Main|Agriculture in Bihar}}

Among the states of India, Bihar is the fourth-largest producer of vegetables and the eighth-largest producer of fruits. About 80% of the state's population is employed in agriculture, which is above the national average.<ref name="ibef.org" /> The main agricultural products are litchi, guava, mango, pineapple, brinjal, lady's finger, cauliflower, cabbage, rice, wheat, sugarcane, and sunflower. Though good soil and favourable climatic conditions favour agriculture, this can be hampered by floods and soil erosion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html|title=Economy Of Bihar|website=www.ILoveIndia.com|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026111407/http://www.iloveindia.com/states/bihar/economy.html|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The southern parts of the state endure annual droughts, which affect crops such as paddy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit|title=26 Bihar districts declared drought-hit – igovernment.in|website=www.iGovernment.in|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026110735/http://www.igovernment.in/articles/20591/26-bihar-districts-declared-drought-hit|archive-date=26 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Industry ===
[[File:Nitish Kumar inspecting a leather park at Bela.jpg|thumb|Bihar Chief Minister, Nitish Kumar on a visit to a leather factory in Bela, [[Muzaffarpur]], established during his tenure.]]
[[File:Nitish Kumar inaugurated Ambuja cement Ltd cement grinding facility in Warsaliganj.jpg|thumb|CM Nitish Kumar inaugurated the cement grinding unit of Ambuja Cement Private limited in Warsaliganj on 3 August 2024.]]

Industrial development of the state is supported by the [[Bihar Industrial Area Development Authority]].

[[Begusarai]] hosts enterprises like [[Barauni Refinery]], [[Barauni Thermal Power Station|NTPC, Barauni (BTPS)]], [[Barauni Fertiliser Plant]] (HURL Barauni), [[Sudha Dairy|Sudha Dairy Plant]], [[Pepsi Bottling|Pepsi Bottling Plant]].

[[Hajipur]], [[Muzaffarpur district|Muzaffarpur]] [[Dalmianagar]], [[Munger]], [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]] and [[Barauni]] are the major industrial cities in Bihar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur#|title=About Hajipur, General Information on Hajipur, Hajipur Profile|website=www.HajipurOnline.in|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019053006/http://www.hajipuronline.in/city-guide/about-hajipur|archive-date=19 October 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Chaudhary |first1=Pranav |date=27 February 2023 |title=Patna, Begusarai, Munger emerge most prosperous districts of Bihar |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/patna-begusarai-munger-emerge-most-prosperous-districts-of-bihar-1503157937.html |work=The Statesman |access-date=28 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128055826/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/patna-begusarai-munger-emerge-most-prosperous-districts-of-bihar-1503157937.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The capital city, Patna, is one of the better-off cities in India when measured by per capita income.{{relevance inline|date=January 2020}}<ref name="patna_prosperity">{{cite news
| last = Nigam
| first = Aditi
| title = For Bihar, P stands for Patna and prosperity
| url = http://www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289/
| date = 27 April 2008
| newspaper = [[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]
| access-date = 14 February 2015
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140421095706/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/For-Bihar-P-stands-for-Patna-and-prosperity/293289
| archive-date = 21 April 2014
| url-status = live
| df = dmy-all
}}</ref>
Hajipur is also known for presence of private industries like Competence Exports, which gained international recognition in 2024, when it was reported to be catering to the demand of many European countries. In 2024, Hajipur was reported to become the exporter of designer shoes for European companies. It also exported shoes for [[Russian Army]] amidst their Ukrainian campaign.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/russian-army-marches-with-made-in-bihar-safety-shoes-from-hajipur-101721042111352.html|title=Russian army marches with Bihar made safety shoes |work=Hindustan Times |date=15 July 2024 |access-date=16 August 2024}}</ref>

The Finance Ministry has sought to create investment opportunities for big industrial houses like [[Reliance Industries]]. Further developments have taken place in the growth of small industries, improvements in IT infrastructure, a software park in Patna, Darbhanga, Bhagalpur,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221131835/http://www.digitalindia.gov.in/writereaddata/files/ggd/deity/11%20Announcement%20of%20Setting%20up%20of%20New%20STPI%20Centres.pdf|title=STPI New Centres|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 December 2016}}</ref> and the completion of the expressway from the Purvanchal border through Bihar to Jharkhand. In August 2008, a Patna-registered company called the [[Security and Intelligence Services (India)|Security and Intelligence Services]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sisindia.com/history.htm |title=History |publisher=Sisindia.com |date=29 July 1993 |access-date=15 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228202249/http://sisindia.com/history.htm |archive-date=28 February 2009 }}</ref> took over the Australian guard and mobile patrol services business of American conglomerate, [[United Technologies Corporation]] (UTC). SIS is registered and taxed in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ahmad |first=Faizan |title=Bihar security firm sets foot in Australia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Bihar-security-firm-sets-foot-in-Australia/articleshow/3401009.cms |date=25 August 2008 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=14 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518131811/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-08-25/patna/27903419_1_sis-security-concerns-private-security-industry |archive-date=18 May 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=January 2020}}

Prior to [[Alcohol prohibition in India#Bihar|prohibition]], Bihar emerged as a brewery hub with numerous production units.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms|title=Bihar emerging as brewery hub|publisher=Economic Times|access-date=16 January 2012|date=16 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524125923/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/cons-products/liquor/bihar-emerging-as-brewery-hub/articleshow/11509175.cms|archive-date=24 May 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> In August 2018, [[United Breweries Limited]] announced it would begin production of non-alcoholic beer at its previously defunct brewery in Bihar.<ref>{{cite news |title=Prohibition forces United Breweries out of Bihar |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/MmiH7FRa8a8De60k9e9CgM/Prohibition-forces-United-Breweries-out-of-Bihar.html |access-date=27 January 2019 |work=livemint.com |date=11 May 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082815/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/MmiH7FRa8a8De60k9e9CgM/Prohibition-forces-United-Breweries-out-of-Bihar.html |archive-date=28 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Mahesh |title=UB to launch non-alcoholic beer |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/business/ub-launch-non-alcoholic-beer-689490.html |access-date=27 January 2019 |work=Deccan Herald |date=26 August 2018 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128082934/https://www.deccanherald.com/business/ub-launch-non-alcoholic-beer-689490.html |archive-date=28 January 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Startup ===
The Bihar Startup Policy 2022-2027 aims to make Bihar a preferred destination for startups and entrepreneurs by leveraging local youth for inclusive growth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bihar Start-up Policy, 2022 |url=https://state.bihar.gov.in/industries/cache/26/01-Jul-22/SHOW_DOCS/circular-td-1502-dtd-27-06-22%20English.pdf |website=Government of Bihar, Department of Industries |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Startup Policy 2022-2027 |url=https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/state-startup-policies/Bihar-state-policy.html |publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref>

The policy offers various incentives, including interest-free seed funding up to ₹10 lakh,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jagriti |first=Pawan |date=8 September 2024 |title=Bihar Startup Policy 2024: बिना ब्याज के 10 लाख रुपये का स्टार्टअप लोन |url=https://biharinfozone.in/bihar-startup-policy-2024/ |website=Bihar Info Zone |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref> tax exemptions, and access to incubation centers. The government has established a Startup Bihar Fund Trust (SBFT)<ref>{{cite web |title=State Startup Ranking Exercise 2018 |url=https://www.startupindia.gov.in/content/sih/en/srf_2018_results/bihar-srf-report-2018.html |publisher=Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India |date=December 2018 |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref> with an initial corpus of ₹500 crore<ref>{{Cite news |title=Bihar government, SIDBI to collaborate on enhancing startup ecosystem |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/bihar-government-sidbi-to-collaborate-on-enhancing-startup-ecosystem/articleshow/107966000.cms |work=The Times of India |agency=PTI |issn=0971-8257 |date=24 February 2024 |access-date=3 January 2025}}</ref> to provide venture capital for startups. Key sectors witnessing significant growth include agritech, healthcare, edtech, and e-commerce. With a focus on skill development, mentorship, and ease of doing business, Bihar is steadily transforming into an emerging hub for startups, driving both economic growth and employment.

=== Income distribution ===
In terms of income, the districts of [[Patna district|Patna]], [[Begusarai district|Begusarai]], [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]], [[Munger district|Munger]], and placed highest among the 38 districts in the state, recording the highest per capita gross district [[Gross domestic product|domestic product]] of {{INR}}2,15,049, {{INR}}84,279, ₹80,471, {{INR}}79,272 respectively, in FY 2022-23.<ref name="patna_prosperity" />

{| class="wikitable"
|+Per Capita of major districts of Bihar (FY 2022-23)
!District
!GDDP Per Capita
|-
| Patna
| {{INR}}2,15,049
|-
| Begusarai
| {{INR}}84,279
|-
| Bhagalpur
| {{INR}}80,471
|-
| Munger
| {{INR}}79,272
|-
|}

Bihar also ranks very low in per capital income in comparison to other cities in India. Patna has per capital income of 1.85L, which is much lower than other cities like Gurugram ({{INR}}7.41L), Noida ({{INR}}6.13), Bengaluru ({{INR}}6.21L), Hyderabad ({{INR}}6.58L) and Mumbai ({{INR}}6.43).

===Income disparity among social groups===
Rumela Sen, a lecturer at Columbia University,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rumela Sen {{!}} Columbia SIPA |url=https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/communities-connections/faculty/rumela-sen |access-date=29 December 2023 |website=www.sipa.columbia.edu |language=en |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229024353/https://www.sipa.columbia.edu/communities-connections/faculty/rumela-sen |url-status=live }}</ref> outlines the inequalities and backwardness prevalent in Bihar in the post-independence period as a consequence of the "delaying tactics" against the implementation of land reform and utilisation of kinship ties by the upper-caste landlords, who had an obstructionist attitude towards land reform policies.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bharti |first=Indu |date=1992 |title=Bihar's Bane: Slow Progress on Land Reforms |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397723 |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=27 |issue=13 |pages=628–630 |jstor=4397723 |issn=0012-9976 |access-date=29 December 2023 |archive-date=29 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229204821/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4397723 |url-status=live }}</ref> The upper-caste not only dominated the administration, but also the politics in the post-independence period; they utilised their caste ties in order to prevent the distribution of about 9000 [[acre]]s of land intended for the poor. Since the landlords primarily belonged to upper-castes, just like the politicians and administrators in the early decades after [[Indian Independence movement|independence]], they were successful in grabbing large holdings of land amidst the passage of the Zamindari abolition act of 1952.<ref>{{cite book|first=Sen|last=Rumela|title='Rebel Retirement in the North through Discordant Exit Networks', Farewell to Arms: How Rebels Retire Without Getting Killed|place=New York|year=2021|publisher=Oxford Academic |doi=10.1093/oso/9780197529867.003.0005|quote=The big landlords of Bihar derailed land reform via delaying tactics and by refusing to comply with paperwork. They refused to submit documents for their estates despite government orders and filed thousands of court cases halting the landholding ceiling and redistribution of over 9,000 acres of land across the state of Bihar. Since administrators and politicians came mostly from the same landed gentry upper castes as the landlords, the landlords exploited their kinship ties to have government field surveys halted, amended, and ultimately aborted. }}</ref>

== Culture ==
{{Main|Culture of Bihar}}

=== Paintings ===
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Madhubani Mahavidyas.jpg
| image2 = Snake Charmer, India, Patna School, 19th century, Honolulu Museum of Art.JPG
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| footer_background = #ED9D0B
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| footer = ''' Left ''' : [[Madhubani Painting]], ''' Right''' : [[Patna Qualam]]
 [[Tikuli Painting]] and [[Manjusha Painting]] are two other form of [[Painting in Bihar]]
| header = [[Painting in Bihar]]
| header_background = #F68A06
}}

{{Main|Painting in Bihar}}

{{See also|Mithila painting|Patna Qualam|Manjusha Painting}}[[File:Sharmila Sharma et Rajendra Kumar Gangani 2.jpg|300px|thumb|[[Kathak]] classical dance form, from Bhojpur region]]There are several traditional styles of painting practised in Bihar. One is [[Mithila painting]], a style used in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of Bihar. Traditionally, this form was practised mainly by women, passed down generation to generation. Painting was usually done on walls during festivals, religious events, births, marriages, and other cultural milestones.<ref name="Carolyn Brown Heinz 2006, pp. 5-33">Carolyn Brown Heinz, 2006, "Documenting the Image in Mithila Art", Visual Anthropology Review, Vol. 22, Issue 2, pp. 5–33</ref> It was traditionally done on the plastered walls of mud huts, and is also done on cloth, handmade paper and canvas. Famous Mithila painters include Smt Bharti Dayal, [[Mahasundari Devi]], the late [[Ganga Devi (painter)|Ganga Devi]], and Sita Devi.

Mithila painting is also called [[Madhubani art]]. It mostly depicts human beings and their association with nature. Common scenes illustrate deities and [[Saraswati]] from ancient epics, celestial objects, and religious plants like [[Tulsi]], and scenes from the royal court and social events. Generally, no space is left empty.<ref name="Carolyn Brown Heinz 2006, pp. 5-33" />

Bhojpuri painting is a folk painting style that has flourished in the [[Bhojpuri region]] of Bihar thousands of years ago. This painting style is a type of wall painting primarily done on temple walls or on walls of the rooms of newly married couples and the main motifs are that of Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati. Although in recent times motifs of natural objects and life and struggles of village people are also depicted to make the painting more acceptable among the common people and bring the style close to reality.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhojpuri Painting |url=https://www.artsofindia.in/arts-of-india-blog/post/indian-arts-and-crafts/bhojpuri-painting.html |access-date=8 April 2023 |website=www.artsofindia.in |language=en |archive-date=7 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407165621/https://www.artsofindia.in/arts-of-india-blog/post/indian-arts-and-crafts/bhojpuri-painting.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[Patna School of Painting]] (''Patna Kalam''), sometimes called "Company Painting", flourished in Bihar during the early 18th to mid-20th centuries. It was an offshoot of the [[Mughal painting|Mughal]] Miniature School of Painting. Those who practised this art form were descendants of Hindu artisans of Mughal painting. Facing persecution from the Mughal Emperor, [[Aurangzeb]], these artisans found refuge, via [[Murshidabad]], in [[Patna]] during the late 18th century. Their art shared the characteristics of the Mughal painters, expanded subject matter from court scenes to [[bazaar]] scenes, daily life and ceremonies. They used [[watercolour]]s on paper and on [[mica]]. This school of painting formed the basis for the formation of the [[College of Arts and Crafts Patna|Patna Art School]] under the leadership of Shri Radha Mohan. The school is an important centre of the [[fine arts]] in Bihar.

=== Performing arts ===
{{See also|Music of Bihar}}
Bihar has produced musicians like [[Bharat Ratna]] and [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]], and [[dhrupad]] singers like the Malliks ([[Darbhanga Gharana]]) and the Mishras ([[Bettiah]] Gharana), along with poets like [[Vidyapati]] Thakur who contributed to the genre of [[Maithili music]]. The classical music in Bihar is a form of [[Hindustani classical music]].{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

[[Gaya (India)|Gaya]] is another centre of classical music, particularly of the [[Tappa]] and [[Thumri]] varieties. [[Pandit]] Govardhan Mishra–son of the Ram Prasad Mishra, himself an accomplished singer– is perhaps the finest living exponent of Tappa singing in India, according to [[Padma Shri]] Gajendra Narayan Singh, founding secretary of the [[Sangeet Natak Academi]] of Bihar{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}.

Gajendra Narayan Singh also writes, in his memoir, that Champanagar, [[Banaili]], was another major centre of classical music. [[Rajkumar Shyamanand Sinha]] of Champanagar, Banaili princely state, was a great patron of music and was himself a renowned figure in the world of classical vocal music in Bihar in his time.<ref name=Singh2008>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gajendra Narayan |title=Surile Logon Ki Sangat |year=2008 |orig-year=2002 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Kanishka Publishers & Distributors |isbn=9788184570724}}</ref> Singh, on the subject of Indian classical music in a separate book of his, wrote that "Kumar Shyamanand Singh of Banaili estate had such expertise in singing that many great singers including [[Kesarbai Kerkar]] acknowledged his ability. After listening to [[bandish]]es from Kumar Sahib, [[Pandit Jasraj]] was moved to tears and lamented that, alas, he did not have such ability himself."<ref name=Singh1999>{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Gajendra Narayan |title=Swargangh |year=1999}}</ref><ref name=SinghWeb>{{cite web|title=Collections |url=http://www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8 |website=Padma Shri Gajendra Narayan Singh |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811004503/http://www.padmashrigajendranarayansingh.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=7&Itemid=8 |archive-date=11 August 2014 }}</ref>

During the 19th century, many Biharis emigrated as indentured labourers to the [[West Indies]], [[Fiji]], and [[Mauritius]]. During this time many sorrowful plays and songs called ''birha'' became popular in the [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpur region]], as ''Bhojpuri Birha''. Dramas incorporating this theme continue to be popular in the theatres of [[Patna]].<ref name=Jugnu2013>{{cite AV media |last=Jugnu |first=Haidar Ali |title=Sati Sulochana – Bhojpuri Birha By Haidar Ali- Jugnu |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3vGrihYfX4 |publisher=hamaarbhojpuri |website=[[YouTube]] |access-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522222404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3vGrihYfX4 |archive-date=22 May 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=April 2016}}

=== Cinema ===
{{Main|Cinema of Bihar}}

{{See also|Bhojpuri Film Industry|List of Bhojpuri films}}

Bihar has a robust [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]]-language film industry. There is also a smaller production of [[Magadhi]]-, [[Maithili language|Maithili]] language films. The first film with Bhojpuri dialogue was ''[[Ganga Jamuna]]'', released in 1961.<ref>[[Ganga_Maiyya_Tohe_Piyari_Charaihbo]] – [https://us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/ First Bhojpuri language film] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070315165512/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0054910/|date=15 March 2007}}</ref>
[[Bhaiyaa]], the first [[Magadhi]] film, was released in 1961.<ref>[[Bhaiyaa]] – [https://archive.today/20121206041801/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236021/ First Magadhi language film]</ref>
The first [[Maithili language|Maithili]] movie was ''[[Kanyadan film|Kanyadan]]'' released in 1965.<ref>[[Kanyadan film|Kanyadan]] – [https://archive.today/20130103075100/http://us.imdb.com/title/tt0236358/ First Maithili language film]</ref>
Maithili film ''[[Mithila Makhaan]]'' won the
[[National Film Awards|National Film Award]] for Best Maithili Film in 2016.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/ |title=National Awards 2016: Here is the complete List of Winners |journal=[[The Indian Express]] |date=29 March 2016 |access-date=16 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328071802/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/63rd-national-film-awards-complete-list-of-winners/ |archive-date=28 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The history of films entirely in Bhojpuri begins in 1962 with the well-received film ''[[Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo]]'' ("Mother Ganges, I will offer you a yellow sari"), which was directed by Kundan Kumar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/|title=Ganga Maiyya Tohe Piyari Chadhaibo (1962)|work=IMDb|access-date=27 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920030553/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0233774/|archive-date=20 September 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
1963's ''[[Lagi nahin chute ram]]'' was the all-time hit Bhojpuri film, and had higher attendance than ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' in the eastern and northern regions of India. [[Bollywood]]'s ''[[Nadiya Ke Paar (1982 film)|Nadiya Ke Paar]]'' is another well-known Bhojpuri-language movie. Films such as ''[[Bidesiya (film)|Bidesiya]]'' ("Foreigner", 1963, directed by S. N. Tripathi) and ''[[Ganga (1965 film)|Ganga]]'' ("Ganges", 1965, directed by Kundan Kumar) were profitable and popular, but in general Bhojpuri films were not commonly produced in the 1960s and 1970s.

In the 1980s, enough Bhojpuri films were produced to support a dedicated industry. Films such as ''Mai'' ("Mom", 1989, directed by Rajkumar Sharma) and ''Hamar Bhauji'' ("My Brother's Wife", 1983, directed by Kalpataru) had success at the box office. However, this trend faded during the 1990s.<ref>Tripathy, Ratnakar (2007) 'Bhojpuri Cinema', South Asian Popular Culture, 5:2, 145–165</ref>

In 2001, Bhojpuri films regained popularity with ''Saiyyan Hamar'' ("My Sweetheart", directed by Mohan Prasad), which raised actor [[Ravi Kishan]] to prominence.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp |title=For my female audiences, I'll wear a really flimsy dhoti |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |date=14 April 2006 |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021111613/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1060414/asp/etc/story_6075200.asp |archive-date=21 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Several other commercially successful films followed, including ''Panditji Batai Na Biyah Kab Hoi'' ("Priest, tell me when I will marry", 2005, directed by Mohan Prasad) and ''Sasura Bada Paisa Wala'' ("My father-in-law, the rich guy", 2005). These films did much better business in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar than mainstream Bollywood hits at the time, and were both made on extremely tight budgets.<ref>{{cite news |title=Move over Bollywood, Here's Bhojpuri |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512812.stm |work=BBC News |access-date=23 October 2008 |archive-date=9 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609053245/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4512812.stm |url-status=live }}</ref> ''Sasura Bada Paisa Wala'' also introduced [[Manoj Tiwari (Delhi politician)|Manoj Tiwari]], formerly a well-loved folk singer, to the wider audiences of [[Bhojpuri cinema]]. The success of Ravi Kishan and Manoj Tiwari's films led to a revival in Bhojpuri cinema, and the industry began to support an awards show<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/ |title=Home |publisher=Bhojpuri Film Award |access-date=15 October 2009| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091102163552/http://www.bhojpurifilmaward.com/| archive-date= 2 November 2009 | url-status= live}}</ref> and trade magazine ''Bhojpuri City''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bhojpuricity.com/ |title=bhojpuricity.com |publisher=bhojpuricity.com |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090904183654/http://www.bhojpuricity.com/ |archive-date=4 September 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> The industry produces over one hundred films per year.{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}

In 2019, the Maithili film ''[[Mithila Makhaan]]'' won Best Maithili Film in the 63rd National Film Awards.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dedhia |first1=Soni |title=Neetu Chandra's 'Mithila Makhaan' wins 'Best Maithili Film' National Award! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Neetu-Chandras-Mithila-Makhaan-wins-Best-Maithili-Film-National-Award/articleshow/51614931.cms |access-date=19 April 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=28 January 2017 |archive-date=19 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419130842/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Neetu-Chandras-Mithila-Makhaan-wins-Best-Maithili-Film-National-Award/articleshow/51614931.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Mass media ===
{{Main|Media in Bihar}}

''Biharbandhu'' was the first [[Hindi]] newspaper published in Bihar. It was started in 1872 by Madan Mohan Bhatta, a [[Marathi people|Marathi]] [[Brahman]] who settled in [[Bihar-E-Sharif|Bihar Sharif]].<ref name="journalism">{{cite book |author-link=Qeyamuddin Ahmad |title=Patna Through the Ages: Glimpses of History, Society and Economy |date=1988 |publisher=Commonwealth Publishers |editor1-last=Ahmad |editor1-first=Qeyamuddin |location=New Delhi}}</ref> Hindi journalism often failed<ref>Rajendra Abhinandan Granth, ''"Nagri Pracharini Sabha"'', Arrah, 3 March 1950, pp. 353</ref> until it became an official language in the state. Hindi was introduced in the law courts in Bihar in 1880.<ref name="journalism" /><ref>{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Nagendra |title=Journalism in Bihar: A Supplement to Bihar State Gazette |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku1AAQAAIAAJ |date=1971 |publisher=Government of Bihar, Gazetteers Branch |page=28 |access-date=17 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123134121/https://books.google.com/books/about/Journalism_in_Bihar.html?id=Ku1AAQAAIAAJ |archive-date=23 November 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Urdu journalism and poetry have a long history in Bihar, with many poets such as Shaad Azimabadi, Kaif Azimabadi, Kalim Ajiz and [[Bismil Azimabadi]]. Bihar publishes many Urdu dailies, such as ''Qomi Tanzim'' and ''Sahara'', and the monthly ''Voice of Bihar''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bihar Urdu Academy|url=http://biharurduacademy.in/|access-date=2 June 2020|website=biharurduacademy.in|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607173454/http://biharurduacademy.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The beginning of the 20th century was marked by a number of notable new publications. A monthly magazine named ''Bharat Ratna'' was started in [[Patna]], in 1901. It was followed by ''Ksahtriya Hitaishi'', ''Aryavarta from Dinapure'', ''Udyoga'', and ''Chaitanya Chandrika''.<ref>''Bihar ki Sahityik Pragati'', Bihar Hindi Sahitya Sammelan, Patna 1956, p. 73</ref> ''Udyog'' was edited by Vijyaanand Tripathy, a famous poet of the time, and ''Chaitanya Chandrika'' by Krishna Chaitanya Goswami, a literary figure of that time. The literary activity was not confined to [[Patna]] alone but to other districts of Bihar.<ref name="journalism" /><ref>''Jayanti Smarak Granth'', pp. 583–585</ref>

=== Festivals ===
{{Main|Festivals}}

{| class="wikitable"
|'''Nature of Festival'''
|'''Festival Name'''
|-
|'''Agricultural & Seasonal'''
|Makar Sankranti, Chhath Puja, Jur Sital, Adra Nakshatra
|-
|'''Religious & Spiritual (Hindu)'''
|Ram Navami, Hanuman Jayanti, Durga Puja, Kali Puja, Jitiya, Bihula-Bishari Puja, Buddha Jayanti, Mahavir Jayanti
|-
|'''Folk & Cultural'''
|Rajgir Mahotsav, Sonepur Mela, Sama-Chakeva
|-
|'''Tribal & Regional'''
|Sarhul, Karam
|}
[[File:Chhath Puja Worship.jpg|thumb|Chath Puja]]
[[Chhath Puja]] is the biggest and most popular festival in Bihar.<ref name="chhathpuja">{{cite web |url = https://chhathpuja.org.in/ |title = Chhath Puja |access-date = 6 October 2022 |archive-date = 6 October 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221006195203/https://chhathpuja.org.in/ |url-status = dead }}</ref> The four-day-long holy Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. [[Chhath Puja]] are done in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. All of Bihar involves itself in devotion to Chhath Puja. The city is decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful ghats are set up, where effigies of the goddess Chhath Maiya and her brother God Surya are displayed and worshipped at both sunset and sunrise. People of all religious backgrounds go to the bank of any river or near by a pond or lake in order to give arghya to the Sun. They carry fruits and [[thekua]]a along with them in soop and daura (a bowl-like structure made of bamboo) for their worship activities. Nowadays, these traditions have spread to multiple countries worldwide wherever Bihari community is present.

[[Durga Puja]] is also the biggest, most popular and widely celebrated festival in Bihar.<ref name="durgapuja">{{cite web |url = http://bstdc.bihar.gov.in/festivals.htm |title = Durga Pooja |work = Festivals of Bihar |publisher = Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation |access-date = 7 October 2022 |archive-date = 29 November 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221129215117/http://bstdc.bihar.gov.in/festivals.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> The ten-day-long colourful Hindu festival includes intense celebration across the state. [[Pandal]]s are erected in various cities, towns, and villages throughout Bihar. The cities of Bihar are transformed during Durga Puja. Urban areas are decked up in lighting decorations and thousands of colourful pandals are set up where effigies of the goddess Durga and her four children are displayed and worshipped. The idols of the goddess are brought in from [[Kumortuli]], where idol-makers work throughout the year fashioning clay models of the goddess. Since independence in 1947, Durga Puja has slowly changed into more of a glamorous carnival than that of a religious festival. Today people of diverse religious and ethnic backgrounds partake in the festivities. On [[Vijayadashami]], the last day of the festival, the effigies are paraded through the streets with riotous pageantry before being immersed into the rivers.

Other than Chath Puja and Durga Puja, Bihar is home to a diverse range of festivals that reflect its rich cultural, religious, and folk traditions. ''Makar Sankranti'' marks the winter harvest and is celebrated with sweets made of sesame and jaggery. ''Buddha Jayanti'', observed with reverence in Bodh Gaya, commemorates the birth and enlightenment of Gautama [[The Buddha|Buddha]], while ''Mahavir Jayanti'' honours the birth of Lord Mahavira in Vaishali, a significant Jain pilgrimage. ''Rajgir Mahotsav'' is a grand cultural event showcasing classical music, dance, and traditional crafts in the historic town of Rajgir. The ''Sonepur Mela'', held at the confluence of the Ganga and Gandak rivers, is Asia’s largest cattle fair blending commerce with spirituality. Folk festivals like ''Sama-Chakeva'' celebrate sibling bonds through clay figurines and songs during Kartik in the Mithila region. ''Jitiya'', a fasting festival by mothers for the well-being of their sons, and ''Bihula-Bishari Puja'', rooted in Bhagalpur’s traditions, reflect deep familial and mythological beliefs. Agricultural and seasonal observances such as ''Jur Sital'' (Maithili New Year) and ''Adra Nakshatra'' mark ecological cycles. Tribal festivals like ''Sarhul'' and ''Karam'', celebrated by indigenous communities in southern Bihar, further enrich the region’s pluralistic festival calendar. Together, these festivals illustrate Bihar’s layered identity, uniting ancient spirituality with vibrant folk and tribal customs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Famous Festivals of Bihar, Check Now |url=https://testbook.com/bihar-gk/famous-festival-of-bihar |website=Testbook |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

== Tourism ==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Mahabodhitemple.jpg
| image2 = Nalanda Mounds.jpg
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| image5 = " Tomb of Sher Shah Suri ".jpg
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| footer = [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]] of [[Mahabodhi Temple]] and [[Nalanda]], [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary]], [[Bihar Museum]], [[Tomb of Sher Shah Suri]], [[Ghora Katora]]
| header = [[Tourism in Bihar|Tourist attractions in Bihar]]
| header_background = #F68A06
}}

{{Main|Tourism in Bihar}}

Bihar is visited by many tourists from around the world,<ref name="tourism">[http://www.tourism.gov.in/survey/BIHAR%20TOURISM%20ANNUAL%20STATISTICS%20%20REPORT%20Final.pdf Statistics] on [[Tourism in Bihar]] on [[Indian Government]]'s website {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222105539/http://www.tourism.gov.in/survey/BIHAR%20TOURISM%20ANNUAL%20STATISTICS%20%20REPORT%20Final.pdf |date=22 December 2010 }}</ref> In 2019, 33 million tourists visited Bihar, including more than 1 million foreign tourists.<ref>{{Cite web|title=jcreview|url=http://www.jcreview.com/fulltext/197-1587482899.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192942/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Figures.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2021 }} {{Cite web|title=tourism.gov.in|url=https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Figures.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126192942/https://tourism.gov.in/sites/default/files/2020-08/Figures.pdf |archive-date=26 January 2021 }}</ref>

Bihar is home to two [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]]s, as well as many other ancient monuments. The [[Mahabodhi Temple]] (literally: "Great Awakening Temple"), a UNESCO World Heritage site, is an ancient [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] temple in [[Bodh Gaya]], marking the location where [[the Buddha]] is said to have attained [[Enlightenment (Buddhism)|enlightenment]]. Bodh Gaya (in [[Gaya district]]) is about 96 km (60 mi) from Patna. The [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library|Khuda Bakhsh Library]], which has one of the world's largest collection of books, rare manuscripts and paintings is located in [[Patna]].

[[Nalanda|Nalanda Mahavihara]], a UNESCO World Heritage site, is among the oldest universities in the world, situated in [[Nalanda district|Nalanda]], Bihar. It comprises the archaeological remains of a monastic and scholastic institution dating from the third century BCE to the 13th century CE. It includes stupas, shrines, viharas (residential and educational buildings) and important art works in stucco, stone and metal. Nalanda stands out as the most ancient university of the Indian subcontinent. [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has recognised 72 [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Bihar|monuments in Bihar]] as [[Monument of National Importance|Monuments of National Importance]]. Furthermore, [[Archaeological Survey of India]] has recognised 30 additional monument as [[List of State Protected Monuments in Bihar|protected monuments]] in Bihar.

[[Rajgir]], located in Nalanda district of Bihar, is a prominent tourist destination known for its historical, religious, and natural attractions. Once the capital of the Magadha empire, Rajgir holds significance for Buddhists, Jains, and Hindus alike. In recent years, it has emerged as a modern eco-tourism hub with the addition of attractions like the Rajgir Glass Sky Walk Bridge;<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 March 2021 |title=बिहार: CM नीतीश ने किया राजगीर में नेचर सफारी का उद्घाटन, यहीं बना है ग्लास का स्काईवॉक ब्रिज |url=https://www.aajtak.in/india/bihar/story/cm-nitish-inaugurated-nature-safari-sky-walk-glass-bridge-in-rajgir-1228940-2021-03-27 |work=Aaj Tak}}</ref> India’s first of its kind offering panoramic views from atop the Vaibhav Hill. Another major draw is the Rajgir Zoo Safari,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Natural safari bihar gov |url=http://naturesafarirajgir.bihar.gov.in/website/ |website=Natural Safari Bihar}}</ref> spread over 191 hectares, which allows visitors to observe wildlife like lions, tigers, leopards, and bears in open enclosures via guided safaris. Together, these sites combine heritage with adventure, making Rajgir a unique blend of ancient legacy and modern tourism.

Bihar has many places for ecotourism, which includes [[Valmiki National Park]], famous for its [[National park of India|national park]] and [[Tiger reserves of India|tiger reserve]]. [[Vikramshila Gangetic Dolphin Sanctuary|Vikramshila Dolphin Sanctuary]] is home to the endangered [[Gangetic dolphin|Gangetic Dolphin]]. Bihar has many wildlife sanctuaries such as [[Bhimbandh Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Gautam Buddha Wildlife Sanctuary]], [[Kaimur Wildlife Sanctuary|Kaimur Sanctuary]], [[Udaypur Wildlife Sanctuary]], and the [[Pant Wildlife Sanctuary]]. Bihar is host to many species of migratory birds at bird sanctuaries like [[Kanwar Lake Bird Sanctuary]] and the [[Nagi Dam Bird Sanctuary]].

Many tourists visit Bihar because of the religious significance of the area. The [[Hindu]] Goddess [[Sita]], the consort of [[Rama|Lord Rama]], is believed to have been born in [[Sitamarhi district|Sitamarhi]] in the [[Mithila (region)|Mithila region]] of modern-day Bihar.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sitamarhi|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546790/Sitamarhi|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427100105/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/546790/Sitamarhi|archive-date=27 April 2015|access-date=30 January 2015|publisher=Britannica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=History of Sitamarhi|url=http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/profile/index.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141220171523/http://sitamarhi.bih.nic.in/profile/index.htm|archive-date=20 December 2014|access-date=30 January 2015|publisher=Official site of Sitamarhi district}}</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]] is believed to have attained [[Bodhi|Enlightenment]] at [[Bodh Gaya]], a town located in the modern day district of [[Gaya District|Gaya]] in Bihar. [[Vasupujya]], the 12th Jain [[Tirthankara]] was born in [[Champapuri]], [[Bhagalpur]]. [[Mahavira]], the 24th and last [[Tirthankara]] of [[Jainism]], was born in [[Vaishali (ancient city)|Vaishali]] around the sixth century BCE.<ref>Pathak Prabhu Nath,''Society and Culture in Early Bihar'', Commonwealth Publishers, 1988, p. 140</ref> The [[Śrāddha]] ritual performed in the [[Pitru Paksha]] period is considered to be most powerful in the holy city of [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], which is seen as a special place to perform the rite, and hosts a fair during the Pitri Paksha period.<ref name="vidya">{{cite book|last=Vidyarathi|first=L P|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S4FidiusPr0C&q=mahalaya&pg=PA34|title=The Sacred Complex in Hindu Gaya|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=1978|pages=13,15,33,81,110}}</ref>

== Transport ==
{{Main|Transport in Bihar}}

[[File:Isbt patna.jpg|thumb|Patliputra ISBT, Patna]]
[[File:Patna river port1.JPG|thumb|Ganges river port on national inland waterways-1 at Gaighat, Patna]]

=== Airports ===
{{main|List of airports in Bihar}}

Bihar has a total of three operational airports as of 2020: [[Lok Nayak Jayaprakash Airport]] in Patna, [[Gaya Airport]] in Gaya, and [[Darbhanga Airport]] in Darbhanga. All three airports have scheduled flights to major cities around India. [[Gaya Airport]] is the only international airport in Bihar, having seasonal flights to countries like [[Thailand]], [[Bhutan]], and [[Myanmar]].

=== Railways ===
'''Railways in Bihar''' form a crucial component of the state's transport infrastructure, with the East Central Railway (ECR), headquartered at Hajipur and rail network length of {{cvt|3794|km}} in 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India: railway route length in Bihar 2020 |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/1079369/india-railway-route-length-in-bihar/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=Statista |language=en |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125225613/https://www.statista.com/statistics/1079369/india-railway-route-length-in-bihar/ |url-status=live }}</ref> All major cities, districts and towns are well connected. Major stations in bihar are [[Patna]], [[Ara, Bihar|Ara]], Buxar, [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], Samastipur, Sasaram, [[Siwan, Bihar|Siwan]], Chapra, Barauni, Hajipur, Saharsa, [[Rajgir]], [[Muzaffarpur]], [[Jamalpur, Bihar|Jamalpur]] and [[Bhagalpur]]. [[Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor]] passes through Kaimur, Rohtas, Aurangabad, and Gaya with a total length of {{cvt|239|km}} in Bihar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Railways at Glance ECR - 2021 |url=https://ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1637328813239-ECR%20%20-%20Bihar%20Booklet%20(English)%20As%20on%2031.03.2021.pdf |access-date=25 November 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125225615/https://ecr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris//uploads/files/1637328813239-ECR%20%20-%20Bihar%20Booklet%20(English)%20As%20on%2031.03.2021.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The following are the three division in ECR zone:
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Division'''
|'''Zone'''
|'''Headquarter'''
|-
|'''Danapur'''
|East Central Railway
|Danapur (Patna)
|-
|'''Sonpur'''
|East Central Railway
|Sonpur (Saran)
|-
|'''Samastipur'''
|East Central Railway
|Samastipur
|}
[[File:Patna Junction board.jpg|thumb|Patna Junction]]

=== State Expressways and highways ===
{{Main|List of state highways in Bihar}}

Gaya-Darbhanga Expressway (access controlled highway) will be Bihar's first expressway, with a length of 189 km. It is expected to be completed by 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Construction of Bihar's first expressway to start soon |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/construction-of-bihars-first-expressway-to-start-soon/articleshow/95389137.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221124233331/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/infrastructure/construction-of-bihars-first-expressway-to-start-soon/articleshow/95389137.cms |archive-date=24 November 2022 |access-date=25 November 2022 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref> Bihar also has state highways with a total length of 4,006 km (2,489 mi)  and [[National Highways in Bihar|national highways]] with a total length of 5,358 km (3,329 mi).

=== Metro transit ===
[[File:Nitish Kumar and Tejaswi Yadav inaugurating the work of Patna Metro.jpg|thumb|Bihar Chief Minister, Nitish Kumar and Deputy Chief Minister Tejaswi Yadav examining the construction of Patna Metro project, inaugurated during Kumar's tenure.]]
Patna will be the first city in Bihar to have mass rapid transit system. [[Patna Metro]] with network of {{cvt|31|km}} length is under construction as of 2022.<ref>{{Cite news |title=DMRC chief visits Patna Metro project sites, meets officials |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/dmrc-chief-visits-patna-metro-project-sites-meets-officials/2595932/ |access-date=25 November 2022 |work=Financialexpress |agency=PTI |date=16 July 2022 |archive-date=25 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125233214/https://www.financialexpress.com/infrastructure/dmrc-chief-visits-patna-metro-project-sites-meets-officials/2595932/ |url-status=live }}</ref> However, it is currently delayed due to land acquisition process.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rumi |first=Faryal |date=16 February 2022 |title=Patna: Hurdles in land acquisition to delay metro project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hurdles-in-land-acquisition-to-delay-metro-project/articleshow/89602969.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=2 October 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=4 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004151743/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/hurdles-in-land-acquisition-to-delay-metro-project/articleshow/89602969.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Bus transit ===
[[Bihar State Road Transport Corporation]] (BSRTC) runs interstate, intrastate, and international route buses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSRTC |url=https://bsrtc.co.in/navs/about |access-date=25 November 2022 |website=bsrtc.co.in |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000555/https://bsrtc.co.in/navs/about |url-status=live }}</ref> BSRTC has a daily ridership of around 100,000. Its fleet includes non-electric and electric buses, and AC and non-AC buses. Delhi, Ranchi, and Kathmandu in Nepal are some of the destinations served outside Bihar. BSRTC has undergone significant expansion and modernisation since 2020. BSRTC runs intercity and local buses, and it has introduced new low-emission, air-conditioned buses (including electric and CNG models) equipped with Wi-Fi, GPS tracking, CCTV surveillance cameras, panic buttons, and mobile charging points.<ref>{{cite news |title=Passengers excited with launch of electric buses |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/passengers-excited-with-launch-of-electric-buses/articleshow/81298445.cms |work=The Times of India |date=3 March 2021 |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref> In 2021, BSRTC launched the ''Chalo'' mobile application to provide live bus tracking and enable cashless e-ticketing via mobile passes, encouraging more commuters to use public transport.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bihar: Know live location of bus with 'Chalo' app |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/know-live-location-of-bus-with-chalo-app/articleshow/80159445.cms |work=The Times of India |date=8 January 2021 |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref> Urban transport infrastructure has also been upgraded, notably with the opening of the [[Patliputra Inter-State Bus Terminal]] in Patna in 2020 the state’s first modern ISBT<ref>{{Cite web |last=NYOOOZ |title=From today, the new 'station' of buses in Patna, know where your bus will be found at Patliputra Bus Terminal {{!}} Patna NYOOOZ |url=https://www.nyoooz.com/news/patna/1598152/from-today-the-new-station-of-buses-in-patna-know-where-your-bus-will-be-found-at-patliputra-bus-terminal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126000555/https://www.nyoooz.com/news/patna/1598152/from-today-the-new-station-of-buses-in-patna-know-where-your-bus-will-be-found-at-patliputra-bus-terminal/ |archive-date=26 November 2022 |access-date=26 November 2022 |website=NYOOOZ |language=en}}</ref> and a 24-acre central bus depot called ''Parivahan Parisar'' in 2023 as a hub for all Patna city and intercity buses. For rural areas, the ''Mukhyamantri Gram Parivahan Yojana'' (launched in 2018 and expanded in recent years) provides a 50% subsidy (up to ₹1 lakh) for selected panchayat-level beneficiaries to purchase passenger vehicles, improving village connectivity and creating transport jobs for disadvantaged groups.<ref>{{cite web |title=Green Budget Final 2024-25 English 22.02 {{!}} PDF {{!}} Sustainability {{!}} Air Pollution |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/744692903/Green-Budget-Final-2024-25-English-22-02-1 |work=Scribd |agency=Government of Bihar |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref> The state has also introduced women-only “Pink Bus” services in 2025 across six cities to enhance safety and inclusivity for female travellers – deploying 22-seater buses run by female conductors (with plans to train women drivers) and outfitting them with CCTV, GPS and panic-button alarms as security measures.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rumi |first1=Faryal |date=15 May 2025 |title=CM to launch the pink bus services in six cities today |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/cm-to-launch-the-pink-bus-services-in-six-cities-today/articleshow/121193366.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 August 2025}}</ref>

=== Inland Waterways ===
National Waterways-1 runs along the [[Ganges]] river. Gaighat in Patna has a permanent terminal of inland waterways for handling cargo vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inland Waterways Authority of India website |url=https://iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1?id=2523 |access-date=26 November 2022 |archive-date=26 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126001921/https://iwai.nic.in/waterways/national-waterways/national-waterways-1?id=2523 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Ganges]] is navigable throughout the year, and was the principal river highway across the vast [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]]. Vessels capable of accommodating five hundred merchants were known to ply this river in the ancient period, when it served as a conduit for overseas trade. The role of the Ganges as a channel for trade was enhanced by its natural links to major rivers and streams in north and south Bihar.<ref>{{cite book|last=Yang|first=Anand A|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D5lQutvzAp4C&q=Bazaar+India|title=Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Gangetic Bihar|date=1998|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21100-1|access-date=15 October 2009}}</ref>

== Education ==
{{Main|Education in Bihar|Literacy in Bihar}}

{{See also|List of educational institutions in Bihar}}
[[File:Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna.jpg|thumb|Front view of administrative building of IIT Patna]] [[File:NITPMainBuilding.jpg|thumb|NIT Patna main building]]Historically, Bihar has been a major centre of learning, home to the [[Ancient Universities of India|ancient universities]] of [[Nalanda]] (<abbr>est.</abbr> 450 CE), [[Jagaddala|Odantapurā]] (est. 550 CE), and [[Vikramashila]] (est. 783 CE). [[Nalanda]] and [[Vikramshila]] universities were destroyed by the invading forces of [[Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji|Bakhtiyar Khilji]] in 1200 CE.<ref>Altekar, Anant Sadashiv (1965). ''Education in Ancient India'', Sixth, Varanasi: Nand Kishore & Bros.</ref> Bihar saw a revival of its education system during the later part of the [[British raj|British rule]], when [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library]] was established in 1891 by [[Khuda Bakhsh|Sir Khan Bahadur Khuda Bakhsh]] which is currently one of the world's largest functioning library and boasts more than five million items. It is known for its paintings and rare manuscripts.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total collection of Khuda bakhsh library from ministry of culture website |url=https://indiaculture.nic.in/khuda-baksh-oriental-public-library-patna |access-date=24 May 2022 |archive-date=4 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604063415/https://indiaculture.nic.in/khuda-baksh-oriental-public-library-patna |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[Patna University]], the seventh oldest university on the Indian subcontinent, was established in 1917.<ref>{{cite web|title=Profile of Patna University|url=http://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150410030522/http://www.patnauniversity.ac.in/profile.html|archive-date=10 April 2015|access-date=14 April 2015|publisher=[[Patna University]]}}</ref> Some other centres of high learning established under British rule are [[Patna College]] (est. 1839), Bihar School of Engineering (est. 1900; now known as [[National Institute of Technology, Patna]]), Prince of Wales Medical College (est. 1925; now [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]]), [[Science College, Patna]] (est. 1928), [[Patna Women's College]], [[Bihar Veterinary College]] (est. 1927), and Imperial Agriculture Research Institute (est. 1905; now [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University|Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University, Pusa]]). The [[Patna University]], one of the oldest universities in Bihar, was established in 1917, and is the seventh oldest university of the Indian subcontinent. [[National Institute of Technology, Patna|NIT Patna]], the second oldest [[engineering college]] of India, was established as a survey training school in 1886 and later renamed as the [[Bihar College of Engineering]] in 1932.

Today, Bihar is home to eight [[Institutes of National Importance]]: [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]], [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya|IIM Bodh Gaya]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna|AIIMS, Patna]], [[National Institute of Technology, Patna|NIT Patna]], [[Indian Institute of Information Technology, Bhagalpur|IIIT Bhagalpur]], [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur|NIPER Hajipur]], [[Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Library|Khuda bakhsh Oriental Library]], and the [[Nalanda University|Nalanda International University]]. In 2008, [[Indian Institutes of Technology Patna]] was inaugurated with students from all over India<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jha|first=Abhay Mohan|date=4 August 2008|title=Brand new IIT in Patna impresses all|publisher=NDTV|url=http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982|url-status=dead|access-date=4 August 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080807051714/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080059982|archive-date=7 August 2008}}</ref> and in the same year the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna]] was established as the ninth such institute in India.<ref>{{cite web|author=|date=12 August 2008|title=NIFT starts classes in Patna with 60 students|url=http://twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322085633/http://twocircles.net/2008aug12/nift_starts_classes_patna_60_students.html|archive-date=22 March 2019|access-date=21 March 2019|website=TwoCircles.net}}</ref> The [[Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya]] was established in 2015. In March 2019, the government of Bihar sent a proposal to the centre government to upgrade [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]] into an [[AIIMS]]-like institution.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Kumar|first1=Madan|date=3 March 2019|title=DMCH will be upgraded to AIIMS-like institution: Minister {{!}} Patna News – Times of India|language=en|work=The Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister/articleshow/68236419.cms?from=mdr|access-date=16 August 2019|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509072320/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/dmch-will-be-upgraded-to-aiims-like-institution-minister/articleshow/68236419.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Bihar is home of four [[Central university (India)|Central universities]] which includes [[Central University of South Bihar]], [[Mahatma Gandhi Central University]], [[Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agriculture University]] and [[Nalanda University]]. In 2015, the central government proposed the re-establishment of [[Vikramshila]] in [[Bhagalpur]] and had designated {{INR}}500 crores ({{INR}}5 billion) for it.<ref>{{cite news|date=26 June 2017|title=Bihar drags feet on Central varsity in Bhagalpur; district identifies three chunks of land|language=en|work=Hindustan Times|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land/story-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html|access-date=15 August 2019|archive-date=12 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512154527/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/bihar-drags-feet-on-central-varsity-in-bhagalpur-district-identifies-three-chunks-of-land/story-69nNH8slT5wuXMKd08h8JP.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Bihar also has the [[National Institute of Fashion Technology Patna]], [[Chanakya National Law University|National Law University, Patna]] [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|Institute of Hotel Management]] (IHM), [[Footwear Design and Development Institute|Footwear Design and Development Institute, Bihta]] and [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur|Central Institute of Plastic Engineering & Technology]] (CIPET) Center. [[Central Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology, Hajipur|CIPET]] and [[Institute of Hotel Management, Hajipur|IHM]] was established in [[Hajipur]] in 1994 and 1998 respectively. [[Bihar Engineering University]] was established under Bihar Engineering ''University Act, 2021 of'' [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]]<ref>{{cite web|date=2008|title=The Aryabhatta Knowledge University Act, 2008|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf|access-date=3 August 2017|publisher=[[Government of Bihar]]|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327152646/http://akubihar.ac.in/Administration/Docs/AKU_Act_2008(English).pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> with the purpose of the development and management of educational infrastructure related to technical, medical, management, and related professional education in Bihar.<ref name="campus">{{cite news|date=3 January 2015|title=Tech cradles fail to shift to permanent campus|work=The Times of India|agency=Times News Network|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/Tech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus/articleshow/45737175.cms|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=11 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611062440/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/tech-cradles-fail-to-shift-to-permanent-campus/articleshow/45737175.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Based on 2020–21 data, [[Bihar Engineering University]] has 56<ref>{{cite web |title=College Name |url=http://www.beu-bih.ac.in/BEUP/Affiliated_Colleges.aspx |website=Bihar Engineering University, Patna |access-date=25 February 2025}}</ref> and Bihar medical science University under the Bihar medical science University act, 2021. There are [[Pharmacy]] colleges, 15 [[Medical college]]s, and 36 Nursing colleges after establishing this university. Aryabhatta Knowledge University has 33 educational colleges, 8 [[community college]]s, and one [[Vocational university|vocational college]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=.:Official Website : Aryabhatta Knowledge University, Patna:.|url=http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx|access-date=1 February 2020|website=akubihar.ac.in|archive-date=9 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209231746/http://akubihar.ac.in/Colleges/Engineering.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chanakya National Law University]] and [[Chandragupt Institute of Management]] were established in the later half of 2008 and now attracts students from not just within Bihar but also students from far flung states. [[Nalanda University|Nalanda International University]] was established in 2014 with active investment from countries such as Japan, Korea, and China. The A.N. Sinha Institute of Social Studies is a premier research institute in the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=Premier Research Institute: ANSISS|url=http://www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100513005424/http://www.ansiss.org/AboutUs.aspx|archive-date=13 May 2010|publisher=Official website}}</ref> Bihar has eight medical colleges which are funded by the government, namely [[Patna Medical College and Hospital]], [[Nalanda Medical College and Hospital]], [[Vardhman Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences]], [[Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital]], [[Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital]] [[Gaya, India|Gaya]], [[Sri Krishna Medical College and Hospital]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Bhagalpur]], Government Medical College, Bettiah and five private medical colleges<ref>{{cite news|date=18 August 2013|title=First brick for new hospital|language=en|work=www.telegraphindia.com|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/first-brick-for-new-hospital/cid/266659|access-date=2 September 2019|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306225954/https://www.telegraphindia.com/bihar/first-brick-for-new-hospital/cid/266659|url-status=live}}</ref> Bihar has the seven oldest Government Engineering colleges; [[Muzaffarpur Institute of Technology|Muzaffarpur institute of technology]], [[Bhagalpur College of Engineering|Bhagalpur college of Engineering]], [[Gaya College of Engineering|Gaya college of Engineering]], [[Nalanda College of Engineering]], [[Darbhanga College of Engineering|Darbhanga college of Engineering]], [[Motihari College of Engineering|Motihari college of Engineering]], and the [[Loknayak Jai Prakash Institute of Technology]].

[[Bihta]], a suburb of the state capital [[Patna]], is home of institutes like [[Indian Institute of Technology Patna|IIT Patna]], [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna|AIIMS Patna]], [[Birla Institute of Technology, Patna|BIT Patna]] and is now emerging as an educational hub.<ref>{{cite web|title=Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit), Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Address, Admission, Netaji Subhash Institute of Technology (Nsit) Courses, Ranking, Contact Details.|url=http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161111040018/http://www.studyguideindia.com/Colleges/Engineering/netaji-subhash-institute-of-technology-nsit.html|archive-date=11 November 2016|access-date=26 October 2017|website=www.StudyGuideIndia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Welcome to Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology – Bihta, Patna|url=http://nsit.in/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215023840/http://nsit.in/|archive-date=15 February 2015|access-date=27 February 2015}}</ref> With institutes like [[Super 30]], Patna has emerged as a major center for [[engineering]] and [[Civil Services Examination|civil services]] coaching. The major private [[Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced|IIT-JEE]] coaching institutes have opened up their branches in Bihar and this has reduced the number of students who go to, for example, [[Kota, Rajasthan|Kota]] and [[Delhi]] for engineering/medical coaching.

Bihar e-Governance Services & Technologies (BeST) and the [[government of Bihar]] have initiated a unique program to establish a centre of excellence called Bihar Knowledge Center, a school to equip students with the latest skills and customised short-term training programs at an affordable cost. The centre aims to attract the youth of the state to improve their technical, professional, and soft skills, to meet the current requirements of the industrial job market.<ref>{{cite web|date=2008|title=Bihar Knowledge Center|url=http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428045325/http://www.biharonline.gov.in/Site/BKC/Default.aspx|archive-date=28 April 2009|access-date=3 August 2016}}</ref> The National Employability Report of Engineering Graduates, 2014,<ref>{{cite web|title=National Employability Report – Engineers, Annual Report 2014|url=http://www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012093454/http://www.aspiringminds.com/sites/default/files/National%20Employability%20Report%20-%20Engineers,%20Annual%20Report%202014.pdf|archive-date=12 October 2016|access-date=2 September 2016|website=www.aspiringminds.com|page=22}}</ref> puts graduates from Bihar in the top 25 per cent of the country, and rates Bihar as one of the three top states at producing engineering graduates in terms of quality and employability.<ref>{{cite news|title=Delhi, Bihar produce top engineers in India: Report|work=The Times Of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms|url-status=live|access-date=1 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201151525/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Delhi-Bihar-produce-top-engineers-in-India-Report/articleshow/29664924.cms|archive-date=1 February 2014}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of people from Bihar}}

== See also ==
* [[Bihar Day]]
* [[List of Bihari singers]]
* [[Outline of Bihar]]
* [[Timeline of Bihar]]
* [[Bihari culture]]
* [[Cuisine of Bihar]]
* [[Chhotanagpur Front]]
* [[Chhotanagpur Plateau Praja Parishad]]
* [[Zerat]]
* [[Bihta Dry Port]]
* [[Ghats in Bhagalpur]]
* [[Software Technology Park of India, Darbhanga]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* ''[[Swami Sahajanand Saraswati]] Rachnawali (Selected works of Swami Sahajanand Saraswati), Prakashan Sansthan, [[Delhi]], 2003''.
* [[Christopher Alan Bayly]], ''Rulers, Townsmen, and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870'', [[Cambridge University Press]], 1983.
* Anand A. Yang, ''Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar'', [[University of California Press]], 1999.
* Acharya ''[[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] Rachnawali'', [[Rajkamal Prakashan]], [[Delhi]].
* ''Swami Sahajanand and the Peasants of Jharkhand: A View from 1941'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] along with the unedited Hindi original (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
* ''Sahajanand on Agricultural Labour and the Rural Poor'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] (Manohar Publishers, paperback, 2005).
* ''Religion, Politics, and the Peasants: A Memoir of India's Freedom Movement'' translated and edited by [[Walter Hauser]] (Manohar Publishers, hardbound, 2003).
* [[Pandit Yadunandan (Jadunandan) Sharma]], 1947, ''Bakasht Mahamari Aur Uska Achook Ilaaz'' (Bakasht Epidemic and its Infalliable Remedy) in Hindi, Allahabad.
* Jagannath Sarkar, "Many Streams" Selected Essays by Jagannath Sarkar and Reminiscing Sketches" Compiled by Gautam Sarkar Edited by Mitali Sarkar, First Published May 2010, Navakarnataka Publications Private Limited, Bangalore.
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], 1969, ''Sathi ke Kisanon ka Aitihasic Sangharsha'' (Historic Struggle of Sathi Peasants), in Hindi, Patna.
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], ''Real face of JP's total revolution'', [[Communist Party of India]] (1974).
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], ''Some features of current agrarian situation in India'', [[All India Kisan Sabha]], (1987).
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], ''The changing agrarian scene: Problems and tasks'', Peoples Publishing House (1980).
* [[Indradeep Sinha]], ''Some questions concerning Marxism and the peasantry'', [[Communist Party of India]] (1982).
* {{cite book |last1=Sinha |first1=Udai Prakash |last2=Kumar |first2=Swargesh |title=Bihar Tourism: Retrospect and Prospect |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dSZ987-0Fb8C |date=2012 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=9788180697999 |access-date=18 April 2015}}
* Nand Kishore Shukla, ''The Trial of Baikunth Sukul: A Revolutionary Patriot'', Har-Anand, 1999, 403 pages, {{ISBN|81-241-0143-4}}.
* ''Shramikon Ke Hitaishi Neta, Itihas Purush: Basawon Singh'' published by the Bihar Hindi Granth Academy (1st Edition, April 2000).
* Ramchandra Prasad, Ashok Kumar Sinha, ''Sri Krishna Singh'' in ''Adhunik Bharat ke Nirmata Series'', Publications Division, [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]].
* [[Walter Hauser]], 1961, ''Peasant Organisation in India: A Case Study of the Bihar Kisan Sabha, 1929–1942'', Ph.D. Thesis, [[University of Chicago]], (Forthcoming publication).
* Rai, Algu, 1946, ''A Move for the Formation of an All-Indian Organisation for the Kisans'', Azamgrah.
* [[N. G. Ranga]], 1949, ''Revolutionary Peasants'', New Delhi.
* [[N. G. Ranga]], 1968, ''Fight For Freedom'', New Delhi.
* [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]], 1943, ''Naye Bharet ke Naye Neta (New Leaders of New India)'', in Hindi, Allahabad.
* [[Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan]], 1957, ''Dimagi Gulami (Mental Slavery)'', in Hindi, Allahabad.
* [[Manmath Nath Gupta]], ''Apane samaya ka surya Dinkar'', Alekha Prakasana (1981).
* [[Khagendra Thakur]], ''Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar': Vyaktitva aur Krititva'', Publications Division, 2008 [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting]], [[Government of India]].
* [[Vijendra Narayan Singh]], ''Bharatiya Sahitya ke Nirmata: Ramdhari Singh 'Dinkar'', [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi, 2005, {{ISBN|81-260-2142-X}}.
* Kumar Vimal, ''Ramdhari Singh Dinkar Rachna – Sanchayan'', [[Sahitya Akademi]], New Delhi, 2008, {{ISBN|978-81-260-2627-2}}.
* Mishra Shree Govind, [https://books.google.com/books?id=-tO1AAAAIAAJ&q=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772 ''History Of Bihar 1740–1772''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141931/https://books.google.com/books?id=-tO1AAAAIAAJ&q=History+Of+Bihar+1740-1772 |date=6 April 2023 }}, [[Munshiram Manoharlal]], 1970
* Verma B S, [https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar ''Socio-religious Economic And Literary Condition Of Bihar (From ca. 319 A.D. to 1000 A.D.)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406141932/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZVtGQAACAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar |date=6 April 2023 }}, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1962
* Maitra A,[https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ&q=History+Of+Magadh ''Magahi Culture''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406140428/https://books.google.com/books?id=d5ceAAAAMAAJ&q=History+Of+Magadh |date=6 April 2023 }}, Cosmo Publications, New Delhi, 1983
* Naipaul V S, ''India: A Wounded Civilization'', Picador, 1977
* Trevithick Alan, ''The Revival Of Buddhist Pilgrimage At Bodh Gaya (1811–1949): Anagarika Dharmapala And The Mahabodhi Temple''
* Jannuzi F. Tomasson, [https://archive.org/details/agrariancrisisin0000jann  ''Agrarian Crisis In India: The Case Of Bihar''], University of Texas Press, 1974, {{ISBN|0-292-76414-6}}, {{ISBN|978-0-292-76414-9}}
* Omalley L S S, ''History of Magadh'', Veena Publication, 2005, {{ISBN|81-89224-01-8}}
* Shukla Prabhat Kumar, [https://books.google.com/books?id=AooQAgAACAAJ&q=Indigo+And+The+Raj:+Peasant+Protests+In+Bihar+1780-1917 ''Indigo And The Raj: Peasant Protests In Bihar 1780–1917'']{{Dead link|date=October 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}, Pragati Publications, 1993, {{ISBN|81-7307-004-0}}
* [[Qeyamuddin Ahmad]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=W_J-HgAACAAJ&q=Patna+Through+The+Ages ''Patna Through The Ages: Glimpses of History, Society & Economy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406020929/https://books.google.com/books?id=W_J-HgAACAAJ&q=Patna+Through+The+Ages |date=6 April 2023 }}, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
* Jain B D, ''Ardha Magadhi Reader'', Sri Satguru Publications, Lahore, 1923
* Patra C, ''Life in Ancient India: As Depicted In The Digha Nikaya'', Punthi Pustak, 1996, {{ISBN|81-85094-93-4}}
* Hazra Kanai Lal, ''Buddhism in India As Described by the Chinese Pilgrims AD 399–689'', Munshiram Manoharlal, 1983, {{ISBN|81-215-0132-6}}
* McCrindle John W., ''Ancient India As Described By Megasthenes And Arrian'', Munshiram Manoharlal
* McCrindle John W., [https://books.google.com/books?id=A3UIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy ''Ancient India As Described By Ptolemy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406020926/https://books.google.com/books?id=A3UIAAAAQAAJ&q=Ancient+India+As+Described+By+Ptolemy |date=6 April 2023 }}, Munshiram Manoharlal, 1927, {{ISBN|81-215-0945-9}}
* Sastry Harprasad, ''Magadhan Literature'', Sri Satguru Publications, Calcutta, 1923
* Rai Alok, ''Hindi Nationalism'', Orient Longman, 2000, {{ISBN|81-250-1979-0}}
* Waddell Austine L., ''Report on the Excavations at Pataliputra (Patna) – The Palibothra of the Greeks'', Asian Publicational Services, Calcutta, 1903
* Das Arvind N., ''The State of Bihar: an economic history without footnotes'', Amsterdam: VU University Press, 1992
* Brass Paul R., ''The politics of India since Independence'', Cambridge University Press, 1990
* Askari S. H., ''Mediaeval Bihar: Sultanate and Mughal Period'', Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 1990
* Tayler William, ''Three Months at Patna during the Insurrection of 1857'', Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library, Patna, 2007
* Taylor P.J.O., ''"What really happened during the Mutiny: A day by day account of the major events of 1857–1859 in India"'', Oxford University Press, 1997, {{ISBN|0-19-564182-5}}
* Pathak Prabhu Nath, [https://books.google.com/books?id=sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar ''Society and Culture in Early Bihar (C.A.D. 200 – 600)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414005023/https://books.google.com/books?id=sUMdAAAAIAAJ&q=Socio-religious+Economic+And+Literary+Condition+Of+Bihar |date=14 April 2023 }}, Commonwealth Publishers, 1988
* Basham A. L., ''The Wonder that was India'', Picador, 1954, {{ISBN|0-330-43909-X}}
* Nambisan Vijay, ''Bihar in the eye of the beholder'', Penguin Books, 2000, {{ISBN|978-0-14-029449-1}}
* Pathak Mohan, ''Flood plains and Agricultural occupance'', Deep & Deep Publication, 1991, {{ISBN|81-7100-289-7}}
* D'Souza Rohan, ''Drowned and Dammed:Colonial Capitalism and Flood Control in Eastern India'', Oxford University Press, 2006,
* Radhakanta Barik – ''Land & Caste Politics in Bihar'' (Shipra Publications, Delhi, 2006)
{{Refend}}

== External links ==

; Government
* [http://gov.bih.nic.in/ Official site of Bihar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615165115/http://gov.bih.nic.in/ |date=15 June 2011 }}
* [http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/ Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100127030717/http://bstdc.bih.nic.in/ |date=27 January 2010 }}

; General information
* {{GovPubs|Bihar}}
* {{Britannica|65099|Bihar}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Bihar}}
* {{OSM relation|1958982}}

{{Sister bar|auto=1|voy=Bihar|iw1=bh|iw2=mai}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = Bihar
|North = {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Madhesh Province]]
|Northeast ={{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Koshi Province]]
|East = [[West Bengal]]
|Southeast =
|South = [[Jharkhand]]
|Southwest =
|West = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|Northwest ={{flagicon|Nepal}}[[Bagmati Province]]
}}

{{Bihar}}
{{States and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Bihar| ]]
[[Category:1912 establishments in India]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1912]]
[[Category:States and union territories of India]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Hindi is an official language]]
[[Category:Countries and territories where Urdu is an official language]]
[[Category:East India]]

Dilip Kumar

2026-03-28T21:09:08Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: small fix section after review and fixed typos

{{Short description|Indian actor (1922–2021)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{other uses|Dileep Kumar (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox person
| name =
| image = Dilip Kumar 2006.jpg
| caption = Kumar in 2006
| birth_name = Muhammad Yusuf Khan
| birth_date = {{birth date|1922|12|11|df=yes}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2021|7|7|1922|12|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Peshawar]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(present-day [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], [[Pakistan]])}}<ref name="independent">{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/twitter-chief-hints-he-may-have-to-divulge-users-names-2289187.html|work=[[The Independent]] |location=UK |title=Twitter chief hints he may have to divulge users' names|date=May 26, 2011 |access-date=December 13, 2011 |first=Lewis |last=Smith}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| resting_place = Juhu Qabrastan, Mumbai<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dilip-kumar-laid-to-rest-at-juhu-qabrastan-1825000-2021-07-07|title=Dilip Kumar laid to rest at Juhu Qabrastan|date=7 July 2021 |publisher=India Today|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708001330/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dilip-kumar-laid-to-rest-at-juhu-qabrastan-1825000-2021-07-07|url-status=live}}</ref>
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|writer|ghost director|film producer}}
| works = [[Dilip Kumar filmography|Full list]]
| height =
| spouse = {{ubl
| {{marriage|[[Saira Banu]]|1966}}
| {{marriage|Asma Rehman|1981|1983|reason=divorced}}
}}
| relatives = {{Ubl
| [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]] (brother)
| [[Begum Para]] (sister-in-law)
| [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] (nephew)
| [[K. Asif]] (brother-in-law)
| [[Mian Ehsan-ul-Haq]] (father-in-law)
| [[Naseem Banu]] (mother-in-law)
| [[Sayyeshaa]] (grandniece)
}}
| years_active = 1944–1998
| awards = {{ubl
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor]] (8 times)
| [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (1994)
}}
| honours = {{ubl
| [[Padma Bhushan]] (1991)
| [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz|Nishan-E-Imtiaz]] (1998)
| [[Padma Vibhushan]] (2015)
}}
| signature = Dilip Kumar signature.svg
| signature_alt = Dilip Kumar's signature
| module = {{Infobox officeholder
| embed = yes
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
| termstart = 3 April 2000
| termend = 2 April 2006
}}
}}

'''Muhammad Yusuf Khan''' (11 December 1922 – 7 July 2021), known professionally as '''Dilip Kumar''', He is widely regarded as the greatest actor in the history of Indian Cinema. He was an Indian actor, writer, ghost director and film producer best known for his work in [[Hindi cinema]]. Credited with pioneering [[method acting]] in cinema,<ref name=":1" /> he dominated Hindi cinema from the 1950s throughout the 1960s and

In a career spanning over five decades, Kumar worked in [[Dilip Kumar filmography|57 films]].<ref name=":4" /> He debuted as an actor in the film ''[[Jwar Bhata (1944 film)|Jwar Bhata]]'' (1944), produced by [[Bombay Talkies]]. Following a series of unsuccessful ventures, he had his first box office hit in ''[[Jugnu (1947 film)|Jugnu]]'' (1947). He consistently starred in top–grossing Indian films from the late-1940s to the 1960s, such as ''[[Shaheed (1948 film)|Shaheed]]'', ''[[Andaz (1949 film)|Andaz]]'', ''[[Babul (1950 film)|Babul]]'', ''[[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]]'', ''[[Aan]]'', ''[[Uran Khatola (film)|Uran Khatola]]'', ''[[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]]'', ''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]'', ''[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]'', ''[[Madhumati]]'', ''[[Paigham]]'', ''[[Kohinoor (1960 film)|Kohinoor]]'', ''[[Mughal-E-Azam]]'', ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' and ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]''.<ref name=":8"/> Some of his most acclaimed performances, include ''[[Nadiya Ke Paar (1948 film)|Nadiya Ke Paar]]'', ''[[Shabnam (1949 film)|Shabnam]]'', ''[[Jogan (film)|Jogan]]'', ''[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]'', ''[[Daag (1952 film)|Daag]]'', ''[[Sangdil]]'', ''[[Shikast]]'', ''[[Footpath (1953 film)|Footpath]]'', ''[[Amar (1954 film)|Amar]]'', ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'', ''[[Musafir (1957 film)|Musafir]]'', ''[[Yahudi]]'', ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]'', ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' and ''[[Sunghursh]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/dilip-kumars-most-memorable-performances-25574.html|title=Dilip Kumar's most memorable performances|date=11 December 2017}}</ref>

The 1970s saw Kumar's career take a downturn, with only one major success, ''[[Gopi (1970 film)|Gopi]]'' (1970).<ref name=":8"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=7570|title=Shahrukh Khan PASSES Where Amitabh Bachchan And Dilip Kumar Did Not|date=15 February 2023}}</ref> In 1976, he went on a brief hiatus from film performances and returned with the revolutionary drama ''[[Kranti]]'' (1981), which was the highest-grossing Indian film of the year.<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6155|title=Rewind - Forty Years Of Historic Blockbuster KRANTI|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|date=13 February 2021}}</ref> He continued to play leading roles in films such as ''[[Vidhaata]]'' (1982), ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]'' (1986), and ''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]'' (1991). His last on-screen appearance was in the commercially unsuccessful ''[[Qila (film)|Qila]]'' (1998), which saw him in a dual role. Kumar later served as a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of India's parliament, from 2000 to 2006.

Kumar's personal life was the subject of much media attention; however, he himself had largely avoided media limelight and endorsements.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lanba |first=Urmila |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_jOgDwAAQBAJ&dq=dilip+Kumar+undoubtedly+a+very+private+man+in+public+industry+life+and+films+of+dilip+kumar+urmila&pg=PT9 |title=The Thespian: Life and Films of Dilip Kumar |date=2019-06-30 |publisher=Vision Books |isbn=978-93-86268-31-0 |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Pandya |first=Sonal |title=Dilip Kumar once sold pickles! |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2015/dec/11/290/dilip-kumar-once-sold-pickles |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=Cinestaan}}</ref> He was in a long-term relationship with actress and frequent co-star [[Madhubala]] that ended after the [[Naya Daur (1957 film)#Production|''Naya Daur'' court case]] in 1957. He married actress [[Saira Banu]] in 1966 and resided in [[Bandra]], a suburb of [[Mumbai]], until his death in 2021. For his contributions to film, the [[Government of India]] awarded him with the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1991 and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2015, the country's third and second-highest civilian awards respectively. He was also awarded India's highest accolade in the field of cinema, the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 1994. In 1998, the [[Government of Pakistan]] conferred Kumar with [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]], their highest civilian decoration, making him the only Indian to have received the honour. The [[House of Dilip Kumar|house that Kumar grew up in]], located in [[Peshawar]], was declared a national heritage monument in 2014 by the Pakistani government.

==Early life==
Dilip Kumar was born Muhammad Yusuf Khan<ref>{{Cite web|date=13 March 2020|title='Dilip Kumar doing fine, he had severe backache': Saira Banu on actor's health|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dilip-kumar-doing-fine-he-had-severe-backache-saira-banu-on-actor-s-health/story-JFIPhTWB9OwG8rVnLWsimN.html|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=15 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200815170149/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dilip-kumar-doing-fine-he-had-severe-backache-saira-banu-on-actor-s-health/story-JFIPhTWB9OwG8rVnLWsimN.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-29 |title=Here's why Dilip Kumar changed his name from Yusuf Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/heres-why-dilip-kumar-changed-his-name-from-yusuf-khan/articleshow/108872595.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Here's Why Dilip Kumar Changed His Name From Muhammad Yusuf Khan {{!}} Filmfare.com |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/heres-why-dilip-kumar-changed-his-name-from-muhammad-yusuf-khan-49361.html |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=www.filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref> on 11 December 1922, in the [[Qissa Khawani Bazaar]] neighbourhood of [[Peshawar]], a city in the [[North-West Frontier Province]] of [[British Raj|British India]].<ref name="NDTVOB">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dilip-kumar-the-grand-old-man-of-indian-cinemas-legendary-life-2480932|title=Dilip Kumar: The Grand Old Man Of Indian Cinema's Legendary Life|work=NDTV |access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707060435/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/dilip-kumar-the-grand-old-man-of-indian-cinemas-legendary-life-2480932|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Web Team |first=WION |date=8 July 2021 |title=Pakistan mourns the loss of legendary Indian star Dilip Kumar, prayers offered outside ancestral home |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/pakistan-mourns-the-loss-of-legendary-indian-star-dilip-kumar-prayers-offered-outside-ancestral-home-396784 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712232953/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/pakistan-mourns-the-loss-of-legendary-indian-star-dilip-kumar-prayers-offered-outside-ancestral-home-396784 |archive-date=12 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021 |work=WION |location=New Delhi, India |quote=For the uninitiated, Dilip Kumar, born as Muhammad Yusuf Khan was from an Awan family in Pakistan's Peshawar.}}</ref> He was one of the twelve children of Lala Ghulam Sarwar Ali Khan (1890–1950) and his wife Ayesha Begum (1897–1948). His father was a fruit merchant.<ref>{{cite web|title=Dilip Kumar, Bollywood's 'Tragedy King', dies aged 98|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/7/dilip-kumar-india-cinema-legend-dies-bollywood|access-date=7 July 2021|website=www.aljazeera.com|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707025515/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/7/dilip-kumar-india-cinema-legend-dies-bollywood|url-status=live}}</ref>

Khan studied at the [[Barnes School]] in [[Deolali]] (now in [[Maharashtra]]), where his father owned orchards.<ref name="Renuka Vyavahare">{{cite web|author=Renuka Vyavahare|url=https://m.timesofindia.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Heres-why-Dilip-Kumar-speaks-Marathi-fluently/articleshow/11282015.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029204807/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-28/news-interviews/30564334_1_dilip-kumar-dilip-sahab-kanda-poha|archive-date=29 October 2013|title=Here's why Dilip Kumar speaks Marathi fluently!|date=28 December 2011|website=[[The Times of India]]|url-status=live|access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref><ref name="NDTVOB"/> He grew up in the same neighbourhood in Peshawar as [[Raj Kapoor]], his childhood friend, and later his colleague in the [[Cinema of India|film industry]].<ref name="indianexpress"/> In 1940, he moved to [[Pune]] and set up a dry fruit supply shop and a canteen.<ref name="NDTVOB"/> Despite hailing from Peshawar, Khan's family decided to remain in Bombay following the [[Partition of India]] in 1947.<ref name="ind569">{{Cite web |last=Shukla |first=Vivek |date=14 August 2017 |title=And then there were Muslims who chose India |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/and-then-there-were-muslims-who-chose-india-451619 |access-date=2021-07-19 |website=The Indian Tribune |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719125307/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/comment/and-then-there-were-muslims-who-chose-india-451619 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Khan never acted under his birth name, debuting in ''Jwar Bhata'' in 1944 under the [[stage name]] Dilip Kumar. In his autobiography, ''[[Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow]]'', he wrote that the name was a suggestion from [[Devika Rani]], who was one of the producers on ''Jwar Bhata''.<ref>{{cite news|title=This is why Dilip Kumar changed his name from Muhammad Yusuf Khan before movie debut |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/this-is-why-dilip-kumar-changed-his-name-from-muhammad-yusuf-khan-before-movie-debut/videoshow/84210775.cms|access-date=9 July 2021|newspaper=The Times of India|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711232936/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/hindi/this-is-why-dilip-kumar-changed-his-name-from-muhammad-yusuf-khan-before-movie-debut/videoshow/84210775.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> In an interview in 1970, he said that he adopted this name out of fear of his father, who never approved of his acting career because of the general poor image of cinema back then.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 July 2021|title=RIP Dilip Kumar: Here's why the legendary actor changed his name|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rip-dilip-kumar-heres-why-the-legendary-actor-changed-his-name-1005788.html|access-date=9 July 2021|website=Deccan Herald|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190411/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rip-dilip-kumar-heres-why-the-legendary-actor-changed-his-name-1005788.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=BBC Asian Network - Ray Khan, Pyar, Ishq Aur Judai, Listen to Dilip Kumar's Interview from 1970.|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01614q8|access-date=9 July 2021|website=BBC|date=7 March 2013 |archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709201915/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p01614q8|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Career==
{{further|Dilip Kumar filmography}}

===1940s: First film roles and initial success===
[[File:Dilip Kumar Jwar Bhata.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Kumar in ''[[Jwar Bhata (1944 film)|Jwar Bhata]]'', his first film.]]
Kumar's first film was ''[[Jwar Bhata (1944 film)|Jwar Bhata]]'' in 1944, which went unnoticed. After two more unsuccessful films, it was his fourth film ''[[Jugnu (1947 film)|Jugnu]]'' (1947), in which he starred alongside [[Noor Jehan]], that became his first major hit at the box office.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Dilip Kumar Filmography, Movies List, Box Office Collection with HIT or Flop Verdict - Boxofficeindia, Box Office India, Box Office Collection, Bollywood Box Office, Bollywood Box Office|url=https://www.addatoday.com/2020/04/dilip-kumar-filmography-movies-list-box.html?m=1|access-date=2021-10-22|website=www.addatoday.com| date=17 April 2020 |archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022205139/https://www.addatoday.com/2020/04/dilip-kumar-filmography-movies-list-box.html?m=1|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="NDTVOB"/><ref name="web.archive.org">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=152&catName=MTk0Nw==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206111551/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=152&catName=MTk0Nw==|archive-date=6 February 2009|title=BoxOffice India.com|date=6 February 2009|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> His next major hits were the 1948 films ''[[Shaheed (1948 film)|Shaheed]]'' and ''[[Mela (1948 film)|Mela]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=VERMA|first=SUKANYA|title=25 Memorable Dilip Kumar Films|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/25-memorable-dilip-kumar-films/20210707.htm|access-date=9 July 2021|website=Rediff|archive-date=8 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708225526/https://www.rediff.com/movies/special/25-memorable-dilip-kumar-films/20210707.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Both ''Jugnu'' and ''Shaheed'' were the highest grossing Hindi films of their respective year of release.<ref name="web.archive.org" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2009-02-06|title=BoxOffice India.com|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA==|access-date=2021-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206111845/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=153&catName=MTk0OA==|archive-date=6 February 2009}}</ref>

He got his breakthrough role as an actor in 1949 with [[Mehboob Khan]]'s {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Andaz (1949 film)|Andaz]]}}, in which he starred alongside [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Nargis]]. At the time of its release, {{Lang|hi-latn|Andaz}} was the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing Indian film ever]], until its record was broken by Kapoor's ''[[Barsaat (1949 film)|Barsaat]]'' that same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016234445/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=154&catName=MTk0OQ==|archive-date=16 October 2013|title=Box Office 1949|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=16 October 2013|access-date=26 November 2019}}</ref> ''[[Shabnam (1949 film)|Shabnam]]'' was another box office hit that was also released in 1949.<ref name="web.archive.org"/>

===1950s and 1960s: Superstardom===
The 1950s was Kumar's most successful and prolific decade with him playing leading roles in several box office hits such as ''[[Jogan (film)|Jogan]]'' (1950), ''[[Babul (1950 film)|Babul]]'' (1950), ''[[Deedar (1951 film)|Deedar]]'' (1951), ''[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]'' (1951), ''[[Daag (1952 film)|Daag]]'' (1952), ''[[Aan (1952 film)|Aan]]'' (1952), ''[[Uran Khatola (film)|Uran Khatola]]'' (1955), ''[[Insaniyat (1955 film)|Insaniyat]]'' (1955), ''[[Devdas (1955 film)|Devdas]]'' (1955), {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]}} (1957), ''[[Yahudi]]'' (1958), ''[[Madhumati]]'' (1958) and ''[[Paigham]]'' (1959).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-dilip-kumars-top-25-films/20141211.htm|title=Dilip Kumar's Top 25 Films|website=Rediff.com|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133844/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/birthday-special-dilip-kumars-top-25-films/20141211.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He formed popular on-screen pairings with many of the top actresses at the time including [[Vyjayanthimala]], [[Madhubala]], [[Nargis]], [[Nimmi]], [[Meena Kumari]] and [[Kamini Kaushal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/dec/11/3305/dilip-kumar-and-his-leading-ladies|title=Dilip Kumar and his leading ladies|first=Sonal|last=Pandya|website=Cinestaan.com|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133910/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2016/dec/11/3305/dilip-kumar-and-his-leading-ladies|url-status=live}}</ref> Together with fellow contemporaries [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Dev Anand]], he dominated the 1950s which is considered a part of the golden era of Hindi cinema. Though the three did not appear in any one film together, Kumar did appear with Raj Kapoor in {{Lang|hi-latn|Andaz}} (1949) and Dev Anand in ''Insaniyat'' (1955).<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/viral/the-golden-trio-as-dilip-kumar-leaves-for-heavenly-abode-netizens-remember-his-contemporaries-and-friends-raj-kapoor-and-dev-anand |title='The golden trio': As Dilip Kumar leaves for heavenly abode, netizens remember his contemporaries and friends Raj Kapoor and Dev Anand |date=July 7, 2021 |newspaper=[[The Free Press Journal]] |place=Mumbai}}</ref>

Several of his films established his screen image as the "Tragedy King".<ref name="Rediff.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/27dinesh.htm |title=rediff.com, Movies: Tragedy King Dilip Kumar |work=Rediff.com |access-date=6 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531073053/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2002/may/27dinesh.htm |archive-date=31 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumar briefly suffered from depression due to portraying many tragic roles and on the advice of his psychiatrist, he also took on light-hearted roles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/book-review-the-actor-among-stars/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328051144/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/book-review-the-actor-among-stars/|archive-date=28 March 2017|title=Dilip Kumar's autobiography reveals his journey from Peshawar to Bombay - The Indian Express|date=28 March 2017|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> [[Mehboob Khan]]'s big-budget 1952 swashbuckling musical ''[[Aan]]'' featured him in one of his first lighter roles<ref name="filmfare.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/dilip-kumars-most-memorable-performances-25574.html|title=Dilip Kumar's most memorable performances|website=Filmfare.com|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133843/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/dilip-kumars-most-memorable-performances-25574.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and marked his first film to be shot in [[technicolor]]. ''Aan'' was the first Indian film to have a wide release across Europe with a lavish premiere in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moviemahal.net/2017/01/11/mehboobs-aan-1952-indian-cinemas-entry-into-europe/|title=Mehboob's AAN (1952) – Indian Cinema's entry into Europe|date=11 January 2017|website=Moviemahal.com|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=21 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321214403/https://moviemahal.net/2017/01/11/mehboobs-aan-1952-indian-cinemas-entry-into-europe/|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Aan'' was the highest-grossing Indian film ever at the time, domestically<ref name="boi50s">{{cite web|title=Top Earners 1950-1959 (Figures in Ind Rs)|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919200259/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5|archive-date=19 September 2012|website=[[Box Office India]]|date=19 September 2012|access-date=21 November 2019}}</ref> and overseas.<ref name="Rajinder">{{cite book|last1=Rajinder|first1=Dudrah|last2=Jigna|first2=Desai|title=The Bollywood Reader|date=2008|publisher=[[McGraw-Hill Education]]|isbn=9780335222124|pages=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727122053/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Wz4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref> He had further success with lighter roles as a thief in the hit comedy ''[[Azaad (1955 film)|Azaad]]'' (1955). In 1957, he appeared in the third segment of the [[anthology film]] ''[[Musafir (1957 film)|Musafir]]'', which was the directorial debut of [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]. He also did playback singing for a song in the film with [[Lata Mangeshkar]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/hrishikesh-mukherjee-hindi-film-anthology-musafir-dilip-kumar-7677841/lite | title=Way before OTTs, Hrishikesh Mukherjee's Musafir starring Dilip Kumar was the gold standard of anthologies | date=18 December 2021 }}</ref>

By this time, he had developed his distinct, signature style of understated acting of mumbling his dialogues while giving myriad expressions and meanings to lines that his characters uttered.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Vedam|first=V.|title=The Puffin Book of 100 Extraordinary Indians|publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited|year=2022|isbn=9789354923616|location=India|language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharda|first=Anjali|title=Leadership Gotcha|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|year=2021|pages=7|language=English}}</ref>

He was the first actor to win the [[Filmfare Best Actor Award]] (for ''Daag'') and went on to win it a further seven times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/history-filmfare-best-actor-awards|title=Filmfare Best Actor Awards - History|website=Indicine.com|date=4 March 2009 |access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414221811/http://www.indicine.com/movies/bollywood/history-filmfare-best-actor-awards/|archive-date=14 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foraywhile.com/10-bollywood-actors-who-have-won-the-highest-filmfare-awards/|title=10 Bollywood Actors who Have Won the Highest Filmfare Awards|date=3 September 2013|website=Foraywhile.com|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611235539/http://www.foraywhile.com/10-bollywood-actors-who-have-won-the-highest-filmfare-awards/}}</ref> 9 of his 21 films in the 1950s were ranked in the Top 30 highest-grossing films of the decade.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5&PHPSESSID=fa099368a445f18621d13fc8406a0f74 |title=Top Earners 1950-1959 (Figures in Ind Rs) |work=Box Office India |access-date=17 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117081648/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=122&catName=MTk1MC0xOTU5&PHPSESSID=fa099368a445f18621d13fc8406a0f74 |archive-date=17 January 2008 }}</ref>

In the 1950s, Kumar became the first Indian actor to charge 1.5 lakh per film.(equal to 60 cr or above of 2024)<ref>{{cite news|title=B-Town rewind: The tale of the first Bollywood crore|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/b-town-rewind-the-tale-of-the-first-bollywood-crore/15162064|work=[[Mid-Day]]|date=16 March 2014|access-date=16 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316114251/http://www.mid-day.com/articles/b-town-rewind-the-tale-of-the-first-bollywood-crore/15162064|archive-date=16 March 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1960, he portrayed [[Prince Salim]] in [[K. Asif]]'s big-budget epic [[historical film]] ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'', which was the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films|highest-grossing film]] in Indian film history for 15 years until it was surpassed by the 1975 film ''[[Sholay]]''. ''Mughal-e-Azam'' was in the making for over a decade and was originally shot in black and white, with only two songs and the climax scenes shot in colour. 44 years after its original release, it was fully [[colourised]] and theatrically re-released in 2004 and was once again a box office success.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 February 2017|title=Madhubala birthday: Madhubala's real story is as tragic as her iconic character, Mughal-E-Azam's Anarkali|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/madhubala-birthday-madhubala-real-story-as-tragic-as-her-iconic-character-mughal-e-azam-anarkali4523840/|access-date=9 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=1 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210501074351/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/madhubala-birthday-madhubala-real-story-as-tragic-as-her-iconic-character-mughal-e-azam-anarkali4523840/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|date=22 December 2011|title=Epic movie Mughale-Azam returns in colour cinemascope, digital sound|work=India Today|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20040719-epic-movie-mughale-azam-returns-in-colour-digital-sound-789831-2004-07-19|access-date=9 July 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624195229/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/20040719-epic-movie-mughale-azam-returns-in-colour-digital-sound-789831-2004-07-19|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year he played another lighter role in the musical comedy ''[[Kohinoor (1960 film)|Kohinoor]]'' which was also among the highest grossers of the year.<ref name="Rediff.com" />

In 1961, Kumar wrote, produced, and starred in the dacoit drama ''[[Ganga Jamuna]]'' opposite his brother [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]], playing the title roles. Kumar produced the film under his production company 'Citizen Films' and despite it being the highest-grossing film of the year, it would be the only film he produced. Though the directing credit went to the veteran director [[Nitin Bose]], it was rumoured that Kumar had ghost directed the film as well as being involved in every aspect of its production. He chose the shade of saree that his co-star [[Vyjayanthimala]] would wear in every scene. The film received the [[National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Second Best Feature Film in Hindi]], the [[Paul Revere]] Silver Bowl at the [[Boston International Film Festival]], the Special Honour Diploma from the [[Czechoslovakia|Czechoslovak]] Academy of Arts in [[Prague]], and the Special Prize at the [[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite news|title=The Last of the legends, goodbye Dilip saab|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-last-of-the-legends-goodbye-dilip-saab/articleshow/84192807.cms|access-date=7 July 2021|website=The Times of India|date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707080920/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/the-last-of-the-legends-goodbye-dilip-saab/articleshow/84192807.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1962, British director [[David Lean]] offered him the role of "Sherif Ali" in his film ''[[Lawrence of Arabia (film)|Lawrence of Arabia]]'' (1962), but Kumar declined to perform in the movie.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/did-you-know-/Dilip-Dilip-Kumars-Hollywood-dis-connection/articleshow/4138036.cms |title=Dilip Kumar's Hollywood dis-connection |access-date=2 December 2010 |work=The Times Of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810012123/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/did-you-know-/Dilip-Dilip-Kumars-Hollywood-dis-connection/articleshow/4138036.cms |archive-date=10 August 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> The role eventually went to [[Omar Sharif]], the Egyptian actor. Kumar commented in his much later released autobiography, "he thought Omar Sharif had played the role far better than he himself could have".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Dilip-of-Arabia/articleshow/48128020.cms|title=Dilip of Arabia?|work=The Times of India|date=19 July 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130214332/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/sunday-times/Dilip-of-Arabia/articleshow/48128020.cms|archive-date=30 January 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar was also being considered for a leading role opposite [[Elizabeth Taylor]] in a film that Lean was working on called ''Taj Mahal'', before the project was cancelled.<ref>{{cite news |title=Idea of Dilip Kumar, Elizabeth Taylor pairing scared Saira |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/idea-of-dilip-kumar-elizabeth-taylor-pairing-scared-saira-530126-2015-12-13 |work=[[India Today]] |date=13 December 2015 |access-date=15 January 2019 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133852/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/idea-of-dilip-kumar-elizabeth-taylor-pairing-scared-saira-530126-2015-12-13 |url-status=live }}</ref>

After a three-year hiatus, he returned in 1964 with his next film ''[[Leader (1964 film)|Leader]]'', which underperformed at the box office and ended up being only an average grosser. Kumar was also credited with writing the story of this film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=170&catName=MTk2NA== |title=Box Office 1964|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210134213/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=170&catName=MTk2NA== |archive-date=10 February 2012|work=Box Office India|date=31 July 2011}}</ref> His next film ''[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]'' (1966), opposite [[Waheeda Rehman]] was a box office flop. It was rumoured that he had ghost directed the film but the final credit was given to [[Abdul Rashid Kardar]].<ref>{{cite web | title=Dilip Kumar's 100th birth anniversary: The films that he ghost-directed | work=The Times of India | date=11 December 2022 | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/dilip-kumar-at-100-the-films-that-he-ghost-directed/articleshow/96138635.cms }}</ref>

That same year, he made his debut in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali cinema]] with a guest appearance in ''[[Paari (1966 film)|Paari]]'', which starred [[Dharmendra]] in the lead role.<ref>{{cite web | title=When Dilip Kumar impressed in Bengali cinema | work=The Hindu | date=7 July 2021 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/when-dilip-kumar-impressed-in-bengali-cinema/article35185294.ece/amp }}</ref> In 1967, Kumar played a [[dual role]] of [[twins]] separated at birth in the hit film ''[[Ram Aur Shyam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|last=Kotru|first=Nirupama|title=Films that are 50: A Dilip Kumar double treat in 'Ram Aur Shyam'|url=https://scroll.in/reel/827904/films-that-are-50-a-dilip-kumar-double-treat-in-ram-aur-shyam|access-date=9 July 2021|website=Scroll.in|date=8 February 2017 |archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713212400/https://scroll.in/reel/827904/films-that-are-50-a-dilip-kumar-double-treat-in-ram-aur-shyam|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1968, he starred alongside [[Manoj Kumar]] in ''[[Aadmi (1968 film)|Aadmi]]'' and opposite [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Balraj Sahni]] in ''[[Sunghursh]]'', which were both average grossers at the box office.<ref>{{cite news|last=Mahaan|first=Deepak|date=18 March 2010|title=Aadmi (1968)|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Aadmi-1968/article16576648.ece|access-date=9 July 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=30 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730070109/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Aadmi-1968/article16576648.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Upadhyaya|first=Amit|date=7 October 2018|title=Superstar Dilip Kumar was the 'Thug of Hindostan' in 1968 hit film Sunghursh|url=https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/superstar-dilip-kumar-was-the-thug-of-hindostan-in-1968-hit-film-sunghursh/130656/|access-date=9 July 2021|website=ThePrint|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190719/https://theprint.in/features/reel-take/superstar-dilip-kumar-was-the-thug-of-hindostan-in-1968-hit-film-sunghursh/130656/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1970s: Slump and hiatus===
In 1970, Kumar played the title role in the Bengali film ''[[Sagina Mahato]]'', which marked his first onscreen pairing with his wife Saira Banu.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://scroll.in/reel/846052/when-dilip-kumar-got-caught-between-leftist-and-capitalist-forces-as-mass-leader-sagina-mahato | title=Dilip Kumar's Bengali film as a hero was a noble failure | date=9 July 2021 }}</ref> In the same year, he starred alongside Banu again in ''[[Gopi (1970 film)|Gopi]]'', which was a box office success. In 1972, he once again played dual roles as twin brothers in ''[[Dastaan (1972 film)|Dastaan]]'', which was a box office flop and began a decline in Kumar's career as a leading man. A Hindi remake of ''Sagina Mahato'', simply titled ''[[Sagina (film)|Sagina]]'' was made in 1974 with both Kumar and Banu reprising their roles which also failed to do well at the box office. In 1976, he played triple roles as a father and twin sons in ''[[Bairaag]]''. Though his performance in triple roles was acclaimed, the film was his third consecutive failure at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg== |title=Box Office 1972|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610225320/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=178&catName=MTk3Mg== |archive-date=10 June 2007|work=Box Office India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== |title=Box Office 1976|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020100250/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=182&catName=MTk3Ng== |archive-date=20 October 2013|work=Box Office India|date=31 July 2011}}</ref> He personally regarded [[M. G. Ramachandran]]'s performance in ''[[Enga Veettu Pillai]]'' better than his role in ''Ram Aur Shyam''. He regards his performance in ''Bairaag'' much higher than that of ''Ram Aur Shyam''. The rise of actors like [[Rajesh Khanna]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Sanjeev Kumar]] led to Kumar losing film offers from 1970 to 1980. He took a five-year hiatus from films from 1976 to 1981.<ref name="desai">[[Meghnad Desai, Baron Desai]] (2004), ''Nehru's hero Dilip Kumar in the life of India'', Lotus Collection, Roli Books, {{ISBN|978-81-7436-311-4}}.</ref>

===1980s: Return to success===
In 1981, he returned to films, reinventing himself in elderly character roles. His comeback film was the star-studded historical epic ''[[Kranti]]'' which was the biggest hit of the year.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201143714/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=187&catName=MTk4MQ==|archive-date=1 February 2009|title=BoxOffice India.com|date=1 February 2009|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> Appearing alongside an ensemble cast including [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Shashi Kapoor]], [[Hema Malini]] and [[Shatrughan Sinha]], he played the title role as revolutionary fighting for India's independence from British rule.<ref name="hits">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080118013258/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=125 Top Earners 1980–1989 (Figures in Ind Rs)]. Box Office India. Retrieved 31 July 2011.</ref> In the post-''Kranti'' phase, Kumar reinvented himself to play the "Angry Old Man" <ref>{{Cite book|last=Patel|first=Bhaichand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC&dq=angry+old+man+in+bollywood&pg=PT85|title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema|date=2016-01-15|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-81-8475-598-5|language=en|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217130117/https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC&dq=angry+old+man+in+bollywood&pg=PT85|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1982, he collaborated with director [[Subhash Ghai]] for the first time with ''Vidhaata'', in which he starred alongside [[Sanjay Dutt]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]] and [[Shammi Kapoor]]. ''Vidhaata'' was the highest-grossing film of the year. Later that year he starred alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]] in [[Ramesh Sippy]]'s ''[[Shakti (1982 film)|Shakti]]'', which was an average grosser at the box office, but won him critical acclaim and his eighth and final Filmfare Award for Best Actor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg==|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201143719/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=188&catName=MTk4Mg==|archive-date=1 February 2009|title=BoxOffice India.com|date=1 February 2009|access-date=21 March 2019}}</ref> In 1984, he starred in [[Yash Chopra]]'s social crime drama ''[[Mashaal]]'' opposite [[Anil Kapoor]], which failed at the box office, but his performance was critically acclaimed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glamsham.com/en/when-thespian-dilip-kumar-floored-yash-chopra-with-his-performance|title=When thespian Dilip Kumar floored Yash Chopra with his performance!|website=Glamsham.com|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133900/https://www.glamsham.com/|url-status=live}}</ref> He also appeared alongside [[Rishi Kapoor]] in ''[[Duniya (1984 film)|Duniya]]'' (1984) and [[Jeetendra]] in ''[[Dharm Adhikari]]'' (1986).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Duniya > Film > Dilip Kumar {{!}} @kavi {{!}} MrOwl|url=https://www.mrowl.com/user/kavi/dilip_kumar/movies/duniya|access-date=9 July 2021|website=www.mrowl.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190811/https://www.mrowl.com/user/kavi/dilip_kumar/movies/duniya|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dharm Adhikari (1986) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/dharm-adhikari-6241|access-date=9 July 2021|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709191812/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/dharm-adhikari-6241|url-status=live}}</ref>

His second collaboration with Subhash Ghai came with the 1986 ensemble action film ''[[Karma (1986 film)|Karma]]''. ''Karma'' marked the first film which paired him opposite fellow veteran actress [[Nutan]], although they were previously paired in an incomplete and unreleased film in the 1950s titled ''Shikwa''.<ref name="hits" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://upperstall.com/features/incomplete-films-shikwa/|title=Incomplete Films: Shikwa|first=Karan|last=Bali|date=16 September 2017|website=Upperstall.com|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133854/https://upperstall.com/features/incomplete-films-shikwa/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/05din.htm|title=rediff.com, Movies: Forever Nutan|website=Rediff.com|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220132237/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2002/feb/05din.htm|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> He acted opposite Nutan again in the 1989 action film ''[[Kanoon Apna Apna]]'' which also reunited him with Sanjay Dutt.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanoon Apna Apna (1989) - Review, Star Cast, News, Photos|url=https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kanoon-apna-apna-6704|access-date=9 July 2021|website=Cinestaan|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709200656/https://www.cinestaan.com/movies/kanoon-apna-apna-6704|url-status=live}}</ref>

===1990s: Directorial debut and final works===
In 1990, he co-starred with [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] in the action thriller ''[[Izzatdaar]]''. In 1991, Kumar starred alongside fellow veteran actor [[Raaj Kumar]] in ''[[Saudagar (1991 film)|Saudagar]]'', his third and last film with director Subhash Ghai. This was his second film with Raaj Kumar after 1959's ''[[Paigham]]''. ''Saudagar'' was to be Kumar's penultimate film and last box office success.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090131152326/http://boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=197&catName=MTk5MQ== Top grossers of 1991 (Figures in Ind Rs)]. Box Office India. Retrieved 31 July 2011.</ref> In 1994, he won the [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]] for his contributions to the industry.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=Filmfare Awards Winners From 1953 to 2020|url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|access-date=7 July 2021|website=filmfare.com|archive-date=4 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204095338/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards/winners|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1991, producer [[Sudhakar Bokade]] who had previously worked with Kumar in ''Izzatdaar'' announced a film titled ''Kalinga'' which would officially mark Kumar's directorial debut after he had allegedly previously ghost-directed ''[[Ganga Jamuna]]'' (1961) and ''[[Dil Diya Dard Liya]]'' (1967).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/arts/dilip-kumar-bollywood-hindi-films-raj-kapoor-omar-sharif-saira-banu-guru-dutt/story/1/7897.html|title=Revealing Dilip Kumar's unfulfilled dreams|website=Dailyo.in|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133903/https://www.dailyo.in/arts/dilip-kumar-bollywood-hindi-films-raj-kapoor-omar-sharif-saira-banu-guru-dutt/story/1/7897.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar was also set to star in the title role with the cast including [[Raj Babbar]], [[Raj Kiran (Hindi film actor)|Raj Kiran]], [[Amitoj Mann]] and [[Meenakshi Seshadri]]. After being delayed for several years, ''Kalinga'' was eventually shelved with only 70% filming completed.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19930531-movie-preview-vidhu-vinod-chopra-1942-a-love-story-and-dilip-kumar-kalinga-811112-1993-05-31|title=Movie preview: Vidhu Vinod Chopra's '1942 - A Love Story and Dilip Kumar's 'Kalinga'|first1=Amit|last1=Agarwal|date=31 May 1993|website=India Today|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133907/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19930531-movie-preview-vidhu-vinod-chopra-1942-a-love-story-and-dilip-kumar-kalinga-811112-1993-05-31|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Asif Noorani |url=http://dawn.com/2012/12/11/dilip-kumar-90-fruitful-years |title=Dilip Kumar: 90 fruitful years | Entertainment |website=Dawn.com |date=11 December 2012 |access-date=9 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230044802/http://dawn.com/2012/12/11/dilip-kumar-90-fruitful-years/ |archive-date=30 December 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1998, Kumar made his last film appearance in the box office flop ''[[Qila (film)|Qila]]'', where he played dual roles as an evil landowner who is murdered and as his twin brother who tries to solve the mystery of his death.<ref>{{cite news|title=Qila Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos {{!}} eTimes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/qila/movieshow/61325247.cms|access-date=9 July 2021|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711212916/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-details/qila/movieshow/61325247.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Celebrating The Tragedy King |url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/08/stories/2004010800700100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040122053725/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/01/08/stories/2004010800700100.htm |archive-date=22 January 2004 |access-date=30 January 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=8 January 2004 |author=Suresh Kohli |location=Delhi, India}}</ref>

===2000s–2021: Shelved projects and political career===
In 2001, Kumar was set to appear in a film titled ''Asar – The Impact'' alongside [[Ajay Devgan]] and [[Priyanka Chopra]], which was shelved due to Kumar's declining health.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2001/aug/14759.htm |title=Dilip Kumar in a new film |work=[[Mid-Day]] |access-date=19 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214000820/http://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/2001/aug/14759.htm |archive-date=14 December 2013 }}</ref> He was also set to appear in [[Subhash Ghai]]'s war film ''Mother Land'', alongside [[Amitabh Bachchan]] and [[Shah Rukh Khan]], but this film was shelved after Khan decided to leave the project.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-shah-rukh-khan-backed-out-of-a-film-starring-dilip-kumar-and-amitabh-bachchan/articleshow/61561451.cms|title=When Shah Rukh Khan backed out of a film starring Dilip Kumar and Amitabh Bachchan!|website=The Times of India|date=8 November 2017 |access-date=15 February 2020|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133910/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/when-shah-rukh-khan-backed-out-of-a-film-starring-dilip-kumar-and-amitabh-bachchan/articleshow/61561451.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

His classic films ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' and {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]}} were fully colourised and re-released in cinemas in 2004 and 2008 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041003/spectrum/main1.htm|title=The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum|website=Tribuneindia.com|access-date=9 April 2017|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133912/https://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20041003/spectrum/main1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> An unreleased film he had shot and completed titled ''Aag Ka Dariya'' was set for a theatrical release in 2013 but has not been released to date.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/unreleased-23-year-old-dilip-kumar-starrer-set-to-hit-theatres-soon/story-8jCHAc0WvOSqCH5SHHuMLJ.html|title=Unreleased 23-year-old Dilip Kumar starrer set to hit theatres soon|date=26 December 2013|website=Hindustantimes.com/|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133910/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/unreleased-23-year-old-dilip-kumar-starrer-set-to-hit-theatres-soon/story-8jCHAc0WvOSqCH5SHHuMLJ.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of India's parliament, from 2000 to 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=A look at Dilip Kumar's political career: Did you know, he was nominated as a member of the Rajya Sabha?|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/a-look-at-dilip-kumars-political-career-did-you-know-he-was-nominated-as-a-member-of-the-rajya-sabha|date=7 July 2021|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Free Press Journal|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707072048/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/a-look-at-dilip-kumars-political-career-did-you-know-he-was-nominated-as-a-member-of-the-rajya-sabha|url-status=live}}</ref> He was nominated by the [[Indian National Congress]] to represent [[Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/sep/05/veteran-hindi-actor-dilip-kumar-admitted-in-hospital-1867953.html|title=Veteran Hindi actor Dilip Kumar admitted in hospital|website=The New Indian Express|date=5 September 2018 |access-date=3 January 2021|archive-date=10 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310130746/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2018/sep/05/veteran-hindi-actor-dilip-kumar-admitted-in-hospital-1867953.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952|website=rajyasabha.nic.in|access-date=6 May 2021|archive-date=19 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200719091406/https://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/member_site/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar utilised a significant portion of his [[MPLADS]] fund towards the construction and improvement of the Bandstand Promenade and the gardens at Bandra Fort at Lands End in Bandra.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bbrtbandra.org/information-issues/|title=BBRT - Information & Issues|website=Bbrtbandra.org|access-date=21 March 2019|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133912/http://bbrtbandra.org/information-issues/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Dilip_Kumar_Saira_Banu_still7.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Kumar with his wife [[Saira Banu]] in 2007]]
[[File:Firoze_Noon_and_Dilip_Kumar.jpg|thumb|Kumar hosting his Bangladeshi friends [[Annisul Huq]] and [[A. K. A. Firoze Noon]] at his home in [[Mumbai|Bombay]].]]
Kumar and [[Madhubala]] were drawn to each other during the shooting of ''[[Tarana (1951 film)|Tarana]]'' (1951). They were in a relationship for seven years until the [[Naya Daur (1957 film)#Production|Naya Daur court case]], during which Kumar testified against Madhubala and her father, ending their relationship.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mid-day.com/articles/flashback-when-dilip-kumar-and-madhubala-dragged-each-other-to-court/17052172|title=Flashback! When Dilip Kumar and Madhubala dragged each other to court|date=18 March 2016|website=mid-day|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219130254/https://www.mid-day.com/articles/flashback-when-dilip-kumar-and-madhubala-dragged-each-other-to-court/17052172|url-status=live}}</ref> They never worked together again after ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/madhubala-a-screen-goddess-who-was-unlucky-in-matters-of-the-heart/story-SvuqR30Tg7kmjhEJ9JePcP.html|title=Madhubala: A screen goddess who was unlucky in matters of the heart|last=Mishra|first=Nivedita|date=14 February 2019|website=Hindustan Times|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200314193333/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/madhubala-a-screen-goddess-who-was-unlucky-in-matters-of-the-heart/story-SvuqR30Tg7kmjhEJ9JePcP.html|archive-date=14 March 2020|access-date=16 April 2020}}</ref> Kumar later expressed in his autobiography, "Was I in love with Madhubala as the newspapers and magazines reported at that time? As an answer to this oft-repeated question straight from the horse's mouth, I must admit that I was attracted to her both as a fine co-star and as a person who had some of the attributes I hoped to find in a woman at that age and time...She, as I said earlier, was very sprightly and vivacious and, as such, she could draw me out of my shyness and reticence effortlessly."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=When Dilip Kumar revealed his feelings for Madhubala in his autobiography: 'Must admit I was attracted to her' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/when-dilip-kumar-revealed-his-feelings-for-madhubala-in-his-autobiography-must-admit-i-was-attracted-to-her-101625724981161.html |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> However, Kumar shared in his biography that contrary to popular notion, Madhubala's father Ataullah Khan wasn't opposed to their match but instead, wanted to turn this marriage into a business venture which did not land well with him.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-02-14 |title=The triumph and tragedy of being Madhubala: How a nation's beloved icon died of a broken heart |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/the-legend-of-madhubala-why-the-magic-still-perseveres-7771971/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

In the late 1950s, [[Vyjayanthimala]] was linked by gossip magazines to Kumar, who has acted with her the most compared to any other actress, which resulted in great on-screen chemistry between them. While working for his home production ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961), Kumar reportedly handpicked the shade of [[sari]] that Vyjayanthimala would wear in every scene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dilip Kumar, and his women|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/02sl4.htm|date=2 July 2008|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Rediff.com|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184749/https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jul/02sl4.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1966, Kumar married actress [[Saira Banu]], who was 22 years younger than him. He later married [[Hyderabad]] socialite Asma Rahman, taking her as a second wife in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19820331-dilip-kumar-makes-public-declaration-about-his-second-marriage-to-socialite-asma-sahiba-772561-2013-10-18|title=Eyecatchers|website=Indiatoday.intoday.in|date=18 October 2013 |access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133911/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/eyecatchers/story/19820331-dilip-kumar-makes-public-declaration-about-his-second-marriage-to-socialite-asma-sahiba-772561-2013-10-18|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-when-dilip-kumar-married-asma/20140630.htm|title=When Dilip Kumar Married Asma|newspaper=Rediff|access-date=3 August 2017|archive-date=11 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133912/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/slide-show-1-when-dilip-kumar-married-asma/20140630.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> That marriage ended in January 1983.<ref>{{cite magazine | url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/age-difference-between-bollywood-couples-115000-2012-09-01 | title=Don't mind the (age) gap | magazine=[[India Today]] | date=2 September 2012 | access-date=16 September 2013 | author=Bhatia, Ritu | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130906143235/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/age-difference-between-bollywood-couples/1/215735.html | archive-date=6 September 2013 | url-status=live }}</ref> Banu and he lived in [[Bandra]]. They did not have any children. In his autobiography, ''Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow'', he revealed that Banu had conceived in 1972, but developed complications in the pregnancy, leading to a miscarriage. Following this, they did not try to have children again, believing it to be God's will.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Dilip|title=Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow|publisher=Hay House India|year=2014|isbn=9789381398869}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Dilip Kumar Death: Why does the actor not have any children?|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-kumar-death-why-does-the-actor-not-have-any-children|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Free Press Journal|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707052918/https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-kumar-death-why-does-the-actor-not-have-any-children|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar was fluent in his native [[Hindko]], in his later years aiming to establish a Hindko Academy in Peshawar in order to safeguard the language,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Dr. Sayed Amjad |date=16 July 2021 |title=Conversations with Dilip Kumar |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/16-Jul-2021/conversations-with-dilip-kumar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250215142938/https://thefridaytimes.com/16-Jul-2021/conversations-with-dilip-kumar |archive-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[The Friday Times]]}}</ref> as well as [[Urdu]], [[Hindi]], [[English language|English]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Pashto]] and [[Farsi]]. He was also a great music enthusiast and also learnt how to play the [[sitar]] for a film.<ref name=":9">{{cite news|last=Rangan|first=Baradwaj|date=7 July 2021|title=Dilip Kumar, Indian Film Star Who Brought Realism to Bollywood, Dies at 98|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/world/asia/dilip-kumar-dead.html|access-date=7 July 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707033809/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/world/asia/dilip-kumar-dead.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He loved cricket and played it often.<ref>{{cite web|last=Debnath|first=Diganda|date=7 July 2021|title=Throwback: When Bollywood legends Dilip Kumar and Raj Kapoor had a cricketing encounter!|url=https://tv9news.com/sports/cricket-news/throwback-when-bollywood-legends-dilip-kumar-and-raj-kapoor-had-a-cricketing-encounter-43919.html|access-date=7 July 2021|website=TV9News|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185148/https://tv9news.com/sports/cricket-news/throwback-when-bollywood-legends-dilip-kumar-and-raj-kapoor-had-a-cricketing-encounter-43919.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He led a cricket team against [[Raj Kapoor]] in a friendly cricket match held for charity.<ref>{{cite web|first=Priyanka|last=Sharma|date=20 September 2020|title=Throwback to ultimate Bollywood face-off: Dilip Kumar vs Raj Kapoor on cricket pitch|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/throwback-video-dilip-kumar-raj-kapoor-on-cricket-pitch-6588437/|access-date=12 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712163803/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/throwback-video-dilip-kumar-raj-kapoor-on-cricket-pitch-6588437/|url-status=live}}</ref> Both growing up in [[Peshawar]] and in [[Bombay]], Dilip Kumar and his family had a close relationship with the [[Kapoor family]].<ref>{{cite web|date=4 October 2020|first=Shaikh|last=Ayaz|title=Bollywood's Pak Connection: Not just Dilip Kumar, many Hindi stars had their origins across the border|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-pakistan-connection-many-hindi-stars-had-their-origins-across-the-border-6667724/|access-date=12 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712163803/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/bollywood-pakistan-connection-many-hindi-stars-had-their-origins-across-the-border-6667724/|url-status=live}}</ref>

His younger brother [[Nasir Khan (actor)|Nasir Khan]] (1924–1974) was also a noted film actor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nasir Khan – Profile – Cineplot.com|url=http://cineplot.com/nasir-khan-profile|access-date=7 July 2021|archive-date=3 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903133511/http://cineplot.com/nasir-khan-profile/|url-status=live}}</ref> Two of his younger brothers, Aslam Khan (1932 - 2020) and Ehsan Khan (1930 - 2020), died after testing positive for [[COVID-19]] in 2020, within a space of two weeks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Veteran actor Dilip Kumar's brother Aslam Khan, who tested positive for COVID-19, passes away |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/veteran-actor-dilip-kumars-brother-aslam-khan-who-tested-positive-for-covid-19-passes-away/articleshow/77667504.cms|access-date=7 July 2021|website=The Times of India|date=21 August 2020 |archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821070245/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/veteran-actor-dilip-kumars-brother-aslam-khan-who-tested-positive-for-covid-19-passes-away/articleshow/77667504.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 September 2020|title=Dilip Kumar's younger brother Ehsan Khan dies at 90, had tested positive for Covid-19|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dilip-kumar-s-younger-brother-ehsan-khan-dies-at-90-had-tested-positive-for-covid-19/story-4TBXf3lcfNkN3ZS20XJLfL.html|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Hindustan Times|archive-date=3 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903162537/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dilip-kumar-s-younger-brother-ehsan-khan-dies-at-90-had-tested-positive-for-covid-19/story-4TBXf3lcfNkN3ZS20XJLfL.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Death ==
Kumar died at [[Hinduja Hospital]], Mumbai, on 7 July 2021 at 7:30 am, aged 98,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rangan |first1=Baradwaj |title=Dilip Kumar, Film Star Who Brought Realism to Bollywood, Dies at 98 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/06/world/asia/dilip-kumar-dead.html |access-date=24 August 2022 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=7 July 2021}}</ref><ref name="NDTV-PTI-Dies-21">{{Cite web|title=Film Legend Dilip Kumar Dies At 98|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dilip-kumar-one-of-indias-finest-actors-dies-at-98-after-long-illness-2480910|agency=Press Trust of India|date=7 July 2021|access-date=7 July 2021|website=NDTV.com|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707060443/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/dilip-kumar-one-of-indias-finest-actors-dies-at-98-after-long-illness-2480910|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dilip Kumar (1922-2021): Life and Times of the 'Tragedy King' |url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dilip-kumar-1922-2021-life-and-times-of-the-tragedy-king-3934076.html |access-date=7 July 2021 |work=News18 |date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707060426/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dilip-kumar-1922-2021-life-and-times-of-the-tragedy-king-3934076.html |url-status=live }}</ref> after a prolonged illness. He had been suffering from several age-related issues and was diagnosed with [[pleural effusion]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-07|title=Legendary Actor Dilip Kumar Passes Away at 98 After Prolonged Illness; Funeral at 5pm Today in Mumbai|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dilip-kumar-passes-away-at-age-of-98-3934067.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=News18|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726163021/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dilip-kumar-passes-away-at-age-of-98-3934067.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-07-07|title=Legendary actor Dilip Kumar dies at 98 due to prolonged illness|language=en-IN |newspaper=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/legendary-actor-dilip-kumar-dies-at-98-due-to-prolonged-illness/article35182970.ece|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726163017/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/legendary-actor-dilip-kumar-dies-at-98-due-to-prolonged-illness/article35182970.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government of Maharashtra]] approved his burial with state honours under [[COVID-19 pandemic|COVID-19]] restrictions at the Juhu Muslim Cemetery that same day.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 July 2021|title=Maharashtra approves state funeral for Dilip Kumar|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dilip-kumar-state-funeral-maharashtra-7393008/|access-date=7 July 2021|website=The Indian Express|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707064517/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/dilip-kumar-state-funeral-maharashtra-7393008/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dilip-kumars-funeral-to-take-place-with-full-state-honors-film-fraternity-gathers-to-pay-respects-3934679.html|title=Dilip Kumar Funeral: Legendary Actor Buried at Juhu Kabristan; Bollywood Pays Tributes|date=7 July 2021|website=News18|access-date=11 July 2021|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711210743/https://www.news18.com/news/movies/dilip-kumars-funeral-to-take-place-with-full-state-honors-film-fraternity-gathers-to-pay-respects-3934679.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Expressing their condolences, [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] stated in a tweet that Kumar would be remembered as a cinematic legend, while the [[President of India|President]], [[Ram Nath Kovind]], stated that "he was loved across the subcontinent".<ref name="NDTV-PTI-Dies-21" /> The [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], [[Imran Khan]], also expressed condolences for his death and remembered his efforts in raising funds for the [[Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre|Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital]] in a tweet.<ref>{{cite web |title=Imran Khan on Twitter |work=X (formerly Twitter) |url=https://mobile.twitter.com/ImranKhanPTI/status/1412666535131422723 |access-date=8 July 2021 |archive-date=15 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210715061358/https://mobile.twitter.com/ImranKhanPTI/status/1412666535131422723 |url-status=live }}{{primary source inline|date=August 2021}}</ref> and the former [[President of Afghanistan]], [[Hamid Karzai]] also expressed condolences to Kumar and his family.

== Artistry and legacy ==
Kumar is widely considered one of the greatest and most influential actors in the history of [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]],<ref name="sharma">{{cite book |last=Sharma |first=Vishwamitra |title=Famous Indians of the 21st Century |publisher=[[Pustak Mahal]] |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-223-0829-7 |pages=196}}

* <{{cite book |last=Dawar |first=Ramesh |title=Bollywood: yesterday, today, tomorrow |publisher=Star Publications |year=2006 |isbn=1-905863-01-2 |pages=8}}
* {{Cite web |title=Dilip Kumar (1922-2021): The legend who inspired generations of artists, Entertainment News {{!}} wionews.com |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-dilip-kumar-1922-2021-the-legend-who-inspired-generations-of-artists-396422/amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726201213/https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-dilip-kumar-1922-2021-the-legend-who-inspired-generations-of-artists-396422/amp |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=www.wionews.com|date=7 July 2021 }}</ref> and [[Film industry|cinema]] in general.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-07|title=Remembering Dilip Kumar: 7 evergreen classics that made him the 'Original King' of Hindi cinema|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/remembering-dilip-kumar-7-evergreen-classics-that-made-him-the-original-king-of-hindi-cinema-1005774.html|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713232313/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/remembering-dilip-kumar-7-evergreen-classics-that-made-him-the-original-king-of-hindi-cinema-1005774.html|url-status=live}}
* {{cite news |title=Dilip Kumar: Legendary Indian actor dies at 98 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57383702 |access-date=11 July 2021 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=11 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711004952/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-57383702 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite web|title=Dilip Kumar was greatest actor on global scale, says biographer Lord Meghnad Desai {{!}} Entertainment|url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/1642628-dilip-kumar-was-greatest-actor-on-global-scale-says-biographer-lord-meghnad-desai|access-date=2021-07-13|website=Devdiscourse|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713232315/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/entertainment/1642628-dilip-kumar-was-greatest-actor-on-global-scale-says-biographer-lord-meghnad-desai|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|last=Ajaz|first=Mahwash|title=Dilip Kumar was to India subcontinent, what Marlon Brando was to Hollywood: Humayun Saeed|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/dilip-kumar-was-to-india-subcontinent-what-marlon-brando-was-to-hollywood-humayun-saeed|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Khaleej Times|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726201214/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/citytimes/bollywood/dilip-kumar-was-to-india-subcontinent-what-marlon-brando-was-to-hollywood-humayun-saeed|url-status=live}}</ref> He inspired many great [[Cinema of India|Indian cinema]] actors from contemporaries like [[Balraj Sahni]] to succeeding generations of artists, including [[Rajendra Kumar]], [[Manoj Kumar]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Kamal Haasan]], [[Mammootty]], [[Aamir Khan]] and [[Naseeruddin Shah]] among others.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Mazumder|first=Ranjib|date=2015-12-11|title=Before Brando, There Was Dilip Kumar|url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/before-brando-there-was-dilip-kumar|access-date=2021-07-26|website=TheQuint|language=en|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726201214/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/before-brando-there-was-dilip-kumar|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|last=Hegde|first=Rajul|title='Even actors of today have influences of Dilip Kumar'|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/javed-akhtar-even-actors-of-today-have-influences--of-dilip-kumar/20121111.htm|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Rediff|language=en|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710060911/https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/javed-akhtar-even-actors-of-today-have-influences--of-dilip-kumar/20121111.htm|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite news|last=Kumar|first=Anuj|date=2021-07-07|title=Dilip Kumar, the pole star of a golden age of Hindi cinema, no more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/remembering-dilip-kumar-the-pole-star-of-the-golden-age-of-hindi-cinema/article35182969.ece|access-date=2021-07-26|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707035142/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/remembering-dilip-kumar-the-pole-star-of-the-golden-age-of-hindi-cinema/article35182969.ece|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|date=2015-12-11|title='Best actor this country has produced': Kamal Haasan remembers Dilip Kumar on his 93rd birthday|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/best-actor-this-country-has-produced-kamal-haasan-remembers-dilip-kumar-on-his-93th-birthday-2540288.html|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Firstpost|archive-date=11 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210711004952/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/best-actor-this-country-has-produced-kamal-haasan-remembers-dilip-kumar-on-his-93th-birthday-2540288.html|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web |title=Dulquer Salmaan shares why Dilip Kumar was Mammootty's absolute favourite person |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dulquer-salmaan-shares-why-dilip-kumar-was-mammootty-s-absolute-favourite-person-1824990-2021-07-07 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=India Today |date=7 July 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Kumar, who pioneered his own form of method acting without any acting school experience,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kumar|first=Dilip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2UZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12|title=Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow|date=2014-07-28|publisher=Hay House, Inc|isbn=978-93-81398-96-8|language=en|access-date=10 July 2021|archive-date=10 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210710060911/https://books.google.com/books?id=J2UZBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT12|url-status=live}}</ref> was described as "''the ultimate method actor''" by renowned filmmaker [[Satyajit Ray]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-02-08|title=The Hindu : Arts / Magazine: Unmatched innings|website=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article597902.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120208164035/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article597902.ece|archive-date=2012-02-08|access-date=2021-07-26}}</ref>

A part of the "Trinity – The Golden Trio" (along with [[Raj Kapoor]] and [[Dev Anand]]),<ref>{{cite news |last1=Basu |first1=Nilanjana |title="Legendary Trio" Of Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor And Dev Anand Make A Comeback Via Karisma's Instagram |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/legendary-trio-of-dilip-kumar-raj-kapoor-and-dev-anand-make-a-comeback-via-karismas-instagram-2481479 |access-date=27 August 2021 |work=NDTV |archive-date=17 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217130119/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/legendary-trio-of-dilip-kumar-raj-kapoor-and-dev-anand-make-a-comeback-via-karismas-instagram-2481479 |url-status=live }}</ref> Kumar was popularly referred to as "''Abhinay Samrat''" ([[Hindi]] for "Emperor of Acting") by the audience.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Nayar|first1=Udaytara|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e3FKDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F&pg=PA1|title=DILIP KUMAR: WAJOOD AUR PARCHHAIEN|last2=Ranjan|first2=Prabhat|last3=Dhir|first3=Yugank|date=2018-02-01|publisher=Vāṇī Prakāśana|isbn=978-93-86799-68-5|language=hi|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217130117/https://books.google.com/books?id=e3FKDwAAQBAJ&dq=%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F&pg=PA1|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|last=Padhye|first=Anitaa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TaYEEAAAQBAJ&dq=dilip+kumar+abhinay+samrat+google+book&pg=PA164|title=Ek tha Goldie|date=2020|publisher=Manjul Publishing|isbn=978-93-90085-26-2|language=hi|access-date=16 November 2021|archive-date=17 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220217130120/https://books.google.com/books?id=TaYEEAAAQBAJ&dq=dilip+kumar+abhinay+samrat+google+book&pg=PA164|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite web|title=Condolences expressed on the death of Dilip Kumar|url=https://m.punjabkesari.com/article/many-actors-including-amitabh-bachchan-expressed-grief-over-the-death-of-dilip-kumar/422218/amp|url-status=live|website=Punjab Kesari|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210708064111/https://m.punjabkesari.com/article/many-actors-including-amitabh-bachchan-expressed-grief-over-the-death-of-dilip-kumar/422218/amp |archive-date=8 July 2021 }}</ref> He was also dubbed in the media as "''Tragedy King''" because of the acclaimed dramatic roles he took early in his career and is also retrospectively known as "''[[Khans of Bollywood|The First Khan]]''" of Bollywood.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite web |date=11 December 2016 |title=Happy Birthday Dilip Kumar: As Dilip Kumar turns 94, a look at his titanic reputation as India's finest method actor |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-kumar-happy-birthday-turns-94-a-look-at-his-journey-india-first-method-actor-4420625/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321214400/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-kumar-happy-birthday-turns-94-a-look-at-his-journey-india-first-method-actor-4420625/ |archive-date=21 March 2019 |access-date=21 March 2019 |website=Indianexpress.com}}
* {{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |date=7 July 2021 |title=Dilip Kumar: The undisputed 'Tragedy King' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dilip-kumar-the-undisputed-tragedy-king-1005777.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707060424/https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/dilip-kumar-the-undisputed-tragedy-king-1005777.html |archive-date=7 July 2021 |access-date=7 July 2021 |website=Deccan Herald}}</ref> Other than these, of recent, he is often referred in the media as "''The Kohinoor of Indian cinema''".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dilip Kumar last rites: The Kohinoor of Indian cinema laid to rest|url=https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sitara/cinema/dilip-kumar-last-rites-the-kohinoor-of-indian-cinema-laid-to-rest/na20210707173017208|access-date=2021-10-22|website=ETV Bharat News|date=7 July 2021 |archive-date=22 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022195848/https://www.etvbharat.com/english/national/sitara/cinema/dilip-kumar-last-rites-the-kohinoor-of-indian-cinema-laid-to-rest/na20210707173017208|url-status=live}}</ref> Kumar was the biggest Indian star of the 1950s and 1960s era,<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last1=Desk |first1=Wion Photo |title=Remembering Dilip Kumar: The most iconic films of the megastar of Bollywood - Entertainment News |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/rise-of-indias-first-super-star-dilip-kumar-from-mughal-e-azam-to-karma-386/amp |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=www.wionews.com}}
*{{Cite web|title=Dilip Kumar: Bollywood legend who narrowed India-Pakistan divide
|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2310492/dilip-kumar-bollywood-legend-who-narrowed-india-pakistan-divide
|access-date=2022-12-06
|website=tribune.com.pk|date=14 July 2021
}}

*See Dilip Kumar section, {{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Bhaichand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC&q=Dilip+kumar+dominated+the+scene+through+the+50s |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema |date=2016-01-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-598-5 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Dilip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J2UZBAAAQBAJ&q=dilip+kumar+biggest+star |title=Dilip Kumar: The Substance and the Shadow |date=2014-07-28 |publisher=Hay House, Inc |isbn=978-93-81398-96-8 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Ruskin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBrpDAAAQBAJ&dq=dilip+kumar+biggest+star+of+the+era&pg=PT106 |title=Whispers in the Dark: A Book of Spooks |date=2016-09-20 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-86057-96-9 |language=en}}</ref> a national icon and the country's highest paid actor during this period.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cg1uAAAAMAAJ&q=dilip+kumar+national+icon |title=Data India |date=2004 |publisher=Press Institute of India |pages=119 |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=Five reasons why Dilip Kumar was the 'icon of icons' |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/five-reasons-why-dilip-kumar-was-the-icon-of-icons-1005955.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Britannica |first=Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8y8vN9A14nkC&pg=PA137 |title=Encyclopaedia of Hindi Cinema |date=2003 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7991-066-5 |pages=137 |language=en}}
*{{Cite book |last=Menon |first=Nikhil |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RxhdEAAAQBAJ&dq=dilip+kumar+matinee+idol+and+country%27s+highest+paid+actor&pg=PA153 |title=Planning Democracy |date=2022-03-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-316-51733-8 |pages=153 |language=en}}</ref> His prolific period as a leading artist coincides with what retrospectively came to be known as the "''Golden Age of Hindi cinema''", with him playing a key role in its legacy.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2021-07-07 |title=Dilip Kumar, the pole star of a golden age of Hindi cinema, no more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/remembering-dilip-kumar-the-pole-star-of-the-golden-age-of-hindi-cinema/article35182969.ece |access-date=2022-11-16 |issn=0971-751X}}
* See Foreword section, {{Cite book |last=U |first=Saiam Z. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JSVCCwAAQBAJ&q=golden+age+of+hindi+cinema |title=Houseful The Golden Years of Hindi Cinema |date=2012 |publisher=Om Books International |isbn=978-93-80070-25-4 |language=en}}</ref> Film historian [[Maithili Rao]] states, "He towered like a mountain in the middle of Hindi film history, obscuring his predecessors and dwarfing his contemporaries."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Patel |first=Bhaichand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yQYcxZ8wmsC&q=Dilip+kumar+dominated+the+scene+through+the+50s |title=Bollywood's Top 20: Superstars of Indian Cinema |date=2016-01-15 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-81-8475-598-5 |language=en}}</ref>

He is retrospectively recognised as "''The First Superstar of Indian cinema''".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilip Kumar Filmography, Movies List, Box Office Collection with HIT or Flop Verdict - Boxofficeindia, Box Office India, Box Office Collection, Bollywood Box Office, Bollywood Box Office |url=https://www.addatoday.com/2020/04/dilip-kumar-filmography-movies-list-box.html?m=1 |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=www.addatoday.com| date=17 April 2020 }}
* {{Cite web |last1=Desk |first1=Wion Photo |title=Remembering Dilip Kumar: The most iconic films of the megastar of Bollywood - Entertainment News |url=https://www.wionews.com/photos/rise-of-indias-first-super-star-dilip-kumar-from-mughal-e-azam-to-karma-386/amp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.wionews.com}}
* {{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title=A Look At The Unparalleled Brilliance Of Dilip Kumar, The First Superstar Of Indian Film Industry |url=https://www.scoopwhoop.com/entertainment/dilip-kumar-the-first-superstar-of-indian-cinema-passes-away/ |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Scoopwhoop |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |title=Dilip Kumar: Bollywood star and 'tragedy king' dies aged 98 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/dilip-kumar-bollywood-star-and-tragedy-king-dies-aged-98-12350601 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Sky News |language=en}}
* {{Cite news |date=2021-07-07 |title=Interview {{!}} Dilip Kumar: I don't believe in stardom |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/interview-dilip-kumar-i-dont-believe-in-stardom/article61445343.ece |access-date=2022-11-17 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He became one of the earliest and most revered stars in the history of Indian cinema having legions of fans across the [[Indian subcontinent|subcontinent]] and among the [[South Asian diaspora]] worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nannar |first=Nina |date=2021-07-07 |title=South Asian diaspora grieve 'tragedy king' Dilip Kumar |url=https://www.itv.com/news/2021-07-07/dilip-kumar-india-and-its-diaspora-grieve-the-tragedy-king |access-date=2022-11-01 |website=ITV News |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |date=2021-07-08 |title=Dilip Kumar: An actor who rose to top by breaking conventions |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/dilip-kumar-an-actor-who-rose-to-top-by-breaking-conventions-1006180.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726201213/https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/dilip-kumar-an-actor-who-rose-to-top-by-breaking-conventions-1006180.html |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}
* {{Cite web |last=Grater |first=Tom |date=2021-07-07 |title=Dilip Kumar Dies: Indian Megastar Was 98; Tributes From Amitabh Bachchan, Narendra Modi & More |url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/dilip-kumar-indian-megastar-98-tributes-amitabh-bachchan-narendra-modi-more-1234787363/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716031543/https://deadline.com/2021/07/dilip-kumar-indian-megastar-98-tributes-amitabh-bachchan-narendra-modi-more-1234787363/ |archive-date=16 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}
* {{Cite web |title=Dilip Kumar: People across the subcontinent pay tributes to Bollywood icon |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/7/dilip-kumar-indians-pakistanis-pay-tributes-the-bollywood-icon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726223143/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/7/7/dilip-kumar-indians-pakistanis-pay-tributes-the-bollywood-icon |archive-date=26 July 2021 |access-date=2021-07-26 |website=www.aljazeera.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2013, on the occasion of the centenary of Indian cinema, he was declared the "Biggest superstar of all time" by [[Filmfare]] in its poll of the same title.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poll: Biggest superstar of all time |url=https://www.filmfare.com//features/poll-biggest-superstar-of-all-time-2987.html |access-date=2022-12-10 |website=filmfare.com |language=en}}</ref>

As of 2020, he is by far, the most successful [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] star of all time with over 80% box-office successes and numerous gross records.<ref name=":2">"The best box office record for a star(male or female) in Hindi films is held by the legendary Dilip Kumar." {{Cite web |date=2005-06-03 |title=Welcome to your web site |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/ |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050603002355/http://boxofficeindia.com/ |archive-date=3 June 2005 }}
*"Based on purely box office record Dilip Kumar stands way ahead as he is by far the best box office record with 80% of his films being successes and nearly 50% outright hits." {{Cite web |date=2006-10-14 |title=BoxOfficeIndia.Com-The complete Hindi film box office site |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/sept2006youaskedit.htm |access-date=2022-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014183630/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/sept2006youaskedit.htm |archive-date=14 October 2006 }}
*{{Cite web |title=Manoj Kumar Phenomenal Box Office Record As An Actor|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=9053|date=6 April 2025}}</ref> Kumar appeared in ''[[Box Office India]]''{{'}}s "Top Actors" list nineteen times from 1947 to 1965. He topped the list sixteen times (1948–1963).<ref>{{cite web |title=Top Actors |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219165002/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/cpages.php?pageName=top_actors |archive-date=19 February 2008 |access-date=24 April 2020 |work=Box Office India}}</ref> Trade analysts have acknowledged that many of his films were commercially successful despite their heavy theme and non-commercial nature because the masses gathered in [[cinemas]] across [[India]] only to see him act, a unique feat as anything such hasn't happened with any other actor. This had been particularly apparent in the late 1940s and early 1950s, a period in which he got the title of "''Tragedy King''" in [[media outlets]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Legend Dilip Kumar Passes Away At 98 - Box Office India |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6255 |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> In the review of the last film of his initial phase, the 1976 musical ''[[Bairaag]]'', [[The Hindu]], remarked, "For more than 25 years Dilip Kumar was the king at the box office. His name was almost a guarantee of success not only at the time of the release of the film but even in re-runs his films made more money than fresh releases of many of his contemporaries."<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-09-24 |title=Bairaag (1976) |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/bairaag-1976/article7684867.ece |access-date=2022-11-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Renowned director, [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]], called him "a phenomenon at the time", stating all his films had the hype, "he was absolutely a one-man industry".<ref>{{Citation |last=Divi |title=Hrishikesh Mukherjee talks about his first directorial and the craze of Dilip Kumar ( 360 P)( 1) |date=2022-11-17 |url=http://archive.org/details/hrishikesh-mukherjee-talks-about-his-first-directorial-and-craze-of-Dilip-Kumar-360-p-1 |access-date=2022-11-17}} "all this films, you know, there was Devdas; he was absolutely a one-man industry"</ref>

In the second phase of his career, which saw him playing mature roles that were the main leads of his films, often driving them to immense success, ''Box Office India'' notes, "This was the part of his illustrious career which sets him apart from all other actors as no one else has managed to such success as a character artist."<ref name=":8" /> Renowned actor [[Irrfan Khan]], remarked, "Till date, no other actor has had that kind of an impact on people's hearts. The kind of combination he brought along – of an actor and a star – was never seen before him. It started with him, and ended with him. His career, his working style, his personal lifestyle or his choice of films, nothing sets a wrong example. He is a true legend. These days, the word {{'}}''legend''{{'}} is used loosely, but I strongly believe that he is the only one who deserves to be called ''the legend''".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-07 |title='Dilip Kumar was an acting institution'; when Anil Kapoor, Irrfan Khan honoured his talents |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/dilip-kumar-was-an-acting-institution-when-anil-kapoor-irrfan-khan-honoured-his-talents-101625628152908.html |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
[[File:Rajnath Singh presented the Padma Vibhushan Award to Shri Dilip Kumar, at his residence, in Pali Hill, Mumbai. The Governor of Maharashtra, Shri C. Vidyasagar Rao and the Chief Minister of Maharashtra.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|Kumar being awarded [[Padma Vibhushan]] by [[Rajnath Singh|Home Minister Rajnath Singh]] (right), [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]] (extreme left) and governor [[C. Vidyasagar Rao]] (extreme right) ({{circa|2015}}).]]

Kumar, Raj Kapoor and [[Dev Anand]] together formed "the golden trio" of Indian cinema in the 1950s and 1960s, with the camaraderie between the three contemporary actors, all renowned for their own style.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilip Kumar (1922-2021): The legend who inspired generations of artists - Entertainment News |url=https://www.wionews.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-dilip-kumar-1922-2021-the-legend-who-inspired-generations-of-artists-396422/amp |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=www.wionews.com|date=7 July 2021 }}
* {{Cite web |title=Dilip Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Dev Anand: Hindi cinema's golden trio - The Week |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2021/07/07/dilip-kumar-raj-kapoor-dev-anand-hindi-cinema-golden-trio.html |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=www.theweek.in}}</ref> Kumar was the biggest Indian star of this era,<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Bond |first=Ruskin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CBrpDAAAQBAJ&dq=dilip+kumar+biggest+star+of+the+era&pg=PT106 |title=Whispers in the Dark: A Book of Spooks |date=2016-09-20 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-86057-96-9 |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |last=Hussain |first=Shabir |title=How Bollywood legend Dilip Kumar became India's biggest star |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-bollywood-legend-dilip-kumar-became-indias-biggest-star-1.75765994 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016001419/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/bollywood/how-bollywood-legend-dilip-kumar-became-indias-biggest-star-1.75765994 |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=Gulf News |date=9 December 2020 |language=en}}
*{{Cite web |last=An |first=Gautam |date=2019-01-03 |title=Here's the Full List of Best and Greatest Bollywood Actors of All Time |url=https://thecinemaholic.com/best-greatest-bollywood-actors-of-all-time/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016001422/https://thecinemaholic.com/best-greatest-bollywood-actors-of-all-time/ |archive-date=16 October 2021 |access-date=2021-10-15 |website=The Cinemaholic |language=en-US}}</ref> a national icon, holding the status of a [[matinée idol]]. He was the country's highest-paid actor during this period.<ref name=":6" />

From the independence of India in 1947 to the late 2010s, Kumar held the record of performing in the highest number of highest-grossing films of the year (9 films), until his record was broken by [[Salman Khan]], who performed in 10 such films. However, as per new reports from [[Box Office India]], highest grossing Indian film in 1991 was Kumar's [[Saudagar (1991 film)|''Saudagar'']] (1991) instead of Khan's ''[[Saajan]]'' (1991), thus perhaps re-establishing his record.<ref>{{cite news |last=Thombare |first=Suparna |date=23 July 2019 |title=Which is the Highest Grossing Indian Film of All Time? |website=TheQuint |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/ten-highest-grossing-bollywood-films-of-all-time-inflation |url-status=live |access-date=4 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604190505/https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/ten-highest-grossing-bollywood-films-of-all-time-inflation |archive-date=4 June 2021}}

* {{Cite web |title=The Top Actor Of 2020 - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6153 |access-date=2022-11-02 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

He is the only actor in India to have delivered at least one bonafide "hit" at the box office for 15 years straight, from 1947 to 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-07-07 |title=Dilip Kumar death anniversary: The legend held THIS box office records for 15 years; beat SRK, Salman |url=https://www.bollywoodlife.com/box-office/dilip-kumar-death-anniversary-the-legend-holds-this-box-office-records-for-15-years-beats-shah-rukh-khan-salman-khan-and-more-entertainment-news-2121265/ |access-date=2022-11-17 |website=Bollywood Life |language=en}}</ref> He also did not give a single flop in a period of 15 years from 1952 to 1965.<ref name=":4" /> According to many sources, he is the only Indian actor to have more than one film (3 or 4) among the top 10 [[List of highest-grossing films in India|highest-grossing films of Indian cinema]] when adjusted for ticket-price inflation. These films are {{Lang|hi-latn|[[Naya Daur (1957 film)|Naya Daur]]}} (1957), ''[[Mughal-e-Azam]]'' (1960), ''[[Gunga Jumna]]'' (1961), and ''[[Kranti]]'' (1981).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thombare |first=Suparna |date=2019-07-23 |title=Which is the Highest Grossing Indian Film of All Time? |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/bollywood/ten-highest-grossing-bollywood-films-of-all-time-inflation |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Himani |date=2018-03-09 |title=Highest Grossing Films of Indian Cinema, Ever |url=https://www.indianfilminstitute.org/post/2018/02/21/highest-grossing-films-in-india-inflation-adjusted |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=IndianFilmInstitute |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rewind - Forty Years Of Historic Blockbuster KRANTI - Box Office India |url=https://boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=6155 |access-date=2022-12-06 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

Over his career, Kumar received eight [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Filmfare Awards for Best Actor]] (with 19 total nominations), the most of any actor (and was also its inaugural recipient),<ref>{{cite web|title=Most best actor Filmfare awards|url=https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-best-actor-filmfare-awards|access-date=7 July 2021|website=Guinness World Records|archive-date=7 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210707033932/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/most-best-actor-filmfare-awards/|url-status=live}}</ref> and a [[Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award]] (1993).<ref>{{cite news|date=27 February 2007|title=Things that u don't know about Filmfare Awards...(Part IV)|newspaper=Sify Movies|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/things-that-u-don-t-know-about-filmfare-awards-part-iv-news-bollywood-kkfv7Sahcih.html|access-date=14 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110218150651/http://www.sify.com/movies/things-that-u-don-t-know-about-filmfare-awards-part-iv-news-bollywood-kkfv7Sahcih.html|archive-date=18 February 2011}}</ref> He holds the record for most consecutive [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor#Superlatives|Filmfare award for Best Actor]] wins. He also received a Special Recognition Filmfare Award at the [[50th Filmfare Awards]] for being one of the first recipients of Filmfare Awards along with [[Lata Mangeshkar]] and [[Naushad|Naushad Ali]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Lifetime">{{cite news|title=Lifetime Achievement (Popular)|publisher=Filmfare Awards|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33782146|access-date=14 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212082935/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/cms.dll/articleshow?artid=33782146|archive-date=12 February 2008}}</ref> and a cine icon for his enduring legacy at the 70th Filmfare Awards along with [[Bimal Roy]], [[Nutan (actress)|Nutan]] and [[Meena Kumari]].<ref name="CineIcon">{{cite news|title=CineIcon|publisher=Filmfare Awards|url=https://x.com/filmfare/status/1977057382824870130|access-date=11 October 2025}}</ref>

Kumar was appointed [[Sheriff of Mumbai]] (an honorary position) in 1980.<ref>{{cite web|date=30 November 1979|title=Film star Dilip Kumar appointed Sheriff of Bombay by Maharashtra Governor Sadiq Ali|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19791130-film-star-dilip-kumar-appointed-sheriff-of-bombay-by-maharashtra-governor-sadiq-ali-822398-2014-02-22|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011133914/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/signposts/story/19791130-film-star-dilip-kumar-appointed-sheriff-of-bombay-by-maharashtra-governor-sadiq-ali-822398-2014-02-22|archive-date=11 October 2020|access-date=2 March 2021|website=India Today}}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured Kumar with the [[Padma Bhushan]] in 1991, the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] in 1994 and the [[Padma Vibhushan]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Padma Awards 2015|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952|access-date=26 January 2015|agency=Press Information Bureau, Government of India|date=25 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128022143/http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=114952|archive-date=28 January 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] honoured Kumar with [[NTR National Award]] in 1997. He was honoured with [[CNN-IBN]]'s Lifetime Achievement Award in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|date=3 February 2009|title=IOTY 2008: ISRO boss, team Chandrayaan|work=IBNLive |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ioty-2008-isro-boss-team-chandrayaan/84310-19.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102111126/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ioty-2008-isro-boss-team-chandrayaan/84310-19.html|archive-date=2 January 2014|access-date=16 September 2013|publisher=CNN IBN}}</ref> The Government of Madhya Pradesh honoured Kumar with Rashtriya Kishore Kumar Samman in 2015.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/oct/16/dilip-kumar-sai-paranjpye-to-be-honored-with-kishore-kumar-award-830243.html |date=16 October 2015 |title=Dilip Kumar, Sai Paranjpye to be honoured with National Kishore Kumar Award |newspaper=[[The New Indian Express]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211210211127/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/hindi/2015/oct/16/Dilip-Kumar-Sai-Paranjpye-to-Be-Honored-With-Kishore-Kumar-Award-830243.html |archive-date=10 December 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref>

The [[Government of Pakistan]] conferred Kumar with the [[Nishan-e-Imtiaz]], the highest civilian award in [[Pakistan]], in 1998.<ref name="Dilip Kumar, Nishan-e-Imtiaz1">{{cite web|work=The Indian Express|first1=Meghnad|last1=Desai|date=17 September 2014|title=Dilip Kumar's autobiography reveals his journey from Peshawar to Bombay|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/book-review-the-actor-among-stars/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328051144/http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/books/book-review-the-actor-among-stars/|archive-date=28 March 2017|access-date=28 March 2017|page=1}}</ref><ref name="Dilip Kumar, Nishan-e-Imtiaz2">{{cite news|location=India|year=2014|title=Indian media: Dilip Kumar's Pakistan home a heritage site|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28289542|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328051932/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-28289542|archive-date=28 March 2017|access-date=28 March 2017|pages=1}}</ref> The ruling political party of [[Shiv Sena (1966–2022)|Shiv Sena]] in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]], had objected to this award and questioned Kumar's patriotism. However, in 1999, in consultation with the then [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], Kumar retained the award. Vajpayee declared, "There is no doubt about film star Dilip Kumar's patriotism and commitment to the nation."<ref>{{cite web |date=11 July 1999 |title=Dilip Kumar decides to retain Nishan-e-Imtiaz |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11dilip.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328173830/http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/11dilip.htm |archive-date=28 March 2014 |access-date=16 September 2013 |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Kumar later said in his autobiography that returning it "could have only soured relations further and produced bad vibes between India and Pakistan."<ref name=":9" /> Many believe this incident prolonged his wait for [[Bharat Ratna]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=2021-07-07 |title=Dilip Kumar, the pole star of a golden age of Hindi cinema, no more |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/remembering-dilip-kumar-the-pole-star-of-the-golden-age-of-hindi-cinema/article35182969.ece |access-date=2022-11-19 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The [[House of Dilip Kumar]] in [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]], was declared a national heritage monument in 2014 by the then [[Pakistani Prime Minister]] [[Nawaz Sharif]].<ref>{{Cite web|agency=PTI|date=14 July 2014|title=Dilip Kumar's ancestral home in Pakistan declared national heritage|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/dilip-kumars-ancestral-home-in-pakistan-declared-national-heritage/1269577/|access-date=12 July 2021|website=The Financial Express|archive-date=12 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712162835/https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/dilip-kumars-ancestral-home-in-pakistan-declared-national-heritage/1269577/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Kumar was voted the "Greatest Indian Actor of All Time" in a [[Rediff.com|Rediff]] Readers poll in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sen|first=Raja|date=June 27, 2011|title=Readers Choice: The Greatest Indian actors of all time|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-readers-choice-the-finest-indian-actors-of-all-time/20110627.htm|access-date=2021-07-26|website=Rediff|location=Mumbai|language=en|archive-date=14 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614040357/https://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-readers-choice-the-finest-indian-actors-of-all-time/20110627.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> He holds the [[Guinness World Records|Guinness World Record]] for having received the most awards by an Indian actor.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-07-07|title=Obituary: Dilip Kumar|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24140485|access-date=2021-07-26|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726063733/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-24140485|url-status=live}}</ref> He was honoured by the ''World Book of Records'' on his 97th birthday for his "matchless contribution to Indian cinema and promoting social causes".<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 14, 2019|title=Dilip Kumar honoured by World Book of Records, wife Saira Banu receives certificate on his behalf|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dilip-kumar-honoured-by-world-book-of-records-wife-saira-banu-receives-certificate-on-his-behalf-1628203-2019-12-14|access-date=2021-07-26|website=India Today|location=Mumbai|language=en|agency=Indo-Asian News Service|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726201213/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dilip-kumar-honoured-by-world-book-of-records-wife-saira-banu-receives-certificate-on-his-behalf-1628203-2019-12-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}
* {{BH person}}

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards by Dilip Kumar
| list =
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{IFFI - Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award}}
{{NTR National Award}}
{{Padma Vibhushan Awards}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1990–99}}
{{FilmfareBestActorAward}}
{{FilmfareLifetimeAchievementAward}}
}}
{{Authority control}}
{{portalbar|Biography|Film|India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Dilip}}
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2021 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Film producers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian male voice actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of Nishan-e-Imtiaz]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Sheriffs of Mumbai]]
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Kumar Dilip]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Indian actor-politicians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Mumbai]]
[[Category:People from Peshawar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Vibhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Filmfare Awards winners]]
[[Category:Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award winners]]
[[Category:Method actors]]
[[Category:People from British India]]
[[Category:Dilip Kumar| ]]

Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority

2026-03-26T08:35:01Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: stub

{{Short description|State Disaster Management Authority, Government of Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{orphan|date=March 2024}}

{{Infobox institute
| name = Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority
| established = 2011
| chairman = Chairman - Hon'ble Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath, Vice Chairman - Hon'ble Lt. General Yogendra Dimri, AVSM
| address = Picup Bhawan, B-2 Ground floor, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226010
| location = VX9W+5PP, Mandi Parishad Rd, Vibhuti Khand, Gomti Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226010
| city = Lucknow
| state = Uttar Pradesh
| country = India
| website = https://upsdma.up.nic.in/
}}

== Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority ==
The [[Uttar Pradesh]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=State Portal, Government of Uttar Pradesh |url=https://up.gov.in/en}}</ref> State Disaster Management Authority is a government agency tasked with the responsibility of coordinating disaster management efforts within the state of [[Uttar Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the State Disaster Management Authority, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://upsdma.up.nic.in/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=upsdma.up.nic.in |archive-date=2024-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214011823/https://upsdma.up.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> It was established to address the growing challenges posed by natural and man-made disasters, and operates under the mandate of the [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]].<ref name=":0">{{Citation |title=Disaster Management Act, 2005 |date=2024-02-03 |work=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disaster_Management_Act,_2005&oldid=1202784696 |access-date=2024-02-18 |language=en}}</ref> Since its inception on January 12, 2011, the [[Uttar Pradesh]] State Disaster Management Authority has been at the forefront of disaster preparedness, response, and mitigation efforts within the state of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VC Message |url=https://upsdma.up.nic.in/VC.htm |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=upsdma.up.nic.in}}</ref>

== Background ==
The authority was established under Section 14 of the [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]], making it compulsory for each State Government to establish a State Disaster Management Authority.<ref name=":0" /> This body comprises the State's [[List of chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]], serving as the chairperson, and a maximum of eight members appointed by the Chief Minister. Furthermore, as outlined in Section 22, the State Executive Committee is tasked with formulating the state disaster management plan and executing the National Plan. Additionally, under Section 28, the State Disaster Management Authority is obligated to ensure that all state departments develop disaster management plans in accordance with the directives issued by the National and State Authorities.<ref name=":0" />

== Vice Chairperson ==
[[Yogendra Dimri|Lt. Gen. Yogendra Dimri]], [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]], has assumed the role of Vice Chairman of the Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority, succeeding [[Lt. Gen. Ravindra Pratap Sahi]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]], who served in this capacity from 2018 to 2024. According to the provisions outlined in clause (b) of subsection (2) of Section 14 of the [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]], the Vice Chairperson is designated by the chairman, who is the [[Chief minister|Chief Minister]] of the state.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=GoUP |title=Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Office, Lucknow |url=https://upcmo.up.nic.in/}}</ref> [[Yogendra Dimri|Lt. Gen. Dimri]] commenced his new position effective January 15, 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-17 |title=Lt Gen (retd) Dimri isSDMA vice-chairman |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/former-lt-gen-dimri-assumes-vicechairmanship-of-up-state-disaster-management-authority/articleshow/106913781.cms |access-date=2024-02-18 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== State Executive Committee (SEC) ==
According to section 20(1) of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disaster_Management_Act,_2005&oldid=1202784696 Disaster Management Act, 2005],<ref name=":0" /> there is a provision for the establishment of a State Executive Committee (SEC). This committee, led by the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of the state, is tasked with the coordination and oversight of the implementation of the National Policy, the National Plan, and the State Plan as outlined in the DM Act 2005.

The State Executive Committee comprises several members, including the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] to the State Government, who serves as the Chairperson ex officio, and four Secretaries to the Government of the State from relevant departments as determined by the State Government. The primary role of the State Executive Committee is to support the Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority in its functions and to facilitate coordinated action in line with guidelines set by the State Authority. Additionally, it ensures compliance with directives issued by the State Government.

== State Advisory Committee ==
Section 17 of the [[Disaster Management Act, 2005]],<ref name=":0" /> the lays down the procedure of appointing advisory committee by the State Authority. This committee can be formed as deemed necessary by the State Authority and is typically composed of experts with specialised knowledge and practical experience in disaster management. The primary purpose of this advisory committee is to provide recommendations on various aspects of disaster management based on their expertise and experience. Under Section 17(1) of Disaster Management Act, 2005<ref name=":0" /> the UPSDMA has appointed Dr. Bhanu Mall, [https://scholar.google.co.in/citations?user=TQbAOvwAAAAJ&hl=en Dr. Kashif Imdad] and Dr. P.K. Rao as members of the State Advisory Committee.<ref>{{Cite news |last=express |first=samer |date=2022 |title=पदा प्रबंधन उत्तर प्रदेश के डा.भानु, डा.इमदाद और प्रवेंद्र कुमार राय सलाहकार समिति के सदस्य नामित किए गए |url=https://www.samerexpress.in/aapada-prabandhan-uttar-pradesh-ke-dr-bhanu/ |archive-date=2022-08-28 |access-date=2024-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220828182243/https://www.samerexpress.in/aapada-prabandhan-uttar-pradesh-ke-dr-bhanu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== State Disaster Management Plan-2023 ==
The Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Plan-2023,<ref>{{Cite web | work = Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Authority | publisher = Government Of Uttar Pradesh |year=2023 |title=Uttar Pradesh State Disaster Management Plan |url=https://upsdma.up.nic.in/SDMP-2023.htm |access-date=8 April 2025 }}</ref> formulated by UPSDMA, aims to build a disaster-resilient state aligned with national and global frameworks. Its objectives include assessing risks, promoting disaster risk reduction, strengthening governance, mainstreaming DRM into development, ensuring effective response, and building back better. Key features include a multi-hazard approach, time-bound implementation, stakeholder engagement, and a focus on prevention, mitigation, and technology integration. The organizational structure involves the SDMA at the state level, headed by the Chief Minister, the SEC led by the Chief Secretary, the State Relief Commissioner, SDRF, SEOC, and DDMAs at the district level. The plan outlines procedures for various disasters and emphasizes social inclusion and capacity building.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Organisations based in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Disaster management]]

Feral horse

2026-03-25T07:47:50Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: rework lead and added references

{{Short description|Free horses of domesticated horse ancestry}}
{{For|information on never-domesticated horse species|Wild horse}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2018}}
[[Image:Assateague fg02.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Feral [[Chincoteague pony|Chincoteague ponies]] on Assateague Island, Virginia]]
[[File:Namib desert feral horses.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|Feral horses of the [[Namib]]]]
[[Image:TuleHorses.JPG|thumb|upright=0.9|Feral horses in [[Tule Valley]], [[Utah]]]]
A '''feral horse''' is a free-roaming [[horse]] of [[domestication|domesticated]] stock. As such, a [[feral]] horse is not a wild animal in the sense of an animal without domesticated ancestors. However, some populations of feral horses are managed as [[wildlife]], and these horses often are popularly called "wild" horses. Feral horses are descended from domestic horses that strayed, escaped, or were deliberately released into the wild and remained to survive and reproduce there. Away from humans, over time, these animals' patterns of behavior revert to behavior more closely resembling that of wild horses. Some horses that live in a feral state but may be occasionally handled or managed by humans, particularly if privately owned, are referred to as "[[semi-feral]]".

Feral horses live in groups called a ''herd'', ''band'', ''harem'', or ''mob''. Feral horse herds, like those of [[wild horse]]s, are usually made up of small harems led by a dominant [[mare]], containing additional mares, their [[foal]]s, and immature horses of both sexes. There is usually one herd [[Stallion (horse)|stallion]], though occasionally a few less-dominant males may remain with the group. Horse "herds" in the wild are best described as groups of several small bands who share the same territory. Bands are normally on the small side, as few as three to five animals, but sometimes over a dozen. The makeup of bands shift over time as young animals are driven out of the band they were born into and join other bands, or as young stallions challenge older males for dominance. However, in a closed [[ecosystem]] (such as the isolated refuges in which most feral horses live today), to maintain genetic diversity, the minimum size for a sustainable free-roaming horse or [[burro]] population is 150–200 animals.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.wildhorsepreservation.com/resources/genetic.html |work=wildhorsepreservation.com |title=American Wild Horse Preservation Campaign |access-date=21 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121015245/http://www.wildhorsepreservation.com/resources/genetic.html |archive-date=21 November 2011 }}</ref>

==Feral horse populations==

=== Americas ===
The best-known examples of modern-day feral horses are those of the American West. When [[Ethnic groups in Europe|Europeans]] reintroduced the horse to the Americas, beginning with the arrival of the Spanish [[conquistadors]] in the 15th century, some horses escaped and formed [[feral]] herds known today as [[Mustang (horse)|mustangs]]. In the Western United States, certain bands of horses and [[burro]]s are protected under the [[Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971]]. There are about 300,000 horses today in multiple land jurisdictions across the country, including tribal lands.{{r|wildlife}}

Isolated populations of wild horses occur in a number of places in North America, including [[Assateague Island]] off the coast of [[Virginia]] and [[Maryland]], [[Elko, Nevada]], the [[Salt River (Arizona)|Salt River]] in [[Arizona]], and [[Cumberland Island, Georgia]], [[Vieques]] Island off the coast of [[Puerto Rico]], and [[Sable Island]] off the coast of [[Nova Scotia]], Canada.

Some of these horses are said to be the descendants of horses that managed to swim to land when they were [[shipwrecking|shipwrecked]]. Others may have been deliberately brought to various islands by settlers and either left to reproduce freely or abandoned when assorted human settlements failed.

Many prehistoric horse species, now [[extinction|extinct]], evolved in North America, but the wild horses of today are the offspring of horses that were domesticated<ref>{{cite web |title=Feral Horses: Get The Facts |url=http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/policy/feral_horses_1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305075948/http://joomla.wildlife.org/documents/policy/feral_horses_1.pdf |archive-date=5 March 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012 |publisher=The Wildlife Society}}</ref> elsewhere.

=== Asia ===
The only truly wild horses in existence today are [[Przewalski's horse]] native to the steppes of central Asia.

A modern wild horse population (''janghali ghura'') is found in the Dibru-Saikhowa National Park and Biosphere reserve of [[Assam]], in north-east [[India]], and is a herd of about 79 horses descended from animals that escaped army camps during [[World War II]].<ref>[http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/subpages/dibru.html Dibru-Saikhowa National Park and Biosphere reserve] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611131858/http://www.tinsukia.nic.in/subpages/dibru.html|date=11 June 2010}}</ref>

In Ashuradeh Island in Iran, feral horses can also be found. It is said that the wild horses of the Miankaleh Wildlife Refuge are the descendants of Russian domestic horses that remained on the island after its occupation by Russia in 1837.<ref>{{cite web |title=پرتگاهی در کمین اسب‌های سرکش و زیبا |url=https://zamin-magazine.ir/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A8-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B4-%D9%88-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7/ |website=Zamin Magazine |language=fa |access-date=24 September 2025}}</ref>

=== Europe ===
In [[Portugal]], a population of free-ranging horses, known as ''[[garrano]]'', lives in the northern mountain chains. These horses are also present in [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]], where they have a long history with the local populations embodied in the [[Rapa das Bestas]] rituals.

In County Kerry, Ireland, wild bog ponies have been known since at least the 1300s.

More than 700 feral wild horses live in the [[foothills]] of [[Cincar]] Mountain, between [[Livno]] and [[Kupres]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], in an area of roughly {{convert|145|km2|abbr=on}}. These animals, which descend from horses set free by their owners in the 1950s, enjoy a protected status since 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.novilist.hr/Zivot-i-stil/Zanimljivosti/Pusteni-da-slobodno-zive-u-prirodi-Livanjski-divlji-konji-jednistvena-atrakcija-u-Europi|title=Pušteni da slobodno žive u prirodi: Livanjski divlji konji — jednistvena atrakcija u Europi|date=2 August 2015|work=[[Novi list]]|agency=HINA|language=hr|access-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>

In Sardinia lives the [[Giara horse|Giara Horse]], a wild variety that inhabits the [[Giara di Gesturi]], a basaltic plateau in the southern central part of the island. The population is composed by about 700 horses.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sezione del cavallo della Giara |url=https://museocavallinodellagiara.it/sezione-cavallo-della-giara/ |access-date=2024-01-10 |website=Museo del Cavallino della Giara |language=it-IT}}</ref>

=== Oceania ===
[[Australia]] has the largest population in the world, with about 400,000 horses.<ref>{{cite web |date=June 2009 |title=Pest animal risk assessment — Feral Horse |url=http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Feral-Horses-Risk-Assessment.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316064731/http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/documents/Biosecurity_EnvironmentalPests/IPA-Feral-Horses-Risk-Assessment.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2011 |access-date=17 December 2010 |publisher=Queensland Primary Industries and Fisheries}}</ref> The Australian name equivalent to the mustang is the [[brumby]], descendants of horses brought to Australia by [[British people|British]] settlers.<ref name="NimmoMiller2007">{{cite journal |last1=Nimmo |first1=D. G. |last2=Miller |first2=K. K. |year=2007 |title=Ecological and human dimensions of management of feral horses in Australia: A review |journal=Wildlife Research |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=408–417 |doi=10.1071/WR06102|bibcode=2007WildR..34..408N }}</ref><ref name="DobbieBermanBraysher1993">{{cite book |last1=Dobbie |first1=W. R. |title=Managing Vertebrate Pests: Feral horses |last2=Berman |first2=D. |last3=Braysher |first3=M. L. |publisher=Australian Government Publishing Service |year=1993 |isbn=0644252863 |location=Canberra}}</ref>

==Modern feral horses==
Modern types of feral horses that have a significant percentage of their number living in a feral state, though domesticated representatives may exist, include these types, [[landrace]]s, and breeds:

; Africa
* [[Kundudo#Feral horses|Kundudo horse]], in the [[Kundudo]] region, [[Ethiopia]]; threatened with extinction
* [[Namib Desert Horse|Namib desert horse]] in [[Namibia]]
; North America
: ''see also [[Free-roaming horse management in North America]]''
* [[Free-roaming horse management in North America#Alberta Mountain Horses or "Wildies" of Alberta|Alberta Mountain Horse]] or Alberta Wildie, in the foothills of the Eastern Slopes of the Rocky Mountains of [[Alberta]], [[Canada]]
* [[Banker horse]] on the [[Outer Banks]] of [[North Carolina]], United States
* [[Chincoteague Pony]] on [[Assateague Island]] off the coasts of [[Virginia]] and [[Maryland]], United States
* [[Cumberland Island horse]] on [[Cumberland Island]] off the coast of southern [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], United States
* [[Elegesi Qiyus Wild Horse]] (Cayuse) in the [[Nemaiah Valley, British Columbia]], Canada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fonv.ca/activities/articles/wildhorses/|title=Wild Horses|author=SMS VSIP Consulting Inc.|work=fonv.ca|access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref>
* [[Mustang]] in the western [[United States]], legally protected by the [[Wild and Free-Roaming Horses and Burros Act of 1971]]
* [[Nokota horse]] in [[North Dakota]], United States
* [[Sable Island horse]] on [[Sable Island]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada
* [[Bronson Forest Recreation Site#Wild Ponies of the Bronson Forest|Wild Ponies of the Bronson Forest]] in [[Saskatchewan]], Canada
; South America
* ''[[Lavradeiro]]s'' in northern [[Brazil]]<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://animaltourism.com/animals/horse.php| title = lavradeiros Feral Horse|access-date = 19 December 2015| last = Farid|first = Zain}}</ref>
* Small wild horses are established in the páramos of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in [[Colombia]] and are believed to have descended from introductions made by [[Spanish conquistadors]].<ref>Long, J. L. 2003. Introduced Mammals of the World: Their History, Distribution and Influence (Cabi Publishing) by John L. Long ({{ISBN|9780851997483}})</ref>
* A small population of feral horses lives in the foothills of Cordillera Real next to the city of [[La Paz]] in [[Bolivia]]; these individuals wander the high-altitude grassland up to 4700 m above sea level. The origin of this highly endangered herd is not well-known.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}}
* The huge population that inhabits southern [[Brazil]] and the region of [[Patagonia]], the [[Bagual]].
; Asia
* [[Misaki horse]] in [[Cape Toi]], [[Japan]]
* [[Delft Island Horse]] on [[Neduntheevu]] or Delft Island, [[Sri Lanka]]. Feral Horses are believed to be the descendants of horses kept on the island from the time of Dutch occupation in [[Sri Lanka]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Wild horse sanctuary for Sri Lanka's Delft Island|url=http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2013/12/27/wild-horse-sanctuary-sri-lanka-delft-island/#axzz4RNBipQ7j|website=www.horsetalk.co.nz|date=26 December 2013|publisher=Horse Talk|access-date=29 November 2016|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129152507/http://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2013/12/27/wild-horse-sanctuary-sri-lanka-delft-island/#axzz4RNBipQ7j|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Yılkı horse in the [[Kızılırmak Delta]] and other places in Turkey<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Independent Spirit of Turkey: Wild Horse |url=https://ijvar.org/index.php/ijvar/article/download/15/16}}</ref>
; Europe
* [[Danube Delta horse|Danube Delta Horse]], in and around [[Letea Forest]], [[Romania]]
* [[Garrano]], a feral horse native to northern [[Portugal]] and [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]]
* [[Giara horse]] in [[Sardinia]]
* [[Marismeño]] in the [[Doñana National Park]] in [[Huelva]], [[Spain]]
* [[Konik]], predominantly domesticated, but the biggest feral herd in the world lives in the [[Oostvaardersplassen]] reserve in the [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Konik - Equus caballus var. konik {{!}} World |url=https://world.observation.org/soort/maps/1410 |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=world.observation.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Grote grazers Oostvaardersplassen |url=https://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/wat-we-doen/werk-in-uitvoering/oostvaardersplassen-grote-grazers |access-date=2023-03-10 |website=Staatsbosbeheer |language=nl-NL |archive-date=10 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230310225938/https://www.staatsbosbeheer.nl/wat-we-doen/werk-in-uitvoering/oostvaardersplassen-grote-grazers |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Welsh Pony]], mostly domesticated, but a feral population of about 180 animals <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.dailypost.co.uk/farming-north-wales/farming-news/2007/11/22/our-little-ponies-facing-extinction-55578-20142744/|title=Daily Post: Latest North Wales news, sport, what's on and business| work=northwales|access-date=21 May 2015|url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309091549/http://www.dailypost.co.uk/farming-north-wales/farming-news/2007/11/22/our-little-ponies-facing-extinction-55578-20142744/|archive-date=9 March 2012}}</ref> roams the [[Carneddau]] hills of North [[Wales]]. Other populations roam the eastern parts of the [[Brecon Beacons National Park]]
; Oceania
* [[Brumby]] in [[Australia]]
* [[Kaimanawa horse]] in [[New Zealand]]
* [[Marquesas Islands horse]] on [[Ua Huka]], [[Marquesas Islands]], [[French Polynesia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/oceania/french-polynesia-marquesas-islands-horse-riding-pictures/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224220259/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/destinations/oceania/french-polynesia-marquesas-islands-horse-riding-pictures/|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 December 2018|title=Meet the last horsemen of these paradise islands|date=2018-12-20|website=Travel|access-date=2018-12-24}}</ref>

==Semi-feral horses==

[[File:Exmoor ponies on Porlock Common.jpg|thumb|Semi-feral [[Exmoor pony|Exmoor ponies]] on [[Porlock]] common, [[Exmoor]]: They are gathered each year to remove foals and assess stock.]]
In the [[United Kingdom]], herds of free-roaming [[pony|ponies]] live in apparently wild conditions in various areas, notably [[Dartmoor]], [[Exmoor]], [[Cumbria]] (Fell Pony), and the New Forest. Similar horse and pony populations exist elsewhere on the European continent. These animals, however, are not truly feral, as all of them are privately owned, and roam out on the [[fen|moors]] and forests under common [[grazing rights]] belonging to their owners. A proportion of them are halter-broken, and a smaller proportion broken to ride, but simply turned out for a while for any of a number of reasons (e.g., a break in training to allow them to grow on, a break from working to allow them to breed under natural conditions, or retirement). In other cases, the animals may be government-owned and closely managed on controlled reserves.

*[[Camargue horse]], in marshes of the Rhone delta, southern France.
*[[Dartmoor pony]], England; predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds.
*[[Exmoor pony]], England; predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds.
*[[Fell pony]], predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds in northern [[England]], particularly [[Cumbria]].
*[[Gotlandsruss]], lives in a semi-feral herd in [[Lojsta Moor]] on the Swedish Island of [[Gotland]].
*[[New Forest pony]], predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds in the area of [[Hampshire]], [[England]].
*[[Pottok]], predominantly domesticated, also lives in semi-feral herds in the western [[Pyrenees]].
*[[Dülmen pony]], a German pony that lives in a wild herd in Westphalia with little help by humans.
*[[Shetland pony]], Scotland; predominantly used for riding, driving, and pack purposes.

==Population impacts==
Feral populations are usually controversial, with [[livestock]] producers often at odds with horse aficionados and other [[animal welfare]] advocates. Different [[habitat]]s are impacted in different ways by feral horses. Where feral horses had wild ancestors indigenous to a region, a controlled population may have minimal environmental impact, particularly when their primary territory is one where they do not compete with domesticated livestock to any significant degree. However, in areas where they are an [[introduced species]], such as [[Australia]], or if the population is allowed to exceed available range, there can be significant impacts on soil, vegetation (including [[overgrazing]]), and animals that are native species.<ref name="NimmoMiller2007" />

If a feral population lives close to civilization, their behavior can lead them to damage human-built livestock fencing and related structures.<ref name="DobbieBermanBraysher1993" /> In some cases, where feral horses compete with domestic livestock, particularly on public lands where multiple uses are permitted, such as in the [[Western United States]], there is considerable controversy over which species is most responsible for degradation of [[rangeland]], with commercial interests often advocating for the removal of the feral horse population to allow more grazing for [[cattle]] or [[sheep]], and advocates for feral horses recommending reduction in the numbers of domestic livestock allowed to graze on public lands.

Certain populations have considerable historic or sentimental value, such as the [[Chincoteague pony]] that lives on [[Assateague Island]], a [[national seashore]] with a delicate coastal ecosystem, or the [[Misaki horse|Misaki]] pony of [[Japan]] that lives on a small refuge within the municipal boundaries of [[Kushima, Miyazaki|Kushima]]. These populations manage to thrive with careful management that includes using the animals to promote [[tourism]] to support the local economy. Most sustained feral populations are managed by various forms of [[culling]], which, depending on the nation and other local conditions, may include capturing excess animals for adoption or sale. In some nations, management may include the often-controversial practice of selling captured animals for [[horse slaughter|slaughter]] or simply shooting them.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nimmo |first1=D. G. |last2=Miller |first2=K. |last3=Adams |first3=R. |year=2007 |title=Managing feral horses in Victoria: A study of community attitudes and perceptions |journal=Ecological Management & Restoration |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=237–243 |doi=10.1111/j.1442-8903.2007.00375.x |bibcode=2007EcoMR...8..237N |hdl=10536/DRO/DU:30007265 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Wildlife contraceptive|Fertility control]] is also sometimes used, though it is expensive and has to be repeated on a regular basis.<ref>Bomford, M., & O'Brien, P. (1993). [http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=nwrccontraception "Potential use of contraception for managing wildlife pests in Australia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100820083352/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1004&context=nwrccontraception |date=20 August 2010 }}. USDA National Wildlife Research Center Symposia. Retrieved on 12 May 2008.</ref>

==See also==
{{Commons category}}
*[[Horse behavior]]
*[[List of BLM Herd Management Areas]]
*[[Mustang Heritage Foundation]]

==References==

<references>
<ref name=wildlife>{{cite journal | url=https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/jwmg.22091 | doi=10.1002/jwmg.22091 | title=The Wildlife Profession's Duty in Achieving Science-Based Sustainable Management of Free-Roaming Equids | date=2021 | last1=Schoenecker | first1=Kathryn A. | last2=King | first2=Sarah R. B. | last3=Messmer | first3=Terry A. | journal=The Journal of Wildlife Management | volume=85 | issue=6 | pages=1057–1061 | bibcode=2021JWMan..85.1057S }}</ref>
</references>

{{Horse topics}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Feral horses| ]]
[[Category:Types of horse]]
[[Category:Mammals of North America]]
[[Category:Mammals of the United States]]
[[Category:Introduced mammals of Australia]]

[[da:Vildhest]]
[[de:Wildpferd]]
[[lt:Tarpanas]]

List of presidents of the Cricket Association of Bengal

2026-03-25T00:38:32Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: stub

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}

{{Infobox official post
| post = President
| body = [[Cricket Association of Bengal]]
| insignia =
| insigniasize = 150px
| nativename =
| image =
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Sourav Ganguly]]
| incumbentsince = 22 September 2025
| residence =
| style =
| termlength =
| formation = {{start date and age|1928}}
| inaugural = H. G. Pearson
| last =
| abolished =
| deputy =
| salary =
| website =
}}

The '''president of the Cricket Association of Bengal''' is the highest post at the [[Cricket Association of Bengal]] (CAB). [[Sourav Ganguly]] is the current president of CAB.

==List==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! No.
! Name
! Took office
! Left office
! Remarks
|-
| 1
| H. G. Pearson
| 1928
| 1930
|
|-
| 2
| F. M. Garnett
| 1931
| 1932
|
|-
| 3
| R. B. Lagden
| 1932
| 1934
|
|-
| 4
| J. H. Farquharson
| 1935
| 1935
|
|-
| (3)
| R. B. Lagden
| 1936
| 1939
|
|-
| 5
| M. Robertson
| 1940
| 1941
|
|-
| 6
| A. L. Hosie
| 1941
| 1941
|
|-
| (5)
| M. Robertson
| 1942
| 1942
|
|-
| 7
| J. C. Mukherjee
| 1943
| 1949
|
|-
| 8
| Bhupati Majumder
| 1950
| 1954
|
|-
| 9
| [[Tushar Kanti Ghosh]]
| 1955
| 1963
| Eminent Indian journalist
|-
| 10
| A. N. Ghosh
| 1963
| 1978
|
|-
| 11
| S. K. Acharyya
| 1978
| 1981
|
|-
| 12
| [[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]]
| 1982
| 1986
| former [[Chief Minister of West Bengal]] (1972–1977)
|-
| 13
| B. N. Dutt
| 1986
| 1991
|
|-
| 14
| [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]]
| 1992
| 2006
|
|-
| 15
| [[Prasun Mukherjee]]
| 2006
| 2008
| [[Police Commissioner of Kolkata]] (2004–2007)
|-
| (14)
| [[Jagmohan Dalmiya]]
| 2008
| 2015
| also served as [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] President
|-
| 16
| [[Sourav Ganguly]]
| 2015
| 2019
|
|-
| 17
| Avishek Dalmiya
| 2020
| 2022
|
|-
| 18
| [[Snehasish Ganguly]]
| 2022
| 2025
|
|-
| (16)
| [[Sourav Ganguly]]
| 2025
| ''Incumbent''
| former [[Board of Control for Cricket in India|BCCI]] President
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Cricket Association of Bengal]]
* [[Bengal cricket team]]
* [[List of presidents of the International Cricket Council|List of International Cricket Council presidents]]
* [[List of presidents of the Board of Control for Cricket in India|List of Board of Control for Cricket in India presidents]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.cricketassociationofbengal.com/former_president.php Former CAB Presidents] cricketassociationofbengal.com

{{Presidents of CAB}}

*
*
*

{{DEFAULTSORT:Presidents of the Cricket Association of Bengal}}
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:India cricket-related lists]]

Vedanta Press

2026-03-24T15:42:48Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: done

{{Infobox publisher
| image =
| parent = [[Vedanta Society#Vedanta_Society_of_Southern_California|Vedanta Society of Southern California]]
| status =
| founded = 1940s
| founder = Swami Prabhavananda
| successor =
| country = United States
| headquarters = [[Hollywood, Los Angeles|Hollywood]]
| distribution = Worldwide
| keypeople =
| publications =
| topics = [[Spirituality]], [[Philosophy]], [[Vedanta]], [[Hinduism]]
| genre =
| imprints =
| revenue =
| numemployees =
| url = [http://www.vedanta.com/ vedanta.com]
}}

'''Vedanta Press''' is the publishing wing of the [[Vedanta Society#Vedanta_Society_of_Southern_California|Vedanta Society of Southern California]], founded in 1930 by [[Swami Prabhavananda]]. It publishes a number of important books in Indian philosophy and the Vedanta tradition, both original works and translations of Sanskrit scriptures.<Ref>{{cite book |last= Jackson |first= Carl |date= 1994|title= Vedanta for the West |publisher= Indiana University Press|page= 124|isbn= 0-253-33098-X}}</Ref> Vedanta Press published collaborations, original articles, and books by leading intellectuals of the 1940s to the present, including Aldous Huxley, Christopher Isherwood, Fredrick Manchester, among others.<Ref>SRINIVAS, SMRITI. “Utopian Settlements and Californian Vedanta.” A Place for Utopia: Urban Designs from South Asia, University of Washington Press, 2015, pp. 87–120. "Many of these were collaborations with scholars and intellectuals such as Frederick Manchester and Christopher Isherwood; and many were later published as books through the Vedanta Press (established in 1947)" JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvcwnx0v.7. Accessed 24 July 2023.</Ref>

After its establishment in the late 1940s, ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' reported that "Vedanta Press, the recently established Hollywood firm.... has received considerable publicity in articles appearing in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'', ''[[Holiday (magazine)|Holiday]]'', and ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''."<ref name=pubw47>{{cite journal
|author=Editorial
|year=1947
|title=Reviews
|journal=Publishers Weekly
|volume=147
|issue=
|pages= 1573
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PMsXAAAAMAAJ&q=holiday+vogue}}</ref> It also noted that
<blockquote>
Vedanta Press... plans six titles for its first list of books about the Vedanta philosophy, which is currently reflected in the writings of [[Aldous Huxley]], [[Christopher Isherwood]], and others. <nowiki>[These are]</nowiki> the "Wisdom of God," "The Eternal Companion," "Vedanta— Its Philosophy," and "What is Vedanta?" <nowiki>[and translations of]</nowiki> "Crest-Jewel of Discrimination,"... and... the "Upanishads"<ref name=pubw47/>
</blockquote>

==Selected publications==
Several of the Vedanta Press books were adopted by Colleges and Universities as a standard textbook for comparative religion and Eastern Philosophy courses. They also major reviews in leading newspapers and journals:

===[[Bhagavad_Gita_-_Song_of_God|''Bhagavad Gita – The Song of God'']]===

Through a collaboration between noted English author, [[Christopher Isherwood]] and Vedanta Scholar, [[Swami Prabhavananda]] this literary translation earned strong reviews and became one of the best selling English translations of the Hindu scripture. Aldous Huxley and Isherwood were students of Prabhavananda. Isherwood worked closely with the Swami, getting the meaning from the Swami and putting it into literary English verse and prose. Huxley wrote the introduction, in which he traces the origins and dissemination of the [[Perennial Philosophy]] through all the major religions of the world; a favorite theme of the author, "The Bhagavad Gita is perhaps the most systematic scriptural statement of the Perennial Philosophy."<Ref>Introduction to the [[Bhagavad_Gita_-_Song_of_God|''Bhagavad Gita – The Song of God'']] by Aldous Huxley, page 15 2023 Edition, Vedanta Press</Ref>

* ''[[Spiritual Heritage of India]]'' (see [[Spiritual Heritage of India|article]]) by [[Swami Prabhavananda]]
* The Eternal Companion: Brahmananda, his Life and Teachings
* How to Know God: The Yoga Aphorisms of Patanjali
* Ramakrishna and his Disciples
* Vedanta for the Western World
* Vedanta for Modern Man
* Living Wisdom: Vedanta in the West
* Upanishads: Breath of the Eternal
* [[Bhagavad_Gita_-_Song_of_God|''Bhagavad Gita – The Song of God'']]
* Vedanta: A Simple Introduction
* Sermon on the Mount according to Vedanta
* Shankara's Crest-jewel of Discrimination
* Narada's Way of Divine Love: The Narada Bhakti Sutras
* Vedanta: A Religion, a Philosophy, a Way of Life
* Seeing God Everywhere: A Practical Guide to Spiritual Living
* Six Lighted Windows: Memories of Swamis in the West

==Vedanta and the West==
Vedanta Press published the bimonthly ''Vedanta and the West'' from 1941 to 1970. From 1951 to 1962, [[Aldous Huxley]], [[Christopher Isherwood]], and [[Gerald Heard]] were editorial advisors for the journal.<Ref>Rice, Laban Lacy. “Reply to Mr. Viereck.” The American Scholar 21, no. 2 (1952): 246–48." "Vedanta and the West A Periodical of Exploration and Expression of the Perennial Philosophy Editor: Swami Prabhavananda Managing Editor: John R. Yale Editorial Advisers: Gerald Heard, Aldous Huxley, Christopher Isherwood... http://www.jstor.org/stable/41206900</Ref> Karl Jackson in his book, ''Vedanta for the West'' said, "The journal is arguably the best edited Eastern spiritual periodical published in the West...<Ref>{{cite book |last= Jackson |first= Carl |date= 1994|title= Vedanta for the West |publisher= Indiana University Press|page= 124|isbn= 0-253-33098-X}}</Ref><Ref>Bridges, Hal. ''Aldous Huxley: Exponent of Mysticism in America''. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, vol. 37, no. 4, 1969, pp. 341–52. JSTOR, "After [Huxley's] meeting with Prabhavananda, he undertook an intensive study of the lives and teachings of outstanding mystics in the major religions. The ideas thus derived from study and practice flowed into writings dominated by mystical concern -- into essays for the magazine ''Vedanta and the West''" http://www.jstor.org/stable/1460759. Accessed 29 July 2023.</Ref>

Altogether nearly 1,000 articles were published, including 47 by Aldous Huxley, 41 by Christopher Isherwood, 35 by Gerald Heard, and hundreds by senior swamis of the Ramakrishna Order.<Ref>Index of the publication history of Vedanta and the West.</Ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://vedanta.com Vedanta Press website]

[[Category:Book publishing companies based in California]]

Roopa Dhatt

2026-03-23T02:22:44Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: started a info

{{Short description|Indian-American physician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Infobox medical person
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Roopa Dhatt
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = 
| birth_place = India
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence =
| nationality =
| citizenship =
| education = *[[University of California, Davis|University of California]]
*[[Paris Institute of Political Studies]]
*[[Temple University School of Medicine]]
| occupation =
| years_active =
| known_for = *President [[International Federation of Medical Students' Associations]] (2012-2013)
*Co-founder [[Women in Global Health]] (2015)
*[[Women Leaders in Global Health Conference]]
| relations =
| website =
| profession = [[Physician]]
| field =
| work_institutions = [[Georgetown University Medical Center]]
| specialism = [[Internal medicine]]
| research_field =
| notable_works =
| prizes =
| child =
| module2 =
| signature =
}}
'''Roopa Dhatt''' is an Indian American physician, an Assistant Professor and [[Internal Medicine]] Hospitalist at [[Georgetown University Medical Center]], and at a community hospital, Washington, DC. In 2015 she co-founded [[Women in Global Health]], which aims to reduce gender disparity among global health leaders, and subsequently became the organisation's Executive Director.

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], she highlighted the gender aspects of COVID-19, including that a disproportionate number of frontline workers are women, yet not part of leadership roles. She was part of a team that evaluated the language used by men and women leaders during the pandemic.

==Early life and education==
[[File:Flats - 1 (13966708395).jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Cleveland]], home of the Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine]]
Roopa Dhatt was born in the 1980s in India, and emigrated to the United States at the age of five.<ref name="buzz">{{cite web |last1=Andrews |first1=Lara |title=Dr Roopa Dhatt, Women in Global Health - Contain This: The Latest in Global Health Security |url=https://www.buzzsprout.com/620797/5530636-dr-roopa-dhatt-women-in-global-health |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210119194203if_/https://www.buzzsprout.com/620797/5530636-dr-roopa-dhatt-women-in-global-health |archive-date=19 January 2021 |date=21 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Prasad2020">{{cite journal|last1=Prasad|first1=Aarathi|date=7 November 2020|title=Roopa Dhatt: advancing gender equality in global health leadership|url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32285-6/fulltext|journal=The Lancet|language=English|volume=396|issue=10261|pages=1480|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32285-6|issn=0140-6736|pmid=33160558|s2cid=226257536|url-access=subscription}}</ref> She later recalled her exposure to health inequities during a visit to India in the early 1990s when she was nine years old, leading her to pursue a career in medicine.<ref name="Prasad2020"/>

She earned a bachelor's degree in [[cell biology]] and African-American and African studies from the [[University of California, Davis|University of California]], Davis, and a master's degree in public affairs from the [[Paris Institute of Political Studies]].<ref name="UN">{{cite news |title=A Conversation with Women Leaders in Global Health |url=https://unfoundation.org/blog/post/a-conversation-with-women-leaders-in-global-health/ |work=unfoundation.org |date=17 November 2016}}</ref> She received her M.D. from [[Temple University School of Medicine]] in [[Philadelphia]].<ref name="Prasad2020"/><ref name="UN"/> In 2012, as a medical student, she became president of the [[International Federation of Medical Students' Associations]].<ref name="buzz"/>

==Career==
Prior to becoming a physician in [[Internal medicine]] at [[Georgetown University Medical Center]]in Washington, DC, Dhatt trained in [[internal medicine]] and [[international health]] at the [[Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine]] in [[Cleveland]].<ref name="Prasad2020"/><ref name="IFMSA">{{cite web |title=IFMSA President's Opening Speech on IFMSA Reform |url=https://ifmsa.org/2013/08/16/am13-opening/ |website=IFMSA |access-date=18 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318132951/https://ifmsa.org/2013/08/16/am13-opening/ |archive-date=18 March 2021 |date=16 August 2013}}</ref>

===Women in Global Health===
In 2015 she co-founded an organisation which aims to reduce gender disparity among global health leaders, the [[Women in Global Health]],<ref name="DhattBio">{{cite web|title=Dr. Roopa Dhatt|url=https://www.womeningh.org/board/Dr.-Roopa-Dhatt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204232807/https://www.womeningh.org/board/Dr.-Roopa-Dhatt|archive-date=4 February 2021|access-date=11 March 2021|website=womeningh|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TGH">{{cite web|title=Roopa Dhatt {{!}} Think Global Health|url=https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/author/roopa-dhatt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028200904/https://www.thinkglobalhealth.org/author/roopa-dhatt|archive-date=28 October 2020|access-date=11 March 2021|website=Council on Foreign Relations|language=en}}</ref> of which she is the Executive Director.<ref name="unanca">{{cite web |title=Roopa Dhatt |url=http://www.unanca.org/component/content/article/1237 |website=www.unanca.org |access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref> She is one of the [[Women Leaders in Global Health Conference|Women Leaders in the Global Health Conferences]].<ref name="UN"/><ref name="WLGH">{{cite web|title=Speaker Roopa Dhatt - Women Leaders in Global Health Conference|url=https://wlghconference.org/speaker-roopa-dhatt|access-date=11 March 2021|website=Women Leaders in Global Health}}</ref>

Dhatt was terminated from the organization in May 2024 following an investigation which revealed a toxic and retaliatory work environment and unearthed accusations of racial discrimination, as well as resistance to change on the part of Dhatt. The toxic environment under Dhatt's leadership was described by terms such as "white supremacy", "power hoarding" and "a sink-or-swim mentality." In one case, a mother of a newborn was denied a request to work part time for a month, even after she was overwhelmed in her duties and had to face the effects of a disaster in her own country.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Jerving |first1=Sara |last2=July 2024 |first2=Rumbi Chakamba // 30 |date=2024-07-30 |title=Exclusive: Probe finds Women in Global Health had 'toxic' environment |url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/exclusive-probe-finds-women-in-global-health-had-toxic-environment-107784 |access-date=2024-08-08 |website=Devex |language=en}}</ref>

===COVID-19 pandemic===
In September 2020, representing Women in Global Health at a Women in Global Health Security Summit, Dhatt highlighted that a disproportionate number of frontline workers are women, many providing informal unpaid care.<ref name="Griffiths">{{cite news |last1=Griffiths |first1=Adam |title=Women in Global Health Security High-Level Digital Summit Synthesis Report |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/sponsored/women-in-global-health-security-high-level-digital-summit-synthesis-report/ |access-date=17 March 2021 |work=Foreign Policy}}</ref>

In the same year, she was part of a team that evaluated the language used by men and women leaders during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The findings were published in ''[[BMJ Global Health]]'' in a paper titled "Political and gender analysis of speeches made by heads of government during the COVID-19 pandemic."<ref name="Sandoiu2020">{{cite news |last1=Sandoiu |first1=Ana |title=COVID-19: How discourse differs between male and female politicians |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-how-discourse-differs-between-male-and-female-politicians |access-date=12 March 2021 |work=www.medicalnewstoday.com |date=23 December 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210312033822/https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/covid-19-how-discourse-differs-between-male-and-female-politicians |archive-date=12 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{YouTube|BO75lCk6leY|Women Leading Global Health: Roopa Dhatt (2018)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dhatt, Roopa}}
[[Category:1980s births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American medical doctors]]
[[Category:American health professionals of Indian descent]]
[[Category:American women writers of Indian descent]]
[[Category:Case Western Reserve University alumni]]
[[Category:Georgetown University Medical Center faculty]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Nationality missing]]
[[Category:Punjabi diaspora in the United States]]
[[Category:Sciences Po alumni]]
[[Category:Temple University School of Medicine alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Davis alumni]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century American women academics]]
[[Category:21st-century American academics]]

Golu Shukla

2026-03-22T01:47:15Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = Member of the [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Indore-3 Assembly constituency|Indore-3]]
| term_start = 2023
| term_end =
| profession = Politician
| predecessor = [[Akash Vijayvargiya]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
}}
'''Golu Shukla Rakesh''' is an Indian politician from Madhya Pradesh. He is a [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly|member of the Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[2023 Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2023]], representing [[Indore-3 Assembly constituency]] as a Member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-03 |title=Indore-3 Assembly Election Results 2023 Highlights: BJP's Golu Shukla Rakesh with 73541 defeats INC's Deepak Mahesh Joshi Pintu |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/indore-3-assembly-election-results-2023-live-2470576-2023-12-03 |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indore 3 Lok Sabha Election 2024 Live: Get Indore 3 Lok Sabha Election Results and Candidate List |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/madhya-pradesh-assembly-election/indore-3-constituency/ |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Before this, he was the city president of Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha, Indore.

== See also ==
* [[List of chief ministers of Madhya Pradesh]]
* [[Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Golu}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Madhya Pradesh MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{MadhyaPradesh-BJP-politician-stub}}

Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust

2026-03-21T02:38:33Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: stub

{{Short description|Indian educational and research institute}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox university
|name = Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust
|image = Sree Vidyanikethan Logo.png
|image_size =
|image_alt = Logo with a tree, hand and building
|caption = School logo
|motto = स्वदेशो भुवनत्रयम
|mottoeng = The triple world (Earth, sky and heaven) is one's own place.
|established = 1993
|type = [[Educational]] and [[Research institute]]
|chairman = [[Mohan Babu]]<ref>{{cite web | title =Dr M. Mohan Babu | publisher =Mohanbabu.com | url =http://www.mohanbabu.com/history.html | accessdate = 2013-11-12}}</ref>
|academic_staff = More than 350
|students = More than 10,000
|city = [[Tirupati]]
|state = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|country = [[India]]
|campus = [[Urban area|Urban]], 240 acres (0.96 km2)
|website = {{URL|http://www.vidyanikethan.edu/ | www.vidyanikethan.edu}}
}}

The '''Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust''', also referred to as '''SVET''', was established in 1993 by Dr. M. [[Mohan Babu]].<ref>{{cite web | title =Multifaceted Mohan Babu | work =Cinegoer.com | publisher =CineGoer.net | url =http://www.cinegoer.net/mohanbabu.htm | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20130501045355/http://www.cinegoer.net/mohanbabu.htm | url-status =dead | archive-date =2013-05-01 | access-date =2013-11-12 }}</ref> who has been an actor, film producer, recipient of [[Padma Shri]] Award and former member of [[Rajya Sabha]]. The college is located {{convert|14|km}} from [[Tirupati]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. Under its aegis, SVET has several educational institutions across different disciplines.

Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College was established in 1996 with an initial intake of 180 students to serve the cause of technical education in the backward region of Rayalaseema. The intake has increased exponentially and is 2382 in 2021-22. The College now offers 15 B.Tech programs; 4 M.Tech programs; MCA Program; and 3 Doctoral Programs. AICTE has also accorded permission for 2nd Shift Polytechnic from the academic year 2009-10 and presently 5 Diploma courses are being offered. Today, Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College is one of the largest, most admired and sought after Institutions in Andhra Pradesh. The College is located in a sprawling campus of about 30 acres, amidst sylvan surroundings with aesthetically built infrastructure. The College is approved by AICTE and affiliated to JNTU Ananthapuramu. The College has been accorded Autonomous Status by the UGC, New Delhi since 2010-11.

==History==
During the 1960s, Dr. M. [[Mohan Babu]] inherited a passion for learning from his father, Narayana Swamy Naidu, who was a [[teacher]] and [[Head teacher|headmaster]] in the [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He established SVET as a center for knowledge and academic excellence for people of all nationalities, origin, religious beliefs and social background. From a student strength of 216 it has grown to become an institution with nearly 10,000,<ref>{{cite web | title =Sree VIdyanikethan International School Tirupati: Teachers | publisher =vBulletin Solutions, Inc.; IndianJobTalks | url =http://www.indianjobtalks.com/forum/showthread.php?t=12519 | accessdate = 2013-11-12}}</ref> students, five colleges and two international schools and one pre-school. The trust's institutions have a cumulative full-time faculty of over 350, starting off with 10. SVET is the largest private institution in the [[Rayalaseema]] region and operates in collaboration with the Governments of [[Government of India|India]] and [[Government of Andhra Pradesh|Andhra Pradesh]].

==SVET institutions==
Institutions under Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust: The SVET caters to various disciplines of [[education]], with the following being the colleges and schools under its fold.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Institution !! Course !! Year founded !! Accreditation !! Affiliation
|-
|Sree Vidyanikethan International School Tirupati || International school || 1993 || [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]], [[International General Certificate of Secondary Education|IGCSE]] || Andhra Pradesh state board
|-
|Sree Vidyanikethan International School Hyderabad || International school || 1997 || [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE]] || Telangana state board
|-
|Sree Vidyanikethan Degree College || Degree || 1996 || [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] || [[Sri Venkateswara University|S.V. University]]
|-
|Sree Vidyanikethan Engineering College|| Engineering || 1996 || [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]], [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]<ref>{{cite web | title =NAAC | url = http://www.collegesuggest.com/college/details/sree-vidyanikethan-engineering-college-triupati.html
}}</ref> || [[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur|JNTU Anantapur]]
|-
|Sree Vidyanikethan College of Pharmacy || Pharmacy || 2004 || [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]]<ref>{{cite web | title =AICTE | url = https://targetstudy.com/institute/14927/sree-vidyanikethan-engineering-college/}}</ref> ||[[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Anantapur|JNTU Anantapur]]
|-
|Sree Vidyanikethan College of Nursing || Nursing || 2006 || AP Nursing Council<ref>{{cite web | title =AICTE | url = http://college.globalshiksha.com/Sree-Vidyanikethan-College-of-Nursing/905910411142073}}</ref> || [[Dr. NTR University of Health Sciences|Dr. NTR University]]
|-
|Sree Vidyanikethan Institute of Management || MBA || 2007 || [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] || [[Sri Venkateswara University|S.V. University]]
|-
|Sree Vidyanikethan Institute of Management || MCA || 2009 || [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] || [[Sri Venkateswara University|S.V. University]] and [[JNTU Anantapur]]
|-
|New York Academy || K-12 || 2016 || - || American Curriculum(WACS)
|-
|}

==Logo of Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust==
The logo of Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust is referred to as '''The Tree of Enlightenment'''.

=={{anchor|Student life|Services|Sports and recreation center}}Campus Infrastructure==
SVET offers dining, environmental services, housing, mail, scholarships, student employment, a resource centre, television, transportation, work-study information and copying facilities.
Sports at the school include [[cricket]], [[volleyball]], [[association football|football]], [[basketball]] and [[tennis]]. A technical, management and cultural festival, Mohana Mantra, was held from 22 to 24 February 2013.<ref>{{cite web | title =Mohana Mantra | work =Twenty19: Events | publisher =Twenty19 | url =http://www.twenty19.com/opportunities/organiser/sree-vidyanikethan-educational-iinstitutions/mohana-mantra | accessdate = 2013-11-12}}</ref>

==Placement and Training==
Sree Vidyanikethan has a placement<ref>{{cite web | title =Sree Vidyanikethan Placement | url =http://www.myengg.com/engg/info/51816/svec-svne-2015-campus-placement-statistics/ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Placements | url =http://www.vidyanikethan.edu/engneering/engineering_pat_placement.htm }}</ref> cell that connects the individual to the industry and service organizations to update prospective employers of the talent available and secure commitments for placements.

==Mohana Mantra==
[[file:An Entertainment at MohanaMantra.jpg|thumb]]
Mohana Mantra<ref>{{cite web | title =Mohana Mantra | url =http://blog.knowafest.com/2016/09/mohana-mantra-2016-sree-vidyanikethan-educational-institutions-techno-cultural-fest-tirupati.html}}</ref> is the annual National Level Techno-Cultural fest hosted by Vidyanikethan. It includes contests and competitions, presentations, workshops, tech and non-tech quizzes, Sahiti Mantra, guest lectures, robotics, sport events, dance, singing, drama, painting and lot more. It has students from Sree Vidyanikethan and other institutions as well, who come together to showcase their talent, giving a glimpse into their future. It started in 2013 as an inter-college fest and has grown into a stage where pride is contested for, by about 50,000 students from across southern states, for 3 rewarding and fun-filled days. Website URL of the fest: http://www.mohanamantra.com/

==Dr. M. Mohan Babu Startup Fund==
The Dr.M. Mohan Babu Startup Fund was set up in 2016 with a reward base of Rs. 1 crore. Dr. Mohan Babu has taken his commitment further by increasing the funding amount progressively for deserving ideas; to Rs. 2 crore in 2017, Rs. 3 crore in 2018, Rs. 4 crore in 2019 and Rs. 5 crore in 2020. Sree Vidyanikethan is the first education institute to come up with such an initiative.

==Financial Support==
Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust has a web portal for alumni,<ref>{{cite web | title =SVET Alumni | url =http://www.recallvidyanikethan.com/}}</ref> where they can donate towards education of the less privileged. It provides free education to 25% of its deserving students and invites the less-privileged to apply for financial support and almost 13,500 students have benefited from this initiative.

==Library==
SVET has a bibliography that comprises close to 69,000 titles, encompassing a range of periodicals like newspapers, magazines, fiction, literature, science and many more books of interest. The [[library]]<ref>{{cite web | title =Library | url =http://www.indiastudychannel.com/reviews/15266-24-Sree-Vidyanikethan-Engineering-College.aspx}}</ref> is also complemented by computers with [[Internet]] access<ref>{{cite web | author =Mandeep | title =Review on Sree Vidyanikethan engineering college, Tirupati | work =India Study Channel | publisher =ISC Technologies, Kochi - India | date =2012-06-29 | url =http://www.indiastudychannel.com/reviews/15266-24-Sree-Vidyanikethan-Engineering-College-Tirupati.aspx | accessdate = 2013-11-12}}</ref> which students are free to use for any kind of research.

=={{anchor|Scholarship}}Scholarships==
Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust supports students by way of [[scholarship]]s.<ref>{{cite web | title =Sree Vidyanikethan Degree College | work =Minglebox | publisher =minglebox communications pvt ltd. | url =http://www.minglebox.com/college/Sree-Vidyanikethan-Degree-College | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20131112162335/http://www.minglebox.com/college/Sree-Vidyanikethan-Degree-College | url-status =usurped | archive-date =12 November 2013 | accessdate = 2013-11-12}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Scholarships | url =https://www.univariety.com/college/Sree-Vidyanikethan-Engineering-College/6b248230}}</ref> These are majorly from the [[Other Backward Class|OBC]], [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC and ST]] communities.

==Alumni==
There is an alumni<ref>{{cite web | title =Vidyanikethan Alumni | url =http://www.ragalahari.com/news/60595/sree-vidyanikethan-alumni-hyderabad-chapter-inaugurated.aspx
}}</ref> association of those who have passed out from any of the Trust's institutions, The SVET Office of Development and Alumni Relations. In the past 25 years, SVET has grown into an alma mater for over 25,000 students from various streams.

=={{anchor|Extra-curricular}}Extracurricular activities==
Students of Vidyanikethan are part of rich [[Extracurricular activity|Extracurricular activities]]<ref>{{cite web | title =Co-curricular activities | url =http://www.kulguru.com/school/sree-vidyanikethan-international-school-g4m5ok6i/extra-activities}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Extra Curricular activities | url =http://www.indiastudychannel.com/reviews/15266-24-Sree-Vidyanikethan-Engineering-College.aspx}}</ref> that are designed to keep their mind, body and spirit in balance. The school has regular sessions in yoga and meditation. That aside, there are moonlight dinners, field trips and [[Backpacking (wilderness)|backpacking]] trips. For those interested in sports, there are activities intra-school competitions in Cricket, Tennis, Chess, Badminton, Rugby and several other activities.

==Annual Day==
The [[birthday]] of the founder of the trust Dr. M. Mohan Babu is celebrated as Annual Day<ref>{{cite web | title =Annual day celebrations | url =http://www.hindu.com/edu/2010/03/22/stories/2010032250710200.htm| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20100407072434/http://www.hindu.com/edu/2010/03/22/stories/2010032250710200.htm| url-status =dead| work =[[The Hindu]] | date =2010-03-22 | archive-date =2010-04-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =Annual day celebrations | url =http://english.sakshi.com/gallery/2017/03/19/sree-vidyanikethan-annual-day-celebrations-2017}}</ref> on 19 March every year. A pompous celebration is hosted to which with parents and celebrities are invited amidst events organized by students, teachers and members of the staff. It's a gala event that one remembers for long.<ref>{{cite web | title =celebrities | url =http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/Events/33128.html| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120406175507/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/events/33128.html| url-status =dead| archive-date =6 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title =celebrities | url =http://www.cinejosh.com/telugu-events/7462/4/mohan-babu-birthday-celebrations.html}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | title =celebrities | url =http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions1/sreevidyanikethan-silverjubilee.html
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

* {{cite web | title =Sree Vidyhanikethan International School | url =http://www.vidyanikethan.edu/international_school/tirupati_campus_info.html | accessdate = 2013-11-12}}

{{coord missing|Andhra Pradesh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sree Vidyanikethan Educational Trust}}
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1993]]
[[Category:All India Council for Technical Education]]
[[Category:Engineering colleges in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:1993 establishments in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Tirupati]]

Siege of Dansborg (1624)

2026-03-19T13:56:31Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: done

{{Short description|Siege on Danish fort in India, 1624}}
{{For|other sieges on Dansborg|Siege of Dansborg (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Siege of Dansborg (1624)
| place = [[Dansborg]], [[Tranquebar]]
| territory = Thanjavur acknowledges Tranquebar as Danish
| result = Danish victory (See [[#Negotiations and aftermath|aftermath]])
| combatant1 = {{Flag|Danish India}}
| combatant2 = [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom]]
| commander1 = {{Flagicon|Danish India}} [[Roland Crappé]] {{Flagicon|Danish India}} Henrik Hess {{Flagicon|Danish India}} Christopher Mohlen {{Flagicon|Denmark-Norway|naval}} Christopher Boye {{Flagicon|Denmark-Norway|naval}} Mat Herman
| commander2 = [[Raghunatha Nayak]] Calicut
| strength1 = 30 men 3 ships 2 cannons
| strength2 = (Numbers likely exaggerated)<ref name=":3" /> 40,000 men 1,000 elephants 1,000 camels 1,000 horses
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
| units1 = {{Flagicon|Denmark-Norway|naval}} ''HDMS Jupiter'' {{Flagicon|Denmark-Norway|naval}} ''HDMS Perlen'' {{Flagicon|Denmark-Norway|naval}} ''HDMS St. Laurentius''
| units2 = Unknown
| date = Early 1624
| image = Fort Dansborg in Tharangambadi, Tamil Nadu.jpg
| image_size = 300
| caption = [[Fort Dansborg]] in [[Tharangambadi]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Danish colonial conflicts}}
}}

The '''siege of Dansborg''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]; ''belejringen af Dansborg'') or the '''siege of Fort Dansborg''' (Danish; ''belejringen af Fort Dansborg''), was a siege of the newly finished Danish fort of [[Fort Dansborg|Dansborg]] in [[Trangebar]] in 1624. The siege was initiated by the nayak of [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur]], [[Raghunatha Nayak|Raghunatha]], because of the Danish rejection of the demands from the nayak. The siege, laid by general Calicut, was abandoned after the arrival of Danish reinforcements from sea. The event is mostly described by Icelander, [[Jón Ólafsson (traveller)|Jón Ólafsson]], in his work ''The Life of the Icelander Jón Ólafsson, Traveller to India.''

== Background ==
{{multiple image
| align = left
| direction = vertical
| header = [[Ove Gjedde]]
| width = 150
| image2 = Karel van III Mander - Rigsadmiral Ove Gjedde - KMS605 - Statens Museum for Kunst.jpg
| alt2 =
| caption2 = ''Rigsadmiral Ove Gjedde'', by [[Karel van Mander III]]
| footer_background = #BBDD99
| background colour = #BBDD99
| footer_align = center
| image1 =
}}
Admiral [[Ove Gjedde]], commander of the [[Danish East India Company]], had in 1620 set out for Asia in the hopes of establishing a colony and [[monopoly]] on [[Ceylon]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Ramanujam |first=P. S. |url= |title=Den Skånske Admiral Ove Gedde og Roskilde-området |publisher=Historisk Tidsskrift |year=2020 |pages=20 |language=Danish |trans-title=The Scanian Admiral Ove Gedde and the Roskilde area}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |pages=446}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Tranquebar, 1620-1845 |url=https://danmarkshistorien.dk/vis/materiale/trankebar |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=danmarkshistorien.dk |language=da}}</ref> The Danish ventures on Ceylon [[Conquest of Koneswaram Temple|proved unsuccessful]], yet they managed to [[Tranquebar Treaty of 1620|conclude a treaty]] with [[Raghunatha Nayak|Raghunatha]], Nayak of [[Thanjavur Nayak kingdom|Thanjavur]], on a lease on the fishing village of [[Tharangambadi|Tarangambadi]] (Danish; ''Trankebar'': [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]; ''Tranquebar<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |location=Copenhagen |pages=90}}</ref>'').<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Brimnes |first=Niels |title=Loyalitet og Traktat |publisher=Gads Forlag |pages=45 |language=Danish |quote=On the gold tin signed 16 April 1620 it says: "''We have presented General Rulangkalappai (Roland Crappé) a stretcher. We have created a port, which is called Tharangambadi [Tranquebar], that all the people of [[Denmark-Norway|your country]] can come and live here''"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=E 1 Forholdet til Udlandet, Pergamentsbreve |publisher=[[Rigsarkivet]], Tyske Kancelli Udenrigske Afdeling}}</ref> Gjedde quickly started the construction on what would become [[Fort Dansborg]]. Dansborg would be built in classic [[Danish architecture|Danish style]], and would be the second largest Danish fort after [[Kronborg]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Watsa |first=Kavita |title=Brahmins and bungalows: travels through South Indian history |publisher=Penguin Group (USA) Incorporated |year=2004 |isbn=9780143031468 |page=196}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ballhatchet |first1=Kenneth |title=Changing South Asia, Volumes 1-5 |last2=Taylor |first2=David D. |last3=University of London |last4=Centre of South Asian Studies |publisher=Asian Research Service |year=1984 |page=13}}</ref> Ove Gjedde would leave for [[Copenhagen]] on 13 February 1621,<ref name=":1" /> yet the constructions would continue until Dansborg stood ready in 1624.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Halberg |first=Rikke |date=2024-02-06 |title=Dansborg {{!}} lex.dk |url=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk/Dansborg |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Den Store Danske |language=da}}</ref>

Staying in the colony was, [[Dutch people|Dutchman]] [[Roland Crappé]], who was a prominent and experienced [[seafarer]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Laursen |first=L. |date=2022-09-05 |title=Roland Crappé {{!}} lex.dk |url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Roland_Crapp%C3%A9 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=Dansk Biografisk Leksikon |language=da}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> As consequence of Gjedde's departure, Crappé was announced [[Director (colonial)|director]] and thereby the highest ranked Danish in India.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Roland Crappe - www.foreningen-trankebar.dk |url=http://www.foreningen-trankebar.dk/45933995 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=123hjemmeside.dk |language=da-DK}}</ref> Though, Crappé departed home in 1622, and Tranquebar was left for itself.

=== Prelude ===
In October 1623, [[Raghunatha Nayak|Nayak Raghunatha]] send some of his subjects to deliver a message for him at Tranquebar.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Olafsson |first=Jon |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/931059.pdf |title=Islænderen Jon Olafssons Oplevelser som Ostindiefarer under Christian IV |publisher=Nordiske Forlag |year=1907 |location=[[Copenhagen]] |pages=103–118 |language=Danish |trans-title=The Icelander Jon Olafsson's Experiences as an East Indiaman under Christian IV}}</ref> The [[courier]]s were well received by the governorate at Dansborg.<ref name=":5" /> In the letter, Raghunatha demanded a considerable amount of [[lead]], which the [[Rector (politics)|rector]] of Dansborg, Henrik Hess, weren't able to fulfil.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Liisberg |first=Bering |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WxfGDwAAQBAJ&dq=Dansborg+1624+Calicut&pg=PT276 |title=Danmarks søfart og søhandel |publisher=SAGA Egmont |year=2020 |isbn=978-87-26-30660-6 |language=Danish}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bonefeld |first=Olav |title=SKIBSNAVNE PÅ BLYMØNTER FRA TRANKEBAR}}</ref> Irritated at this response, the couriers quickly left and informed Raghunatha about the situation.<ref name=":5" /> Raghunatha, equally frustrated as the couriers, now made an [[ultimatum]], that if his desired amount of lead weren't given, he would relinquish the former treaty, giving the Danes Tranquebar.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Sejerøe |first=Olav |title=Jon Olafsson Indiensfarer |url=https://www.danskmoent.dk/artikler/osolafss.htm |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.danskmoent.dk}}</ref> Again, Hess apologized and explained the situation, yet Raghunatha still sent his [[Field marshal]], Calicut, to Tranquebar with an army.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> According to traveler, [[Jón Ólafsson (traveller)|Jón Ólafsson]], the Thanjavurian army reached 40.000 men and 1000 camels, horses and elephants, though this is likely to be highly exaggerated.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":3" />

== Siege ==
On Dansborg, the Thanjavurian threat was imminent, and the fort quickly began preparing for a siege or assault.<ref name=":5" /> All cannons were charged, and 800 barrels of water were collected.<ref name=":5" /> The governorate called all inhabitants of [[Tranquebar]] up to the fort, where they were presented with the choice of joining the preparations or be an [[Outcast (person)|outcast]], though all joined the defenses.<ref name=":5" /> The [[Sepoy|local Indians]], who too guarded the fort, were also represented with a similar choice, yet they also chose to stay.<ref name=":5" /> To Danish the demise, the inhabitants got sick and died,<ref name=":5" /> and the fort's crew went from 80 to 30 men throughout the winter.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /> Additionally, Dansborg was in worryingly bad conditions for the Danes.<ref name=":5" />
[[File:Tharangambadi (23).jpg|left|thumb|Coast of Tranquebar]]

After a long march, general Calicut reached the town of Trichlagore, where he would set camp in 14 days.<ref name=":5" />

=== Arrival of ''St. Laurentius'' ===
On [[Passion Sunday]] 1624 the Danish vessel, ''St. Laurentius'', arrived from [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim]] to Tranquebar, with Captain Christopher Hansen Boye.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/03585522.1989.10408131 |title=The coromandel trade of the Danish East India Company, 1618–1649 |journal=Scandinavian Economic History Review |publisher=Routledge |year=2011 |volume=37 |pages=46|doi=10.1080/03585522.1989.10408131 }}</ref> The crew at Dansborg hoisted the [[Flag of Denmark|Dannebrog]] and [[salute]]d the ship by cannon shots.<ref name=":5" /> When Calicut heard the shots from his camp, approximately one [[mile]] away, he ordered his messengers to investigate.<ref name=":5" /> When his messengers notified the general about the arrival of ''St. Laurentius'', he ordered his army to march half a mile to Tranquebar, where they would lay the week to [[Palm Sunday]].<ref name=":5" />
{{Quote box
| title = [[Jón Ólafsson (traveller)|Jón Ólafsson]] on the arrival of ''Perlen'' and ''Jupiter''
| quote = "When we went down from the fortress to the beach,
where four Indians were waiting for us with a boat, we saw
a new sight that filled us with great joy: two
Ships with snow-white sails and flying pennants
The mast top came sailing from the South! We knew
immediately ''Perlen'', the big ship of 700 loads, and
''Jupiter'', the small warship"
| source = The Life of the Icelander Jón Ólafsson, Traveller to India.<ref name=":5" />
| align = left
| width = 200px
| border = 3px
| bgcolor = light gray
| qalign = center
| quoted =
}}

== Arrival of ''Perlen'' and ''Jupiter'' ==
[[File:Tranquebar fort entrance.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Dansborg fort entrance, 1791]]
Back in Denmark, Roland Crappé was on 25 March 1623 made general and commander of East India, and on 27 March he set sail for Tranquebar on the vessel, ''Perlen'', accompanied by the smaller vessel, ''Jupiter''.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8" /> On 14 March 1624, they arrived on the coast of Dansborg.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Skibsnavne på Trankebarmønter |url=https://www.danskmoent.dk/artikler/osskibe.htm |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=www.danskmoent.dk}}</ref> They were, too, well-received and Dansborg again hoisted its flag and saluted the ships.<ref name=":5" /> 9 cannon shots were fired in honour of Crappé.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":8" /> When Calicut heard the shots, he and 500 men stood outside the fortress gate.<ref name=":5" /> He, too, was honoured with 9 cannon shots, after which he was let in.<ref name=":5" />

== Negotiations and aftermath ==
Calicut began [[negotiation]]s with the governorate, and stated that Henrik Hess was to blame for the [[hostilities]].<ref name=":5" /> Though, Crappé showcased Calicut all the fortification's cannons, which all shot in honour for Calicut, in which the two [[copper]] cannons on ''Perlen'' proudly did the same.<ref name=":5" />

According to Ólafsson, Calicut is said to have asked Crappé, if the ship's cannons were bigger than that of Dansborg's, to which Crappé replied yes.<ref name=":5" /> This made a big impact on Calicut, and a peace was subsequently concluded.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> Afterwards, Roland Crappé and [[Nayak (title)|Nayak]] Raghunatha exchanged expensive gifts.<ref name=":3" /> Crappé would go on to rule the company for 12 more years, in which he would expand trade and commerce.<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|Ove Gjedde}}
* {{Annotated link|Cattle War}}
* {{Annotated link|Siege of Dansborg (1644)}}
* {{Annotated link|Willem Leyel's siege of Dansborg}}
* {{Annotated link|Jón Ólafsson (traveller)}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Tamil Nadu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dansborg 1624}}
[[Category:1624 in Asia]]
[[Category:1624 in Denmark]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1624]]
[[Category:1620s in India]]
[[Category:Sieges involving Denmark–Norway]]
[[Category:Sieges involving the Indian kingdoms]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company]]
[[Category:1620s in Danish India]]
[[Category:Tranquebar]]
[[Category:Attacks on military installations in India]]
[[Category:History of Thanjavur]]
[[Category:Battles involving Thanjavur Nayaks]]

Kozhikode North Assembly constituency

2026-03-17T18:07:12Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: Minor edits and structural improvements

{{Short description|Kerala state legislative assembly constituency in southern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Kozhikode North
| type = SLA
| state = Kerala
| constituency_no = 27
| map_image = Calicut medical college view from inside.jpg
| map_caption = [[Government Medical College, Kozhikode]] is located in Kozhikode North Assembly constituency
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,80,909 (2021)
| mla = [[Thottathil Ravindran]]
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#ED1C24|'''[[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]
}}
'''Kozhikode North State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Kozhikode Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/03-DELIMITATION/03-DELIMITED-LAC.pdf
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 Assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[Thottathil Ravindran]] of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]].

Kozhikode North Assembly constituency was established by the 2008 delimitation. Before, it was known as Calicut-I from 1957 to 2008.

==Local self-governed segments==
Kozhikode North Assembly constituency is composed of the following wards of the [[Kozhikode Municipal Corporation]]:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = Local Self Governments in Assembly Constituencies of Kozhikode District
|access-date = 7 September 2019
|archive-date = 8 September 2019
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190908212832/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/kozhikode.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
|-
|6
|Kunduparamba
|7
|Karuvissery
|-
|8
|Malaparamba
|9
|Thadambattuthazham
|-
|10
|Vengery
|11
|Maalikadavu
|-
|12
|Paropady
|13
|Civil Station
|-
|14
|[[Chevarambalam]]
|15
|[[Silver Hills, Kozhikode|Vellimadukunnu (Silver Hills)]]
|-
|16
|[[Moozhikkal]]
|17
|Chelavoor
|-
|18
|Mayanad
|19
|[[Government Medical College, Kozhikode|Medical College South]]
|-
|20
|[[Government Medical College, Kozhikode|Medical College]]
|21
|Chevayur
|-
|24
|Kudilthode
|25
|[[Kottooli and Pottammal|Kottooli]]
|-
|26
|[[Parayanchery]]
|62
|Moonnalingal
|-
|63
|Thiruthiyad
|64
|[[Eranhipalam]]
|-
|65
|[[Nadakkavu]]
|66
|[[Vellayil]]
|-
|67
|Thoppayil
|68
|Chakkorathkulam
|-
|69
|[[Karaparamba]]
|70
|East Hill
|-
|71
|Athanikkal
|72
|[[West Hill railway station|West Hill]]
|-
|73
|Edakkad
|74
|[[Puthiyangadi, Kozhikode|Puthiyangadi]]
|}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
===Calicut-I===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |O. T. Sharada Krishnan
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Indian National Congress}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| P. C. R. Nair
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| P. V. Sankaranarayanan
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| rowspan="3"| K. Chandrasekhara Kurup
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=4|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| [[M. Dasan]]
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| [[A. Sujanapal]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| 10th
| M. Dasan
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 1996 – 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| A. Sujanapal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| 12th
| [[A. Pradeepkumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2006 – 2011
|}

===Kozhikode North===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Niyama Sabha
!Member
! colspan="2"|Party
!Tenure
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[A. Pradeepkumar]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| 14th
| 2016 – 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|15th
|[[Thottathil Ravindran]]
|Incumbent
|}

{{notelist}}

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kozhikode North}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Thottathil Ravindran]]||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Adv K Jayanth|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=Navya Haridas|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=Aam Aadmi Party|candidate=Dr. Alphonsa Mathew|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2021===
There were 1,80,909 registered voters in Kozhikode North Assembly constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/partywiseresult-S11.htm|access-date=2021-05-14|website=results.eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kozhikode North}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[Thottathil Ravindran]]|votes=59,124|percentage=42.98%|change={{decrease}}5.42}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=K. M. Abhijith |votes=46,196|percentage=33.58%|change={{increase}}6.19}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=M. T Ramesh |votes=30,952|percentage=22.5%|change={{decrease}}0.02}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=516|percentage=0.38%|change={{decrease}}0.2}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=N. Abhijith |votes=328|percentage=0.34%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=K. Rahim|votes=152|percentage=0.11%|change={{decrease}} 0.05}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=A Ramesh|votes=104|percentage=0.08%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=V. P Ramesh|votes=96|percentage=0.07%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Urandiyil Raveendran|votes=90|percentage=0.07%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 12,928
|percentage = 9.39%
|change ={{decrease}} 11.62
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,37,562|percentage=76.03%|change={{decrease}} 2.09}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{decrease}} 5.42
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,69,752 registered voters in Kozhikode North Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|website = eci.gov.in
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kozhikode North}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[A. Pradeepkumar]]|votes=64,192|percentage=48.40%|change={{decrease}} 0.72}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. M. Suresh Babu|votes=36,319|percentage=27.39%|change={{decrease}} 13.91}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=K. P. Sreesan|votes=29,860|percentage=22.52%|change={{increase}} 14.01}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=770|percentage=0.58%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=K. P. Velayudhan|votes=457|percentage=0.34%|change={{increase}} 0.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Social Democratic Party of India|candidate=Abdul Vahid|votes=351|percentage=0.26%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=S. Jennifer|votes=208|percentage=0.16%|change={{increase}} 0.04}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=E. Pradeep Kumar Peedikathodi|votes=187|percentage=0.14%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=T. Suresh Babu Kamaladhalam|votes=151|percentage=0.11%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Abdu Samad|votes=122|percentage=0.09%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 27,873
|percentage = 21.01%
|change ={{increase}} 13.27
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,32,617|percentage=78.12%|change={{increase}} 0.81}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing ={{decrease}} 0.72
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,50,4325 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Kozhikode North}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=[[A. Pradeepkumar]]|votes=57,123|percentage=49.12%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=P. V. Gangadharan|votes=48,125|percentage=41.38%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=P. Reghunathan|votes=9,894|percentage=8.51%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Pradeep Kumar|votes=420|percentage=0.36%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Gangadharan|votes=367|percentage=0.32%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Looka Joseph|votes=229|percentage=0.20%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)|candidate=P. M. Sreekumar|votes=142|percentage=0.16%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 8,998
|percentage = 7.74%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,16,300|percentage=77.31%|change=}}

{{Election box new seat win|winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* Kozhikode North
* [[Kozhikode district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 2008]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Kerala]]

Changanassery

2026-03-17T13:10:25Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: slightly adjust citations per standard format per sources

{{Short description|Town in Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Changanassery
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Changanacherry
| settlement_type = [[List of urban local bodies in Kerala|Municipality]]<ref name="auto1">https://lsgkerala.gov.in/system/files/2017-10/localbodies.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}</ref>
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow = 2/2/1
| image1 = SB College, Changanassery, Kerala, India.JPG
| image2 = ChanganasseryAnchuVilakku.jpg
| image3 = Ilamkavu Devi temple.jpg
| image4 = Changanssery Boat Jetty with Market Church.jpg
| image5 = NSS Hindu College, Changanassery.jpg
}}
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Clockwise, top to bottom: [[St. Berchmans College]]; The Anchuviḷakku; Iḷamkavu Devi Temple; The boat jetty; [[NSS Hindu College, Changanassery|NSS Hindu College]]
| nickname =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Kerala#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|9.466667|N|76.55|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kerala]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Kottayam]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Municipality
| leader_title = Chairman
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 = Vice Chairman
| leader_name1 =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 13.5
| area_metro_km2 = 43.8
| population_total = 47,485
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_metro = 127,987
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Malayalam]], English<ref>{{cite web |title=The Kerala Official Language (Legislation) Act, 1969 |url=http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |access-date=10 August 2022 |archive-date=20 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420030352/http://www.lawsofindia.org/pdf/kerala/1969/1969KERALA7.pdf |url-status=usurped }}</ref>
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 11
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 686101
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 0481
| registration_plate = KL 33
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Changanassery''', ({{IPA|ml|t͡ʃɐŋːɐnaːʃeːɾi|IPA}}) [[Renaming of cities in India|formerly]] '''Changanacherry''', is a [[List of urban local bodies in Kerala|municipality]]<ref name="auto1"/> in the [[Kottayam district]] of [[Kerala]], India. It is located {{convert|17|km|1|abbr=on}} south of the district headquarters in [[Kottayam]] and about {{convert|115|km|1|abbr=on}} north of the state capital [[Thiruvananthapuram]]. As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Indian census]], Changanassery has a population of 47,485 people, and a population density of {{convert|3517|/sqkm|abbr=on}}.

Changanassery is an important market town, was historically one of the centres of administration and culture in the [[Central Division (Travancore)|Central Travancore]] region. The Changanassery market, established in AD 1805, served as the main trading point in the transport of rice, pepper, dry ginger, and piece goods between the coastal areas in the west and the mountains of the east. The "Anchu Vilakku" lamps were installed by the locals in 1905 near the boat jetty, and continues to serve as a symbol of the religious and ethnic harmony of the region.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://livelifeveryday.blogspot.com/2017/10/changanacherry-market.html | title=Changanacherry Market }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.onmanorama.com/travel/kerala/2021/11/30/tourism-in-changanasherry-kerala-tourism.html | title=From Anchuvilakku to Vandipetta, Changanassery beckons tourists with heritage sites }}</ref> Changanassery is also famous for [[St. Berchmans College|SB College]], one of the oldest and prestigious institutions established by the [[Catholic Church]] in 1922 and for providing higher education to Travancore Region in Kerala in beginning of 20 th Century. [[St. Berchmans College|The College Tower]] of SB College, with [[Christ the King|Christ The King]] on top of it, continues to stand as symbol for wisdom and education in Kerala.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Staff Reporter |date=2021-06-17 |title=Historic SB college to celebrate 100 years |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/historic-sb-college-to-celebrate-100-years/article34841306.ece/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathews |first=Stephen |date=2020-12-11 |title=ST BERCHMANS COLLEGE : CHRIST KING CAMPUS |url=https://smusings.in/2020/12/11/st-berchmans-college-christ-king-campus/ |access-date=2024-10-04 |website=Stephen Musings |language=en}}</ref>

==Administration==
The city is governed by the Changanacherry Municipal Council.Ms Beena Joby is the chairperson of the municipality and the vice chairperson Mr Mathews George.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.changanasserymunicipality.in/council|title=Changanacherry Municipality|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301092848/http://www.changanasserymunicipality.in/council|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

It heads the taluk Kachery (office). It also heads the Munsiff's court and the judicial first class magistrate's court.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ecourts.gov.in/Ecourt4|title=Courts in Changanacherry|access-date=28 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170301011430/http://ecourts.gov.in/Ecourt4|archive-date=1 March 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Changanacherry assembly constituency was a part of [[Kottayam (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|title=Assembly Constituencies - Corresponding Districts and Parliamentary Constituencies
|access-date=2008-10-19
|work=Kerala
|publisher=Election Commission of India
|url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081030085443/http://archive.eci.gov.in/se2001/background/S11/KL_Dist_PC_AC.pdf
|archive-date=2008-10-30
}}</ref> However, after the Delimitation Commission's Report in 2005, in order to retain [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara]] Lok Sabha Constituency, Changanacherry segment in Kottayam and the neighbouring constituencies in Alappuzha and Kollam districts were put together under [[Mavelikara (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mavelikkara constituency]]. Sri. Kodikunnil Suresh represents Mavelikkara constituency in Parliament and Sri. Job Michael represents Changanacherry Constituency in the Kerala Legislative Assembly now.

==Geography and climate==
Changanassery has a [[tropical monsoon climate]]. There is significant rainfall in most months of the year. The short dry season has little effect on the overall climate. The [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen-Geiger climate classification]] is ''Am''. The temperature here averages {{convert|26.3|°C|disp=or}}. In a year, the average rainfall is about {{convert|2979|mm|in|0|disp=or}}.
{{Weather box|location=Changanassery|metric first=yes|single line=yes|Jan high C=31|Feb high C=32.7|Mar high C=33.4|Apr high C=32.1|May high C=30.3|Jun high C=28.4|Jul high C=28.1|Aug high C=28.1|Sep high C=28.6|Oct high C=28.9|Nov high C=29|Dec high C=29.6|Jan low C=26.3|Feb low C=27.5|Mar low C=28.4|Apr low C=27.9|May low C=27|Jun low C=25.7|Jul low C=25.3|Aug low C=25.3|Sep low C=25.6|Oct low C=25.7|Nov low C=25.7|Dec low C=25.8|rain colour = green|Jan rain mm=22|Feb rain mm=26|Mar rain mm=67|Apr rain mm=167|May rain mm=346|Jun rain mm=530|Jul rain mm=497|Aug rain mm=401|Sep rain mm=305|Oct rain mm=324|Nov rain mm=222|Dec rain mm=72|source={{cite web|website=Climate Data|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/44308|title=Changanassery Climate}}}}

== Demographics ==
{{Historical populations|align = left
|1901| 14264
|1911| 17242
|1921| 18955
|1931| 24201
|1941| 28381
|1951| 36289
|1961| 42376
|1971| 48545
|1981| 51955
|1991| 52455
|2001| 51967
|2011| 47685

}}
The Indian census collects statistics for both the Changanassery municipality and the Changanassery Urban Agglomeration (including its surrounding panchayat areas). The Changanassery UA includes Changanassery municipality as well as neighbouring panchayats like [[Paippad]], [[Thrikodithanam]] and [[Chethipuzha]] in Vazhapilly panchayat.

As of the [[2011 Indian census]] Changanassery municipality has a population of 47,485, an 8.2% decline from the 51,967 registered in 2001. Of this, 48.13% are male and 51.86% are female. The total population of the Changanassery UA is 127,987, of which 48.29% are male and 51.71% are female.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/india/kerala/|title=Kerala (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics, Charts and Map|website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2011: Data from the 2011 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|access-date=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> The percentage of children below the age of 6 was 8.9% in Changanassery and 9.02% in the Changanassery UA. The literacy rate of Changanassery in 2011 was 97.19% (98.01% for males and 96.45% for females), which was higher than the state average of 94% and the national average of 74.04%. The literacy rate of the Changanassery UA in 2011 was 97.56% (98.19% for males and 96.98% for females).

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = '''Religion in Changanassery''' (2011)<ref name="census_2011_religion">[https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11379/download/14492/DDW32C-01%20MDDS.XLS Census data] censusindia.gov.in</ref>
|label1 = [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hinduism]]
|value1 = 48.05
|color1 = darkorange
|label2 = [[Christianity in Kerala|Christianity]]
|value2 = 34.67
|color2 = Blue
|label3 = [[Islam in Kerala|Islam]]
|value3 = 17
|color3 = Green
|label4 = None
|value4 = 0.23
|color4 = black
|label5 = Other
|value5 = 0.04
|color5 = grey
}}
According to the 2011 census, [[Hinduism in Kerala|Hindus]] are the plurality, with 48% of the population adhering to the religion. [[Christianity in Kerala|Christians]] form a significant minority, constituting 35% of the population. [[Islam in Kerala|Muslims]] constitute 17% of the population.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/803303-thiruvalla-kerala.html|title=Thiruvalla Municipality City Population Census 2011-2024 | Kerala|website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref>

The headquarters of the [[Nair Service Society]], an organization created for the social advancement and welfare of the Nair community of Hindus, is located in Perunna. Changanassery is also the center of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Changanacherry|Archdiocese of Changanassery]], one of the largest dioceses of the Syro-Malabar Catholic church in India.

== Education ==
There was a Vedic school at Vazhappally Salagramam (Vazhappally Shala) in ancient times during the rule of the [[Thekkumkur]]. It was run exclusively for Brahmins. It is the oldest educational institution in Changanassery on record. The Vazhappally Sala was destroyed by the army of Ramayyan Dalawa during the [[Battle of Changanassery]] between Thekkumkur and Travancore in 1790.<ref>Shungoonny Menon - A HISTORY OF TRAVANCORE - First edition: 1878, New edition: 1983, Page 130, 131 - {{ISBN|8170200407|8120601696}}</ref>

# [[St. Berchmans Higher Secondary School|St Berchmans Higher Secondary School]], Changanassery (1891); One of the oldest residential high schools in Kerala, (then known as) St Berchmans English High School was established by [[Charles Lavigne|Fr Charles Lavigne]] and clergy of Catholic Church in 1891. Even though made for [[Seminary|Seminarians]], the school, soon, was made for public. In 1998 the High School was promoted to Higher Secondary School providing both [[Primary education|primary]] and [[secondary education]]. Cardinals such as [[Antony Padiyara]] and [[George Alencherry]] and archbishops such as [[Joseph Powathil]] and [[Joseph Perumthottam]] are alumni of the school.
# [[St. Berchmans College]], Changanassery (19 June 1922); One of the top ten oldest colleges in Kerala, St Berchmans College was initially started in a building (now a museum) near to St. Mary's Parel Church in 1922 by [[Thomas Kurialacherry]] on the [[cornerstone]] laid by [[Charles Lavigne]] with the help of the [[Catholic Church]] and the [[Travancore royal family]]. It was a junior college affiliated to Madras University. In 1927, graduate courses were started. Travancore University was founded on 1 November 1937 to which the college was then affiliated. Postgraduate courses were started in 1957. Now it is affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University Kottayam. St. Berchmans College situated in Changanacherry, Kottayam District, Kerala, is an independent instructive (Autonomous) organization associated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam. This establishment was established in 1922 and is perceived under the UGC Act, 1956. In the fifth pattern of accreditation in 2022, the school was evaluated at A+ by the NAAC. It was positioned 54 in All India Ranking by [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) in 2022 in the class of College. The college is known for its Victorian architecture, especially the College Tower, and for its alumni such as [[Prem Nazir]], [[Oommen Chandy]], [[Thomas Tharayil (archbishop of Changanassery)|Thomas Tharayil]] and so on.
# [[NSS Hindu College, Changanassery]] (June 1949); The college was started in the rooms provided at the N.S.S. High School and was shifted to a new building in 1955. Set up in 1947, it is licensed from UGC, NAAC, and is associated with Mahatma Gandhi University. NSS, Changanassery offers 30 courses across 5 streams specifically Vocational, Arts, Hotel Management, Science, Commerce and Banking and across 8 degrees like BA, BSc, B.Com, MA, MSc.
# Assumption College, Changanasserry (1950); women's college. Assumption College, affiliated to University of Kerala in 1949, is at present affiliated to Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam. Included under section 2(f) and 12 B of the UGC Act, the College was accredited by the NAAC in the year 2000.

== Notable people ==


{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
* [[Raja Raja Varma Koil Thampuran]]
* [[Mannathu Padmanabha Pillai]]
* [[Ulloor S. Parameswara Iyer]]
* [[Kerala Varma Valiya Koil Thampuran]]
* [[A. R. Raja Raja Varma]]
* [[Changanassery Parameswaran Pillai]]
* [[Kainikkara Kumara Pillai]]
* [[Accamma Cherian]]
* [[P. K. Narayana Panicker]]
* [[L. P. R. Varma]]
* [[Thomas Kurialacherry|Mar Thomas Kurialacherry]]
* [[James Kalacherry|Mar James Kalassery]]
* [[Aditya Varma Manikandan]]
* [[Mathew Kavukattu]]
* [[Muttathu Varkey]]
* [[Joseph Powathil|Mar. Joseph Powathil]]
* [[George Alencherry|Mar George Alencherry]]
* [[Joseph Perumthottam|Mar Joseph Perumthottam]]
* [[Alummoodan]]
* [[L. A. Ravi Varma|Dr. L.A. Ravi Varma]]
* [[Mar Thomas Tharayil]]
* [[Anju Bobby George]]
* [[Raju Narayana Swamy]]
* [[Bheeman Raghu]]
* [[Boban Alummoodan]]
* [[Geethu Anna Jose]]
* [[Parvathy Omanakuttan]]
* [[Matthew Pothen Thekaekara]]
* [[T. V. Varkey|Prof. T.V. Varkey]]
* [[C.F Thomas]]
* [[Roshan Mathew]]
}}



==See also==
*[[Thottackad]]
*[[Palayam, Thiruvananthapuram|Palayam]]
*[[Karukachal]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
* {{citation|last=Singh|first=Upinder|author-link=Upinder Singh|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century|date=2008|publisher=[[Longman|Pearson Longman]]|location=[[New Delhi]]|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.changanachery.com/ About Changanacherry] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709061155/http://www.changanachery.com/ |date=9 July 2011 }}
* [http://www.archdiocesechanganacherry.org/ Archdiocese of Changanacherry]
* [http://www.nsshinducollege.org/ NSS HINDU COLLEGE CHANGANACHERRY]
* [http://www.sjcc.co.in St Joseph College of Communication]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120504174513/http://www.sbcollege.org/index.php St. Berchmans College]
* [http://www.changanasserymunicipality.in/ Changanassery Municipality] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214183512/https://www.changanasserymunicipality.in/ |date=14 December 2021 }}

{| style="centre; margin:150 0 0 0;"
|+
|
{{Geographic Location
|title = '''Nearest Towns and cities connected to Changanacherry'''
|Northwest = [[Kavalam]]
|North = [[Kottayam]]
|Northeast = [[Pampady]]
|West = [[Alapuzha]]
|Centre = Changanassery
|East = [[Kanjirappally]]
|Southwest = [[Mavelikara]]
|South = [[Thiruvalla]]
|Southeast = [[Mallappally]]
}}
|}

{{Kerala}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Kottayam district}}

[[Category:Changanassery| ]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Kottayam district]]
[[Category:History of Changanassery]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Thekkumkur]]
[[Category:Culture of Kerala]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Language row and movement in Jharkhand

2026-03-16T20:52:30Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: new

{{More citations needed|date=February 2022}}
'''2021–2022 Language Movement in Jharkhand''' is a language movement organized on 2021 in [[Jharkhand]], which is still going on in 2022.<ref>{{cite news |title=भोजपुरी मगही अंगिका को शामिल करने के विरोध में राज्य के मुख्यमंत्री हेमंत सोरेन का पुतला फुंका |url=https://www.navrashtramedia.com/state/jharkhand/dhanbadbhojpuri-magahi-burnt-effigy-of-chief-minister-hemant-soren-in-protest-against-the-inclusion-of-angika/ |access-date=2 February 2022 |publisher=www.navrashtramedia.com |date=10 January 2022 |archive-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201191354/https://www.navrashtramedia.com/state/jharkhand/dhanbadbhojpuri-magahi-burnt-effigy-of-chief-minister-hemant-soren-in-protest-against-the-inclusion-of-angika/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The people's demand was expressed to protect the local language and to prevent the aggression of other languages on the local language.<ref name="Telegraph India1">{{cite news |title=Jharkhand State Digest: Language row intensifies |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/jharkhand-state-digest-language-row-intensifies/cid/1849132 |access-date=1 February 2022 |agency=Telegraph India |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=25 January 2022}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph India"/> Local language rights activists in [[Dhanbad]] and [[Bokaro, Jharkhand|Bokaro]] protested against the inclusion of [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]], [[Magahi language|Magahi]] and [[Maithili Language|Maithili]] languages in the state government's list of regional languages for [[Dhanbad]] and [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/jharkhand/bokaro/story-people-are-ready-to-fight-for-the-defense-of-their-language-committee-member-5715060.amp.html|title = अपनी भाषा के रक्षार्थ जनता संघर्ष करने को तैयार : समिति सदस्य}}</ref> and launched a series of movements under the banner of ''Jharkhandi Bhasa Bachao Sangharsh Samiti''.<ref name="Telegraph India">{{cite news |title=Language activists fight over inclusion of Magahi and Bhojpuri |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/language-right-activist-fight-over-inclusion-of-magahi-and-bhojpuri-as-regional-language-in-dhanbad-and-bokaro/cid/1848138 |access-date=1 February 2022 |agency=Telegraph India |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=18 January 2022 |ref=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref><ref name="Telegraph India1"/> On 30 January 2022, Local language right activists making a 50- km long human chain from Telmachcho to [[Chandankiyari]] in [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]] with intensely protests.<ref name="Telegraph India2">{{cite news |title=Language stir turns violent as agitators call for stringent forms of protest |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/language-stir-turns-violent-as-agitators-call-for-stringent-forms-of-protest/cid/1849803 |access-date=1 February 2022 |agency=Telegraph India |publisher=www.telegraphindia.com |date=30 January 2022}}</ref> The voice of the protesters on that day was "Bahari Bhasa Nei Chalto", means outsiders' languages will not work.

About five kilometer long torch procession was taken out under the banner of Jharkhand Bhasha Sangharsh Samiti, [[Nawadih]] on Tuesday to protest against making Bhojpuri and Magahi languages as regional languages in Dhanbad-Bokaro. About two thousand youths involved in this raised slogans against the government with torches in their hands.<ref name="Nawadih procession">[https://www.m.jagran.com/lite/jharkhand/bokaro-five-km-torch-procession-in-protest-against-bhojpurimagahi-22431353.html jagran.com]{{dead link|date=February 2026|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Nawadih Deputy Chief Vishwanath Mahato said that in any case the encroachment of language will not be accepted. [[Hemant Soren|Hemant government]], who talks about the soil, is tampering with its culture, language and identity, which will not be tolerated. Protest foot march will be taken out in Nawadih on Wednesday. [[Bokaro district]] general secretary of Mukhiya Sangh, Gaurishankar Mahto said that Jharkhand has been found after a [[Bihar Reorganisation Act, 2000|long fight]].<ref name=a>{{cite book|title=The Unrest Axle: Ethno-social Movements in Eastern India edited by Gautam Kumar Bera|pages=60–61|isbn=9788183241458|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qrmTdshzKQC&q=Bihar+State+reorganization+bill&pg=PA60|last1=Bera|first1=Gautam Kumar|year=2008}}</ref> Under no circumstances will the identity of Jharkhand be allowed to be played with.<ref name="Nawadih procession"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.bbc.com/tamil/articles/cg4krv7qw4yo தமிழ்நாடு போல, இந்தியாவில் வேறு எங்கெல்லாம் மொழி காக்கும் போராட்டம் நடந்துள்ளது தெரியுமா?] - [[:ta:பிபிசி|பிபிசி]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:2021-2022 Language Movement in Jharkhand}}
[[Category:2020s in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Linguistic rights]]
[[Category:Language conflict in India]]

National Film Award for Best Narration / Voice Over

2026-03-12T14:32:33Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{Short description|Indian film award}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox award
| name = National Film Award for Best Narration / Voice Over
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| subheader = National award for contributions to non-feature film
| awarded_for =
| sponsor = [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
| firstawarded = 2003
| reward = {{ubl|Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) |{{INR|2,00,000}}}}
| former name =
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = Harikrishnan S, ''The Sacred'' (2023)
}}

The '''National Film Award for Narration / Voice Over''' is one of the [[National Film Awards]] given by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] for the non-feature films. It was instituted in 2003 and awarded at [[51st National Film Awards]].<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf|title=51st National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=15 March 2012|page=130}}</ref>

Films made in any Indian language shot on 16 mm, 35 mm or in a wider gauge or digital format and released on either film format or video/digital but certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.

== Awards ==

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize of {{INRConvert|2|l}}. Following are the winners over the years:

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%"
! colspan="5" | List of award recipients, showing the year (award ceremony), film(s) and language(s)
|-
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:5%" |Year
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%" |Film(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:8%" |Language(s)
! scope="col" style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:3%;" class="unsortable" |{{Tooltip|Refs.|Reference}}
|-
| align="center" | [[51st National Film Awards|2003 {{small|(51st)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]]
| ''The 18 Elephants – 3 Monologues''
| [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
| align="center" |<ref name="51stawardPDF"/>
|-
| align="center" | [[52nd National Film Awards|2004 {{small|(52nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Yang Yen Thaw
| ''The Legend of Fat Mama''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="52ndawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/50_52thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=52nd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[53rd National Film Awards|2005 {{small|(53rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Ajay Raina
| ''Wapsi''
| English, [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Urdu language|Urdu]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] and [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]
| align="center" |<ref name="53rdawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/49_53Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=53rd National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[54th National Film Awards|2006 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Nedumudi Venu]]
| ''Minukku''
| Malayalam
| align="center" |<ref name="54thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/48_54sthNfaArchives.pdf|title=54th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[55th National Film Awards|2007 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Vani Subramanian
| ''Ayodhya Gatha''
| English and Hindi
| align="center" |<ref name="55thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/47_55Nfacatalogue-%20.pdf|title=55th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[56th National Film Awards|2008 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Elangbam Natasha
| ''Sana Keithel''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="56thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/46_56thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=56th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[57th National Film Awards|2009 {{small|(57th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Ranjan Palit
| ''In Camera''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="57thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/45_57thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=57th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[58th National Film Awards|2010 {{small|(58th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Nilanjan Bhattacharya
| ''Johar : Welcome to Our World''
| Hindi and English
| align="center" |<ref name="58thawardPDF">{{cite web|url=https://www.dff.gov.in/images/Documents/44_58thNfacatalogue%20-%20.pdf|title=58th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=30 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[59th National Film Awards|2011 {{small|(59th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Ann Abraham
| ''Just that Sort of a Day''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name=59thnfanonfeature>{{cite web|title=59th National Film Awards for 2011 – Non-Feature Films|url=http://dff.nic.in/Pagesfrom59thNFAPressRelease-non-featured.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 April 2012|page=4}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[60th National Film Awards|2012 {{small|(60th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Moni Bordoloi
| ''Suranjana Deepali''
| [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| align="center" |<ref name="60thaward">{{cite press_release|title=60th National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2013/mar/d2013031801.pdf|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|access-date=18 March 2013}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[61st National Film Awards|2013 {{small|(61st)}}]]
! scope="row" | Lipika Singh Darai
| ''Kankee O Saapo''
| [[Odia language|Odia]]
| align="center" |<ref name="61staward">{{cite web|title=61st National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=16 April 2014|access-date=16 April 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416181218/http://www.dff.nic.in/List%20of%20Awards.pdf|archive-date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[62nd National Film Awards|2014 {{small|(62nd)}}]]
! scope="row" | Ambooty (Anil Kumar)
| rowspan="2" | ''Nitya Kalyani – Oru Mohiniyattam Patham''
| rowspan="2" | Malayalam
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="62ndaward">{{cite press_release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015|access-date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Devi S.]]
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[63rd National Film Awards|2015 {{small|(63rd)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Harish Bhimani]]
| ''Mala Laj Watat Nahai''
| Marathi, Hindi and English
| align="center" rowspan="2" |<ref name="63rdaward">{{cite press_release|title=63rd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/Winners_of_63rd_NFA_2015.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=28 March 2016|access-date=28 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Aliyaar
| ''Arangile Nithya Vismayam Guru Chemancherry Kunhiraman Nair''
| Malayalam
|-
| align="center"| [[64th National Film Awards|2016 {{small|(64th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Setsu Makino Togawa
| ''Makino An Indian Haiku''
| English
| align="center" |<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press_release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[65th National Film Awards|2017 {{small|(65th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Francois Castellino
| ''The Lion of Laddak''
|
| align="center" |
|-
| align="center" rowspan="2" | [[66th National Film Awards|2018 {{small|(66th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Deepak Agnihotri
| rowspan="2" | ''Madhubani – The Station of Colours''
| rowspan="2" |
| align="center" rowspan="2" |
|-
! scope="row" | Urvija Upadhayay
|-
| align="center" | [[67th National Film Awards|2019 {{small|(67th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[David Attenborough]]
|''[[Wild Karnataka]]''
| English
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 March 2021 |title=67th National Film Awards announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1706663 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[68th National Film Awards|2020 {{small|(68th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Shobha Tharoor Sreenivasan
| ''Rhapsody of Rains – Monsoons of Kerala''
| English
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2022 |title=68th National Film Awards announced |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1843932 |access-date=7 February 2025 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[69th National Film Awards|2021 {{small|(69th)}}]]
! scope="row" | [[Kulada Kumar Bhattacharya|Kulada Kumar Bhattacharjee]]
| ''Hati Bondhu''
| English and Assamese
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 August 2023 |title=69th National Film Awards for the year 2021 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1951758 |access-date=9 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[70th National Film Awards|2022 {{small|(70th)}}]]
! scope="row" | Sumant Shinde
| ''Murmurs of the Jungle''
| Marathi
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2024 |title=70th National Film Awards for the year 2022 announced |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2045960 |access-date=8 October 2024 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>
|-
| align="center" | [[71st National Film Awards|2023 {{small|(71st)}}]]
! scope="row" | Harikrishnan. S
| ''The Sacred – Jack Exploring the Tree of Wishes''
| English
| align="center" | <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-01 |title=71st National Film Awards 2025 Live Updates: Shah Rukh Khan, Rani Mukerji win first National Awards; Vikrant Massey and 12th Fail bag trophies |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/national-film-awards-2025-live-updates-winners-list-10160873/ |access-date=2025-08-01 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://dff.nic.in/NFA_archive.asp National Film Awards Archives]
* [http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]

{{National Film Awards}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Narration Voice Over}}
[[Category:National Film Awards (India)|Narration Voice Over]]

Nagavali Express

2026-03-05T17:19:32Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{short description|Train in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox rail service
| box_width =
| name = Nagavali Express
| image = SPB-NED Superfast Express.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| caption = Nagavali Express at Charlapalli.
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]
| status =
| locale = [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] & [[Maharashtra]]
| first = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2003|03|23}}
| operator = [[East Coast Railway zone|East Coast Railway]]
| ridership =
| start = {{stnlnk|Sambalpur}} (SBP)
| stops = 20
| end = {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}} (NED)
| distance = {{convert|1480|km|0|abbr=on}}
| journeytime = 26 hours 55 minutes
| frequency = Tri-Weekly
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved
| seating = Yes
| sleeping = Yes
| autorack =
| catering = Available
| observation = Large windows
| baggage = No
| otherfacilities = Below the seats
| stock = [[ICF coach]]
| gauge = [[Broad Gauge]] (1,676 mm)
| speed = {{convert|55|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.
| map = [[File:Nagavali Express (Sambalpur - Nanded) Route map.jpg|250px]]
}}

The '''Nagavali Express''' or '''Nagawali Express''' is a express train belonging to the [[East Coast Railway zone]]. It runs between [[Sambalpur]] and [[Nanded]] as a bi-weekly express train. The train first ran between Sambalpur and [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]] on 23 March 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/nine-more-trains-to-skip-secunderabad-station-halt-at-cherlapalli-station/article69334473.ece|title= Nagawali Express Info}}</ref> The train was later extended from Nizamabad to [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]].<ref>{{cite news|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/rail-budget-2011/Several-new-trains-proposed-in-Railway-Budget/articleshow/7570234.cms |title= Extension from Nizamabad to Hazur Sahib Nanded|newspaper= The Times of India|date= 25 February 2011}}</ref> The frequency was increased from bi-weekly to tri-weekly in the 2013 rail budget.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://zeenews.india.com/business/budget-2013/rail-budget-2013-14-list-of-new-trains_70949.html |title= Increase in frequency}}</ref> It was named after the [[Nagavali River]].

==Service==
It serves the states of [[Odisha]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]] and [[Maharashtra]]. It has 19 halts on its way. It starts from [[Sambalpur Junction railway station|Sambalpur]] on Sunday, Monday and Friday at 10:50 and reaches {{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}} on Monday, Tuesday and Saturday at 13:45. The train from Sambalpur to Nanded is numbered as 20809<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/nine-more-trains-to-skip-secunderabad-station-halt-at-cherlapalli-station/article69334473.ece | title=Nagavali Express/20809 Time Table/Schedule: Visakhapatnam to Secunderabad ECoR/East Coast Zone – Railway Enquiry}}</ref> and from Nanded to Sambalpur as 20810.<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/nine-more-trains-to-skip-secunderabad-station-halt-at-cherlapalli-station/article69334473.ece | title=20810/Nagavali Express (PT) – Secunderabad to Visakhapatnam ECoR/East Coast Zone – Railway Enquiry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/train-frequency-increased-114020300560_1.html|title = Train frequency increased|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 3 February 2014|agency = Press Trust of India}}</ref>

==Locomotives==
It is hauled by [[WAP-7]] electric locomotive of Visakhapatnam Loco Shed from {{stnlnk|Sambalpur}} to {{stnlnk|Visakhapatnam}}, from Visakhapatnam to [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]] it is hauled by a [[WAP-7]] of Lallaguda Loco Shed .

==Time table==
'''20809- [[Sambalpur]]''' to '''{{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}}'''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/ |title=National Train Enquiry System -Indian Railways |accessdate=2016-03-14 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314234300/http://enquiry.indianrail.gov.in/ntes/ |archivedate=14 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| valign="top" | '''SBP'''
| valign="top" | '''[[Sambalpur railway station|Sambalpur Jn.]]'''
| valign="top" | '''Source'''
| valign="top" | '''09:30'''
|-
| valign="top" | BRGA
| valign="top" | [[Bargarh| Bargarh Road]]
| valign="top" | 10:10
| valign="top" | 10:12
|-
| valign="top" | BLGR
| valign="top" | [[Balangir]]
| valign="top" | 11:10
| valign="top" | 11:15
|-
| valign="top" | TIG
| valign="top" | '''[[Titlagarh railway station|Titlagarh Jn.]]'''
| valign="top" | 12:35
| valign="top" | 12:45
|-
| valign="top" | KSNG
| valign="top" | [[Kesinga]]
| valign="top" | 12:58
| valign="top" | 13:00
|-
| valign="top" | MNGD
| valign="top" | [[Muniguda]]
| valign="top" | 14:15
| valign="top" | 14:17
|-
| valign="top" | RGDA
| valign="top" | '''{{stnlnk|Rayagada}}'''
| valign="top" | 15:40
| valign="top" | 15:45
|-
| valign="top" | PVPT
| valign="top" | [[Parvatipuram Town]]
| valign="top" | 16:32
| valign="top" | 16:34
|-
| valign="top" | VBL
| valign="top" | [[Bobbili railway station|Bobbili Jn.]]
| valign="top" | 16:58
| valign="top" | 17:00
|-
| valign="top" | GPI
| valign="top" | [[Gajapathinagaram]]
| valign="top" | 17:25
| valign="top" | 17:27
|-
| valign="top" | VZM
| valign="top" | [[Vizianagaram railway station|Vizianagaram Jn.]]
| valign="top" | 17:50
| valign="top" | 17:55
|-
| valign="top" | VSKP
| valign="top" | '''[[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam Jn.]]'''
| valign="top" | 19:10
| valign="top" | 19:30
|-
| valign="top" | RJY
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
| valign="top" | 22:40
| valign="top" | 22:42
|-
| valign="top" | EE
| valign="top" | [[Eluru]]
| valign="top" | 23:47
| valign="top" | 23:48
|-
| valign="top" | BZA
| valign="top" | '''[[Vijayawada railway station|Vijayawada Jn.]]'''
| valign="top" | 01:30
| valign="top" | 01:50
|-
| valign="top" | KZJ
| valign="top" | [[Kazipet railway station|Kazipet Jn.]]
| valign="top" | 06:00
| valign="top" | 06:02
|-
| valign="top" | CHZ
| valign="top" | '''[[Charlapalli railway station]]'''
| valign="top" | 09:00
| valign="top" | 09:20
|-
| valign="top" | KMC
| valign="top" |[[Kamareddy|Kamareddi]]
| valign="top" | 10:55
| valign="top" | 10:57
|-
| valign="top" | NZB
| valign="top" | [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| valign="top" | 11:55
| valign="top" | 11:57
|-
| valign="top" | BSX
| valign="top" | [[Basar, Telangana|Basar]]
| valign="top" | 12:44
| valign="top" | 12:45
|-
| valign="top" | MEU
| valign="top" | [[Mudkhed|Mudkhed Jn]]
| valign="top" | 13:45
| valign="top" | 13:47
|-
| valign="top" | '''NED'''
| valign="top" | '''{{stnlnk|Hazur Sahib Nanded}}'''
| valign="top" | '''14:35'''
| valign="top" | '''Destination'''
|}

'''20810- [[Hazur Sahib Nanded]]''' to '''[[Sambalpur]]'''<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/nine-more-trains-to-skip-secunderabad-station-halt-at-cherlapalli-station/article69334473.ece | title=20810/Nagavali Express (PT) – Hazur Sahib Nanded to Sambalpur ECoR/East Coast Zone – Railway Enquiry}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:gold;"| Station code
!! style="background:gold;"| Station name
!! style="background:gold;"| Arrival
!! style="background:gold;"| Departure
|-
| valign="top" | '''NED'''
| valign="top" | '''[[Hazur Sahib Nanded]]'''
| valign="top" | '''Source'''
| valign="top" | '''16:15'''
|-
| valign="top" | MEU
| valign="top" | [[Mudkhed| Mudkhed Jn.]]
| valign="top" | 16:43
| valign="top" | 16:45
|-
| valign="top" | BSX
| valign="top" | [[Basar, Telangana|Basar]]
| valign="top" | 17:50
| valign="top" | 17:51
|-
| valign="top" | NZB
| valign="top" | [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| valign="top" | 18:10
| valign="top" | 18:15
|-
| valign="top" | KMC
| valign="top" | [[Kamareddy|Kamareddi]]
| valign="top" | 18:54
| valign="top" | 18:55
|-
| valign="top" | CHZ
| valign="top" | '''[[Charlapalli railway station]]'''
| valign="top" | 21:10
| valign="top" | 21:30
|-
| valign="top" | KZJ
| valign="top" | [[Kazipet railway station|Kazipet Jn.]]
| valign="top" | 23:35
| valign="top" | 23:37
|-
| valign="top" | BZA
| valign="top" | '''[[Vijayawada railway station|Vijayawada Jn.]]'''
| valign="top" | 03:35
| valign="top" | 03:55
|-
| valign="top" | EE
| valign="top" | [[Eluru]]
| valign="top" | 04:41
| valign="top" | 04:42
|-
| valign="top" | RJY
| valign="top" | {{stnlnk|Rajahmundry}}
| valign="top" | 06:15
| valign="top" | 06:17
|-
| valign="top" | VSKP
| valign="top" | '''[[Visakhapatnam railway station|Visakhapatnam Jn.]]'''
| valign="top" | 10:15
| valign="top" | 10:35
|-
| valign="top" | VZM
| valign="top" | [[Vizianagaram railway station|Vizianagaram Jn.]]
| valign="top" | 11:30
| valign="top" | 11:35
|-
| valign="top" | GPI
| valign="top" | [[Gajapathinagaram]]
| valign="top" | 11:56
| valign="top" | 11:58
|-
| valign="top" | VBL
| valign="top" | [[Bobbili railway station|Bobbili Jn.]]
| valign="top" | 12:30
| valign="top" | 12:32
|-
| valign="top" | PVPT
| valign="top" | [[Parvatipuram Town]]
| valign="top" | 12:48
| valign="top" | 12:50
|-
| valign="top" | RGDA
| valign="top" | '''{{stnlnk|Rayagada}}'''
| valign="top" | 13:30
| valign="top" | 13:45
|-
| valign="top" | MNGD
| valign="top" | [[Muniguda]]
| valign="top" | 14:43
| valign="top" | 14:45
|-
| valign="top" | KSNG
| valign="top" |[[Kesinga]]
| valign="top" | 15:40
| valign="top" | 15:42
|-
| valign="top" | TIG
| valign="top" | '''[[Titlagarh railway station|Titlagarh Jn.]]'''
| valign="top" | 16:10
| valign="top" | 16:20
|-
| valign="top" | BLGR
| valign="top" | [[Balangir]]
| valign="top" | 17:10
| valign="top" | 17:15
|-
| valign="top" | BRGA
| valign="top" | [[Bargarh|Bargarh Road]]
| valign="top" | 18:30
| valign="top" | 18:32
|-
| valign="top" | '''SBP'''
| valign="top" | '''[[Sambalpur railway station|Sambalpur Jn.]]'''
| valign="top" | '''19:50'''
| valign="top" | '''Destination'''
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:WAM4 loco at Moulaali.jpg|20809 (SBP-NED) Nagavali Express at Moulaali with a WAM-4 Loco
File:18309 (SBP-NED) Nagavali Express at Secunderabad 01.jpg|Nagavali Express name-board in Telugu language
File:18309 (SBP-NED) Nagavali Express at Lallaguda 01.JPG|20809 (SBP-NED) Nagavali Express at Lallaguda with a WDP-4 loco
File:18309 (SBP-NED) Nagavali Express at Lallaguda 03.JPG|20809 (SBP-NED) Nagavali Express crossing Lallaguda
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Railways in Southern India |state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Rail transport in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Odisha]]
[[Category:East Coast Railway zone| Express]]
[[Category:Named passenger trains of India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Telangana]]
[[Category:Transport in Nanded]]
[[Category:Transport in Sambalpur]]
[[Category:Express trains in India]]
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2003]]

Plus (film)

2026-03-03T21:31:28Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: started info

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Plus
| image =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Gadda Viji
| producer = [[Yogaraj Bhat]] Rithesh
| story = Ritesh
| screenplay = Gadda Viji
| starring = [[Anant Nag]] [[Chetan Chandra]] [[Sudharani]]
| music = [[Bharath B. J.]] [[Ravi Basrur]]
| cinematography = Guruprashanth Rai
| editing = Suresh Armugam
| studio = Filmy People Productions Yogaraj Movies
| distributor = Yogaraj Movies
| released = {{Film date|2015|10|16|df=y}}
| runtime = 151 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Plus''''' ({{langx|kn|ಪ್ಲಸ್}}), also known as '''''+''''', is a 2015 Indian Kannada-language [[suspense]] [[drama film|drama]] science-fiction film<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ravi-shankar-turns-rakshasa/articleshow/49222810.cms|title=Ravi Shankar turns Rakshasa|website=The Times of India}}</ref> directed by Gadda Viji and co-produced by [[Yogaraj Bhat]]. It stars [[Anant Nag]] as the lead protagonist with an image makeover.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-anant-nag-dons-new-look-for-kannada-film-plus-2134666|title=Anant Nag dons new look for Kannada film 'Plus'|website=DNA India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/kannada/2014/nov/10/anant-nag-is-the-keynote-in-gadda-viji%e2%80%99s-film-680923.html|title=Anant Nag is the Keynote in Gadda Viji's Film|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/ananth-nag-gets-a-suave-makeover-for-his-next/articleshow/45096924.cms|title=Ananth Nag gets a suave makeover for his next|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

After a lot of hype surrounding the makers' innovative marketing strategy around Ananth Nag's new look; Upon theatrical release on 16 October 2015, the film was panned by critics for being complicated and ambiguous.

==Synopsis==
Based on the theme of 'good over evil', the plot of the film revolves around the life of a businessman trying to save himself being attacked by goons on bringing three persons all suffering from different psychological disorders together.

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
* [[Anant Nag]] as Jaii
* [[Chetan Chandra]] as Vivek
* [[Shalini Vadnikatti]] as Nidhi
* [[Sudharani]] as Samarthana
* [[Aishani Shetty]]
* [[P. Ravi Shankar]] as Rankasura
* [[Achyuth Kumar]]
* [[Suchendra Prasad]]
* [[B. Suresha]]
* Kari Subbu
* [[Prashanth Siddi]]
* Shweta Pandit
* Gourish Akki
* Danny
* Devu
* Niranjan
* [[Rajesh Nataranga]] as Inspector Kishore
* [[Pawan Kumar (director)|Pawan Kumar]]
* [[Shruthi Hariharan]] and Ritesh in a special appearance in song "Sunday Banthu"
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Plus
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Bharath B. J.]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = {{Start date|2015|7|4|df=yes}}
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|m=33|s=25}}
| label = Alpha Digitech
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

[[Bharath B. J.]] and [[Ravi Basrur]] scored the film's background music, and Bharath composed for its soundtrack. The lyrics for the soundtrack was written by [[Yogaraj Bhat]], Goravi Aalduru and Nagesh Prasanna. The soundtrack album consists of ten tracks.<ref>{{cite web|title=Plus (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/plus-original-motion-picture/id1019448612|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231075042/https://itunes.apple.com/in/album/plus-original-motion-picture/id1019448612|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2016|publisher=iTunes|accessdate=15 October 2015}}</ref> It was released in Bangalore on 4 July 2015 in the form of pen-drives.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/plus-audio-comes-kannada-news-136856.html|title='Plus' audio comes|work=Indiaglitz|date=6 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811225821/http://www.indiaglitz.com/plus-audio-comes-kannada-news-136856.html|archivedate=11 August 2015}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Artist(s)
| total_length = 33:25
| title1 = Kaanada Navilidu
| extra1 = Chetan Gandharva
| lyrics1 = Goravi Aalduru
| length1 = 3:12
| title2 = Geluva Daari
| extra2 = Chetan Gandharva, Gubbi
| lyrics2 = Nagesh Prasanna, Gubbi
| length2 = 4:05
| title3 = Namdella Bari Plussu
| extra3 = [[Vijay Prakash]]
| lyrics3 = [[Yogaraj Bhat]]
| length3 = 3:21
| title4 = Plus Mashup
| extra4 = [[Bharath B. J.]]
| lyrics4 =
| length4 = 4:02
| title5 = Shloka
| extra5 = [[Anant Nag]]
| lyrics5 =
| length5 = 1:05
| title6 = Sari Tappu Kelada Moha
| extra6 = [[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]], Ritisha Padmanabha
| lyrics6 = Yogaraj Bhat
| length6 = 4:31
| title7 = Sunday Banthu
| extra7 = Bharath B. J., [[Indu Nagaraj]]
| lyrics7 = Yogaraj Bhat
| length7 = 4:13
| title8 = Narcissistic
| note8= theme
| extra8 = Bharath B. J.
| lyrics8 =
| length8 = 2:28
| title9 = Mesophania
| note9= theme
| extra9 = Bharath B. J.
| lyrics9 =
| length9 = 3:04
| title10 = Discovery
| note10= theme
| extra10 = Bharath B. J.
| lyrics10 =
| length10 = 3:24
}}

==Reception==
''The Times of India'' wrote that "The makers tried to call this a medical and science fiction thriller. Though, it ends up being just an experimental good-versus-evil commercial drama".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/-plus/movie-review/49438454.cms|title=+ (Plus) Movie Review {2.5/5}: Critic Review of + (Plus) by Times of India|work=The Times of India}}</ref> ''The Hindu'' wrote that "Plus makes you wonder if storytelling is really that difficult".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/plus-review-is-storytelling-that-difficult/article7773192.ece|title=Plus review: Is storytelling that difficult?|first=Archana|last=Nathan|date=17 October 2015|work=The Hindu}}</ref> ''Deccan Chronicle'' wrote that "After a recent 'senseless' movie, here is a 'mindless' one, and all credit goes to the director who has positively managed to showcase his talent of making the worst movie ever".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151017/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-%E2%80%98%E2%80%99-plus-big-minus|title=Movie review '+' (Plus): A big minus (-)|first=shashiprasad s|last=m|date=17 October 2015|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

{{Yogaraj Bhat}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plus}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]

Bhakta Kannappa

2026-03-03T20:22:40Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|1976 Telugu film by Bapu}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhakta Kannappa
| image = Bhakta Kannappa.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]]
| producer = [[Uppalapati Surya Narayana Raju|U. Suryanarayana Raju]]
| writer = [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]]
| starring = [[Krishnam Raju]] [[Vanisree]] [[M. Balaiah]] [[Rao Gopal Rao]] [[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] [[Sreedhar Surapaneni]] [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] [[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]
| narrator =
| music = [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]]
| cinematography = [[V. S. R. Swamy]] [[M. V. Raghu]]
| editing = Mandapati Ramachandraiah
| studio = Gopikrishna Movies
| released = {{Film date|1976|05|26}}
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Bhakta Kannappa''''' ({{translation|Devotee Kannappa}}) is a 1976 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language film directed by [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] and produced by U. Suryanarayana Raju under the Gopikrishna Movies banner.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 January 2023 |title=Remembering Krishnam Raju: A look at the best films of Telugu cinema’s rebel star across decades |url=https://www.ottplay.com/photo-gallery/remembering-krishnam-raju-a-look-at-the-best-films-of-telugu-cinemas-rebel-star-across-decades/88b8459517337?photostory-2 |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |quote=The film that also won the National Film Award for Best Audiography (S. P. Ramanathan)}}</ref> The film was inspired by the 1954 Kannada movie ''[[Bedara Kannappa]]'' which was based on the life of the Shaiva devotee, [[Kannappa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/do-you-know-the-legendary-rajkumar-once-acted-in-a-telugu-movie-888722.html |title=Do you know the legendary Rajkumar once acted in a Telugu movie? |date=17 September 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/Bhakta-Kannappa-1976-Retrospective |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308085524/http://www.telugucinema.com/Bhakta-Kannappa-1976-Retrospective |archive-date=8 March 2016 |title=Bhakta Kannappa (1976) - Retrospective {{!}} telugucinema.com}}</ref> The film stars [[Krishnam Raju]] in the title role, along with [[Vanisree]], [[M. Balaiah]], [[Rao Gopal Rao]], [[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]], and others in supporting roles. The music was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]], with lyrics by [[Arudra]], [[C. Narayana Reddy]], and [[Veturi Sundararama Murthy]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Bhakta Kannappa (1976) - Retrospective |url=http://www.telugucinema.com/Bhakta-Kannappa-1976-Retrospective |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308085524/http://www.telugucinema.com/Bhakta-Kannappa-1976-Retrospective |archive-date=2016-03-08 |website=[[TeluguCinema.com]]}}</ref>

==Plot==
[[Arjuna]] (Krishnam Raju) is reborn as Thinnadu, an atheist who is raised by a tribal lord ([[M. Prabhakar Reddy]]). Leela ([[Vanisri|Vanisree]]), the tribal lord's daughter, falls in love with Thinna, but Mallanna ([[Sreedhar]]) also loves her. Thinna defeats Mallanna in a duel and wins Leela's hand. As an atheist, Thinna refuses to bow to the village goddess and leaves the village with Leela. The story follows Thinna's transformation into a devout follower of Lord Siva, becoming the revered [[Kannappa]].

== Cast ==

* [[Krishnam Raju]] in a dual role as
**[[Arjuna]]
**[[Kannappa Nayanar|Kannappa]]/Thinnadu
* [[Vanisri]] as Leela
* [[M. Balaiah]] as [[Lord Shiva]]
* [[Rao Gopal Rao]] as Kailasanatha Shastri
* [[Sarathi (comedian)|Sarathi]] as Kashinatha Shastri
* [[Allu Ramalingaiah]]
* [[Sreedhar]] as Mallanna
* [[M. Prabhakar Reddy|Prabhakar Reddy]] as Neela's father
* [[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Jara Rashtrika (Vedic form of Peddavema Reddy)
* [[P. R. Varalakshmi]] as [[Goddess Parvati]]
* Jhansi
* Baby Varalakshmi
* [[Rohini (actress)|Baby Rohini]]
* [[Jaya Malini]] as Ranjana

==Production==
The film was inspired by [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]]’s 1954 film ''[[Bedara Kannappa]]''.<ref name=":0" />

''Bhakta Kannappa'' was primarily shot in outdoor locations, including Pattiseema, Gutala, and the forests near Buttayagudem. Filming began in November 1975 and concluded in May 1976. Initially, the project was helmed by [[V. Madhusudhana Rao]], but due to creative differences, [[Bapu (director)|Bapu]] and [[Mullapudi Venkata Ramana]] took over the project. Bapu made significant changes to the script, which led to some previously recorded songs being dropped.<ref name=":1" />

The film's artwork, typical of Bapu's style, gave the film an authentic and captivating look. The dialogues, penned by Mullapudi, were noted for their realism and relevance to the characters. Notably, the song "Enniyallo Enniyallo," which appears to be shot on a full moon night, was actually filmed during the day.<ref name=":1" />

==Music==
The soundtrack for ''Bhakta Kannappa'' was composed by [[Satyam (composer)|Satyam]], with lyrics written by [[Aarudra|Arudra]], [[C. Narayana Reddy]], and [[Veturi|Veturi Sundararama Murthy]]. The songs became widely popular, especially "Enniyallo" and "Aakasham Dinchala."<ref name=":1" />

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singers !! Cast !! Lyrics
|-
| "Om Namasivayya" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] and Chorus || Krishnam Raju, M. Balaiah || Veturi
|-
| "Aakasam Dinchala Nelavanka" || [[V. Ramakrishna]], [[P. Susheela]] || Krishnam Raju, Vanisree || Arudra
|-
| "Enniyallo Enniyallo" || V. Ramakrishna, P. Susheela || Krishnam Raju, Vanisree || Arudra
|-
| "Kanda Gelichindi" || V. Ramakrishna, P. Susheela || Krishnam Raju, Vanisree || Arudra
|-
| "Siva Siva Ananelaara" || [[S. Janaki]] || Rao Gopal Rao, Jayamalini || C. Narayana Reddy
|-
| "Thalli Thandri Neevenamma" || P. Susheela || Vanisree || Veturi
|-
| "Siva Siva Sankara Bhaktava Sankara" || V. Ramakrishna || Krishnam Raju || Veturi
|-
| "Tinavayya Maa Kanna Tandri" || V. Ramakrishna || Krishnam Raju || Veturi
|-
| "Om Namasivayya" (reprise) || V. Ramakrishna || Krishnam Raju || Veturi
|-
| "Srikalahastiswara Hara Hara" || V. Ramakrishna and Chorus || Krishnam Raju || Veturi
|}

==Reception==
''Bhakta Kannappa'' was a commercial success running for 100 days in major centres and received widespread acclaim for its music, performances, and technical excellence. This achievement established the Gopikrishna banner, which subsequently produced other successful films, including ''[[Amara Deepam (1977 film)|Amaradeepam]]'' (1977) and ''[[Mana Voori Pandavulu|Mana Oori Pandavulu]]'' (1978).<ref name=":1" />

''Bhakta Kannappa'' was a pivotal success in Krishnam Raju's career, showcasing his versatility as an actor.<ref name=":0" /> The film is also remembered for its visual grandeur and use of elaborate outdoor locations.<ref name=":1" />

== Awards ==

* [[National Film Award for Best Sound Design|National Film Award for Best Audiography]] - S. P. Ramanathan<ref>{{cite web |title=24th National Film Awards |url=http://www.hindilyrics.net/awards/national-film-awards-1977.html |access-date=10 July 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0155543|Bhakta Kannappa}}

[[Category:1976 films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Indian biographical films]]
[[Category:1970s biographical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Bapu]]
[[Category:Films scored by Satyam (composer)]]
[[Category:1976 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1976 Indian films]]

XXX (film series)

2026-02-25T21:11:19Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: slightly update article per sources and corrected details for consistency

{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}}
{{Short description|American spy action film series by Rich Wilkes}}
{{Infobox film
| name = XXX
| image = Xxx-movie-logo.png
| caption = Official film series logo
| director = {{Plainlist|

* [[Rob Cohen]] (1)
* [[Lee Tamahori]] (2)
* [[D. J. Caruso]] (3–4)
}}
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Neal H. Moritz]] (1–2)
* Arne Schmidt (2)
* [[Joe Roth]] (3)
* Jeff Kirschenbaum (3)
* [[Vin Diesel]] (3)
* Samantha Vincent (3)
}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* [[Rich Wilkes]] (1)
* [[Simon Kinberg]] (2)
* F. Scott Frazier (3)
}}
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring =
| narrator =
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Randy Edelman]] (1)
* [[Marco Beltrami]] (2)
* [[Brian Tyler]] (3)
* Robert Lydecker (3)
}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* [[Dean Semler]] (1)
* [[David Tattersall]] (2)
* [[Russell Carpenter]] (3)
* Stephen F.Windon (4)
* Marc Spicer (4)
}}
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[Chris Lebenzon]] (1)
* Joel Negron (1)
* [[Paul Rubell]] (1)
* [[Mark Goldblatt]] (2)
* Todd E. Miller (2)
* [[Steven Rosenblum]] (2)
* Christian Wagner (4)
* Dylan Highsmith (4)
* Leigh Folsom Boyd (4)
* Christopher Rouse (4)
* Jim Page (3–4)
* Vince Filippone (3–4)
}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* [[Columbia Pictures]] (1–2)
* [[Revolution Studios]] (1–4)
* [[Original Film]] (1–2, 4)
* [[One Race Films]] (3–4)
* [[Roth/Kirschenbaum Films]] (3–4)
}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Sony Pictures Releasing]] (1–2)
* [[Paramount Pictures]] (3–4)
}}
| released = {{Film date|2002|08|09|1|2005|04|29|2|2017|01|20|3}}
| runtime = 322 minutes<ref>{{cite web|title=''XXX'' (2002)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/xxx-2002-2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205352/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/xxx-2002-2|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2016|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=August 9, 2002|access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=''XXX: State of the Union'' (2005)|url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/xxx-next-level-2005|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402205646/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/xxx-next-level-2005|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 2, 2016|work=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|date=April 29, 2005|access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref>
| country = {{Plainlist|
* United States
}}
| language = English
| budget = '''Total (3 films):''' $215 million
| gross = '''Total (3 films):''' $694 million<ref name="BOM"/>
}}
'''''XXX''''' (stylized as '''''xXx''''' and pronounced '''''Triple X''''') is an American [[action film|action]] [[spy film]] series created by [[Rich Wilkes]]. It consists of three full-length feature films: ''[[XXX (2002 film)|XXX]]'' (2002), ''[[XXX: State of the Union]]'' (2005) and ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]'' (2017), and a short film: ''The Final Chapter: The Death of Xander Cage''. The series has grossed $694 million worldwide.

== Films ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: center;"
!Film
!U.S. release date
!Director
!Screenwriter
!Producer(s)
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" |''[[XXX (2002 film)|XXX]]''
| style="text-align:left" |August 9, 2002
|[[Rob Cohen]]
|[[Rich Wilkes]]
|[[Neal H. Moritz]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" |''[[XXX: State of the Union]]''
| style="text-align:left" |April 29, 2005
|[[Lee Tamahori]]
|[[Simon Kinberg]]
|Neal H. Moritz & Arne L. Schmidt
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" |''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]''
| style="text-align:left" |January 20, 2017
|[[D.J. Caruso]]
|F. Scott Frazier
|[[Joe Roth]], [[Jeff Kirschenbaum]], [[Vin Diesel]] & Samantha Vincent
|}

=== ''XXX'' (2002) ===
{{main|XXX (2002 film)|l1=''XXX'' (2002 film)}}

The film was released on August 9, 2002, which stars [[Vin Diesel]] as Xander Cage, a [[thrill seeking]] [[extreme sports]] enthusiast, [[stuntman]] and [[anti-establishment|rebellious]] athlete-turned-reluctant spy for the [[National Security Agency]] who is sent on a dangerous mission to [[infiltration tactics|infiltrate]] a group of potential Russian [[terrorist]]s in [[Central Europe]]. The film also stars [[Asia Argento]], [[Marton Csokas]] and [[Samuel L. Jackson]]. It was directed by [[Rob Cohen]], who previously directed ''[[The Fast and the Furious (2001 film)|The Fast and the Furious]]'' (2001), in which Diesel also starred.

=== ''XXX: State of the Union'' (2005) ===
{{main|XXX: State of the Union|l1=''XXX: State of the Union''}}

The film was released on April 29, 2005, which stars [[Ice Cube]] as Darius Stone, a new agent in the Triple X program, who is sent to [[Washington, D.C.]] to defuse a power struggle amongst national leaders.

=== ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage'' (2017) ===
{{main|XXX: Return of Xander Cage|l1=''XXX: Return of Xander Cage''}}

The film was released on January 20, 2017, and sees the return of Diesel as Xander Cage, who comes out of self-imposed exile, thought to be long dead, and is set on a collision course with a deadly alpha warrior and his team in a race to recover a sinister and seemingly unstoppable weapon known as Pandora's Box. Recruiting an all-new group of thrill-seeking cohorts, Xander finds himself enmeshed in a deadly conspiracy that points to collusion at the highest levels of world governments.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://collider.com/xxx-3-return-of-xander-cage-synopsis-images-vin-diesel/|title='xXx: The Return of Xander Cage' Synopsis Sounds Exciting if You've Never Seen a 'xXx' Movie|website=[[Collider (website)|Collider]] |date=February 11, 2016}}</ref>

=== Untitled fourth ''XXX'' film (TBA)===
In September 2018, it was announced that a fourth film is in development. The project will be a joint-venture production, with [[The H Collective]] and [[iQiyi]] after the former acquired franchise rights from [[Revolution Studios]]. [[D. J. Caruso]] was believed to return as director, while [[Vin Diesel]] would reprise his role as Xander Cage. Production was scheduled to begin in early-2019.<ref name="frater">{{cite magazine | last=Frater | first=Patrick | url=https://variety.com/2018/film/asia/xxx-4-expands-h-collective-and-iqiyis-hollywood-china-funding-pact-exclusive-1202930634/ | title='xXx 4' Expands H Collective and iQIYI's Hollywood-China Funding Pact (Exclusive) | magazine=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] | date=September 6, 2018 | access-date=October 25, 2018 }}</ref> In November 2018, [[Jay Chou]] and Zoe Zhang joined the cast.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://deadline.com/2018/11/vin-diesel-xxx-4-the-green-hornet-jay-chou-1202503092/|title=Vin Diesel-Led 'xXx 4' Adds 'The Green Hornet's Jay Chou|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=November 20, 2018|access-date=November 20, 2018|author=Amanda N'Duka}}</ref> Japanese rock star and musician [[Yoshiki (musician)|Yoshiki]] was set to serve as the film's composer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://consequence.net/2019/01/yoshiki-music-xxx-4-spycies-x-japan-first-album-22-years/|title=Yoshiki composes music for the films xXx 4 and Spycies, as X Japan finish up first album in more than 22 years|date=2019-01-23|website=Consequence of Sound|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.blabbermouth.net/news/x-japans-yoshiki-to-create-theme-song-for-new-xxx-4-film-starring-vin-diesel/|title=X JAPAN's YOSHIKI To Create Theme Song for New 'xXx 4' Film Starring VIN DIESEL|last=Blabbermouth|date=2019-01-22|website=BLABBERMOUTH.NET|access-date=2019-08-05}}</ref> In September 2023, it was reiterated that a fourth film was still in development, though production would not be able to start until Diesel completed his work on the upcoming eleventh ''[[Fast & Furious]]'' film.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://movieweb.com/xxx-4-vin-diesel-still-in-early-development/?mibextid=Zxz2cZ#Echobox=1694601376 | title=XXX 4 with Vin Diesel is Still in Early Development | date=September 13, 2023 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2024, an article by [[Deadline Hollywood|Deadline]] has stated that the film has been [[Development hell|stalled]] due to The H Collective's financial problems and litigation with the ''xXx'' franchise film rights.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kanter |first=Jake |date=2024-04-29 |title=Investigation: How An Extravagant Chinese Financier Charmed Hollywood's Elite Before Vanishing, Owing People Millions |url=https://deadline.com/2024/04/kenny-huang-charmed-hollywood-then-vanished-1235893442/ |access-date=2024-04-30 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Short film==
=== ''The Final Chapter: The Death of Xander Cage'' (2005) ===
Included with the 2005 Director's Cut DVD of the first film is a four-minute short titled ''The Final Chapter: The Death of Xander Cage'', that serves as a prequel to ''XXX: State of the Union'' by detailing the alleged death of Xander Cage before the events of that film.

In the short film, Xander is played by Vin Diesel's stunt double Khristian Lupo (who never shows his face or speaks) while reusing some archival lines spoken by Diesel. It also features [[Leila Arcieri]] as Jordan King from the first film and John G. Connolly as [[Lieutenant colonel (Australia)|Lt. Colonel]] Alabama "Bama" Cobb, one of the villains from ''xXx: State of the Union'' who is Deckert's right-hand man, as the man behind the attack on Xander.

The sequence opens with Xander driving in a car with Jordan King. He stops next to his apartment building. King makes sexual overtures to him and they get intimate. Suddenly they hear a noise and Xander goes to check it out. Cobb's men show up and abduct King. They plant a bomb in the building and drop her coat on the steps to trick Xander to his death. After confronting a homeless man, Xander returns to the building. He takes the bait left by Cobb and his henchmen and is apparently blown apart by a huge explosion. His trademark coat survives the blast. Cobb shows up and picks up a piece of burnt skin from Xander's neck which has the Triple X tattoo on it. He remarks "Poor Xander, you never had very much between the ears." His men pick him up and drive off in their car. Cobb's motives for killing Xander are obvious; he doesn't want him to interfere in Deckert's plans. "[[Feuer Frei]]" by [[Rammstein]] plays in the background during the sequence.

==Cast and crew==
===Cast===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:88%;"
|-
! rowspan="3" style="width:20%;" | Characters
! colspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | Films
! style="text-align:center;" | Short film
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:9%;" | ''[[XXX (2002 film)|XXX]]''
! style="text-align:center; width:10%;" | ''[[XXX: State of the Union|XXX: State of the Union]]''
! style="text-align:center; width:11%;" | ''[[XXX: Return of Xander Cage|XXX: Return of Xander Cage]]''
! style="text-align:center; width:11%;" | ''XXX 4''
! style="text-align:center; width:17%;" | ''The Final Chapter: The Death of Xander Cage''
|-
! 2002
! 2005
! 2017
! TBA
! 2005
|-
! rowspan="2" | Xander Cage {{small|xXx}}
| rowspan="2" | [[Vin Diesel]]
| rowspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;" |
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | [[Vin Diesel]]
| Khristian Lupo
|-
| {{N/A|Vin Diesel}} {{small|(''archive recordings'')}}
|-
! [[National Security Agency|NSA]] Agent Augustus Eugene Gibbons
| colspan="3" | [[Samuel L. Jackson]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Darius Stone {{small|xXx}}
| style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| colspan="2" | [[Ice Cube]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Toby Lee Shavers
| colspan="2" | [[Michael Roof]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Jordan King
| [[Leila Arcieri]]
| colspan="3" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| Leila Arcieri
|-
! Alabama "Bama" Cobb
| style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| John G. Connolly
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| John G. Connolly
|-
! Yorgi
| [[Martin Csokas]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! Yelena
| [[Asia Argento]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! Milan Sova
| [[Richy Müller]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! Kirill
| [[Werner Daehn]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! Kolya
| [[Petr Jákl]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! Viktor
| [[Jan Pavel Filipensky]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! California State Senator Dick Hotchkiss
| [[Tom Everett]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! El Jefe
| [[Danny Trejo]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! NSA Agent Jim McGrath
| [[Thomas Ian Griffith]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! J.J.
| [[Eve (rapper)|Eve]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! NSA Agent Roger Donnan
| [[William Hope (actor)|William Hope]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! Ivan Pedgrag
| Radek Tomecka
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! Ivan Podrov
| [[Martin Hub]]
| colspan="4" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
|-
! General George Deckert
| style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| [[Willem Dafoe]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! NSA Agent Kyle Christopher Steele
| style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| [[Scott Speedman]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! U.S. President James Sanford
| style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| [[Peter Strauss]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Zeke
| style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| [[Xzibit]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Charlie Mayweather
| style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| [[Sunny Mabrey]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Lola Jackson
| style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| [[Nona Gaye]]
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! NSA Agent Meadows
| style="background:lightgrey;" |  
| Ramon De Ocampo
| colspan="3" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Xiang {{small|XXX}}
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Donnie Yen]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Serena Unger {{small|XXX}}
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Deepika Padukone]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Becky Clearidge
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Nina Dobrev]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Adele Wolff
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Ruby Rose]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Talon
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Tony Jaa]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Jane Marke
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Toni Collette]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Harvard "Nicks" Zhou
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Kris Wu]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Tennyson "Torch"
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Rory McCann]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] Director Anderson
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Al Sapienza]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Gina Roff
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Ariadna Gutiérrez]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Hawk
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Michael Bisping]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Ainsley
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| [[Hermione Corfield]]
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! Red Erik
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| Andrey Ivchenko
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|-
! [[Neymar|Neymar Jr. {{small|xXx}}]]
| colspan="2" style="background-color:#D3D3D3;" |
| Neymar
| colspan="2" style="background:lightgrey;" |  
|}

===Crew===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center; width:99%;"
! Film
! Director
! Writer(s)
! Producer(s)
! Cinematographer
! Music
! Editor(s)
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''XXX''
| [[Rob Cohen]]
| [[Rich Wilkes]]
| [[Neal H. Moritz]]
| [[Dean Semler]]
| [[Randy Edelman]]
| [[Chris Lebenzon]] Joel Negron [[Paul Rubell]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''XXX: State of the Union''
| [[Lee Tamahori]]
| [[Simon Kinberg]]
| Neal H. Moritz Arne L. Schmidt
| [[David Tattersall]]
| [[Marco Beltrami]]
| [[Mark Goldblatt]] Todd E. Miller [[Steven Rosenblum]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage''
| rowspan="2"| [[D. J. Caruso]]
| F. Scott Frazier
| rowspan="2"| [[Joe Roth]] Jeff Kirschenbaum Vin Diesel Samantha Vincent
| [[Russell Carpenter]]
| [[Brian Tyler]] Robert Lydecker
| Jim Page Vince Filippone
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''XXX 4''
| [[Derek Haas]]<ref name="THCF">{{Cite web|title=The H Collective Films|url=https://www.thehcollectivefilms.com/xxx-4/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=TheHCollectiveFilms|language=en-US}}</ref>
| {{TBA}}
| [[Yoshiki (musician)|Yoshiki]]<ref name="Yoshiki">{{Cite web|date=2019-01-23|title=Japanese Composer and Rock Star Yoshiki to Score xXx 4|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/1030255-yoshiki-to-score-xxx-4/|access-date=2021-11-15|website=ComingSoon|language=en-US}}</ref>
| {{TBA}}
|}

==Reception==

===Box office performance===
{| class="wikitable" style="width:99%;"
|-
! rowspan="2" | Film
! rowspan="2" | Release date
! colspan="3" | Box office revenue
! colspan="2" text="wrap"| Box office ranking
! rowspan="2" | Budget
! rowspan="2" | Reference
|-
! North America
! Other territories
! Worldwide
! All time North America
! All time worldwide
|-
| ''XXX''
| August 9, 2002
| style="text-align:center;"| $142,109,382
| style="text-align:center;"| $135,339,000
| style="text-align:center;"| $277,448,382
| style="text-align:center;"| #334
| style="text-align:center;"| #416
| style="text-align:center;"| $70 million
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=xxx.htm|title=XXX (2002))|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=August 21, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''XXX: State of the Union''
| April 29, 2005
| style="text-align:center;"| $26,873,932
| style="text-align:center;"| $44,148,761
| style="text-align:center;"| $71,022,693
| style="text-align:center;"| #2,675
| style="text-align:center;" {{n/a|N/A}}
| style="text-align:center;"| $60 million{{failed verification|date=May 2019}}
|style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=xxx2.htm|title=XXX: State of the Union (2005)|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=August 21, 2016}}</ref>
|-
| ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage''
| January 20, 2017
| style="text-align:center;"| $44,898,413
| style="text-align:center;"| $301,065,438
| style="text-align:center;"| $345,963,851
| style="text-align:center;"| #1,750
| style="text-align:center;"| #322
| style="text-align:center;"| $85 million
| style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=xxx3.htm|title=XXX: Return of Xander Cage (2017)|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=February 19, 2017}}</ref>
|-
! colspan="2" | Total
! ${{val|fmt=commas|{{#expr:142109382+26873932+44898413}}}}
! ${{val|fmt=commas|{{#expr:135339000+44148761+301065438}}}}
! ${{val|fmt=commas|{{#expr:277448382+71022693+345963851}}}}
! colspan="2" |
! $215 million
! <ref name=BOM>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/franchises/chart/?id=xxxtrilogy.htm|title=xXx Movies at the Box Office |access-date=May 8, 2019|publisher=Box Office Mojo}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Critical and public response===
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Film
! [[Rotten Tomatoes]]
! [[Metacritic]]
! [[CinemaScore]]
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''XXX''
| 48% (179 reviews)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/xxx/ |title=XXX|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref>
| 48 (33 reviews)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.metacritic.com/movie/xxx|title=XXX: reviews|website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref>
| A−<ref name="CinemaScore">{{cite web |url= https://cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |title= CinemaScore |access-date= May 21, 2019 |archive-date= December 20, 2018 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20181220122629/https://cinemascore.com/publicsearch/index/title/ |url-status= dead }}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''XXX: State of the Union''
| 17% (137 reviews)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/xxx_state_of_the_union/ |title=XXX: State of the Union|website=Rotten Tomatoes|access-date=March 2, 2020}}</ref>
| 37 (31 reviews)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.metacritic.com/movie/xxx-state-of-the-union |title=XXX: State of the Union: Reviews |website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref>
| B+<ref name="CinemaScore" />
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:left" | ''XXX: Return of Xander Cage''
| 45% (140 reviews)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/xxx_return_of_xander_cage |title=xXx: Return of Xander Cage (2017) |website=Rotten Tomatoes |access-date=March 2, 2020}}</ref>
| 42 (25 reviews)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.metacritic.com/movie/xxx-return-of-xander-cage |title=XXX: Return of Xander Cage reviews |website=[[Metacritic]]|access-date=January 19, 2017}}</ref>
| A−<ref name="CinemaScore" />
|}

The first film received mixed reviews from critics. Roger Ebert called it "as good as a James Bond movie".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/xxx-2002|title=XXX|publisher=rogerebert.com|access-date=July 21, 2016}}</ref> Adam Smith of [[Empire (film magazine)|Empire magazine]] called the movie, "Sporadically entertaining, but seriously hampered by a very choppy screenplay", and rating it three out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web |date= |author=Adam Smith |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/xxx-review/ |title=XXX (2002) review |website= [[Empire (film magazine)]] |access-date=July 24, 2016 }}</ref> The film was nominated for a [[23rd Golden Raspberry Awards|Razzie Award]] for Most Flatulent Teen-Targeted Movie, but lost to ''[[Jackass: The Movie]]''.

The second film in the series was panned by critics, Boo Allen of the Denton Record Chronicle called it "a chubby, surly, incomprehensible action hero".<ref>{{cite web | title = ROTTEN TOMATOES: Just what we need, a chubby, surly, incomprehensible action hero | website = [[Rotten Tomatoes]] | url = http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/xxx2_state_of_the_union/articles/1384898/just_what_we_need_a_chubby_surly_incomprehensible_action_hero |url-status=dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081211134008/http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/xxx2_state_of_the_union/articles/1384898/just_what_we_need_a_chubby_surly_incomprehensible_action_hero |archive-date=December 11, 2008 }}</ref>
Brian Orndorf of FilmJerk.com compared watching the film to running "headfirst at top speed into a brick wall".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmjerk.com/reviews/article.php?id_rev=566|title=FilmJerk.com - Reviews - XXX: State of the Union|first=Cassandra|last=Havens|access-date=July 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061020030847/http://www.filmjerk.com/reviews/article.php?id_rev=566|archive-date=October 20, 2006|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
David Hiltbrand of the ''[[Philadelphia Inquirer]]'' said "the plot swings between pathetically implausible and aggressively stupid".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/critic/david-hiltbrand/movies?page=4|title=David Hiltbrand Movie Reviews| author = David Hiltbrand|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |access-date=April 4, 2019}}</ref>
Some critics liked the film. Owen Gleiberman of ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' called it "that rare B movie that's rooted in gut-level stirrings of power and retaliation".<ref>{{cite magazine| url=http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1056450,00.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070326061915/http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,1056450,00.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 26, 2007 | magazine=Entertainment Weekly | title=Movie Review: XXX: State of the Union | date=May 4, 2005}}</ref> Paul Arendt of the [[BBC]] said, "Viewed on its own trashy terms, it succeeds brilliantly".<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/films/2005/04/25/xxx2_the_next_level_2005_review.shtml | title = BBC - Movies - review - XXX: The Next Level | author = Paul Arendt | date = April 28, 2005 | work = BBC }}</ref>

The third film received mixed reviews from critics. Dan Jolin of Empire magazine said, "We've seen all these stunts pulled before, and seen them done better, but there's some pleasure to be had here — even if it's of the extremely guilty kind.", rating it three out of five stars.<ref>{{cite web |author= Dan Jolin |url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/xxx-return-xander-cage/review/|title=xXx: Return Of Xander Cage Review|date=18 January 2017 |publisher=empireonline.com|access-date=April 4, 2019}}</ref> Andrew Lapin of ''[[Uproxx]]'' gave the film a negative review, saying: "There is an intellectual argument to be made in favor of the [[Fast & Furious|''Fast & Furious'' franchise]], which features diverse casts, operatic plotlines, and cartoon setpieces that often look like a child assembled them out of Hot Wheels sets. ''xXx'' is aiming for a much lower bar, striving only to be marketable, not inventive. The series is no longer interested in aping James Bond, lacking as it does a decent gadget or supervillain and often highlighting the sidekicks at the expense of Xander himself."<ref>{{cite web |last=Lapin|first=Andrew|url=http://uproxx.com/movies/review-xxx-return-of-xander-cage/ |title=Vin Diesel Aims His Skateboard Low With 'xXx: Return Of Xander Cage' |website=Uproxx |date=January 20, 2017|access-date=January 20, 2017}}</ref>

==Video games==
{{Main|XXX (video game)|l1=''XXX'' (video game)}}
A video game featuring Xander Cage was produced for [[Game Boy Advance]], released in [[North America]] and [[Europe]] in 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pricecharting.com/game/gameboy-advance/xxx|title=XXX Prices GameBoy Advance - Compare Loose, CIB & New Prices|website=PriceCharting}}</ref> The GameBoy Advance game received a rating of E in North America and 3+ rating in Europe unlike the film's PG-13 rating. In 2004, a ''XXX'' game was in development for the [[Xbox (console)|Xbox]] by [[Warthog Games]], but it was cancelled.{{cn|date=February 2026}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Film|United States}}
{{Commons category}}

{{XXX}}
{{Sony franchises}}

[[Category:XXX (film series)| ]]
[[Category:Film series introduced in 2002]]
[[Category:Action film series]]
[[Category:Thriller film series]]
[[Category:Spy film series]]
[[Category:American spy films]]
[[Category:American action adventure films]]
[[Category:Columbia Pictures franchises]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures franchises]]
[[Category:Revolution Studios films]]
[[Category:Sony Pictures franchises]]

Sri Divya

2026-02-19T07:21:07Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{Short description|Indian actress}}
{{pp-blp|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sri Divya
| image = Sri Divya.jpeg
| image_upright = 1
| caption = Sri Divya at ''[[Eetti]]'' film audio launch
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1993|4|1}}
| birth_place = [[Hyderabad]], [[Andhra Pradesh]] (now in [[Telangana]]), India
| occupation = Actress
| relatives = [[Sri Ramya]] (sister)
| years_active=1997-present
}}

'''Sri Divya''' (born 1 April 1993) is an Indian actress who works primarily in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] films.

== Early life ==
Sri Divya was born in [[Hyderabad]] of present-day [[Telangana]] on 1 April 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2021 |title=Not only her acting but also with the pictures, Sri Divya wins the heart of her fans |url=https://english.newstracklive.com/news/happy-birthday-south-cutest-actress-sri-divya-sc89-nu901-ta901-ta325-1153043-1.html |access-date=2 June 2021 |website=News Track |language=English}}</ref> Divya has an elder sister, [[Sri Ramya]] who also acts in Telugu and Tamil films.<ref name="tamilwire">{{cite web |title=Sri Divya' sister Sri Ramya to make waves in Kollywood |url=http://tamilwire.net/49415-divya-sister-ramya-waves-kollywood.html |website=tamilwire.net |publisher=Tamil Cinema News |access-date=8 November 2017 |date=1 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinegoer.net/telugu-cinema/news-archives/june-2011/sri-ramya-back-with-virodhi-190611.html |title=Sri Ramya | Myna |publisher=CineGoer.com |date=19 June 2011 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> Sri Divya studied in the [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]].<ref name="thehindu1">{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/sri-divya-in-tamil-flick/article1999879.ece |title=Sri Divya in Tamil flick |work=The Hindu |date=8 May 2011 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

== Career ==
Sri Divya started her career at the age of three. She played the lead in the children's film ''[[Bharati (2006 film)|Bharati]]'' (2006).{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}} She has also acted in Telugu television serials.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Rinku |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kollywoods-new-pretty-young-thing/2013/08/07/article1721794.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811073157/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Kollywoods-new-pretty-young-thing/2013/08/07/article1721794.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 August 2013 |title=Kollywood's new pretty young thing |work=The New Indian Express |date=7 August 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/celeb/interview/ravibabu-manasara.html |title=Ravi Babu interview – Telugu Cinema interview – Telugu film director |publisher=Idlebrain.com |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

She made her debut as a heroine in the 2010 Telugu romance film ''[[Manasara (2010 film)|Manasara]]'', directed by [[Ravi Babu]], but the film was a failure.<ref name="thehindu1"/> Then she featured in the film ''[[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]]'' (2012) directed by Maruthi, co-starring Prince, which was successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web |author=Sashidhar AS |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/telugu/news-interviews/Maruthi-to-direct-Sunil/articleshow/17290878.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513155222/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-11-20/news-interviews/35227400_1_maruthi-ee-rojullo-sunil |url-status=live |archive-date=13 May 2013 |title=Maruthi to direct Sunil |date=20 November 2012 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> It was followed by ''[[Mallela Theeram Lo Sirimalle Puvvu]]'' in which she played a lonely wife who falls in love with a writer.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} About her performance, ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote, "she looks very charming; the cotton saris bring out the grace in her".<ref>{{cite web |author=Chowdhary, Y. Sunita |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/mallela-theeram-lo-sirimalle-puvvu-fresh-and-dignified/article4888150.ece |title=Mallela Theeram Lo Sirimalle Puvvu: Fresh and dignified |work=The Hindu |date=6 July 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> Idlebrain.com wrote, "Sri Divya epitomizes the character of an idealistic and independent woman. She did well and deserves applause".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/movie/archive/mallelatheeramlosirimallepuvvu.html |title=Mallela Theeramlo Sirimalle puvvu review – Telugu cinema – Kranti, Sri Divya, Jorge, Rao Ramesh, TV Raju, Soumya etc |publisher=Idlebrain.com |date=6 July 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

She shot for her first Tamil film ''[[Nagarpuram]]'' in 2011,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhil-plays-a-doting-brother/articleshow/15570361.cms|title=Akhil plays a doting brother|date=21 August 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=11 November 2023|archive-date=11 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111112856/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/akhil-plays-a-doting-brother/articleshow/15570361.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> but the delay of the film meant that her Tamil debut was ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' opposite [[Sivakarthikeyan]], which was directed by [[Ponram]]. Sri Divya received very positive reviews from critics for her performance.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}} [[Baradwaj Rangan]] wrote, "the actress is good. She knows the language, knows how to work a reaction shot, and she looks like she belongs in this milieu. It will be interesting to see what Tamil cinema makes of her".<ref>{{cite web |author=Rangan, Baradwaj |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/varuthapadatha-valibar-sangam-jest-cause/article5104079.ece |title=Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam: Jest cause |work=The Hindu |date=7 September 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote, "But the real surprise is debutant Sri Divya, who, is expressive, and can lip-sync very well, which isn't the case with most of our heroines today".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/movie-reviews/Varuthapadatha-Vaalibar-Sangam/movie-review/22452063.cms |title=Varuthapadatha Vaalibar Sangam movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |work=The Times of India |date=1 January 1970 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "As Latha, debutant Sridivya emotes well, infusing the character with innocence, charm and naughtiness".<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |url=http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Varuthapadatha-Vaalibar-Sangam-Karthikeyans-splendid-take/2013/09/08/article1773669.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927111908/http://newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Varuthapadatha-Vaalibar-Sangam-Karthikeyans-splendid-take/2013/09/08/article1773669.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 September 2013 |title=Varuthapadatha Vaalibar Sangam: Karthikeyan's splendid take |work=The New Indian Express |date=8 September 2013 |access-date=13 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2014 she appeared in two Tamil films, [[Suseenthiran]]'s ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/regional/tamil/news-interviews/Sri-Divya-in-Suseenthirans-next-film-with-Vishnu/articleshow/24819375.cms |title=Sri Divya in Suseenthiran's next film with Vishnu |work=The Times of India |date=29 October 2013 |access-date=25 December 2013}}</ref> and ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]''. She starred in several films in 2015 and 2016. After 2017, she made a brief hiatus and returned in 2022 with ''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'', which marked her Malayalam debut.<ref name="M">{{Cite web |url=https://jsnewstimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-news/sri-divya-is-making-her-debut-in-malayalam/ |title=Sri Divya is making her debut in Malayalam » Jsnewstimes |date=27 January 2021 |access-date=27 August 2021 |archive-date=27 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827054309/https://jsnewstimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-news/sri-divya-is-making-her-debut-in-malayalam/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Filmography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Key
| style="background:#FFFFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Language !! Notes !! {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| rowspan="2"|2000 || ''[[Hanuman Junction (film)|Hanuman Junction]]'' || Young Devi || rowspan="7" |[[Telugu language|Telugu]]||rowspan="3"|Child artist ||
|-
| ''[[Yuvaraju (2000 film)|Yuvaraju]]'' || Kalpana ||
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Veede]]'' || Scared girl in Kamadhenu Silks||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Bharati (2006 film)|Bharati]]'' || Bharati || Child artist Won - [[Nandi Award for Best Child Actress]]|| <ref name="apnic">{{Cite web |url=http://ipr.ap.nic.in/New_Links/Film.pdf |title=నంది అవార్డు విజేతల పరంపర (1964–2008) |trans-title=A series of Nandi Award Winners (1964–2008) |work=[[Andhra Pradesh (magazine)|Information & Public Relations of Andhra Pradesh]] |access-date=21 August 2020}}(in [[Telugu language|Telugu]])</ref>
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Manasara (2010 film)|Manasara]]'' || Anjali ||Debut as lead role||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Bus Stop (2012 film)|Bus Stop]]''|| Sailaja |||||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2013 || ''[[Mallela Theeram Lo Sirimalle Puvvu]]'' || Lakshmi ||||
|-
| ''[[Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam]]'' || Latha Pandi || rowspan="4"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| Won – [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|SIIMA Award for Best Debut Actress]] || <ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/SIIMA-Awards-2014-Tamil-winners-list/articleshow/42514726.cms SIIMA Awards 2014 Tamil winners list]. ''The Times of India'' (15 September 2014)</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2"|2014 || ''[[Jeeva (2014 film)|Jeeva]]'' || Jenny || ||
|-
| ''[[Vellaikaara Durai]]'' || Yamuna || ||
|-
| rowspan="6" |2015 || ''[[Kaaki Sattai]]'' || Divya || ||
|-
| ''Varadhi'' || Aradhana || rowspan="2"|Telugu ||||
|-
| ''[[Kerintha]]''|| Manaswini ||||
|-
| ''[[Size Zero (film)|Size Zero]]'' || rowspan="2" | Herself || Telugu || rowspan="2" | Cameo appearance || rowspan="2" |
|-
|''[[Size Zero (film)|Inji Iduppazhagi]]''
|Tamil
|-
| ''[[Eetti]]'' || Gayathri Venugopal || rowspan="8"|Tamil || ||
|-
| rowspan="6"|2016 || ''[[Bangalore Naatkal]]'' || Divya Raghavan || ||
|-
| ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' || Maya || ||
|-
| ''[[Marudhu]]'' || Bhagyalakshmi || ||
|-
| ''[[Remo (film)|Remo]]'' || Divya || Cameo appearance||
|-
| ''[[Kaashmora]]'' || Yamini || ||
|-
| ''[[Maaveeran Kittu]]'' || Gomathi || ||
|-
| rowspan="1"|2017 || ''[[Sangili Bungili Kadhava Thorae]]'' || Swetha || ||
|-
|rowspan=2|2022
|''[[Jana Gana Mana (2022 film)|Jana Gana Mana]]'' || Padma|| [[Malayalam]]|| ||<ref name="M"/>
|-
|''[[Mofussil]]''
| Priya
|rowspan="3"|Tamil
|Delayed film; released on [[YouTube]]
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rHaWoqNrNKo |title=Mofussil - Full Movie {{!}} NP Sarathy {{!}} Arul Dev {{!}} Akhil Farook {{!}} Sri Divya {{!}} Yogi Babu {{!}} Tamil Movie |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|''[[Raid (2023 film)|Raid]]''
|Venba
|
|
|-
|2024
|''[[Meiyazhagan]]''
|Nandhini
|
|
|}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! Year
! Show
! Role
! Language
! Network
!{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
|1997{{En dash}}2000
|''[[Ruthuragalu]]''
|
| rowspan="3" |Telugu
|[[DD Saptagiri]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-02-26 |title=Actress Sri Divya talks about her latest role |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/actress-sri-divya-talks-about-her-latest-role-1.1462850 |access-date=2024-11-23 |website=[[Gulf News]] |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2007
| ''Sravana Meghaalu''
| Meghana
| rowspan="2" |ETV
|
|-
| 2008{{En dash}}2011
| ''Thoorpu Velle Railu''
|Radha
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|id=4248233}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Débutante}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Divya, Sri}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses from Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Actresses in Telugu television]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:South Indian International Movie Awards winners]]
[[Category:Telugu actresses]]

Ripper Jayanandan

2026-02-16T06:30:22Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{Short description|Criminal from Kerala}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox serial killer
|name = Ripper Jayanandan
|image =
|caption =
|birth_name = K. P. Jayanandan
|alias = Ripper
|birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|1968|}}
|birth_place = [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], [[Kerala]], India
|cause =
|conviction=[[Murder]]
|sentence=[[Capital punishment|Death]] by [[hanging]]
|victims=7
|beginyear=2003
|endyear=2006
|country=[[India]]
|states=[[Kerala]] [[Karnataka]]
|apprehended=23 November 2006
|escaped=June 2013
|escape_end=9 September 2013
|imprisoned = [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Poojappura Central Jail]]
}}

'''K. P. Jayanandan''', infamously known as '''Ripper Jayanandan''' (born 1968), is a [[serial killer]] from [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]], who is accused of seven murders committed during a span of 35 robberies, in and around [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]] border areas. For the seven murders committed by Jayanandan, including the double murder at [[Perinjanam]] in October 2004, Thrissur Principal Sessions judge sentenced him to [[Capital punishment|death]] by [[hanging]] in June 2008. He was sent to [[Central Prison, Poojappura|Poojapura Central Jail]] to await execution but escaped in June 2013. He was captured on 9 September 2013 near Thrissur.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14957956&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |title=Manorama Online {{!}} Malayalam News {{!}} Latest News {{!}} |website=manoramaonline.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913094938/http://www.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/malayalamContentView.do?contentId=14957956&programId=1073753760&tabId=11&contentType=EDITORIAL&BV_ID=@@@ |archive-date=2013-09-13}}</ref>

==Background==
Jayanandan was born in [[Thrissur district]], [[Kerala]].

==Major thefts and murders==
Jayanandan's first major offence was burgling the house of 45-year-old Jose in [[Mala, Kerala|Mala Police Station]] limits in September 2003. During the robbery, he struck Jose, who was sleeping, with a crowbar and killed him and decamped with Rs 17,000 and a video cassette player.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Court-spares-Ripper-Jayanandan-the-noose/articleshow/56072298.cms | title=Court spares 'Ripper' Jayanandan the noose | newspaper=The Times of India | date=20 December 2016 | access-date=20 September 2020}}</ref>

His second burglary was in March 2004, in which he forced his way into a house in Mala Police Station limits itself, killing 51-year-old Nabeesa who woke up hearing the noise and came out. Upon entering the house, he killed 23-year-old Fousiya and attacked 28-year-old Noorjahan, and two children.

In a third burglary in October 2004, Jayanandan killed 64-year-old Kalapurackkal Sahadevan and his wife, 58-year-old Nirmala, in their house at [[Perinjanam]], Thrissur district in [[Mathilakam|Mathilakam Police Station]] limits, to steal 11.25 sovereigns of gold.

His next attack was at a house in [[Kodungallur|Kodungallur Police Station]] limits in Thrissur, in which he attacked Aravindaksha Panicker and his wife Omana Panicker and caused grievous injuries to both, besides robbing 18-sovereign gold ornaments.

Jayanandan's next target was an outlet of [[Kerala State Beverages Corporation]] at [[North Paravoor]] in August 2005. When the security guard Subhashakan challenged him to rob the next house and take more money and 3 Video cassette players, Jayanandan struck him on the head with an iron rod and killed him.

==Escape==
The police suspect that the jailbreak occurred after midnight. The fugitives had cut through the cylindrical 'dead latch' of the padlocked cell's grilled door, possibly with a hacksaw blade, and scaled the relatively low wall of the block. (The wall had been fortified and topped with an electrified barbed wire fence in 2011 to house terror suspect Thadiyantavide Nazeer.) They proceeded to the prison's infirmary and stole bed sheets and clothes left out to dry on clotheslines.

The convicts hastily assembled a crude ladder from wooden poles to scale the wall. Once on top of the wall, they used a rope fashioned out of the knotted bed sheets and clothes to abseil down to the ground. The escapees had made up their cots inside the cell with vessels and pillows to make it appear as if they were sleeping. The prison's extensive surveillance camera network was down at the time of the escape, purportedly due to a power outage.<ref name="break out at Central Prison">{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/police-clueless-after-daring-jailbreak/article4802369.ece | title=Two convicts break out of Central Prison early Monday morning | work=The Hindu | date=11 June 2013 | access-date=2013-06-12}}</ref>

==Investigation==
The escapade was a major embarrassment for the Kerala police, as Jayanandan was a seasoned criminal with multiple prior successful escape attempts. Despite high-security measures and advanced technologies, he managed to breach them using a very rudimentary scale.

==Capture==
Jayanandan was arrested by the [[Kerala Police]] in [[Nellayi]], a few kilometres from his native village in [[Thrissur district|Thrissur]] on 9 September 2013. The police detained Jayanandan in the afternoon, while he was waiting to get his bicycle repaired at Nellayi junction.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/ripper-jayanandan-produced-in-kerala-high-court/ | title=Court appearance | date=17 March 2014 | publisher=TOI | access-date=20 April 2014}}</ref>

==Sources==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[List of serial killers by country]]
*[[Ripper Chandran]]

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130610074045/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-24/kochi/30554619_1_double-murder-nabeesa-gold-ornaments]
* [http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?contentId=14261835&tabId=1&programId=11565535]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jayanandan, Ripper}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Crime in Kerala]]
[[Category:Escapees from Indian detention]]
[[Category:Indian escapees]]
[[Category:Indian people convicted of murder]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian murderers]]
[[Category:Indian prisoners sentenced to death]]
[[Category:Indian robbers]]
[[Category:Indian serial killers]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People convicted of murder by India]]
[[Category:People from Thrissur]]
[[Category:People murdered in Kerala]]
[[Category:Prisoners sentenced to death by India]]

Calico Mills

2026-01-30T04:08:42Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: new new biography!

{{Short description|Textile mill in India}}
{{distinguish|Calico Printers' Association}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Ahmedabad Manufacturing and Calico Printing Mills Ltd
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| image = Calico Mills 2.jpg
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Calico Mill chimney, the only surviving part of the former mill. The word "Calico" in Gujarati is inscribed on it.
| trade_name = Calico Mills
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = 
| romanized_name =
| former_name =
| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| traded_as =
| ISIN =
| industry = [[Textile]]
| genre =
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| founded = {{Start date|1888}} in [[Ahmedabad]], [[British India]]
| founder = Karamchand Premchand
| defunct = 1998
| fate = Dissolved
| hq_location =
| hq_location_city = Ahmedabad
| hq_location_country = India
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year = 
| area_served = 
| key_people = [[Sarabhai family]]
| products =
| production =
| production_year = 
| brands =
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year = 
| operating_income =
| income_year = 
| net_income = 
| net_income_year = 
| aum = 
| assets =
| assets_year = 
| equity =
| equity_year = 
| owner = 
| members =
| members_year = 
| num_employees =
| num_employees_year = 
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| module = 
| ratio = 
| rating = 
| website = 
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Calico Mills''', officially '''Ahmedabad Manufacturing and Calico Printing Mills Ltd''' and '''M/S ILAC Ltd''',<ref name="dnaindia" /><ref name=":1" /> was one of the earliest [[Ahmedabad textile industry|textile mills]] established in [[Ahmedabad]], India, by the [[Sarabhai family]]. Established in 1888, it closed in 1998. The land, plant and machinery were sold in a public auction in 2010s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

== History ==
[[File:Calico Mills 3.jpg|thumb|Calico Mills chimney from distance. [[Baba Lului's Mosque]] in foreground.]]
The Calico Mills was one of earliest [[Ahmedabad textile industry|textile mills in Ahmedabad]], established in 1888 by Sheth Karamchand Premchand, the ancestor of [[Sarabhai family]].<ref name="dnaindia" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=John|first=Paul|last2=Antao|first2=Kevin|date=2010-04-27|title=calico chimney: Calico chimney would hold city's heritage high|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/calico-chimney-would-hold-citys-heritage-high/articleshow/5861316.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-07-22|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429042359/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Calico-chimney-would-hold-citys-heritage-high/articleshow/5861316.cms|archive-date=29 April 2010}}</ref> The mills were spread over an area of {{convert|241,022|m2|acre}} on the bank of Sabarmati river. The mills flourished under [[Ambalal Sarabhai]]. It was later managed by Ambalal's son his nephew.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|last=Vora|first=Batuk|date=1998-08-11|title=Court Closes Calico Mills|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/court-closes-calico-mills-198081101019_1.html|access-date=2021-05-02}}</ref>

The mills were started showing downturn with time due to lack of upgrade, changing fashions, tax and debt collections and mismanagement. In 1982, 12,400 workers were laid off from the weaving department due to financial issues. Later 55 out of 64 mill units were in financial trouble. Eventually about 1,00,000 workers were laid off. After several attempts at revival, the Board for Industrial and Financial Restructuring (BIFR), a government body, recommended closure of the mills in 1995. The recommendation was opposed by the mills management but their appeal was rejected in 1997.<ref name=":1" />

It was closed in 1998. The land, plant and machinery were sold in a public auction in 2010s. It was sold in seven lots of auction and fetched about {{INRconvert|270.83|c}}.<ref name="dnaindia" /><ref name="Breman2004">{{cite book|author=Jan Breman|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4dikEXRIHIIC&pg=PA145|title=The making and unmaking of an industrial working class: sliding down the labour hierarchy in Ahmedabad, India|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-90-5356-646-6|page=145}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2012-07-08|title=5 govt officials held for compensation scam - Times Of India|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/ahmedabad/31330657_1_liquidator-calico-mills-govt-officials|access-date=2021-05-02|website=archive.ph|archive-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708053342/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-04-12/ahmedabad/31330657_1_liquidator-calico-mills-govt-officials|url-status=dead}}</ref> The land parcel was unsold in 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-05-08|title=CEPT plans to generate Rs 545 cr from sale of Calico Mills land in Ahmedabad|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/cept-plans-to-generate-rs-545-cr-from-sale-of-calico-mills-land-in-ahmedabad/|access-date=2021-05-02|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-05-14|title=HC orders fresh auction of Calico Mills|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/hc-orders-fresh-auction-of-calico-mills/articleshow/5928853.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2021-05-02|website=The Times of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100520164324/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/HC-orders-fresh-auction-of-Calico-Mills/articleshow/5928853.cms|archive-date=20 May 2010}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Products ==
For half a century, the Calico Mills became one of the most modern and extensively diversified pacesetters of the Indian cotton industry. Calico was the first Indian mill to give shareholders cloth at concessional rates. It was the first Indian textile mill to make cotton sewing thread, and later 100% synthetic sewing thread.<ref name=dnaindia />

Calico main textile unit was the only textile plant in Ahmedabad to be fuelled by natural gas, with virtually no smoke and no air pollution.<ref name=dnaindia>{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_calico-mills-passes-into-history-for-rs270-crore_1375259 |title=Calico Mills passes into history for Rs 270 crore - India |publisher=Diligent Media Corporation Ltd |work=Daily News & Analysis India |author=Summit Khanna |date=2010-04-25 |accessdate=2012-01-28}}</ref> To minimize water pollution, Calico had its own primary effluent processing plant, which ensured that no waste was thrown directly into municipal sewers.{{Citation needed|date=October 2024}}

Calico erected India’s first Diamond Mesh Mosquito Netting plant in 1937, another first in India. In 1947, it diversified into chemicals, the manufacture of Caustic Soda, Chlorine and related products. Calico also erected India’s first PVC plant. In 1974, Calico commissioned its Polyester Fibre Plant in collaboration with ICI, (UK), producing four exclusive grades of Polyester Fibres, besides three superior conventional grades.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}

== See also ==

* [[Calico Dome]]
* [[Calico Museum of Textiles]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|display=title}}

[[Category:Cotton mills in India]]
[[Category:Textile mills in India]]
[[Category:Economy of Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Defunct textile companies of India]]
[[Category:1880s in British India]]
[[Category:Textile industry in Gujarat]]
[[Category:Cotton industry in India]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1888]]
[[Category:Indian companies disestablished in 1998]]

Marwari people

2026-01-28T14:28:33Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: added info

{{Short description|Ethnic group from Rajasthan, India}}
{{Other uses|Marwari (disambiguation){{!}}Marwari}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Marwari
| flag = 
| flag_caption =
| image = Marwadi Husband and Wife in Traditional Attire Rajasthan India.jpg
| image_caption = Marwari husband and wife in traditional attire
| population = '''{{Circa|8 million|lk=yes}}'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Marwari |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/rwr/24|website=Ethnologue}}</ref>
| genealogy =
| regions =
| region1 = {{Flag|India}}
| pop1 = 7,800,000
| region2 = {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| pop2 = 500,000
| region3 = {{Flag|Nepal}}
| pop3 = 33,803<ref>{{cite report |date=2021 |title=National Population and Housing Census 2021, Caste/Ethnicity Report |author=National Statistics Office |work=Government of Nepal |url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/downloads/caste-ethnicity}}</ref>
| region4 =
| pop4 =
| languages = [[Marwari language|Marwari]], [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]]
| religions = '''Majority''': [[File:Om.svg|15px]] [[Hinduism]] '''Minority''': {{hlist|[[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]] [[Islam]]|[[File:Jain Prateek Chihna.svg|12px]] [[Jainism]]|[[Christianity]]|[[Buddhism]]}}
| related_groups = [[Rajasthani people]]
| footnotes =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
The '''Marwari''' or '''Marwadi''' ([[Devanagari]]: मारवाड़ी) are an [[Indo-Aryan people|Indo-Aryan]] ethno-linguistic group that originate from the [[Marwar]] region of [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]. Their language, also called [[Marwari language|Marwari]], comes under the umbrella of [[Rajasthani language]]s, which is part of the Western Zone of [[Indo-Aryan languages]]. Whilst most Marwaris live within India, they have sizeable presence in the neighbouring countries of [[Pakistan]] and [[Nepal]].

==Etymology==
The term ''Marwari'' once referred to the area encompassed by the former [[princely state]] of [[Marwar]], also called the [[Jodhpur division|Jodhpur]] region of southwest [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]]. It formed from the two constituent words, Maru (region of [[Thar Desert]])<ref>{{Cite web |title=मरु के राजस्थानी अर्थ {{!}} maru meaning in Rajasthani {{!}} Anjas |url=https://anjas.org/rajasthani-dictionary/maru-meaning |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=anjas.org |language=en}}</ref> and Wadi (enclosure),<ref>{{Cite web |title=वाड़ी के राजस्थानी अर्थ {{!}} vaadii-1 meaning in Rajasthani {{!}} Anjas |url=https://anjas.org/rajasthani-dictionary/vaadii-1-meaning |website=anjas.org |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref> effectively indicating the western part of modern day Rajasthan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://webconte.com/community/marwari |title=Marwari - Meaning, People, Religion, Caste, History|website=WebConte}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=February 2022|reason=Non [[BP:RS]] blog type source}} It has evolved to be a designation for the [[Rajasthani people]] in general but it is used particularly with reference to certain [[jāti]]s that fall within the [[Bania (caste)|Bania]] community. The most prominent among these communities are the [[Agarwal|Agrawal]]s, [[Khandelwal Vaishya|Khandelwals]], [[Maheshwari]]s and [[Oswal]]s.<ref name=Kudaisya2009p87>{{cite book |chapter=Marwari and Chettiar Merchants. 1850s-1950s: Comparative Trajectories |first=Medha M. |last=Kudaisya |title=Chinese and Indian Business: Historical Antecedents |editor1-first=Medha M. |editor1-last=Kudaisya |editor2-first=Chin-Keong |editor2-last=Ng |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17279-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQJfjnWly5wC&pg=PA87 |page=87 |access-date=23 May 2012}}</ref> It is possible that the association of the ''Marwari'' term with Jodhpur owes more to the high status of that place in pre-independence India.<ref name="hardgrove"/>

Dwijendra Tripathi believes that the term ''Marwari'' was probably used by the traders only when they were outside their home region; that is, by the diaspora.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=From Community to Class: The Marwaris in a Historical Perspective |first=Dwijendra |last=Tripathi |title=Facets of a Marwar Historian |editor1-first=B. L. |editor1-last=Bhandani |editor2-first=Dwijendra |editor2-last=Tripathi |location=Jaipur |publisher=Publication Scheme |year=1996 |pages=189–196 |isbn=978-81-86782-18-7}}</ref> Anne Hardgrove also supports this argument, saying that the Marwari identity could only exist in the context of a diaspora who came ''from'' somewhere and that until they migrated they had no such designation.<ref name="hardgrove">{{cite journal |title=Sati Worship and Marwari Public Identity in India |first=Anne |last=Hardgrove |journal=The Journal of Asian Studies |volume=58 |issue=3 |date=August 1999 |pages=723–752 |jstor=2659117|doi=10.2307/2659117 |s2cid=162498846 |doi-access=free}}</ref>

==History==
===Early origins===
Marwari traders have historically been migratory in habit. The possible causes of this trait include the proximity of their homeland to the major [[Ganges]] - [[Yamuna]] trade route; movement to escape famine; and the encouragement given to them by various rulers of northern India who saw advantages in having their skills in banking and finance.<ref name=Kudaisya2009p87/>

The pattern of Marwari migration became increasingly divergent following the decline in wars between [[Rajput]] kingdoms, which the Marwaris had helped to finance, and the decreasing influence of the community over the North Indian caravan trading routes that resulted from the British establishing themselves in the region. The changed focus of migration was also encouraged by the British, who established or patronised new trading routes and centres, as well as by the decline in the political significance of the Rajput courts whose famed conspicuous consumption had been supported by Marwari money. The community welcomed the relative safety that the British presence offered, as well as the commercial and legal frameworks that they provided and which were more favourable to Marwari activities than the systems prevalent during the earlier period of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] and Rajput rule.<ref name=Kudaisya2009p88>{{cite book |chapter=Marwari and Chettiar Merchants. 1850s-1950s: Comparative Trajectories |first=Medha M. |last=Kudaisya |title=Chinese and Indian Business: Historical Antecedents |editor1-first=Medha M. |editor1-last=Kudaisya |editor2-first=Chin-Keong |editor2-last=Ng |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17279-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQJfjnWly5wC&pg=PA88 |page=88 |access-date=23 May 2012 }}</ref>

The Marwari [[Jagat Seth]] family served as banker to the [[Nawab of Bengal]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=P. J. |title=The Making and Unmaking of Empires: Britain, India, and America c.1750-1783 |date=27 September 2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-155157-4 |page=149 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lRVREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA149 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Chakravarty |first1=Pinak Ranjan |title=Transformation: Emergence of Bangladesh and Evolution of India-Bangladesh Ties |date=21 July 2025 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-040-39274-4 |page=24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkxTEQAAQBAJ&pg=PT24}}</ref>

===British era===
After the decline of Mughal authority, Marwari traders, bankers and financiers migrated to the growing British power in Calcutta.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rcNdAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197|title=Commodifying Everything : Relationships of the Market.|last=Strasser|first=Susan|year=2013|publisher=Taylor and Francis|isbn=978-1-13670-685-1|location=Hoboken|page=197}}</ref> There were particularly significant population shifts to [[Mumbai|Bombay]] between 1835-1850 and Kolkata from the 1870s, as well as to [[Chennai|Madras]].<ref name=Kudaisya2009p88/>

Historian Medha M. Kudaisya has said that the Marwaris:
{{Quote|made the transition from being niche players in trading to becoming industrial conglomerates ... From being brokers and bankers, the Marwaris went on to break the British monopoly over the jute industry after World War I; they then moved into other industrial sectors, such as cotton and sugar, and set up diversified conglomerates. By the 1950s, the Marwaris dominated the India private industry scenario, emerging as the establishers of its most prominent business houses.<ref>{{cite book |chapter=Marwari and Chettiar Merchants. 1850s-1950s: Comparative Trajectories |first=Medha M. |last=Kudaisya |title=Chinese and Indian Business: Historical Antecedents |editor1-first=Medha M. |editor1-last=Kudaisya |editor2-first=Chin-Keong |editor2-last=Ng |publisher=BRILL |location=Leiden |year=2009 |isbn=978-90-04-17279-1 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQJfjnWly5wC&pg=PA86 |page=86 |access-date=2012-05-23}}</ref>}}

A considerable number of Marwari business groups made their fortune on speculative markets in the nineteenth and early twentieth century.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cWUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT56|title=The Marwaris: from Jagat Seth to the Birlas|last=Timberg|first=Thomas A.|publisher=Portfolio Penguin|year=2014|isbn=978-0-14342-405-5|location=New Delhi|page=56}}</ref>

Although maintaining close and public ties with the British authorities, members of the Marwari business community were early financial supporters of the [[History of the Indian National Congress|Indian National Congress]], often in secret.<ref name=":0" />

===Independent India===
In 1956, the All-India Marwari Federation opposed a linguistic organisation of states while buying up regional language newspapers in [[Maharashtra]], [[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>''The Times of India'', 11 February 1956, p. 3.</ref> Today, they control many of the country's largest media groups.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.forbesindia.com/article/marwari-power/indian-media-marwaris-write-the-script/37361/1|title=Indian Media: Marwaris Write the Script {{!}} Forbes India|last=Ajwani|first=Deepak|date=18 March 2014|website=Forbes India|language=en-US|access-date=25 November 2017}}</ref>

The community's influence over the Indian economy declined following the country's 1991 economic reforms. From a peak of controlling 24 per cent of economic activity in 1990, it had fallen to less than 2 per cent in 2000. This reflects the growth of new industries outside of commodities trading and primary production. The figure for 2000 is considered to be lower than the position in 1939, when the community first began its resurgence.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Marwaris-losing-business-acumen/articleshow/9005397.cms|title=Marwaris losing business acumen|last=Niyogi|first=Subhro|date=6 May 2002|work=The Times of India|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref>

==Language==
Marwari, or Marrubhasha, as it is referred to by Marwaris, is the traditional historical language of the Marwaris. The Marwari language is closely related to the Rajasthani language. The latter evolved from the [[Old Gujarati language|Old Gujarati]] (also called ''Old Western Rajasthani'', ''Gujjar Bhakha'' or ''Maru-Gurjar'') language spoken by the people in [[Gujarat]] and Rajasthan.<ref>{{cite book|title=Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology|author=Ajay Mitra Shastri|author2=R. K. Sharma|author3=Devendra Handa|publisher=Aryan Books International|year=2005|isbn=978-81-7305-287-3|page=227|quote=It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century ... Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha.}}</ref> It has been noted that throughout the state of Rajasthan, people avoid identifying their language by name, preferring to identify themselves as speaking "Rajasthani" with Marwari literature being taught as Rajasthani until secondary level.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_Rajasthan/5_Marwari.pdf|title=Marwari|last=Mukherjee|first=Kakali|date=2011|website=Census India|page=35}}</ref>

== Culture ==
Marwaris have been known for a tightly knit social solidarity, described by [[Selig Harrison]] in 1960 as "indissoluble under the impact of the strongest regional solvents".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jbWCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|title=India: the most dangerous decades.|last=Harrison|first=Selig, S.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1960|isbn=978-1-40087-780-5|page=116}}</ref> According to Hardgrove, "The main duty for Marwari women, it would seem, is to provide a stable household life for their husbands, sons and brothers-in-law", although she acknowledges that some such women have in recent years been attempting to carve out roles in the wider world through engagement in charitable ventures and even running their own businesses.<ref name="hardgrove"/>

== Demographics outside India ==

=== Pakistan ===
Following the [[Partition of India|1947 partition]], many [[Marwari Muslims]] moved to the new state of [[Pakistan]], mainly in [[Karachi]] with some in [[South Punjab Province|southern Punjab]], and as of 2007 their numbers were estimated at around 500,000 in the country.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2007 |title=Karachi's own Marwari community |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/57368-karachi%E2%80%99s-own-marwari-community |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240721082551/https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/57368-karachi%E2%80%99s-own-marwari-community |archive-date=21 July 2024 |website=[[The News International]] |quote=After partition some Muslim members moved to Sindh and southern Punjab in Pakistan. Today there are about half a million Marwaris living in the country.}}</ref>

The [[Ranchore Line, Karachi|Ghazdarabad]] neighbourhood of Karachi has a Marwari Muslim majority, numbering around 20,000 and having mostly moved from [[Jaisalmer]] in [[Rajasthan]] after the partition and earlier in the 19th century as well.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rafi |first=Yumna |date=31 May 2015 |title=In the heart of Karachi, women rule the streets at night |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1184784 |website=[[Dawn News]] |quote=The community that dominantly occupies this locality, the Marwari Salawat, migrated a little before partition from Jaisalmer city in Rajasthan, India and settled in Karachi and Hyderabad. The Marwaris are a close-knit community, numbering about 20,000 strong in the Ghazdarabad; they refuse to shift from the area that their forefathers had settled in.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Khan |first=Naimat |date=22 December 2023 |title='Our lifeline': In Pakistan's Karachi, a small migrant community's nightlife in 'bakaras' |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2430016/pakistan |website=[[Arab News]] |quote=Such late-night rendezvous spent at gazebo-like community spaces called “bakaras” are an integral part of the social fabric of Muslim Marwaris, or Silawats, who migrated from India to Karachi in the nineteenth century (...) Silawats number around 20,000 and live together in one crowded locality in Gazdarabad where they have preserved the tradition of spending long nights in bakaras.}}</ref>

=== Nepal ===
The [[Central Bureau of Statistics (Nepal)|Central Bureau of Statistics]] of Nepal classifies the Marwaris (called Marwadis in the Nepal census) as a subgroup within the broader social group of "[[Indian Nepalis]]".<ref> Population Monograph of Nepal, Volume II [https://nepal.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/Population%20Monograph%20V02.pdf]</ref> At the time of the Nepal census of 2011, 51,443 people (0.2% of the population of Nepal) were Marwadi. The frequency of Marwadis by province was as follows:
* [[Koshi Province]] (0.4%)
* [[Bagmati Province]] (0.3%)
* [[Madhesh Province]] (0.2%)
* [[Lumbini Province]] (0.1%)
* [[Gandaki Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Karnali Province]] (0.0%)
* [[Sudurpashchim Province]] (0.0%)

The frequency of Marwadis was higher than national average (0.2%) in the following districts:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |title=2011 Nepal Census, District Level Detail Report |access-date=7 April 2023 |archive-date=14 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314170005/https://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/upLoads/2018/12/Volume05Part02.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Morang District|Morang]] (1.0%)
* [[Parsa District|Parsa]] (0.9%)
* [[Kathmandu District|Kathmandu]] (0.8%)
* [[Sunsari District|Sunsari]] (0.6%)
* [[Jhapa District|Jhapa]] (0.5%)
* [[Banke District|Banke]] (0.3%)
* [[Kapilvastu District|Kapilvastu]] (0.3%)
* [[Sarlahi District|Sarlahi]] (0.3%)

==Notable people==



*[[Anil Agarwal (industrialist)|Anil Agarwal]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tripathy |first1=Srikanta |title=Hard-working Rajasthanis sacrificed a lot to build businesses: Anil Agarwal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/hard-working-rajasthanis-sacrificed-a-lot-to-build-businesses-anil-agarwal/articleshow/89734014.cms |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=22 February 2022}}</ref>
*[[Ritesh Agarwal]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chowdhry |first1=Seema |last2=Khurana |first2=Chanpreet |title=Entrepreneurs {{!}} The company of teens |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DKlwxaxpasyfdRpKhEwF2J/Entrepreneurs--The-company-of-teens.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=Mint |date=30 November 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Nidhhi Agerwal]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Nidhhi Agerwal: I am a Tollywood buff who grew up watching Telugu films dubbed in Hindi - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/nidhhi-agerwal-i-am-a-tollywood-buff-who-grew-up-watching-telugu-films-dubbed-in-hindi/articleshow/61660243.cms |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Janaki Devi Bajaj]]<ref name="MarwariHeritage"/>
*[[Rahul Bajaj]]<ref name="MarwariHeritage"/>
*[[Benu Gopal Bangur]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet billionaire Benu Gopal Bangur, 92, whose net worth is Rs 59,000 crore, know about his business empire |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-meet-benu-gopal-bangur-one-of-india-oldest-billionaire-net-worth-rs-59000-crore-know-his-business-shree-cement-3035634 |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=DNA |date=11 April 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Sooraj Barjatya]]<ref name="Barjatiya">{{cite news |last1=Vasisht |first1=Divya |title=Sooraj Barjatya: The big picture |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Sooraj-Barjatya-The-big-picture/articleshow/49316.cms |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=29 June 2003 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Tarachand Barjatya]]<ref name="Barjatiya"/>
*[[Shobhana Bhartia]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Gunjan |title=Shobhana Bhartia: (Penguin Petit) |date=2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House India Private Limited |isbn=9789353054175 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=voJ8DwAAQBAJ&q=shobhana+bhartia+marwari&pg=PT34 |access-date=12 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Aditya Vikram Birla]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Veteran industrialist BK Birla passes away in Mumbai at 98 |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/veteran-industrialist-bk-birla-passes-away-mumbai-98-104793 |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=The News Minute |agency=IANS |date=4 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Kumar Mangalam Birla]]<ref>{{cite news |title=The story of the first couple of the Birla empire |url=https://www.rediff.com/money/slide-show/slide-show-1-the-story-of-the-first-couple-of-the-birla-empire/20110706.htm |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=Rediff |date=6 June 2011 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Om Birla]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Samyak |first1=Neelam |last2=Samyak |first2=Samyak |title=Om Birla, the new Lok Sabha Speaker has RSS roots and was part of Ram temple movement |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-profile/om-birla-the-new-lok-sabha-speaker-has-rss-roots-and-was-part-of-ram-temple-movement/251541/ |work=ThePrint |date=18 June 2019}}</ref>
*[[Kishore Biyani]]<ref name="BiyanivsDamani">{{cite news |last1=Sharma |first1=Dimple |title=A tale of two Marwari merchants: Kishore Biyani and Radhakishan Damani |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/industry/article/a-tale-of-two-marwari-merchants-kishore-biyani-and-radhakishan-damani/611066 |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=Times Now |date=24 June 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Binod Chaudhary]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|date=28 May 2019|title=Binod Chaudhary – My Story: From the Streets of Kathmandu to a Billion Dollar Empire.|url=http://www.martinchautari.org.np/files/SINHAS_Book-Reviews/SINHAS-Vol.20-No.2_Book-Reviews_Shubhanga-Pandey.pdf|access-date=28 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024125443/http://www.martinchautari.org.np/files/SINHAS_Book-Reviews/SINHAS-Vol.20-No.2_Book-Reviews_Shubhanga-Pandey.pdf|archive-date=24 October 2018}}</ref>
*[[Ritu Dalmia]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dalmia |first1=Ritu |title=My freedom to love: 'I was 23 when I realised I was gay. I told my parents. The next day they sent a box of mangoes for my partner at the time' |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/independence-day-special/story/20160822-ritu-dalmia-my-freedom-to-love-article-377-lgbt-gay-rights-829406-2016-08-12 |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=India Today |date=12 August 2016 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Jagmohan Dalmiya]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Angikaar |title=Jagmohan Dalmiya (1940-2015): The man who symbolised India's clout in world cricket |url=https://scroll.in/field/756893/jagmohan-dalmiya-1940-2015-the-man-who-symbolised-india-s-clout-in-world-cricket |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=Scroll.in |date=21 September 2015}}</ref>
*[[Radhakishan Damani]]<ref name="BiyanivsDamani"/>
*[[Harsh Goenka]]<ref name="ET2014">{{cite news |title=Seven key business lessons from Thomas A Timberg's book The Marwaris: From Jagath Seth to the Birlas |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/seven-key-business-lessons-from-thomas-a-timbergs-book-the-marwaris-from-jagath-seth-to-the-birlas/articleshow/45001092.cms |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=The Economic Times |date=1 November 2014}}</ref>
*[[R. P. Goenka]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Mukherji |first1=Udit Prasanna |title=Rama Prasad Goenka, the original takeover tycoon, is dead |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/rama-prasad-goenka-the-original-takeover-tycoon-is-dead/articleshow/19552145.cms |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=15 April 2013}}</ref>
*[[S. N. Goenka]]<ref>{{cite news |title=You have to work out your own salvation - Indian Express |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/-you-have-to-work-out-your-own-salvation-/640972/0 |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=archive.indianexpress.com |date=3 July 2010}}</ref>
*[[Abhishek Jain]]<ref name="SadWeekly 2015">{{cite web |title='કેવી રીતે જઈશ' અને 'બે યાર'ના સર્જક અભિષેક જૈન કહે છે...એ ઘટનાએ જ મારી ગુજરાતી ફિલ્મ બનાવવાની ધગશને વધુ પ્રગટાવી| url=http://www.sadhanaweekly.com/article.php?catid=171&issue_date=2015-05-02 | language=gu | date=2 May 2015|access-date=30 January 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924093349/http://www.sadhanaweekly.com/article.php?catid=171&issue_date=2015-05-02 |archive-date=24 September 2015}}</ref>
*[[Ravi Jaipuria]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Karmali |first1=Naazneen |title=Pepsi Bottler Ravi Jaipuria Is Newest Indian Billionaire |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/naazneenkarmali/2013/02/05/pepsi-bottler-ravi-jaipuria-is-newest-indian-billionaire/?sh=697066bb2b9b |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=Forbes |date=5 February 2013 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Shyamanand Jalan]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Shyamanand Jalan: Eminenet theatre actor Shyamanand Jalan dead {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Eminenet-theatre-actor-Shyamanand-Jalan-dead/articleshow/5970813.cms |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=The Times of India |date=25 May 2010 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rakesh Jhunjhunwala]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Rakesh Jhunjhunwala passes away at 62; here's a look at India's Warren Buffett's life |url=https://zeenews.india.com/companies/rakesh-jhunjhunwala-passes-away-at-62-on-sunday-here-looks-at-his-profile-2496825.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=Zee News |date=14 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Savitri Jindal]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Taknet |first1=D. K. |title=The Marwari Heritage |date=22 July 2016 |publisher=IntegralDMS |isbn=978-1-942322-06-1 |page=201 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXS2DAAAQBAJ&dq=i&pg=PA201 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Rajeev Khandelwal]]<ref>{{cite news |title=rediff.com: Rajeev Khandelwal chats with Rediff Readers |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/jun/11sld4.htm |access-date=12 November 2019 |work=www.rediff.com}}</ref>
*[[Rohit Khandelwal]]<ref>{{cite news |author=TT Bureau |date=18 September 2016 |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/man-of-the-world/cid/1322667 |title=Man of the world |work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]] |access-date=25 April 2019}}</ref>
*[[Mangal Lodha]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kashyap |first1=Babita |title=भाजपा ने महाराष्ट्र सौंपा मराठा को और मुंबई मारवाड़ी को - |url=https://www.jagran.com/maharashtra/mumbai-chandrakant-patil-appointed-as-maharashtra-bjp-president-mangal-prabhat-lodha-is-new-mumbai-unit-chief-19407162.html |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi |date=17 July 2019 |access-date=12 June 2023 }}</ref>
*[[Shailesh Lodha]],<ref>{{cite AV media |date=23 February 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpDEvn0T5xI |title=Shailesh Lodha - मारवाड़ी भाषा री बात ही निराळी {{!}} शैलेश लोढ़ा {{!}} Raipur Live Video {{!}} RDC Rajasthani |publisher=RDC Rajasthani |via=[[YouTube]] |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220221171920/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GpDEvn0T5xI |archive-date=21 February 2022 |url-status=live |quote=At 3:06}}</ref> actor, writer and poet
*[[Shantanu Maheshwari]].<ref>{{cite news |title="I am Marwadi, must have regifted some gift," Shantanu Maheshwari's Never Have I Ever with ETimes TV {{!}} TV - Times of India Videos |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/i-am-marwadi-must-have-regifted-some-gift-shantanu-maheshwaris-never-have-i-ever-with-etimes-tv/videoshow/86038874.cms |access-date=29 July 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Smriti Mandhana]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rizvi |first1=Taus |title=Some people would say that I will become dark in the sun, and who will marry me if I played: Smriti Mandhana |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/cricket/interview-some-people-would-say-that-i-will-become-dark-in-the-sun-and-who-will-marry-me-if-i-played-smriti-mandhana-2607385 |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=DNA |date=22 April 2018 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Lakshmi Mittal]]<ref name="Mittal">{{cite news |last1=Choudhury |first1=Chandrahas |title=MBA culture crushes India's caste system |url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/RXwu0TPDwaBdIfRWefzoEI/MBA-culture-crushes-Indias-caste-system.html |access-date=21 February 2022 |work=Mint |date=21 July 2014 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Palak Muchhal]]<ref>{{cite tweet |last=Muchhal |first=Palak |author-link=Palak Muchhal |user=palakmuchhal3 |number=1183714508029612033 |date=14 October 2019 |title=My First Performance on stage!!! 😇 I was two and a half years old.. this was actually the first time I ever sang anything! No one in my Marwadi family would sing so It came as a surprise to my parents! ♥️ Singing Lataji's "Chalri Sajni Ab Kya Soche" here in the picture... 🎵 https://t.co/tySx2iZP3k |language=en |access-date=21 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191014120544/https://twitter.com/palakmuchhal3/status/1183714508029612033 |archive-date=14 October 2019 |url-status=live}}</ref>

*[[Hanuman Prasad Poddar]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=सिंह |first1=एनके |title=हनुमान प्रसाद पोद्दार: किसी थ्रिलर फिल्म से कम नहीं है इनकी कहानी {{!}} - News in Hindi - हिंदी न्यूज़, समाचार, लेटेस्ट-ब्रेकिंग न्यूज़ इन हिंदी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/blogs/nk-singh/bharat-ki-khoj-hanuman-prasad-poddar-journey-from-bomb-party-to-hindu-mahasabha-geeta-press-gorakhpur-4499343.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=News18 |date=29 August 2022 |language=hi}}</ref>
*[[Shashi and Ravi Ruia]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Timberg |first1=Thomas A. |title=The Marwaris: From Jagat Seth to the Birlas |date=22 May 2015 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-713-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5cWUAwAAQBAJ&dq=Shashi+and+Ravi+Ruia+marwari&pg=PT74 |page=74}}</ref>
*[[Kiku Sharda]]<ref>{{cite news |title=46 साल के हुए कीकू शारदा:बिजनेस फैमिली से ताल्लुक रखते हैं 'द कपिल शर्मा शो' में नजर आने वाले कीकू शारदा, MBA करने के बाद बन गए कॉमेडियन |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/entertainment/bollywood/news/kiku-sharda-who-is-seen-in-the-kapil-sharma-show-belongs-to-a-business-family-became-a-comedian-after-doing-mba-128438483.html |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=Dainik Jagran |lang=hi}}</ref>
*[[Lala Kamlapat Singhania]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Narayanan |first1=Chitra |title=The Singhania story |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-singhania-story/article22994845.ece |access-date=12 June 2023 |work=Business Line |date=18 July 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410050354/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/the-singhania-story/article22994845.ece |archive-date=10 April 2023}}</ref>
*[[Abhishek Singhvi]]<ref name="MarwariHeritage">{{cite book |last1=Taknet |first1=D. K. |author-link=D. K. Taknet |title=The Marwari Heritage |date=2016 |publisher=IntegralDMS |isbn=9781942322061 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kXS2DAAAQBAJ |access-date=12 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref>
*[[Ashok Kumar Singhvi]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail|url=https://www.insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P00-1285|access-date=28 January 2022|website=www.insaindia.res.in}}</ref>
*[[Laxmi Mall Singhvi]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Singhvi |first1=Abhishek Manu |last2=Malik |first2=Lokendra |title=India's Vibgyor Man: Selected Writings and Speeches of L.M. Singhvi |date=2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-909407-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M_xdDwAAQBAJ&q=laxmi+mall+singhvi+marwari&pg=PT35 |access-date=31 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="MarwariHeritage" />
*[[Liaquat Soldier]], Pakistani comedy actor, writer and director.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/140176/liaquat-soldier-dies-of-heart-attack/ |title=Liaquat 'Soldier' dies of heart attack: Express Tribune |date=30 March 2011 |access-date=18 August 2020|archive-date=1 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110401104839/http://tribune.com.pk/story/140176/liaquat-soldier-dies-of-heart-attack/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*[[Vijay Varma]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Majumdar |first1=Anushree |date=24 February 2019 |title=After Gully Boy, Vijay Varma talks about spending a decade in the background |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/his-time-has-come-5594477/ |work=The Indian Express |access-date=21 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228124521/https://indianexpress.com/article/express-sunday-eye/his-time-has-come-5594477/ |archive-date=28 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Best Irani Cafe ft. Vijay Varma {{!}} Darlings {{!}} Menu Please |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QtVXIdPzqiM |publisher=Netflix India |website=YouTube | date=17 August 2022 |access-date=21 October 2023}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Tarachand Ghanshyamdas]]
* [[Kingdom of Marwar]]
* [[Marwari horse]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Marwari people}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Marwari people| ]]
[[Category:Rajasthani peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in India]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Nepal]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Pakistan]]

Nawanagar cricket team

2026-01-05T06:12:27Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: stub

{{Short description|Indian cricket team}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Nawanagar cricket team
| image =
| captain =
| coach =
| founded = 1936
| last_match = 1947
| ground = [[Ajitsinhji Ground|Ajitsinhji Ground, Jamnagar]]
| capacity =
| owner =
| first_fc = [[Sind cricket team|Sind]]
| first_fc_year = 1936
| first_fc_venue = [[Gujarat College Ground|Gujarat College Ground, Ahmedabad]]
| title1 = [[Ranji Trophy]]
| title1wins = 1
}}
The '''Nawanagar cricket team''' was an Indian domestic cricket team active in [[first-class cricket]] from 1936 until 1947, operating in the West Zone of the [[Ranji Trophy]] for twelve seasons. It was based in [[Jamnagar]], [[Gujarat]], then part of the [[Nawanagar State]].<ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/982/First-Class_Matches.html CricketArchive – Nawanagar first-class matches]</ref><ref>[https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Teams/0/982/982.html Nawanagar]</ref>

Nawanagar won its only Ranji Trophy in [[1936–37 Ranji Trophy|1936–37]] when it defeated [[Bengal cricket team|Bengal]] in the final.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bengal v Nawanagar|url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/16/16088.html|publisher=CricketArchive|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bengal v Nawanagar|url=http://static.espncricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/1930S/1936-37/IND_LOCAL/RANJI/NAW_BENG_RJI_06-10FEB1937.html|publisher=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=19 July 2017}}</ref> It was succeeded by [[Saurashtra cricket team|Saurashtra]], which began competing in the Ranji Trophy in 1950–51.

==Honours==
* '''[[Ranji Trophy]]'''
** '''Winners (1):''' [[1936–37 Ranji Trophy|1936–37]]
** '''Runners-up (1):''' [[1937–38 Ranji Trophy|1937–38]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

{{Ranji Trophy}}

[[Category:First-class cricket teams in India]]
[[Category:1936 establishments in India]]
[[Category:1947 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Cricket clubs established in 1936]]
[[Category:Former senior cricket teams in India]]

{{India-cricket-team-stub}}

BGR-34

2025-12-29T16:50:36Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: Added A Entry W/ Infobox...

{{short description|Ayurvedic drug in India that supposedly treats Diabetes mellitus type 2}}
{{good article}}

'''BGR-34''' (Blood Glucose Regulator-34)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/2-years-on-markets-still-hypo-about-herbal-diabetes-drug/article8199206.ece|title=2 years on, markets still hypo about herbal diabetes drug|last=Somasekhar|first=M.|website=@businessline|date=5 February 2016|language=en|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-date=2019-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109140752/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/science/2-years-on-markets-still-hypo-about-herbal-diabetes-drug/article8199206.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> is an [[Ayurveda|Ayurvedic]]-derived product that is sold in India as an [[over-the-counter]] pill for the management of [[Diabetes mellitus type 2|type 2 diabetes]]. It was developed in 2015 by two government-owned laboratories and launched commercially in 2016. It has been tested in only one, modest-sized, human trial.<ref name=Gupta2018 /> The drug has been heavily criticized, and without more [[Clinical trial|clinical trials]], its efficacy remains unproven.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thewire.in/media/pseudoscience-claims-bgr34-sanjeevani|title=Seven of the Fishiest 'Science' Claims Indians Made in 2016|website=The Wire|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218193452/https://thewire.in/media/pseudoscience-claims-bgr34-sanjeevani|archive-date=2018-12-18|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite news|url=https://the-ken.com/story/dubious-diabetes-drug-regulatory-confusion-potential-pil/|title=A dubious diabetes drug, regulatory confusion, and a potential PIL|last=Singh|first=Seema|date=4 November 2016|work=The Ken.Com|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":3" /> The manufacturers have refused to acknowledge the claims of inefficacy and other concerns.
{{TOC limit}}

== Development ==
BGR-34 was co-developed by two national government-owned laboratories, [[National Botanical Research Institute]] (NBRI) and [[Central Institute for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants]] (CIMAP) under the patronage of the [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cimap.res.in/ENGLISH/index.php/diabetes|title=Diabetes - CSIR-CIMAP|website=cimap.res.in|access-date=2019-02-18|archive-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219020134/http://www.cimap.res.in/ENGLISH/index.php/diabetes|url-status=live}}</ref> The formulation was publicized in September 2015 as NBRMAP-DB<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangalorean.com/bgr-34-cost-effective-ayurvedic-medicine-diabetes/|title=BGR-34 most cost-effective Ayurvedic medicine for diabetes|date=2017-03-22|website=Mangalorean.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232614/https://www.mangalorean.com/bgr-34-cost-effective-ayurvedic-medicine-diabetes/|archive-date=2018-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref> and it was launched commercially by AIMIL Pharmaceuticals (AIMIL) in June 2016. Upon launch, it was priced at {{INR|5}} ({{To USD|5|IND|year=2016}} USD) per 500 milligram tablet, which was to be consumed twice a day.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/business-wire/csir-launches-ayurvedic-antidiabetic-drug-bgr34/article8912017.ece|title=CSIR launches ayurvedic anti-diabetic drug BGR-34|website=@businessline|date=28 July 2016 |language=en|access-date=2018-12-18}}</ref><ref name=":11" /> CSIR has claimed BGR-34 to be the first Indian ayurvedic anti-diabetic drug<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ruBwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA110|title=Traditional Knowledge in Modern India: Preservation, Promotion, Ethical Access and Benefit Sharing Mechanisms|last=Sengupta|first=Nirmal|date=2018|publisher=Springer|isbn=9788132239222|language=en|access-date=2019-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133939/https://books.google.com/books?id=ruBwDwAAQBAJ&lpg=PA110|archive-date=2018-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref> and the laboratories were awarded the CSIR Technology Award in 2016 in the Life Sciences category.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/govt-announces-recipients-of-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-693728-2016-09-26|title=Govt announces recipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar award|date=September 26, 2016|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226135202/https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/govt-announces-recipients-of-shanti-swarup-bhatnagar-award-693728-2016-09-26|archive-date=2018-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ingredients ==

The raw materials for BGR-34 are derived from six plants: Daruharidra ([[Berberis aristata|''Berberis'' ''aristata'']]), giloy ([[Tinospora cordifolia|''Tinospora'' ''cordifolia'']]), vijaysar ([[Pterocarpus marsupium|''Pterocarpus'' ''marsupium'']]), gudmar ([[Gymnema sylvestre|''Gymnema'' ''sylvestre'']]), manjeestha ([[Rubia cordifolia|''Rubia'' ''cordifolia'']]) and [[fenugreek]] (methi).<ref name=":10" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/health/csir-ayush-bgr34-ayurveda-diabetes|title=Centre Approves Ayurvedic Drug – But Its Science is Missing|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223232/https://thewire.in/health/csir-ayush-bgr34-ayurveda-diabetes|archive-date=2018-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Gupta2018 /> They were claimed to have been chosen from an "in-depth study of over 500 renowned ancient herbs".<ref name=":10" />

== Medical claims ==

The formulation purportedly releases 34 active phytoconstituents, which work as [[Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor|DPP-4 Inhibitor]]s to regulate [[Blood sugar level|blood glucose level]]s.<ref name=":10" /> CSIR claimed high clinical efficacy in multiple clinical and animal trials.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/CSIR-launches-ayurvedic-anti-diabetic-drug-BGR-34/articleshow/52479374.cms|title=CSIR launches ayurvedic anti-diabetic drug BGR-34 - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=28 May 2016|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-date=2019-01-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109140752/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/CSIR-launches-ayurvedic-anti-diabetic-drug-BGR-34/articleshow/52479374.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> CSIR also asserted that the drug had several side-benefits and that it can stave off dependency on [[Insulin (medication)|insulin]] or other anti-diabetic medications.<ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/170918/centre-plans-ayurveda-for-diabetes-campaign.html|title=Centre plans Ayurveda-for-diabetes campaign|last=Chhabra|first=Rahul|date=2018-09-17|website=The Asian Age|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216163551/http://www.asianage.com/india/all-india/170918/centre-plans-ayurveda-for-diabetes-campaign.html|archive-date=2018-12-16|url-status=live}}</ref> The product has been advertised as being free from [[Side effect|side-effects]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=AIMIL-BGR-34>{{Cite web |url=http://www.aimilpharmaceuticals.com/product/bgr-34/ |title=BGR-34 |website=AIMIL Pharmaceuticals |access-date=2019-04-05 |archive-date=2017-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908193200/http://www.aimilpharmaceuticals.com/product/bgr-34/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

A [[Placebo-controlled study|placebo-controlled clinical trial]] in one of CSIR's Ayurvedic hospitals involving 64 enrolled subjects (56 completed the trial) was uploaded to [[Clinical Trials Registry – India|Clinical Trials Registry of India]] (CTRI) and subsequently published in ''European Journal of Pharmaceutical and Medical Research'', a [[Predatory open-access publishing|predatory journal]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/big-claims-little-evidence/article22847938.ece|title=Big claims, little evidence|last=Pulla|first=Priyanka|date=2018-02-25|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-16|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> One summary of the trial did not show any statistical analysis but minimally asserted that the trial "show(ed) promising results" and that in light of the "significant improvement in the feeling of wellbeing, it should be further extensively used as a monotherapy/adjunctive therapy".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=16750&EncHid=&userName=BGR%2034|title=CTRI|website=ctri.nic.in|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222940/http://ctri.nic.in/Clinicaltrials/pmaindet2.php?trialid=16750&EncHid=&userName=BGR%2034|archive-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> The trial's results were publicized by a group of researchers – five from AIMIL and three doctors from the hospital – in a November-2017 conference held by the [[OMICS Publishing Group]] under the ConferenceSeries banner. OMICS is a [[predatory publisher]]<ref name="nature">Declan Butler, [http://www.nature.com/news/investigating-journals-the-dark-side-of-publishing-1.12666 "Investigating journals: The dark side of publishing"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202134424/http://www.nature.com/news/investigating-journals-the-dark-side-of-publishing-1.12666 |date=2018-12-02 }}, ''Nature'', 27 March 2013</ref><ref name="TheHindu">[http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/on-the-net-a-scam-of-a-most-scholarly-kind/article3939161.ece "On the Net, a scam of a most scholarly kind"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605145055/http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/on-the-net-a-scam-of-a-most-scholarly-kind/article3939161.ece |date=2015-06-05 }} ''[[The Hindu]]'', 26 September 2012.</ref><ref name="CHE20100701">{{cite journal|last1=Beall|first1=Jeffrey|date=2010-07-01|title=Update: Predatory Open-Access Scholarly Publishers |journal=The Charleston Advisor|volume=12|pages=50|doi=10.5260/chara.12.1.50|url=http://eprints.rclis.org/17052/1/ChAdvisorUpdate.pdf}}</ref> with little to non-existent quality-control and their conferences have been subject to equivalent criticism.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://scholarlyoa.com/2016/10/13/bogus-british-company-accredits-omics-conferences/#comment-425306|title=Bogus British Company "Accredits" OMICS Conferences|last=Beall|first=Jeffrey|author-link=Jeffrey Beall|date=13 October 2016|publisher=[[Scholarly Open Access]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106003123/https://scholarlyoa.com/2016/10/13/bogus-british-company-accredits-omics-conferences/#comment-425306|archive-date=6 November 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=22 October 2016}}</ref> The researchers then published the same trial in a different journal: ''Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine'', wherein BGR-34 was described as successful in lowering [[fasting blood glucose]], [[Postprandial glucose test|postprandial glucose]] and [[Glycated hemoglobin|glycosylated haemoglobin]].<ref name=Gupta2018>{{Cite journal|date=2018-10-01|title=Preliminary clinical assessment and non- toxicity evaluation of an ayurvedic formulation BGR-34 in NIDDM|journal=Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine|language=en|volume=8|issue=4|pages=506–514 |doi=10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.11.004 |pmid=30302331|pmc=6174273|issn=2225-4110|last1=Gupta |first1=BP|last2=Sharma |first2=I |last3=Kohli|first3=N |last4=Sharma|first4=S |last5=Rathi|first5=A |last6=Sharma|first6=AK}}</ref>

== Reception ==
Upon its launch as a scientifically validated drug,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.clinicalresearchsociety.org/bgr-34-herbal-anti-diabetes-drug-launched-by-csir/|title=BGR-34: Herbal Anti- Diabetes Drug Launched by CSIR|website=clinicalresearchsociety.org|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171106132932/http://www.clinicalresearchsociety.org/bgr-34-herbal-anti-diabetes-drug-launched-by-csir/|archive-date=2017-11-06|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> which was supposedly approved by the [[Ministry of AYUSH]],<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spicyip.com/2016/08/innovation-and-regulation-of-ayurvedic-medicine-csirs-bgr-34-nimensulide-in-ayurvedic-medicine-and-other-such-stories.html|title=Innovation and Regulation of Ayurvedic medicine: CSIR's BGR-34, nimensulide in Ayurvedic medicine and other such stories|last=Reddy|first=Prashant|website=SpicyIP|date=6 August 2016 |language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226133649/https://spicyip.com/2016/08/innovation-and-regulation-of-ayurvedic-medicine-csirs-bgr-34-nimensulide-in-ayurvedic-medicine-and-other-such-stories.html|archive-date=2018-12-26|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/government/ayush-ministry-interview-ajit-sharan|title=As of Now the Standards for Licensing Proprietary AYUSH Drugs Are Pretty Lax|website=The Wire|access-date=2019-02-02}}</ref> multiple media outlets deemed it favourable,<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/csir-scientists-develop-bgr-34-highly-effective-in-type-2-diabetes-management/53732531|title=CSIR scientists develop BGR - 34, highly effective in Type 2 diabetes management|website=ETHealthworld.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216034406/https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/csir-scientists-develop-bgr-34-highly-effective-in-type-2-diabetes-management/53732531|archive-date=2018-12-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3" /> and termed it to be a "breakthrough-drug", especially in light of its low price.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/scientifically-validated-rs-5-anti-diabetes-herbal-drug-launched-by-csir/49533070|title=Scientifically validated Rs 5 anti-diabetes herbal drug launched by CSIR |website=Economic Times Healthworld |language=en|access-date=2018-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001131/https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/pharma/scientifically-validated-rs-5-anti-diabetes-herbal-drug-launched-by-csir/49533070|archive-date=2018-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":18" /> At the ceremony of the platinum jubilee of CSIR, Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] mentioned the drug as an achievement of the institution.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/csirs-anti-diabetic-drug-did-it-deserve-modis-praise/54648753|title=CSIR'S anti-diabetic drug: Did it deserve Modi's praise|website=ETHealthworld.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031123/https://health.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/industry/csirs-anti-diabetic-drug-did-it-deserve-modis-praise/54648753|archive-date=2018-12-16|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Criticism ===
BGR-34 was the subject of criticism from multiple quarters.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Ad-promoting-miracle-ayurvedic-drug-for-diabetes-taken-off-air/articleshow/55125721.cms|title=Ad promoting 'miracle' ayurvedic drug for diabetes taken off air - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=29 October 2016 |access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810102813/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Ad-promoting-miracle-ayurvedic-drug-for-diabetes-taken-off-air/articleshow/55125721.cms|archive-date=2017-08-10|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2016-07-01|title=Ayurvedic drugs in case: Claims, evidence, regulations and ethics|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|language=en|volume=7|issue=3|pages=135–137|doi=10.1016/j.jaim.2016.08.005|issn=0975-9476|pmc=5052386|pmid=27640330|last1=Patwardhan|first1=B.}}</ref><ref name=":16">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/of-faith-and-fever/article19877764.ece|title=Of faith and fever: On T.N.'s dengue epidemic|date=2017-10-18|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-02-02|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2017-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111233732/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/editorial/of-faith-and-fever/article19877764.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> There was a prolonged absence of any published clinical trial(s) of the drug and the claims of its efficacy could not be verified.<ref>From a legal perspective, the Drugs & Cosmetics Act do not mandate any clinical trial for Ayurvedic medications except for a guarantee of non-toxicity but for allopathic drugs, phase 3 trials must include at-least 500 patients spanned across multiple centers.</ref><ref name=":15" /> No publications in [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] journals about scientific research undertaken into the aspects of [[contraindication]], [[Toxicology testing|toxicology]] and other problems could be located either.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/wissen/natur/kuhdung-auf-rezept/story/12323535|title=Kuhdung auf Rezept|last=Eberhart|first=Bernd|date=2017-12-28|work=Tages-Anzeiger|access-date=2019-02-02|language=de|issn=1422-9994|archive-date=2019-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190203030411/https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/wissen/natur/kuhdung-auf-rezept/story/12323535|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/bgr-34-ime-9-drugs-safe-effective-diabetes/|title=Are AYUSH supported BGR-34 and IME-9 drugs safe and effective for diabetes?|last=Shaikh|first=Dr Sumaiya|date=2017-08-13|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222515/https://www.altnews.in/bgr-34-ime-9-drugs-safe-effective-diabetes/|archive-date=2018-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/health/bgr-34-csir-modi|title=Did CSIR's Anti-Diabetic Drug Deserve Modi's Praise?|website=The Wire|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215222424/https://thewire.in/health/bgr-34-csir-modi|archive-date=2018-12-15|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":18" /> Despite being branded as an ayurvedic product, there was no patent application at the [[National Botanical Research Institute]] (NBRI) corpus<ref name=":3" /> or the [[Intellectual property in India]] portal.<ref name=":1" /> The claims that BGR-34 was less costly than equivalent allopathic drugs were also determined to be misleading.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tecake.in/csir-launches-ayurvedic-anti-diabetes-drug-bgr-34-sky-high-price|title=CSIR unveils herbal anti-diabetes drug 'BGR-34' priced very high; no clinical trials conducted|date=2015-10-27|website=The TeCake|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-26|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226184244/https://tecake.in/csir-launches-ayurvedic-anti-diabetes-drug-bgr-34-sky-high-price|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Physicians noted concerns about the safety of the drug,<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":1" /> multiple side-effects were reported<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/what-ayush-and-controversy-703993.html|title=What is AYUSH and the controversy around it?|date=2018-11-20|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216032001/https://www.deccanherald.com/specials/what-ayush-and-controversy-703993.html|archive-date=2018-12-16|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.microfinancemonitor.com/bgr-34-ayurvedic-diabetes-drug-bgr-34-side-effects-surface-online-availability-price/40169|title=Ayurvedic Diabetes drug BGR 34 Side Effects Surface Slowly|last=Sridhar|first=Narsing Rao|date=2015-12-25|website=Microfinance Monitor|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215104657/http://www.microfinancemonitor.com/bgr-34-ayurvedic-diabetes-drug-bgr-34-side-effects-surface-online-availability-price/40169|archive-date=2017-12-15|url-status=usurped}}</ref> and it was widely described as inefficient.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/governance/modi-govts-love-for-ayurveda-may-be-undermining-ancient-medicinal-system/163354/|title=Modi govt's love for Ayurveda may be undermining ancient medicinal system|last=Chandna|first=Himani|date=14 December 2018|work=The Print|access-date=18 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219000953/https://theprint.in/governance/modi-govts-love-for-ayurveda-may-be-undermining-ancient-medicinal-system/163354/|archive-date=2018-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref>

In October 2016, the [[Advertising Standards Council of India]] banned an advertisement for BGR-34 that claimed of "curing Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus without any side effects". It held the advertisement to violate the [[Drugs & Magic Remedies Act]] by offering to cure an incurable disease and under the purview of disseminating unsubstantiated claims without any corresponding data.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/asci-bans-134-ads-including-himalaya-hul-gsk-mm-airtel-policybazaar-bgr-34-capsules-and-tata-docomo-in-july/48512.html|title=ASCI bans 134 ads, including Himalaya, HUL, GSK, M&M, Airtel, Policybazaar, BGR-34 capsules and Tata Docomo in July|website=Moneylife NEWS & VIEWS|access-date=2018-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181219134328/https://www.moneylife.in/article/asci-bans-134-ads-including-himalaya-hul-gsk-mm-airtel-policybazaar-bgr-34-capsules-and-tata-docomo-in-july/48512.html|archive-date=2018-12-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Mohan D. Nair|Mohan Nair]], a pharmaceutical scientist and advisor to the National Task Force on Phyto-pharmaceuticals, expressed his concern about exposing the populace to a drug that is not validated by a trial and about the potential harm to the credibility of CSIR.<ref name=":4" /> Sankaran Valiathan, chairman of the Task Force on Ayurvedic Biology of the Department of Science and Technology, criticized the CSIR for making unsubstantiated claims and releasing a drug without evaluating its safety and efficacy.<ref name=":4" /> Shailaja Chandra, former Secretary, Department of [[AYUSH]], mentioned the potential of the affair to bring Ayurveda and the research into it into disrepute.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Ayurvedic drugs in case: Claims, evidence, regulations and ethics|journal=Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine|volume=7|issue=3|pages=135–137|doi = 10.1016/j.jaim.2016.08.005|pmid=27640330|year = 2016|last1 = Patwardhan|first1 = Bhushan|pmc=5052386}}</ref> Avinash Bhondwe, senior vice-president of the [[Indian Medical Association]] said there was an absence of any comprehensive clinical study on most AYUSH drugs and urged the [[Central Drugs Standard Control Organization]] (FDA) to take measures.<ref name=":8" />

In criticism not specific to BGR-34, an editorial described the boom of alternative therapies for diabetes in India as hype and pointed to multiple systemic reviews that highlighted several methodological problems with the studies and trials conducted by AYUSH and its associates. It also criticized the ICMR guidelines that waived or relaxed the rules for rigorous pharmacological and toxicology studies for Ayurvedic products provided they were "prepared in same way as mentioned in ancient Ayurvedic treatises".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Alternative medicines for diabetes in India: Maximum hype, minimum science|journal=The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology|volume=4|issue=4|pages=302–303|doi=10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00515-X|pmid=27016323 |year=2016 |last1=Misra|first1=A |last2=Gulati|first2=S|last3=Luthra|first3=A|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/New-herbal-drug-developed-by-CSIR-promises-better-management-of-diabetes/articleshow/54549527.cms|title=New herbal drug developed by CSIR promises better management of diabetes - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=27 September 2016 |access-date=2018-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223190527/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/science/New-herbal-drug-developed-by-CSIR-promises-better-management-of-diabetes/articleshow/54549527.cms|archive-date=2018-12-23|url-status=live}}</ref> Another paper was critical of these ''unproven therapies'' for curing or managing diabetes and noted the practices to be non-safe and non-efficient; despite a huge popularity among the masses. It also advocated for guidelines derived from clinical trial outcomes and that stricter regulations need to be enforced on CAM practices to ensure their safety and effectiveness.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kesavadev|first1=J |last2=Saboo|first2=B |last3=Sadikot|first3=S|last4=Das|first4=AK|last5=Joshi|first5=S|display-authors=et al |date=2017|title=Unproven Therapies for Diabetes and Their Implications|journal=Advances in Therapy|language=en|volume=34|issue=1|pages=60–77|doi=10.1007/s12325-016-0439-x|issn=1865-8652|pmc=5216071|pmid=27864668}}</ref>

In an article in ''[[Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine]]'', [[Bhushan Patwardhan]] criticized the Government regulations in these areas as lackadaisical and held it to be unsatisfactory in ensuring the non-exploitation of the broader populace. He also noted a long-prevalent pattern of the CSIR investing efforts into launching multiple drugs with obscure scientific credentials that often fizzled out after a gala launch and described it to be primarily inept with a potential to erode the credibility of Indian traditions and knowledge heritage. He also said many senior scientists from CSIR were sceptical of such "populistic and market driven [[propaganda]]" and that the preference for undertaking scientific research by the means of media headlines rather than by publications in credible scientific journals was worrying.<ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/whip-looms-on-misleading-ayurveda-ads/cid/1518129|title=Whip looms on misleading ayurveda ads|website=telegraphindia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-12-25|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226035313/https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/whip-looms-on-misleading-ayurveda-ads/cid/1518129|url-status=live}}</ref> The concerns have been echoed in other quarters<ref name=":18" /> with some noting the fund-crunch as the motivation for performing such shoddy but commercializable research.<ref name=":12" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/96/web/2018/03/Scientists-Indias-government-labs-struggle.html|title=Scientists at India's government labs struggle to adjust to changing priorities {{!}} Chemical & Engineering News|website=cen.acs.org|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2024-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725195053/https://cen.acs.org/content/cen/articles/96/web/2018/03/Scientists-Indias-government-labs-struggle.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Consumer reviews have been mixed<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> and a court-case has been lodged to stall the sale of the drug.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/kashayam-is-more-bitter/299054|title=Kashayam Is More Bitter|website=Outlook – the fully loaded magazine|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2019-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212153/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/kashayam-is-more-bitter/299054|url-status=live}}</ref>

==== Response ====
Despite longstanding concerns and criticism, the CSIR has continued to call BGR-34 a revolutionary innovation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20160806/281655369457832|title=PressReader - Hindustan Times (Lucknow): 2016-08-06 - Anti-diabetes drug BGR-34 to be made more effective|via=PressReader|access-date=2018-12-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216033058/https://www.pressreader.com/india/hindustan-times-lucknow/20160806/281655369457832|archive-date=2018-12-16|url-status=live}}</ref> CIMAP director Anil Kumar Tripathi blamed the initial vacuum of scientific data as to the procedural rule that mandated the publication of any scientific paper disclosing the content of the patent, only after six months of the filing. Girish Sahni, Director General of CSIR in 2018, said the drug "is matching the efficacy level of any branded modern medicine in controlling the sugar level", and the [[Ministry of Science and Technology (India)|Union Science and Technology Ministry]] praised it as a major achievement of CSIR under the Modi government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-csir-invention-bgr-34-enlisted-as-major-achievement-in-delhi-2625168|title=CSIR invention BGR-34 enlisted as major achievement in Delhi|date=2018-06-14|website=dna|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181216031918/https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-csir-invention-bgr-34-enlisted-as-major-achievement-in-delhi-2625168|archive-date=2018-12-16|url-status=live|access-date=2018-12-15}}</ref> [[Harsh Vardhan (Delhi politician)|Harsh Vardhan]], Minister for Science & Technology has claimed of the drug being well received by people and that it has been proven to significantly reduce blood glucose levels.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.seasonalmagazine.com/2016/09/exclusive-interview-with-dr-harsh.html|title=Exclusive Interview with Dr. Harsh Vardhan, Minister for Science & Technology|last=Magazine|first=Seasonal|language=en|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2019-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190202212432/http://www.seasonalmagazine.com/2016/09/exclusive-interview-with-dr-harsh.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In response to a question in the [[Rajya Sabha]], [[Shripad Naik]], Union Minister of State for Ministry of AYUSH said BGR-34 was "scientifically tested and very effective in treating type 2 Diabetes" and that the drug has been successful.<ref name=":9" /> In contrast, in an interview to [[The Wire (India)|The Wire]], outgoing secretary of the AYUSH ministry, Ajit M. Sharan rejected AIMIL<nowiki>'s claim of being ''approved by Ministry of AYUSH''</nowiki> and noted that the ministry was not any involved in the affairs.<ref name=":14" /> There has been aggressive marketing of the drug<ref name=":18" /> and it has been even inducted into the Anti-Diabetes Campaigns by central and state authorities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/madhumeha-through-ayurveda-mission-going-good.html|title='Madhumeha through Ayurveda' Mission going good|website=The Pioneer |language=en|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217014908/https://www.dailypioneer.com/2018/india/madhumeha-through-ayurveda-mission-going-good.html|archive-date=2018-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-patients-are-switching-to-herbal-medicines-for-diabetes-2669351|title=Patients are switching to herbal medicines for diabetes|date=2018-09-29|website=dna|language=en|access-date=2018-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217014819/https://www.dnaindia.com/delhi/report-patients-are-switching-to-herbal-medicines-for-diabetes-2669351|archive-date=2018-12-17|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-on-world-diabetes-day-csir-ayush-minstry-to-bat-for-herbal-drugs-to-treat-diabetes-2559658|title=On World Diabetes Day, CSIR, Ayush Minstry to bat for herbal drugs to treat diabetes|date=2017-11-13|website=dna|language=en|access-date=2019-02-02|archive-date=2024-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725195006/https://www.dnaindia.com/health/report-on-world-diabetes-day-csir-ayush-minstry-to-bat-for-herbal-drugs-to-treat-diabetes-2559658|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Similar drugs ==

=== Anti-diabetic ===
Multiple anti-diabetic ayurvedic drugs have been developed and licensed to private industries for production along the same lines.<ref name=":5" /> Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences (CCRAS), an autonomous body of the Ministry of AYUSH, developed<ref name=":8" /> a second drug for diabetes called AYUSH-82, containing four herbal ingredients; karela (''[[Momordica charantia]]''), jamun (''[[Syzygium cumini]]''), amra (''[[Spondias mombin]]'') and gudmar (''[[Gymnema sylvestre]]'') along with [[shilajit]].<ref name=":3" /> CCRAS scientists said it permanently cures type-II diabetes within six months and that it has no side-effects.<ref name=":5" /> The distribution and manufacturing rights were granted to Kudos laboratories, which subsequently re-branded it as IME9.<ref name=":3" /> Similar criticisms about an absence of rigorous pharmacological studies and a lack of meaningful clinical trials, coupled with publications in dubious predatory journals were noted.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":7" />

=== Others ===
The ministry of AYUSH, CSIR and other national laboratories have been subject to similar criticism for the development cum aggressive advocacy and commercialization of multiple products and treatment-regimes for a variety of other diseases including [[Dengue fever|dengue]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/homoeopathy-pills-to-check-spread-of-dengue/article24920323.ece|title=Homoeopathy pills to check spread of dengue|date=2018-09-11|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-22|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2024-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725195553/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/homoeopathy-pills-to-check-spread-of-dengue/article24920323.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":62">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/clinical-trials-on-ayurvedic-medicine-against-dengue-underway-shripad-naik/articleshow/66497106.cms|title=Clinical trials on Ayurvedic medicine against dengue underway: Shripad Naik|date=2018-11-04|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2024-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725195554/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/healthcare/biotech/pharmaceuticals/clinical-trials-on-ayurvedic-medicine-against-dengue-underway-shripad-naik/articleshow/66497106.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://theprint.in/governance/india-could-have-the-solution-to-cure-dengue-by-next-year-an-ayurvedic-pill/50136/|title=India could have the solution to cure dengue by next year: an ayurvedic pill|last=Chandna|first=Himani|date=16 April 2018|work=The Print.in|access-date=18 February 2019|archive-date=23 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010243/https://theprint.in/governance/india-could-have-the-solution-to-cure-dengue-by-next-year-an-ayurvedic-pill/50136/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/ayurvedic-dengue-cure-indian-scientists-create-first-of-its-kind-drug-to-treat-the-disease/story-7JE1Qj4u0ptwbTLg6gOh9K.html|title=Ayurvedic dengue cure: Indian scientists create first of its kind drug to treat the disease|date=2018-04-17|website=hindustantimes|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010316/https://www.hindustantimes.com/health/ayurvedic-dengue-cure-indian-scientists-create-first-of-its-kind-drug-to-treat-the-disease/story-7JE1Qj4u0ptwbTLg6gOh9K.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":16" /> [[chikungunya]], [[Swine influenza|swine flu]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/swine-flu-prevention-homeo-pills-effective-say-officials/article6828096.ece|title=Swine flu prevention: homeo pills effective, say officials|author=Staff Reporter|date=2015-01-28|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-01-23|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223248/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/swine-flu-prevention-homeo-pills-effective-say-officials/article6828096.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> [[asthma]], [[autism]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/do-the-ayush-promoted-alternative-treatments-for-autism-stand-up-to-scientific-scrutiny/|title=Do the AYUSH based treatments for autism stand up to scientific scrutiny?|last=Shaikh|first=Dr Sumaiya|date=2018-05-15|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2019-01-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122195536/https://www.altnews.in/do-the-ayush-promoted-alternative-treatments-for-autism-stand-up-to-scientific-scrutiny/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[malaria]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.altnews.in/the-inefficacy-of-ayush-64-the-anti-malarial-ayurvedic-drug-developed-by-ministry-of-ayush/|title=The inefficacy of AYUSH-64, the anti-malarial Ayurvedic drug developed by Ministry of AYUSH|last=Mittal|first=Shivani|date=2019-01-29|website=Alt News|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-01-31|archive-date=2019-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201013457/https://www.altnews.in/the-inefficacy-of-ayush-64-the-anti-malarial-ayurvedic-drug-developed-by-ministry-of-ayush/|url-status=live}}</ref> [[HIV/AIDS|AIDS]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/a-homeopathic-experiment-gives-hope-for-treatment-of-aids-115040200877_1.html|title=A homeopathic experiment gives hope for treatment of AIDS|date=2015-04-05|work=Business Standard India|access-date=2019-01-23|archive-date=2024-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725195557/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/a-homeopathic-experiment-gives-hope-for-treatment-of-aids-115040200877_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[cancer]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.uniindia.com/ministry-of-ayush-develops-drugs-for-dengue-cancer/parliament/news/954245.html|title=Ministry of Ayush Develops drugs for Dengue, Cancer|work=United News of India|access-date=2019-02-18|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010131/http://www.uniindia.com/ministry-of-ayush-develops-drugs-for-dengue-cancer/parliament/news/954245.html|url-status=live}}</ref> despite a near-similar absence of rigorous pharmacological studies and/or meaningful clinical trials.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":17" /><ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scroll.in/pulse/850680/theres-no-scientific-evidence-but-ayush-ministry-is-recommending-alternative-medicines-for-dengue|title=There's no scientific evidence, but AYUSH ministry is recommending alternative medicines for dengue|last=Vora|first=Priyanka|website=Scroll.in|date=15 September 2017|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010309/https://scroll.in/pulse/850680/theres-no-scientific-evidence-but-ayush-ministry-is-recommending-alternative-medicines-for-dengue|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=112347&sid=1|title=Doctors, health activists rap Ayush ministry's bid to promote alternative medical systems in anti-dengue battle|website=pharmabiz.com|access-date=2019-01-22|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123010202/http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=112347&sid=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":92">{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/08/09/7-scientific-pieces-of-propaganda-against-homeopathy-that-the_a_23071517/|title=7 Scientific Pieces Of 'Propaganda Against Homeopathy' That The Government Might Need To Consider|date=2017-08-09|website=HuffPost India|language=en|access-date=2019-01-23|archive-date=2019-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123223802/https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/08/09/7-scientific-pieces-of-propaganda-against-homeopathy-that-the_a_23071517/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nirmukta.com/2008/09/04/chikungunya-is-there-any-alternative/|title=Chikungunya: Is there an alternative?|last=Kakkilaya|first=Srinivas|date=2008-09-04|website=Nirmukta|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23|archive-date=2019-01-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190124041340/http://nirmukta.com/2008/09/04/chikungunya-is-there-any-alternative/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="z324">{{cite web | title=Right medicine? | website=India Environment Portal | url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/23339/right-medicine/ | access-date=2024-07-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie20010527/nat10.html|title=The Indian Express: National Network: Full story|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=2019-02-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/may/24memory.htm|title=Rediff On The NeT: Memory Plus, the 'wonder drug', is enveloped by controversy|website=rediff.com|access-date=2019-02-18|archive-date=2018-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180329133225/http://www.rediff.com/news/may/24memory.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/memory-what/203181|title=Memory What?|website=Outlook – the fully loaded magazine|access-date=2019-02-18|archive-date=2019-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219072906/https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/memory-what/203181|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MY2uAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|title=Handbook on Herbal Medicines|last=Panda|first=H.|date=2004-01-01|publisher=ASIA PACIFIC BUSINESS PRESS Inc.|isbn=9788178330914|language=en|access-date=2019-08-16|archive-date=2024-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725200609/https://books.google.com/books?id=MY2uAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6#v=onepage&q&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref>

At least one drug (AYUSH-64) has been proved to be drastically inefficient in a clinical trial held by independent researchers.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Valecha|first=Neena|date=2000|title=Comparative efficacy of Ayush-64 vs. chloroquine in vivax malaria.|journal=Current Science|volume=78|issue=9|pages=1120–1122|jstor=24103624}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=25em}}

== External links ==

*{{Official website|https://www.bgr-34.life/}}

[[Category:Drugs in India]]
[[Category:Ayurvedic medicaments]]
[[Category:Alternative medical treatments]]

Samrup Rachna

2025-12-03T14:02:13Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: rd

#REDIRECT [[Syed Muhammad Anwer]]

{{Rcat shell|
{{R to related topic}}
}}

Bahudari

2025-11-27T04:53:09Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{Short description|Janya raga of Carnatic music}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox ragam
| name = Bahudhaari
| synonym =
| image_name =
| image_alt =
| mela =
| chakra =
| type =
| arohanam = {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S}}
| avarohanam = {{svaraC|S|N2|P|M1|G3|S}}
| jeeva =
| chhaya =
| nyasa =
| vishesha =
| equivalent =
| similar =
}}
{{Carnatic}}
'''Bahudari''' (pronounced bahudhāri) is a [[rāga]]m in [[Carnatic music]] (musical scale of South Indian classical music). It is a derived scale (''[[janya]]'' rāgam), as it does not have all the seven ''[[swara]]s'' (musical notes), derived from the 28th [[Melakarta]] raga [[Harikambhoji]].<ref name="ragas">''Ragas in Carnatic music'' by Dr. S. Bhagyalekshmy, Pub. 1990, CBH Publications</ref>

== Structure and Lakshana ==
[[File:Bahudari Arohana scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Bahudari ascending scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]
[[File:Bahudari Avarohana scale.svg|thumb|right|300px|Bahudari descending scale with ''shadjam'' at C]]

''Bahudari'' is an asymmetric scale that does not contain ''rishabham''. It is called a ''shadava-audava'' rāgam,<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi">''Raganidhi'' by P. Subba Rao, Pub. 1964, The Music Academy of Madras</ref> in Carnatic music classification (as it has 6 notes in ascending and 5 notes in descending scale). Its ''{{IAST|ārohaṇa-avarohaṇa}}'' structure is as follows (see [[Swara#Svaras in Carnatic music|''swaras'' in Carnatic music]] for details on below notation and terms):

*[[Arohana|{{IAST|ārohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|G3|M1|P|D2|N2|S|foot=yes}}
*[[Avarohana|{{IAST|avarohaṇa}}]] : {{svaraC|S|N2|P|M1|G3|S|foot=yes}}

This scale uses the notes ''shadjam, antara gandharam, shuddha madhyamam, panchamam, chathusruthi dhaivatham'' and ''kaisiki nishadam''.<ref name="ragas" /><ref name="raganidhi" />

== Popular compositions ==
Bahudari is a melodious rāgam.<ref name="ragas" /> Here are some popular compositions in ''Bahudari''.

*''Brova Bharama'' composed by [[Thyagaraja]]
*''Marakoti sundari'' and ''Unnadiye gatiyendru'' by [[G. N. Balasubramaniam]]
*''Sadananda tandavam seyyum'' by [(Achutadasar
*''Bhaja Manasa vighneswaram '' composed by [[R. Ramachandran Nair|Thulaseevanam]]
*''Sinamadaiyade Seerividade'' composed by [[Dandapani Desikar]]
*''Sakala Shanti Karamu Sarvesha - tuned by Mahavidwan Sri Nedunuri Krishnamurty'' composed by [[Annamacharya]]
* ''Kamaladalayatha lochana'' by Dr [[M. Balamuralikrishna]]
*''Mahâ Venkateshwarâ'' by [[Kalyani Varadarajan]]<ref>{{Citation|last=Krishnan Rajendram|title=Maha Venkateshwara by R Suryaprakash - Bahudari ragam Composition of Kalyani Varadarajan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_QUUSBMBeT8|access-date=2019-01-20}}</ref>
*''Irabeku Hari Dasara'' by [[Purandaradasa]]
*''Indu sairisiri'' by [[Kanakadasa]]

== Film Songs ==
=== Language:[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Song
!Movie
!Composer
!Singer
|-
|Unnai Thedinen
|Ival Oru Pournami
|[[T. K. Ramamoorthy]]
|[[S. Janaki]]
|-
|Vaa Vaa Aadiva
|[[Jaathi Pookkal]]
|[[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
|[[P. Jayachandran]]
|-
|Brova Bharama (Tyagaraja Kirti)
|[[Kavari Maan]]
|rowspan=2|[[Ilaiyaraaja]]
|[[K. J. Yesudas]]
|-
|Singalathu Chinnakuyile
(Ragam Bhagyashree touches in Charanam)
|[[Punnagai Mannan]]
|[[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[K.S. Chitra]]
|-
|Thee Thee
(Raga Tilang touches also)
|[[Thiruda Thiruda]]
|rowspan=2|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|Caroline,Noel James &[[A. R. Rahman]]
|-
|Hello Mr.Ethirkatchi
|[[Iruvar]]
|[[Harini (singer)|Harini]]
|-
|Aaha Kaadhal Konji Pesudhe
|[[Moondru Per Moondru Kadal]]
|[[Yuvan Shankar Raja]]
|[[Nandini Srikar]]
|-
|Lesa Parakkuthu
|[[Vennila Kabadi Kuzhu]]
|[[V. Selvaganesh]]
|[[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
|Un Vizhigalil
|[[Maan Karate]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]]
|[[Anirudh Ravichander]], [[Shruti Haasan]]
|-
|Unkoodave Porakkanum
|[[Namma Veettu Pillai]]
|[[D. Imman]]
|[[Sid Sriram]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
|-
|Aalangiliyae Aalangiliyae
|[[Neruppu Da]]
|rowspan=2|[[Sean Roldan]]
|Sean Roldan, [[Shweta Mohan]]
|-
|Poove Pooviname
|[[144 (film)|144]]
|Sean Roldan, [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
|-
|Siru Malligai
|Vachathi
|Jack Vathsan
|[[Surmukhi Raman]],Krishnaveni
|-
|Nee Uravaaga
|[[Paambhu Sattai]]
|rowspan=2|[[Ajesh]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]],[[Haricharan]]
|-
|Maaman Magale
|[[Kuttram Kuttrame]]
|[[Benny Dayal]],Pravin Saivi,Ajesh
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music
}}
<references />

{{Melakarta ragas|state=collapsed}}
{{Janya}}

[[Category:Janya ragas]]

Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of the Year

2025-11-25T21:23:39Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: stub

{{Short description|Indian music award}}
The '''Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Female Vocalist of The Year''' is given yearly by [[Radio Mirchi]] as a part of its annual [[Mirchi Music Awards]] for [[Hindi films]], to recognise a female vocalist who has delivered an outstanding performance in a film song.

==List of winners==
* '''2008 [[Dominique Cerejo]] - "Ye Tumhari"''' from '''''[[Rock On!!]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma/winners.php|title=1st Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Suzanne D'Mello]] - "Aaye Bachchu" from ''[[Ghajini (2008 film)|Ghajini]]''
** [[Anusha Mani]] - "[[Lazy Lamhe]]" from ''[[Thoda Pyaar Thoda Magic]]''
** [[Shruti Pathak]] - "Mar Jawaan" from ''[[Fashion (2008 film)|Fashion]]''
** [[Anmol Malik]] - "Talli Ho Gayi" from ''[[Ugly Aur Pagli]]''
* '''2009 [[Aditi Singh Sharma]] - "Yahi Meri Zindagi"''' from '''''[[Dev.D]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2009/hindi/winners.html|title=2nd Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Bhavatharini|K Bhavatharini]] - "Gumm Summ Gumm" from ''[[Paa (film)|Paa]]''
** Marianne D'Cruz Aiman - "Dua" from ''[[Kurbaan (2009 film)|Kurbaan]]''
** Pamela Jain - "Diwani Diwani" from ''Royal Utsav''
** Mauli Dave - "Love Ka Tadka" from ''Love Ka Tadka''
* '''2010 [[Mamta Sharma]] - "Munni Badnaam"''' from '''''[[Dabangg]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Mirchi-Music-Awards-2010-Winners/articleshow/7378687.cms|title=3rd Mirchi Music Awards Winners|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>
** [[Ritu Pathak]] & [[Alyssa Mendonsa]] - "Papa Jaag Jaayega" from ''[[Housefull (2010 film)|Housefull]]''
** Sukanya Purayastha - "Kaisi Hai Yeh Udaasi" from ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]''
** [[Antara Mitra]] - "Bheegi Si Bhaagi Si" from ''[[Raajneeti|Rajneeti]]''
** [[Vibhavari Apte Joshi]] - "Saiba" from ''[[Guzaarish (2010 film)|Guzaarish]]''
* '''2011 [[Tia Bajpai]] - "Sheet Leher"''' from '''''[[Lanka (2011 film)|Lanka]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2011/hindi/winners.php|title=4th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** Alma Ferovic - "Aur Ho" from ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]''
** Mitika Kanwar -"Habibi" from ''[[Azaan]]''
** Shazneen Arethna - "I Hate You (Like I Love You)" from ''[[Delhi Belly (film)|Delhi Belly]]''
** [[Ujjaini Mukherjee]] - "Manu Bhaiya" from ''[[Tanu Weds Manu]]''
* '''2012 [[Neeti Mohan]] - "Jiya Re"''' from '''''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radiomirchi.com/mma2012/hindi/winners_list.html|title=5th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Shalmali Kholgade]] & [[Monali Thakur]] - "Aga Bai" from ''[[Aiyyaa]]''
** Shalmali Kholgade - "Pareshaan" from ''[[Ishaqzaade]]''
** [[Suman Sridhar]] - "Muskaanein Jhoothi Hai" ''[[Talaash (2012 film)|Taalash]]''
** Priya Panchal - "Piya O Re Piya (Sad)" from ''[[Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya]]''
* '''2013 [[Bhoomi Trivedi]] - "[[Ram Chahe Leela]]"''' from '''''[[Goliyon Ki Rasleela Ram-Leela|Ram-Leela]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.india.com/showbiz/mirchi-music-awards-2014-winners-shahrukh-khan-farhan-akhtar-honoured-aashiqui-2-wins-7-trophies-17842/|title=6th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Palak Muchhal]] - "Chahun Main Yaa Na" from ''[[Aashiqui 2]]''
** Palak Muchhal - "Meri Aashiqui" from ''Aashiqui 2''
** [[Mili Nair]] - "Meethi Boliyaan" from ''[[Kai Po Che!]]''
* '''2014 [[Nooran Sisters]] - "Patakha Guddi"''' from '''''[[Highway (2014 Hindi film)|Highway]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi2014/winners/|title=7th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Kanika Kapoor]] - "[[Baby Doll (Kanika Kapoor song)|Baby Doll]]" from ''[[Ragini MMS 2]]''
** [[Jasmine Sandlas]] - "Yaar Naa Miley" from ''[[Kick (2014 film)|Kick]]''
** [[Shraddha Kapoor]] - "Do Jahaan" from ''[[Haider (film)|Haider]]''
** Shraddha Kapoor - "[[Galliyan|Galliyan (Unplugged)]]" from ''[[Ek Villain]]''
* '''2015 Payal Dev - "Ab Tohe Jane Na Doongi"''' from '''''[[Bajirao Mastani]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2015/winners/|title=8th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** [[Swati Sharma]] - "Banno" from ''[[Tanu Weds Manu Returns]]''
** [[Sukriti Kakar]] - "Pehli Baar" from ''[[Dil Dhadakne Do]]''
** [[Vaishali Made]] - "Pinga" from ''[[Bajirao Mastani]]''
** [[Shraddha Kapoor]] - "Bezubaan Phir Se (Unplugged)" from ''[[ABCD 2]]''
* '''2016 [[Asees Kaur]] - "[[Bolna (song)|Bolna]]"''' from '''''[[Kapoor & Sons]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2016/winners/|title=9th Mirchi Music Awards Winners}}</ref>
** Aakanksha Sharma - "Tu Alvida" from ''[[Traffic (2016 film)|Traffic]]''
** Aakanksha Sharma - "Dhal Jaun Main" from ''[[Rustom (film)|Rustom]]''
** [[Asees Kaur]] - "Rang Reza" from ''[[Beiimaan Love]]''
** [[Qurat-ul-Ain Balouch]] - "Kaari Kaari" from ''[[Pink (2016 film)|Pink]]''
* '''2017 [[Meghna Mishra]] - "Main Kaun Hoon"''' from '''''[[Secret Superstar]]'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2017/nominations/|title=10th Mirchi Music Awards Nominations}}</ref>
** Rajnigandha Shekhawat - "Kankad" from ''[[Shubh Mangal Saavdhan]]''
** [[Mehak Ali]] - "Baab-E-Rehmat" from ''Sheitaan''
** Meghna Mishra - "Meri Pyaari Ammi" from ''[[Secret Superstar]]''
** Meghna Mishra - "Nachdi Phira" from ''[[Secret Superstar]]''
** [[Parineeti Chopra]] - "[[Maana Ke Hum Yaar Nahin]]" from ''[[Meri Pyaari Bindu]]''
** Anushka Shahaney - "Stay a Little Longer" from ''[[Half Girlfriend (film)|Half Girlfriend]]''
* '''2018 Mahua Chokroborty - "Ab Maan Jao Sawaryia"''' from '''''[[Angrezi Mein Kehte Hain]]'''''<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-02-18 |title=11th Mirchi Music Awards: Complete list of winners |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/11th-mirchi-music-awards-complete-list-of-winners/articleshow/68040370.cms |access-date=2023-05-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
** Harjot Kaur - "Sajan Bade Senti" from ''[[Badhaai Ho]]''
** [[Dhvani Bhanushali]] - "[[Dilbar (song)|Dilbar]]" from ''[[Satyameva Jayate (2018 film)|Satyameva Jayate]]''
** Deveshi Sahgal - "Daryaa (Unplugged)" from ''[[Manmarziyaan]]''
**[[Jasmin Walia]] - "[[Bom Diggy]]" from ''[[Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety]]''
* '''2019 Aakanksha Sharma - "Tum Chale Gaye"''' from ''[[Marudhar Express (film)|Marudhar Express]]''{{cn|date=May 2023}}
** Swati Mehul - "Naah Goriye" from ''[[Bala (2019 film)|Bala]]''
** Hriti Tikadar - "Jiya" from ''[[Falsafa: The Other Side]]''
** Deepanshi Nagar - "Mann Mein Shiva" from ''[[Panipat (film)|Panipat]]''
** Sarodee Borah - "Sapne Jo Bhi" from ''Zindagi Tumse''
* '''2021 Sharvi Yadav – "Maari Chhalangein"''' – ''[[Skater Girl]]''<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-23 |title=Nominations Hindi 2022 - Music Mirchi Awards |url=https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |access-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104316/https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |archive-date=2022-04-23 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sidharth Malhotra's Shershaah wins big at 14th Mirchi Music Awards, check out winners' list |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |access-date=2023-05-09 |website=Zoom TV |language=en}}</ref>
** Amrita Singh – "Shine On Me (Remix)" – ''[[Skater Girl]]''
** [[Khatija Rahman]] – "Rock A Bye Baby" – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
** [[Rakshita Suresh]] – "Yaane Yaane" – ''[[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]''
** Saindhavi Prakash – "Nain Bandhe Naino Se" – ''[[Thalaivii]]''
* '''2023 Sireesha Bhagavatula - "Ghodey Pe Sawar" - ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]'''''<ref>{{cite news |title=Mirchi Music Awards 2023 Celebrates India's Musical Excellence |url=https://www.femina.in/trending/in-the-news/mirchi-music-awards-2023-celebrates-indias-musical-excellence-277983.html}}</ref>
** Sireesha Bhagavatula - "Phero Na Najariya" - ''[[Qala (film)|Qala]]''
** [[Yohani]] - "Manike" - ''[[Thank God (film)|Thank God]]''
** Lothika - "Gehraiyaan (Title Track)" - ''[[Gehraiyaan]]''
** Lothika - "Doobey" - ''[[Gehraiyaan]]''
* '''2024 [[Deepthi Suresh]] - "Aararaari Raaro" - ''[[Jawan (film)|Jawan]]'''''<ref>https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/16th-mirchi-music-awards-here-is-the-full-list-of-winners-70184.html</ref>

==See also==
* [[Mirchi Music Awards]]
* [[Bollywood]]
* [[Cinema of India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Mirchi Music Awards}}

[[Category:Mirchi Music Awards]]

Bedara Vesha

2025-11-05T20:30:33Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{Short description|Folk dance performance}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{refimprove|date=March 2017}}
{{context|date=January 2016}}
}}

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|genre = [[Folk dance]]
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|venue = [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]]
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'''Bedara Vesha''' is a folk dance performed days before the [[Hindu]] festival of [[Holi]] in [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi town]] of [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. It is also known as ‘Hunter Dance’. People of Sirsi celebrate Holi with this unique folk dance every alternate year.<ref>[http://www.prasadgovenkar.com/2015/03/the-celebration-of-holi.html The Celebration of Holi]</ref> It attracts a large crowd from different parts of the state on all the five days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/A-unique-folk-dance/article16633139.ece |title=A unique folk dance |publisher=thehindu.com |date=18 November 2016 |access-date=23 March 2017}}</ref>

==How is it done?==
Bedara Vesha is practised for months before the actual performance. The artistes don peacock feathers, moustache, red cotton cloth, fruits, shields and swords. Two ropes are tied & held to the waist of the performer, balancing the giant headpiece. The performance depicts the tale of Malleshi prevented from killing the people who come to his place. The dance is accompanied by the hand drum (Tamate) players with a coordinated rhythm. The performer starts from his local street and goes on performing to the various locations of the Sirsi town overnight. The concluding part of the dance is at the Shri Marikamba Temple. The dancer performs at his complete rage there. He again starts performing in the other locations of the Sirsi town until daylight.

There are multiple performers. In each area, there will be one person who will represent and dance throughout the city. There are some designated places where the dance will be in full form and each performer will visit those designated places once. It is also said that one dancer isn’t supposed to look at the other face to face.

==Popular places where it is performed==
Bedara Vesha is performed in the [[Sirsi, Karnataka|Sirsi]] town of Karnataka. Another folk dance called ‘'[[Dollu Kunitha]]'’ is also performed during Bedara Vesha.

==Modern form==
Nearly 50 solo artists perform Bedara Vesha with whistle-blowers and a troupe of drum beaters. In modern times various performances are held on the streets along with The Hunter Dance. Bedara Vesha event is an enjoyable night out for the youngsters of the town. In recent years (such as 2019), Hunter Dance organisers have begun to hire DJs to the streets, and the whole of Sirsi town has a club-like look, to further entertain the spectators.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Holi]]
[[Category:Carnivals in India]]
[[Category:Folk dances of Karnataka]]

Gudimallam Lingam

2025-10-31T07:11:05Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{Short description|Ancient Shiva linga in Gudimallam Andhra Pradesh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
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| image = Gudimallam Lingam in-situ photograph.jpg
| image_caption = The Gudimallam Lingam in-situ
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The '''Gudimallam Lingam''' is an ancient [[linga]] in the Parashurameshwara Swami Temple of [[Gudimallam]], a small village near [[Tirupati]] city in the [[Yerpedu]] [[Tehsil|mandal]] of the [[Tirupati district]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Archaeological Survey of India - Alphabetical List of Monuments in Andhra Pradesh |website=Government of India
|url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-andhra-pradesh/ }}</ref> It is situated about {{convert|24|km}} south-east of [[Tirupati]] city.<ref name="Rao, 65">Rao, 65</ref>

Though Gudimallam is a small village, it is well known because it has a very early [[linga]] that is unmistakably [[phallus|phallic]] in shape, with a full-length standing [[relief]] figure of [[Shiva]] carved on the front. This is in the [[garbhagriha]] of the Parasurameswara Temple, [[Hindu temple]] dedicated to Shiva.<ref name=wendy/> This is perhaps the second earliest linga associated with Shiva discovered so far,<ref>Rao, 63-64. Much older phalluses in clay etc are known (See Ellgood, 46).</ref> and it has been dated to the 2nd/1st century BC,<ref>Harle, 271; Blurton, 78; Elgood, 47 says from end BC to 1st AD</ref> or the 3rd century BC,<ref name=wendy>{{cite book|last=Doniger|first=Wendy|title=The Hindus: An Alternative History|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|isbn=9780199593347|page=22,23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC}}</ref> or much later, to the 2nd century AD,<ref name="PS">{{cite book |last1=Pieris |first1=Sita |last2=Raven |first2=Ellen |title=ABIA: South and Southeast Asian Art and Archaeology Index: Volume Three – South Asia |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-19148-8 |page=264 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCL8pjd0JVMC&pg=PA264 |language=en}}</ref> 3-4th century AD,<ref name="PS"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Arundhati |first1=P. |title=Annapurna : A Bunch Of Flowers Of Indian Culture |date=2002 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=978-81-7022-897-4 |page=43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cfK2LoH_j54C&pg=PA43 |language=en|quote= Thus the linga certainly belongs to 2nd to 3rd century B.C. or to early Satavahanas, because, the physiogomy of the figure on the linga is closer to Bharhut, Karle and Nanaghat figures.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Academy |first1=M. A. P. |title=How old is the Gudimallam stone Lingam? Historians debate age of ancient Shiva linga |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/how-old-is-the-gudilmallam-stone-lingam-historians-debate-age-of-ancient-shiva-linga/1506602/ |work=ThePrint |date=9 April 2023}}</ref>

According to Harle, this is "the only sculpture of any importance" to survive from ancient [[South India]] before sculpture made under the [[Pallava dynasty]] from the 7th century AD onwards, and "its mysteriousness lies in the total absence so far of any object in an even remotely similar manner within many hundreds of miles, and indeed anywhere in South India".<ref>Harle, 271</ref> If assigned an early date, the figure on the linga is "one of the earliest surviving and unequivocal images of the god Shiva".<ref>Blurton, 82</ref>

The temple is later than the linga; again, estimates of its age vary considerably, but the existing building is usually dated to "the later [[Chola dynasty|Chola]] and [[Vijayanagara]] periods", so possibly a thousand years later than the sculpture; it seems to have replaced much earlier structures. The linga was possibly originally sited in the open air, with the rectangular stone surround that still remains,<ref>Blurton, 78-81 (78 quoted)</ref> or inside a wooden structure. The temple remains in worship, but has been protected by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) since 1954.

==Description==
[[File:Gudimallam stone plan.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Gudimallam lingam (as it appeared before the floor was lowered): front, rear & side elevations, with sectional plan.]]
[[File:Gudimallam statue details.jpg|thumb|upright=1.5|Gudimallam statue details]]
The linga first came to academic attention, by his own account, after being surveyed by the archaeologist [[T. A. Gopinatha Rao]] (then working for the local [[princely state]], later with the ASI), "some years" before he published it in 1911.<ref>First published in April 1911 with a paper by Rao, in ''Indian Antiquary'', volume XL, pages 104–105 (edited by Richard Temple, Cambridge, British India Press), then in his 1916 book, Rao, 65</ref> The linga is carved out of a hard dark brown local stone. It is over 5 ft high and slightly above a foot in diameter on the main shaft. Rao gives the height as 5 foot exactly, but did not see the full length, as the bottom of the linga was then buried in the floor. The [[glans penis]] is clearly differentiated from the shaft by being wider, with a deep slanting groove cut about a foot from the top of the Linga.<ref name="Rao, 65-67">Rao, 65-67</ref> Unusually, the [[garbhagriha]] is [[apse|apsidal]] or semi-circular, curving behind the linga, which is called Gaja Prushta vasthu or resembling the rear portion of an elephant.

An image of Shiva in ''sthanaka'' posture is carved in high relief. On the front portion of the linga the god is standing on the shoulders of a figure of ''[[Apasmara]]'', a dwarf who represents spiritual ignorance.<ref name="Rao, 65-67"/> The figure of Shiva resembles a vigorous hunter; He holds a ram or antelope in his right hand and a small water pot in his left hand.<ref>Rao, 66 calls it a ram, Blurton, 78 also suggests an antelope. Other sources mention a goat.</ref> There is a battle axe (''parasu'') resting on his left shoulder.  He wears many heavy earrings, an elaborate flat necklace, and a girdle with a dangling central portion. His arms are adorned with five bracelets, with different designs in relief, on each wrist, and a high [[arm ring]] on each side. He wears a [[dhoti]] of very thin material, fastened at his waist with a ''vastra-mekhala''.<ref name="Rao, 67">Rao, 67</ref> This extends round the whole shaft of the linga.<ref name=wendy/> He has no ''[[yagnopavita]]'' or sacred thread. Emerging from a complicated turban-like head-covering, his hair is long and plaited (not matted).<ref>Rao, 66-67</ref>

His features are described by Rao as [[Mongoloid]],<ref name="Rao, 66">Rao, 66</ref> and Blurton describes the figure as not having "the features associated with gods of orthodox Hinduism" but "squat and broadly-built, and with the thick curly hair and the pronounced lips still seen amongst tribal populations in Central India", suggesting the non-Vedic aspects being absorbed into the emerging figure of Shiva.<ref>Blurton, 81; Elgood, 47 "with full lips and thick, curly hair".</ref>
[[File:Gudimallam linga, a 19th-century replica from the temple.jpg|thumb|Views from different angles of a replica of relatively recent date]]

Rao's account emphasizes that the linga here is unmistakably a representation of an erect human penis, as therefore are other Shiva lingas,<ref name=":0">Rao, 68-69</ref> this point having apparently been disputed, or overgeneralized,<ref>Elgood, 46</ref> by some previously. He describes it as "shaped exactly like the original model, in a state of erection",<ref>Rao, 68</ref> though one of his illustrations shows the "plan" section of the shaft, with seven straight-line faces, and gives their unequal lengths. The sharpest angle made by these faces would run through the centre of the Shiva figure, and the front face of the linga is made of the two longest faces (at 6 inches). Two side faces of 4 inches are at right angles to the figure, and the rear of the shaft has one central longer face at right angles to the sides, and two shorter ones joining the back and sides.<ref>Rao, "Plate II (to face page 66)"</ref>

Early lingam often have shafts with several straight sides, but more often eight rather than the seven here. Their structure signifies the earth in the square base, the air in the shaft section, and the sky in the rounded top. The same symbolism appears in Buddhist [[stupa]]s.<ref>Pal, 137</ref>
[[File:Parasurameswara temple plan, Gudimallam Andhra Pradesh India.jpg|thumb|Plan and elevation of the temple]]

==Setting==
Though the linga has remained in worship in the temple built around it, its relationship to the sanctuary and setting has been altered since Rao's time. The photograph in Rao's 1916 book,<ref>Rao, Plate II, after p. 66</ref> like the one at the top of the article, shows the linga set into the floor, which comes at about the level of the dwarf's midriff. More recent photos and videos, presumably taken after an ASI exploration in 1973–74,<ref>[http://asi.nic.in/since-independence-andhra-pradesh/ ASI] "Since Independence – Andhra Pradesh"</ref> show the lingam in a square stone enclosure on the floor, with the whole length of the dwarf (who is kneeling) visible, as well as a circular pediment.<ref>Harle, 271 and Arundhati, 41, for examples</ref>

The stone slabs making the enclosure are plain on the outside, but carved on the inside as stone railings (with three horizontal rails) in a pattern comparable to those of ancient Buddhist [[stupa]]s such as [[Sanchi]] (but much smaller).<ref>Blurton, 81</ref> Rao was unaware of this structure, then below the floor, saying "the pedestal is cut out in the form of a quadrangular ridge on the ground",<ref name="Rao, 66"/> this ridge in fact being the top of the uppermost rail of the railings. Whether the rest of the floor was lowered or the linga and railings raised is unclear; the sanctuary floor is now a few steps below the main floor level of the temple, an unusual feature which Rao's plan of the temple from 1911 shows, but does not give measurements for. The linga also has a modern golden metal frame, topped by a [[Nāga|naga head]], behind it.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uxlh-CMNy9c Hidden Temples.com], "Gudimallam Temple Abhishekam", showing the linga in worship.</ref>
[[File:Gudimallam Temple.jpg|thumb|Gudimallam Temple]]

Sources disagree about the expression and connotations of the "dwarf" below Shiva. To Rao he is "jolly and happy, as is evidenced by the broad grin on his face".<ref name="Rao, 67"/> He has "pointed animal ears".<ref name="Rao, 67"/> For Elgood, he is a "[[yaksha]] with fish-shaped feet and conch-shaped ears", so a spirit connected with water, matching the water pot held by Shiva (Rao would never have seen these feet).<ref>Elgood, 47</ref> Shiva conventionally stands on such a figure in much later depictions of him as [[Nataraja]] ("Lord of the Dance"), where the figure is usually said to represent "ignorance",<ref>Elgood, 49; [http://www.artic.edu/aic/collections/artwork/24548 Shiva as Lord of the Dance (Nataraja), Chola period, c. 10th/11th century] [[The Art Institute of Chicago]], United States</ref> but in the earliest Indian stone [[monumental sculpture]], figures often stand on dwarfish figures, as with (for example) the [[Bhutesvara Yakshis]] (Buddhist, 2nd century AD), where these figures also seem rather cheerful.

Karthikeya Sharma, who conducted the ASI excavations, states that the Gudimallam Linga combines several later aspects of Siva; for example, the God's eyes focusing on the tip of his nose indicates the [[Virūpākṣa|Virupaksha]] (kingly) and [[Dakshinamurti|Yoga-Dakshina-murthi]] (supreme guru) aspects of later years. The holding of a ram in his right hand indicates the [[Bhikshatana|Bhikshatana-murthi]] aspect of Siva as supreme mendicant or beggar.

==Context==
Rao's account emphasizes that the linga here is unmistakably a representation of an erect human penis;<ref name=":0" /> he describes it as "shaped exactly like the original model, in a state of erection". However, [[Stella Kramrisch]] cautions against interpreting the Gudimallam lingam as a motif of fertility or sexuality; the ithyphallic representation connotes the very opposite in this context — ''Urdhva Retas'' i.e. the ascent of vital energy (controlled by semen) rather than release.{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=218}}{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=26}} The physical passions are renounced into mental faculties, as one journeys to [[Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)|ananda]], [[moksha]], and [[Samadhi|samādhi]], through the path of [[Brahmacarya]].{{sfn|Kramrisch|1994|p=238}}

==History of the temple and site==
[[File:Parasurameswara Swamy Shiva temple Gudimallam, ancient Shiva Linga, Yarpedu, Chittoor Andhra Pradesh - 4.jpg|thumb|The main shrine is apsidal, with the outer wall inscribed in different scripts. These inscriptions describe donations to the temple over the centuries. The temple shows evidence of various reconstructions and expansions.]]
The name of the temple is mentioned as Parasurameswara Temple in the inscriptions. These inscriptions do not refer to the original builders of the temple. But they register the gifts made to the temple like land, money and cows for the conduct of daily worship in the temple. [[Black and red ware culture|Black and Redware]] sherds of the 2nd or 3rd century AD have been brought to light during the course of excavations conducted in 1973. Potsherds of the Andhra [[Satavahana]] period (Circa 1st century AD to 2nd century AD) and large sized bricks measuring 42x21x6 inches of the same period have also been found. Hence some historians assign the temple to the [[Satavahana]] period.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

The sanctum of the Parasurameswara Swamy temple has a square plan embedded in an apsidal structure. According to Himanshu Ray, this apsidal design attests to a more ancient temple architecture made of perishable materials. The later restorations rebuilt on the earlier design.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Himanshu Prabha Ray |date=2004 |title=The Apsidal Shrine in Early Hinduism: Origins, Cultic Affiliation, Patronage |journal=World Archaeology |volume=36 |issue=3 - The Archaeology of Hinduism September 2004 |jstor=4128336 |pages=343–59 |doi=10.1080/0043824042000282786 |s2cid=161072766 |url= https://www.jstor.org/stable/4128336 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>

Historians disagree about the political history and the name of this place. There are several inscriptions which date to the [[Pallava]], Yadava Devarayalu, Ganga Pallava, [[Bana kingdom|Bana]] and [[Chola]] periods on the walls of the shrine and on stone slabs in the temple courtyard. The earliest inscription belongs to the reign of Nandivarma Pallava (802 AD). All the inscriptions mention the keen interest taken by the donors and their gifts to the Temple. However, none of the inscriptions give the village name as Gudimallam.{{citation needed|date=January 2021}}

==Comparisons for the lingam==
[[File:Worship of Shiva Linga by Gandharvas - Shunga Period - Bhuteshwar - ACCN 3625 - Government Museum - Mathura 2013-02-24 6098.JPG|thumb|Relief from [[Bhutesvara Yakshis|Bhuteshwar]] in the [[Mathura Museum]], showing worship of a phallic limgam, set in an enclosure with railings. [[Shunga period]]]]
Some of the copper coins obtained at Ujjain and belonging to the 3rd century BC contain figures which resemble the Linga of Gudimallam.{{citation needed|date=September 2023}} A 1st century sculpture in the [[Mathura Museum]] also contains a figure resembling the Gudimallam Shiva. J.N. Benerjee in his work ''Religion in art and archaeology'' observes: <blockquote>The Lingam in Arghya motif was comparatively late phase. In the course of its conventionalisation and development, the Arghya was supposed to symbolise the female part and it was described, in many late texts of a tantric character. But originally in comparatively early times, the emblems of the male and the female deities were worshiped separately, as the earliest specimens of the phallus and [[Ringstone|ring stone]] testify. The Gudimallam Shiva Linga or for that matter the Shivalingas of the Pre-Gupta and the early Gupta periods did not show any real base in the shape of the latter characterization of the arghya or pita. Even in latter representations of the emblem, the projecting section of the Pita really served the very useful purpose of draining off the water profusely poured on the top of the Shiva Linga to some distance from its base. This statement needs revision, for it is evident from the recent excavations conducted by the [[Archaeological Survey of India]], South eastern Circle of [[Hyderabad]], clearly revealed that Gudimallam Linga was originally provided with a pedestal.</blockquote>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Parasurameswara Swamy Shiva temple Gudimallam, ancient Shiva Linga, Yarpedu, Chittoor Andhra Pradesh - 2.jpg|Sign at the temple
File:Parasurameswara Swamy Shiva temple Gudimallam, ancient Shiva Linga, Yarpedu, Chittoor Andhra Pradesh - 5.jpg|Outside of the apsidal sanctuary
File:Parasurameswara Swamy Shiva temple Gudimallam, ancient Shiva Linga, Yarpedu, Chittoor Andhra Pradesh - 6.jpg|[[Vishnu]]
File:Parasurameswara Swamy Shiva temple Gudimallam, ancient Shiva Linga, Yarpedu, Chittoor Andhra Pradesh - 3.jpg|[[Kartikeya]]
</gallery>

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|group=note}}
*Blurton, T. Richard, ''Hindu Art'', 1994, British Museum Press, {{ISBN|0 7141 1442 1}}
*Elgood, Heather, ''Hinduism and the Religious Arts'', 2000, Bloomsbury Publishing, {{ISBN|0826498655}}, 9780826498656, [https://books.google.com/books?id=nNsXZkdHvXUC google books]
* Harle, J. C., ''The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent'', 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press. ([[Pelican History of Art]]), {{ISBN|0300062176}}
*[[T. A. Gopinatha Rao|Rao, T. A. Gopinatha]], ''Elements Of Hindu Iconography'', Vol II Part 1, 1914, Law Printing House, Madras ([[Chennai]]), [https://archive.org/details/ElementsOfHinduIconographyVolIIPart1/page/n95 Internet Archive (fully online)], p. 65 on
*{{cite book |last=Kramrisch |first=Stella |title=The Presence of Śiva |year=1994 |publisher=Princeton University Press |location=Princeton, New Jersey |isbn=978-0691019307 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/presenceofsivamy00skra}}
*[[Pratapaditya Pal|Pal, Pratapaditya]], ''Light of Asia : Buddha Sakyamuni in Asian art'', 1984, [[LACMA]], ISBN 087587116X, [https://archive.org/details/lightofasiabuddh0000unse/page/6/mode/2up Internet archive]
* {{cite book|first=Sharada|last=Srinivasan|title=World Archaeology|chapter=Shiva as 'cosmic dancer': On Pallava origins for the Nataraja bronze|doi=10.1080/1468936042000282726821|volume=36|year=2004|issue=3|pages=432–450|publisher=The Journal of Modern Craft|s2cid=26503807|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/1468936042000282726821}}

==Further reading==
*Sarma, Inguva Karthikeya, ''Paraśurāmēśvara Temple at Gudimallam: A probe into its origins'', 1994, Gattsons, {{ISBN|9788171920150}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Parasurameswara Temple, Gudimallam}}
* [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=2146413274 Megalithic Portal]
*[https://www.inrootz.in/historic-places/religious-spiritual-temples/pl105/Parasurameswara-Swamy-temple-Gudimalam-Chittoor inrootz.in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625103618/https://www.inrootz.in/historic-places/religious-spiritual-temples/pl105/Parasurameswara-Swamy-temple-Gudimalam-Chittoor |date=25 June 2018 }}
*[http://www.gudimallamtemple.com/ Gudimallam Temple Website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Tirupati]]
[[Category:Tirupati district]]
[[Category:Indian sculpture]]
[[Category:Phallic symbols]]
[[Category:Shiva in art]]

Praj

2025-09-18T08:02:27Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: started a info...

{{Short description|Indian process and engineering company}}
{{COI|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox company
| name = PRAJ Industries Limited
| logo = Praj industries logo.svg
| type = [[Public Company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{BSE|522205}} {{nse|PRAJIND}}
| foundation = {{start date|1983}}
| location = [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| areas_served = Worldwide
| key_people = [[Pramod Chaudhari]] (Executive Chairman)
| industry = [[Manufacturing]], [[Engineering]] and [[Tertiary sector of the economy|Service]]
| products = [[Ethanol fuel|Ethanol plant]] [[Brewing|Brewery Plants]] [[Sewage treatment|Water & Waste Water Solutions]] Process equipment and systems supplier High Purity solutions [[Bioproducts]] Research services
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1330.41|c}} (2021)
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|81.05|c}} (2021)
| assets = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1593.82|c}} (2021)
| equity = {{up}} {{INRConvert|802.51|c}} (2021)
| num_employees = 940 (2021)
| website = {{URL|http://www.praj.net/}}
}}

'''Praj Industries Limited''' is an Indian multinational process and project engineering company, headquartered in [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]]. The company also has offices in [[South Africa]], [[North America]], [[Latin America]], the [[Caribbean]], [[Thailand]] and [[Philippines]]. Its manufacturing facilities are at 4 locations – in [[Sanaswadi]], near [[Pune]]; [[Kandla]], Port in [[Gujarat]] and Wada, [[Thane District]]. Praj is a recipient of the [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|DSIR]] National Award in 2005 for outstanding In-House R&D Achievements.

==History==
Praj was formed in 1983. The company went public in 1994 and is listed on the [[Bombay Stock Exchange]] and [[National Stock Exchange of India]]. Praj received its first [[Venture Capital]] from [[ICICI Bank]] in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.edelweiss.in/stocks/Praj-Industries-Ltd/company-history/3458.html|title=Praj Industries Ltd|publisher=Edelweiss}}</ref> Today it has investors like [[venture capital]]ist [[Vinod Khosla]] who has a 10% stake<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/Vinod-Khosla-buys-10-stake-in-Praj-Industries/articleshow/1482146.cms|title=Vinod Khosla buys 10% stake in Praj Industries| newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 April 2006 | accessdate=8 April 2006}}</ref> and Marubeni Corporation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/vinod-khosla-marubeni-to-buy-stake-in-praj-inds-106041101100_1.html|title=Vinod Khosla, Marubeni to buy stake in Praj Inds|newspaper=Business Standard|accessdate=11 April 2006}}</ref> Praj Foundation was established in 2005 as the CSR wing which is managed by Parimal Chaudhari. In 2021, the company and [[Indian Oil Corporation]] signed a memorandum of understanding to explore opportunities in the production of alcohol-to-jet (ATJ) fuels, [[Ethanol biofuels|1G & 2G ethanol]], compressed [[biogas]] and other related opportunities in the [[biofuel]]s sector.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 2022 |title=Chemical Industry, Chemicals Manufacturers and Exporters in India - IBEF |url=https://www.ibef.org/industry/chemical-industry-india |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=India Brand Equity Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

==Business divisions==
The company deals with segments like Alcohol / Fuel Ethanol and Brewery Plants, Water and Wastewater Treatment Plants,<ref>{{cite web|title=Praj Industries expects water-treatment to be India business growth story | url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/LA4DsE2TkJF9uuEIwIM81J/Praj-Industries-expects-watertreatment-to-be-India-business.html | publisher=Live Mint |accessdate=19 February 2014}}</ref> Critical Process Equipment System, High Purity Systems, BioProducts (Livestock Health and Nutrition Products), and Customised Research Service & Solutions.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=August 2021 |title=A Conversation with Dr. Pramod Chaudhari |url=https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/ind.2021.29259.pch |journal=Industrial Biotechnology |volume=17 |issue=4 |pages=185–187 |doi=10.1089/ind.2021.29259.pch |issn=1550-9087|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Subsidiaries and acquisitions==
The company's acquisitions include – Praj HiPurity Systems Limited (erstwhile Neela Systems Ltd),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/praj-acquires-neela-systems-for-rs-64-cr-112011000059_1.html|title=Praj acquires Neela Systems for Rs 64 cr|newspaper=Business Standard|accessdate=10 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Praj acquires stake in Neela Systems|url=http://businesswireindia.com/news/news-details/praj-acquires-stake-neela-systems/29656|publisher=Business Wire India|accessdate=20 May 2016}}</ref> Praj Americas. Inc, Praj Far East Co. Ltd., Praj Industries ([[Africa]]) Pty. Ltd., Praj Far East Philippines Ltd. Inc., Praj Industries ([[Tanzania]]) Ltd. {subsidiary of Praj Industries (Africa) Pty. Ltd.}, Praj Industries ([[Sierra Leone]]) Ltd. (subsidiary of Praj Industries (Africa) Pty Ltd., Praj sur America SRL, Praj Engineering & Infra Ltd.

==Awards and recognition==
* Praj was awarded the National Award for outstanding In-House R&D Achievements by [[Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (India)|DSIR]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|title=DSIR honors Praj Industries Limited with "National Award" |url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/dsir-honors-praj-industries-limitednational-award_191400.html | publisher=MoneyControl}}</ref>
* Praj was awarded the "Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises|ABLE 10th anniversary award" under bio-industrial category for contribution to industrial biotechnology.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/praj-honored-with-able-award/159892|title=Praj Honored with ABLE Award|newspaper=The Free Press Journal |accessdate=14 March 2013}}</ref>
* Praj Tower received ‘Platinum’ LEED Certification from IGBC.<ref>http://www.solarquarter.com/index.php/news/asia/india/item/1257-praj-tower-receives-platinum-leed-certification-from-igbc-the-highest-ranking-certificate {{Dead link|date=February 2022}}</ref>
* Praj Bags B.G. Deshmukh CSR Innovation Award <ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/11-bag-mccia-innovation---entrepreneurship-awards/1022168|title=11 bag MCCIA innovation & entrepreneurship awards|newspaper=The Indian Express |accessdate=26 October 2012}}</ref>
* Praj received ‘Solar Energy Society of India (SESI) Business Leadership Award’ at the ICORE 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biospectrumindia.com/biospecindia/news/158475/news-bytes-suppliers|title=News Bytes- Praj receives SESI Award |publisher=BioSpectrum |accessdate=10 May 2005}}</ref>
* Praj was awarded ''Forbes Best Under A Billion Company in [[Asia]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.moneycontrol.com/news/business/praj-gets-forbes-best-under-a-billion-companyasia_316259.html|title=Praj gets Forbes Best Under A Billion Company in Asia|publisher=MoneyControl|accessdate=6 December 2007}}</ref>

==Initiatives==

===Industry innovations===
# Launched the ‘Water Master Class’ knowledge forum in [[Chennai]] that aims at sharing industry experts’ experience in water & wastewater management and treatment of complex industrial effluents.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-sector-breweries/praj-launches-the-water-masterclass-knowledge-forum-in-chennai-114091100118_1.html|title=Praj launches the Water Masterclass knowledge forum in Chennai|publisher=India Infoline News Service |accessdate=11 September 2014}}</ref>
# Licensing and Joint Development Agreements With Gevo<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2015/11/09/785206/0/en/Gevo-Signs-Licensing-and-Joint-Development-Agreements-With-Praj.html|title=Gevo Signs Licensing and Joint Development Agreements With Praj |date=9 November 2015 |publisher=Gevo, Inc. GlobeNewswire News Room}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/praj-signs-licensing-and-joint-development-pacts-with-gevo/article7861937.ece|title=Praj signs licensing and joint development pacts with Gevo |date=9 November 2015 |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-11-09/gevo-shares-jump-on-biofuel-investment-deal-with-india-s-praj|title=Gevo Shares Rise on Biofuel Investment Deal With Praj|author=Alex Nussbaum |work=Bloomberg.com |date=9 November 2015 |accessdate=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://smartinvestor.business-standard.com/company/cNews-cnewsdet-302622-3458-Praj_Industries_in_strategic_alliance_with_Gevo_for_producing_renewable_isobutanol-Praj_Industries_Ltd.htm#.VpzQqZp97IU|title=Praj Industries in strategic alliance with Gevo for producing renewable isobutanol |publisher=Smart Investor, Business Standard}}</ref>
# Develops innovative method to produce Ethanol<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/praj-develops-innovative-method-to-produce-ethanol-109021000157_1.html|title=Praj develops innovative method to produce ethanol|date=10 February 2009 |publisher=Business Standard |accessdate=10 February 2009}}</ref> Matrix, the R&D Center (division of Praj Industries) is based on the foundation of scientific expertise and technology development. Located in [[Pune]] ([[India]]), Praj Matrix is organized around the 5 major Centers of Excellence. [[Molecular Biology]] and [[Microbiology]]; Bioprocess Technology Analytical Sciences; [[Chemistry|Chemical Sciences]]; and Scale up and [[Process engineering]]. It is supported by over 100 technologists including 20 PhDs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/praj-industries-honoured-for-work-in-biotech/482017/|title=Praj Industries honoured for work in biotech |publisher=The Indian Express |accessdate=27 June 2009}}</ref>
# Introduced ‘BioWiz’ Smart Bioreactor.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/pharma/pharma-ally/praj-hipurity-systems-introduces-biowiz-smart-bioreactor/22401/|title=Praj HiPurity Systems introduces BioWiz Smart Bioreactor
|publisher=Financial Express|date=23 December 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies based in Pune]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Engineering companies of India]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1983]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]

Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station

2025-08-28T15:26:03Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: minor update

{{Short description|Indian spaceport}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
{{Infobox launch pad
| image = Rohini rocket.jpg
| caption = Launch of RH-300 Mk2 from TERLS
| location = [[Thumba]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| coordinates = {{coord|8|32|34|N|76|51|32|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}
| time_zone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| short = TERLS
| established = {{Start date and age|df=y|1963|11|21}}
| operator = [[ISRO]]
}}

'''Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station''' ('''TERLS''') is India's first rocket launching station and was established on 21 November 1963.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets|title=Sounding Rockets - ISRO|website=www.isro.gov.in|access-date=2019-09-11|archive-date=11 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211145536/https://www.isro.gov.in/launchers/sounding-rockets|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2019 |title=Thumba |url=http://astronautix.com/t/thumba.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521163843/http://astronautix.com/t/thumba.html |archive-date=21 May 2022 |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref> Operated by [[ISRO]], it is located in [[Thumba]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]], which is near the southwestern tip of mainland India, very close to Earth's [[Magnetic dip|magnetic equator]]. It is currently used by ISRO for launching [[sounding rocket]]s.<ref name=":0" />

The first rockets were assembled in the former St Louis High School, which now houses a space museum.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pal |first=Sanchari |date=2016-11-08 |title=Transported on a Bicycle, Launched from a Church: The Amazing Story of India's First Rocket Launch |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/74283/first-rocket-india-thumba-vikram-sarabhai-abdul-kalam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419214459/https://www.thebetterindia.com/74283/first-rocket-india-thumba-vikram-sarabhai-abdul-kalam/ |archive-date=19 April 2019 |access-date=2019-09-04 |website=The Better India |language=en-US}}</ref> The local Bishop of Trivandrum, Rev. Peter Bernard Periera, along with Vincent Victor Dereere (a [[Belgians|Belgian]]) and district collector Madhavan Nair were instrumental in acquiring a large parcel of land measuring 600 acres from coastal community.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joseph |first=Verghese |date=2019-07-23 |title=When ISRO Aimed For the Heavens, a Tiny Church in Kerala Said Amen! |url=https://indiancatholicmatters.org/when-india-aimed-for-the-heavens-a-tiny-church-in-kerala-said-amen/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028222043/https://indiancatholicmatters.org/when-india-aimed-for-the-heavens-a-tiny-church-in-kerala-said-amen/ |archive-date=28 October 2020 |access-date=2020-10-26 |website=Indian Catholic Matters |language=en-US}}</ref> Periera had given away the prayer hall and bishop's room in the local church. Minister of State for External Affairs, [[Lakshmi N. Menon]] helped to smooth bureaucratic hurdles facing the project in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering the guiding light|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/301119/remembering-the-guiding-light.html|access-date=2020-10-26|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|date=30 November 2019 |archive-date=28 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028212145/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/amp/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/301119/remembering-the-guiding-light.html|url-status=live}}</ref> [[H. G. S. Murthy]] was appointed as the first Director of Thumba Equatorial Rocket Launching Station.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pawar |first=Ashwini |date=Jul 29, 2015 |title=I'm proud that I recommended him for ISRO: EV Chitnis |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709211836/https://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-i-m-proud-that-i-recommended-him-for-isro-ev-chitnis-2109096 |archive-date=9 July 2021 |access-date=13 July 2021}}</ref>

Rockets launched from the site include [[Rohini (rocket family)|RH-300]], [[M-100 (rocket)|M-100]], [[Nike-Apache|Nike Apache]], [[Arcas (rocket)|Arcas]], [[Boosted Arcas]], [[Skua (rocket)|Skua]] 1, [[Centaure (rocket)|Centaure]], Centaure 2A, Centaure 2B, [[Nike (rocket stage)|Nike Tomahawk]], [[Dragon (rocket)|Dragon]] 1, [[Judi-Dart]], Boosted Arcas 2, [[Petrel (rocket)|Petrel]] 1, RH-75, Skua 2, [[Sandhawk]] Tomahawk, Menaka II, RH-125, M-100B, M-100A, RH-200 and RH-300 Mk II.<ref name=":1" />

{{geogroup}}The site has five launchpads:

* '''Pad 1''' at {{Coord|8.533440511878172|76.86728897138364|name=Pad 1}}, sounding rockets<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thumba Pad 1 |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2019 |url=http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad1.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=astronautix.com |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112155308/http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad1.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Pad 2''' at {{Coord|8.53268929608746|76.86794175657239|name=Pad 2}}, sounding rockets<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thumba Pad 2 |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2019 |url=http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad2.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* '''Pad 3''' at {{Coord|8.530164446832044|76.86979707233245|name=Pad 3}}, sounding rockets<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thumba Pad 3 |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2019 |url=http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad3.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* '''Pad 4''' at {{Coord|8.529557306065989|76.87081759512913|name=Pad 4}}, sounding rockets<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thumba Pad 4 |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2019 |url=http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad4.html |access-date=2024-03-01 |website=astronautix.com}}</ref>
* '''Pad 5''' at {{Coord|8.531419615302084|76.86902030573928|name=Pad 5}}, RH-300 launch complex, active after 1993<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thumba Pad 5 |last=Wade |first=Mark |date=2019 |url=http://astronautix.com/t/thumbapad5.html |access-date=2023-11-12 |website=astronautix.com |archive-date=17 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117155119/http://www.astronautix.com/t/thumbapad5.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Location ==
[[Thumba]]'s<ref name="ley196406">{{Cite magazine
|last=Ley
|first=Willy
|first2=
|date=June 1964
|title=Anyone Else for Space?
|department=For Your Information
|url=https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v22n05_1964-06_modified#page/n69/mode/2up
|magazine=Galaxy Science Fiction
|pages=110–128
|type=
}}</ref> location at 8°32'34" N and 76°51'32" E is ideal for low-altitude, upper atmosphere and ionosphere studies. Thumba is a small fishing village situated close to the [[Thiruvananthapuram]] airport in [[Kerala]].<ref name="rediff">{{cite web |last=Iype |first=George |date=November 20, 2003 |title=Forty years in Space |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/20spec.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417222418/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/nov/20spec.htm |archive-date=17 April 2021 |access-date=10 May 2016 |website=www.rediff.com |publisher=India Abroad}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Rocket science of south|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rocket-science-of-south/articleshow/46294497.cms|first=Arun|last=Ram|date=February 19, 2015|access-date=November 12, 2022|website=The Times of India|archive-date=12 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221112221531/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/rocket-science-of-south/articleshow/46294497.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal bar|India|Rocketry|Spaceflight}}
* [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
* [[SSLV Launch Complex]]
* [[Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://www.vssc.gov.in/ Official website of Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre]

{{Coord|8|32|34|N|76|51|32|E|region:IN_type:isle|display=title}}

{{ISRO facilities|state=uncollapsed}}
{{Spaceport}}
{{Indian space programme}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Space programme of India]]
[[Category:Spaceports in Asia]]
[[Category:Rocket launch sites in India]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Thiruvananthapuram]]
[[Category:1963 establishments in Kerala]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Thiruvananthapuram district]]
[[Category:Transport infrastructure completed in 1963]]

Social forestry in India

2025-08-25T08:59:55Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: stub

{{Short description|Forestry intended to help environmental, social, and rural development}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2019}}
[[File: Mothugudem road near Chintoor.jpg|thumb|300px|Social forestry near Mothugudem of Khammam district in Andhra Pradesh, India]]
'''Social forestry''' is the [[forest management|management]] and [[forest protection|protection]] of [[forest]]s and [[afforestation]] of barren and [[deforested]] lands with the purpose of helping environmental, social and [[rural development]]. The term social forestry was first used in 1976 by The [[National Commission on Agriculture]], when the government of India aimed to reduce pressure on [[forests]] by [[planting trees]] on all unused and fallow lands.{{not verified in body|date=June 2017}} It was intended as a democratic approach to forest conservation and usage, maximizing land utilization for multiple purposes.

The Indian government attempted to expand forest areas which were close to human settlements and which had degraded due to human activities. Trees were planted along railway lines, roadsides, rivers and canal banks, in village [[common land]], government wasteland, and ''[[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]'' land, and were to be planted in and around agricultural fields. Among the goals were to increase fuel availability in rural areas and to prevent [[soil erosion]]. This program was a failure due to the lack of governance,{{not verified in body|date=October 2018}} and management was delegated to the [[Village panchayat|village ''panchayats'']] (village councils).{{not verified in body|date=January 2020}}

==Demands and development==
People felt the need for a social forestry scheme because India has a dominant rural population that depends largely on [[fuelwood]] and other biomass for their cooking and heating. These demands will increase with population, threatening to reduce forested areas.

===Participation===
The social forestry scheme sought to enable the common people to raise [[plantation]]s which would meet the growing demand for [[timber]], [[fuel wood|fuelwood]], [[fodder]], etc., and thereby reduce pressure on traditional forest areas. This concept of village forests to meet the needs of rural people had existed for centuries across India.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} With the introduction of this scheme, the government formally recognized the rights of local communities to forest resources and encouraged rural participation in the [[Natural resource management|management of natural resources]]. Through the social forestry scheme, the government has involved community participation, as part of a drive towards [[afforestation]], and [[land rehabilitation|rehabilitating]] the degraded forest and common lands.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

[[Bihar]], one of the poorest states of India, lacked [[National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|National Rural Employment Guarantee Act]] (NREGA) employment during the flood season, and this work was only suitable for able-bodied people. Linking the social forestry scheme to NREGA was hoped to reduce poverty and climate change. To ensure adequate care for the plants, their ownership was given to those who had cared for them for five years. Within 3 years, forest coverage in the region grew from 7% to 12.86%, and provided employment to thousands of women, disabled and elderly people.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

After managing the projects for five years, the government delegated authority to the [[Village panchayat|village ''panchayats'']] (village councils) to manage for themselves and generate products or revenue as they saw fit.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

==Objectives==
Social forestry schemes have the main objectives to:{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
*Improve the [[Natural environment|environment]] for protecting [[agriculture]] from adverse climatic factors,
*Increase the supply of fuelwood for domestic use, small timber for rural housing, fodder for livestock, and [[Non-timber forest product|minor forest produce]] for local industries,
*Increase the natural beauty of the landscape; create recreational forests for the benefit of rural and urban populations,
*Provide jobs for unskilled workers,
*Effect [[land rehabilitation]], and
*Raise the [[standard of living]] and [[quality of life]] of rural and urban people.

The mission of the scheme is:{{citation needed|date=August 2014}}
* To carry out a need-based and time-bound program of afforestation with special emphasis on fuelwood and fodder development on all degraded and denuded lands/forests.
* Effect afforestation of abandoned [[jhum lands]] and mined areas.
* Establish linear strip plantation of fast-growing species on sides of public roads, rivers, streams and irrigation canals.
* Effect afforestation on under-utilized lands under state, institutional or private ownership.
* Create green belts in urban/industrial areas.
* Create [[shelterbelt]]s (generally more extensive than the windbreaks) for the purpose of shelter from wind and sun covering areas larger than a single farm on a planned pattern.
* Establish farm forestry in the form of raising rows of trees on boundaries of fields and individual trees in private agricultural land as well as the creation of windbreaks around a farm or orchard by raising one or two lines of trees.
* Raise flowering trees and shrubs to serve as recreation forests for the urban and rural population.
* Elicit people's participation, involving women and young people in the conservation of forests, wildlife, and the environment.
* Generate environmental awareness and promote environmental events

==Types==
Social forestry schemes can be categorized into groups: [[forest farming|farm forestry]], [[community forestry]], extension forestry and [[agroforestry]].

===Farm forestry===
In [[Farm forestry]] or [[agroforestry]], trees are grown on farmland for commercial and non-commercial purposes. Farmers are encouraged to plant trees on their own farmland to meet their domestic needs. A tradition of growing trees on farmland already existed in many areas, and was the main thrust of most of India's social forestry projects. In addition to providing fuelwood, farmers often grow trees to provide shade for [[agricultural crops]], as wind shelters, for [[soil conservation]] or to recover wasteland.

The [[Pulp and paper industry in India|pulp and paper industry]] is a major demand driver for certain species of tree such as ''[[Eucalyptus]]'', ''Babul'' ''[[Acacia catechu]]'', ''Subabul'' (''[[Leucaena leucocephala]]'') and ''[[Casuarina equisetifolia]]''. As a rough estimate, the total demand for pulpwood is approximately 10 million air-dried metric ton (ADMT; wood having 10% moisture). The Indian Paper Manufacturer's Association is an umbrella organization that coordinates and drives plantation efforts by member organizations in India to supply its industrial requirements.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Paper Manufacture Association |url=http://www.ipma.co.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019233849/http://ipma.co.in/ |archive-date=Oct 19, 2020 |website=ipma.co.in}}</ref>

===Community forestry===
In [[community forestry]], the government provides seedlings and fertilizer to the community, which is then responsible for nurturing and protecting the plants on community land. This provides for the community rather than individuals. Fast-growing ''Eucalyptus'' has been planted on a large scale. Some communities manage these plantations sensibly and in a sustainable manner for continual benefit, while others sell the mature timber for a one-time capital divestment.

===Extension forestry===
Planting of trees on the sides of roads, canals and railways, along with planting on wastelands is known as extension forestry, increasing the boundaries of forests. This has created wood lots in the village common lands, government wastelands, and ''panchayat'' lands.

===Agroforestry===
In agroforestry, [[silviculture|silvicultural practices]] are combined with agricultural crops like legumes, along with orchard farming and livestock ranching on the same piece of land. It is defined as a sustainable land-use system that maintains or increases the total yield by combining food crop together with forest tree and livestock ranching on the same unit of land, using management practices that consider the social and cultural characteristics of the local people and the economic and ecological condition of the area.

== Partners ==

Major non-governmental organizations who partner in the implementation of the social forestry scheme are:
* Sri Soneswar Nath Mahadev Trust ([http://www.sanmat.org SANMAT])<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sanmat |url=http://www.ssnmtrust.org |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816234846/https://www.ssnmtrust.org/ |archive-date=Aug 16, 2023 |website=ssnmtrust.org}}</ref>
* National Green Highway Mission (NGHM)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Green Highways Division |url=http://nationalgreenhighway.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227022609/http://nationalgreenhighway.org/ |archive-date=Dec 27, 2018 |website=nationalgreenhighway.org}}</ref>
* Bihar forestry Development Corporation Limited<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dept. Of Environment, Forest & Climate Change, Govt. of Bihar |url=http://www.forest.bih.nic.in |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223233648/http://www.forest.bih.nic.in/ |archive-date=Dec 23, 2019 |website=forest.bih.nic.in}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Trees|India}}
*[[Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education]]
*[[Ministry of Environment and Forests (India)]]
*[[Panchayati Raj]]
*[[Joint Forest Management]]
*[[Silviculture]]
*[[Afforestation]]
*[[Reforestation]]
*[[Sustainable development]]
*[[Timeline of environmental events]]
*[[Van Vigyan Kendra|Van Vigyan Kendra (VVK)]] Forest Science Centres
*[[List of forest research institutes in India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

*{{cite web |last1=Sanmat |title=Combating climate change through social forestry by converging livelihood and community participation |url=https://www.equatorinitiative.org/2017/06/05/combating-climate-change-through-social-forestry-by-converging-livelihood-and-community-participation/ |website=Equator Initiative }}
*{{Cite web |title=Green Highways Division |url=http://nationalgreenhighway.org/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181227022609/http://nationalgreenhighway.org/ |archive-date=Dec 27, 2018 |website=nationalgreenhighway.org}}
*{{cite web |title=Social forestry |url=http://rdd.bih.nic.in/ |department=Rural Development Dept., Govt. of Bihar |website=rdd.bih.nic.in |access-date=2018-11-13 |archive-date=2018-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115080457/http://rdd.bih.nic.in/ |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |last1=SDG |first1=partnership for |title=sustainable development goals |url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=11969 |website=United Nations |publisher=UN |ref=United Nations}}
*{{cite web |last1=Social Forestry in Bihar |first1=MGNREGA |title=Social Forestry |url=http://www.rdd.bih.nic.in/ppt/RDD/8._%20Forest%20Conservation%20&%20MGNREGA.pdf |website=Rural development department,Govt of Bihar |publisher=Govt of Bihar |ref=HGovt of Bihar |access-date=2022-02-19 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020071746/http://www.rdd.bih.nic.in/ppt/RDD/8._%20Forest%20Conservation%20%26%20MGNREGA.pdf |url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web |last1=Social forestry |first1=in Bihar |title=MNREGA in Bihar |url=http://rdd.bih.nic.in/books/Soc-forestry.pdf |publisher=Government of Bihar |access-date=13 November 2018 |ref=Govt. of Bihar |archive-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113170056/http://rdd.bih.nic.in/books/Soc-forestry.pdf |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
*[http://www.asfnsec.org/ ASEAN Social forestry Network]
*[http://www.pefc.org www.pefc.org]
*[http://www.sustainabledevelopment.in/ www.sustainabledevelopment.in]
*[https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/partnership/?p=11969 partnership for SDG]
*[http://www.jkpaper.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32&Itemid=33 JK Paper Making Lives Sustainable]

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090207082328/http://www.ipma.co.in/]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20150225230135/http://www.collabzo.com/nccf/overview.html]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20221006012850/http://sanmat.in/ Sanmat]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130612054119/http://www.tryindia.in/ Try]

{{Forestry}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Social Forestry In India}}
[[Category:Nature conservation in India]]
[[Category:Forestry in India]]

Alauddinpur

2025-08-13T01:20:34Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: Added Initial Details Added Tags

{{short description|Village in Uttar Pradesh, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Alauddinpur
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh#India
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bijnor district|Bijnor]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = {{start date and age|1902}}
| founder = alauddin
| government_type = [[Gram Panchayat]] [[Pradhan]]
| governing_body = [[Gram panchayat]]
| leader_title = [[Pradhan]]
| leader_name = Fahmida Khan
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_ha = 9000.12
| population_total = 1152
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Officials
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = [[Vehicle registration plates of India|UP 20]]
| footnotes = saaf suthra gav
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
}}
'''Alauddinpur''' is an Indian village this village [[Bijnor district]] [[Uttar Pradesh]] in India pin code 246701 in panchyat block [[Mohammadpur Deomal]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alauddinpur Village Population - Bijnor - Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/112197-alauddinpur-uttar-pradesh.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=www.census2011.co.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=english |title=Alladinpur Bhogi Pin Code - 246762, All Post Office Areas PIN Codes, Search bijnor Post Office Address |url=https://news.abplive.com/pincode/uttar-pradesh/bijnor/alladinpur-bhogi-pincode-246762.html |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> The panchayat of the village has 13 wards.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gram Panchayat (ग्राम पंचायत): ALAUDDINPUR |url=https://localbodydata.com/gram-panchayat-alauddinpur-55313 |access-date=2024-12-18 |website=localbodydata.com}}</ref>

== School ==
{| class="wikitable"
!S.N
!Name
!Management
!Category
!Boys
!Girls
!Teachers
!School Code
|-
|1
|'''Satya Parbhat Bal Vidhyia Nikeetan Jhandapur'''
|Private Unaided
|Upper Primary With Grades 1 To 8
|44
|42
|1
|9030928202
|}

== References ==
<references />

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Villages in Bijnor district]]

{{Bijnor-geo-stub}}

Mobashir Rahman

2025-08-07T23:44:24Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{short description|Indian footballer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Mobashir Rahman
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| fullname = Mohammad Mobashir Rahman
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1998|3|12|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]], Jharkhand
| height = 1.72 m
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| currentclub = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| clubnumber = 15
| youthyears1 = 2010–2014
| youthclubs1 = Chandigarh Football Academy
| youthyears2 = 2014–2018
| youthclubs2 = [[Tata Football Academy ]]
| years1 = 2018–2022
| clubs1 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps1 = 53
| goals1 = 1
| years2 = 2022–2024
| clubs2 = [[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
| caps2 = 14
| goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2024
| clubs3 = → [[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]] (loan)
| caps3 = 6
| goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2024—
| clubs4 = [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
| caps4 = 0
| goals4 = 0
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 18:30, 14 April 2024 (UTC)
}}

'''Mohammad Mobashir Rahman''' (born 12 March 1998) is an Indian professional [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[midfielder]] for [[Indian Super League]] club [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]].

==Career==
Mobashir was born in [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]]. His father, Mohammad Shafique, played football for [[Bihar football team|Bihar]].<ref name="LM">{{cite news |last1=Mangaldas |first1=Leeza |title=Extra Time with Leeza Mangaldas: Mobashir is a star in the making |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/features/extra-time-with-leeza-mangaldas-mobashir-is-a-star-in-the-making |access-date=16 March 2019 |work=Indian Super League |date=26 November 2018}}</ref> In 2008, Mobashir was offered a chance to train at the Chandigarh Football Academy but had to reject it after his parents were not sure whether to let Mobashir focus on football.<ref name="LM"/> Two years later, he convinced his parents to let him play at the Chandigarh Football Academy. He spent four years at the academy before being selected to join the [[Tata Football Academy]] in 2014.<ref name="LM"/> He graduated from the academy in July 2018.<ref>{{cite news |title=Football buddies raise toast |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/football-buddies-raise-toast/cid/1373012 |access-date=16 March 2019 |work=Telegraph India |date=6 July 2018}}</ref>

===Jamshedpur===
On 20 September 2018, after training with [[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]] during their pre-season, Mobashir, along with former [[Tata Football Academy]] graduates [[Gourav Mukhi]] and Vishal Das, was signed to a professional contract.<ref name="JFCB">{{cite news |title=Jamshedpur Football Club Squad 2018/19 Introduction & Announcement Of Paytm & Insider.in As Ticketing Partners |url=https://www.fcjamshedpur.com/news/jamshedpur-football-club-squad-201819-introduction |access-date=16 March 2019 |work=Jamshedpur Football Club |date=20 September 2018}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 2 October 2018 against [[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]. He came on as a 76th–minute substitute for [[Mario Arqués]] as Jamshedpur won 2–0.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mumbai City 0-2 Jamshedpur |url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2018/10/02/india/indian-super-league/mumbai-city/jamshedpur/2907953/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Club===
{{updated|14 April 2022}}<ref>{{soccerway|mohammad-mobashir-rahman/573742}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|[[Asian Football Confederation|AFC]]
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2018–19 Indian Super League|2018–19]]
| rowspan="5" |[[Indian Super League]]
|11||0||1{{efn|name=SuperCup|Appearance(s) in [[Super Cup (India)|Super Cup]]}}||0|| colspan="2" |—||12||0
|-
|[[2019–20 Indian Super League|2019–20]]
|10||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||10||0
|-
|[[2020–21 Indian Super League|2020–21]]
|19||1||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||19||1
|-
|[[2021–22 Indian Super League|2021–22]]
|13||0||0||0|| colspan="2" |—||13||0
|-
| rowspan="1" |[[East Bengal Club|East Bengal]]
|[[2022–23 Indian Super League|2022–23]]
|13||0||4||1|| colspan="2" |—||0||0
|-
! colspan="3" |Career total
!66!!1!!5!!1!!0!!0!!71!!2
|}
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.indiansuperleague.com/players/midfielder-55636-mohammad-mobashir-rahman-profile Indian Super League profile]

{{East Bengal FC squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rahman, Mobashir}}
[[Category:1998 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Indian men's footballers]]
[[Category:Jamshedpur FC players]]
[[Category:East Bengal Club players]]
[[Category:Men's association football midfielders]]
[[Category:Footballers from Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Indian Super League players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Kersai

2025-07-23T16:31:35Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: added post...

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Kersai
| native_name = 
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Jharkhand#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Jharkhand, India
| coordinates = {{coord|22.5312|N|84.2315 |E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Jharkhand]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of Jharkhand|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Simdega district|Simdega]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Federalism in India|Federal democracy]]
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 4,003
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages *
| demographics1_title1 = [[Official language|Official]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]], [[Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 835223
| area_code_type = Telephone or [[Subscriber trunk dialling|STD]] code
| area_code = 06525
| registration_plate = JH 20
| blank1_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank1_info_sec1 = 74.56%
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Khunti (Lok Sabha constituency)|Khunti]]
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency
| blank3_info_sec1 = [[Simdega (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Simdega]]
| website = {{URL|simdega.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
|}}
'''Kersai''' is a village in the [[Kersai block|Kersai]] [[Community development block in India|CD block]] in the [[Simdega subdivision]] of the [[Simdega district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Jharkhand]].

==Geography==
{{OSM Location map

| width=400| height=300| zoom=9

| coord={{coord|22|32|0|N|84|31|0|E}}| float=right|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in Simdega district in South Chotanagpur Division''' M: municipality, R: rural/ urban centre, T: tourist centre Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|22|39|10|N|84|55|18|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1=Bano | numbered1=R| mark-title1=[[Bano, Simdega]] (R)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #C40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|22|26|3|N|84|43|24|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2=Bansjore| numbered2=R| mark-title2=[[Bansjore]] (R)
|mark-coord3={{coord|22|25|52|N|84|20|41|E}} | label-pos3=right|label3= Bolba| numbered3=R| mark-title3=[[Bolba]] (R)
|mark-coord4={{coord|22|34|36|N|84|48|42|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Jaldega| numbered4=R| mark-title4=[[Jaldega]] (R)
|mark-coord5={{coord|22|42|45|N|84|25|56|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Pakartanr| numbered5=R| mark-title5=[[Pakartanr]] (R)
|mark-coord6={{coord|22|31|32|N|84|13|53|E}} | label-pos6=right|label6= Kersai| numbered6=R| mark-title6= Kersai (R)|shape-color6=black| label-size6=13|label-color6=black 
|mark-coord7={{coord|22|42|15|N|84|41|34|E}} | label-pos7=right|label7= Kolebira| numbered7=R| mark-title7=[[Kolebira]] (R)
|mark-coord8={{coord|22|33|31|N|84|7|10|E}} | label-pos8=right|label8= Kurdeg| numbered8=R| mark-title8=[[Kurdeg]] (R)
|mark-coord9={{coord|22|30|15|N|84|30|46|E}} | label-pos9=right|label9= Thethaitangar| numbered9=R| mark-title9=[[Thethaitangar]] (R)
|mark-coord10={{coord|22|37|12|N|84|29|48|E}} | label-pos10=top|label10=Simdega| numbered10=M| mark-title10= [[Simdega]] (M) |label-color10=#800000
|mark-coord11={{coord|22|44|40|N|84|35|10|E}} | label-pos11= top|label11=Palkot |labela11= Wildlife|labelb11= Sanctuary | numbered11=T| mark-title11= [[Palkot Wildlife Sanctuary]] (T) |shape-color11= #74C365
|mark-coord12={{coord|22|35|40|N|84|21|0|E}} |label12= Sankh River |label-color12 = #77A1CB| label-angle12= -25| label-pos12=top| label-size12=10| mark-size12=0| mark-title12 =none
|mark-coord13={{coord|22|46|0|N|84|52|0|E}} |label13= South Koel |labela13= River |label-color13 = #77A1CB| label-angle13= 20| label-pos13=top| label-size13=10| mark-size13=0| mark-title13 =none
|mark-coord14={{coord|22|30|0|N|84|58|0|E}} |label14= Deo |labela14=River|label-color14 = #77A1CB| label-angle14= 80| label-pos14=top| label-size14=10| mark-size14=0| mark-title14 =none
|mark-coord15={{coord|22|26|0|N|84|29|0|E}} |label15= Chhinda |labela15=River|label-color15 = #77A1CB| label-angle15= 90| label-pos15=top| label-size15=10| mark-size15=0| mark-title15 =none
|arc-coordA={{coord|22|35|0|N|84|1|0|E}}|arc-textA= CHHATTISGARH| arc-text-colorA=hard grey| arc-angleA=-70| arc-gapA=2.5| arc-radiusA=0.5
|arc-coordB={{coord|22|18|0|N|84|27|0|E}}|arc-textB= ODISHA| arc-text-colorB=hard grey| arc-angleB= -25| arc-gapB=6.5| arc-radiusB=0.5}}

===Location===
Kersai is located at {{coord|22.5312|N|84.2315|E|display=inline}}

===Area overview===
In the area presented in the map alongside, "the landscape is formed of hills and undulating plateau" in the south-western part of the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]]. About 32% of the district is covered with forests (mark the shaded portions in the map.) It is an overwhelmingly rural area with 92.83% of the population living in the rural areas. A major portion of the rural population depends on rain-fed agriculture (average annual rainfall: 1,100-1,200 mm) for a living.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Page 8: Physical aspects, page 9: Forest, Agriculture, page 33: 2011 Census Findings–Population and its Distribution |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 5 November 2021}}</ref>

Note: The map alongside presents some of the notable locations in the district. All places marked in the map are linked in the larger full screen map.

==Civic administration==
There is a police station at Kersai.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://jhpolice.gov.in/simdega| title = District Police Profile - Simdega| publisher = Jharkhand Police| access-date = 3 November 2021| archive-date = 23 October 2021| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211023220940/https://www.jhpolice.gov.in/simdega| url-status = dead}}</ref>

The headquarters of [[Kersai block|Kersai]] CD block are located at Kurdeg village.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/20/2022_PART_A_DCHB_Simdega.pdf|title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII A| work= Map of Simdega district on the third page |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

==Demographics==
According to the [[2011 Census of India]], Kersai had a total population of 4,003, of which 2,052 (51%) were males and 1,951 (49%) were females. Population in the age range 0–6 years was 613. The total number of literate persons in Kersai was 2,558 (74.56% of the population over 6 years.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2022_PART_B_DCHB_SIMDEGA.pdf |title = District Census Handbook, Simdega, Series 21, Part XII B| work= Rural PCA-C.D. blocks wise Village Primary Census Abstract, location no. 376527, pages 78-79|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations Jharkhand | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

(*For language details see [[Kersai block#Language and religion]])

==Education==
Government High School Kersai is a Hindi-medium coeducational institution established in 1964. It has facilities for teaching in class VI to class X. The school has a playground and a library with 1,834 books.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/simdega/20211000104/govt-high-school-kersai.html | title = Govt High School Kersai| publisher = Schools.org | access-date = 3 November 2021}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{South Chotanagpur Division}}

[[Category:Villages in Simdega district]]

Sajjan Singh (wrestler)

2025-06-26T03:06:09Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: bio

{{short description|Indian wrestler}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Sajjan Singh
| full_name =
| image =
| caption =
| nationality = Indian
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1932|4|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Mahendragarh district]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
}}

'''Sajjan Singh''' (born 24 April 1932) is an Indian [[amateur wrestling|wrestler]]. He competed in the [[Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle light heavyweight|men's freestyle light heavyweight]] at the [[1960 Summer Olympics]].<ref name="SportsRef">{{cite Sports-Reference |url=https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/sajan-singh-1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418115955/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/sajan-singh-1.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 April 2020 |title=Sajjan Singh Olympic Results |access-date=25 March 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports links}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Sajjan}}
[[Category:1932 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1960 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:People from Mahendragarh district]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games wrestlers for India]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1962 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1966 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 1970 British Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists in wrestling]]

{{India-wrestling-bio-stub}}

Arni, Maharashtra

2025-06-24T15:48:10Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik: enhanced references to improve readability

{{more citations needed|date=January 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Arni
| other_name =
| nickname =Green City
| settlement_type = town
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Maharashtra
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Maharashtra, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20|07|40|N|77|55|39|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[Indian state|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Yavatmal]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = Arni Municipal Council
| mayor =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 161833
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.censusindia2011.com/maharashtra/yavatmal/arni-population.html|title = Arni Taluka Population Yavatmal, Maharashtra, List of Villages & Towns in Arni Taluka}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 445103
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 07234
| registration_plate = [[List of RTO districts in India#MH.E2.80.94Maharashtra|MH]]-29 (Yavatmal)
| leader_title1 = Member of Legislative Assembly(Maharashtra)
| leader_name1 = Sandip Dhurve (BJP)
| leader_title2 = Member of Legislative Council (Maharashtra)
| leader_name2 = Khwaja Baig, (NCP)<ref>[[List of members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]{{Circular reference|date=May 2018}}</ref>
| leader_title4 = Member of Parliament (India)
| leader_name4 = Baalu Dhanorkar, (INC)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/homepage.aspx?mpsno=4923|title=Lok Sabha|accessdate=27 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715224206/http://164.100.47.132/LssNew/members/homepage.aspx?mpsno=4923|archive-date=15 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Arni''' is a [[town]] with (Administrative Division) & [[tehsil]] in [[Yavatmal district]] of [[Maharashtra|Maharashtra State]] in India. It is situated on the banks of the [[Arunavati River]]. It Connected with [[National Highway (India)|National]] Highway-361. Nearest Railway Station is a Dhamangaon which is located 90 km approx & Nearest Airport is a Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar International Airport, Nagpur is around 187 km from Arni.

==Administration==
Arni ([[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency) is one of the 288 constituencies of the [[Maharashtra Vidhan Sabha|Maharashtra Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha)]] and one of the seven which are located in Yavatmal district. Political positions in the region are [[Reserved political positions in India|reserved]] for [[Scheduled Tribe]] candidates.

It is a part of [[Chandrapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Chandrapur Parliamentary (Lok Sabha) constituency]] with the adjoining [[Chandrapur district]] along with five other Vidhan Sabha assembly constituencies: Rajura (SC), Chandrapur (SC), Ballarpur and Warora from Chandrapur district, and Wani from Yavatmal district.

[[Marathi language|Marathi]] is the official language.

==Economy==
Arni city is well known for cotton production.its adjoining villages have large quantity of Soyabean and cotton cropping farms. It also has big [[grain trade|grain market]] & there are 3 sub grain markets & also one private grain market.

it is one of the biggest local market in the district after yavatmal.
In a city there are 5 Cotton ginnings & Pressing mills, 2 Peanut Mills & 1 Dal Mill.

Food grains including wheat, [[Sorghum bicolor|jowar (sorghum)]], pulses, and groundnuts are currently in high demand in the market. The market is supplied with plenty of grains from nearby villages such as Jawala, Sawali, Lonbehel and cities like Yavatmal, Akola, Amravati, Nagpur, Aurangabad & all over India.

==Education==
Arni is a major centre for education, being well equipped with school and colleges. These include:
* Govt ITI (Industrial Training Institute) Vocational Training Institute
*Giri's Kidzee Pre'school
*Mount litera zee school(CBSE)
* L.U.D.E.M. School Arni
* S.M.D. Bharati high school
* S.M.D. Bharti girls high school
* S.M.D. Bharti Jr. College of Science, Commerce & Arts
* S.M.D. Bharti Senior college of Arts, science and commerce
* Hazrat Baba Kambalposh Urdu high school
* Hafiz Baig Urdu Jr. College
* Shahid Bhagatsingh high school
* Shahid Bhagatsingh Jr. College of Science
* Devrao Patil Shinde Jr. College
* Devrao Patil Girls school
* Narayanleela English Medium School
* Sunrise nursery and convent
* Prabhakiran English Medium Primary School
* Swami Vivekanand Digital School
* Radhakrushna Primary School
* Saishwari Primary School

==Religion==
Baba Kambalposh Dargah Sharif<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.babakambalposh.org/ |title=Home |website=babakambalposh.org}}</ref> and Mahadev Mandir is situated at the bank of Arunavati river (the name Arni came from Arunavati river).

In a taluka many other temple's in Villages like Dabhadi (Which is famous for being one of the ancient Places of shivlinga and Mahadev temple), Deurwadi, Antargaon & many other Villages. Shree Mahadev temlpebeside Arunavati river near Baba Kambalposh tomb.

The annual [[Urs|Urs festival]] of the [[Sufism|Sufi]] saint Baba Kambalposh is very famous within Maharashtra; it is celebrated annually in Arni between the 5th and 10 February. [[Shankarpat|Shankar pat]] (bull racing) used to be one of the main attractions of the festival, in which around 200 villagers (each with their own pair of bulls) would participate for a prestigious prize. However, this practice has now has been stopped by an [[Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act|act of government]].

[[Mahur, Maharashtra|Mahur]], a town famous for Renuka Devi temple and few other temples situated on the giant hills. It is also said that during the exile, the pandavas stayed here in the caves and forests. It has religious significance for Hindus, and is situated 33 km from the city of Arni with good connectivity of private and public transport.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Maharashtra}}
{{Yavatmal district topics}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Yavatmal district]]
[[Category:Talukas in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Yavatmal district]]

Kala Rai

2025-06-19T01:44:55Z

Md. Toslim Bhuiyan Prantik:

{{Short description|Indian politician from Sikkim}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Legislative Assembly|Member]] of [[11th Sikkim Assembly|Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1 June 2024
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Upper Burtuk Assembly constituency|Upper Burtuk]]
| predecessor = [[Dilli Ram Thapa]]
| party = [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]
}}

'''Kala Rai''' is an Indian politician from [[Sikkim]] belonging from the [[Sikkim Krantikari Morcha]]. She is a member of the Legislative Assembly in the [[11th Sikkim Assembly|11th Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]. She won over [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]'s candidate and state president [[Dilli Ram Thapa]] with a margin of 2968 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sikkim BJP Chief Loses To Ruling SKM Candidate By Nearly 3,000 Votes |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/sikkim-bjp-chief-dilli-ram-thapa-loses-to-ruling-skm-candidate-kala-rai-by-nearly-3-000-votes-5799737 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

== Education ==
She has a [[Diploma]] in [[Pharmacy]] from the Punjab State Board of Technical Education and Industrial Training in 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kala Rai(Sikkim Krantikari Morcha):Constituency- UPPER BURTUK(GANGTOK) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Sikkim2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=123 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rai, Kala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sikkim MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Sikkim Krantikari Morcha politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Women members of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Gangtok district]]

{{Sikkim-politician-stub}}