Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Ramakrishna Ghosh

2026-05-03T19:12:21Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new a stub...

{{unreliable sources|date=August 2025}}
{{Short description| Indian cricketer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox cricketer
| name = Ramakrishna Ghosh
| image =
| caption = Ramakrishna Ghosh with [[M.S Dhoni]]
| full_name = Ramakrishna Shekhar Ghosh
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|8|28|df=yes}}
| birth_place = Nashik, Maharashtra, India
| batting = Right-handed
| bowling = Right-arm medium-fast
| role = Bowling all-rounder
| nickname = Rambo
| club1 = [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]]
| year1 = {{nowrap|2022/23–present}}
| columns = 3
| column1 = [[First-class cricket|FC]]
| matches1 = 6
| runs1 = 313
| bat avg1 = 39.12
| 100s/50s1 = 0/2
| top score1 = 99
| deliveries1 = 738
| wickets1 = 11
| bowl avg1 = 41.45
| fivefor1 = 0
| tenfor1 = 0
| best bowling1 = 3/50
| catches/stumpings1 = 3/–
| column2 = [[List A cricket|LA]]
| matches2 = 4
| runs2 = 21
| bat avg2 = 10.50
| 100s/50s2 = 0/0
| top score2 = 20
| deliveries2 = 168
| wickets2 = 4
| bowl avg2 = 47.50
| fivefor2 = 0
| tenfor2 = 0
| best bowling2 = 2/44
| catches/stumpings2 = 2/–
| column3 = [[Twenty20|T20]]
| matches3 = 6
| runs3 = 30
| bat avg3 = 7.50
| 100s/50s3 = 0/0
| top score3 = 13
| deliveries3 = 96
| wickets3 = 1
| bowl avg3 = 174.00
| fivefor3 = 0
| tenfor3 = 0
| best bowling3 = 1/58
| catches/stumpings3 = 2/–
| source = https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/1905/1905057/1905057.html CricketArchive
| date = 6 August
| year = 2025
}}

'''Ramakrishna Shekhar Ghosh''' (born 28 August 1997) is an Indian [[cricket]]er from [[Nashik, Maharashtra]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakrishna Ghosh IPL Stats, Career & Records {{!}} IPL 2025 Squad |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/ipl/player-stats/ramakrishna-ghosh/98813 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakrishna Ghosh Profile, Career Records, Ramakrishna Ghosh T20, ODI, IPL, Test Stats, Ramakrishna Ghosh News |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/live-score/cricket/ramakrishna-ghosh-profile-98813 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> A right-arm medium-fast bowler and right-handed batsman, he plays as a bowling all-rounder for [[Maharashtra cricket team|Maharashtra]] in domestic cricket<ref>[https://www.espncricinfo.com/cricketers/ramakrishna-ghosh-1339053 Ramakrishna Ghosh], [[CricInfo]]. Retrieved 6 August 2025.</ref> and was signed by [[Chennai Super Kings]] for the 2025 [[Indian Premier League]] (IPL) season.

Ghosh made his T20 debut for Maharashtra in the 2022-23 [[Syed Mushtaq Ali Trophy]], notably dismissing [[Mayank Agarwal|Mayank Agarwal.]] In the 2024/25 [[Ranji Trophy]] he took 11 wickets in six matches at an average of 41.45, with a best of 3/50 against Odisha, and scored 313 runs, including two fifties, at an average of 39.12.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakrishna Ghosh Profile {{!}} Ramakrishna Ghosh ICC Ranking {{!}} Cricket Career, Cricket Info & Stats |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cricket/player-profile-ramakrishna-ghosh-98813.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603160233/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/cricket/player-profile-ramakrishna-ghosh-98813.html |archive-date=3 June 2025 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakrishna Ghosh - Ramakrishna Ghosh Career Info, Achievements, ICC Ranking along with Records & Stats {{!}} Crcikit by HT |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cricket/players/player-name |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> In the 2024 Maharashtra Premier League, he excelled for Puneri Bappa, taking 20 wickets in 15 matches at an average of 17.20, with best figures of 4/30, and scoring 118 runs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramakrishna Ghosh |url=https://www.insidesport.in/cricket/players/ramakrishna-ghosh/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=Inside Sport India |language=en}}</ref>

In the IPL, Ghosh was acquired by Chennai Super Kings for INR 30 lakhs in the 2025 auction.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2024 |title=IPL 2025 Auction Full List Of Sold Players: Rishabh Pant Most Expensive, 13-Year-Old Becomes Youngest Buy In History |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/ipl-2025-auction-full-list-of-sold-players-rishabh-pant-most-expensive-13-year-old-vaibhav-suryavanshi-becomes-youngest-buy-in-history-article-115668974 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Soory |first=Samarnath |title=Meet CSK'S Ramakrishna Ghosh: The Pace Bowling All-rounder Chennai Super Kings Picked For IPL 2025 With Ruturaj Gaikwad's Recommendation |url=https://cricxtasy.com/features/meet-csks-ramakrishna-ghosh-the-pace-bowling-all-rounder-chennai-super-kings-picked-for-ipl-2025-with-ruturaj-gaikwads-recommendation/ |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=Cricxtasy |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=S |first=Hemkesh |date=26 November 2024 |title=IPL 2025: Emerging Indian talents to watch out for in CSK squad |url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/sports/ipl-2025-emerging-indian-talents-to-watch-out-for-in-csk-squad-812642 |access-date=5 August 2025 |website=www.dtnext.in |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Chennai Super Kings squad}}

[[Category:Indian cricketers]]
[[Category:Chennai Super Kings cricketers]]
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Goods and Services Tax (India) Revenue Statistics

2026-05-02T15:19:26Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new

{{Short description|Indian tax data}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2021}}
From 1 May 2018 onwards [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] of [[Government of India]] started releasing monthly [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]] revenue collection data via official press release through [[Press Information Bureau]]. And to further improve transparency [[Government of India]] started issuing state-wise monthly collection data from 1 January 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 January 2020 |title=State-wise GST data improves transparency |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/state-wise-gst-data-improves-transparency/article30462784.ece}}</ref>

==Revenue Collections==
===Monthly National Revenue Collections===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month
!! colspan=2|2024-25
!! colspan=2|2023-24 !!colspan=2|2022-23 !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19 !!colspan=2|2017-18
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April
| {{INRConvert|210267|c}}<ref name="apr2024">{{Cite web |title=payments-APR2024 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=2019262}}</ref> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|187035|c}}<ref name="apr2023">{{Cite web |title=payments-APR2023 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1921186}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|167540|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for April 2022 highest ever at Rs 1.68 lakh crore Gross GST collection in April 2022 is all time high, Rs 25,000 crore more than the next highest collection of Rs. 1,42,095 crore, just last month |url=https://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/gst-statistics/GST_Revenue_collection_april2022.pdf |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Gstcouncil.gov.in}}</ref> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|139708|c}}<ref name="apr2021">{{Cite web |date=1 May 2021 |title=GST Revenue collection for April' 21 sets new record |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1715314 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231107211546/https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1715314 |archive-date=2023-11-07}}</ref> || {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|32294|c}}<ref name="apr20jun20">{{Cite web |title=payments-apr20-to-jun2020-Official Website |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/Revenue-collection-June-2020.pdf}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|113865|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20">{{Cite web |title=payments-apr19-to-mar2020-Official Website |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/GST_Revenue_april2019_march2020_0.pdf}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|103459|c}}<ref name="apr18mar19">{{Cite web |title=payments-apr18-to-march2019-Official Website |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/gst-statistics/payments-april2018-to-march2019.pdf}}</ref> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May
| {{INRConvert|172739|c}}<ref name="may2024">{{Cite web |title=payments-MAY2024 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2022459#:~:text=The%20gross%20Goods%20and%20Services,at%20%E2%82%B91.73%20lakh%20crore.}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|157090|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Press Information Bureau |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1929031}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|140885|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=₹1,40,885 crore gross GST Revenue collection for May 2022; increase of 44% year-on-year GST collection crosses ₹1.40 lakh crore mark 4th time since inception of GST; 3rd month at a stretch since March 2022 |url=https://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/gst-statistics/GST_Revenue_collection_may2022.pdf |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Gstcouncil.gov.in}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|97821|c}}<ref name="may2021">{{Cite web |title=payments-MAY2021 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1724696}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|62009|c}}<ref name="apr20jun20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|100289|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" /> ||{{fall}} || {{INRConvert|94016|c}}<ref name="bt1118">{{Cite web |title=GST collection surges to over Rs 1-lakh crore in October |date=November 2018 |work=Business Today |url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/gst-collections-cross-rs-1-lakh-crore-in-october/1/287448.html}}</ref> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| June
| | {{INRConvert|173813|c}}<ref name="jun2024">{{Cite web |title=June GST Website News & Updates |url=https://tutorial.gst.gov.in/downloads/news/revenue_report_jun24.pdf}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|161497|c}}<ref name="jun2023">{{Cite web |title=₹1,61,497 crore gross GST revenue collected for June 2023; records 12% Year-on-Year growth |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1936636}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|144616|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=₹1,44,616 crore gross GST Revenue collection for June 2022; increase of 56% year-on-year Gross GST collection in June 2022 is the second highest collection next to the April 2022 collection GST collection crosses ₹1.40 lakh crore mark 5th time since inception of GST; 4th month at a stretch since March 2022 |url=https://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/gst-statistics/GST_Revenue_collection_june2022.pdf |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Gstcouncil.gov.in}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|92800|c}}<ref name="jun2021">{{Cite web |title=payments-JUN2021 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1733074}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|90917|c}}<ref name="apr20jun20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|99938|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|95610|c}}<ref name="bt1118" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July
| | {{INRConvert|182075|c}}<ref name="jul2024">{{Cite web |title=July GST Website News & Updates |url=https://tutorial.gst.gov.in/downloads/news/approved_monthly_gst_data_for_publishing_july_2024.pdf}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|165105|c}}<ref name="Jul2023">{{Cite web |title=GST July 2023 Collection-Official Press Release - GST Council |url=https://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/news-ticker/GST%20Revenue%20Collection%20for%20July%202023.pdf}}</ref> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|148995|c}}<ref name="jul2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-JUL2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1846881}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert| 116393|c}}<ref name="jul2021">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for July 2021 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1741231 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Gstcouncil.gov.in}}</ref> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert| 87422|c}}<ref name="jul2020">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for July 2020 |url=https://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/gst-revenue-july2020.pdf |access-date=12 Feb 2023 |website=Gstcouncil.gov.in}}</ref> || {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|102083|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|96483|c}}<ref name="bt1118" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|21572|c}}<ref name="jul17mar18">{{Cite web |title=payments-jul2017-to-march2018-Official Website |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/gst-statistics/payments-jul2017-to-march2018.pdf}}</ref> || {{nochange}}
|-
| August
| {{INRConvert|174962|c}}<ref name="aug2024">{{Cite web |title=AUG2024 Newspaper Release |url=https://www.business-standard.com/economy/news/gst-collections-rise-10-to-rs-1-75-trillion-in-august-shows-govt-data-124090100437_1.html}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|159069|c}}<ref name="aug2023">{{Cite web |title=payments-AUG2023 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1954077}}</ref>||{{fall}}||{{INRConvert|143612|c}}<ref name="aug2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-AUG2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1855967}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|112020|c}}<ref name="aug2021">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for August 2021 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1751048 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Gstcouncil.gov.in}}</ref> || {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert| 86449|c}}<ref name="aug2020">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for August 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1650411 |access-date=12 Feb 2023 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> || {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|98203|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|93960|c}} <ref name="bt1118" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|95633|c}}<ref name="jul17mar18" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September
| {{INRConvert|173240|c}}<ref name="sep2024">{{Cite web |title=payments-Sept2024 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://tutorial.gst.gov.in/downloads/news/revenue_report_sep24.pdf}}</ref>||{{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|147686|c}}<ref name="sep2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-SEP2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1864082}}</ref> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|162712|c}}<ref name="sep2023">{{Cite web |title=payments-Sept2023 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1962701}}</ref>||{{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|147686|c}}<ref name="sep2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-SEP2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1864082}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|117010|c}}<ref name="sep2021">{{Cite web |date=2021-10-01 |title=GST Revenue collection for September 2021 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1759881 |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Gstcouncil.gov.in}}</ref> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert| 95480|c}}<ref name="sep2020">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for September 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1660608 |access-date=12 Feb 2023 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-10-01 |title=GST mop-up rises 4% to Rs 95,480 crore in September |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gst-collections-at-rs-95480-crore-in-september/articleshow/78426203.cms |access-date=2023-07-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>|| {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|91917|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|94442|c}}<ref name="bt1118" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|94064|c}}<ref name="jul17mar18" /> || {{fall}}
|-
| October
| {{INRConvert| 187346 |c}}<ref name="oct2024">{{Cite web |title=payments-Oct2024 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://tutorial.gst.gov.in/downloads/news/revenue_report_oct24.pdf}}</ref>||{{rise}} ||{{INRConvert| 172003 |c}}<ref name="oct2023">{{Cite web |title=payments-Oct2023 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1973731}}</ref>||{{rise}} || {{INRConvert|151718|c}}<ref name="oct2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-OCT2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1872591}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|130127|c}}<ref name="oct2021">{{Cite web |title=payments-OCT2021 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1768437}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|105155|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-01 |title=GST Collection October 2020: GST collections cross Rs 1 lakh crore in October for first time in 8 months | India Business News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/gst-collections-cross-rs-1-lakh-crore-in-october-for-first-time-in-8-months/articleshow/78979142.cms |access-date=2022-05-03 |website=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|95380|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|100710|c}}<ref name="bt1118" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|93333|c}}<ref name="jul17mar18" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November
| ₹1,76,200 crore|| ||{{INRConvert|167929 |c}}<ref name="nov2023">{{Cite web |title=payments-NOV2023 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1981642}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|145867|c}}<ref name="nov2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-NOV2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1880243}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|131526|c}}<ref name="nov2021">{{Cite web |title=payments-NOV2021 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1776730}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|104963|c}}<ref name="Nov2020">{{Cite web |title=payments-Nov Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1677332}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|103491|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|97637|c}}<ref name="apr18mar19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|83780|c}}<ref name="jul17mar18" /> || {{fall}}
|-
| December
| 1,74,550 crore|| || {{INRConvert|164882|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Gireesh Chandra |date=2024-01-01 |title=GST collection in December rises 10% YoY to ₹1.65 lakh crore |url=https://www.livemint.com/economy/aprildecember-2023-gross-gst-collection-at-rs-14-97-lakh-crore-a-growth-rate-of-12-yoy-11704107004773.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
| {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|149507|c}}<ref name="dec2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-DEC2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1887876}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|129780|c}}<ref name="dec2021">{{Cite web |title=payments-DEC2021 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1786774}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|115174|c}}<ref name="Dec2020">{{Cite web |title=payments-DEC Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1685332}}</ref> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|103184|c}} <ref name="lm0120">{{Cite web |title=GST collection above ₹1 lakh crore for second month in a row |date=1 January 2020 |work=[[Live Mint]] |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/gst-collection-in-december-rises-to-rs-1-03-lakh-crore-11577874260095.html}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|94726|c}}|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|84314|c}}<ref name="jul17mar18" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January
| '''1,93,384'''|| ||{{INRConvert|172129|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-01 |title=January records 2nd highest monthly GST revenue at ₹1.72 L cr |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/january-records-2nd-highest-monthly-gst-revenue-at-1-72-l-cr-101706729203250.html |access-date=2024-02-25 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|157554|c}}<ref name="jan2023">{{Cite web |title=payments-JAN2023 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1895180}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|140986|c}}<ref name="JAN2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-JAN2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1793877}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|119875|c}}<ref name="Jan2021">{{Cite web |title=payments-JAN Collection-Official Press Release |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/GST-revenue-collection_march_2021.pdf}}</ref> || {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|110818|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|102503|c}}<ref name="apr18mar19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|89825|c}}<ref name="jul17mar18" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February
| || ||{{INRConvert|168337|c}}<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhoot |first=Vikas |date=2024-03-01 |title=GST collections up 12.54% in February 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/gst-collections-up-1254-in-february-2024/article67904793.ece |access-date=2024-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
| {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|149577|c}}<ref name="feb2023">{{Cite web |title=payments-FEB2023 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1903336}}</ref> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|133026|c}}<ref name="feb2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-FEB2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1802040}}</ref> || {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|113143|c}}<ref name="Feb2021">{{Cite web |title=payments-FEB-2021 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1701723}}</ref>||{{fall}}||{{INRConvert|105366|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|97247|c}}<ref name="apr18mar19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|85962|c}}<ref name="jul17mar18" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March
| || ||{{INRConvert|178484|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second highest monthly Gross GST Revenue collection in March at ₹1.78 lakh crore; Records 11.5% y-o-y growth (18.4% on net basis) |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=2016802 |access-date=2024-04-24 |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref>|| {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|160122|c}}<ref name="mar2023">{{Cite web |title=payments-MAR2023 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1912850}}</ref> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|142095|c}}<ref name="mar2022">{{Cite web |title=payments-MAR2022 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1812315}}</ref> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|123902|c}}<ref name="Mar2021">{{Cite web |title=payments-Mar-2021 Collection-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1708930}}</ref>
| {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|97597|c}}<ref name="apr19mar20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|106577|c}}<ref name="apr18mar19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|92167|c}}<ref name="jul17mar18" /> || {{Rise}}
|-
| '''Annual Average'''
| '''{{INRConvert|191503|c}}''' || {{rise}} || '''{{INRConvert|168000|c}}''' || {{rise}} || '''{{INRConvert|149772|c}}''' || {{rise}} || '''{{INRConvert|123608|c}}''' || {{rise}} || '''{{INRConvert|94731.91|c}}''' || {{fall}} || '''{{INRConvert|101844|c}}''' || {{rise}} || '''{{INRConvert|98114|c}}''' || {{rise}} || '''{{INRConvert|82294|c}}{{efn|For 9 months only}}''' ||
|}
[http://gstcouncil.gov.in/gst-revenue Official Source]

==State-Wise Monthly Revenue Collections==
=== States ===
'''Note:''' '''''Below tables does not include GST on import of goods'''''

==== Andhra Pradesh ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA || || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA || || NA || || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|2367|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|2232|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20">{{Cite web |title=payments-JUN19-to-JUN2020-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1635572}}</ref> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|3130|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3138|c}} <ref name="jul19jul20">{{Cite web |title=payments-july19-to-july2020-Official Press Release |url=https://dor.gov.in/sites/default/files/GST%20Revenue%20collection%20for%20July%202020.pdf}}</ref> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|1955|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2115|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20">{{Cite web |title=payments-AUG19-to-AUG2020-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1650411}}</ref> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|2141|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1985|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20">{{Cite web |title=payments-SEP19-to-SEP2020-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1660608}}</ref> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|2480|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1975|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20">{{Cite web |title=payments-OCT19-to-OCT2020-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1669239}}</ref> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || || {{INRConvert|2507|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2230|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|2581|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|2265|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2049|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19">{{Cite web |title=payments-DEC18-to-DEC2019-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1598153}}</ref>|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA || || {{INRConvert|2356|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|2159|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20">{{Cite web |title=payments-JAN19-to-JAN2020-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1601435}}</ref> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || || {{INRConvert|2652.57|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|2563|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2088|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20">{{Cite web |title=payments-FEB19-to-FEB2020-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1604798}}</ref> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || || {{INRConvert|2685.09|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|2548|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2589|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20">{{Cite web |title=payments-MAR19-to-MAR2020-Official Press Release |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1609919}}</ref> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Arunachal Pradesh ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|49|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|48|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|33|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|49|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|35|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|45|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|35|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{nochange}} || {{INRConvert|44|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|98|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|41|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|60|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|36|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|46|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|58|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|26|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || ||NA || || {{INRConvert|52|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|38|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || || {{INRConvert|61.36|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" />|| ||{{INRConvert|48|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|32|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || || {{INRConvert|92.03|c}}<ref name=Mar2021/> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|67|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|85|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Assam ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA|| || {{INRConvert|966|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|798|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|723|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|795|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|709|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|768|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|912|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|848|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|1017|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|888|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|946|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|968|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|984|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|991|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|743|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || ||NA || || {{INRConvert|820|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|787|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|945.84|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" />|| ||{{INRConvert|924|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|736|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|1004.65|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|932|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|956|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Bihar ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA|| || {{INRConvert|1162|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|1003|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|1061|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1160|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|967|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|981|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|996|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|986|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|1010|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|940|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|970|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1107|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|1067|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|1016|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|909|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || ||NA || || {{INRConvert|1122|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|1039|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|1127.99|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|1121|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|961|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|1195.75|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|1056|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1177|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Chhattisgarh ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|2549|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|2093|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July ||{{INRConvert|2432|c}} || || {{INRConvert|1832|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2002|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August ||{{INRConvert|2391|c}} || || {{INRConvert|1994|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1873|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September ||{{INRConvert|2233|c}} || || {{INRConvert|1841|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1490|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October ||{{INRConvert|2392|c}} || || {{INRConvert|1974|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1570|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November ||{{INRConvert|2454|c}} || ||{{INRConvert|2181|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2176|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || {{INRConvert|2582|c}}|| ||{{INRConvert|2349|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|2136|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1852|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|2155|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|2064|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || {{INRConvert|2783|c}}|| ||{{INRConvert|2453.10|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|2274|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2068|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March ||{{INRConvert|2720|c}} || ||{{INRConvert|2544.13|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|2093|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2143|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Goa ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|324|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|338|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|257|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|361|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|213|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|325|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|240|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|311|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|310|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|311|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|300|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|342|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|342|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|363|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> ||{{rise}} || {{INRConvert|342|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || ||NA || || {{INRConvert|437|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|394|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|343.80|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|411|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|401|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|344.28|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|316|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|389|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{fall}}
|}

==== Gujarat ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|6025|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|6424|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|5621|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6411|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|6030|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|6185|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|6090|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|5741|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|6787|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|5888|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|7566|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|6805|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|7469|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|6621|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|5619|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || ||NA || || {{INRConvert|7330|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|6185|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|8221.23|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|7216|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6507|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|8197.04|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|6820|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6521|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> ||{{rise}}
|}

==== Haryana ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|3697|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|4889|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|3483|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|4617|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|4373|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|4474|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|4712|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|4110|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|5433|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|4578|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|5928|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|5904|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|5747|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|5365|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|4646|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|5487|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|4815|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|5589.81|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|5266|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|4873|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|5709.60|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|4874|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|4561|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{fall}}
|}

==== Himachal Pradesh ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|619|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|697|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|605|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|677|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|597|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|676|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|653|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|609|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|691|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|669|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|758|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|701|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|670|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|699|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|595|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|675|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|647|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|663.12|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|621|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|610|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|686.88|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|596|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|660|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Jharkhand ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|1643|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|1811|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|1340|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1855|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|1498|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1770|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|1656|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1509|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|1771|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1437|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|1907|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1720|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|2150|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|1943|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1995|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|2027|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|1965|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|2321.03|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|2071|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2121|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|2416.13|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|2049|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2149|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Karnataka ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|6710|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|6659|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|6014|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|7088|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|5502|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6201|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|6050|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|6350|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|6998|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|6675|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|6915|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6972|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|7459|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|6886|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6209|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|7605|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|7329|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|7581.45|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|7414|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6453|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|7914.98|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|7144|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6983|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Kerala ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|1530|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|1568|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|1318|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1512|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|1229|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1582|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|1552|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1393|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|1665|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1549|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|1568|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1691|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|1776|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|1651|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1416|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|1859|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|1594|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || || {{INRConvert|1806.10|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" />|| ||{{INRConvert|1754|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1416|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|1827.94|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|1475|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1635|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Madhya Pradesh ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|2742|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|2212|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|2289|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2282|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|2209|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2255|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|2176|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2087|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|2403|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2053|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|2493|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2453|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|2615|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|2434|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2094|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|2674|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|2414|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || || {{INRConvert|2791.57|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" />|| ||{{INRConvert|2621|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2291|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|2728.49|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|2407|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2624|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Maharashtra ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2a20-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|14987|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|15143|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|12508|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|15102|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|11602|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|13407|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|13546|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|13579|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|15799|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|15109|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|15001|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|15968|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|17699|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|16530|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|13524|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|18085|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|15151|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|16103.50|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|15735|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|14092|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|17038.49|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|15002|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|15596|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Manipur ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|29|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|25|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|25|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|34|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|26|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|37|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|34|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|42|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|43|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|43|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|32|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|35|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|41|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|44|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|27|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|35|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|24|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|32.34|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|37|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|21|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|50.36|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|36|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|46|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Meghalaya ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|116|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|124|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|120|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|104|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|108|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|117|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|100|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|106|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|117|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|113|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|120|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|117|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|106|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|123|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|108|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|128|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|104|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|146.50|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|157|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|129|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|151.97|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|133|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|127|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{fall}}
|}

==== Mizoram ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|24|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|24|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|16|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|19|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|12|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|28|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|17|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|29|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|32|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|18|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|17|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|17|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|25|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|21|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|13|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|24|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|26|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || || {{INRConvert|21.06|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" />|| ||{{INRConvert|25|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|22|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|34.93|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|33|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|50|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Nagaland ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || || || {{INRConvert|32|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|20|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July ||NA || || {{INRConvert|25|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|23|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|31|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|27|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|29|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|21|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|30|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|25|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|30|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{nochange}} || {{INRConvert|23|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|38|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|31|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|17|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|32|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|17|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{nochange}}
|-
| February || || || {{INRConvert|34.83|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|25|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|20|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|45.48|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|39|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|46|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Odisha ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|2694|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|2923|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|2348|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2494|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|2348|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{nochange}} || {{INRConvert|2497|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|2384|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{nochange}} || {{INRConvert|2015|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|2419|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1994|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|2528|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2347|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|2860|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|2383|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2347|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|2504|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|2338|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|3340.57|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|2790.16|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2374|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|3285.29|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|2633|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2626|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Punjab ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|1323|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|1248|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|1188|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1271|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|1139|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1255|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|1194|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1133|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|1376|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1189|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|1396|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1375|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|1353|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|1290|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1162|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|1340|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|1216|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|1299.37|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|1229|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1100|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|1361.85|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|1181|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1166|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Rajasthan ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June ||NA || || {{INRConvert|2774|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|2683|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|2797|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2699|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|2582|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2550|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|2647|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2253|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|2966|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2425|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|3130|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3071|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|3135|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|2713|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2456|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|3030|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|2776|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|3223.70|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|2932|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2676|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|3351.79|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|2820|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3132|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Sikkim ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|346|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|193|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|186|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|201|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|147|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|163|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|106|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|209|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|177|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|186|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|223|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|157|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|225|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|214|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|150|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|194|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|176|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|222.35|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|183|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|145|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|213.66|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|189|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|160|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Tamil Nadu ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|4976|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|5881|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|4635|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6084|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|5243|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|5973|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|6454|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|5616|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|6901|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|6109|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|7084|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|6449|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|6905|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|6422|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|5415|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|6703|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|6201|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|7008.21|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|6427|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|5974|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|7579.18|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|6178|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|6941|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Telangana ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|3276|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|3166|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || {{INRConvert|3610|c}}|| {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|2876|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3163|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || {{INRConvert|3526|c}}|| {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|2793|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3059|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || {{INRConvert|3494|c}}|| {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|2796|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2854|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || {{INRConvert|3854|c}}|| {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|3383|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3230|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || {{INRConvert|3931|c}}|| {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|3175|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3349|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || {{INRConvert|3760|c}}|| {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|3543|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|3420|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3014|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || NA|| || NA|| || {{INRConvert|3787|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|3195|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || {{INRConvert|4113|c}}|| {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|3636.44|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|3667|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3460|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || {{INRConvert|4242|c}}|| {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|4166.42|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|3563|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3897|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
|'''Monthly Average'''
|'''{{INRConvert|3816.25|c}}'''
|'''{{rise}}'''
|'''{{INRConvert|3293.87|c}}'''
|{{fall}}
|'''{{INRConvert|3325.8|c}}'''
|{{fall}}
|'''{{INRConvert|3391.5|c}}'''
|
|}

==== Tripura ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|65|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|58|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|48|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|49|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|43|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|58|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|50|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|52|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|57|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|54|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|58|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|51|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|74|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|59|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|48|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|56|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|52|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|63.25|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|63|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|46|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|87.90|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|67|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|64|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Uttar Pradesh ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|5194|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|5366|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|5099|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|5422|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|5098|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|4975|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|5075|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|5073|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|5471|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|5103|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|5528|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|5679|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|5937|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|5489|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|4957|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|5698|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|5485|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|5996.62|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|5776|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|5112|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|6265.01|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|5294|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|5548|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Uttarakhand ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|895|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|1232|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|988|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1289|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|1006|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|941|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|1065|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1017|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|1272|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1153|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|1286|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1280|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|1246|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|1213|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1055|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|1257|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|1146|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || || {{INRConvert|1181.13|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" />|| ||{{INRConvert|1281|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|1237|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|1303.57|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|1195|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1451|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== West Bengal ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|3128|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|3514|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> ||{{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|3010|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3586|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|3053|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3503|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|3393|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3255|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|3738|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3263|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|3747|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3460|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|4114|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|3748|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3230|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|3747|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|3495|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|4334.98|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|3942|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3490|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|4386.79|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|3582|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3841|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

=== Union Territories ===
'''Note:''' Below tables does not include GST on import of goods

==== Andaman and Nicobar Islands ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA || || {{INRConvert|54|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|21|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|18|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|22|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|13|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|30|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|19|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|19|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|19|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{nochange}} || {{INRConvert|32|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|23|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|25|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|22|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|30|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|22|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|30|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{nochange}} ||{{INRConvert|35|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|23.26|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|36|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|25|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|25.66|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|39|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|28|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Chandigarh ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA || || {{INRConvert|159|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|158|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|137|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|156|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|139|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|160|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|141|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|157|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|152|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|157|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|141|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|165|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|158|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|168|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|143|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|195|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|159|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|148.50|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|172|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|147|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|165.27|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|153|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|162|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA || || {{INRConvert|192|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|252|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|207|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|240|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|215|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|262|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|240|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|214|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|290|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|213|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|298|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|246|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|263|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|248|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|206|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|282|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|274|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || || {{INRConvert|237.70|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" />|| ||{{INRConvert|239|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|231|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|291.78|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|264|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|277|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Jammu and Kashmir ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|325|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|322|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|298|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|363|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|326|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|302|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|368|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|282|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|377|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|313|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|360|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|363|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|318|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|409|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|293|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|371|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|331|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|329.89|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|316|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|306|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|351.61|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|276|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|388|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Ladakh ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|7|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}} || {{INRConvert|0|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|7|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{nochange}} || {{INRConvert|0|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|5|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|0|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|9|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|0|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|15|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|0|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|9|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || -<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|8|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|0|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || NA|| ||NA||
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|9.06|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || || {{INRConvert|0|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" />|| {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|13.67|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|0.84|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|}

==== Lakshadweep ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|2|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|0|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|2|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{nochange}} || {{INRConvert|2|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|0|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|2|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|4|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|3|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{fall}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|0.46|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|2|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|1.54|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|1.34|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|1|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{fall}}
|}

==== National Capital Territory of Delhi ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|3249|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|3595|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|2629|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3406|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|2880|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3517|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|3146|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3386|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|3211|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3484|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|3413|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|3995|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|3451|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|3698|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3146|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|3967|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|3525|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|3727.46|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|3835|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3422|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|3925.97|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|3273|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|3722|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

==== Puducherry ====
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || NA|| || {{INRConvert|141|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|135|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|136|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|145|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|137|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|161|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|148|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|149|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|161|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|146|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|158|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|157|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|159|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|165|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|152|c}}<ref name="dec18dec19" />|| {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|188|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|159|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|158.05|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|159|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|175|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|161.04|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|149|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|184|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

=== Other Territory ===
'''Note:''' Below table does not include GST on import of goods
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || || || {{INRConvert|173|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|166|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|97|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|158|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|180|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|170|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|110|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|132|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|91|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|127|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|79|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|153|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|88|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|118|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|139|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|194|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{nochange}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|134.33|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> || ||{{INRConvert|145|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|141|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|132.39|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|133|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|167|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

=== Center Jurisdiction ===
'''Note:''' Below table does not include GST on import of goods

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change !! Collections !! M-O-M Change
|-
| April || NA || || NA || || NA|| || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || NA|| || NA|| || NA|| || NA ||
|-
| June || || || {{INRConvert|59|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || || {{INRConvert|61|c}}<ref name="JUN19JUN20" /> || {{nochange}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || {{INRConvert|179|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|59|c}}<ref name="jul19jul20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| August || || || {{INRConvert|161|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|100|c}}<ref name="AUG19AUG20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || {{INRConvert|121|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|35|c}}<ref name="SEP19SEP20" /> || {{fall}} || NA ||
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|114|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|97|c}}<ref name="OCT19OCT20" /> || {{rise}} || NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || ||{{INRConvert|138|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{rise}} || {{INRConvert|95|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|-
| December || || ||{{INRConvert|127|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|75|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> || {{fall}}|| NA ||
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || NA|| || {{INRConvert|119|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|45|c}}<ref name="Jan19Jan20" /> || {{nochange}}
|-
| February || || || {{INRConvert|129.03|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" />|| ||{{INRConvert|100|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|47|c}}<ref name="FEB19FEB20" /> || {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|141.12|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> || {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|81|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" />|| {{fall}} || {{INRConvert|74|c}}<ref name="MAR19MAR20" /> || {{rise}}
|}

===Monthly GST Revenue Collections from Import===

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=2|2021-22 !!colspan=2|2020-21 !!colspan=2|2019-20 !!colspan=2|2018-19
|-
! IGST !! Cess !! IGST !! Cess !! IGST !! Cess !! IGST !! Cess
|-
| April || {{INRConvert|29599|c}}<ref name=apr2021/> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|981|c}}<ref name=apr2021/>{{rise}} || NA || NA ||{{INRConvert|23289|c}}<ref name="pib.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for April, 2019 recorded highest collection since GST implementation |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1571397 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|1053|c}}<ref name="pib.gov.in" /> {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|21246|c}}<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection in the month of April 2018 exceeds Rs. 1 Lakh Crore |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1530774 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{nochange}}|| {{INRConvert|702|c}}<ref name="ReferenceA" /> {{nochange}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || {{INRConvert|26002|c}}<ref name=may2021/> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|868|c}}<ref name=may2021/> {{fall}}|| NA || NA ||NA|| NA||{{INRConvert|24447|c}}<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=GST revenue collection for May 2018 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1534062 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|854|c}}<ref name="ReferenceB" /> {{rise}}
|-
| June || {{INRConvert|25762|c}}<ref name=jun2021/> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|809|c}}<ref name=jun2021/> {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|15709|c}}<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for June, 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1635572 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{nochange}}|| {{INRConvert|607|c}}<ref name="ReferenceC" /> {{nochange}}||NA|| NA||NA|| NA
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || ||{{INRConvert|20324|c}}<ref name="ReferenceD">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for July 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1642870 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|807|c}}<ref name="ReferenceD" /> {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|24246|c}}<ref name="ReferenceE">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for July, 2019 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1581093}}</ref> {{nochange}}|| {{INRConvert|797|c}}<ref name="ReferenceE" /> {{nochange}}||{{INRConvert|24852|c}}<ref name="ReferenceF">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collections for July 2018 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1540999}}</ref> {{nochange}}|| {{INRConvert|794|c}}<ref name="ReferenceF" /> {{nochange}}
|-
| August || || ||{{INRConvert|19179|c}}<ref name="ReferenceG">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for August, 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1650411 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|673|c}}<ref name="ReferenceG" /> {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|24818|c}}<ref name="ReferenceH">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for August, 2019 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1583793}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|841|c}}<ref name="ReferenceH" /> {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|26512|c}}<ref name="ReferenceI">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for August 2018 close to ninety-four thousand crore rupees |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1544734}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|849|c}}<ref name="ReferenceI" /> {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || ||{{INRConvert|22442|c}}<ref name="ReferenceJ">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for September, 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1660608 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|788|c}}<ref name="ReferenceJ" /> {{rise}}||NA || NA ||{{INRConvert|25308|c}}<ref name="ReferenceK">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for September 2018 crossed Rs 94,000 crore |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1548032}}</ref> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|769|c}}<ref name="ReferenceK" /> {{fall}}
|-
| October || || || {{INRConvert|23375|c}}<ref name="ReferenceL">{{Cite web |title=Rs 1,05,155 crore of gross GST revenue collected in the month of October 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1669239 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|932|c}}<ref name="ReferenceL" /> {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|21446|c}}<ref name="ReferenceM">{{Cite web |title=Rs 95,380 crore gross GST Revenue collected in October |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1589950}}</ref> {{nochange}}|| {{INRConvert|774|c}}<ref name="ReferenceM" /> {{nochange}}||{{INRConvert|26908|c}}<ref name="ReferenceN">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collections for the month of October 2018 crosses Rupees One Lac Crore |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1551479}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|955|c}}<ref name="ReferenceN" /> {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || || {{INRConvert|22078|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|809|c}}<ref name="Nov2020" /> {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|20948|c}}<ref name="ReferenceO">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for November, 2019 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1594406}}</ref> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|869|c}}<ref name="ReferenceO" /> {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|24133|c}}<ref name="ReferenceP">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for the month of November 2018 crosses Ninety-Seven Thousand Crore Rupees |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1554392}}</ref> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|842|c}}<ref name="ReferenceP" /> {{fall}}
|-
| December || || || {{INRConvert|27050|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|971|c}}<ref name="Dec2020" /> {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|21295|c}}<ref name="ReferenceQ">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for December, 2019 ₹ 1,03,184 of gross GST revenue collected in the month of December |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1598153 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|847|c}}<ref name="ReferenceQ" /> {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|23635|c}}<ref name="ReferenceR">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for December 2018 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1558060}}</ref> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|838|c}}<ref name="ReferenceR" /> {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || ||{{INRConvert|27424|c}}<ref name="Jan2021" /> {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|883|c}}<ref name="Jan2021" /> {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|23481|c}}<ref name="ReferenceS">{{Cite web |title=₹ 1,10,828 crore GST Gross Revenue collected for January, 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1601435 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|824|c}}<ref name="ReferenceS" /> {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|24065|c}}<ref name="ReferenceT">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue Collections for the month of January 2019 crosses Rupees One Lakh Crore Mark |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1562405}}</ref> {{rise}}|| {{INRConvert|902|c}}<ref name="ReferenceT" /> {{rise}}
|-
| February || || ||{{INRConvert|24382|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|660|c}}<ref name="Feb2021" /> {{fall}}||{{INRConvert|20745|c}}<ref name="ReferenceU">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for February, 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1604798 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|1040|c}}<ref name="ReferenceU" /> {{rise}}||NA|| NA
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || ||{{INRConvert|31097|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> {{rise}} ||{{INRConvert|935|c}}<ref name="Mar2021" /> {{rise}}||{{INRConvert|18056|c}}<ref name="ReferenceV">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue Collection for March, 2020 |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1609919 |access-date=25 July 2022 |website=Pib.gov.in}}</ref> {{fall}}|| {{INRConvert|841|c}}<ref name="ReferenceV" /> {{fall}} ||{{INRConvert|23521|c}}<ref name="ReferenceW">{{Cite web |title=GST Revenue collection for March, 2019 crossed Rupees One Lakh Crore and recorded Highest Collections in the FY 2018-19 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=1569911}}</ref> {{nochange}}|| {{INRConvert|891|c}}<ref name="ReferenceW" /> {{nochange}}
|}

==Returns==
Around 38 lakh new taxpayers have registered under GST regime and the total count has crossed one crore if we include the 64 lakh earlier ones.<ref name="bt0218x">{{Cite web |title=Why many registered taxpayers are not filing GST returns |date=27 February 2018 |work=[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]] |url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/why-many-registered-taxpayers-are-not-filing-gst-returns/1/271554.html}}</ref> Total number of taxpayers were above 1.14 crore in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=GST collection crosses ₹1 lakh crore in Oct |date=1 November 2018 |work=[[The Hindu Business Line]] |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/gst-collection-crosses-1-lakh-crore/article25388793.ece}}</ref>
===GSTR1 Filling Data===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=3|2022-23 !!colspan=3|2021-22<ref name="gstcouncil.gov.in" /> !!colspan=3|2020-21<ref name="gstcouncil.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Goods & Services Tax (GST) | Returns |url=https://www.gst.gov.in/download/gststatistics |website=www.gst.gov.in}}</ref> !!colspan=3|2019-20<ref name="ReferenceX">{{Cite web |title=RETURN FILING SUMMARY FOR F. Y. 2019-20 AS ON 16.07.2020 (AS PER GSTN) |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/gst-statistics/GST%20RETURN%20FILING%20SUMMARY%202019-20.pdf}}</ref> !!colspan=3|2018-19<ref name="ReferenceY">{{Cite web |title=RETURN FILING SUMMARY FOR F. Y. 2018-19 AS ON 16.07.2020 (AS PER GSTN) |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/gst-statistics/GST%20RETURN%20FILING%20SUMMARY%202018-19.pdf}}</ref> !!colspan=3|2017-18<ref name="ReferenceZ">{{Cite web |title=RETURN FILING SUMMARY FOR F. Y. 2017-18 AS ON 16.07.2020 (AS PER GSTN) |url=http://gstcouncil.gov.in/sites/default/files/gst-statistics/GST%20RETURN%20FILING%20SUMMARY%202017-18.pdf}}</ref>
|-
!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing %
|-
| April || || || ||69,32,700 ||63,47,750 ||91.56% {{fall}} ||1,03,96,914 || 39,00,202 ||37.51% {{fall}} || 57,58,955 ||33,41,857 ||58.03% {{fall}} ||44,96,316 ||30,01,817 ||66.76% {{fall}} ||NA||NA ||NA
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || || || ||69,50,738 ||63,61,442 ||91.52% {{fall}} || 96,02,035 || 39,13,235 ||40.75% {{rise}} || 55,64,504 ||33,48,401 ||60.17% {{rise}} ||46,82,345 || 30,38,077 ||64.88% {{fall}} ||NA||NA ||NA
|-
| June || || || || 1,08,56,253|| 1,01,31,735|| 93.33% {{rise}}||1,03,98,099 || 91,68,959 ||88.18% {{rise}} || 1,03,58,399 ||84,99,843 ||82.06% {{rise}} || 93,16,710 || 79,13,720 ||84.94% {{rise}} ||NA||NA ||NA
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || ||70,18,290 ||64,44,678 ||91.83% {{fall}} ||60,12,285 || 39,87,341 ||66.32% {{fall}}|| 51,33,194 || 33,74,821 ||65.75% {{fall}} || 47,75,626 || 30,96,422 ||64.84% {{fall}} ||74,61,214 ||61,44,558 ||82.35% {{nochange}}
|-
| August || || || ||71,25,860 ||65,59,045 ||92.05% {{rise}} ||58,10,614 || 40,18,295 ||69.15% {{rise}} || 49,85,666 || 33,87,945 ||67.95% {{rise}} ||47,26,891 ||31,16,780 ||65.94% {{rise}} ||32,60,937 || 26,42,437 ||81.03% {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || ||1,11,81,178 ||1,04,16,779 || 93.16% {{rise}}||1,08,51,006 || 94,38,279 ||86.98% {{rise}} || 1,04,73,814 ||86,19,917 ||82.30% {{rise}} || 96,57,239 ||81,83,662 ||84.74% {{rise}} ||79,25,831 ||71,07,122 ||89.67% {{rise}}
|-
| October || || || ||71,27,280 ||65,51,981 ||91.93% {{fall}} ||54,63,094 || 40,90,848 ||74.88% {{fall}} || 48,45,556 || 34,12,591 ||70.43% {{fall}} ||46,09,444 || 31,16,780 ||67.62% {{fall}} ||34,38,891 ||27,35,027 ||79.53% {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || || || 72,09,029||66,56,618 ||92.34% {{rise}} ||53,48,264 || 41,39,930 ||77.41% {{rise}} || 46,98,995 || 34,38,627 ||73.18% {{rise}} || 45,72,118 ||31,70,352 ||69.34% {{rise}} ||31,26,495 ||27,91,046 ||89.27% {{rise}}
|-
| December || || || ||1,14,29,107 ||1,02,26,921 ||89.48% {{fall}} ||1,09,84,214 ||97,62,645 ||88.88% {{rise}} || 1,03,70,746 ||85,04,725 ||82.01% {{rise}} ||99,01,997 ||83,59,420 ||84.42% {{rise}} ||81,82,277 ||72,58,368 ||88.71% {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || ||72,48,766 ||67,01,662 ||92.53% {{rise}} ||62,62,450 ||53,30,393 ||85.12% {{fall}} || 44,61,650 ||33,22,929 ||74.48% {{fall}} ||44,22,359 || 32,05,261 ||72.48% {{fall}} ||32,29,377 ||28,23,709 ||87.44% {{fall}}
|-
| February || || || || 73,11,740||68,05,107 ||93.07% {{rise}} ||61,36,693 ||54,44,292 || 88.72% {{rise}}|| 43,73,058 || 31,57,067 ||72.19% {{fall}} ||43,61,644 || 32,09,106 ||73.58% {{rise}} ||32,74,028 || 28,47,262 ||86.97% {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || || ||1,16,31,207 ||1,08,17,098 ||93.00% {{fall}} || 1,07,79,583|| 1,00,26,316 ||93.01% {{rise}} || 1,04,27,790 || 61,77,367 ||59.24% {{fall}} ||1,01,74,978 ||84,41,585 ||82.96% {{rise}} ||87,08,493 || 75,94,558 ||87.21% {{rise}}
|-
| '''Annual Average''' || || || || '''85,01,845'''||'''78,35,068''' ||'''92.16%''' ||'''81,70,437''' || '''60,93,394''' ||'''74.53%''' || '''67,87,693''' || '''48,82,174''' || '''71.92%''' || '''63,08,138''' || '''48,21,081''' || '''76.42%''' || '''54,00,838 {{efn|For 9 months only}}''' || '''46,60,454 {{efn|For 9 months only}}''' || '''86.29% {{efn|For 9 months only}}'''
|}

===GSTR3B Filling Data===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:90%; text-align: center;"
!rowspan="2"|Month !!colspan=3|2022-23<ref name="gstcouncil.gov.in" /> !!colspan=3|2021-22<ref name="gstcouncil.gov.in" /> !!colspan=3|2020-21<ref name="gstcouncil.gov.in" /> !!colspan=3|2019-20<ref name="ReferenceX" /> !!colspan=3|2018-19<ref name="ReferenceY" /> !!colspan=3|2017-18<ref name="ReferenceZ" />
|-
!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing % !!Eligibility !!Returns Filed !!Return Filing %
|-
| April || || || ||69,32,700 || 65,41,508 ||94.36% {{fall}} ||1,04,14,263 ||95,24,183 ||91.45% {{rise}} || 1,02,33,313 ||87,92,102 ||85.92% {{fall}} ||88,17,798 ||79,74,186 ||90.43% {{rise}} ||NA||NA ||NA
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| May || || || || 69,50,738 || 65,55,856 ||94.32% {{fall}} || 1,03,42,810||95,27,800 || 92.12% {{rise}}|| 1,02,86,063 ||88,40,788 ||85.95% {{rise}} ||91,22,309 || 81,24,629 ||89.06% {{fall}} ||NA||NA ||NA
|-
| June || || || ||1,08,56,253 || 1,04,16,056 ||95.95% {{rise}} || 1,03,98,099||95,91,048 || 92.24% {{rise}}|| 1,03,58,399 ||88,77,831 ||85.71% {{fall}} || 93,16,710 || 82,38,612 ||88.43% {{fall}} ||NA||NA ||NA
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| July || || || ||70,18,290 ||66,26,467 || 94.42% {{fall}}||1,05,65,995 ||97,03,900 || 91.84% {{fall}}|| 51,33,194 || 33,74,821 ||65.75% {{fall}} || 1,04,26,762 || 89,37,908 ||85.72% {{fall}} ||74,61,214 ||64,77,475 ||86.82% {{nochange}}
|-
| August || || || ||71,25,860 || 67,56,361 ||94.81% {{rise}} ||1,07,04,458 ||98,04,910 ||91.60% {{fall}} || 1,04,55,891 || 89,80,465 ||85.89% {{rise}} ||96,15,273 ||84,53,166 ||87.91% {{rise}} ||75,32,807 || 70,88,919 ||94.11% {{rise}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| September || || || ||1,11,81,178 ||1,07,11,252 ||95.80% {{rise}} ||1,08,51,006 ||98,90,906 ||91.15% {{fall}} || 1,04,73,814 ||90,25,033 ||86.17% {{rise}} || 96,57,239 ||85,42,673 ||88.46% {{rise}} ||79,25,831 ||74,52,948 ||94.03% {{fall}}
|-
| October || || || ||71,27,280 ||67,34,604 ||94.49% {{fall}} ||1,09,71,772 ||99,94,400 ||91.09% {{fall}} || 1,04,95,064 || 90,66,659 ||86.39%% {{rise}} ||97,57,664 || 86,29,693 ||88.44% {{fall}} ||81,54,303 ||72,61,425 ||89.05% {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| November || || || ||72,09,029 ||68,25,374 ||94.68% {{rise}} ||1,10,10,568 ||1,00,88,226 ||91.62% {{rise}} || 1,04,78,440 || 91,08,311 ||86.92% {{rise}} || 98,46,645 ||86,04,200 ||87.38% {{fall}} ||79,92,517 ||73,82,324 ||92.37% {{rise}}
|-
| December || || || || 1,14,29,107|| 1,09,12,624 ||95.48% {{rise}} || 1,09,84,214||1,01,81,704 ||92.69% {{rise}} || 1,03,70,746 ||91,45,404 ||88.18% {{rise}} || 99,01,997 ||86,88,110 ||87.74% {{rise}} ||81,82,277 ||74,83,230 ||91.46% {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| January || || || ||72,42,766 || 68,61,430 || 94.73% {{fall}}|| 62,63,763||56,10,002 ||89.61% {{fall}} || 1,03,57,733 || 90,84,172 ||87.70% {{fall}} ||99,72,639 || 87,55,573 ||87.80% {{rise}} ||83,63,437 ||76,16,175 ||91.07% {{fall}}
|-
| February || || || ||73,11,740 || 69,66,506 ||95.28% {{rise}} || 61,32,577||57,18,641 ||93.25% {{rise}} || 1,03,72,198 || 88,28,117 ||85.11% {{fall}} ||1,00,54,283 || 88,25,144 ||87.77% {{fall}} ||85,45,661 || 77,51,880 ||90.71% {{fall}}
|- style="background:#D0E6FF"
| March || || || || 1,16,31,207|| 1,10,99,867 ||95.43% {{rise}} ||1,07,79,583 ||1,03,90,017 ||96.39% {{rise}} || 1,04,27,790 || 78,81,433 ||75.58% {{fall}} ||1,01,74,978 ||88,80,875 ||87.28% {{fall}} ||87,08,493 || 78,72,288 ||90.40% {{fall}}
|-
| '''Annual Average''' || || || ||'''85,01,345''' || '''80,83,992''' ||'''95.09%''' ||'''99,51,592''' ||'''91,68,811''' ||'''92.13%''' || '''99,53,553''' || '''8417094''' || '''84.56%''' || '''97,22,024''' || '''85,54,564''' || '''87.99%''' || '''80,96,282 {{efn|For 9 months only}}''' || '''73,76,296 {{efn|For 9 months only}}''' || '''91.10% {{efn|For 9 months only}}'''
|}

[https://www.gst.gov.in/download/gststatistics Official Source]

==See also==
* [[Inland Customs Line#Great Hedge|The Great Hedge of India]], a historic colonial-era inland customs border
*[[Goods and Services Tax (India)]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|https://www.gst.gov.in/}}
*[https://www.cbic.gov.in/htdocs-cbec/gst/index Central Board of Indirect Taxes and Customs]
*[https://gstcouncil.gov.in Goods and Services Tax Council]
*[https://ewaybill.nic.in/ e-Way Bill System] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109144414/https://ewaybill.nic.in/ |date=9 November 2019 }} at ewaybill.nic.in. National Informatics Centre.


{{Economy of India}}
{{Asia topic|Taxation in}}
{{Taxation in India}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Taxation in India]]
[[Category:Value added taxes|India]]
[[Category:Economic history of India (1947–present)]]

Kothajit Singh Khadangbam

2026-04-24T12:05:32Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: started basic bio more to come

{{short description|Indian field hockey player}}
{{Western name order|Khadangbam Kothajit Singh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox field hockey player
| name = Kothajit Singh
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| full_name = Kothajit Singh Khadangbam
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|8|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Imphal East District|Imphal East]], India
| height = {{convert|170|cm|ftin|frac=2|abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web |title=KHADANGBAM Kothajit |url=https://www.worldcup2018.hockey/men/players/khadangbam-kothajit__70513__4212 |website=worldcup2018.hockey |publisher=International Hockey Federation |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>
| weight =
| position = Defender / Midfielder
| nationalyears1 = 2012–
| nationalteam1 = [[India men's national field hockey team|India]]
| nationalcaps1 = 207
| nationalgoals1 = 4
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport|Men's [[field hockey]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Field hockey at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]]|[[Field hockey at the 2014 Asian Games – Men|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's Hockey Asia Cup|Asia Cup]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 Men's Hockey Asia Cup|2013 Ipoh]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey Champions Trophy|Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2016 Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016 London]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Hockey Champions Trophy|Asian Champions Trophy]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2016 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2016 Kuantan]]|}}
{{MedalGold|[[2018 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2018 Muscat]]|}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2012 Asian Men's Hockey Champions Trophy|2012 Doha]]|}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Men's FIH Hockey World League|World League]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2014–15 Raipur]]|[[2014–15 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final|Team]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League|2016–17 Bhubaneswar]]|[[2016–17 Men's FIH Hockey World League Final|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Hockey at the Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2014 Commonwealth Games|2014 Glasgow]]|[[Hockey at the 2014 Commonwealth Games – Men's tournament|Team]]}}
}}
{{Meitei name|Khadangbam|Kothajit|Singh}}

'''Kothajit Singh Khadangbam''' ({{langx|mni|Khadangbam Kothajit Singh}}, born 17 August 1992) is an India [[field hockey]] player who plays as a defender or midfielder for the [[India men's national field hockey team|Indian national team]].

He represented India in Men's Hockey during the [[2012 London Olympics]]. He is the third hockey Olympian - after Pangambam Nilakomol Singh and Ksh. Thoiba - from the state of [[Manipur]], known for producing a disproportionate number of international-standard sportspersons.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hueiyenlanpao.com/articles/item/3985-kothajit-a-symbol-of-spirit--perseverance|title=Hueiyen Lanpao - Official Website Manipur Daily|publisher=}}</ref> He was a member of the silver-medal winning Indian team at the [[2014 Commonwealth Games]] in [[Glasgow]], [[Scotland]].

He was a member of India's gold-medal winning hockey team at the [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[Incheon]], [[South Korea]]. He was India's only goal-scorer in regular time, which ended 1-1 against silver medalist [[Pakistan men's national field hockey team|Pakistan]]. India won 4-2 in a penalty shootout.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.hockeyindia.org/players/khadangbam-kothajit-singh-profile-120 Khadangbam Kothajit Singh] at [[Hockey India]]
* {{FIH|725}}
*{{Olympedia}}
*{{Sports reference}}

{{Navboxes
|title=India squads
| bg = #0077FF
| fg = #FFFF40
|list1=
{{India FH Squad 2012 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2013 Asia Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 World Cup}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Asian Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2014 Commonwealth Games}}
{{India FH Squad 2016 Summer Olympics}}
{{India FH Squad 2016 Champions Trophy}}
{{India FH Squad 2018 World Cup}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khadangbam, Kothajit}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Field hockey players from Manipur]]
[[Category:People from Imphal East district]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey defenders]]
[[Category:Men's field hockey midfielders]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Commonwealth Games silver medallists in field hockey]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for India]]
[[Category:Asian Games field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:2014 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Field hockey players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:2018 Men's Hockey World Cup players]]
[[Category:Olympic field hockey players for India]]
[[Category:Indian men's field hockey players]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medallists at the 2014 Commonwealth Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists in field hockey]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]

Rajdeep Chatterjee

2026-04-23T10:57:14Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new new data...

{{Short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Rajdeep Chatterjee
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Rajdeep at [[Indian Idol]] live show
| alias =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1991|6|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jamshedpur]] [[Jharkhand]], India
| genre = [[Playback singing]]
| occupation = Singer
| instrument =
| years_active = 2011–present
| label =
}}

'''Rajdeep Chatterjee''' is an Indian [[playback singer]] and musician from [[Jamshedpur]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/business/news/companies/mcdonalds-goes-hi-tech-to-attract-young-customers_31734.html |publisher=Zee News |title=McDonald's goes hi-tech to attract young customers |date=5 October 2011 |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> He participated in the Indian music shows ''[[Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs]]'', ''[[Indian Idol 4]]'' and ''[[Sitaron Ko Choona Hai]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=150767 |publisher=daijiworld.com.com |title=Rising Talents to Vie for IYS 'Singing Superstar' Title |date=24 September 2012 |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bellevision.com/belle/index.php?action=topnews&type=4608 |publisher=bellevision.com |title=Indian Actress Singer Vasundhara Das to judge finalists at Singing Superstar |date=5 February 2013 |accessdate=2012-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianidol.sify.com/contestants/rajdeep_chatterjee/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023100918/http://indianidol.sify.com/contestants/rajdeep_chatterjee/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=2008-10-23 |website=indianidol.sify.com |title=Rajdeep Chatterjee |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Chatterjee was interested in music from age two and studied under Pandit Shri Chandrakant Apte. He graduated with a degree in [[Indian classical music]]. He was top Finalist of [[Zee TV]] music show ''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs'' in 2006.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1449892.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814165043/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/article1449892.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=14 August 2014 |publisher=newindianexpress.com |title=Powerhouse of talent |date=5 February 2013 |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref> Rajdeep ranked fourth in 2008 on ''Indian Idol''. He was declared one of the best singers of all four seasons of the show by judges [[Anu Malik]], [[Javed Akhtar]], [[Kailash Kher]] and [[Sonali Bendre]].

He was declared as the "Jharkhand Icon" by the Symbiosis group along with Film director [[Imtiaz Ali (director)|Imtiaz Ali]].

He recorded a song for [[AR Rahman]] in his studio for his show in Germany and a song for a [[Tamil film]] with [[Shreya Ghoshal]].

Rajdeep's first ever [[Bollywood]] playback is in the movie ''[[Bodyguard (2011 Hindi film)|Bodyguard]]'', where he is part of the team of "Band of Powers" who sang the title track of that movie. Recently he sang the title track for [[Akshay Kumar]]'s newest release, ''[[Khiladi 786]]'' he voiced music the action movies ''[[Policegiri]]'' and ''[[Gunday]]''. He has performed more than 200 shows in [[India]] as well as abroad.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/111498910-indian-idol-4-stars-rajdeep-and-torsha-rock-washington-dc-sanskriti-dc-durga-puja- |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122154138/http://www.washingtonbanglaradio.com/content/111498910-indian-idol-4-stars-rajdeep-and-torsha-rock-washington-dc-sanskriti-dc-durga-puja- |url-status=usurped |archive-date=22 November 2010 |publisher=washingtonbanglaradio.com |title=Indian Idol 4 Stars Rajdeep and Torsha Rock Washington DC |date=19 November 2010 |accessdate=2014-08-01}}</ref>

== Reality shows ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Show !! Role !! Channel !! Note
|-
|2006 ||''Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs''|| contestant || [[Zee TV]] || Eliminated
|-
|2008–2009 ||''Indian Idol 4''|| contestant || [[Sony TV]] || Eliminated
|-
|2012 || ''[[Jo Jeeta Wohi Super Star 2]]'' || contestant || [[STAR Plus]] || Eliminated
|}

== Discography ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Song name(s) !! Co-singer(s) !! Music director(s)
|-
|2012 || ''[[Khiladi 786]]''|| "Khiladi (Title Track)", "Khiladi – Remix" || Vinit Singh, [[Aman Trikha]], [[Alamgir Khan (singer)|Alamgir Khan]], [[Yashraj Kapil]] || rowspan="2" | [[Himesh Reshammiya]]
|-
|2013 || ''[[Policegiri]]'' || "Ab Tere Bin Jeelenge Hum" || Aman Trikha, Yashraj Kapil, Keshav
|-
|2013 || ''[[Gunday]]'' || "Gunday - Bangla Version" || None ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chatterjee, Rajdeep}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Hindi-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian male playback singers]]
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:People from Jamshedpur]]
[[Category:Singers from Jharkhand]]

Rangang–Yangang Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:04Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new new stub

{{Short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Sikkim, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Rangang-Yangang
| mla = [[Raj Kumari Thapa]]
|party = {{Party index link|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
|latest_election_year = [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| state = [[Sikkim]]
| district = [[Namchi district|Namchi]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sikkim (Lok Sabha constituency)|Sikkim]]
| established = 2008
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:13919}}<ref name="ceosikkim">{{cite web |url=https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219115258/https://ceosikkim.nic.in/UploadedFiles/VoterTurnout/Voters%20Turnout%20Vidhan%20Sabha%20Elections%20Sikkim%202019.pdf|archive-date=19 February 2024 |title=Vidhan Sabha Elections Sikkim 2019 - Voters Turnout Statistical Data|website=ceosikkim.nic.in |publisher= CEO of Sikkim |access-date= 1 January 2021}}</ref> {{update after|2024|05}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 15
}}
'''Rangang–Yangang''' is one of the 32 [[Sikkim Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Sikkim]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |title=Assembly constituencies Revenue Blocks |access-date=13 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190416060808/http://ceosikkim.nic.in/Files/Assembly_block.htm |archive-date=16 April 2019 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

It is part of [[Namchi district]]. As of 2019, it is represented by [[Raj Kumari Thapa]] of the [[Sikkim Democratic Front]] party.<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11677-sikkim-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=State Election, 2019 to the legislative assembly of Sikkim |website=eci.gov.in |access-date= 17 January 2021}}</ref>{{update after|2024|7}}

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2009]] || Chandra Bdr Karki || {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2014]] || [[Pawan Kumar Chamling]]
|-
| [[2014 elections in India#Sikkim|2014^]] || Rup Narayan Chamling || {{party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2019]] || rowspan=2|[[Raj Kumari Thapa]]|| {{Full party name with color|Sikkim Democratic Front}}
|-
| [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election|2024]] ||{{Full party name with color|Sikkim Krantikari Morcha}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangang–Yangang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raj Kumari Thapa]] |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=6,514 |percentage=50.74% |change={{increase}}10.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mani Kumar Subba |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,313 |percentage=41.38% |change={{decrease}}12.08 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Anil Kumar Nepal |party=Citizen Action Party – Sikkim |votes=662 |percentage=5.16% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gopi Das Sharma (Pokhrel) |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=256 |percentage=1.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=94 |percentage=0.73% |change={{increase}}0.12 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,201 |percentage=9.35% |change= {{decrease}}3.91 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,839 |percentage=84.13% |change= {{increase}}1.54 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,261 |ref = |change= {{increase}}9.64 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}2.73 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangang–Yangang<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-24|title=Sikkim Assembly election results 2019: Full list of winners|url=https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|access-date=2020-08-15|website=Zee News|language=en|archive-date=6 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240106160313/https://zeenews.india.com/assembly-elections/sikkim-assembly-election-results-2019-full-list-of-winners-2205926.html|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Raj Kumari Thapa]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,146 |percentage=53.47% |change={{decrease}}10.37 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar Basnet |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=4,621 |percentage=40.20% |change={{increase}}7.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rup Narayan Chamling |party=Sikkim Rajya Manch |votes=443 |percentage=3.85% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tanka Nath Adhikari |party=Indian National Congress |votes=105 |percentage=0.91% |change={{decrease}}1.16 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=70 |percentage=0.61% |change={{decrease}}1.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kamala Rai |party=Hamro Sikkim Party |votes=69 |percentage=0.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,525 |percentage=13.27% |change= {{decrease}}18.36 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=11,495 |percentage=82.58% |change= {{decrease}}1.89 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,919 |ref = |change= {{increase}}18.34 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}10.37 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangang–Yangang}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Pawan Kumar Chamling]] |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=6,343 |percentage=63.84% |change={{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bikash Basnet |party=Sikkim Krantikari Morcha |votes=3,201 |percentage=32.22% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash Bista |party=Indian National Congress |votes=206 |percentage=2.07% |change={{decrease}}26.91 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=186 |percentage=1.87% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,142 |percentage=31.62% |change= {{decrease}}7.63 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,936 |percentage=84.48% |change= {{decrease}}0.96 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,762 |ref = |change= {{increase}}23.38 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser=Sikkim Democratic Front |swing= {{decrease}}4.40 }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Sikkim Legislative Assembly election]]: Rangang–Yangang<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140404202702/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2009/Stats_SK_April2009.pdf|archive-date=4 April 2014|access-date=15 February 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Chandra Bdr Karki |party=Sikkim Democratic Front |votes=5,558 |percentage=68.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Avinash Yakha |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,361 |percentage=28.99% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tika Ram Chettri |party=Independent politician |votes=125 |percentage=1.53% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Keshav Prasad Bhattarai |party=Sikkim Gorkha Party |votes=101 |percentage=1.24% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,197 |percentage=39.25% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,145 |percentage=85.44% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 9,533 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Sikkim Democratic Front |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Sikkim Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Namchi district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Sikkim}}

{{coord|27.355|88.427|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rangang-Yangang Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Namchi district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Sikkim]]
[[Category:Politics of Sikkim]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Sikkim]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Lilong Chaji Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:34:49Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: Added Page

{{refimprove|date=January 2024}}
{{Short description|Constituency of the Manipur legislative assembly in India}}

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Lilong Chaji
|type= SLA
|state = [[Manipur]]
|established = 1972
|abolished = 1972
|electors = 10,686
|mla = Irengbam Tompok
|party = {{Party index link|Manipur Peoples Party}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =
}}
'''Lilong Chaji Assembly constituency''' was an assembly constituency in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Manipur]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || Irengbam Tompok || {{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party}}
|}
== Election results ==
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Lilong Chaji<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Manipur |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130251/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisticalReport%201972%20Manipur.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|access-date=18 January 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Tompok |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,379 |percentage=40.67% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pukh Ambam Horedro |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,438 |percentage=29.34% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ayepam Biramangol |party=Independent politician |votes=1,620 |percentage=19.50% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thangjam Thambaljao |party=Communist Party of India |votes=615 |percentage=7.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naorem Shyama |party=Socialist Party (India) |votes=134 |percentage=1.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=941 |percentage=11.33% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,309 |percentage=77.76% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,686 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}

[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in Manipur]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1972]]
[[Category:1972 disestablishments in India]]

Deepak Kumar Mishra

2026-04-04T15:56:21Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new

{{Short description|Member of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Deepak Kumar Mishra
| office1 = Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Barhaj Assembly constituency|Barhaj]]
| term_start1 = March 2022
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Dhananjay Kannoujia]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1970|3|27}}
| birth_place = [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| occupation = [[Politician]], [[Farmer]]
| father = Durga Prasad Mishra
| spouse = Madhuri Mishra
| children = 2
}}
'''Deepak Kumar Mishra''' is an Indian [[politician]], [[farmer]], and a member of the [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] from the [[Barhaj Assembly constituency]] of [[Deoria district]].<ref name="upla">{{Cite web |url=https://uplegisassembly.gov.in/Members/main_members_en.aspx#/Data/18342/18 |title=Members of Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/deepak-mishra/ |title=Deepak Mishra, BJP MLA from Barhaj |website=ourneta.com |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name="upla"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://myneta.info/uttarpradesh2022/candidate.php?candidate_id=3767 |title=Deepak Kumar Mishr(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- BARHAJ(DEORIA) |website=myneta.info |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref>

==Early life==
Deepak Kumar Mishra was born on 27 March 1970 in [[Deoria, Uttar Pradesh]], to a [[Hindu]] [[Brahmin]] family of Durga Prasad Mishra.<ref name="upla"/> He married Madhuri Mishra and has two children.<ref name="upla"/>

==Posts held==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! From !! To !! Position !! Comments
|-
| 01 || 2022 || Incumbent || Member, [[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]] ||
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
*[[18th Uttar Pradesh Assembly]]
*[[Barhaj Assembly constituency]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Mishra, Deepak Kumar}}

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:People from Deoria district]]

1977 Indian general election in West Bengal

2026-03-26T15:42:47Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: Started article.

{{Short description|none}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1977 Indian general election in West Bengal
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| previous_election = 1971 Indian general election in West Bengal
| previous_year = 1971
| election_date =
| seats_for_election = All 42 West Bengal seats in the [[Lok Sabha]]
| turnout =


| party1 = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| image1 =
| last_election1 = 34.29%, 20 seats
| seats1 = 17
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 3
| popular_vote1 = 3,839,091
| percentage1 = 26.15%


| party2 = Indian National Congress
| image2 = [[File:Indira Gandhi official portrait.png|100px]]
| last_election2 = 28.20%, 13 seats
| seats2 = 3
| seat_change2 = {{decrease}} 10
| popular_vote2 = 4,312,418
| percentage2 = 29.37%


| party3 = Janata Party
| image3 =
| last_election3 = New
| seats3 = 15
| seat_change3 = {{gain}} 15
| popular_vote3 = 3,151,318
| percentage3 = 21.46%

| ongoing = no
| next_election = 1980 Indian general election in West Bengal
| next_year = 1980

| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| before_election = [[Indira Gandhi]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Morarji Desai]]
| after_party = Janata Party

| elected_members = List of members of the 6th Lok Sabha#West Bengal
| outgoing_members = List of members of the 5th Lok Sabha#West Bengal

| 1blank = Alliance seats
| 1data1 = 39
| 1data2 = 3
| 1data3 = 39
}}

The [[1977 Indian general election]] was held in [[West Bengal]] to elect 42 members of the [[6th Lok Sabha]].

This election took place after the Emergency imposed by Indira Gandhi. In the aftermath, the newly formed Janata Party formed an alliance with the CPI(M)-led front, while the CPI aligned with the Indian National Congress (INC).<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240317194759/https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |archive-date=2024-03-17 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=Election Commission of India |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IndiaVotes PC: West Bengal 1977 |url=https://www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1977/west-bengal/6/www.indiavotes.com/lok-sabha/1977/west-bengal/6/9 |access-date=2026-02-14 |website=IndiaVotes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ghosh |first=Atig |date=2017 |title=People, Politics and Protests VIII. LEFT FRONT GOVERNMENT IN WEST BENGAL (1971-1982) |url=http://www.mcrg.ac.in/PP93.pdf |journal=Policies and Practices}}</ref><ref name="(India)Sengupta1978">{{cite book|author1=West Bengal (India)|author2=Jatindra Chandra Sengupta|title=West Bengal District Gazetteers: Nadiā|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9TluAAAAMAAJ|year=1978|publisher=State editor, West Bengal District Gazetteers|page=420}}</ref>

== Parties and alliances==

===Janata Party + Left Front===
{{legend2|{{party color|Janata Party}}|[[Janata Party|Janata Alliance]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[File:CPI-M-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI(M) Election symbol.png|50px]]
|
|20
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Party}}
|[[Janata Party]]
|
|
|[[Morarji Desai]]
|15
|-
|{{party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|Revolutionary Socialist Party]]
|[[File:RSP-flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Spade and Stoker.png|50px]]
|
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|[[All India Forward Bloc]]
|[[File:All India Forward Bloc flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lion.svg|50px]]
|
|3
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|
|
|
|1
|-
!
!colspan="4"|Total
!42
|}

===Indian National Congress + Communist Party of India===
{{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|INC]] + [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]}}
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|[[File:Cow and Calf INC.svg|50px]]
|
|34
|-
|{{party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India]]
|[[File:CPI-banner.svg|50px]]
|[[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]]
|
|8
|-
!
!colspan="4"|Total
!42
|}

===Others===
{|class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Socialist Unity Centre of India}}
|[[Socialist Unity Centre of India]]
|2
|-
|{{party color cell|Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League}}
|All India Gorkha League
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
|[[Republican Party of India]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|78
|-
|}

==List of Candidates==
===List of Candidates from Prominent Parties===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" | Constituency
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}}" |[[Janata Party|Janata Alliance]]
! colspan="3" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |[[Indian National Congress|INC + CPI]]
|-
! No.
! Name
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party ||Candidate
|-
! 1
| [[Cooch Behar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[Amar Roy Pradhan]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Benoy Krishna Daschowdhury]]
|-
! 2
| [[Alipurduars (Lok Sabha constituency)|Alipurduars (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Pius Tirkey]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Tuna Oraon]]
|-
! 3
| [[Jalpaiguri (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jalpaiguri]]
| {{party name with color|Independent|shortname=IND}}
| [[Khagendra Nath Dasgupta]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Maya Ray]]
|-
! 4
| [[Darjeeling (Lok Sabha constituency)|Darjeeling]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Ratanlal Brahmin]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Krishna Bahadur Chhetri]]
|-
! 5
| [[Raiganj (Lok Sabha constituency)|Raiganj]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Md. Hayat Ali
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Abedin Anowarul
|-
! 6
| [[Balurghat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Balurghat (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Palas Barman]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Rasendra Nath Barman]]
|-
! 7
| [[Malda (Lok Sabha constituency)|Malda]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Dinesh Chandra Joarder]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]]
|-
! 8
| [[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Sasankasekher Sanyal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Lutfal Haque]]
|-
! 9
| [[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshidabad]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Syed Kazim Ali Mirza]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Azizur Rahman
|-
! 10
| [[Berhampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Berhampore]]
| {{party name with color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Tridib Chaudhuri]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Sudip Bandyopadhyay]]
|-
! 11
| [[Krishnanagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Krishnanagar]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Renu Pada Das]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Shibsankar Bandyopadhayay
|-
! 12
| [[Nabadwip (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nabadwip (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Bibha Ghosh Goswami]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Nitaipada Sarkar
|-

! 13
| [[Barasat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barasat]]
| {{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| Chitta Basu
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Ranen Sen
|-

! 14
| [[Basirhat (Lok Sabha constituency)|Basirhat]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Alhaj M. A. Hannan
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| A. K. M. Ishaque
|-

! 15
| [[Joynagar (Lok Sabha constituency)|Joynagar (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Sakti Kumar Sarkar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Nirmal Kanti Mondal
|-

! 16
| [[Mathurapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Mathurapur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Mukunda Kumar Mondal
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Purnendu Sekhar Naskar
|-

! 17
| [[Diamond Harbour (Lok Sabha constituency)|Diamond Harbour]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Jyotirmoy Basu
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Biren Mahanti
|-

! 18
| [[Jadavpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jadavpur]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Somnath Chatterjee
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Mohammad Elias
|-

! 19
| [[Barrackpore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Barrackpore]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Mahammad Ismail
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sougata Roy
|-

! 20
| [[Dum Dum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dum Dum]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Asoke Krishna Dutt
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Indrajit Gupta
|-

! 21
| [[Calcutta North West (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North West]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Bijoy Singh Nahar
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Ashoke Kumar Sen
|-
! 22
| [[Calcutta North East (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta North East]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Pratap Chandra Chunder
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Hirendra Nath Mukherjee
|-

! 23
| [[Calcutta South (Lok Sabha constituency)|Calcutta South]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Dilip Chakravarty
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Priya Ranjan Dasmunsi]]
|-

! 24
| [[Howrah (Lok Sabha constituency)|Howrah]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| Samar Mukherjee
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Nityananda Dey
|-

! 25
| [[Uluberia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Uluberia]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Shyamaprasanna Bhattacharyya]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Nirmalendu Bhattacharya]]
|-
! 26
| [[Serampore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Serampore]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Dinendra Nath Bhattacharya]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Jadu Gopal Sen
|-

! 27
| [[Hooghly (Lok Sabha constituency)|Hooghly]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Bijoy Krishna Modak]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Bishnu Charan Banerjee
|-

! 28
| [[Arambagh (Lok Sabha constituency)|Arambagh]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Prafulla Chandra Sen]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Santi Mohan Roy
|-

! 29
| [[Panskura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Panskura]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Abha Maiti
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Phulrenu Guha
|-

! 30
| [[Tamluk (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tamluk]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Sushil Kumar Dhara
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Satis Chandra Samanta
|-

! 31
| [[Contai (Lok Sabha constituency)|Contai]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| Samar Guha
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Sudhangshu Panda
|-
! 32
| [[Midnapore (Lok Sabha constituency)|Midnapore]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Sudhir Kumar Ghosal]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Narayan Choubey]]
|-
! 33
| [[Jhargram (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jhargram (ST)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Jadunath Kisku]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Amiya Kumar Kisku]]
|-
! 34
| [[Purulia (Lok Sabha constituency)|Purulia]]
| {{party name with color|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[Chittaranjan Mahata]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Pashupati Mahato
|-
! 35
| [[Bankura (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bankura]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Bijoy Mondal]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Shankar Narayan Singh Deo]]
|-
! 36
| [[Vishnupur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Vishnupur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Ajit Kumar Saha]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Gour Chandra Lohar
|-
! 37
| [[Durgapur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Durgapur (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Krishna Chandra Halder]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Manoranjan Pramanik
|-
! 38
| [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Robin Sen]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Syed Mohammad Jalal
|-
! 39
| [[Burdwan (Lok Sabha constituency)|Burdwan]]
| {{party name with color|Janata Party}}
| [[Raj Krishna Dawn]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Shyama Prasad Kundu
|-
! 40
| [[Katwa (Lok Sabha constituency)|Katwa]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Syed Abul Mansur Habibullah]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Dhirendranath Basu]]
|-
! 41
| [[Bolpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bolpur]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Saradish Roy]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
| Durga Banerjee
|-
! 42
| [[Birbhum (Lok Sabha constituency)|Birbhum (SC)]]
| {{party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Gadadhar Saha]]
| {{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
| Birendaban Saha
|-
|}

==Election Statistics==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! # !! Constituency Name !! Electors !! Poll Date !! Valid Votes !! Voters !! Poll %
|-
| 1 || [[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar (SC)]] || 570,556 || rowspan="42"|16 March 1977 || 350,184 || 363,908 || 63.78%
|-
| 2 || [[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars (ST)]] || 523,297 || 295,162 || 312,975 || 59.81%
|-
| 3 || [[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]] || 529,606 || 302,981 || 315,866 || 59.64%
|-style="background:#ffcccb;"
| 4 || [[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]] || 624,898 || 261,953 || 272,135 || 43.55%
|-
| 5 || [[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]] || 563,672 || 336,476 || 347,199 || 61.60%
|-
| 6 || [[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat (SC)]] || 557,919 || 357,661 || 369,396 || 66.21%
|-
| 7 || [[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]] || 550,001 || 358,965 || 368,914 || 67.08%
|-
| 8 || [[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]] || 565,255 || 317,291 || 328,222 || 58.07%
|-
| 9 || [[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]] || 587,057 || 351,915 || 363,744 || 61.96%
|-
| 10 || [[Berhampore Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampore]] || 645,013 || 380,587 || 391,275 || 60.66%
|-
| 11 || [[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnanagar]] || 534,845 || 321,433 || 331,367 || 61.96%
|-
| 12 || [[Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency|Nabadwip (SC)]] || 635,456 || 360,854 || 371,933 || 58.53%
|-
| 13 || [[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]] || 609,986 || 362,741 || 372,416 || 61.05%
|-
| 14 || [[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]] || 583,782 || 342,228 || 351,244 || 60.17%
|-
| 15 || [[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Jaynagar (SC)]] || 626,050 || 369,183 || 380,213 || 60.73%
|-
| 16 || [[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur (SC)]] || 601,885 || 387,518 || 397,485 || 66.04%
|-
| 17 || [[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]] || 608,458 || 379,376 || 389,100 || 63.95%
|-
| 18 || [[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]] || 624,264 || 347,144 || 356,636 || 57.13%
|-style="background:#7fffd4;"
| 19 || [[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]] || 650,725 || 457,519 || 470,018 || 72.23%
|-
| 20 || [[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]] || 698,781 || 422,006 || 431,362 || 61.73%
|-
| 21 || [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata North West]] || 595,840 || 313,880 || 321,742 || 54.00%
|-
| 22 || [[Kolkata Uttar Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata North East]] || 641,747 || 352,141 || 361,255 || 56.29%
|-
| 23 || [[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Kolkata South]] || 654,202 || 388,354 || 398,561 || 60.92%
|-
| 24 || [[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]] || 669,642 || 377,239 || 389,263 || 58.13%
|-
| 25 || [[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]] || 610,328 || 395,826 || 404,839 || 66.33%
|-
| 26 || [[Serampore Lok Sabha constituency|Serampore]] || 628,219 || 380,327 || 392,237 || 62.44%
|-
| 27 || [[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]] || 560,707 || 357,512 || 367,205 || 65.49%
|-
| 28 || [[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]] || 580,700 || 389,305 || 398,708 || 68.66%
|-
| 29 || [[Panskura Lok Sabha constituency|Panskura]] || 519,863 || 363,271 || 373,170 || 71.78%
|-
| 30 || [[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]] || 603,246 || 412,155 || 421,330 || 69.84%
|-
| 31 || [[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Contai]] || 581,866 || 380,162 || 388,122 || 66.70%
|-
| 32 || [[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Midnapore]] || 578,798 || 325,998 || 338,254 || 58.44%
|-
| 33 || [[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram (ST)]] || 575,907 || 344,059 || 358,585 || 62.26%
|-
| 34 || [[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]] || 582,892 || 294,143 || 303,660 || 52.10%
|-
| 35 || [[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]] || 603,383 || 307,940 || 320,481 || 53.11%
|-
| 36 || [[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Vishnupur (SC)]] || 601,160 || 363,103 || 376,332 || 62.60%
|-
| 37 || [[Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Durgapur (SC)]] || 677,500 || 346,235 || 359,280 || 53.03%
|-
| 38 || [[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]] || 647,254 || 276,773 || 287,229 || 44.38%
|-
| 39 || [[Bardhaman Purba Lok Sabha constituency|Burdwan]] || 638,853 || 354,473 || 363,202 || 56.85%
|-
| 40 || [[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency|Katwa]] || 575,293 || 360,300 || 369,898 || 64.30%
|-
| 41 || [[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]] || 550,289 || 256,932 || 266,128 || 48.36%
|-
| 42 || [[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum (SC)]] || 553,221 || 278,604 || 288,116 || 52.08%
|}

==Results by Party==
=== Results by Party/Alliance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="6" {{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
!rowspan="6" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[Janata Party|JP+]]
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 38,39,091
| 26.15
| {{decrease}} 8.14
| 20
| 17
| {{decrease}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
| [[Janata Party|JP]]
| 31,51,318
| 21.46
| {{new}}
| 15
| 15
| {{new}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
| [[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
| 6,31,200
| 4.30
| {{increase}} 1.60
| 3
| 3
| {{increase}} 3
|-
| {{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
| [[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
| 5,78,786
| 3.94
| {{increase}} 1.90
| 3
| 3
| {{increase}} 2
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent}}
| [[Independent Politician|IND]]
| 1,73,484
| 1.18
| {{steady}}
| 1
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 83,73,879
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 57.03
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 42
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 39
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|43,12,418
|29.37
|{{increase}} 1.17
|34
|3
|{{decrease}} 10
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| [[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|9,52,997
|6.49
|{{decrease}} 4.05
|8
|0
|{{decrease}} 3
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 52,65,415
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 35.86
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 42
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 3
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 2,22,649
| 1.52
| {{steady}}
| 9
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 8,19,966
| 5.58
| {{Steady}}
| 78
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 1,46,81,909
! 100%
! -
! 171
! 42
! -
|}

==Detailed Results==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Cooch Behar Lok Sabha constituency|Cooch Behar (SC)]]
|Amrendranath Roy Pradhan
|{{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|2,26,521
|64.69
|Benoy Krishna Daschowdhury
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,23,663
|35.31
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|1,02,858
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|29.38

|-
!2
|[[Alipurduars Lok Sabha constituency|Alipurduars (ST)]]
|Pius Tirkey
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|1,67,865
|56.87
|Tuna Oraon
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,27,297
|43.13
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|40,568
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|13.74

|-
!3
|[[Jalpaiguri Lok Sabha constituency|Jalpaiguri]]
|Khagendra Nath Dasgupta
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|1,73,484
|57.26
|Maya Ray
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,15,786
|38.22
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|57,698
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|19.04

|-
!4
|[[Darjeeling Lok Sabha constituency|Darjeeling]]
|Krishna Bahadur Chettri
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,09,520
|41.81
|Ratanlal Brahman
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|91,040
|34.75
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,480
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|7.06

|-
!5
|[[Raiganj Lok Sabha constituency|Raiganj]]
|Md. Hayat Ali
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|1,88,694
|56.08
|Abedin Anowarul
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,21,570
|36.13
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|67,124
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|19.95

|-
!6
|[[Balurghat Lok Sabha constituency|Balurghat (SC)]]
|Palas Barman
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|2,06,112
|57.63
|Rasendra Nath Burman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,51,549
|42.37
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|54,563
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|15.26

|-
!7
|[[Malda Lok Sabha constituency|Malda]]
|Dinesh Chandra Joardar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,88,103
|52.40
|Pranab Kumar Mukherjee
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,58,395
|44.13
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|29,708
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|8.27

|-
!8
|[[Jangipur Lok Sabha constituency|Jangipur]]
|Sasankasekher Sanyal
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,55,008
|48.85
|Lutfal Haque (Haji)
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,52,822
|48.16
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|2,186
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|0.69

|-
!9
|[[Murshidabad Lok Sabha constituency|Murshidabad]]
|Syed Kazim Ali Meerza
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|1,40,927
|40.05
|Azizur Rahman
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,04,838
|29.79
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|36,089
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|10.26

|-
!10
|[[Berhampore Lok Sabha constituency|Berhampore]]
|Tridip Chaudhuri
|{{Party color cell|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)|RSP]]
|2,04,809
|53.81
|Sudip Bandyopadhyay
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,02,629
|26.97
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|1,02,180
|style="background:{{party color|Revolutionary Socialist Party (India)}} ; color:white;"|26.84

|-
!11
|[[Krishnanagar Lok Sabha constituency|Krishnagar]]
|Renupada Das
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,98,830
|61.86
|Shibsankar Bandyopadhayay
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,07,462
|33.43
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|91,368
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|28.43

|-
!12
|[[Nabadwip Lok Sabha constituency|Nabadwip (SC)]]
|Bibha Ghosh (Goswami)
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,93,714
|53.68
|Nitaipada Sarkar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,06,428
|29.49
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|87,286
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|24.19

|-
!13
|[[Barasat Lok Sabha constituency|Barasat]]
|Chitta Basu
|{{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|2,03,694
|56.15
|Ranen Sen
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|87,900
|24.23
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|1,15,794
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|31.92

|-
!14
|[[Basirhat Lok Sabha constituency|Basirhat]]
|Alhaj M.A. Hannan
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|1,68,644
|49.28
|A.K.M. Ishaque
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,56,458
|45.72
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|12,186
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3.56

|-
!15
|[[Jaynagar Lok Sabha constituency|Joynagar (SC)]]
|Sakti Kumar Sarkar
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|1,80,587
|48.92
|Nirmal Kanti Mondal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,19,950
|32.49
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|60,637
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|16.43

|-
!16
|[[Mathurapur Lok Sabha constituency|Mathurapur (SC)]]
|Mukunda Kumar Mondal
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,88,227
|48.57
|Purnendu Sekhar Naskar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,46,635
|37.84
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|41,592
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|10.73

|-
!17
|[[Diamond Harbour Lok Sabha constituency|Diamond Harbour]]
|Jyotirmoy Basu
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,67,890
|70.61
|Biren Mahanti
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,11,486
|29.39
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|1,56,404
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|41.22

|-
!18
|[[Jadavpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jadavpur]]
|Somnath Chatterjee
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,36,085
|68.01
|Mohammad Elias
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|97,450
|28.07
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|1,38,635
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|39.94

|-
!19
|[[Barrackpore Lok Sabha constituency|Barrackpore]]
|Sougata Roy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|2,95,551
|64.60
|Mahammad Ismail
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,54,537
|33.78
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1,41,014
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|30.82

|-
!20
|[[Dum Dum Lok Sabha constituency|Dum Dum]]
|Asoke Krishna Dutt
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|2,15,766
|51.13
|Indrajit Gupta
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,93,986
|45.97
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|21,780
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5.16
|-
!21
|[[Calcutta North West Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North West]]
|Bijoy Singh Nahar
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|1,79,681
|57.25
|Ashoke Kumar Sen
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,10,048
|35.06
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|69,633
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|22.19

|-
!22
|[[Calcutta North East Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta North East]]
|Pratap Chandra Chunder
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|2,37,787
|67.53
|Hirendra Nath Mukherjee
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,08,028
|30.68
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,29,759
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|36.85

|-
!23
|[[Kolkata Dakshin Lok Sabha constituency|Calcutta South]]
|Dilip Chakravarty
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|2,25,556
|58.08
|Priya Ranjan Das Munshi
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,57,616
|40.59
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|67,940
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|17.49

|-
!24
|[[Howrah Lok Sabha constituency|Howrah]]
|Samar Mukherjee
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,36,530
|62.70
|Nityananda Dey
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,31,799
|34.94
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|1,04,731
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|27.76

|-
!25
|[[Uluberia Lok Sabha constituency|Uluberia]]
|Shyamaprasanna Bhattacharyya
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,25,583
|56.99
|Nirmalendu Bhattacharjee
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,11,084
|28.06
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|1,14,499
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|28.93

|-
!26
|[[Serampore Lok Sabha constituency|Serampore]]
|Dinen Bhattacharya
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,60,071
|68.38
|Jadu Gopal Sen
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,20,256
|31.62
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|1,39,815
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|36.76

|-
!27
|[[Hooghly Lok Sabha constituency|Hooghly]]
|Bijoy Krishna Modak
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,23,818
|62.60
|Bishnu Charan Banerjee
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,17,559
|32.88
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|1,06,259
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|29.72

|-
!28
|[[Arambagh Lok Sabha constituency|Arambagh]]
|Prafulla Chandra Sen
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|2,98,371
|76.64
|Santi Mohan Roy
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|90,934
|23.36
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2,07,437
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|53.28

|-
!29
|[[Panskura Lok Sabha constituency|Panskura]]
|Abha Maiti
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|2,30,704
|63.51
|Phulrenu Guha
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,32,567
|36.49
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|98,137
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|27.02

|-
!30
|[[Tamluk Lok Sabha constituency|Tamluk]]
|Sushil Kumar Dhara
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|2,54,049
|61.64
|Satis Chandra Samanta
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,35,474
|32.87
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,18,575
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|28.77

|-
!31
|[[Kanthi Lok Sabha constituency|Contai]]
|Guha Samar
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|2,84,509
|74.84
|Sudhangshu Panda
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|89,995
|23.67
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1,94,514
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|51.17

|-
!32
|[[Medinipur Lok Sabha constituency|Midnapore]]
|Ghosal Sudhir Kumar
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|1,80,061
|55.23
|Choubey Narayan
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|1,45,937
|44.77
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|34,124
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|10.46

|-
!33
|[[Jhargram Lok Sabha constituency|Jhargram (ST)]]
|Jadunath Kisku
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,59,433
|46.34
|Amiya Kumar Kisku
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,11,838
|32.51
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|47,595
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|13.83

|-
!34
|[[Purulia Lok Sabha constituency|Purulia]]
|Chittaranjan Mahata
|{{Party color cell|All India Forward Bloc}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[All India Forward Bloc|AIFB]]
|2,00,985
|68.33
|Pashupati Mahato
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|84,433
|28.70
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|1,16,552
|style="background:{{party color|All India Forward Bloc}} ; color:white;"|39.63

|-
!35
|[[Bankura Lok Sabha constituency|Bankura]]
|Mondal Bijoy
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|1,75,664
|57.04
|Shankar Narayan Singh Deo
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|95,587
|31.04
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|80,077
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|26.00

|-
!36
|[[Bishnupur Lok Sabha constituency|Vishnupur (SC)]]
|Ajit Kumar Saha
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,44,370
|67.30
|Gour Chandra Lohar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,13,996
|31.39
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|1,30,374
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|35.91

|-
!37
|[[Durgapur Lok Sabha constituency|Durgapur (SC)]]
|Krishna Chandra Haldar
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|2,18,833
|63.20
|Manoranjan Pramanik
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,27,402
|36.80
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|91,431
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|26.40

|-
!38
|[[Asansol Lok Sabha constituency|Asansol]]
|Robin Sen
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,63,492
|59.07
|Syed Mohammad Jalal
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|91,265
|32.97
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|72,227
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|26.10

|-
!39
|[[Burdwan Lok Sabha constituency|Burdwan]]
|Raj Krishna Dawn
|{{Party color cell|Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Janata Party|JP]]
|1,90,318
|53.69
|Shyama Prasad Kundu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,19,315
|33.66
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|71,003
|style="background:{{party color|Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|20.03

|-
!40
|[[Katwa Lok Sabha constituency|Katwa]]
|Dhirendra Nath Basu
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,79,927
|49.94
|Syed Mansur Habibullah
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,68,047
|46.64
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,880
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.30

|-
!41
|[[Bolpur Lok Sabha constituency|Bolpur]]
|Saradish Roy
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,28,963
|50.19
|Durga Banerjee
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
|93,012
|36.20
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|35,951
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|13.99

|-
!42
|[[Birbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Birbhum (SC)]]
|Gadadhar Saha
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
|1,36,517
|49.00
|Birendaban Saha
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|1,05,968
|38.04
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|30,549
|style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}} ; color:white;"|10.96
|-
|}

==Post-election Union Council of Ministers from West Bengal==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; text-align:center;"
|-
!#
!Name
!Constituency
!Designation
!Department
!From
!To
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
!1
|[[Pratap Chandra Chunder]]
|Calcutta North East
|Cabinet Minister
|[[Ministry of Education (India)|Education, Social Welfare and Culture]]
|26 March 1977
|28 July 1979
|{{party name with color|Janata Party|shortname=JP}}
|-
!2
|[[Saugata Roy]]
|[[Barrackpore]]
|Minister of State
|Petroleum, Chemicals and Fertilizers
|4 August 1979
|14 January 1980
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress (Urs)|shortname=INC(U)}}
|-
|}
==See also==
*[[Politics of West Bengal]]
*[[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{notelist}}
{{West Bengal elections}}
[[Category:1977 Indian general election by state or union territory|West Bengal]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in West Bengal]]

Jama Masjid, Burhanpur

2026-03-26T10:29:00Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: started new stub more to come

{{Short description|Mosque in Burhanpur, Madhya Pradesh, India}}
{{for|similarly named mosques|List of grand mosques}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Jama Masjid
| infobox_width =
| image = Jama Masjid at Burhanpur, photographed by Henry Cousens in the 19th century.jpg
| caption = 19th-century photograph of the mosque, by [[Henry Cousens]]
| image_upright = 1.4
| alt =
| map_type = India Madhya Pradesh
| map_size = 250
| map_relief = 1
| map_caption = Location of the mosque in [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| location = [[Burhanpur]], [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|21.3163|76.2323|region:IN-MP_type:landmark|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| religious_affiliation = [[Sunni Islam]]
| rite =
| consecration_year =
| status = [[Congregational mosque|Friday mosque]]
| functional_status = Active
| heritage_designation =
| leadership =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type = {{nowrap|[[Mosque architecture]]}}
| architecture_style = [[Indo-Islamic architecture|Indo-Islamic]]
| founded_by = Adil Shah IV of the [[Farooqui dynasty|Faruqi dynasty]]
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking = 1588
| year_completed = 1590
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity = Two
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials = Black stone
| designated =
| module = {{Infobox historic site
| embed = yes
| designation1 = MANI | designation1_offname = Jama Masjid, Burhanpur | designation1_type = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_date = | delisted1_date = | designation1_partof = | designation1_number =  | designation1_free1name = | designation1_free1value = | designation1_free2name = | designation1_free2value = | designation1_free3name = | designation1_free3value = }}
}}
The '''Jama Masjid''' is a [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]] [[congregational mosque|Friday mosque]], located in [[Burhanpur]], in the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Archnet > Site > Burhanpur Jami' Masjid |url=https://www.archnet.org/sites/8454 |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=Archnet}}</ref> The mosque is a [[Monuments of National Importance (India)|Monument of National Importance]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alphabetical List of Monuments – Madhya Pradesh |url=https://asi.nic.in/alphabetical-list-of-monuments-madhya-pradesh/ |website=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}{{better source needed|date=January 2025}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=January 2025}}

==History==
According to the Sanskrit and Arabic inscriptions within the mosque, the mosque can be dated from the 16th century. It was commissioned by Adil Shah IV, a son of Mubarakh Shah of the [[Farooqui dynasty|Faruqi dynasty]]. The mosque was built as the royal congregational mosque of Burhanpur, located within the centre of the city.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Sinha |first=Sutapa |date=2020-01-01 |title=Architecture of the Faruqis of Burhanpur: A Preliminary Study |url=https://www.academia.edu/48778985 |journal=Pratna Samiksha: A Journal of Archaeology |series=New Series |volume=11 |pages=177–182}}</ref> Construction of the mosque began in 1588 [[Common Era|CE]]. Repairs to the mosque were made by the [[Mughal emperors]] [[Akbar]] and [[Aurangzeb]] during their reigns.<ref name=":0" />{{efn|English translation, text and translation of the inscription.<ref name=Epigraphia>{{cite book |title=Epigraphia Indica |volume=IX |page=306 }}</ref>}}

== Architecture ==
[[File:Quran's_Line_in_Sanskrit_and_Arabic.jpg|thumb|Sanskrit and Arabic inscriptions within the mosque<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Jama Masjid, Burhanpur: the mosque with inscriptions in Sanskrit and Arabic ! |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/jama-masjid-burhanpur-inscriptions/ |work=The Heritage Lab |date=August 1, 2020 |access-date=2025-01-25 }}</ref>]]
The mosque has an open courtyard, with the prayer hall towards the west. The prayer hall is flat-roofed, and has fifteen arched openings on the [[façade]]. The main attraction of the mosque are its symmetrical pillars made of special black stone, which was brought from a very far place.{{where|date=January 2025|reason=100km; 1000km; 100,000km; 1,000,000km?}} The stones were so bulky and heavy that its transportation was costed the king in rate of gold.{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Sentence does not make sense. Poor grammar.}} The pillars were designed in such a fashion that four pillars combined and, when locked at the centre of the meeting point at top, they covered the complete top area and form roof by themselves.{{clarify|date=January 2025|reason=Sentence does not make sense. Poor grammar.}} The pillars do not obstruct the visibility of the [[imam]] standing at the ''[[Qibla]]'' from the extreme outer façade. A [[parapet]], composed of battlements, runs along the roof. The façade is flanked by two five-storied minarets.<ref name=":1" />

=== Interior ===
The prayer hall is five [[Bay (architecture)|bays]] deep. The mosque has fifteen [[mihrab]]s.<ref name=":1" /> Over the central mihrab is an Arabic inscription. Over the southern mihrab is a bilingual inscription, with Arabic text on top and [[Sanskrit]] text at the bottom. The inscription mentions the inauguration date as 10th of “pausha” [day], “samvat” [month], 1646 “saka” [year], hence, on 5 January 1590 CE.<ref name=Epigraphia/><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-28 |title=600 साल पुरानी शाही मस्जिद में संस्कृत में लिखा हुआ है शिलालेख, उम्दा नक्काशी है पहचान |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/gujarat/bhuj-shahi-jama-masjid-of-burhanpur-is-the-only-one-with-inscription-in-sanskrit-in-burhanpur-4909247.html |access-date=2023-11-04 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref> In 1601 an additional inscription was added, in [[Persian language|Persian]].<ref name=":2" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Main entrance of Jama Masjid, Burhanpur.jpg|Main entrance
Jama masjid Burhanpur, front decorative entrance facade.jpg|Decorative entrance [[façade]]
Qibla, Jama Masjid , Burhanpur.jpg|''[[Qibla]]''
Four arc shape pillars with midpoint lock, Jama masjid, Burhanpur.jpg|Four arc shape pillars with midpoint lock at roof top centre
Translated manuscript photo, engraved on masjid wall.jpg|Photo of translated inscription, engraved on the mosque wall
Pillar allignment from Qibla to extreme outer entrance gate.jpg|Pillar alignment from ''Qibla'' to extreme outer entrance façade
Engraved writing detailing Jama Masjid history.jpg|Engraved writing detailing the mosque history
Big Tasbeeh of old Mogul era kept in Jama masjid.jpg|Big Tasbeeh of old [[Mogul Empire|Moghul era]] in the mosque
Jama masjid , Burhanpur Minaret and front open space.jpg|Minaret and front courtyard
Qibla sculpture in detail, Jama Masjid, Burhanpur.jpg|''Qibla'' sculpture in detail
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{stack|{{portal|India|Islam}}}}
* [[Islam in India]]
* [[List of mosques in India]]
* [[List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh/West|List of Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{commons category-inline}}

{{Mosques in India}}

[[Category:16th-century mosques in India]]
[[Category:Burhanpur]]
[[Category:Grand mosques|Burhanpur]]
[[Category:Monuments of National Importance in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Mosque buildings with minarets in India]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in the 1590s]]
[[Category:Mosques in Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:Religious buildings and structures completed in 1590]]
[[Category:Stone buildings in India]]
[[Category:Sunni mosques in India]]

Spotted linsang

2026-03-23T22:02:02Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: Page updated with relevant improvements

{{Short description|Species of carnivore}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Spotted linsang
| fossil_range = Middle [[Miocene]]-Present
| image = Prionodon pardicolor - Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology - DSC02486.JPG
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Duckworth, J.W. |author2=Lau, M. |author3=Choudhury, A.U. |author4=Chutipong, W. |author5=Timmins, R.J. |author6=Willcox, D.H.A. |author7=Chan, B.P.L. |author8=Long, B. |author9=Roberton, S. |year=2024 |amends=2016 |title=''Prionodon pardicolor'' |volume=2024 |article-number=e.T41706A259356428 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2024-2.RLTS.T41706A259356428.en |access-date=19 August 2025}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A1
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=iucn/>
| genus = Prionodon
| species = pardicolor<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft | id=14000373 |heading=Species ''Prionodon pardicolor''}}</ref>
| authority = [[Brian Houghton Hodgson|Hodgson]], 1842
| range_map = Spotted Linsang area.png
| range_map_caption = Spotted linsang range
}}

The '''spotted linsang''' ('''''Prionodon pardicolor''''') is a [[Asiatic linsang|linsang]], a tree-dwelling [[carnivorous]] mammal, native to much of [[Southeast Asia]]. It is widely, though usually sparsely, recorded, and listed as [[Least Concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]].<ref name=iucn />

== Characteristics ==
The spotted linsang resembles the [[banded linsang]] in its long, slender body, short limbs, elongated neck and head, and long tail. The ground colour ranges from dusky brown to light buff. Two long stripes extend from behind the ears to the shoulders or beyond, and two shorter stripes run along the neck. Three to four longitudinal rows of spots adorn the back, their size decreasing towards the belly. The fore legs are spotted to the paw, the hind legs to the hock. The cylindrical tail has eight or nine broad dark rings, separated by narrow white rings. The feet have five digits, and the area between the pads is covered with hair. The claws are retractile, claw sheaths are present on the fore paws, but the hind-paws have protective lobes of skin.<ref name=VanRompaey95>Van Rompaey, H. (1995). The Spotted Linsang, ''Prionodon pardicolor''. Small Carnivore Conservation 13: 10–13.</ref>
It weighs about {{cvt|1|lb|kg|order=flip}} and measures in length about {{cvt|14|-|15|in|order=flip}} with a {{cvt|12|-|13|in|cm|order=flip}} long tail. Its height is about {{cvt|5|-|5.5|in|cm|order=flip}}, the girth of its chest {{cvt|5.75|in|cm|order=flip}}, and length of head to the [[occiput]] about {{cvt|3|in|cm|order=flip}}.<ref name=Hodgson1847>{{cite journal |last1=Hodgson |first1=B. H. |year=1847 |title=Observations on the manners and structure of ''Prionodon pardicolor'' |journal=Calcutta Journal of Natural History |volume=8 |pages=40–45 |url=https://archive.org/stream/calcuttajournalo08#page/40/mode/2up}}</ref>

== Distribution and habitat ==
The range of the spotted linsang includes eastern [[Nepal]], [[Sikkim]], [[Assam]] and [[Bengal]] in [[India]], [[Bhutan]], northeastern [[Myanmar]], northern [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], northern [[Vietnam]], and western [[Sichuan]], [[Yunnan]] [[Guizhou]] and southwestern [[Guangxi]] in southern China. It is uncommon to rare throughout this range.<ref name=VanRompaey95 />
It is rarely observed in northern Bengal.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Choudhury, A. U. |year=1999 |title=Conservation of small carnivores (mustelids, viverrids, herpestids and one ailurid) in north Bengal, India |journal=Small Carnivore Conservation |issue=20 |pages=15–17}}</ref> It primarily inhabits [[evergreen forest]]s and shrubland. A large portion of this habitat is not protected, and this may cause the spotted linsang to be threatened with extinction due to [[habitat loss]].<ref name=Jennings2015>{{cite journal |author1=Jennings, A.P. |name-list-style=amp |author2=Veron, G. |year=2015 |title=Predicted distributions, niche comparisons, and conservation status of the spotted linsang (''Prionodon pardicolor'') and banded linsang (''Prionodon linsang'') |journal=Mammal Research |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=107−116|doi=10.1007/s13364-014-0204-y |s2cid=17396993}}</ref>
In [[Nam Et-Phou Louey]] National Biodiversity Conservation Area, it was observed in secondary vegetation dominated by banana stands in 2017.<ref name=Chua2017>{{cite journal |last1=Chua |first1=M. A. H. |last2=Lim |first2=K. K. P. |name-list-style=amp |year=2017 |title=Spotted Linsang ''Prionodon pardicolor'' at Nam Et - Phou Louey National Biodiversity Conservation Area, Lao |journal=Southeast Asia Vertebrate Records |issue=2017 |pages=5–6 |url=https://www.ecologyasia.com/pdf/2017/seavr2017-003(p005-006).pdf}}</ref>

== Ecology and behaviour ==
The spotted linsang is [[nocturnal]], solitary, and at least partly [[arboreal]].<ref name=Chua2017/> It uses hollows in trees as resting and denning sites.<ref name=Hodgson1847/> It hunts on the ground and in trees and feeds on rodents, frogs and snakes. It has also been observed feeding on carcass.<ref name=VanRompaey95 />

==Taxonomy==
The Asiatic linsangs (''Prionodon'') are not, as was traditionally thought, members of the [[Viverridae]] (which does include the African linsangs), and may instead be the closest living relatives of the family [[Felidae]]. They have been placed in their own family, the [[Prionodontidae]].<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Gaubert, P. |author2=Veron, G. |date=2003 |title=Exhaustive sample set among Viverridae reveals the sister-group of felids: the linsangs as a case of extreme morphological convergence within Feliformia |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B |volume=270 |issue=1532 |pages=2523–2530 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2003.2521 |pmid=14667345 |pmc=1691530 |url=http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/mvpsg/pdf/Biblio/Gaubert_Veron_2003.pdf |access-date=2019-01-31 |archive-date=2005-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050302185702/http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/sgs/mvpsg/pdf/Biblio/Gaubert_Veron_2003.pdf }}</ref>
In 2004, [[Cytochrome b]] gene sequencing data changed the opinion of having Prionodon within the Viverrinae subfamily. Genetic data indicate that the similarities between Asiatic and African linsangs are due to convergence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gaubert |first1=P. |last2=Tranier |first2=M. |last3=Delmas |first3=A.-S. |last4=Colyn |first4=M. |last5=Veron |first5=G. |title=First molecular evidence for reassessing phylogenetic affinities between genets (''Genetta'') and the enigmatic genet-like taxa ''Osbornictis'', ''Poiana'' and ''Prionodon'' (Carnivora, Viverridae) |journal=Zoologica Scripta |date=2004 |volume=33 |issue=2 |pages=117–129 |doi=10.1111/j.1463-6409.2004.00140.x}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Carnivora|P.}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q1344102}}

[[Category:Viverridae]]
[[Category:Carnivorans of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Mammals of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of India]]
[[Category:Mammals of Laos]]
[[Category:Mammals of Nepal]]
[[Category:Mammals of Thailand]]
[[Category:Mammals of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Least concern biota of Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1842]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Brian Houghton Hodgson]]

Amethi Temple

2026-03-21T16:33:11Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz:

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}

The '''Amethi Temple''' (also '''Amethy Temple''' and '''Amethi Shiva Durga Temple''') is a 19th-century [[Hindu temple]] located above [[Manikarnika Ghat]] on the banks of the [[Ganges]] in [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. It is dedicated to the goddess [[Bala Tripurasundari]], and is locally known as the Amethi Temple, named after its royal patron, Raja Lal Madho Singh of [[Amethi Estate|Amethi]], who ruled from 1842 to 1891. The temple is also been noted for its architectural importance.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shin |first1=Heeryoon |title=The Amethi Temple in Banaras: Architectural Encounters at a Pilgrimage Center |url=https://www.journal18.org/issue11/the-amethi-temple-in-banaras-architectural-encounters-at-a-pilgrimage-center/ |publisher=Journal18}}</ref> It is also called Amethi Shiva-Durga Temple.<ref name=shiva/><ref>{{cite web |title=Amethi Shiva Temple, Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://jnanapravaha.org/explore-varanasi-detail?gal_id=16 |publisher=Jnana-Pravaha}}</ref>

== History ==
The temple was first constructed in 1842, the same year Raja Lal Madho Singh became the ruler of [[Amethi Estate|Amethi]], then a township in [[Sultanpur district]] in the [[Awadh]] province. Shortly after its completion, the temple was destroyed by fire. It was reconstructed in 1854, at a cost of one lakh rupees, which made it one of the most expensive religious projects undertaken by Raja Madho Singh.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Swatantra Bahadur |title=INDIAN'S HERITAGE OF KASHI "VARANASI" "Varanasi: Unveiling the Timeless Tapestry of India's Spiritual Heart |publisher=Bookwisehub |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tljaEAAAQBAJ&dq=amethi+temple+varanasi&pg=PT71}}</ref><ref name=shiva>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Rana P.B. |title=Shiva-Durga Temple of Amethy |url=https://culturalheritageofvaranasi.com/notable_temples/shiva-durga-temple-of-amethy/ |publisher=Culturalheritageofvaranasi.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hinduism|India}}
* [[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]]
* [[List of Hindu temples in Varanasi]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Temples in Varanasi}}
{{Hindu temples in Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}

[[Category:Shiva temples in Varanasi]]
{{India-hindu-temple-stub}}

Vedic Sanskrit

2026-03-19T23:00:26Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: cleanup

{{Short description|Archaic language in the Vedas (2nd millennium BCE)}}
{{Distinguish|text=the [[Vedda language]]}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Vedic Sanskrit
| nativename =
| states = [[South Asia]]
| region = Northwestern [[Indian subcontinent]]
| ethnicity =
| era = {{circa|1500}} – 600 BCE
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]]
| fam3 = [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
| ancestor = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2 = [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]]
| ancestor3 = [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]]
| iso3 = vsn
| isoexception = dialect
| notice = IPA
| glotto = vedi1234
| glottorefname = Vedic Sanskrit
}}

'''Vedic Sanskrit''', also simply referred as the '''Vedic language''', is the earliest attested form of the [[Sanskrit]] and [[Prakrit]] languages: members of the [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] subgroup of the [[Indo-European languages|Indo-European language]] family. It is attested in the [[Vedas]] and related literature{{Sfn|Burrow|2001|p=43}} compiled over the period of the mid-[[2nd millennium BCE|2nd]] to mid-1st millennium BCE.<ref name="Mair2006p160">{{cite book|first=Michael |last=Witzel|author-link=Michael Witzel|chapter=Early Loanwords in Western Central Asia: Indicators of Substrate Populations, Migrations, and Trade Relations|editor-first=Victor H. |editor-last=Mair|title=Contact And Exchange in the Ancient World|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8-OilJCX1moC&pg=PA160|year=2006|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=978-0-8248-2884-4|page=160}}</ref> It is [[oral tradition|orally preserved]], predating the local advent of writing by several centuries.{{Sfn|Macdonell|1916|p=2}}{{Sfn|Reich|2019|p=122}}

Extensive ancient literature in the Vedic Sanskrit language has survived into the modern era, and this has been a major source of information for reconstructing [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] and [[Proto-Indo-Iranian language|Proto-Indo-Iranian]] history.<ref name="Baldi1983p51">{{cite book|first=Philip |last=Baldi|author-link=Philip Baldi|title=An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lq-mkL23oh8C&pg=PA51 |year=1983|publisher=Southern Illinois University Press|isbn=978-0-8093-1091-3|pages=51–52}}</ref><ref name=beckwith366>{{cite book|first=Christopher I. |last=Beckwith|title=Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5jG1eHe3y4EC |year=2009|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-13589-2|pages=363–368}}</ref>

==History==

===Prehistoric derivation===
{{further|Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit}}

The separation of Proto-Indo-Iranian language into Proto-Iranian and [[Proto-Indo-Aryan language|Proto-Indo-Aryan]] is estimated, on linguistic grounds, to have occurred around or before 1800 BCE.<ref name="Baldi1983p51"/><ref>{{Cite book| last =Mallory | first =J.P. | author-link =J.P. Mallory | year =1989 | title =In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth | place =London | publisher =Thames & Hudson | page=38f}}</ref>
The date of composition of the oldest hymns of the [[Rigveda]] is vague at best, generally estimated to roughly 1500 BCE.<ref>{{cite book|author1=J. P. Mallory|author2=Douglas Q. Adams|title=Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzU3RIV2BWIC|year=1997|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-884964-98-5|page=306}}</ref> Both [[Asko Parpola]] (1988) and [[J. P. Mallory]] (1998) place the locus of the division of Indo-Aryan from Iranian in the Bronze Age culture of the [[Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex]] (BMAC). Parpola (1999) elaborates the model and has "Proto-Rigvedic" Indo-Aryans intrude the BMAC around 1700 BCE. He assumes early Indo-Aryan presence in the [[Indus Valley civilisation#Collapse and Late Harappan|Late Harappan]] horizon from about 1900 BCE, and "Proto-Rigvedic" (Proto-Dardic) intrusion to Punjab as corresponding to the [[Gandhara grave culture]] from about 1700 BCE. According to this model, Rigvedic within the larger Indo-Aryan group is the direct ancestor of the [[Dardic languages]].<ref>Parpola, Asko (1999), "The formation of the Aryan branch of Indo-European", in Blench, Roger & Spriggs, Matthew, Archaeology and Language, vol. III: Artefacts, languages and texts, London and New York: Routledge.</ref>

The early Vedic Sanskrit language was far less homogeneous compared to the language described by [[Pāṇini]], that is, [[Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]]. The language in the early [[Upanishads]] of Hinduism and the late Vedic literature approaches Classical Sanskrit.<ref name="Gombrich2006p24">{{cite book|author=Richard Gombrich|title=Theravada Buddhism: A Social History from Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jZyJAgAAQBAJ |year=2006|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-90352-8|pages=24–25}}</ref> The formalization of the late form of Vedic Sanskrit language into the [[Sanskrit|Classical Sanskrit]] form is credited to [[Pāṇini]]'s ''[[Aṣṭādhyāyī]]'', along with [[Patanjali]]'s ''[[Mahabhashya|Mahabhasya]]'' and [[Katyayana]]'s commentary that preceded Patanjali's work.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Gérard Huet|author2=Amba Kulkarni|author3=Peter Scharf|title=Sanskrit Computational Linguistics: First and Second International Symposia Rocquencourt, France, October 29–31, 2007 Providence, RI, USA, May 15–17, 2008, Revised Selected Papers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t2f1hneiV08C |year=2009|publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-00154-3|pages=v–vi}}</ref><ref>Louis Renou & Jean Filliozat. ''L'Inde Classique, manuel des etudes indiennes'', vol.II pp.86–90, [[École française d'Extrême-Orient]], 1953, reprinted 2000. {{ISBN|2-85539-903-3}}.</ref> The earliest epigraphic records of the indigenous rulers of India are written in the [[Prakrit]] language. Originally the epigraphic language of the whole of India was mainly Prakrit and Sanskrit is first noticed in the inscriptions of North India from about the second half of the 1st century BCE. Sanskrit gradually ousted Prakrit from the field of Indian epigraphy in all parts of the country.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/indianepigraphy0000sirc/page/38/mode/2up?q=Sanskrit | title=Indian epigraphy | date=1965 | publisher=Delhi, Motilal Banarsidass }}</ref>

===Chronology===
Five chronologically distinct strata can be identified within the Vedic language:{{sfn|Michael Witzel|1989|pp=115–127 (see pp. 26–30 in the archived-url)}}<ref name=witz24>{{cite book|author=Klaus G. Witz|title=The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2jnPlEqwe_UC&pg=PA24|year=1998|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1573-5|page=24 with note 73}}</ref><ref>Burrow, pp. 43.</ref>

# Ṛg-vedic
# Mantra
# [[Saṃhitā]] prose
# [[Brāhmaṇa]] prose
# [[Sūtras]]

The first three are commonly grouped together, as the Saṃhitās{{efn-ua|'compiled', 'put together'<ref>MWW, p. 1123.</ref>}} comprising the four Vedas:{{efn-ua|from ''vid-'', 'to know', cognate with Eng. 'wit'<ref>MWW, p.963.</ref>}} ṛg, atharvan, yajus, sāman, which together constitute the oldest texts in Sanskrit and the canonical foundation both of the Vedic religion, and the later religion known as Hinduism.<ref name=jb12>J&B, pp. 1–2.</ref>

====Ṛg-vedic====
Many words in the Vedic Sanskrit of the ''[[Rigveda|Ṛg·veda]]'' have cognates or direct correspondences with the ancient [[Avestan]] language, but these do not appear in post-Rigvedic Indian texts. The text of the  ''Ṛg·veda'' must have been essentially complete by around the 12th century BCE. The pre-1200 BCE layers mark a gradual change in Vedic Sanskrit, but there is disappearance of these archaic correspondences and linguistics in the post-Rigvedic period.{{sfn|Michael Witzel|1989|pp=115–127 (see pp. 26–30 in the archived-url)}}<ref name=witz24/>

====Mantra language====
This period includes both the mantra and prose language of the ''[[Atharvaveda]]'' (Paippalada and Shaunakiya), the ''Ṛg·veda'' [[Khilani]], the ''[[Samaveda]]'' Saṃhitā, and the mantras of the [[Yajurveda]]. These texts are largely derived from the Ṛg·veda, but have undergone certain changes, both by linguistic change and by reinterpretation. For example, the more ancient injunctive verb system is no longer in use.{{sfn|Michael Witzel|1989|pp=115–127 (see pp. 26–30 in the archived-url)}}<ref name=witz24/>

====Saṃhitā====
An important linguistic change is the disappearance of the [[injunctive mood|injunctive]], subjunctive, optative, imperative (the [[aorist]]). New innovations in Vedic Sanskrit appear such as the development of periphrastic aorist forms. This must have occurred before the time of [[Pāṇini]] because Panini makes a list of those from the northwestern region of India who knew these older rules of Vedic Sanskrit.{{sfn|Michael Witzel|1989|pp=115–127 (see pp. 26–30 in the archived-url)}}<ref name=witz24/>

====Brāhmaṇa prose====
In this layer of Vedic literature, the archaic Vedic Sanskrit verb system has been abandoned, and a prototype of pre-Panini Vedic Sanskrit structure emerges. The ''Yajñagāthās'' texts provide a probable link between Vedic Sanskrit, Classical Sanskrit and languages of the Epics. Complex meters such as ''[[Anuṣṭubh]]'' and rules of [[Sanskrit prosody]] had been or were being innovated by this time, but parts of the Brāhmaṇa layers show the language is still close to Vedic Sanskrit.{{sfn|Michael Witzel|1989|pp=121–127 (see pp. 29–31 in the archived-url)}}<ref name=witz24/>

====Sūtra language====
This is the last stratum of Vedic literature, comprising the bulk of the [[Kalpa (Vedanga)#Śrauta Sutras|Śrautasūtras]] and [[Kalpa (Vedanga)|Gṛhyasūtras]] and some ''[[Upanishads|Upaniṣad]]''s such as the ''[[Katha Upanishad|Kaṭha Upaniṣad]]'' and ''[[Maitrayaniya Upanishad|Maitrāyaṇiya Upaniṣad]]''.<ref name=witz24/> These texts elucidate the state of the language which formed the basis of Pāṇini's codification into Classical Sanskrit.<ref>Burrow, pp44.</ref>

==Phonology==
Vedic differs from Classical Sanskrit to an extent comparable to the difference between [[Homeric Greek]] and [[Classical Greek]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Chadwick |first1=H. Munro |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds2oBKF_FrUC&pg=PA460 |title=The Growth of Literature |last2=Chadwick |first2=Nora K. |date=2010-10-31 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-01615-5 |pages=460 |language=en}}</ref>

The following differences between Vedic and Classical Sanskrit may be observed in the phonology:

* Vedic had a [[voiced retroflex lateral approximant]] {{IPA|[ɭ]}}{{efn-lr|{{lang|sa|ळ}}}} as well as its breathy-voiced counterpart {{IPA|[ɭʱ]}},{{efn-lr|{{lang|sa|ळ्ह}}}} which are not found in classical Sanskrit; these were allophones of the corresponding plosives ''ḍ'' ({{IPA|/ɖ/}}) and ''ḍh'' ({{IPA|/ɖʱ/}}).{{Sfn|Macdonell|1916|p=16-17}}
* The vowels ''e'' and ''o'' were realized in Vedic as [[diphthong]]s ''ai'' and ''au'', but they became [[monophthong]]s in later Sanskrit, such as ''{{IAST|daivá-}}'' > ''{{IAST|devá-}}''and ''{{IAST|áika-}}''>''{{IAST|ekā-}}''. However, the diphthongal quality still resurfaces in sandhi.{{Sfn|Macdonell|1916|p=4-5}}
* The vowels ''ai'' and ''au'' were realized in Vedic as long [[diphthong]]s ''āi'' and ''āu, respectively'', but they became correspondingly short in Classical Sanskrit: ''{{IAST|dyā́us}}'' > ''{{IAST|dyáus}}''.{{Sfn|Macdonell|1916|p=4-5}}
* The Prātiśākhyas claim that the "dental" consonants were articulated from the teeth ridge (''dantamūlīya'', [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]]), but they became [[dental consonant|dentals]] later, whereas most other authorities including Pāṇini designate them as dentals.<ref name=Deshpande138>Deshpande, p. 138.</ref>
* The Prātiśākhyas are inconsistent about {{IPAblink|r}} but generally claim that it was also a ''dantamūlīya''. According to Pāṇini it is a [[retroflex consonant]].<ref>Whitney, §52.</ref><ref name=Deshpande138/>
* The ''pluti'' ([[mora (linguistics)|trimoraic]]) vowels were on the verge of becoming [[phoneme|phonemicized]] during middle Vedic, but disappeared again.
* Vedic often allowed two like vowels in certain cases to come together in [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]] without merger during [[sandhi]], which has been reconstructed as the influence of an old [[laryngeal consonant|laryngeal]] still present in the Proto-Indo-Iranian stage of the language: [[Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] {{lang|ine-x-proto|*h₂we'''h₁'''·nt-}} → ''va·ata-''.{{efn-ua|''vā́ta-'', wind}}{{Sfn|Clackson|2007|p=58-59}}

===Accent===
{{main|Vedic accent}}
Early Vedic had a [[Tone_(linguistics)|tonal system]] inherited from the [[Proto-Indo-European accent]],<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jamison |first1=S. |last2=Beguš |first2=G. |last3=Beguš |first3=G. |date=2016 |title=The Phonetics of the Independent Svarita in Vedic |journal=Proceedings of the 26th Annual UCLA Indo-European Conference |pages=1–12|s2cid=17589517 }}</ref> which only distinguishes tone height. However, the contraction of two syllables, the first of which carries an ''udātta'' (high pitch) and the second a so-called "dependent ''svarita''" (high falling pitch), gave rise to a small number of words with the "independent ''svarita''" on a short vowel in a late pronunciation of Vedic. The origin of the independent ''svarita'' can be inferred from metrically restored versions of the ''[[Rig Veda]]''.

This tonal system persisted for some time after the Vedic period. Early Sanskrit grammarian [[Pāṇini]] marked the position of the accent,{{efn|Today, the pitch accent can be heard only in the traditional Vedic chantings.}} giving accent rules for both the spoken language of his time as well as the differences of Vedic accent. However, no extant post-Vedic text with accents are found.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Chakrabarti |first=Samiran Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVjkAAAAMAAJ |title=Some Aspects of Vedic Studies |date=1996 |publisher=School of Vedic Studies, Rabindra Bharati University |isbn=978-81-86938-04-1 |pages=16 |language=en}}</ref>

=== Pluti ===
{| class="floatright"
|+ Pluta
|-
| {{IAST|ā3}} ({{Script|Deva|आ३}})
|-
| {{IAST|ī3}} ({{Script|Deva|ई३}})
|-
| {{IAST|ū3}} ({{Script|Deva|ऊ३}})
|-
| ai3 (ए३)
|-
|āi4 (ऐ४)
|-
|ā3i (आ३इ)
|-
| au3 (ओ३)
|-
|āu4 (औ४)
|-
|ā3u (आ३उ)
|-
| {{grey|{{IAST|ṝ3}} ({{Script|Deva|ॠ३}})}}
|-
| {{grey|{{IAST|ḹ3}} ({{Script|Deva|ॡ३}})}}
|}
{{Redirect|Pluti|other uses of "pluta"|Pluta (disambiguation){{!}}Pluta}}

'''''Pluti''''', or ''prolation'', is the term for the phenomenon of protracted or [[overlong vowel]]s in [[Sanskrit]]; the overlong or ''prolated'' vowels are themselves called '''''pluta'''''.{{sfnp|Kobayashi|2006|p=13}} Pluta vowels are usually noted with a numeral "3" ({{Script|Deva|३}}) indicating a length of three [[mora (linguistics)|morae]] ({{Transliteration|sa|trimātra}}).{{sfnp|Whitney|1950|pp=27–28}}{{sfnp|Scharf|Hymann|2011|p=154}}

A diphthong is prolated by prolongation of its first vowel.{{sfnp|Whitney|1950|pp=27–28}} [[Pāṇini]]an grammarians recognise the phonetic occurrence of diphthongs measuring more than three morae in duration, but classify them all as prolated (i.e. trimoraic) to preserve a strict tripartite division of vocalic length between {{Transliteration|sa|hrasva}} (short, 1 mora), {{Transliteration|sa|dīrgha}} (long, 2 morae) and {{Transliteration|sa|pluta}} (prolated, 3+ morae).{{sfnp|Whitney|1950|pp=27–28}}{{sfnp|Scharf|Hymann|2011|p=72}}

[[File:O3m AryaSamaj Red.svg|thumb|upright=0.9|The syllable ''[[Om|Aum]]'' ({{Script|Deva|ओ३म्}}) rendered with ''pluta'']]
Pluta vowels are recorded a total of 3 times in the [[Rigveda]] and 15 times in the [[Atharvaveda]], typically in cases of questioning and particularly where two options are being compared.{{sfnp|Kobayashi|2006|p=13}}{{sfnp|Whitney|1950|pp=27–28}} For example:{{sfnp|Whitney|1950|pp=27–28}}
* {{IAST|adháḥ svid āsî3d upári svid āsī3t}}
: "Was it above? Was it below?"
: Rigveda 10.129.5d

* {{IAST|idáṃ bhûyā3 idâ3miti}}
: "Is this larger? Or this?"
: Atharvaveda 9.6.18

The {{Transliteration|sa|pluti}} attained the peak of their popularity in the [[Brahmana]] period of late Vedic Sanskrit (roughly 8th century BC), with some 40 instances in the [[Shatapatha Brahmana]] alone.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Strunk |first1=Klaus |title=Typische Merkmale von Fragesätzen und die altindische "Pluti" |publisher=Verlag der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Kommission bei der C.H. Beck'schen Verlagsbuchhandlung |date=1983 |location=München |isbn=3769615271}}</ref>

==Grammar==
{{main|Vedic Sanskrit grammar}}

==Literature==
{{main|Sanskrit literature#Vedic literature}}

==See also==
*[[Classical Sanskrit]]
*[[Sanskrit epigraphy]]
*[[Vedic Sanskrit grammar]]
*[[Vedic metre]]
*[[Vedic period]]
*''[[A Vedic Word Concordance]]''
*[[Avestan]], a closely related language
*[[Rudrakshajabala Upanishad]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== Glossary ==
{{notelist-ua|30em}}



== Brahmic notes ==
{{collapse top|title=Brahmic transliteration}}
{{notelist-lr|20em}}
{{collapse bottom}}

==References==
{{reflist|20em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{cite book |last1=Burrow |first1=T. |title=The Sanskrit language |date=2001 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi |isbn=9788120817678 |edition=1st Indian}}
* {{cite book |last1=Clackson |first1=James |title=Indo-European Linguistics |date=2007 |publisher=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-65313-8}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Kobayashi |first1=Masato |title={{IAST|Pāṇini}}'s Phonological Rules and Vedic: {{IAST|Aṣṭādhyāyī}} 8.2* |journal=Journal of Indological Studies |volume=18 |year=2006
|url=http://gengo.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/masatok/Kobayashi_Ast8_2.pdf}}
* {{cite book|last=Macdonell|first=Arthur Anthony|author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=A Vedic Grammar for Students|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YKI3TQvbsDcC|year=1916|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1052-5}}
* {{citation|author=Michael Witzel|author-link=Michael Witzel |url=https://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/dialects.pdf |title=Tracing the Vedic dialects, in Dialectes dans les litteratures Indo-Aryennes |editor=Colette Caillat |editor-link=Colette Caillat |location=Paris |publisher=de Boccard |year=1989 |language=fr}}
* {{cite book |last1=Reich |first1=David |title=Who we are and how we got here: ancient DNA and the new science of the human past |date=2019 |location=New York |publisher=First Vintage Books |isbn=978-1-101-87346-5}}
* {{cite book |last1=Scharf |first1=Peter M. |last2=Hymann |first2=Malcolm D. |title=Linguistic Issues in Encoding Sanskrit |date=2011 |location=Providence |publisher=The Sanskrit Library |isbn=9788120835399 |edition=1st |url=https://sanskritlibrary.org/Sanskrit/pub/lies_sl.pdf}}
* {{cite book |last1=Whitney |first1=William Dwight |title=Sanskrit Grammar: Including both the Classical Language, and the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana |date=1950 |publisher=Harvard University Press |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sanskrit_Grammar_(Whitney)}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |last1=Brereton |first1=Joel |last2=Jamison |first2=Stephanie |title=The Rigveda, A Guide |date=2020 |publisher=Oxford |isbn=9780190633363}}
* {{cite book|last1=Delbrück|first1=Berthold|author-link1=Berthold Delbrück|last2=Windisch|first2=Ernst Wilhelm Oskar|title=Syntaktische Forschungen: III. Die Altindische Wortfolge aus dem Çatapathabrâhmaṇa, Dargestellt von B. Delbrück|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoaWr78cxKQC|year=1878|publisher=Adegi Graphics LLC |isbn=978-0-543-94034-6|language=de}}
* {{cite book |last1=Deshpande |first1=Madhav M. |title=Sanskrit and Prakrit |year=1993 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=81-208-1136-4 |edition=1st}}
* {{cite book |last=Lindner |first=Bruno |title=Altindische Nominalbildung: Nach den Saṃhitâs |url=https://archive.org/details/altindischenomi00lindgoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/altindischenomi00lindgoog/page/n8 1] |year=1878 |publisher=Costenoble |language=de}}
* {{cite book|last=Macdonell|first=Arthur Anthony|author-link=Arthur Anthony Macdonell|title=Vedic Grammar|year=1910 |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023050325}}
* {{cite book |last=Renou |first=Louis |title=Grammaire de la langue védique |series=Les Langues du Monde |year=1952 |location=Lyon |publisher=IAC |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.2174 |language=fr}}

==External links==
* [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1CD0.pdf Unicode signs for Vedic Sanskrit]
*[https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/indexe.htm?/texte/texte2.htm#ved index of Vedic texts] (TITUS)
* [https://lrc.la.utexas.edu/eieol/vedol Ancient Sanskrit Online] by Karen Thomson and Jonathan Slocum, free online lessons at the [https://liberalarts.utexas.edu/lrc Linguistics Research Center] at the [[University of Texas at Austin]]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jNMmTOaykA Introduction to Vedic chanting]. Swami Tadatmananda (Arsha Bodha Center)
* [https://spw.uni-goettingen.de/projects/aig/lng-ved.html glottothèque – Ancient Indo-European Grammar online], an online collection of introductory videos to Ancient Indo-European languages produced by the University of Göttingen

===Phonology===
* [https://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/vedic/Vedic_accents_doc.pdf Vedic Accents]
* [https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art188e.pdf Frederik Kortlandt "Accent and ablaut in the Vedic verbs"]
* [http://www.unc.edu/~melfraz/ling/frazier-UCLA-handout.pdf Melissa Frazier "Accent in Proto-Indo-European Athematic Nouns and Its Development in Vedic" (obsolete link)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20070101225942/https://www.unc.edu/~melfraz/ling/frazier-UCLA-handout.pdf Internet Archive copy]
* [https://www.ancient-buddhist-texts.net/Textual-Studies/Prosody-Articles/Macdonell-Vedic.pdf Arthur Anthony Macdonell "A Vedic Grammar for Students: Appendix II: Vedic Metre"]

===Other===
* {{cite web |title=Keyswap – IAST Diacritics Windows Software |url=https://www.yesvedanta.com/keyswap/ |website=YesVedanta|date=9 August 2018 }} — Keyboard Software for typing in the International Alphabet for Sanskrit
* {{cite web |title=Online Sanskrit Dictionary |url=https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/}} — sources results from Monier Williams etc.
* {{cite web |title=The Sanskrit Grammarian |url=https://sanskrit.inria.fr/DICO/grammar.html}} — dynamic online declension and conjugation tool

{{Sanskrit language topics}}
{{Old and Middle Indo-Aryan}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Vedic period]]
[[Category:Sanskrit]]
[[Category:Vyakarana]]
[[Category:Indo-Aryan languages]]
[[Category:Linguistic history of India]]
[[Category:2nd-millennium BC establishments]]

Brahmo

2026-03-19T21:32:51Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz:

{{short description|Follower of Brahmoism}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Brahma]] – the Hindu god, [[Brahmana]] – a layer of text in the Vedas, [[Brahmanism]] – the religion, or [[Brahmin]] – the caste ('varna')}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{self-published|date=April 2011}}
{{Prose|date=June 2020}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2017}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}Bengali '''Brahmos''' are those who adhere to [[Brahmoism]], the philosophy of [[Brahmo Samaj]] which was founded by [[Raja Rammohan Roy]]. A recent publication describes the disproportionate influence of Brahmos on India's development post-19th century as unparalleled in recent times.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Samaren|title=Calcutta: Society and Change 1690–1990|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-W6TjM2n1AC|year=2005|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-79000-5|postscript=: Fair use of extract vide section 52(1)(f) of ''Indian Copyright Act, 1957''}}</ref>

== Distinction between Brahmo and Brahmo Samajist ==
One aspect of [[Brahmoism]] is recognition that not only explicit faith and worship makes for a Brahmo, but also genealogy, which is implicit. People with even a single Brahmo parent or a Brahmo guardian are treated as Brahmos until they absolutely renounce the Brahmo faith. This often causes tension within the Samaj, for example, when an offspring of a Brahmo follows [[atheism]] or another religious belief without renouncing Brahmoism formally. There are differing views between the [[Theist]] and [[Deist]] streams of Brahmoism on the retention of such people within the fold. Additionally, a Brahmo who opts not to subscribe to membership of a Brahmo Samaj remains a Brahmo but ceases to be a Brahmo Samajist.<ref>{{cite web | title=DELHI BRAHMO SAMAJ | website=brahmo.org | url=http://brahmo.org/delhi-brahmo-samaj.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101229093419/http://brahmo.org/delhi-brahmo-samaj.html | archive-date=2010-12-29 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>

== People associated with Brahmo Samaj ==

=== Ayathan ===
*[[Ayyathan Gopalan]] (1861-1948), Doctor, Social reformer of Kerala. Founder, Leader and propagandist of Brahmosamaj (1893) in Kerala. Founder of Sugunavardhini movement (1900) and Depressed Classes Mission (1909) in Kerala.
*[[Ayyathan Janaki Ammal]] (1878-1945), Doctor, Surgeon, Brahmo, Social activist.
*Kallat Kousallya Ammal - wife to Ayathan Gopalan and a Brahmo, social activist.
*Dr. Mandhakini Bai - Brahmo, Social activist. (daughter in law of Ayathan Gopalan)

=== Banerjee ===
*[[Sasipada Banerji]] (1840–1924), Social reformer.
**[[Albion Rajkumar Banerjee|Sir Albion Rajkumar Banerjee]], [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] (1871–1950), [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Cochin]].

*Amiya Charan Banerjee (1891–1968), Vice Chancellor of [[Allahabad University]].
*Probha Banerji, first lady magistrate of India.
**Kalyan Banerji, Deputy Managing Director of the State Bank of India.
**[[Milon K. Banerji]] (1928–2010), Attorney General of India.
***[[Gourab Banerji]], Additional Solicitor General of India.

=== Chakrabarty ===
*[[Nikhil Chakravarty]], Founder-Editor, Mainstream Weekly.<ref name="mainstreamweekly">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/|title=Mainstream Weekly|website=www.mainstreamweekly.net}}</ref>
**Sumit Chakravarty, Editor, Mainstream Weekly.
*Uma Shehanobis (née Chakrabarty), Principal, [[Patha Bhavan, Kolkata|Patha Bhavan, Calcutta]].

=== Chattopadhayay ===
*[[Aghorenath Chattopadhyay]], Principal, Nizam's College, Hyderabad.
**[[Sarojini Naidu]] (1879–1949), Politician.
***[[Padmaja Naidu]] (1900–1975), Governor of West Bengal.
***[[Leela Naidu]] (1940–2009), Artist.
**[[Suhasini Chattopadhyay]], Indian freedom fighter.
**[[Virendranath Chattopadhyaya]] (1880–1937), Indian nationalist.
**[[Harindranath Chattopadhyaya]] (1898–1990), [[Padma Bhushan]], Member of Parliament, [[Vijayawada]].
**[[Kamaladevi Chattopadhyaya]], [[Padma Vibhushan]], Social reformer.
***[[Krishna Chattopadhyay]] (1935–2009), Singer.

=== Bose ===
*[[Rajnarayan Basu]], Writer and intellectual of the [[Bengal Renaissance]].
**Krishnadhan Ghosh (son-in-law of Rajnarayan Basu), Civil Surgeon, Pabna, Bengal.
***[[Aurobindo Ghosh|Sri Aurobindo]], Indian nationalist; vice principal of [[Baroda College]].
*[[Girindrasekhar Bose]] (1887–1953), Psychoanalyst.

[[File:Jagadish Chandra Bose 1926.jpg|thumb|Jagadish Chandra Bose]]
*[[Jagadish Chandra Bose|Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose]] (1858–1937), Polymath who was Professor of Physics, Presidency College, Calcutta.
*[[Abala Bose|Lady Abala Bose]] (1864–1951), Social reformer who founded the Nari Sikhshya Samities.
**[[Debendra Mohan Bose]] (1887–1975) (Sir J.C. Bose was his maternal uncle), [[Director (education)|Director]], Bose Institute, Calcutta
*[[Anandamohan Bose]] (1847–1906) (brother-in-law of Sir J.C. Bose and paternal uncle of D.M. Bose), Co-founder of [[Indian National Association]]; first Indian Wrangler at Cambridge University.

*[[Rajsekhar Bose]] (1880–1960), Author

=== Das ===
[[File:Portrait of Chittaranjan Das.JPG|thumb|Chittaranjan Das]]
*Bhuban Mohan Das
**[[Chittaranjan Das]], [[Mayor]] of Calcutta.
**[[Basanti Devi]], [[Padma Vibhushan]], Social reformer.
***[[Siddhartha Shankar Ray]] (grandson), Chief Minister of West Bengal.
***Justice Manjula Bose (granddaughter), Judge of the High Court of Calcutta.
***[[Jaidip Mukherjea]] (grandson) (1942-), Sportsman.
*[[Durga Mohan Das]] (1841–1897), Social reformer.
**[[Satish Ranjan Das]] (1870–1928), Law Member of the Viceroy's Executive Council; founder of [[Doon School]].
***[[Shomie Ranjan Das]] (1935-), Headmaster of [[Doon School]], [[Mayo College]] and [[Lawrence School, Sanawar]].
*Rakhal Chandra Das
**[[Sudhi Ranjan Das]], 5th Chief Justice of India.
***[[Group Captain]] [[Suranjan Das]]
***Anjana Sen (née Das)
***[[Ashoke Kumar Sen]], Law Minister of India.

[[File:Jibanananda Das (1899–1954).jpg|thumb|Jibanananda Das]]
*[[Kusumkumari Das]], Social Worker.
**[[Jibanananda Das]], Poet.
***[[Chidananda Dasgupta]], Filmmaker.

*[[Beni Madhab Das]] (1866–1952), Social reformer.
**[[Bina Das]] (1911–1986), Member, West Bengal Legislative Assembly, 1947–51.

*Arun Kumar Das, FRCS (Eng. & Edin.) (1924–2015), Orthopedist; Professor, NRS Medical College and Hospital, Calcutta.

=== Dey ===
[[File:Saroj Nalini Dutt photo.jpg|thumb|Saroj Nalini Dutt]]
*[[Brajendranath De]]y, [[Esq.]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (1852–1932), Barrister-at-Law (Middle Temple), Commissioner (Actg.) of Burdwan & [[Magistrate]] and [[District collector|Collector]] of [[Hugli-Chuchura|Hooghly]], [[Bengal]].
**Hem Nalini Mitra (nee Dey), m. Sashi Bhushan Mitra, FRCS, winner of Faraday Medal, Nationalist and founder of an insurance company
***Prabha Bose m. Dharani Kumar Bose, Councilor, Calcutta Municipal Corporation, builder of MacKinnon and Mackenzie building.
****[[Uma Bose]] (Hasi), eminent singer.
***Sudhangshu Bhushan Mitra
****[[Subrata Mitra]], [[Padma Shri]], Emeritus Professor, Satyajit Ray Film Studies Institute, Calcutta; cameraman of Pather Panchali, Teesri Kasam, New Delhi Times, etc.
***Himangshu Bhushan Mitra, student of Imperial College, London, Deputy Chief Mechanical Engineer, Bengal Nagpur Railways; also served in Sudan.
**Lady Niraj Nalini Ghosh (née Dey) m. [[Sir]] [[Sarat Kumar Ghosh]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], (1879-1963) Barrister-at-Law (Inner Temple), [[Chief Justice]] of [[Kashmir]] and [[Jaipur]].
**Naba Nalini Basu (nee Dey), m. Professor Satish Chandra Basu, I.E.S., Professor of Economics, Hooghly College, Chinsura, Hooghly, Bengal.
**[[Saroj Nalini Dutt]] (née Dey), [[Member of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire|M.B.E.]], (1887–1925), Social reformer m. [[Gurusaday Dutta]], [[Esq.]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] (1882-1941), Barrister-at-Law, (Gray's Inn), Secretary, Local Self-Government and Public Health, Government of Bengal.
**Hemanta Kumar Dey, Esq., (1889-1967), Barrister-at-Law (Gray's Inn), Presidency Magistrate, Calcutta.
**Prafulla Nalini Dey (née Dey) m. [[Lieutenant Colonel]] [[Doctor (title)|Dr]] Jyotish Chandra Dey, [[Indian Medical Service|I.M.S.]], (1892-1962), 2nd Indian Principal of [[Calcutta Medical College]].
**Sarasi Nalini Datta (née Dey) m. Captain Paresh Chandra Datta (1893-1963), First Chief Medical Officer, B.R. Singh Memorial Hospital, Sealdah, Calcutta and Director, Public Health, Government of West Bengal.
***Ranajit Datta (1925-2016), Chairman & Managing Director, Braithwaite, Burn and Jessop Ltd.
**Major (Hon.) Basanta Kumar Dey (1897–1975), 2nd Indian Commercial Traffic Manager, [[Bengal Nagpur Railway]].
***[[Professor]] [[Barun De]]y (1932–2013), Chairman, West Bengal Heritage Commission.
**Nirmal Nalini Dutta (née Dey) m. Debprasad Dutta, Deputy Director, Public Health, Government of West Bengal (1898-1985).
***Nandita Dutta (1935-2007), Founder-Principal, [[Patha Bhavan, Kolkata]]

=== Dutta ===
[[File:Romesh Chunder Dutt photo.jpg|thumb|Romesh Chunder Dutt]]
*[[Romesh Chunder Dutt|Romesh Chandra Dutta]] (1848–1908), [[C.I.E.]], Dewan of [[Baroda]].
**[[Jnanendranath Gupta]], [[Esq.]], ICS (son-in-law of R.C. Dutt), Commissioner of Chittagong.
***Sudhindranath Gupta, [[Esq.]], 1st Indian Commercial Traffic Manager, Bengal [[Nagpur Railway Station|Nagpur Railway]].

*[[Akshay Kumar Datta]] (1820–1886), Poet.
**[[Satyendranath Dutta]] (1882–1922), Poet.

=== Ganguly ===
*[[Dwarkanath Ganguly]] (1844–1898), Social reformer.
*[[Kadambini Ganguly]] (1861–1923), First female medical graduate in South Asia.

=== Goswami ===
*[[Bijoy Krishna Goswami]] (1841–1899), Social reformer, Brahmo Acharya

=== Gupta ===
*[[Behari Lal Gupta]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], (1849–1916), Dewan of [[Baroda]].
**Satish Chandra Gupta, [[Indian Audit and Accounts Service|IAAS]], Accountant General of India in Simla and Secretary to the Central Legislative Assembly
***Ranjit Gupta, [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], Chief Secretary, West Bengal.
***Kanwarani Reva (Lady Dalip Singh), m. Sardar Sir Dalip Singh, son of Raja Harnam Singh and grandson of Maharaja Randhar Singh of Kapurthala
***[[Indrajit Gupta]] (1919–2001), Home Minister of India (1996–98).
****[[Sunanda K. Datta-Ray]] (1937-), Journalist.

*[[Sir]] [[Krishna Govinda Gupta]], [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], Member of the Secretary of States Council in London.
**[[Atul Prasad Sen]], [[Barrister-at-Law]], Lawyer, composer and singer.

=== Jana ===
* [[Madhusudan Jana]], [[Doctor of Medicine|doctor]], [[journalist]], teacher and social worker, founder of the highly acclaimed ''Nihar Patrika'', one of the most prominent figures of [[Contai]], [[Purba Medinipur district|Purba Medinipur]].
** Jatindra Nath Jana, teacher
***Nitindra Nath Jana, journalist, writer and author

=== Mahalanobis ===
*Gurucharan Mahalanobis, President and Treasurer of [[Brahmo Samaj]].
*Subodh Chandra Mahalanobis, Founder of the Physiology Department of [[Presidency College, Calcutta]]; 1st Indian Head of Department of Physiology, [[University of Cardiff]].
*Prabodh Chandra Mahalanobis.
**[[Prasanta Chandra Mahalanobis]], F.R.S., pioneer statistician and teacher of statistics, Member, 1st Planning Commission of India.

=== Mitra ===
*[[Braja Sundar Mitra]], Excise Collector, Calcutta.
***[[Deba Prasad Mitra]] (1902–1978), Pathologist.

*[[Peary Chand Mitra]] (1814–1883), Deputy Librarian, Calcutta Public Library.
*[[Kishori Chand Mitra]] (1822–1873), Police Magistrate.

=== Moitra ===
*Anupam Chandra Moitra, Geologist.
**Anil Kumar Moitra, Indian Iron and Steel Company Ltd.

=== Mukherjee ===
[[File:SubrotoMukherjee.jpg|thumb|Subroto Mukherjee]]
*[[Nibaran Chandra Mukherjee]], Social reformer.
**[[Satish Chandra Mukherjee]] (1865–1948), Educationist.
***[[Renuka Ray]] (née Mukherjee) (1904–1997), Politician.
***[[Subroto Mukerjee]] (1911–1960), First [[Chief of Air Staff (India)|Chief of Air Staff]] of the [[Indian Air Force]].
***Prasanta Mukherjee, Chairman, Railway Board.

===Nag Chaudhuri===
*[[Basanti Dulal Nag Chaudhuri]], Physicist; Vice Chancellor, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.

=== Pal ===
*[[Bipin Chandra Pal]] (1858–1932), Indian nationalist leader.
**[[Niranjan Pal]] (1889–1959), Playwright, screenwriter and director.
***[[Colin Pal]] (1923–2005), Film director.
****[[Deep Pal]] (1953-), Cinematographer.
**[[S. K. Dey]] (son-in-law), [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], Union Minister for Panchayati Raj.

=== Pal Chowdhury ===
*[[Bipradas Pal Chowdhury]], Industrialist
** Amiyanarayan Pal Chowdhury, Zamindar of Maheshganj m. [[Ila Pal Choudhury]], Member of Parliament, [[Nabadwip]], 1957.
***Amitabha Palchaudhuri, Chairman, Bengal National Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BNCCI).
***Anik Palchaudhuri, Vice Chairman and Managing Director, Gulma Mohorgong Tea Estate.

=== Ray/Roy ===
[[File:Satyajit Ray.jpg|thumb|Satyajit Ray]]
*[[Saradaranjan Ray]], Principal, Metropolitan Institution (later [[Vidyasagar College]])
*[[Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury]] (Kamadaranjan Ray) (1863–1915), Scholar and entrepreneur.
**[[Sukumar Ray]] (1887–1923), Writer.
***[[Satyajit Ray]] (1921–1992), Film-maker, Bharat Ratna and Oscar Award for Lifetime Achievement (1992)
***[[Bijoya Ray]] (1917–2015),
****[[Sandip Ray]] (1953-), Film-maker.
*Pramadaranjan Ray, Office of the Surveyor General of India
**[[Leela Majumdar]] (1908–2007), Author.

*Pratap Chandra Roy
**[[Bidhan Chandra Roy]], 2nd Chief Minister of West Bengal.
***[[Subimal Roy]], Judge of the Supreme Court of India.

*[[Prasanna Kumar Roy]] (1849–1932), Educationist.
*[[Sarala Roy]] (1859–1946), Educationist.
**[[Charulata Mukherjee]] (née Roy), Social reformer.

=== Sanyal ===
*[[Trailokyanath Sanyal]] (1848–1950), Social reformer.
**[[Aruna Asaf Ali]] (née Ganguly), Indian freedom fighter and prominent leader of the [[Quit India Movement]].
**[[Purnima Banerjee|Purmina Banerjee (née Ganguly)]], Member, [[Indian Constituent Assembly]].

=== Sarkar ===
*[[Susobhan Sarkar]] (1900–1982), Professor of History, [[Presidency College, Calcutta]].
**[[Sumit Sarkar]] (1939-), Professor of History, [[Delhi University]].

=== Sen ===
*[[Bhupati Mohan Sen]], [[Wrangler (University of Cambridge)|Wrangler]], [[Smith's Prize]] recipient, 2nd Indian [[Principal (academia)|Principal]] of [[Presidency College, Calcutta]], (son-in-law of [[Nilratan Sircar|Sir Nilratan Sircar]])
**Monishi Mohan Sen (1920-2019), ICS Officer
**Subrata Kumar Sen (1924–2016), [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT Graduate]], Electrical Engineering

Sen family<ref name="indianprincelystates">{{Cite web|url=http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/families/sen.html|title=SEN FAMILY|website=members.iinet.net.au|access-date=2017-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323063926/http://members.iinet.net.au/~royalty/ips/families/sen.html|archive-date=2019-03-23|url-status=dead}}</ref>
[[File:Keshab Chandra Sen.png|thumb|Keshab Chandra Sen]]
*[[Keshub Chandra Sen]] (1838–1884), Religious reformer & founder of the Nababidhan Brahmo Samaj.
**[[Suniti Devi]] (1864–1932), Maharani of Coochbehar & founder of Sammilan Brahmo Samaj.
**[[Sucharu Devi]] (1874–1961), Maharani of Mayurbhanj.
**Saral Chandra Sen, Barrister-at-Law
***Sunit Chandra Sen, Collector, Calcutta Municipal Corporation.
***[[Benita Roy]], Politician.
***[[Sadhana Bose]], Artist.
***[[Naina Devi (singer)|Nilina Singh]], Singer.
***Pradip Chandra Sen, Deputy Managing Director, Mackinnon Mackenzie.
**[[Pramathalal Sen]] (1866–1930) (nephew of Keshub Chandra Sen), Social reformer.
**[[Benoyendranath Sen]] (1868–1913) (nephew of Keshub Chandra Sen), Social reformer and leader of the New Dispensation.

* Abhijit Sen, Proprietor, Sen and Pandit Co. Ltd.

[[File:Amartya Sen NIH.jpg|thumb|Amartya Kumar Sen]]
*[[Kshitimohan Sen]] (1880–1960), 2nd [[Vice Chancellor]] of [[Visva Bharati]], [[Santiniketan]].
**Ashutosh Sen (son-in-law), Chairman, West Bengal Public Service Commission.
***[[Amartya Sen]] (1933-), 1st Asian [[Master (college)|Master]] of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]; [[Nobel Laureate]] in Economics.

*[[Barrister]] Kumud Nath Sen
**P.K. Sengupta, Income Tax Commissioner.
**K.P. Sen, Post-Master General, Eastern India.
**[[Malati Choudhury]] (née Sen), Social Worker.

*Nitish Chandra Sen, Mayor of Calcutta.
*[[Kamini Roy]] (née Sen) (1864–1933), Social reformer and poet.

=== Sinha ===
[[Baron Sinha]] family

*[[Satyendra Prasanno Sinha, 1st Baron Sinha]] (1863–1923), Politician.
**Rt. Honourable Sushil Kumar Sinha, [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]].
**[[Romola Sinha]] (1913–2010), Social reformer.
**[[Major (rank)|Major]] N.P. Sen, [[Indian Medical Service|IMS]].
***[[Mohit Sen]] (grandson) (1929–2003), Politician.

=== Tagore ===
[[Tagore family]]<ref name="freepages">{{Cite web|url=http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~princelystates/states/t/tagore.html|title=Tagore Family}}</ref>
[[File:Rabindranath Tagore unknown location.jpg|thumb|Rabindranath Tagore]]
*[[Debendranath Tagore]] (1817–1905), Social reformer.
**[[Satyendranath Tagore]] (1842–1923), First Indian [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]] officer, (1863).
**[[Jnanadanandini Devi]] (1850–1941), Social reformer.
***[[Indira Devi Chaudhurani]], [[Vice Chancellor|Upacharya]], [[Visva Bharati]], [[Santiniketan]].
***[[Surendranath Tagore]], Author.
****Subirendranath Tagore
*****Supriyo Tagore, Principal, [[Patha Bhavana]], [[Santiniketan]].
**[[Hemendranath Tagore]] (1844–1884), Religious savant, founder of [[Adi Dharm]] development of Brahmoism.
**[[Rabindranath Tagore]] (1861–1941), [[Bengali people|Bengali]] poet and [[Nobel laureate]] in Literature
*[[Swarnakumari Devi]] (1855–1932), Noted Bengali poet, novelist, musician and social worker.

=== Others ===
*[[Sir]] [[Nilratan Sircar]] (1861–1943), famous doctor, swadeshi entrepreneur, educationist, philanthropist, Vice-Chancellor of [[Calcutta University]]
*[[Anil Kumar Gain]], Indian mathematician, scientist from [[Cambridge University]] and founder of [[Vidyasagar University]]
* [[Rai Sahib]] [[Bipin Bihari Sasmal]], prominent [[Zamindar]] of [[Midnapore district]], politician, famous educationist, established the [[Contai Chandramani Brahmo Girls' School]]
* Heramba Chandra Maitra, famous educationist after whom [[Heramba Chandra College]] is named
*[[Sir]] [[Nalini Ranjan Chatterjee]], Judge of the High Court of Calcutta.
*[[Kalinath Bose]], first Indian Superintendent of Police.
*[[Uma Bose]] (1921–1942), Singer.
*Kiran Chandra De, [[Indian Civil Service|ICS]], [[Commissioner]], [[Chittagong]].
*Sib Chandra Deb, Deputy Collector in Bengal.
*Umesh Chandra Dutta, Founder of the Harinavi Brahmo Samaj.
*[[Sucheta Kriplani]], First woman Chief Minister of an Indian State.
*[[Subrata Mitra]] (1931–2001), [[Padma Shri]], Cameraman; Emeritus Professor, [[Satyajit Ray Film and Television Institute]], Calcutta.
*[[Sir]] Brojendra Lal Mitter, Advocate General of Bengal.
*Harish Chandra Mukherjee, Journalist.
*[[Girish Chandra Sen]], Translated the [[Quran]] into Bengali.
*[[Nripendra Nath Sircar|Sir Nripendra Nath Sircar]], Advocate General of Bengal.
*Shree [[Suresh Chandra Roy]], Padma Bhushan, Sheriff of Calcutta (1957, 1958).
*[[Sivanath Sastri]] (1847-1919), Poet and Social Reformer.

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Brahmo Dharma]]
* [[Prarthana Samaj]]
* [[Tattwabodhini Patrika]]
* [[Trust Deed of Brahmo Sabha]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Brahmos}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20091104073944/http://www.brahmo.org/ brahmo.org]
*[http://www.brahmosamaj.org/ brahmosamaj.org]
*[http://www.thebrahmosamaj.net/ thebrahmosamaj.net]

[[Category:Bengal Renaissance]]
[[Category:Brahmoism|*]]
[[Category:Brahmos| ]]
[[Category:Religious organisations based in India]]

Amara (film)

2026-03-17T15:44:57Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz:

{{Short description|2014 Indian film by M. Jeevan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Amara
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| director = [[M. Jeevan]]
| producer = S. A. Jalavudhin
| writer = M. Jeevan
| starring = Amaran [[Sonu (actress)|Sruthi Ramakrishnan]] [[Ashish Vidyarthi]]
| music = [[D. Imman]]
| cinematography = M. Jeevan
| editing = [[Raja Mohammad]]
| studio = TKM Films
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|02|28}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = 
| gross =
}}

'''''Amara''''' ({{translation|Immortal}}) is a 2014 [[Tamil language]] film written, filmed and directed by [[M. Jeevan]]. The film was produced by S.A. Jalavudhin who had previously produced ''[[Sengathu]]'' (2006).<ref name="newindianexpress">{{Cite web |title=Four Tamil Releases this Weekend - The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Four-Tamil-Releases-this-Weekend/2014/02/27/article2079233.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228092536/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/Four-Tamil-Releases-this-Weekend/2014/02/27/article2079233.ece |archive-date=28 February 2014 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref><ref name="thehindu">{{Cite web |title=Audio Beat: Amara - The Hindu |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/audio-beat-amara/article3639474.ece |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=thehindu.com}}</ref> Starring Amaran, [[Sonu (actress)|Sruthi Ramakrishnan]] and [[Ashish Vidyarthi]], the film was released on 28 February 2014.<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Friday Fury- February 28 |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-28-news-tamil-oc2jQWdiagf.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301051745/http://www.sify.com/movies/friday-fury-february-28-news-tamil-oc2jQWdiagf.html |archive-date=2014-03-01 |access-date=2014-07-20 |website=Sify.com}}</ref>

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* Amaran as Amara
* [[Sonu (actress)|Sruthi Ramakrishnan]] as Thenmozhi
* [[Ashish Vidyarthi]] as Sethupathi
* [[Sampath Raj]] as Sakthivel
* [[Ganja Karuppu]] as Adaikkalam
* [[J. Livingston|Livingston]] as Sebastian
* [[Vaiyapuri]]
* [[Mahanadi Shankar]]
* Gowthami Vembunathan
* [[Tharika]] in a special appearance
{{Colend}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Amara
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[D. Imman]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2012
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 39:22
| language = Tamil
| label =
| producer = D. Imman
| prev_title = [[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]
| prev_year = 2014
| next_title = [[Tenaliraman (film)|Tenaliraman]]
| next_year = 2014
}}
The soundtrack is composed by [[D. Imman]].
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 39:22
| all_lyrics = [[M. Jeevan]]
| title1 = Simmakallu
| extra1 = [[Sirkazhi G. Sivachidambaram]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length1 = 4:51
| title2 = Theeyum Theeyum
| extra2 = [[Naresh Iyer]], Richard
| length2 = 5:01
| title3 = Koorapodava Katti
| extra3 = Jayaraj, [[Priya Himesh]]
| length3 = 4:15
| title4 = Ennanmo Nadakkude
| extra4 = [[Haricharan]], [[Ramya NSK]]
| length4 = 5:12
| title5 = Athamagalayam
| extra5 = M. L. R. Karthikeyan, [[Velmurugan]], [[Chinnaponnu]], "Madurai" S. Saroja
| length5 = 5:01
| title6 = Theeyum Theeyum (Karaoke)
| extra6 =
| length6 = 5:01
| title7 = Ennanmo Nadakkude (Karaoke)
| extra7 =
| length7 = 5:12
| title8 = Athamagalayam (Karaoke)
| extra8 =
| length8 = 4:49
}}

==Critical reception==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 1.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Director [[M. Jeevan|Jeevan]] has tried hard to come up with a story that hasn't been told on screen before...Unfortunately for him, his twists aren't backed enough by logical sequences, thereby making the film and its story totally unconvincing" and further stated, "''Amara''...comes across as a tiresome affair".<ref name="indiatimes">{{Cite web |title=Amara movie review: Wallpaper, Story, Trailer at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/amara/movie-review/31322356.cms |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref> ''[[The New Indian Express]]'' wrote, "a meandering screenplay and insipid narration ensures that the film is a tiring, monotonous experience...With nothing going for it, ''‘Amara’'' is a wasted effort".<ref name="newindianexpress2">{{Cite web |title=Rambling Screenplay, Insipid Narration, too Many Dream Songs - The New Indian Express |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Rambling-Screenplay-Insipid-Narration-too-Many-Dream-Songs/2014/03/03/article2085640.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305204102/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/reviews/Rambling-Screenplay-Insipid-Narration-too-Many-Dream-Songs/2014/03/03/article2085640.ece |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=newindianexpress.com}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4807994}}

[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

{{2010s-Tamil-film-stub}}

Grey junglefowl

2026-03-16T22:23:04Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new

{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Grey junglefowl
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |date=2016 |title=''Gallus sonneratii'' |volume=2016 |article-number=e.T22679203A92807338 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679203A92807338.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Appendices {{!}} CITES|url=https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php|access-date=2022-01-14|website=cites.org}}</ref>
| image = Gallus sonneratii (Bandipur), crop.jpg
| image_caption = Cock in [[Bandipur National Park]]
| image2 = Gallus sonneratii - female (Thattekad).jpg
| image2_caption = Hen in [[Thattekad Bird Sanctuary]]
| genus = Gallus
| species = sonneratii
| authority = [[Coenraad Jacob Temminck|Temminck]], 1813
| range_map = GallusSonneratiiMap.png
| range_map_caption = Actual spot records and presumed distribution
}}

The '''grey junglefowl''' ('''''Gallus sonneratii'''''), also known as '''Sonnerat's junglefowl''', is one of the wild ancestors of the [[Chicken|domestic chicken]] together with the [[red junglefowl]] and other [[junglefowl]]s.

The species epithet commemorates the French explorer [[Pierre Sonnerat]]. Local names include ''Komri'' in [[Rajasthan]], ''Geera kur'' or ''Parda komri'' in [[Gondi language|Gondi]], ''Jangli Murghi'' in [[Hindi]], ''Raan kombdi'' in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], ''Kattu Kozhi'' in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Malayalam]], ''Kaadu koli'' in [[Kannada]] and ''Tella adavi kodi'' in [[Telugu language|Telugu]].<ref>{{cite journal|title=Vernacular Names of the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent |journal=Buceros |author=Anonymous |year=1998 |volume=3 |issue=1 |url=http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/pdf/vol%203%20(1).pdf |pages=53–109 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401015111/http://www.bnhsenvis.nic.in/pdf/vol%203%20%281%29.pdf |archive-date=2010-04-01 }}</ref>

== Description ==
[[File:Grey jfowl jgould.jpg|thumb|left|Painting by [[John Gould]]]]
[[File:Grey Junglefowl by Samad Kottur.jpg|thumb|left|Grey junglefowl cock in Nagarahole Tiger Reserve, India]]

The male has a black cape with ochre spots and the body plumage on a grey ground colour is finely patterned. The elongated neck feathers are dark and end in a small, hard, yellowish plate; this peculiar structure making them popular for making high-grade [[Artificial fly|artificial flies]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=US Fish and Wildlife|title=Identification Notes|url=http://www.lab.fws.gov/lab/docs/idnotes/pdf/IDB911.PDF|access-date=2006-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925213512/http://www.lab.fws.gov/lab/docs/idnotes/pdf/IDB911.PDF|archive-date=2006-09-25}}</ref> The male has red wattles and combs but not as strongly developed as in the [[red junglefowl]]. Legs of males are red and have spurs while the yellow legs of females usually lack spurs.<ref name="rasmussen" /><ref>{{cite journal|year=1954|title= Occurrence of spurs in the female junglefowl (''Gallus sonnerati'')|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.|volume=52|issue=2–3|pages=603–604|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48184493}}</ref> The central tail feathers are long and sickle shaped. Males have an eclipse plumage in which they moult their colourful neck feathers in summer during or after the breeding season.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1366508|author=Morejohn, G. V. |year=1968|title= Study of the plumage of the four species of the genus ''Gallus''|jstor=1366508|journal= The Condor|volume=70|issue=1|pages=56–65}}</ref>

The female is duller and has black and white streaking on the underparts and yellow legs.

==Distribution and habitat==
This species is [[endemic]] to [[India]], and even today it is found mainly in peninsular India and towards the northern boundary. They are found in thickets, on the forest floor and open scrub. The species occurs mainly in the [[Indian Peninsula]], but extends into [[Gujarat]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] and southern Rajasthan. The [[red junglefowl]] is found more along the foothills of the [[Himalayas]]; a region of overlap occurs in the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli]] range.<ref name=rasmussen /> although the ranges are largely non-overlapping.<ref name=hbk />

=== Disputed subspecies ===
The populations from the [[Mount Abu Wildlife Sanctuary|region]] of [[Mount Abu]] in Rajasthan named as the [[subspecies]] ''wangyeli'' is usually not recognized<ref>{{cite book |author=Storer, R. W. |title=Type Specimens of Birds in the Collections of the University of Michigan Museum of Zoology |year=1988 |publisher=University of Michigan, Miscellaneous publications No. 174 |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/56418/1/MP174.pdf}}</ref> although it is said that the calls of the cock from this region differs from the call of birds from southern India and the plumage is much paler.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book |author1=Ali, S. |author2=Ripley, S. D. |title=Handbook of the birds of India and Pakistan |volume=2 |edition=2nd |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=106–109}}</ref>

==Behaviour==
Their loud calls of ''Ku-kayak-kyuk-kyuk'' ({{audio|G-sonnerati.ogg|Call of male}}{{audio|Greyjunglefowl.ogg|Other calls}}{{audio|Greyjunglefowl1.ogg|calls}}) are loud and distinctive, and can be heard in the early mornings and at dusk. Unlike the red junglefowl, the male does not flap its wings before uttering the call.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924016412631#page/n38/mode/1up|pages=21–23|title=The game birds of India and Asia|author=Finn, Frank|year=1911|publisher=Thacker, Spink and Co., Calcutta}}</ref> They breed from February to May.<ref name=rasmussen>{{cite book|author1=Rasmussen PC |author2=JC Anderton |year=2005| title= Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2|page=132 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions}}</ref> They lay 4 to 7 eggs which are pale creamy in a scrape. Eggs hatch in about 21 days. Although mostly seen on the ground, grey junglefowl fly into trees to escape predators and to roost. They forage in small mixed or single sex groups. They feed on grains including [[bamboo]] seeds, berries, insects and [[termite]]s, and are hunted for meat and for the long neck hackle feathers that are sought after for making [[fishing lure]]s.

==Relationships==
{{Phylogeny/Gallus}}
Grey junglefowl have been bred domestically in [[England]] since 1862<ref name="Jungle Cock">{{cite web|author=Bransford Game Fisheries|title=Jungle Cock|url=http://bransfordgame.com/jungle-cock/|work=Bransford Game Fisheries|publisher=Fisherman's feathers|access-date=28 September 2013}}</ref> and their feathers have been commercially supplied from domestic U.K. stocks for [[fly tying]] since 1978.<ref name="Jungle Cock" /> A gene from the grey junglefowl is responsible for the yellow pigment in the legs and different body parts of all the domestic chicken breeds.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/02/080229102059.htm|title=Darwin Was Wrong About Wild Origin Of The Chicken, New Research Shows|work=sciencedaily.com}}</ref> A more recent study revealed multiple grey junglefowl genomic regions introgressed the genome of the domestic chicken, with evidence of some domestic chicken genes also found in the grey junglefowl.<ref name="dc">{{cite journal |last1=Lawal |first1=R.A. |display-authors=etal |year=2020 |title=The wild species genome ancestry of domestic chickens |journal=BMC Biology |volume=18 |issue=13 |page=13 |doi=10.1186/s12915-020-0738-1 |doi-access=free |pmid=32050971 |pmc=7014787}}</ref>

The grey junglefowl will sometimes [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridize]] in the wild with the [[red junglefowl]]. It also hybridizes readily in captivity and sometimes with free-range domestic chickens kept in habitations close to forests. The grey junglefowl and red junglefowl diverged about 2.6 million years ago.<ref name="dc"/>
The species has been isolated by a variety of mechanisms, including behavioural differences and genic incompatibility, but hybridization is not unknown.<ref name= Eriksson>{{cite journal |vauthors=Eriksson J, Larson G, Gunnarsson U, Bed'hom B, Tixier-Boichard M, etal |title=Identification of the ''Yellow Skin'' Gene Reveals a Hybrid Origin of the Domestic Chicken|journal= PLOS Genetics|volume=4|issue=2|article-number=e1000010|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1000010|editor1-last=Georges|editor1-first=Michel| year=2008|pmid=18454198|pmc=2265484 |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2406881|pmid=28564768|author=Morejohn, G. Victor|year=1968|title=Breakdown of Isolation Mechanisms in Two Species of Captive Junglefowl (''Gallus gallus'' and ''Gallus sonneratii'')|jstor=2406881 |journal=Evolution|volume=22|issue=3|pages=576–582}}</ref> Some phylogenetic studies of gray junglefowl show that this species is more closely related to the [[Sri Lankan junglefowl]] ''Gallus lafayetii'' than to the red junglefowl, ''Gallus gallus'',<ref name="dc"/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1073/pnas.93.13.6792|author=Fumihito, Akishinonomiya |author2=Tetsuo Miyake |author3=Masaru Takada |author4=Ryosuke Shingut |author5=Toshinori Endo |author6=Takashi Gojobori |author7=Norio Kondo |author8=Susumu Ohno |name-list-style=amp |year=1996|title= Monophyletic origin and unique dispersal patterns of domestic fowls|journal= Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. |volume=93|issue=13|pages=6792–6795 |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/93/13/6792.pdf|pmid=8692897|pmc=39106|bibcode=1996PNAS...93.6792F |doi-access=free}}</ref> but another study shows a more ambiguous position due to hybridization.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01318.x|author1=Nishibori, M. |author2=Shimogiri, T. |author3=Hayashi, T. |author4=Yasue, H. |year=2005|title=Molecular evidence for hybridization of species in the genus ''Gallus'' except for ''Gallus varius''|journal= Animal Genetics|volume=36|issue=5|pages=367–375|pmid=16167978}}</ref> However, the time of divergence between the gray junglefowl and [[Sri Lankan junglefowl]] around 1.8 million years ago is more recent than 2.6 million years ago calculated for between the gray junglefowl and red junglefowl.<ref name="dc"/> This divergence time supports a sister relationship between gray junglefowl and Sri Lankan junglefowl.<ref name="dc"/>

An endogenous retroviral DNA sequence, of the EAV-HP group noted in domestic chickens is also found in the genome of this species pointing to the early integration of the virus DNA into the genome of ''Gallus''.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1128/JVI.75.4.2029-2032.2001|author1=Sacci, MA |author2=K Howes |author3=K Venugopal |year=2001|title=Intact EAV-HP Endogenous Retrovirus in Sonnerat's Jungle Fowl|journal=Journal of Virology |volume=75|issue=4|pages=2029–2032 |url= |pmid=11160706|pmc=115153}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Other sources ==
* Tehsin, Raza H (1988) Inducing sleep in birds. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 85(2):435-436.
* Chitampalli, MB (1977) Occurrence of Grey Junglefowl and Red Junglefowl together. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 74(3):527.
* Abdulali, Humayun (1957) The Grey Junglefowl in Salsette. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 54(4):946.
* Tehsin, Raza; Tehsin, Fatema (1990) Jungle Cat ''Felis chaus'' and Grey Junglefowl ''Gallus sonneratii''. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 87(1):144.
* Morris, RC (1927) A jungle fowl problem. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 32(2):374.
* {{cite journal|author= Sethna, KR |year=1969| title=Grey Junglefowl in South India|journal=[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]] |volume=9|issue=11|page=10| url=https://archive.org/stream/NLBW9#page/n157/mode/1up}}
* Ali, S (1968) The case of the Indian Grey Junglefowl. ''[[Newsletter for Birdwatchers]]'' . 8(5):5-6.
* Subramanian, C; Kambarajan, P; Sathyanarayana, MC (2001) Roosting tree preference by Grey Junglefowl, (''Gallus sonneratti'') at Theni Forest Division, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, south India. Mor 4(February), 9:11.
* Zacharias, VJ (1993) Grey Jungle Fowl in Kerala. WPA-India News 1(1):9-10.



== External links ==
{{Commons category|Gallus sonneratii}}
* [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=247&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081210061213/http://www.gbwf.org/pheasants/junglefowl_sonnerat.html Gamebirds and waterfowl]
* [http://www.feathersite.com/Poultry/NDG/BRKGJF.html Grey Junglefowl in poultry practice]

{{Taxonbar|from=Q304434}}

[[Category:Birds described in 1813]]
[[Category:Endemic birds of India]]
[[Category:Fauna of South Asia]]
[[Category:Junglefowls]]

V. T. Aravindaksha Menon

2026-03-15T06:35:06Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: put up new pg from scratch

{{short description|Indian actor (1921–1994)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. T. Aravindaksha Menon
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1921|07|22}}
| birth_place = [[Kodungallur]], [[British Raj]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1994|05|03|1921|07|22}}
| death_place=
| known_for = Introducing realistic acting in the professional theatre of Kerala
| father = Kochurama Warrier
| mother = Parukutty Amma
| spouse = L. Sarasamma
| children = 2
| relatives =
| occupation = Actor
| awards = {{bullet list|National Drama Award (1965)|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] (1965)|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] (1993)}}
}}
'''V. T. Aravindaksha Menon''' was an Indian actor from Kerala. Apart from performing lead roles in several plays, he has acted in 17 Malayalam films and sung two Malayalam film songs. He received the National Drama Award for acing in 1965, the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for theatre from [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India, in 1965 and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] for drama from [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]], Government of Kerala, in 1993.

==Biography==
Aravindaksha Menon was born on 22 July 1921, to Kochurama Warrier and Parukutty Amma at the Thaiparambu house in Vadassery, [[Kodungallur]] in present-day [[Thrissur district]] of Kerala.<ref name="paricayam">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FHsRAQAAIAAJ |title=Paricayam |date=1967 |pages=8 |language=ml}}</ref> He belongs to the lineage of the [[Kodungallur Kovilakam|Kodungallur (Cranganore) royal family]], from which many people in the field of art and literature were born.<ref name="SNA">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dLnDrXscte4C&q=Aravindaksha+Menon+Sangeet+Natak+Akademi |title=Fellows and Award-winners of Sangeet Natak Akademi 1952-2010: Citations and Composite Data |publisher=[[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] |year=2011 |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref> He participated in many musical and drama competitions during his school days and won. After completing his high school education, he studied classical music and conducted concerts.<ref name="paricayam" />

Menon died on 3 May 1994.<ref name="Hindu">{{Cite news |last=Krishnakumar |first=G. |date=2018-01-05 |title=In pursuit of 'missing token' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/in-pursuit-of-missing-token/article22376587.ece |access-date=2025-07-11 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2020-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042852/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/in-pursuit-of-missing-token/article22376587.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Personal life===
Menon was married to L. Sarasamma, and they have two sons Jayasankar and Krishna Kumar.<ref name="Hindu"/>

==Career==
===Theatre===
Aravindaksha Menon was associated with the professional theatre stage from 1951. He first acted in the play Banker written by Kedamangalam Pappukutty in 1951.<ref name="MNS">{{Cite book |last=Bhāsi |first=Maṭavūr |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h_8bAAAAIAAJ |title=മലയാള നാടകസർവ്വസ്വം |date=1990 |publisher=Caitanyā Pabḷikkēṣans |pages=24 |language=ml}} A Malayalam language encyclopaedia on theatre</ref>

Aravindaksha Menon joined Kalanilayam, one of the famous theatre companies in Kerala at that time, in 1951. His lead roles in the plays produced under Kalanilayam were the role of [[Kadamattathu Kathanar]] in the play ''Kadamattathu Kathanar'', and the lead roles in the plays ''Ilayidathu Rani'' and ''Devadasi''.<ref name="Oxford">{{Citation |last=Lal |first=Ananda |title=Menon, V. T. Aravindaksha |date=2004 |work=The Oxford Companion to Indian Theatre |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001/acref-9780195644463-e-0354 |access-date=2025-07-12 |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780195644463.001.0001 |isbn=978-0-19-564446-3|url-access=subscription }}</ref> He also played the character [[Duryodhana]] in the play ''Kurukshetram'' based on [[Kurukshetra War]], and the title character of [[Pazhassi Raja]] in the play ''Pazhassiraja'' by Kozhikode Raja Theatres.<ref name="Hindu" /> These performances of his marked the beginning of realistic acting in the professional theatre of Kerala.<ref name="Oxford" />

In 1964, Kalanilayam introduced the story of the thief [[Kayamkulam Kochunni]] from [[Aithihyamala]] in a play with the same name and with the caption "Kerala's First Socialist Revolutionary".<ref name="mediaone">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2018-10-16 |title=ആരായിരുന്നു ഇത്തിക്കരപക്കി? കായംകുളം കൊച്ചുണ്ണി സിനിമയുടെ പശ്ചാത്തലത്തില്‍ ഒരന്വേഷണം |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/2018/10/16/who-is-ithikkarapakki-history |access-date=2025-07-11 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref> In it, the title character Kochunni was played by Aravindaksha Menon. He received the National Drama Award for Best Actor in 1965 for this role.<ref name="mediaone" />

In his career, Menon performed in various parts of India as a member of professional theatre groups including 'Ochira Parabrahmodayam Sangeetha Natana Sabha', 'Kalanilayam' and 'Kozhikode Raja Theatres'.<ref name="MNS" />

===Cinema===
The 1950 film ''Stree'' directed by [[R. Velappan Nair]], the 1967 film ''Indulekha'' directed by Kalanilayam Krishnan Nair, the 1970 film ''[[Sabarimala Sree Dharmashastha]]'' directed by [[M. Krishnan Nair (director)|M. Krishnan Nair]], the 1973 films ''Raging'' directed by [[N. N. Pisharody]], and ''Veendum Prabhatham'' directed by [[P. Bhaskaran]], the 1981 films ''Sreeman Sreemathi'', ''Poocha Sanyasi'' and ''Valarthumrigangal'' directed by [[Hariharan (director)|T. Hariharan]], ''Chatta'' directed by [[Bharathan]], and ''Kattukallan'' directed by [[P. Chandrakumar]], the 1982 films ''Varikuzhi'' directed by [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]], ''Oru Mottu Virinjapol'' directed by G. P. Balan, ''Balloon'' directed by Ravi Guptan, the 1983 films ''Thavalam'' directed by [[Thampi Kannanthanam]], and ''Varanmare Avashyamund'' directed by T. Hariharan, the 1986 film ''Kochuthemmadi'' directed by [[A. Vincent]], and the 1991 [[Sibi Malayil]] film ''[[Santhwanam]]'' are the Malayalam films in which Aravindaksha Menon acted.<ref name="M3DB">{{cite web |title=വി ടി അരവിന്ദാക്ഷമേനോൻ |url=https://m3db.com/v-t-aravindaksha-menon |website=M3DB |language=en |access-date=2025-07-14 |archive-date=2024-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241104210547/https://m3db.com/v-t-aravindaksha-menon |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Singing===
The film songs sung by Aravindaksha Menon are the two songs from the 1970 film ''[[Sabarimala Sree Dharmashastha]]'', starting with "Ellam Ellam", written by [[P. Bhaskaran]] and composed by [[V. Dakshinamoorthy]], and starting with "Tripura Sundari Natanam", written by [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] and composed by V. Dakshinamoorthy.<ref name="M3DB"/>

==Awards and honors==
For the title character he played in the play ''Kayamkulam Kochunni'', Aravindaksha Menon received the National Drama Award for Best Actor in 1965.<ref name="mediaone" /> In the same year he received [[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]] for theatre from [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], Government of India.<ref name="SNA" /> He received the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]] for drama in 1993.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KERALA SANGEETHA NATAKA AKADEMI FELLOWSHIP LIST |url=https://keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fellowship-Award-list-KSNA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811031756/https://keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Fellowship-Award-list-KSNA.pdf |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=2025-07-14 |website=keralasangeethanatakaakademi.in |publisher=[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20211209170843/http://www.kalanilayamstagecraft.in/ Photograph of Aravindaksha Menon receiving the National Theatre Award of 1965, from the then Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi].

{{Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Winners of Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aravindaksha Menon, V. T.}}
[[Category:1921 births]]
[[Category:1994 deaths]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Indian stage actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Fellowship]]

Ministry of Law and Judiciary (Maharashtra)

2026-03-07T10:32:46Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz:

{{Short description|Indian state government department}}
{{More citations needed|date=June 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date= June 2021}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Ministry of Law and Judiciary Government of Maharashtra
| nativename = '''मंत्रालय विधी व न्याय विभाग महाराष्ट्र शासन'''
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| type =
| seal = File:Seal of Maharashtra.svg
| seal_width = 200
| seal_caption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the State of Maharashtra]]
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| picture = Mantralay of Mumbai, Administrative Headquarters 03.jpg
| picture_caption = Building of Administrative Headquarters of Mumbai
| picture_width =
| formed = {{Start date and age|1960}}
| preceding1 = Department of Law and Judiciary
| preceding2 = 
| dissolved =
| jurisdiction = [[government of Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| coordinates =
| motto =
| employees =
| budget = State budget of Government of Maharashtra
| minister1_name = '''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]'''
| minister1_pfo = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra]]
| deputyminister2_name = '''[[Ashish Jaiswal]]'''
| deputyminister2_pfo = [[Government of Maharashtra|Minister of State]] 
| chief1_name = -
| chief1_position = Principal Secretary
| chief2_name = -
| chief2_position = Joint Secretary
| chief3_name = -
| chief3_position = Deputy Secretary
| chief4_name =
| chief4_position =
| chief5_name =
| chief5_position =
| chief6_name =
| chief6_position =
| chief7_name =
| chief7_position =
| chief8_name =
| chief8_position =
| chief9_name =
| chief9_position =
| parent_department =
| parent_agency =
| child1_agency =
| child2_agency = 
| keydocument1 = 
| website =
| map =
| map_width =
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| agency_type =
}}

'''Ministry of Law and Judiciary Department Maharashtra''' is a Ministry of [[Government of Maharashtra]]. The Ministry is currently headed by [[Deputy Chief Minister of Maharashtra]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/maharashtra-cabinet-portfolios-announced-dy-cm-ajit-pawar-gets-finance-aaditya-thackeray-allotted-tourism-and-environment-ministry-7861731.html |title= Maharashtra Cabinet portfolios announced}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/news/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-ministry-list-governor-approved-allocation-of-portfolios-proposed-by-cm-uddhav-thackeray-729069 |title= महाराष्ट्र मंत्रिमंडळ खातेवाटप जाहीर}}</ref>

==Head office==
{{Infobox political post
| insignia = Seal of Maharashtra (1).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniacaption = [[Emblem of Maharashtra|Seal of the State of Maharashtra]]
| department = Ministry of Law and Judiciary
| style = [[The Honourable]]
| post = {{big|Minister of Law and Judiciary}} '''मंत्री विधी व न्याय'''
| image = [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|200px]]
| incumbent = [[Devendra Fadnavis]] {{small|[[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]}}
| member_of = State Cabinet
| reports_to = [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]], 
[[Maharashtra Legislature]]
| seat = [[Mantralaya, Mumbai]]
| appointer = [[Governor of Maharashtra|Governor]] on the advice of the [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|Chief Minister]]
| termlength = 5 years
| inaugural = '''[[Yashwantrao Chavan]]''' 
(1960-1962)
| precursor = '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' 
(2019-2022)
| deputy = '''[[Ashish Jaiswal]]'''
| formation = 1 May 1960
| website =
| abbreviation = Cabinet Minister
| incumbentsince = 05 December 2024
}}

==Cabinet Ministers==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="10"| Minister of Law and Judiciary
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shantilal Shah]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 May}} 1960
|{{small|07 March}} 1962
!{{ayd|1960|05|01|1962|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Yashwantrao Chavan ministry (Maharashtra)|'''Yashwantrao I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Yashwantrao Chavan 2010 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Yashwantrao Chavan]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|08 March}} 1962
|{{small|19 November}} 1962
!{{ayd|1962|03|08|1962|11|19}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Yashwantrao Chavan ministry|'''Yashwantrao II''']]
|-
|03
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[S. K. Wankhede]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Sawargoan Constituency No. 49]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|20 November}} 1962
|{{small|24 November}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|20|1963|11|24}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Kannamwar ministry|'''Kannamwar l''']]
|[[Marotrao Kannamwar]]
|-
|04
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[P. K. Sawant]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Chiplun Assembly constituency|Chiplun Constituency No. 265]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Interim Chief Minister)
|{{small|25 November}} 1962
|{{small|04 December}} 1963
!{{ayd|1962|11|25|1962|12|04}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[P. K. Sawant ministry|'''Sawant I''']]
|[[P. K. Sawant]]
|-
|05
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| |'''[[Shantilal Shah]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Vile Parle Assembly constituency|Vile Parle Constituency No. 177]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]] '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|05 December}} 1963
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
!{{ayd|1963|12|05|1967|03|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao I''']]
|rowspan="3" |[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]] [[Vasantrao Naik]]
|-
|06
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vasantrao Naik portrait.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Vasantrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|01 March}} 1967
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
!{{ayd|1967|03|01|1972|03|13}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao II''']]
|-
|07
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Patil.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Pratibha Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Jalgaon City Assembly constituency|Jalgaon City Constituency No. 13]]- [[Jalgaon District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|13 March}} 1972
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
!{{ayd|1972|03|13|1975|02|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantrao Naik ministry|'''Vasantrao III''']]
|-
|09
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|21 February}} 1975
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
!{{ayd|1975|02|21|1977|05|17}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao I''']]
|[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India.jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|10
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Husain Dalwai]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Ratnagiri Khed Constituency No. 266]]- [[Ratnagiri District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|17 May}} 1977
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
!{{ayd|1977|05|17|1979|03|07}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#88CEEB"|[[First Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|11
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 March}} 1978
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
!{{ayd|1978|03|07|1978|07|18}}
|[[Indian National Congress (U)]]
| bgcolor="#A3A3FF"|[[Second Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada II''']]
|-
|12
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian Congress (Socialist)}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief_Minister)
|{{small|18 July}} 1978
|{{small|17 February}} 1980
!{{ayd|1978|07|18|1980|02|17}}
|[[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#66FF66"| [[First Pawar ministry|'''Pawar I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|13
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|09 June}} 1980
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
!{{ayd|1980|06|09|1982|01|21}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Antulay ministry|'''Antulay''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:A. R. Antulay with Shivraj Patil (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[A. R. Antulay|Abdul Rahman Antulay]]
|-
|14
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]]
|'''[[Babasaheb Bhosale]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nehrunagar Assembly constituency|Nehrunagar Constituency No. 172]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|21 January}} 1982
|{{small|02 February}} 1983
!{{ayd|1982|01|21|1983|02|02}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Bhosale ministry|'''Bhosale''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Babasaheb Bhosale.png|75px]] [[Babasaheb Bhosale]]
|-
|15
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Sudhakarrao Naik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Pusad Assembly constituency|Pusad Constituency No. 81]]- [[Yavatmal District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 February}} 1983
|{{small|05 March}} 1985
!{{ayd|1983|02|07|1985|03|05}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada III''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Vasantdada Patil (1977).jpg|75px]] [[Vasantdada Patil]]
|-
|16
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] 
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March 1985}} 1960
|{{small|03 June 1985}} 1962
!{{ayd|1985|03|12|1985|06|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Vasantdada Patil ministry|'''Vasantdada IV''']]
|-
|17
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nilanga Assembly constituency|Nilanga Constituency No. 238]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|03 June}} 1985
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
!{{ayd|1985|06|03|1986|03|12}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Nilangekar ministry|'''Nilangekar''']]
|[[Shivajirao Patil Nilangekar]]
|-
|18
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] 
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|12 March}} 1986
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
!{{ayd|1986|03|12|1988|06|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Shankarrao Chavan ministry|'''Shankarrao II''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shankarrao Chavan 2007 stamp of India (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Shankarrao Chavan]]
|-
|19
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
|'''[[Ramrao Adik]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 05 - [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}}
|{{small|26 June}} 1988
|{{small|03 March}} 1990
!{{ayd|1988|06|26|1990|03|03}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Pawar ministry|'''Pawar II''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|20
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] 
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|04 March }} 1990
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
!{{ayd|1990|03|04|1991|06|25}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Third Pawar ministry|'''Pawar III''']]
|-
|21
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] 
|'''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur City Central Assembly constituency|Solapur City Central Constituency No. 249]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|25 June}} 1991
| {{small|22 February}} 1993
!{{ayd|1991|06|25|1993|02|22}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sudhakarrao Naik ministry|'''Sudhakarrao''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[Sudhakarrao Naik]]
|-
|22
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:The Union Minister for Agriculture and Food Processing Industries, Shri Sharad Pawar addressing at the launch of the Sahana Group’s New Marathi Channel “Jai Maharashtra”, in Mumbai on April 27, 2013 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Sharad Pawar]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Baramati Assembly constituency|Baramati Constituency No. 201]]- [[Pune District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|06 March}} 1993
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
!{{ayd|1993|03|06|1995|03|14}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Fourth Pawar ministry|'''Pawar IV''']]
|[[File:Sharad Govindrao Pawar.jpg|75px]] [[Sharad Pawar]]
|-
|23
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Liladhar Dake]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup Constituency No. 168]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|14 March}} 1995
|{{small|31 January}} 1999
!{{ayd|1995|03|14|1999|01|31}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Manohar Joshi ministry|'''Joshi''']]
|rowspan="1" | [[File:Manohar Joshi cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Manohar Joshi]]
|-
|24
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|
|'''[[Liladhar Dake]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhandup Assembly constituency|Bhandup Constituency No. 168]]- [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|01 February}} 1999
|{{small|17 October}} 1999
!{{ayd|1999|02|01|1999|10|17}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Narayan Rane ministry|'''Rane''']]
|[[File:Narayan Rane (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Narayan Rane]]
|-
|25
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''Vilasrao Balkrishna Patil Undhalkar''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Karad South Assembly constituency|Karad South Constituency No. 260]]- [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|19 October}} 1999
|{{small|16 January}} 2003
!{{ayd|1999|10|19|2003|01|15}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh I''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|26
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Sushilkumar Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Solapur South Assembly constituency|Solapur South Constituency No. 251]]- [[Solapur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|18 January}} 2003
|{{small|01 November}} 2004
!{{ayd|2003|01|11|2004|11|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Sushilkumar Shinde ministry|'''Sushilkumar''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Shri Sushilkumar Shinde, in New Delhi on August 06, 2009 (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Sushilkumar Shinde]]
|-
|27
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Latur City Assembly constituency|Latur City Constituency No. 235]]- [[Latur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|09 November}} 2004
|{{small|01 December}} 2007
!{{ayd|2004|11|09|2008|12|01}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Deshmukh ministry|'''Deshmukh II''']]
|[[File:Vilasrao_Deshmukh_at_Innovation_Partnerships_Event_May_8,_2012.jpg|75px]] [[Vilasrao Deshmukh]]
|-
|28
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]]
| '''[[Ashok Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Bhokar Assembly constituency|Bhokar Constituency No. 85]]- [[Nanded District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|08 December}} 2008
|{{small|06 November}} 2009
!{{ayd|2008|12|08|2009|11|06}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[First Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok I''']]
|rowspan="2"|[[File:Ashok Chavan With Coat.jpeg|80px]] [[Ashok Chavan]]
|-
|29
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|
| '''[[Radhakrishna Vikhe Patil]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shirdi Assembly constituency|Shirdi Constituency No. 218]]- [[Ahmednagar District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|07 November}} 2009
|{{small|10 November}} 201p
!{{ayd|2009|11|07|2010|11|10}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Second Ashok Chavan ministry|'''Ashok II''']]
|-
|30
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
|[[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]]
| '''[[Prithviraj Chavan]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 19 - [[Satara District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|11 November}} 2010
|{{small|26 September}} 2014
!{{ayd|2010|11|11|2014|09|26}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="#87CEEB"| [[Prithviraj Chavan ministry|'''Prithviraj''']]
|rowspan="1"| [[File:Prithviraj Chavan - India Economic Summit 2011.jpg|80px]] [[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|-
|31
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|31 October}} 2014
||{{small|12 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2014|10|31|2019|11|12}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[First Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis I''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|32
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|-
|33
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|28|2019|12|30}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
|34
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
|[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]]
| '''[[Uddhav Thackeray]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|MLC]] for Elected by MLAs Constituency No. 25 - [[Mumbai Suburban District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Council|Legislative Council]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|-
|35
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"|
| [[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Eknath Shinde]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Kopri-Pachpakhadi Assembly constituency|Kopri-Pachpakhadi Constituency No. 147]]- [[Thane District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister) ''(In Charge)''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2022|08|14}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|rowspan="2" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|rowspan="2" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|36
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
| [[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Deputy Chief Minister)
|{{small|14 August}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|08|14|2024|11|26}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)]]
|-
|37
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
|[[File:Devendra Fadnavis @Vidhan Sabha 04-03-2021.jpg|75px]]
|'''[[Devendra Fadnavis]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Nagpur South West Assembly constituency|Nagpur South West Constituency No. 52]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}} (Chief Minister)
|{{small|05 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|05}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Third Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis III''']]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==Ministers of State ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |No.
! rowspan="2" colspan="2" |Portrait
! rowspan="2" style="width:16em" |Deputy Minister {{small|(Constituency)}}
! colspan="3" |Term of office
! rowspan="2" style="width:8em" |Political party
! rowspan="2"| Ministry
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Minister
! rowspan="2" style="width:9em" |Chief Minister
|-
!style="width:6em"| From
!style="width:6em"| To
!Period
|-
!colspan="11"| Deputy Minister of Law and Judiciary
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 23 November 2019 To 28 November 2019'''''
|{{small|23 November}} 2019
|{{small|28 November}} 2019
!{{ayd|2019|11|23|2019|11|28}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Second Fadnavis ministry|'''Fadnavis II''']]
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|01
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}"|
|
|'''[[Aditi Tatkare]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Shrivardhan Assembly constituency|Shrivardhan Constituency No. 193]]- [[Raigad District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
|{{small|30 December}} 2019
|{{small|29 June}} 2022
!{{ayd|2019|12|30|2022|06|29}}
|[[Nationalist Congress Party]]
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Shiv Sena}}"| [[Thackeray ministry|'''Thackeray''']]
| [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|rowspan="1" |[[File:The Chief Minister of Maharashtra, Shri Uddhav Thackeray calling on the Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi, in New Delhi on February 21, 2020 (Uddhav Thackeray) (cropped).jpg|75px]] [[Uddhav Thackeray]]
|-
!colspan="04"| '''''The Post of Deputy Minister / Minister of States has been kept Vacant from 30 June 2022'''''
|{{small|30 June}} 2022
|{{small|26 November}} 2024
!{{ayd|2022|06|30|2024|11|26}}
|NA
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| [[Eknath Shinde ministry|'''Eknath''']]
|
*[[Eknath Shinde]] (2022 - 2022)
*[[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2022 - 2024)
|rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde with PM Narendra Modi Cropped.jpg|75px]] [[Eknath Shinde]]
|-
|02
|style="color:inherit;background:{{party color|Shiv Sena (2022–present)}}"|
|
|'''[[Ashish Jaiswal]]''' {{small|([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|MLA]] for [[Ramtek Assembly constituency|Ramtek Constituency No. 59]]- [[Nagpur District]]) '''''([[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]])'''''}}
| {{small|21 December}} 2024
|''Incumbent''
!{{ayd|2024|12|21}}
|[[Shiv Sena (2022–present)|Shiv Sena]] (Shinde Group)
|rowspan="1" bgcolor="{{party color| Bharatiya Janata Party}}"| '''[[Third Fadnavis ministry|Fadnavis III]]'''
|[[Devendra Fadnavis]] (2024 – Present)
| rowspan="1" |[[File:Eknath Shinde and Devendra Fadnavis with PM Narendra Modi Cropped(2).jpg|75px]] [[Devendra Fadnavis]]
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{State agencies of Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Government ministries of Maharashtra]]

Pranchiyettan & the Saint

2026-03-03T20:46:53Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new a post...

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Pranchiyettan & the Saint
| image = Pranchiyettan & the Saint.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
| producer = Ranjith
| writer = Ranjith
| starring = {{ubl|[[Mammootty]]| Jesse Fox Allen|[[Jagathy Sreekumar]]|[[Sasi Kalinga]]|[[Tini Tom]]}}
| music = [[Ouseppachan]]
| cinematography = [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]
| editing = Vijay Shankar
| studio = Capitol Theater
| distributor = Play House Release
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|9|10}}
| runtime = 140 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = ₹1.5 crore
| gross = ₹5.6 crore
}}

'''''Pranchiyettan & the Saint''''' is a 2010 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[satire (film and television)|satirical comedy film]] written, directed, and produced by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Metromatinee |year=2010 |title=Pranchiyettan and The Saint |publisher=Metromatinee |url=http://www.metromatinee.com/movies/index.php?FilmID=3203-Pranchiyettan%20and%20The%20Saint |access-date=5 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121005230734/http://www.metromatinee.com/movies/index.php?FilmID=3203-Pranchiyettan%20and%20The%20Saint |archive-date=5 October 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film centres on the fictitious conversation between the [[Thrissur]]-based businessman C. E. Francis, a.k.a. Pranchiyettan ([[Mammootty]]), and [[St. Francis of Assisi]] (Jesse Fox Allen). [[Khushbu Sundar]], [[Priyamani]], [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]], [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], Ganapathy, Sasi Kalinga, [[Tini Tom]], and [[Biju Menon]] play the other important roles. The film is considered one of the best comedy films in Malayalam cinema and has attained [[Cult film|cult status]] in the years following its release. Some critics consider the film as one of the defining movies of the [[New Wave (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nagarajan|first=Saraswathy|date=2019-12-19|title=The 25 best Malayalam films of the decade: 'Premam', 'Maheshinte Prathikaram', 'Kumbalangi Nights' and more|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-25-best-malayalam-films-of-the-decade-premam-maheshinte-prathikaram-kumbalangi-nights-and-more/article30349548.ece|access-date=2021-07-11|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Plot==
Francis of the Chiramel house, nicknamed Pranchiyettan, visits a church one night and starts praying to Saint Francis. Suddenly, Saint Francis comes alive in front of Pranchi and starts speaking in Malayalam to Pranchi. From there, Pranchi narrates several events from his life that led him there to the Saint.

As a kid, Pranchi was mockingly called Ari Pranchi (meaning Rice Pranchi) due to Pranchi's family historically being in the rice business. One day, Jose, who desires Pranchi's girlfriend Omana, starts a fight with Pranchi by mocking him. Omana, who had warned Pranchi to never get into fights, gets angry with him and breaks up. Later, Omana marries Jose.

Many years later, Pranchi, though he has never passed high school, has become a wealthy and influential businessman. However, people still mock him behind his back, calling him Ari Pranchi. Pranchi, who is saddened by this, tries many ways to gain respect as a result. He tries to become a club's president but loses to Jose, who makes fun of him before Pranchi's campaign speech. He even attempts to get the Padmashree, the fourth highest civilian honor in India, in order to finally gain respect. He is supported in these endeavors by his assistant Menon. When the Padmashree plan fails, Pranchi locks himself inside his house for days.

One day, a woman who is also named Padmashree, knocks on Pranchi's door, and Pranchi gets angry when he hears her name(He assumes he is being mocked for losing the Padmashree) so kicks her. After the misunderstanding is cleared, Padmashree invites Pranchi to inaugurate her art gallery, citing the reason that Pranchi has donated to many heart operations for poor people. Eventually Padmashree also helps redecorate Pranchi's outdated looking house and Pranchi falls in love with her. Just as he is about to propose, she says she has to leave to Mumbai, and Pranchi doesn't say anything.

Pranchi, saddened by his loss of Padmashree, decides to help a struggling student named Pauly pass his exams. Pauly, who studies in Pranchi's friend's school, has a difficult home life and he is the only kid that has a high chance to fail his 10th grade exams. However, Pranchi finds out that Pauly is a very intelligent child and wonders why Pauly is not studying for his exams. Pranchi hires a tutor for Pauly, but Pauly chases the tutor away by playing some intelligent tricks on him. Eventually, the exams come around and Pranchi finds out that Pauly is the only kid in the school that failed. Angered, Pranchi goes to hit Pauly, when Pauly reveals that the man looking after him has abandoned him and that his real father is in jail.

Pranchi goes to meet Pauly's father, who reveals that he was a drug addict and was suspicious that his wife was cheating on him. When he saw his wife talking to Pauly's teacher about Pauly's future, he hacked his wife and Pauly's teacher to death in front of Pauly in an inebriated state. While it was happening, the blood spilled into Pauly's book. Now, Pauly is terrified to open a book because it reminds of that horrific day. Pauly's father then meets Pauly and he apologizes for ruining Pauly's life. Meanwhile, Pranchi learns from a guard in the prison that Pauly's father will die soon due to a disease and Pranchi takes Pauly away.

Pranchi arrives at the Church while Pauly is sleeping in the car, and this leads to the beginning of the film. Pranchi asks the Saint what to do now and the Saint says that Pranchi is a good man and everything that has happened to him, good or bad, will only help him in the future. Francis then shows Pranchi 3 events that are happening elsewhere: Padmashree saying to her friend that she is coming back to Kerala and intends to propose to Pranchi, Jose and Omana cheating on each other, and Nambiar, the man that cheated Pranchi with the promise of getting the Padma Shree award, getting arrested. Francis tells Pranchi to make his own decision and Pranchi says that he will adopt Pauly and look after him as a son. Pranchi wants Pauly to meet the Saint but by the time he brings Pauly the Saint disappears. Pauly tells Pranchi that he is like a saint to Pauly and Pranchi decides to rewrite the 10th exams with Pauly, hoping to pass.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Mammootty]] as C. E. Francis a.k.a. Pranchiyettan
**Shihab as Young Pranchi
* Jesse Fox Allen as [[Saint Francis of Assisi]] (voiced by [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]])
* [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]] as Dr. Omana (voiced by [[Sreeja Ravi]])
* [[Priyamani]] as Padmashree Menon a.k.a. Puppy (voiced by Vimmy Mariam George)
* [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]] as Vasu Menon
* [[Sasi Kalinga]] as Eeyyappan
* [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]] as Dr. Jose
* [[Balachandran Chullikkadu]] as Ajay Nambiar
* [[Ganapathi S Poduval|Ganapathi]] as Pauli K. J.
* [[Biju Menon]] as Joppan, Pauly's father
* [[Idavela Babu]] as Yousuf
* [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Pandit Deena Dayal
* [[Ramu (actor)|Ramu]] as Bahuleyan
* [[Shivaji Guruvayoor]] as Antony Master
* [[T. G. Ravi]] as Uthuppu
* [[Tini Tom]] as Subran
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Varghese
* Vimal Kumar as Unni
* [[Jijoy Rajagopal]] as Ad Film director
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]] as Achutha Warrier
* [[Chali Pala]] as Jail superintendent
* Vikraman Nair as Puppy's Relative
}}

==Production==
The film was announced in June 2010. The film is produced by Renjith, under the banner of his ''Capitol Theatres''.<ref name="The Hindu"/> Shooting began on 1 July 2010.<ref>{{cite web |author=Nowrunning |year=2010 |title=Mammootty and Ranjith together for 'Pranchiyettan and the Saint |publisher=Nowrunning |access-date=3 June 2010 |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/mammootty-and-ranjith-together-for-pranchiyettan-and-the-saint/32139/story.htm |archive-date=12 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012164104/http://www.nowrunning.com/news/malayalam/mammootty-and-ranjith-together-for-pranchiyettan-and-the-saint/32139/story.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The cast includes [[Mammootty]], he plays the role of Cherammal Enashu Francis, a rice merchant in [[Thrissur]]. Hafis Firosh plays Mammootty's childhood counterpart. Innocent plays the role of Vasu Menon, friend of Pranchiyettan. Australian theatre artist Jesse Fox Allen played the role of the Saint. Apart from cine-artistes, this film also features many faces from the professional drama world, as in Renjith's ''[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam]]''.<ref>{{cite web|author=Indiaglitz |year=2010 |title=Mammootty with Renjith in 'Pranchiyettan And The Saint' |website=IndiaGlitz |access-date=3 June 2010|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/57521.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605100349/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/57521.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2010}}</ref> [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] plays Deena Dayal. "My character is there only in a few scenes but he makes a definite impact, which is quite exciting for an actor. He is an idealistic teacher, who lives as per Gandhian principles and leads a simple life," says Jagathy Sreekumar.<ref name="The Hindu">{{cite news|author=The Hindu |title=Merchant of Thrissur|work=The Hindu |location=India |access-date=6 August 2010 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article553427.ece |date=6 August 2010}}</ref> Master Ganapathy, who plays Pauli, says, "It is indeed great to be doing such a nice role with some of the big names in the industry. My character is a live wire."<ref name="The Hindu"/>

==Music==
The score and the only song of the film were composed by [[Ouseppachan]]; the lyrics were penned by [[Shibu Chakravarthy]]. The music by Ouseppachan was "among the highlights of the film", according to one reviewer.<ref name="Sify"/>

==Reception==

===Box office===
The film was commercial success.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mobile/movies-music/movie-news/kushboo-did-not-accept-remuneration-for-pranchiyettan-and-the-saint-says-ranjith-movie-1.3720229|title=Kushboo did not accept remuneration for 'Pranchiyettan and the saint', says Ranjith|work=[[Mathrubhumi]]|location=India|date=11 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-malyalam-snippets/20110613.htm|title=Prithviraj, Suresh Gopi in Indian Rupee|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=India|date=13 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-malayalam-films-of-2010/20101207.htm|title=Top Malayalam movies of 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=India|date=7 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-top-malayalam-directors-of-2010/20101231.htm|title=The Top Malayalam directors of 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=India|date=31 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.rediff.com/movies/report/first-look-india-rupee/20110926.htm|title=First Look: Prithviraj's Indian Rupee|work=[[Rediff.com]]|location=India|date=26 September 2011}}</ref> It ran for more than 200 days in a theatre in Kerala.<ref>{{cite web|title=Pranchiyettan And The Saint still running strong|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/pranchiyettan-and-the-saint-still-running-strong/763925/|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]|date=18 March 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/politics-padma-awards-2010-mammooty-film-pranchiyettan-captures-circus-superbly-56394?amp|title=The politics of the Padma Awards: This 2010 Mammooty film 'Pranchiyettan' captures the circus superbly|work=[[The News Minute]]|location=India|date=27 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pranchiyettan to celebrate 50 days at home|url=http://sify.com/movies/pranchiyettan-to-celebrate-50-days-at-home-news-malayalam-kk1mpqaigig.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101030124324/http://sify.com/movies/pranchiyettan-to-celebrate-50-days-at-home-news-malayalam-kk1mpqaigig.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 October 2010|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=27 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Pranchiyettan-50/speednewsbytopic/keyid-465585.cms|title=Pranchiyettan 50|work=[[The Times of India]]|location=India|author=P. Sangeetha|access-date=1 November 2010}}</ref> The film grossed close to {{INRConvert|3|c}} from 19 days.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/threefold-success-for-malayalam-cinema-this-season/article802759.ece|title=Three-fold success for Malayalam cinema this season|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=29 September 2010}}</ref> The film collected {{USD}}957 from UK box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/intl/?page=&country=00&id=_fPRANCHIYETTANAND01|title=Pranchiyettan and the Saint|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|date=30 October 2011}}</ref> It was made on a budget of {{INR}}1.50 crore<ref>{{cite web|title=Top 10 Malayalam grossers of 2010|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-malayalam-grossers-of-2010-imagegallery-2-malayalam-lbfk9Ueijffsi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160225150524/http://www.sify.com/movies/top-10-malayalam-grossers-of-2010-imagegallery-2-malayalam-lbfk9Ueijffsi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=25 February 2016|website=[[Sify]]|access-date=25 June 2019}}</ref> The film ran for 63 days in Oman box office, which is the longest running Malayalam film till date in Oman box office.

===Critical response===
[[Rediff]]'s reviewer rated the film 5 out of 5 and said, "''Pranchiyettan and the Saint'' is impressive... the success of [the film] rests on the shoulders of writer director Ranjith who gives a meaty story to actors to dig their teeth into."<ref name="Rediffreview">{{cite web|author=Paresh C Palicha |year=2010 |title=Pranchiyettan and the Saint is impressive |publisher=Rediff |access-date=10 September 2010 |url=http://movies.rediff.com/review/2010/sep/10/south-pranchiyettan-and-the-saint-review.htm}}</ref> The performance by Mammootty as well as the supporting cast also earned appreciation from critics. The review on Rediff said, "The film depends heavily on Mammootty's histrionic skills to be convincing and it works. It is this effortless and natural performance that gives Pranchiyettan [its] lifeblood."<ref name="Rediffreview"/> Nowrunning comments: "Very few films are complex and comic at the same time, but ''Pranchiyettan'' achieves this almost impossible feat by employing clever plot devices, a fresh narrative structure and a string of metaphoric scenarios." The review praises Ranjith's work, saying, "There shouldn't be any trouble enthroning Ranjith as the harbinger of change in Malayalam cinema".<ref name="Nowrunningreview">{{cite web|author=VN |year=2010 |title=Pranchiyettan and the Saint is a must watch |publisher=Nowrunning |access-date=10 September 2010 |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7806/malayalam/pranchiyettan-the-saint/review.htm}}</ref> [[Sify]] called the film "Very Good" and rated it 4 out of 5. Their review focused mainly on the apt usage of Thrissur slang by Mammootty.<ref name="Sify">{{cite web|author=Moviebuzz |year=2010 |title=Pranchiyettan & the Saint |website=[[Sify]] |access-date=10 September 2010 |url=http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14956461&ctid=5&cid=2428|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915121621/http://sify.com/movies/malayalam/review.php?id=14956461&ctid=5&cid=2428|url-status=dead|archive-date=15 September 2010}}</ref>

===Accolades===
;Amrita-FEFKA Film Awards<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bestmediainfo.com/2011/06/amrita-fefka-film-awards-announced/|title=Amrita FEFKA Film Awards Announced|date=2 June 2011|publisher=Best Media Info|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/67286.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605061414/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/article/67286.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 June 2011|title=Amritha awards for Mammootty, Kavya and T D Dasan|date=2 June 2011|website=IndiaGlitz|access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref>
* Best Actor – [[Mammootty]]

; [[Asianet Film Awards]]<ref name="Asianet">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110165150&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=76304|title=Mammootty, Mohanlal bag Asianet film awards yet again|publisher=[[NDTV]]|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|date=1 January 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714161640/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?Section=Movies&ID=ENTEN20110165150&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&keyword=regional&nid=76304|archive-date=14 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Film|Best Film]] – ''Pranchiyettan & the Saint''
* [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Actor|Best Actor]] – [[Mammootty]]
* [[Asianet Film Awards#Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]] – [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]

; Asiavision Awards<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?698018|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711161646/http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?698018|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 July 2012|title=Shaji, Ranjith, Mammootty, Meera Bag Asiavision Awards|work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]|date=20 October 2010|access-date=22 July 2011}}</ref>
* Best Film – ''Pranchiyettan & the Saint''
* Best Actor – Mammootty
* Best Supporting Actor – [[Siddique (actor)|Siddique]]
* Outstanding Performance – [[Innocent (actor)|Innocent]]

; [[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/The-glitter-the-gloss-the-razzmatazz-/articleshow/9083584.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105194656/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-03/chennai/29732898_1_lifetime-achievement-award-telugu-film-director-award|url-status=live|archive-date=5 November 2012|title=The glitter, the gloss, the razzmatazz|location=India|date=3 July 2011|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=3 July 2011}}</ref>
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Film - Malayalam|Best Film]] – ''Pranchiyettan & the Saint'' ('''Won''')
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Malayalam|Best Director]] – [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]] ('''Won''')
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor - Malayalam|Best Actor]] – [[Mammootty]] ('''Won''')
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam|Best Actress]] – [[Priyamani]] (Nominated)

;Inspire Film Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.deshabhimani.com/newscontent.php?id=14183 |title=ഇന്‍സ്പയര്‍ ഫിലിം അവാര്‍ഡ് പ്രാഞ്ചിയേട്ടന്‍ മികച്ച ചിത്രം|work=Deshabhimani.com |date=22 May 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/188116/ |title=ഇന്‍സ്‌പെയര്‍ ചലച്ചിത്ര പുരസ്‌കാരം പ്രാഞ്ചിയേട്ടന്‍ മികച്ച ചിത്രം|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525050004/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/movies/malayalam/188116/ |archive-date=25 May 2011 |work=Mathrubhumi.com|date=22 May 2011}}</ref>

* Best Film – ''Pranchiyettan & the Saint''
* Best Actor – [[Mammootty]]
* Best Script – [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]

;[[Kerala State Film Awards]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]- [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]

; Kerala Film Critics Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/critics-award-gaddama-adjudged-best-film/755271/|title=Critics award: 'Gaddama' adjudged best film|work=The Indian Express |location=India|date=26 February 2011|access-date=26 February 2011}}</ref>

* Best Film – ''Pranchiyettan & the Saint''
* Best Actor – [[Mammootty]]
* Best Script – [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
* Best Director – [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]

; Vanitha Film Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?programId=1080132927&contentId=8789715 |title="Mammootty, Mamtha win Vanitha Film award"|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716085021/http://english.manoramaonline.com/cgi-bin/MMOnline.dll/portal/ep/contentView.do?programId=1080132927&contentId=8789715 |archive-date=16 July 2012|work=Manorama Online|date=10 February 2011}}</ref>
* Best Film – ''Pranchiyettan & the Saint''
* Best Actor – [[Mammootty]]
* Best Director – [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
* Best Script – [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]
* Best Cinematography – [[Venu (cinematographer)|Venu]]

; Vellinakshatram Film Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kaumudiplus.com/news.php?nid=fc6de09e6ca5ea83e22be3e246b09421&mcid=3&msid=3 |title="പ്രാഞ്ചിയേട്ടന് മൂന്ന് അവാർഡ്"|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110619230001/http://www.kaumudiplus.com/news.php?nid=fc6de09e6ca5ea83e22be3e246b09421 |archive-date=19 June 2011|work=Kaumudi Plus|date=17 June 2011}}</ref>
* Best Film – ''Pranchiyettan & the Saint''
* Best Actor – [[Mammootty]]
* Best Director – [[Ranjith (director)|Ranjith]]

==References==
{{reflist|35em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1695800|Pranchiyettan & the Saint}}

{{Francis of Assisi}}
{{Ranjith}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Film – Malayalam}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pranchiyettan and The Saint}}
[[Category:2010 films]]
[[Category:2010 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Thrissur]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:2010 comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Ranjith (director)]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ouseppachan]]

Bhale Kodallu

2026-03-03T20:33:53Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: slightly correct layout based on references and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhale Kodallu
| image = Bhale Kodallu.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[K. Balachander]]
| producer = [[S. S. Vasan]]
| writer = K. Balachander
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] [[Sowcar Janaki]] [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] [[Rajasree]] Saraswathi
| narrator =
| music = [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = [[Gemini Studios]]
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1968|4|26}}
| runtime = 174 minutes<ref name="WorldFilmography">{{Cite book |last=Cowie |first=Peter |title=World filmography, 1968 |publisher=Tantivy Press |year=1977 |isbn=0-498-01569-6 |pages=266}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}
'''''Bhale Kodallu''''' ({{translation|Well done, daughter-in-law!}})<ref>{{Cite book |last=Narwekar |first=Sanjit |title=Directory of Indian film-makers and films |publisher=Flicks Books |year=1994 |pages=24 |author-link=Sanjit Narwekar}}</ref> is a 1968 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy film]] written and directed by [[K. Balachander]]. It was simultaneously filmed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'', despite being released more than a year after that. The film features an ensemble cast consisting of [[S. V. Ranga Rao]], [[Sowcar Janaki]], [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]], [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]], [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]], [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]], [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]], [[Rajasree]] and Saraswathi.

== Plot ==
A [[movie star]] moves into the neighbourhood where a joint family of three husbands and their wives live. Her presence sends the wives into a spending spree as they buy radios and fancy goods to keep up with their glamorous neighbour, while accusing their husbands of being too close to the star.

== Cast ==
Credits adapted from ''Chitra Seema'':<ref name="chitraseema" />
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Narasimham
* [[Sowcar Janaki]] as Parvathi
* [[Kanchana (actress)|Kanchana]] as Seetha
* [[Jayanthi (actress)|Jayanthi]] as Rukmini
* [[Nagabhushanam (actor)|Nagabhushanam]] as Shankaram
* [[Ramakrishna (Telugu actor)|Ramakrishna]] as Ramam
* [[Chalam (actor)|Chalam]] as Krishna
* [[Rajasree]] as the [[movie star]]
* Saraswathi as Sacchu

== Production ==
In 1965, when [[K. Balachander]] was "just getting his bearings in the film industry", his household was excited because [[Sowcar Janaki]], a [[Movie star|star]], was due to visit their house. This incident laid the foundation for ''Bhale Kodallu'',<ref>{{Cite news |last=Balachander |first=Prasanna |date=21 December 2017 |title=K Balachander: the man, the movies |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/k-balachander-the-man-the-movies/article22264125.ece |access-date=24 February 2018}}</ref> which was written and directed by Balachander,<ref name="WorldFilmography" /> and produced by [[S. S. Vasan]] under [[Gemini Studios]].<ref name="indiancine.ma" /> It was simultaneously filmed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''[[Bama Vijayam (1967 film)|Bama Vijayam]]'',<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=9 July 2015 |title=K Balachander |url=http://upperstall.com/profile/k-balachander/ |access-date=24 February 2018 |website=Upperstall.com}}</ref> with a slightly different cast.{{sfn|Rajadhyaksha|Willemen|1998|p=391}} The final length of the film was {{Convert|4767|metres|feet}}.<ref name="WorldFilmography" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[M. S. Viswanathan]], while the lyrics were written by [[C. Narayana Reddy]].<ref name="chitraseema">{{Cite web |date=18 September 2011 |title=Bhale Kodallu |url=http://chitraseema.blogspot.in/2011/09/bhale-kodallu.html |access-date=24 February 2018 |website=Chitra Seema}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhale Kodallu (1968) |url=http://mio.to/album/Bhale+Kodallu+%281968%29 |access-date=24 February 2018 |website=Music India Online |archive-date=20 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210420041321/https://mio.to/album/Bhale+Kodallu+%281968%29 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title_width =
| writing_width =
| music_width =
| lyrics_width =
| extra_width =
| title1 = Challini Illu
| note1 =
| writer1 =
| lyrics1 =
| music1 =
| extra1 = [[P. Susheela]], [[S. Janaki]], [[L. R. Eswari]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Nene Vachanu
| note2 =
| writer2 =
| lyrics2 =
| music2 =
| extra2 = [[Pithapuram Nageswara Rao]], L. R. Eswari
| length2 =
| title3 = Aasthi Mooredu
| note3 =
| writer3 =
| lyrics3 =
| music3 =
| extra3 = Sathyam M, L. R. Eswari
| length3 =
| title4 = Vaade Vaadante
| note4 =
| writer4 =
| lyrics4 =
| music4 =
| extra4 = P. Susheela
| length4 =
| title5 = Akkada Choosina
| note5 =
| writer5 =
| lyrics5 =
| music5 =
| extra5 = Pithapuram Nageswara Rao, L R. Easwari
| length5 =
}}

== Release ==
''Bhale Kodallu'' was released on 26 April 1968,<ref name="indiancine.ma" /> over a year after ''Bama Vijayam'' (24 February 1967).<ref name="Anandan">{{Cite book |last=Film News Anandan |url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails31.asp |title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru |publisher=Sivagami Publishers |year=2004 |location=Chennai |language=Tamil |trans-title=Tamil film history and its achievements |author-link=Film News Anandan |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180115064645/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1967-cinedetails31.asp |archive-date=2018-01-15}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name="indiancine.ma">{{Cite web |title=Bhale Kodallu (1968) |url=https://indiancine.ma/MJD/info |access-date=24 February 2018 |website=Indiancine.ma}}</ref>
}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last1=Rajadhyaksha |first1=Ashish |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Cinema |last2=Willemen |first2=Paul |publisher=[[British Film Institute]] and [[Oxford University Press]] |year=1998 |isbn=0-19-563579-5 |author-link=Ashish Rajadhyaksha |author-link2=Paul Willemen |orig-date=1994}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0154197}}

{{K. Balachander}}
{{Gemini Studios}}

[[Category:1968 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:1968 comedy films]]
[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Balachander]]
[[Category:Films scored by M. S. Viswanathan]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]

60 Vayadu Maaniram

2026-03-03T03:11:13Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: added info

{{short description|2018 Tamil film by Radha Mohan}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = 60 Vayadu Maaniram
| image = 60 Vayadu Maaniram.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = [[Radha Mohan]]
| producer = [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
| screenplay = Radha Mohan
| writer = [[Viji (screenwriter)|Viji]] (dialogues)
| based_on = ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''
| starring = [[Vikram Prabhu]] [[Prakash Raj]] [[Samuthirakani]] [[Indhuja Ravichandran]]
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cinematography = [[Manush Nandan]]
| editing = T. S. Jay
| studio = V Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2018|8|31}}
| runtime = 136 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''60 Vayadu Maaniram''''' ({{IPA|ta|arʊbad̪ɯ ʋajad̪ɯ maːn̪ɪram}}; {{Translation|60 years, darkskinned}}) is a 2018 Indian [[Tamil-language]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] co-written and directed by [[Radha Mohan]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Prakash Raj and Vikram Prabhu team up for '60 Vayadu Maaniram' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prakash-raj-and-vikram-prabhu-team-up-for-60-vayadu-maaniram/articleshow/65224596.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212090659/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/prakash-raj-and-vikram-prabhu-team-up-for-60-vayadu-maaniram/articleshow/65224596.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> This movie is the remake of 2016 Kannada box office hit film ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]''.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikram Prabhu, Prakash Raj in Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu's Tamil remake |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhu-prakash-raj-in-godhi-banna-sadharana-mykattus-tamil-remake/articleshow/65228804.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212090948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhu-prakash-raj-in-godhi-banna-sadharana-mykattus-tamil-remake/articleshow/65228804.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=12 February 2024 |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> The film stars [[Vikram Prabhu]], [[Prakash Raj]], [[Samuthirakani]] and [[Indhuja Ravichandran]] in main lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=60 Vayadu Maaniram (Aka) 60 Vayadhu Maaniram review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/60-vayadu-maaniram/60-vayadu-maaniram-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113103235/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/60-vayadu-maaniram/60-vayadu-maaniram-review.html |archive-date=13 January 2019 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> It was produced by distributor [[Kalaipuli S. Thanu]] under his production company V Creations.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2018 |title=கிழக்கு சீமையிலே படத்துக்கு பிறகு நான் பெருமை கொள்ளும் படைப்பு : தயாரிப்பாளர் தாணு– News18 Tamil |url=https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/60-vayadu-maaniram-producer-kalaippuli-s-thanu-tweet-41549.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816061601/https://tamil.news18.com/news/entertainment/60-vayadu-maaniram-producer-kalaippuli-s-thanu-tweet-41549.html |archive-date=16 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=News18 Tamil}}</ref>

The film's score and soundtrack are scored by [[Ilaiyaraaja]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2018 |title=இளையராஜா இசையமைத்துள்ள '60 வயது மாநிறம்': டிரெய்லர் வெளியீடு! |url=http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2018/aug/15/60-vayadu-maaniram-trailer-2981129.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815232816/http://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2018/aug/15/60-vayadu-maaniram-trailer-2981129.html |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=Dinamani}}</ref> The film's cinematography is handled by Manush Nandan while editing is handled by T.S.Jay. The [[art direction]] of the film is handled by K. Kathir.

==Plot==
Govindarajan ([[Prakash Raj]]), a 60-year-old man, has [[Alzheimer's disease]]. One day, he suddenly goes missing. His son Shiva ([[Vikram Prabhu]]), who is worried by his father's disappearance, embarks on a search with a female doctor named Archana ([[Indhuja Ravichandran]]) and during the search they fall in love with each other. Govindarajan gets entangled with Ranga ([[Samuthirakani]]), a criminal who has committed a murder. The rest of the film involves whether Shiva finds his father or not.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Khalilullah.S |date=14 August 2018 |title='நம்ம ஒவ்வொருவருக்குள்ளும் ஒரு வெள்ள நாய், கறுப்பு நாய் இருக்கும்!' - '60 வயது மாநிறம்' படத்தின் ட்ரெய்லர் {{!}} '60 vayadu maaniram' movie trailer released |url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/133996-60-vayadu-maaniram-movie-trailer-released.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815121100/https://www.vikatan.com/news/cinema/133996-60-vayadu-maaniram-movie-trailer-released.html |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=vikatan.com |language=ta}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Vikram Prabhu]] as Shiva Govindarajan
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Govindarajan
* [[Samuthirakani]] as Ranga
* [[Indhuja Ravichandran]] as Dr. Archana
* [[Bharath Reddy (actor)|Bharath Reddy]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Badrinath [[Indian Police Service|IPS]] (Badri)
* [[Elango Kumaravel]] as Rajappan
* [[Jangiri Madhumitha]] as Janaki Rajappan (Jaanu)
* [[Mohan Raman]] as Balachandran (Balu)
* Meena Vemuri as Archana's mother
* Daddy Saravanan as Inspector S. Thangaraj
* Raghavan as S.I. Raghunath
* Radha Ramakrishnan as Maria
* Ramesh V as Johnny
* Sarath as Kaasi
* Aroul D. Shankar as Guna
* [[Anu Krishna]] as Madhavi
{{colend}}

== Production ==
Prakash Raj purchased the rights to remake the 2016 Kannada box office hit film ''[[Godhi Banna Sadharana Mykattu]]'' in Tamil, Telugu.<ref>{{Cite news |date=26 February 2017 |title=Godhi Banna Sadharna Mykattu to be made in Tamil and Telugu |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Godhi-Banna-in-Tamil-and-Telugu/articleshow/52882316.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815171121/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Godhi-Banna-in-Tamil-and-Telugu/articleshow/52882316.cms |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> and Hindi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2016 |title=Amitabh Bachchan & Prakash Raj To Come Together For GBSM Remake? |url=http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/amitabh-bachchan-prakash-raj-to-come-together-for-gbsm-remake-233803.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170411011435/http://www.filmibeat.com/kannada/news/2016/amitabh-bachchan-prakash-raj-to-come-together-for-gbsm-remake-233803.html |archive-date=11 April 2017 |access-date=15 August 2018 |website=filmibeat.com}}</ref> The production venture of the film commenced in late 2016 which also marked the first remake film in Radha Mohan's filmography.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 July 2018 |title='It Was A Privilege To Work With Ilaiyaraaja': Radha Mohan On 'Arubadhu Vayadhu Maaniram' |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/radha-mohan-prakash-raj-ilaiyaraaja-arubadhu-vayadhu-maaniram/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731213121/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/radha-mohan-prakash-raj-ilaiyaraaja-arubadhu-vayadhu-maaniram/ |archive-date=31 July 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

The official trailer of the film was released on 14 August 2018 and received positive reviews from the audience.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Vikram Prabhu's '60 Vayadu Maaniram' trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhus-60-vayadu-maaniram-trailer/articleshow/65412329.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828212827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/vikram-prabhus-60-vayadu-maaniram-trailer/articleshow/65412329.cms |archive-date=28 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Aaglave |first=Ganesh |title=60 Vayadu Maaniram trailer: Prakash Raj and Vikram Prabhu's class act make this thriller drama an interesting watch |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/60-vayadu-maaniram-trailer-prakash-raj-and-vikram-prabhus-class-act-make-this-thriller-drama-an-interesting-watch/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815175836/http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/60-vayadu-maaniram-trailer-prakash-raj-and-vikram-prabhus-class-act-make-this-thriller-drama-an-interesting-watch/ |archive-date=15 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=15 August 2018 |title='60 Vayadhu Maaniram' Trailer: Prakash Raj Reprises The Role of the Brilliant Anant Nag |url=https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/60-vayadhu-maaniram-trailer-prakash-raj-reprises-the-role-of-the-brilliant-anant-nag/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816025550/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/news/60-vayadhu-maaniram-trailer-prakash-raj-reprises-the-role-of-the-brilliant-anant-nag/ |archive-date=16 August 2018 |access-date=15 August 2018 |work=Silverscreen.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = 60 Vayadu Maaniram
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2018
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Think Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Merku Thodarchi Malai]]
| prev_year = 2018
| year = 2018
| next_title = [[Happi (film)|Happi]]
| next_year = 2019
}}
The background music for the film was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], while the lyrics were penned by [[Pa. Vijay]], Palani Bharathi and [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]].

{| class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Iraivinai Thedi" || Ilaiyaraaja || [[Pa. Vijay]]
|-
| 2 || "Thedi Thedi" || [[Benny Dayal]], [[Vibhavari Apte Joshi|Vibhavari]] || Palani Bharathi
|-
| 3 || "Naalum Naalum I" || [[Monali Thakur]] || rowspan=2|[[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
|-
| 4 || "Naalum Naalum II" || Benny Dayal, Monali Thakur
|}

==Reception==
''Times of India'' wrote "The movie appeals to those who haven't watched the original version or love watching stories on beautiful bonding".<ref>{{Cite news |title=60 Vayadu Maaniram Movie Review {3.0/5}: Critic Review of 60 Vayadu Maaniram by Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/60-vayadu-maaniram/movie-review/65622174.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> ''Firstpost'' wrote "On the whole 60 Vayathu Maaniram is refreshingly fresh and likeable for its characters."<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=60 Vayathu Maaniram movie review: Prakash Raj, Vikram Prabhu in a heart-warming film with stellar performances |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/60-vayathu-maaniram-movie-review-prakash-raj-vikram-prabhu-in-a-heart-warming-film-with-stellar-performances-5089401.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125205728/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/60-vayathu-maaniram-movie-review-prakash-raj-vikram-prabhu-in-a-heart-warming-film-with-stellar-performances-5089401.html |archive-date=25 November 2018 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> ''Behindwoods'' wrote "With interesting writing for Samuthirakani's portions and an engaging screenplay, 60 Vayadu Maaniram could have looked a lot more complete."<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=60 Vayadu Maaniram (Aka) 60 Vayadhu Maaniram review |url=https://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/60-vayadu-maaniram/60-vayadu-maaniram-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113103235/http://www.behindwoods.com/tamil-movies/60-vayadu-maaniram/60-vayadu-maaniram-review.html |archive-date=13 January 2019 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> ''India Today'' called it "Average drama with overdose of emotions".<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2018 |title=60 Vayadu Maaniram Review: Average drama with overdose of emotions |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/60-vayadu-maaniram-review-average-drama-with-overdose-of-emotions-1328643-2018-08-31 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106210001/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/60-vayadu-maaniram-review-average-drama-with-overdose-of-emotions-1328643-2018-08-31 |archive-date=6 January 2019 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref> ''Deccan Chronicle'' wrote it "is a neatly self-contained film that achieves what it set out to through delicate acting, nuanced cinematography, and serene music".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 September 2018 |title=60 Vayadu Maaniram movie review: An honest and heartfelt piece of cinema |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/020918/60-vayadu-maaniram-movie-review.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011143253/https://deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/020918/60-vayadu-maaniram-movie-review.html |archive-date=11 October 2018 |access-date=6 January 2019}}</ref>

==Home media==
In 2023, the satellite rights of the film was sold to [[Colors Tamil]]. This movie was premiered on February 5, 2023 at 2 p.m.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|id=8963248}}
{{Radha Mohan}}

[[Category:2018 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2018 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian films about Alzheimer's disease]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Kannada films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2018 drama films]]
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Radha Mohan]]
[[Category:Films produced by Kalaipuli S. Thanu]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]

Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami

2026-03-02T09:37:13Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: quick correct content based on references and added references

{{short description|2014 film by Ravindra Gautam}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami
| image = Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami - Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Ravindra Gautam
| producer = Saurabh Tewari, Anurradha Prasad Shukla [[Abhinav Shukla]]
| writer = Rahil Qaazi
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Anupam Kher]]
* [[Divyendu Sharma]]
* [[Manu Rishi]]
* [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]]
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]]
* [[Neha Dhupia]]
}}
| narrator =
| music = [[Ram Sampath]]
| cinematography = Sanjay Memane
| editing = [[Amitabh Shukla]] Sanjay Sharma
| studio = Nautanki Films
| distributor = [[Jayantilal Gada]]
| released = {{Film date|2014|10|10|df=yes}}
| runtime = 140 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami/cast/ |title=Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami Cast & Crew |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122171321/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami/cast/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| gross = {{INR|link=yes}}1.58 [[crore]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami/box-office/ |title=Box Office Collections |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122171320/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami/box-office/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

'''''Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami''''' ({{translation|Salute of 21 canons}}) is a 2014 Indian Hindi [[satire film]] directed by Ravindra Gautam and produced by Saurabh Tewari and Abhinav Shukla under the banner of Nautanki Films.<ref name="Nautanki Films">{{cite web |url=http://www.nautankifilms.com/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami.html |title=Nautanki Films |work=Centist |accessdate=9 July 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828192822/http://www.nautankifilms.com/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami.html |archivedate=28 August 2014 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Neha Dhupia paying a tribute to some iconic actresses of Bollywood | url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Neha-Dhupia-paying-a-tribute-to-some-iconic-actresses-of-Bollywood/articleshow/43425360.cms | author = Seema Sinha | date = 26 September 2014 | accessdate = 2014-09-26 | work = The Times of India | archive-date = 7 January 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160107201405/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/Neha-Dhupia-paying-a-tribute-to-some-iconic-actresses-of-Bollywood/articleshow/43425360.cms | url-status = live }}</ref> The film stars [[Anupam Kher]], [[Divyendu Sharma]], [[Manu Rishi]], [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]], [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] and [[Neha Dhupia]] in the leading roles and was released in India on 10 October 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wvmCPpj8yo |title=Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami – Official Trailer |publisher=[[YouTube]] |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215101015/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0wvmCPpj8yo |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast==
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Purushottam Narayan Joshi
** [[Aditya Kapadia]] as young Purushottam (cameo appearance)
* [[Neha Dhupia]] as Jayaprabha
* [[Divyendu Sharma]] as Subhash Joshi
* [[Manu Rishi]] as Shekhar Joshi
* [[Aditi Sharma (actress, born 1983)|Aditi Sharma]] as Taanya Srivastav
* [[Rajesh Sharma (actor)|Rajesh Sharma]] as Daya Shankar Pandey
* [[Achyut Potdar]]
* [[Uttara Baokar]] as Kalawati
* [[Supriya Kumari]] as Sushma Joshi
* Bhagwan Tiwari as Abhinav Shivhare
* [[Sudhir Pandey]] as Patwardhan
* [[Aasif Sheikh]] as Arnab Sharma
* Harshad Kumar as inspector

== Plot ==
Two sons set out to get their father what he had dreamed of all through his life – the ultimate sign of respect. High on thrill and laughter, this film takes the audience through the unbelievable attempts of Shekhar and Subhash Joshi to provide their father, Purushottam, with a 21 gun salute. Purushotam Joshi is a common man who fails to earn his bit of appreciation despite being completely honest during his lifelong service as a government employee. Joshi's sons are, however, willing to go the extra mile to get their father's only wish. But will they succeed in their endeavour?

== Promotion ==
[[SRK]] launched the trailer of the Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami.<ref name="Shah Rukh Khan promotes Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami">{{cite news|url= http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Selfie-moments-with-SRK-at-Ekkees-Toppon-Ki-Salaami-launch-in-Mumbai/articleshow/40308338.cms|title= Shah Rukh Khan promotes Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami|work= Centist|date= 15 August 2014|accessdate= 17 Aug 2014|archive-date= 9 June 2019|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190609094945/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Selfie-moments-with-SRK-at-Ekkees-Toppon-Ki-Salaami-launch-in-Mumbai/articleshow/40308338.cms|url-status= live}}</ref> The song Tod De Kataar was launched in a special event next to the iconic [[The Common Man]] statue of [[RK Laxman]], where common people were felicitated for their service to the society.<ref name="TEkkees Toppon Ki Salaami to celebrate the spirit of the common man">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ekkees-Toppon-Ki-Salaami-to-celebrate-the-spirit-of-the-common-man/articleshow/41940902.cms|title=Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami to celebrate the spirit of the common man|work=Centist|accessdate=7 September 2014|archive-date=7 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107061315/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ekkees-Toppon-Ki-Salaami-to-celebrate-the-spirit-of-the-common-man/articleshow/41940902.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami
| type = soundtrack
| artist = Ram Sampath
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2014|09|23}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1113094060 |title=Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=23 September 2014 |publisher=[[iTunes]] |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514073430/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1113094060 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 18:20
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
| misc = {{External media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|Qsl-fP_ffQQ|Audio Jukebox}}}}
}}

The soundtrack of Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami consists of 5 songs composed by [[Ram Sampath]] the lyrics of which were written by Sandeep Nath.

{{Track listing
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length ={{Duration|m=18|s=20}}

| title1 = Ghoor Ghoor Ke
| extra1 = [[Sona Mohapatra]]
| length1 = 03:43

| title2 = Tod De Kataar
| extra2 = [[Labh Janjua]], [[Divya Kumar (singer)|Divya Kumar]] & [[Ram Sampath]]
| length2 = 02:58

| title3 = Hum Tumhe Kaise Bataye
| note3 = Ghazal
| extra3 = [[Aman Trikha]] & Tarannum Mallik
| length3 = 04:33

| title4 = Bitua
| extra4 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| length4 = 04:20

| title5 = Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami
| extra5 = Ram Sampath & Earl Edgar D
| length5 = 02:44
}}

==Critical reception==

Renuka Vyavahare of [[The Times of India]] gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and said that, "In times where materialistic things have taken precedence over people and good old values, ETKS is one of the most socially relevant films to have come out this year. It's not just a film but a philosophy."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami/movie-review/44769831.cms |title=Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514160712/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami/movie-review/44769831.cms |url-status=live }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> [[Bollywood Hungama]] gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5 saying that, "Director Ravindra Gautam really needs to be applauded from the bottom of the heart for having come up with such a unique film. The way he has treated the subject and extracted performances from his actors, makes him a director to look forward to in the future."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami/critic-review/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-movie-review/ |title=Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami Review by Bollywood Hungama News Network |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122171328/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami/critic-review/ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Rachit Gupta of [[Filmfare]] reviewed the film saying that, "Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami isn’t the worst film ever made. It’s got its moments. But when it comes to cinematic quality it has no leg to stand on. It’s just too erratic to merit any credibility."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-7412.html |title=Movie Review: Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami |publisher=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065144/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-7412.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of [[News18]] gave the film a rating of 2 out of 5 saying that, "Buried beneath the farcical humor, melodramatic performances and manipulative tear-jerking in Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami is a well-intentioned message movie about the value of honesty."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/message-in-a-throttle/ |title=Message in a throttle |publisher=[[Rajeev Masand]] |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065236/http://www.rajeevmasand.com/reviews/our-films/message-in-a-throttle/ |url-status=live }}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref> Prateek Sur of [[DNA India]] praised the acting performances of the actors but criticized the length of the film and gave the film a rating of 3 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-review-ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-is-a-relevant-film-on-present-day-political-scenario-2024983 |title=Film Review: 'Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami' is a relevant film on present day political scenario |publisher=[[DNA India]] |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514142916/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-film-review-ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-is-a-relevant-film-on-present-day-political-scenario-2024983 |url-status=live }}{{Rating|3|5}}</ref> Kaushani Banerjee of [[Deccan Chronicle]] gave the film a rating of 1.5 out of 5 saying that the movie "falters much like the system it aims to satirize."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141010/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-it-falters-much |title=Movie Review – The film is strictly a one-time watch |date=10 October 2014 |publisher=[[DNA India]] |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514070829/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/141010/entertainment-movie-review/article/movie-review-ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-it-falters-much |url-status=live }}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref> Paloma Sharma of [[Rediff]] gave the film a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and said that, "Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami could have been flawless but for slightly substandard dialogues and cinematography."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-has-repeat-value/20141010.htm |title=Review: Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami has repeat value |publisher=[[Rediff]] |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065437/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami-has-repeat-value/20141010.htm |url-status=live }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> Sanjukta Sharma of [[Live Mint]] reviewed the film saying that, "Kher leads a cast that drums up the melodrama quite effortlessly, as the film requires. But despite the best of intentions, Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami is a tiresome film and at least half an hour longer than it should have been."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DIIi7bLQWfIa401wH9E0OM/Film-Review--Ekkees-Toppon-Ki-Salaami.html |title=Film Review – Ekkees Toppon Ki Salaami |date=10 October 2014 |publisher=[[Live Mint]] |access-date=13 May 2018 |archive-date=14 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141541/https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/DIIi7bLQWfIa401wH9E0OM/Film-Review--Ekkees-Toppon-Ki-Salaami.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{BH movie|ekkees-toppon-ki-salaami}}

[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian satirical films]]
[[Category:2014 films]]
[[Category:2014 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2014 Indian films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:2010s satirical films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language comedy films]]
[[Category:Pen Studios films]]

Spy Bahu

2026-02-28T00:28:40Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: put up new stub v1

{{short description|Indian television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| genre = [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Ashvini Yardi]]
| developer =
| screenplay = Gautam Hegde Nitish Bakshi
| story = Srinita Bhowmick Prakriti Mukherjee
| director = Niraj Pandey
| narrated = [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]]
| creative_director =
| starring = [[Sehban Azim]] [[Sana Sayyad]]
| music = Lenin Nandi
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 143
| list_episodes =
| producer = Ashvini Yardi
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 20-25 minutes
| company = Viniyard Films
| network = [[Colors TV]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2022|3|14}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|9|30}}
}}

'''''Spy Bahu''''' ({{translation|A Spy daughter-in-law}}) is an Indian [[Hindi]]-language television spy drama series that premiered on 14 March 2022 on [[Colors TV]]. It is digitally available on [[Voot]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=15 March 2022|title=COLORS presents a mysterious new love story, 'Spy Bahu'|url=https://www.viacom18.com/media/colors-presents-a-mysterious-new-love-story-spy-bahu/|access-date=19 April 2022|work=Viacom 18|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210203/https://www.viacom18.com/colors-garage/service-unavailable.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=From Spy Bahu to Yeh Jhuki Jhuki Si Nazar: 5 TV shows to look forward to in March 2022|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/from-spy-bahu-to-yeh-jhuki-jhuki-si-nazar-5-tv-shows-to-look-forward-to-in-march-2022-article-89931386/amp|access-date=4 March 2022|work=Zoom TV|archive-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116113308/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/telly-talk/from-spy-bahu-to-yeh-jhuki-jhuki-si-nazar-5-tv-shows-to-look-forward-to-in-march-2022-article-89931386/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> Produced by [[Ashvini Yardi]] under the banner of Viniyard Films, it stars [[Sana Sayyad]] and [[Sehban Azim]]. The series went off-air on 30 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive - Spy Bahu's Sehban Azim: It doesn't feel like it is my first show with Sana|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/spy-bahus-sehban-azim-it-doesnt-feel-like-it-is-my-first-show-with-sana/videoshow/90264538.cms|access-date=17 March 2022|work=Times of India|language=en|archive-date=17 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317043049/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/tv/hindi/spy-bahus-sehban-azim-it-doesnt-feel-like-it-is-my-first-show-with-sana/videoshow/90264538.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="SA">{{Cite news|title=It is sad as we were expecting the show to run longer, says Sehban Azim about Spy Bahu ending on September 30|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-is-sad-as-we-were-expecting-the-show-to-run-longer-says-sehban-azim-about-spy-bahu-ending-on-september-30/articleshow/94262720.cms|access-date=24 September 2022|work=Times of India|language=en|archive-date=24 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220924040515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-is-sad-as-we-were-expecting-the-show-to-run-longer-says-sehban-azim-about-spy-bahu-ending-on-september-30/articleshow/94262720.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Plot==
Mahira Mirza is a young girl from Kashmir, whose parents Sharif and Aayat were killed in a terrorist attack and she got separated from her brother. She gets adopted by Saras and Minal Kotadia, who changes her name to Sejal Kotadia. While, her brother Fareed is adopted by Shera and becomes Abhishek Singh.

Yohan Nanda, is the son of rich businessman Arun Nanda, his mother Aarti died when he was young and he hates his step-mother and aunt Veera Nanda. He lives with his brothers Shail and Krish, sister Drishti and sister-in-law Shalini. Veera in reality is a terrorist and runs a group named "Mission Azaadi".

Sejal eventually join RAW with the help of S.K. and Tanha. She enters the Nanda mansion in order to spy on Yohan, who is suspected. She eventually learns that Yohan is innocent and Veera is the real culprit. She also learns that her brother, Abhishek is married to Yohan's sister Drishti. Abhishek loses his life in a mission to avenge his family's death, leaving Drishti in deep shock. She later give birth to Fareed's(aka Abhishek) son Aditya.

Veera makes her assistant Ahana enter the Nanda house as fake Mahira. They together prove Sejal as a terrorist and she is arrested. During court's hearing, Sejal's police van is forced to fall off the cliff by Ahana and Sejal is presumed dead.

===6 months later===
Sejal disguises as Paro and is pregnant. She re-enters the Nanda house faking memory loss. With her constant efforts, Yohan finds out that his mother was killed by Veera. They also found that Veera and Ahana were giving wrong medicines to Drishti. They together decides to expose Veera.

Veera tries to kill Shalini when she finds out her truth. Shalini is however, saved by Yohan and Sejal. Veera plans to kill the Nandas in a blast during Ganpati. But, Sejal saves everyone on time. Veera is exposed and is arrested by SK. Yohan is arrested on false charges of rape, through a plan made by Ahana and Veera.

During the court hearing, Yohan proves himself innocent, but Ahana turns the table around. Veera escapes police custody with Arbaaz's help and SK sir is killed by a bomb planted in the court. Sejal promises to catch Veera. Sejal is finally able to capture Veera who is killed while escaping. Ahana and Arbaaz are arrested.

Sejal is awarded for her bravery. She later gives birth to a baby girl, Hichki. Yohan is asked by Tanha to join as a spy. He and Sejal are assigned their new mission in Lucknow. The show ends on a happy note with Sejal, Yohan and Hichki enjoying their family time.

==Cast==
===Main===
* [[Sana Sayyad]] as Mahira "Sejal" Mirza Nanda: Sharif and Aayat's daughter; Saras and Minal's adopted daughter; Abhishek's sister; Bumba's adopted sister; Yohan's wife; Hichki's mother
** Hardika Sharma as Child Mahira Mirza
* [[Sehban Azim]] as Yohan Nanda: Arun and Aarti's younger son; Veera's nephew/step-son; Shail and Drishti's brother; Krish's half-brother; Sejal's husband; Hichki's father

===Recurring===
* [[Ayub Khan (actor)|Ayub Khan]] as Arun Nanda: Aarti's widower; Veera's husband; Shail, Yohan, Drishti and Krish's father; Hichki and Aditya's grandfather
* [[Parineeta Borthakur]] as Veera Nanda: Aarti's younger sister; Arun's second wife; Krish's mother; Shail, Yohan, and Drishti's aunt/step-mother; Hichki and Aditya's grandaunt/step-grandmother
* Ram Yashvardhan Passi as Shail Nanda: Arun and Aarti's elder son; Yohan and Drishti's brother; Krish's half-brother; Shalini's husband
* [[Nikunj Malik]] as Shalini Nanda: Shail's wife
* Sayali Salunkhe / Aditi Bhagat as Drishti Nanda Mirza: Arun and Aarti's daughter; Shail and Yohan's sister; Krish's half-sister; Abhishek's wife; Aditya's mother
* [[Wasim Mushtaq]] as Fareed "Abhishek" Mirza: Sharif and Aayat's son; Shera's adopted son; Sejal's brother; Dhristi's husband; Aditya's father (Dead)
* Devashish Chandiramani as Krish Nanda: Arun and Veera's son; Shail, Yohan and Drishti's half-brother
* Sanjeev Jotangia as Saras Kotadia: Minal's husband; Bumba's father; Sejal's adoptive father
* [[Bhavana Balsavar]] as Minal Kotadia: Saras's wife; Bumba's mother; Sejal's adoptive mother
* [[Shubha Khote]] as Mrs. Kotadia: Saras's mother; Bumba's grandmother; Sejal's adoptive grandmother
* Ekagra Dwivedi as Bumba Kotadia: Saras and Minal's son; Sejal's adoptive younger brother
* [[Kiran Karmarkar]] as Suryakant Sharma; [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] officer; one of Sejal's boss
* [[Krunal Pandit]] as Tanha; [[Research and Analysis Wing|RAW]] officer; one of Sejal's boss
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] as Ahana / fake Mahira: Veera's terrorist group member
* Shivendraa Saainiyol as Shera Singh: Nanda's head of security; Abhishek's adoptive father
* Subir Rana as Harsh: Sejal's colleague and a spy
* Aaryaa Sharma as Aarti Nanda: Arun's first wife; Veera's sister; Shail, Yohan and Drishti's mother; Hichki and Aditya's grandmother (Dead)
* [[Aafreen Dabestani]] as Alisha Kapoor: Yohan's former fiancée
* Manas Shah as Jatin: Sejal's best friend and former fiancé

===Cameo appearance===
* [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] as narrator in the first episode

==Production==
===Development===
[[Ashvini Yardi]] roped in actress [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] as the narrator for the promos and the show.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Cyril|first=Grace|date=20 February 2022|title=Kareena Kapoor turns narrator for upcoming fiction drama Spy Bahu|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kareena-kapoor-turns-narrator-for-upcoming-fiction-drama-spy-bahu-watch-first-promo-1915402-2022-02-20|access-date=7 April 2022|work=India Today|language=en|archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210210/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/soaps/story/kareena-kapoor-turns-narrator-for-upcoming-fiction-drama-spy-bahu-watch-first-promo-1915402-2022-02-20|url-status=live}}</ref> On her part, Kapoor said, "Spy Bahu is a fascinating love story that has left me captivated. The audience is going to love Sejal and Yohan's chemistry and enjoy this power-packed show."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kareena Kapoor introduces Spy Bahu, says Colors' new show 'left me captivated'. Watch video|work=Indian Express|date=20 February 2022|access-date=21 February 2022|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kareena-kapoor-introduces-spy-bahu-colors-new-show-promo-sana-sayyad-sehban-azim-watch-video-7782336/lite/|archive-date=30 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220430114423/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kareena-kapoor-introduces-spy-bahu-colors-new-show-promo-sana-sayyad-sehban-azim-watch-video-7782336/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Sana Sayyad]] on her role and shows comparison to ''[[Raazi]]'' said, "While the story is about an undercover agent, it has nothing to do with Raazi or even ''[[Ek Tha Tiger]]''. With our show, we want to pay tribute to the many unnamed detectives, who are no less than soldiers for us. Sejal's flaws make her different. Honestly, I have always wanted to play a RAW agent or a spy and I feel I manifested this project."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Exclusive - Spy Bahu has no similarities to Raazi or Ek Tha Tiger: Actress Sana Sayyad|work=Indian Express|date=25 March 2022|access-date=26 March 2022|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/spy-bahu-has-no-similarities-to-raazi-or-ek-tha-tiger-sana-sayyad-7836219/lite/|archive-date=25 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325140804/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/spy-bahu-has-no-similarities-to-raazi-or-ek-tha-tiger-sana-sayyad-7836219/lite/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sana Sayyad, Sheban Azim and Spy Bahu team celebrate as the show completes 100 episodes; see video|work=Zoom TV|access-date=2 August 2022|url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/sana-sayyad-sheban-azim--spy-bahu-team-celebrate-as-the-show-completes-100-episodes-video-93271945/amp|archive-date=16 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116122853/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/videos/sana-sayyad-sheban-azim--spy-bahu-team-celebrate-as-the-show-completes-100-episodes-video-93271945/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Casting===
[[Sana Sayyad]] was cast to portray Mahira Mirza/Sejal Kotadia opposite Azim.<ref>{{Cite web|last= |first=|title= Spy Bahu New Show : सना सय्यद और सेहबान अजीम के नए शो 'स्पाई बहु' में नजर आएगी दिलचस्प प्रेम कहानी|url= https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/colors-tvs-new-show-spy-bahu-to-present-different-romantic-story-sana-sayyed-and-sehban-azim-to-be-the-lead-characters-1061545.html|url-status= live|access-date= 7 April 2022|website= TV9 Bharatvarsh|date=14 February 2022|language= hi|archive-date= 23 September 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210153/https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/colors-tvs-new-show-spy-bahu-to-present-different-romantic-story-sana-sayyed-and-sehban-azim-to-be-the-lead-characters-1061545.html}}</ref> Sana had to gain weight for her role of a spy.<ref name="SSSA">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=15 March 2022|title=The bahu is no longer the damsel-in-distress on TV shows, she is independent and speaks her mind: Sana Sayyad|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-bahu-is-no-longer-the-damsel-in-distress-on-tv-shows-she-is-independent-and-speaks-her-mind-sana-sayyad/articleshow/90473176.cms|access-date=28 March 2022|website=Times Of India|archive-date=27 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220327091400/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/the-bahu-is-no-longer-the-damsel-in-distress-on-tv-shows-she-is-independent-and-speaks-her-mind-sana-sayyad/articleshow/90473176.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Regressive content works on TV as audiences like it: Spy Bahu's Sana Sayyad |work=Times of India |date=6 April 2022 |access-date=7 April 2022 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/regressive-content-works-on-tv-as-audiences-like-it-sana-sayyad/articleshow/90677022.cms |archive-date=26 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826202454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/regressive-content-works-on-tv-as-audiences-like-it-sana-sayyad/articleshow/90677022.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Sehban Azim]] was chosen to portray Yohan Nanda opposite Sayyad.<ref>{{Cite news|title=I would recommend a solo trip to everyone at least once in life: Sehban Azim on his life-changing experience & his new TV show Spy Bahu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-would-recommend-a-solo-trip-to-everyone-at-least-once-in-life-sehban-azim-on-his-life-changing-experience-his-new-tv-show-spy-bahu/articleshow/89112943.cms|url-status=live|access-date=2022-04-07|website=[[Times of India]]|date=25 January 2022 |archive-date=23 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210210/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-would-recommend-a-solo-trip-to-everyone-at-least-once-in-life-sehban-azim-on-his-life-changing-experience-his-new-tv-show-spy-bahu/articleshow/89112943.cms}}</ref> He had to lose 8 kgs for his role of a businessman.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=15 March 2022 |title=Spy Bahu : सेजल का किरदार निभाने के लिए एक्ट्रेस सना सैयद ने बढ़ाया अपना वजन, तो सेहबान अजीम को करना पड़ा वेट लॉस |url=https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/spy-bahu-for-sejals-character-actress-sana-sayyad-gain-weight-and-for-yohan-actor-sehban-azim-lost-8-kg-check-out-their-diet-plan-1118934.html |url-status=live |access-date= |website=TV9 Bharatvarsh |language=hi |archive-date=23 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210212/https://www.tv9hindi.com/entertainment/television/spy-bahu-for-sejals-character-actress-sana-sayyad-gain-weight-and-for-yohan-actor-sehban-azim-lost-8-kg-check-out-their-diet-plan-1118934.html }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Spy Bahu's Sehban Azim jokes Kareena Kapoor said yes to shoot show's promo because his brother is also named Taimur|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 March 2022|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kareena-kapoor-said-yes-to-narrating-spy-bahu-because-of-show-lead-sehban-azim-s-special-connection-with-taimur-ali-khan-101647169940166-amp.html|access-date=14 March 2022|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314015529/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kareena-kapoor-said-yes-to-narrating-spy-bahu-because-of-show-lead-sehban-azim-s-special-connection-with-taimur-ali-khan-101647169940166-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Parineeta Borthakur]] was cast as the main antagonist Veera Nanda.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Parineeta Borthakur aka Veera Nanda enjoys donning Punjabi look for 'Spy Bahu'|access-date=25 April 2022|work=Times Of India|date=25 April 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parineeta-borthakur-enjoys-donning-punjabi-look-for-spy-bahu/articleshow/91073685.cms|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826202454/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parineeta-borthakur-enjoys-donning-punjabi-look-for-spy-bahu/articleshow/91073685.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Parineeta Borthakur: Playing a bad boss lady on Spy Bahu is fun and also challenging|access-date=3 August 2022|work=Times Of India|date=2 August 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parineeta-borthakur-playing-a-bad-boss-lady-on-spy-bahu-is-fun-and-also-challenging/articleshow/93303361.cms#_ga=2.242369025.20855116.1664447651-amp-2tmPd8oAjfyJA2CCHFxuUcZjNuKDCxcRLLeMnPsDlLy6qolCDhUwcs3fsZRtbKjB|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826202549/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/parineeta-borthakur-playing-a-bad-boss-lady-on-spy-bahu-is-fun-and-also-challenging/articleshow/93303361.cms?from=mdr#_ga=2.242369025.20855116.1664447651-amp-2tmPd8oAjfyJA2CCHFxuUcZjNuKDCxcRLLeMnPsDlLy6qolCDhUwcs3fsZRtbKjB|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Wasim Mushtaq]] was roped in to portray Sejal's brother Fareed/Abhishek.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Waseem Mushtaq Wraps Up His Shoot For Colors TV's Spy Drama 'Spy Bahu'|work=Outlook India|date=8 July 2022 |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/waseem-mushtaq-wraps-up-his-shoot-for-cop-drama-spy-bahu--news-207767/amp|access-date=8 July 2022|archive-date=9 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709050354/https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/waseem-mushtaq-wraps-up-his-shoot-for-cop-drama-spy-bahu--news-207767/amp|url-status=live}}</ref> But his track ended within 4 months.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Waseem Mushtaq on his track winding up in four months in Spy Bahu: I don't care about the length of my role, as long as my character is pivotal|work=Times Of India|date=6 July 2022|access-date=9 July 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/waseem-mushtaq-on-his-track-winding-up-in-four-months-in-spy-bahu-i-dont-care-about-the-length-of-my-role-as-long-as-my-character-is-pivotal/articleshow/92704793.cms#_ga=2.41699873.20855116.1664447651-amp-2tmPd8oAjfyJA2CCHFxuUcZjNuKDCxcRLLeMnPsDlLy6qolCDhUwcs3fsZRtbKjB|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826202504/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/waseem-mushtaq-on-his-track-winding-up-in-four-months-in-spy-bahu-i-dont-care-about-the-length-of-my-role-as-long-as-my-character-is-pivotal/articleshow/92704793.cms?from=mdr#_ga=2.41699873.20855116.1664447651-amp-2tmPd8oAjfyJA2CCHFxuUcZjNuKDCxcRLLeMnPsDlLy6qolCDhUwcs3fsZRtbKjB|url-status=live}}</ref> In July 2022, [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] entered the show as Ahana.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maheshwari|first=Neha|date=14 July 2022|title=Sara Khan joins the cast of Spy Bahu|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sara-khan-joins-the-cast-of-spy-bahu/articleshow/92866922.cms|access-date=28 July 2022|work=Times of India|language=en|archive-date=28 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220728072150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sara-khan-joins-the-cast-of-spy-bahu/articleshow/92866922.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Spy Bahu Exclusive: Sara Khan enters the show as the real Mahira, Sejal in trouble|access-date=25 July 2022|work=ABP News|date=24 July 2022 |url=https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/spy-bahu-sara-khan-enters-the-show-as-the-real-mahira-sejal-in-trouble-abp-news-1544195/amp|archive-date=27 August 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220827100702/https://news.abplive.com/videos/news/spy-bahu-sara-khan-enters-the-show-as-the-real-mahira-sejal-in-trouble-abp-news-1544195/amp|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Filming===
The series is set in [[New Delhi]] and in [[Kashmir]]. It is mainly shot at the [[Film City, Mumbai|Film City]], [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Get set for Spy Bahu on Colors TV|url= https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/get-set-for-spy-bahu-on-colors-370019|url-status= live|access-date=10 April 2022|website=Tribune India|archive-date= 23 September 2022|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220923210153/https://m.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/get-set-for-spy-bahu-on-colors-370019}}</ref> Some initial sequences were shot in Kashmir. The team also shot in [[Srinagar]], including Lal Chowk.<ref>{{Cite news|title=I think I manifested my second trip to Kashmir, which was the shoot for my new show 'Spy Bahu': Sehban Azim|work=Times Of India|date=13 March 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-think-i-manifested-my-second-trip-to-kashmir-which-was-the-shoot-for-my-new-show-sehban-azim/articleshow/90185172.cms|access-date=13 March 2022|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826202456/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/i-think-i-manifested-my-second-trip-to-kashmir-which-was-the-shoot-for-my-new-show-sehban-azim/articleshow/90185172.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Release===
The series promos were released in February 2022, where [[Kareena Kapoor Khan]] introduced the characters of Sejal and Yohan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kareena Kapoor shoots promo for TV show Spy Bahu with a disclaimer: 'She is not an actor in the show'|work=Hindustan Times|date=19 February 2022|access-date=19 February 2022|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kareena-kapoor-shoots-promo-for-tv-show-spy-bahu-with-a-disclaimer-she-is-not-an-actor-in-the-show-101645282250726-amp.html|archive-date=19 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219163545/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/kareena-kapoor-shoots-promo-for-tv-show-spy-bahu-with-a-disclaimer-she-is-not-an-actor-in-the-show-101645282250726-amp.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Kareena Kapoor Khan turns narrator for promo of upcoming fiction drama 'Spy Bahu'|work=Pinkvilla|access-date=20 February 2022|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/kareena-kapoor-khan-turns-narrator-promo-upcoming-fiction-drama-spy-bahu-1027459%3famp|archive-date=20 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220055735/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/kareena-kapoor-khan-turns-narrator-promo-upcoming-fiction-drama-spy-bahu-1027459?amp|url-status=live}}</ref> ''Spy Bahu'' premiered on 14 March 2022 on [[Colors TV]] and digitally on [[Voot]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sana Sayyad and Sehban Azim starrer Spy Bahu to premiere from 14th March on Colors TV|work=Bollywood Hungama|date=10 March 2022|access-date=14 March 2022|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/sana-sayyad-sehban-azim-starrer-spy-bahu-premiere-14th-march/|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331081034/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/features/sana-sayyad-sehban-azim-starrer-spy-bahu-premiere-14th-march/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/spy-bahu-holi-special-shamita-shetty-grooves-to-ram-chahe-leela-naagin-tejasswi-prakash-sets-stage-on-fire-4891496.html|access-date=20 March 2022|work=News18|title=Spy Bahu Holi Special: Shamita Shetty grooves to 'Ram Chahe Leela', 'Naagin' Tejasswi sets stage on fire; watch videos|archive-date=21 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220321000507/https://www.news18.com/amp/news/movies/spy-bahu-holi-special-shamita-shetty-grooves-to-ram-chahe-leela-naagin-tejasswi-prakash-sets-stage-on-fire-4891496.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Cancellation===
The series went off-air on 30 September 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sara Khan: None of my shows ended so soon, so the news of Spy Bahu winding up in six months was shocking|work=Times of India|date=18 September 2022|access-date=19 September 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sara-khan-none-of-my-shows-ended-so-soon-so-the-news-of-spy-bahu-winding-up-in-six-months-was-shocking/articleshow/94281227.cms|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826202528/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sara-khan-none-of-my-shows-ended-so-soon-so-the-news-of-spy-bahu-winding-up-in-six-months-was-shocking/articleshow/94281227.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Sehban Azim]] said, "Everyone was obviously sad on the last day of the shoot, as we were expecting the show to run longer. The story was nice and so were the cast and the production house. In fact, even the ratings were decent as compared to other shows on the channel. I think there are more shows in the offing. They might come come up with a 2.0 and I would love to take it up if it's the same team."<ref name="SA" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=It was likely that the show would wrap up soon because the script changed: Kiran Karmarkar on Spy Bahu ending|work=Times of India|date=20 September 2022|access-date=20 September 2022|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-was-likely-that-the-show-would-wrap-up-soon-because-the-script-changed-kiran-karmarkar-on-spy-bahu-ending/articleshow/94331609.cms|archive-date=26 August 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230826203150/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-was-likely-that-the-show-would-wrap-up-soon-because-the-script-changed-kiran-karmarkar-on-spy-bahu-ending/articleshow/94331609.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Critical reception===
''Spy Bahu'' generally received positive reviews from critics. Rasika Deshpande said, " It is pretty intriguing and keeps you hooked onto it. It looks promising and moreover very interesting. ''Spy Bahu'' brings on board something different yet strong on Television after a pretty long time."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Spy Bahu first episode review: Resembles Alia Bhatt's Raazi but with a twist, keeps you hooked|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/spy-bahu-first-episode-review-resembles-alia-bhatts-raazi-twist-keeps-you-hooked-1045871?amp|access-date=16 March 2022|work=Pinkvilla|archive-date=14 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314223234/https://www.pinkvilla.com/tv/news-gossip/spy-bahu-first-episode-review-resembles-alia-bhatts-raazi-twist-keeps-you-hooked-1045871?amp|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=From 'Kaun Banega Crorepati' to 'Spy Bahu': Indian TV shows to keep you entertained this summer|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-is-sad-as-we-were-expecting-the-show-to-run-longer-says-sehban-azim-about-spy-bahu-ending-on-september-30/articleshow/94262720.cms|access-date=18 August 2022|work=Gulf News|archive-date=17 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220917094832/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/it-is-sad-as-we-were-expecting-the-show-to-run-longer-says-sehban-azim-about-spy-bahu-ending-on-september-30/articleshow/94262720.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Spy Bahu Original Sound Track
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = Lenin Nandi
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 14 March 2022
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Romance (music)|Romance]] [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 3:30
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Viacom 18]]
| producer = [[Ashvini Yardi]]
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

''Spy Bahu'' soundtrack is composed by Lenin Nandi. The series theme music was taken from the 2005 film ''[[Salaam Namaste]]''{{'}}s song "My Dil Goes Mmmm". The track "Keh Do Naa" is the theme song of Yohan and Sejal.

{{track listing
| extra_column= Artist
| headline = Spy Bahu: Tracklisting
|title1 = Spy Bahu
|note1 = Theme
|extra1 = Lenin Nandi
|length1 = 0:30
|title2 = Keh Do Naa
|note2 = Duet
|extra2 = [[Sumedha Karmahe]] Himanshu Kohli
|length2 = 3:00
}}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|+
|-
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipient
! Result
! Ref.
|-
|rowspan="3"|2022
|rowspan="3"|[[Indian Television Academy Awards]]
|Popular Actress (Drama)
|[[Sana Sayyad]]
|rowspan="6"{{nom}}
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|title=22nd Indian Television Academy Awards Nominations - Vote Now|access-date=9 September 2022|work=Indian Television Academy Awards|url=https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/|archive-date=9 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220909025008/https://ita2022.indiantelevisionacademy.com/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Popular Actor (Drama)
|[[Sehban Azim]]
|-
|Popular Serial (Drama)
|Spy Bahu
|-
|rowspan="3"|2023
|rowspan="3"|[[Gold Awards]]
|[[Gold Award for Best Actress in a Lead Role|Best Actress in a Leading Role]]
|[[Sana Sayyad]]
|rowspan="3"|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goldawards.in/|access-date=13 August 2022|work=Gold Awards|title=14th Boroplus Gold Awards, 2022: Check Out The List Of Nominees|language=en|archive-date=13 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713002551/https://www.goldawards.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gold Award for Best Actor in a Lead Role|Best Actor in a Leading Role]]
|[[Sehban Azim]]
|-
|[[Gold Awards|Best Director]]
|Niraj Pandey
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of programmes broadcast by Colors TV]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.colorstv.com/shows/spy-bahu/ Spy Bahu] at [[Colors TV]]
*[https://www.voot.com/shows/spy-bahu/157818 Spy Bahu] on [[Voot]]

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian romance television series]]
[[Category:Indian espionage television series]]
[[Category:2022 Indian television series endings]]

Greater Accra Region

2026-02-26T02:49:51Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: fixes

{{Short description|Region of Ghana}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Greater Accra Region
| type = [[Regions of Ghana|Region]]
| image_skyline = The Aerial View of Accra, the capital town of Ghana.jpg
| image_caption = Aerial View of Accra
| image_map = Ghana GreaterAccra.png
| mapsize = 150px
| map_caption = Location of Greater Accra Region in Ghana
| image_map1 =
| map_caption1 =
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| flag_link =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[Ghana]]
| leader_title = [[List of Ghanaian regional ministers|Regional Minister]]
| leader_name = [[Linda Obenewaa Akweley Ocloo]]
| leader_title1 = Mayor
| leader_name1 = Mohammed Adjei Sowah
| seat_type = Capital
| seat = [[Accra]]
| area_total_km2 = 3245
| area_footnotes = <ref name="Greater Accra Population">{{cite web |url=http://ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=1 |title=Greater Accra Region |access-date=2015-05-19 |publisher=Ghanadistricts.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627200211/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=1 |archive-date=27 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| area_rank = [[List of Ghanaian regions by area|Ranked 10th]]
| population_total = 5455692
| population_as_of = 2021 Census
| population_footnotes = <ref name="Greater Accra Population"/>
| population_rank = [[List of Ghanaian regions by population|Ranked 2nd]]
| population_density_km2 = auto
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Human Development Index|HDI]] {{nobold|(2021)}}
| blank_info_sec2 = {{increase}} 0.707<ref name="GlobalDataLab">{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}</ref> {{color|#0c0|high}} · [[List of Ghanaian regions by Human Development Index|1st]]
| demographics_type1 = [[Purchasing power parity|GDP (PPP)]]
| demographics1_footnotes =
| demographics1_title1 = Year
| demographics1_info1 = 2013
| demographics1_title2 = Per capita
| demographics1_info2 = $5,150
| demographics_type2 = [[Nominal GDP|GDP (Nominal)]]
| demographics2_title1 = Year
| demographics2_info1 = 2013
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = $2,500
| parts_type = Districts
| parts_style = para
| p1 = 29
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GH|GH-AA]]
| timezone = [[GMT]]
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in Ghana|030]]
}}

The '''Greater Accra Region''' has the smallest area of [[Ghana]]'s [[Regions of Ghana|16 administrative regions]], occupying a total land surface of 3,245 square kilometres.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About GAR – Greater Accra Region |url=https://www.gtarcc.gov.gh/index.php/about-gar/ |access-date=2023-05-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> This is 1.4 per cent of the total land area of Ghana. It is the [[List of Ghanaian regions by population|most populated region]], with a population of 5,455,692 in 2021, accounting for 17.7 per cent of Ghana's total population.<ref name="Population & Housing Census 2010">{{cite web|title=Population & Housing Census 2010|url=http://statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf|website=Ghana Statistical Service|access-date=31 December 2017|archive-date=22 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222235005/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Greater Accra - Government of Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/82-greater-accra |access-date=2019-05-19 |website=Government of Ghana |archive-date=17 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181117194242/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/82-greater-accra |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The Greater Accra region is the most urbanized region in the country, with 87.4% of its total population living in urban centres.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G02540.pdf |title=The Urban Transition in Ghana: Urbanization, National Development and Poverty Reduction |last=Songsore |first=Jacob |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160415151344/http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/G02540.pdf |archive-date=15 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Capital city|capital]] city of Greater Accra Region is [[Accra]] which is at the same time the capital city of Ghana.

==History==
In 1960, Greater Accra, then referred to as Accra Capital District, was geographically part of the [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]]. It was, however, administered separately by the Minister responsible for local government. With effect from 23 July 1982, Greater Accra was created by the Greater Accra Region Law (PNDCL 26) as a legally separate region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=1&sa=26|title=Greater Accra Region - Political Administration|access-date=29 September 2010|archive-date=2 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101102185900/http://www.ghanadistricts.com/region/?r=1&sa=26|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Geography==

===Location and size===
The Greater Accra Region is bordered on the north by the [[Eastern Region, Ghana|Eastern Region]], on the east by the [[Volta Region]], on the south by the [[Gulf of Guinea]], and on the west by the [[Central Region, Ghana|Central Region]]. It is smallest region of Ghana in total area, and is made up of 29 administrative areas.

==Tourism==

=== Parks ===
*[[Shai Hills Resource Reserve|Shai Reserve]]
* Lakeside Marina Park<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautifulghana.com/listing/lakeside-marina-park/|title=Lakeside Marina Park|date=2018-02-20|website=BeautifulGhana|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-11}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
*[[Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum|Kwame Nkrumah Memorial Park]]
* [[Efua Sutherland Children's Park]]

=== Recreation areas ===
* National Museum
* La Pleasure Beach
* Kokrobite Beach
* Ada Paradise Beach
* Ningo-Prampram Beach
* Rufus Green Parks
* Labadi Beach
*Laboma Beach
*Titanic Beach
*Bojo Beach

=== National monuments ===
* [[National Theatre (Accra)|National Theater]]
* [[Independence Square (Ghana)|Independence Square]]
* [[Accra International Conference Center]]
* Center for National Culture

=== National historic sites ===
* [[Kwame Nkrumah Mausoleum]]
* [[Osu Castle]]
* [[National Museum of Ghana]]
* [[Grand Orange Lodge of Ghana]]

===Festivals===
The [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga people]] celebrate the [[Homowo]] festival, which literally means "hooting at hunger." This festival originated several centuries ago. It is celebrated in remembrance of a great famine that hit the Ga people in the sixteenth century. It is mainly a food festival which celebrates the passing of that terrible period in Ga history. It takes place in August every year and is celebrated by all the Ga clans.

The Adangbe people from Ada celebrate the [[Asafotu]] festival, which is also called 'Asafotufiam', an annual warrior's festival celebrated by Ada people from the last Thursday of July to the first weekend of August commemorates the victories of the warriors in battle and is a memorial for those who fell on the battlefield. To re-enact these historic events, the warriors dress in traditional battle dress and stage a mock battle. This is also a time for male rites of passage, when young men are introduced to warfare. The festival also coincides with the harvest cycle, when these special customs and ceremonies are performed. These include purification ceremonies. The celebration reaches its climax with a durbar of chiefs, a colourful procession of the Chiefs in palanquins with their retinue. They are accompanied by traditional military groups called 'Asafo Companies' amidst drumming, singing and dancing through the streets and on the durbar grounds. At the durbar, greetings are exchanged between the chiefs, libations are poured and declarations of allegiance are made.

===Other tourist attractions===
* Fishing port at [[Jamestown/Usshertown, Accra|Jamestown]]
* Du Bois Memorial Center for Pan-African Culture
* George Padmore Research Library on African Affairs
* [[Agbogbloshie|Agblobloshie]] Market
* [[Makola Market]]
* Trade Fair Center

== Governance ==
[[Image:Districts of the Greater Accra Region (2012).svg|thumb|right|500px|Districts of the Greater Accra Region]]The political administration of the region is through the local government system. Under this administration system, the region is divided into 29 MMDA's (made up of 2 Metropolitan, 23 Municipal and 4 Ordinary Assemblies).<ref name="Greater Accra Population" /> Each District, Municipal or Metropolitan Area and it's corresponding constituency, is administered by a Chief Executive and a Member of Parliament, representing the central government but deriving authority from an Assembly headed by a presiding member elected from among the members themselves. The MMDA's were increased from 3 to 5 in 1988; then from 5 to 6 in 2004; then from 6 to 10 in 2008; then from 10 to 16 in 2012; and recently from 16 to 29 in 2018. The number of constituencies increased/spread from 22 to 27 in 2004 making and 34 prior to the [[2012 Ghanaian general election]].The current list is as follows:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!District
!Capital
!Constituency
!Member of Parliament
!Party
|-
|[[Ablekuma Central Municipal District|Ablekuma Central Municipal]]
|[[Lartebiokorshie]]
|[[Ablekuma Central]]
|[[Dan Abdul-latif]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Ablekuma North Municipal District|Ablekuma North Municipal]]
|[[Darkuman]]
|[[Ablekuma North]]
|[[Shiela Bartels|Sheila Bartels]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Ablekuma West Municipal District|Ablekuma West Municipal]]
|[[Dansoman]]
|[[Ablekuma West]]
|[[Ursula Owusu|Ursula G Owusu]]
|NPP
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Accra Metropolitan District|Accra Metropolitan]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Accra]]
|[[Ablekuma South]]
|[[Alfred Oko Vanderpuije|Alfred Okoe Vanderpuije]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Odododiodio]]
|[[Edwin Nii Lante Vanderpuye]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Okaikwei Central (Ghana parliament constituency)|Okaikwei Central]]
|[[Patrick Yaw Boamah]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Okaikwei South]]
|[[Dakoa Newman]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Ada East District|Ada East]]
|[[Ada Foah]]
|[[Ada (Ghana parliament constituency)|Ada]]
|[[Comfort Doyoe Cudjoe-Ghansah]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Ada West District|Ada West]]
|[[Sege (town)|Sege]]
|[[Sege (Ghana parliament constituency)|Sege]]
|[[Christian Corleytey Otuteye]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Adenta Municipal District|Adenta Municipal]]
|[[Adenta]]
|[[Adenta (Ghana parliament constituency)|Adenta]]
|[[Mohammed Adamu Ramadan]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Ashaiman Municipal]]
|[[Ashaiman]]
|[[Ashaiman (Ghana parliament constituency)|Ashaiman]]
|[[Ernest Henry Norgbey]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Ayawaso Central Municipal District|Ayawaso Central Municipal]]
|[[Kokomlemle]]
|[[Ayawaso Central]]
|[[Henry Quartey]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Ayawaso East Municipal District|Ayawaso East Municipal]]
|[[Nima (town)|Nima]]
|[[Ayawaso East]]
|[[Naser Toure Mahama]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Ayawaso North Municipal District|Ayawaso North Municipal]]
|[[Accra New Town]]
|[[Ayawaso North (Ghana parliament constituency)|Ayawaso North]]
|[[Yussif Issaka Jajah]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Ayawaso West Municipal District|Ayawaso West Municipal]]
|[[Dzorwulu]]
|[[Ayawaso West]]
|[[Lydia Alhassan]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Ga Central District|Ga Central Municipal]]
|[[Sowutuom]]
|[[Anyaa-Sowutuom (Ghana parliamentary constituency)|Anyaa-Sowutuom]]
|[[Dickson Adomako Kissi]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Ga East Municipal District|Ga East Municipal]]
|[[Abokobi]]
|[[Dome-Kwabenya]]
|[[Sarah Adwoa Safo]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Ga North Municipal District|Ga North Municipal]]
|[[Amomole]]
|[[Trobu (Ghana parliament constituency)|Trobu]]
|[[Moses Anim]]
|NPP
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Ga South Municipal District|Ga South Municipal]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ngleshie Amanfro]]
|[[Bortianor-Ngleshie-Amanfrom (Ghana parliament constituency)|Bortianor-Ngleshie-Amanfrom]]
|[[Sylvester Tetteh]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Domeabra-Obom]]
|[[Sophia Karen Edem Ackuaku]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Ga West Municipal District|Ga West Municipal]]
|[[Amasaman]]
|[[Amasaman (Ghana parliament constituency)|Amasaman]]
|[[Akwasi Owusu Afrifa-Mensah]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Korle-Klottey Municipal District|Korle Klottey Municipal]]
|[[Osu, Ghana|Osu]]
|[[Korle Klottey (Ghana parliament constituency)|Korle Klottey]]
|[[Zanetor Agyeman-Rawlings]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Kpone Katamanso Municipal District|Kpone Katamanso Municipal]]
|[[Kpone]]
|[[Kpone-Katamanso]]
|[[Joseph Akuerteh]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Krowor Municipal District|Krowor Municipal]]
|[[Nungua]]
|[[Krowor (Ghana parliament constituency)|Krowor]]
|[[Agnes Naa Momo Lartey]]
|NDC
|-
|[[La Dade Kotopon Municipal District|La Dade Kotopon Municipal]]
|[[Labadi|La]]
|[[Dade Kotopon]]
|[[Rita Naa Odoley Sowah]]
|NDC
|-
|[[La Nkwantanang Madina Municipal District|La Nkwantanang Madina Municipal]]
|[[Madina]]
|[[Abokobi-Madina]]
|[[Francis-Xavier Kojo Sosu]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Ledzokuku Municipal District|Ledzokuku Municipal]]
|[[Teshie]]
|[[Ledzokuku]]
|[[Benjamin Ayiku Nartey]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Ningo Prampram District|Ningo Prampram]]
|[[Prampram]]
|[[Ningo-Prampram]]
|[[Sam Nartey George|Samuel George Nartey]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Okaikwei North Municipal District|Okaikwei North Municipal]]
|[[Achimota]]
|[[Okaikwei North]]
|[[Theresa Lardi Awuni]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Shai Osudoku District|Shai Osudoku]]
|[[Dodowa]]
|[[Shai-Osudoku]]
|[[Linda Obenewaa Akweley Ocloo]]
|NDC
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tema Metropolis District|Tema Metropolitan]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Tema]]
|[[Tema Central (Ghana parliament constituency)|Tema Central]]
|[[Yves Hanson-Nortey]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Tema East]]
|[[Isaac Ashai Odamtten]]
|NDC
|-
|[[Tema West Municipal District|Tema West Municipal]]
|[[Tema Community 18]]
|[[Tema West]]
|[[Carlos Kingsley Ahenkorah|Carlos Kingsley Ahenkora]]
|NPP
|-
|[[Weija Gbawe Municipal District|Weija Gbawe Municipal]]
|[[Weija]]
|[[Weija (Ghana parliament constituency)|Weija]]
|[[Tina Gifty Naa Ayele Mensah|Tina Gifty Naa Ayeley Mensah]]
|NPP
|}

==Demographics==

===Population===
The [[center of population]] of the Greater Accra region is located in the [[Accra|Greater Accra Metropolitan Area]] which comprises the [[Accra Metropolis District|Accra Metropolitan]], [[Tema Metropolis District|Tema Metropolitan]], [[Adenta Municipal District|Adenta Municipal]], [[La Nkwantanang Madina Municipal District]], [[Ashaiman Municipal District|Ashaiman Municipal]], [[Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal District|Ledzokuku-Krowor Municipal]], [[Ga East Municipal District|Ga East Municipal]], [[Ga West Municipal District|Ga West Municipal]], and [[Ga South Municipal District|Ga South Municipal]] districts<ref>{{cite web |url=http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=jii;view=text;rgn=main;idno=4750978.0016.105 |title =Environmental and Structural Inequalities in Greater Accra |access-date =2010-07-22|publisher =The Journal of the International Institute}}</ref>

According to the 2010 census, the region had a population of 4,010,054, making it the second most populous (total number of people) region of [[Ghana]] behind the [[Ashanti Region]].<ref name="Population & Housing Census 2010" /> Owing to in-migration and a high population growth rate, however, the region has the highest [[population density]] in the country. Greater Accra is the regional capital of Ghana.

{{Historical populations
| 1984 | 1,431,099
| 2000 | 2,905,726
| 2010 | 4,010,054
| 2021 | 5,455,692
|align = none
| footnote = source:<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/ghana/cities/ Ghana population statistics]</ref>
}}

===Ethnicity===
The [[Ga people|Ga]] sub-group of the [[Ga-Dangme people|Ga-Dangme]] people is the historical population of Accra. They form the largest ethnic sub-group in the Greater Accra Region, with 18.9% of the population.<ref>[[Ga-Adangbe people]]</ref>{{Circular reference|date=May 2017}} The Ga peoples were organized into six independent towns (Accra (Ga Mashie), Osu, La, Teshie, [[Nungua]], and [[Tema]]). Each town had a stool, which served as the central object of Ga ritual and war magic. Now, the town of La has a community bank which offers banking services to them.<ref>{{cite web|title=La Community Bank|url=https://www.ghanayello.com/company/6653/La_Community_Bank_Ltd|website=Ghana Yello|access-date=19 April 2018}}</ref> Accra became the most prominent Ga-Dangme towns and is now the heartbeat and capital of Ghana. The Ga people were originally farmers, but today fishing and trading in imported goods are the principal occupations. Trading is generally in the hands of women, and a husband has no control over his wife's money. Succession to most offices held by women and inheritance of women's property are by matrilineal descent. Inheritance of other property and succession to male-held public offices are by patrilineal descent. Men of the lineage live together in a men's compound, while women, even after marriage, live with their mothers and children in a women's compound. Each Ga town has a number of different cults and many gods, and there are a number of annual town festivals. The Adangme people occupy the coastal area of Ghana from Le Kpone to Ada, on the [[Volta River]] and South Atlantic Ocean along the [[Gulf of Guinea]] and inland along the Volta River. The Adangme People include the Ada, Le Kpone, Krobo, Ningo, Osuduku, Prampram, and Shai, all speaking Adangbe of the Kwa branch of the Niger-Congo family of languages. The Adangme People have the largest Population among the two related Ga-Adangme People. About 70% of the Greater Accra Regional Land is owned by the Adangmes located in Dangme East and Dangme West Districts of Ghana.

===Immigration===
1.3% of the inhabitants of the Greater Accra Region are immigrants from outside Ghana.

The largest portion of the population of Accra is [[Akan people|Akan]], at 39.8% of the population. The next largest group is [[Ga-Adangbe people|Ga-Dangme]] at 29.7% of the population. After this 18% of the population is [[Ewe people|Ewe]].<ref name="ghana.gov.gh">{{cite web |title=Greater Accra - Government of Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/about-ghana/regions/greater-accra |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223225526/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/about-ghana/regions/greater-accra |archive-date=23 February 2018 |access-date=21 August 2016 |website=Government of Ghana}}</ref> The Ga sub-group of the Ga-Dangme people is the historical population of Accra. They form the largest ethnic sub-group in the Greater Accra Region, with 18.9% of the population. The Fante are the next largest ethnic sub-group, with 10% of the population.{{CN|date=February 2026}}

===Population growth===
In 1960 the population of the Greater Accra Region was 491,817. In 2000 the population was 2,905,726. In 2010 the population was 4,010,054.<ref name="ghana.gov.gh" /><ref name="Population & Housing Census 2010" />

===Religion===
The religious affiliations of the people of the Greater Accra region are below:<ref name="Greater Accra Population" />
* [[Christianity|Christian]] – 77.8%
* [[Islam|Muslim]] –16.2%
* Other Religions – 4.6%
* Traditional – 1.4%

==Transportation==
The Greater Accra region is served by the [[Accra International Airport]] in [[Accra]]. The airport offers flight to destinations within Ghana, the African continent and to other continents.

Four [[Ghana Road Network|National highways]] – N1, N2, N4 and N6 – and one Regional highway – R40 – pass through the Greater Accra region. [[Ghana Road Network|N1]] enters the region in Ada to the east and runs west, intersecting the [[Ghana Road Network|N2]] at [[Tema]], the [[Ghana Road Network]] Tetteh Quarshie Interchange, and the [[Ghana Road Network|N6]] at [[Achimota]]. It passes through [[Kokrobite]] and exits the region at [[Weija]] where it continues on through the [[Central Region, Ghana|Central Region]] to Elubo in the [[Western Region, Ghana|Western region]]. The [[Ghana Road Network|N2]] crosses the [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern Region]]al border into Asikuma and runs north entering the [[Upper East Region]], ending at [[Kulungugu]]. The [[Ghana Road Network|N4]] heads north from the Tetteh Quarshie Interchange, while the [[Ghana Road Network|N6]] originates from Achimota. These highways cut through the northern part of the region and terminate at [[Kumasi]] in the [[Ashanti Region]].

There is also an active [[Ghana Railway Corporation|railway line]] connecting [[Accra]] and [[Tema]].

==Education==

===Senior high schools===
{{colbegin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Christian Methodist Senior High School]]
* [[Accra Academy]]
* St. Martins Senior High School
* [[Accra Girls Senior High School]]
* Accra High School
* Accra Wesley Girls' High School
* Achimota Senior High School
* Ebenezer Senior High School
* Holy Trinity Cathedral Senior High School
* Kaneshie Senior High School
* Kinbu Senior High School
* Presbyterian Senior High School, Osu
* Wesley Grammar Senior High School
* St. Mary's Senior High School
* St. Margaret-Mary Senior High School
* Sacred Heart Vocational Institute
* Accra Technical Training Centre
* Accra Wesley Girls' Senior High School
* Chemu Senior High School
* Manhean Senior High School
* Tema Senior High School
* Methodist Day Senior High School
* Presbyterian Senior High School, Tema
* Our Lady Of Mercy Senior High School
* Tema Technical Institute
* Labone Senior High School
* Presbyterian Senior High Sch, La
* St. Thomas Aquinas Senior High School
* Armed Forces Senior High Technical
* Amasaman Senior High Technical School
* St. John's Grammar Senior High School
* [[Odorgonno Senior High School]]
* West African Senior High School
* Presbyterian Boys' Senior High School, Legon
* Ada Senior High School
* Ada Technical Institute
* Ada Senior High Technical School
* Osudoku Senior High School
* Ningo Senior High School
* Prampram Senior High School
* Ashaiman Senior High School
* Don Bosco Senior High Technical School
* Nungua Senior High School
* O'reilly Senior High School
* Presbyteian Senior High School, Teishie
* Teishie Technical Training Centre
* The Morning Star International High School, Dodowa
* Kpone Community Day Senior High School
* Kwabenya Community Day Senior High School
* Frafraha Community Day Senior
* [[Ghanata Senior High School]]
{{colend}}

===Higher education===
Greater Accra has three public four-year institutions, the [[University of Ghana]] in [[Accra]], [[Ghana Institute of Journalism]] and [[University of Professional Studies]], [[East Legon]], Accra. In addition, there are a number of private universities and university colleges spread through the region.
* [[Accra Institute of Technology]], Cantonments, Accra
* [[Ghana Technology University College]], Tesano, Accra
* [[Islamic University College, Ghana|Islamic University College]], East Legon, Accra
* [https://knutsford.edu.gh Knutsford University College, East Legon, Accra]
* [[Methodist University College Ghana|Methodist University College]], Dansoman, Accra
* [[Regent University College of Science and Technology]], Mataheko, Accra
* [[Central University (Ghana)|Central University]], Mataheko/Miotso, Accra
* Advanced Business University College, Kaneshie, Accra
* [[African University College of Communications]], Adabraka, Accra
* [[Wisconsin International University College]], North Legon, Accra
* [[Valley View University]], Oyibi, Accra
* [[Regional Maritime University]], Nungua
* [[Pentecost University College]], Sowutuom
* [[Jayee University College]], McCarthy Hills
* Maranatha University College, Sowutuom
* University of Applied Management, Ghana Campus, McCarthy Hill 18th Avenue
* [[Zenith University College]], LA-Behind Ghana Trade Fair Centre, Accra
* [[Radford University College]], East-Legon, Accra
* [[University of Professional Studies, Accra]] East-Legon, Ghana
* [http://www.webster.edu.gh/ Webster University, Ghana Campus, East Legon, Accra] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203163207/https://webster.edu.gh/ |date=3 December 2021 }}
* [https://www.acm.edu.gh/ Accra College of Medicine, East Legon, Accra]
* [http://www.fhu.edu.gh/ Family Health Medical School, Teshie, Accra]

==Shopping centres and their locations==
* Accra Mall - Tetteh Quarshie Roundabout
* Melcom Shopping Centers- Accra Central, Adabraka, North Industrial Area, Spintex, Teshie, La, Dansoman, East Legon, Madina, Frafraha, Achimota, Weija, Kasoa etc.
* Marina Mall - Airport Area
* West Hills Mall - Weija
* Oxford Street Mall - Osu
* The Junction Mall - Nungua
* The Achimota Mall - Achimota
* A&C Mall - East Legon
* The Palace Malls - Spintex, Atomic Junction
* The China Mall - Spintex

==Sports==
* [[Accra Hearts of Oak]], [[Ghana Premier League|Premier League Football]]
* [[Great Olympics]], [[Ghana Premier League|Premier League Football]]
* [[International Allies F.C.]], [[Ghana Premier League|Division One League]]
* [[Liberty Professionals]], [[Ghana Premier League|Division One League]]
* [[Tema Youth F.C.]], [[Ghana Premier League|Division One League]]
* [[Legon Cities F.C.]], [[Ghana Premier League|Premier League Football]]
*Accra Lions F.C, [[Ghana Premier League|Premier League Football]]
{{clear}}

==Famous native and resident citizens==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan=3 | Famous native citizens of Greater Accra
|-
! #
! Citizen
! Settlement
|-
! 1
| [[Sarkodie (rapper)|Sarkodie]]
| [[Tema]]
|-
! 2
| [[Stonebwoy]]
| [[Ashaiman]]
|-
! 3
| [[Joselyn Canfor Dumas]]
| [[Accra]]
|-
! 4
| [[Azumah Nelson]]
| [[Accra]]
|-
! 5
| [[Arthur Wharton]]
| [[Accra]]
|-
! 6
| [[Nana Aba Anamoah]]
| [[Accra]]
|-
! 7
| [[Asamoah Gyan]]
| [[Accra]]
|-
! 8
| [[Leo Myles-Mills]]
| [[Accra]]
|-
! 9
| [[Shatta Wale]]
| [[Korle Gonno]]
|-
!10
| [[Serwaa Amihere]]
| [[Accra]]
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons}}
{{Geographic location
|Centre = [[File:Flag of Greater Accra Region.gif|25px|link=Greater Accra Region]] Greater Accra
|North = [[File:Flag of Eastern Region (Ghana).gif|25px|link=Eastern Region (Ghana)]] [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern]]
|Northeast = ''[[Lake Volta]]''
|East = ''[[Lake Volta]]''
|Southeast = ''[[Lake Volta]]'' ''[[Gulf of Guinea]]''
|South = ''[[Gulf of Guinea]]''
|Southwest = ''[[Gulf of Guinea]]''
|West = [[File:Flag of Eastern Region (Ghana).gif|25px|link=Eastern Region (Ghana)]] [[Eastern Region (Ghana)|Eastern]] [[Central Region (Ghana)|Central]]
|Northwest = [[Ashanti Region|Ashanti]]
}}

{{Regions of Ghana}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Greater Accra Region| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Ghana]]

Abhay Verma (politician)

2026-02-25T15:20:00Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1973)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1973|01|05|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Darbhanga]], [[Bihar]], India
| office = [[Chief Whip]] of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 23 February 2025
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Rekha Gupta]]
| predecessor = [[Manish Sisodia]]
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start1 = 12 February 2020
| term_end1 =
| constituency1 = [[Laxmi Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Laxmi Nagar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Nitin Tyagi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Delhi]]
| website =
| spouse = Amrita Prakash
| children = 2
| occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}}
}}

'''Abhay Verma''' (born 5 January 1973) is an Indian lawyer<ref name=":0" /> and politician from [[Delhi]]. He is a member of the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] and vice president of the Delhi unit of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref name=b/>

==Early life and education==
Verma was born on 5 January 1973 to Bankey Bihari Verma and Urmila Devi.<ref name=a>{{cite web
|url=http://www.abhayverma.in/
|title=ABOUT ABHAY VERMA
|access-date=26 February 2020
|website=www.abhayverma.in
|archive-date=26 February 2020
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226153032/http://www.abhayverma.in/
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> He received his LLB from [[University of Delhi]] in 1996.<ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=http://myneta.info/delhi2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=9313
|title=ABHAY VERMA
|access-date=26 February 2020|website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> He married Amrita Prakash on 30 November 2001.<ref name="a" />

==Career==
Verma is the vice president of Delhi unit of BJP. He was elected to the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]] from [[Laxmi Nagar (Assembly constituency)|Laxmi Nagar]] on 11 February 2020.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/delhi-assembly-polls-2020/story/delhi-election-result-2020-wining-candidates-full-list-delhi-winners-constituency-wise-1645272-2020-02-11
|title=Delhi Election Result Winners: Constituency-wise winning candidates of AAP, BJP, Congress
|date=11 February 2020|access-date=14 February 2020|website=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://m.businesstoday.in/story/delhi-election-results-2020-check-full-list-winners-from-aap-bjp-congress/1/395925.html
|title=Delhi Election Results 2020: Check full list of winners from AAP, BJP
|date=11 February 2020|access-date=14 February 2020|website=Business Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/delhi-election-results-2020-full-list-of-winners-constituency-wise-aap-bjp-congress-6261744/
|title=Delhi election result 2020: Full list of winners constituency wise
|date=12 February 2020|access-date=14 February 2020|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>

=== Controversy ===
A video was released during [[North East Delhi riots|2020 North East Delhi riots]] where Verma led a march in [[Laxmi Nagar (Delhi)|Laxmi Nagar]]. The march participants were heard chanting "Police ke hatyaaron ko, goli maaro saalon ko" (Shoot the people, who murdered the policeman).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/delhi-violence-four-videos-clips-that-court-made-cops-watch-1650273-2020-02-26
|title=Delhi violence: Four video clips that court made cops watch
|date=26 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020|website=India Today}}</ref> The people were also seen chanting "Jo Hindu hit ki baat karega, wohi desh pe raj karega" (People who talk about the welfare of Hindus, only they will rule in the country).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://theprint.in/india/governance/riot-hit-northeast-delhi-has-1-mp-7-mlas-but-only-one-has-visited-his-constituency/371493/
|title=Riot-hit Northeast Delhi has 1 MP, 7 MLAs but only one has visited his constituency
|date=26 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020|website=The Print}}</ref> After that incident, Verma claimed that it was raised by common people, not by his supporters.<ref name=b>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/delhi-violence-video-of-inflammatory-slogans-at-bjp-mlas-march-surfaces/article30920322.ece
|title=Video of inflammatory slogans at BJP MLA's march surfaces
|date=26 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2020|website=The Hindu}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Laxmi Nagar Assembly constituency}}
{{#section:Laxmi Nagar Assembly constituency|Assembly Election 2020}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|in-la}}
{{IN Assembly succession box
| state= Delhi
| constituency= Laxmi Nagar
| before= ?
| after=
| years= [[2020 Delhi Legislative Assembly election|2020]]– }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Abhay}}
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2020–2025]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian lawyers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Delhi MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi]]

{{Delhi-BJP-politician-stub}}

Maharashtra Advanced Research and Vigilance for Enhanced Law Enforcement

2026-02-24T19:47:58Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: Added A Stub

{{Short description|AI system by the Maharashtra Police}}
{{Advert|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox government agency
| agency_name = Maharashtra Advanced Research and Vigilance for Enhanced Law Enforcement (MARVEL)
| nativename =
| nativename_a =
| nativename_r =
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_caption =
| seal =
| seal_width =
| seal_caption =
| formed = 16th March 2024
| jurisdiction = [[Maharashtra]]
| headquarters = [[Nagpur]], Maharashtra, India
| budget = ₹23 crore (initial allocation)
| chief1_name = IPS Harssh Poddar
| chief1_position = Chief Executive Officer
| parent_agency = [[Maharashtra Police]]
}}

'''Maharashtra Advanced Research and Vigilance for Enhanced Law Enforcement''' ('''MARVEL''') is an artificial intelligence (AI) system implemented by the [[Maharashtra Police]]. It is noted for being the first state-level police AI system in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-18 |title=To fight crime using AI, Maharashtra Police create MARVEL |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/to-fight-crime-using-ai-maharashtra-police-create-marvel-9460472/ |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Approved in 2024, MARVEL aims to integrate AI technologies into law enforcement to enhance crime-solving capabilities and improve predictive policing.<ref name="toi">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra Cabinet Approves ₹23cr 'MARVEL' AI Project for Police Force |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/maharashtra-cabinet-approves-23cr-marvel-ai-project-for-police-force/articleshow/108554366.cms |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Times of India |date=2024-03-17}}</ref>

== History ==
The Maharashtra state cabinet approved the creation of MARVEL in March 2024, just before the announcement of the Model Code of Conduct for the Lok Sabha elections. The project was allocated an initial budget of ₹23 crore.<ref name="toi" />

== Leadership ==
MARVEL is overseen by officials from the Maharashtra Police and the Indian Institute of Management (IIM) Nagpur. The Superintendent of Police, Nagpur (Rural), Harssh Poddar, serves as the ex-officio Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of MARVEL. Dr. Bhimaraya Metri, the Director of IIM Nagpur, acts as an ex-officio director of the company.<ref name="indianexpress">{{cite news |title=To fight crime using AI, Maharashtra Police create MARVEL |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/to-fight-crime-using-ai-maharashtra-police-create-marvel-9460472/lite/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=The Indian Express |date=2024-07-18}}</ref><ref name="daijiworld">{{cite news |title=Maharashtra to receive AI support through 'MARVEL' to expeditiously solve crimes |url=https://www.daijiworld.com/news/newsDisplay?newsID=1205516 |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Daijiworld |date=2024-07-06}}</ref><ref name="iimnagpur">{{cite web |title=Dr. Bhimaraya Metri – IIM Nagpur CGCS |url=https://www.iimnagpur.ac.in/CoE/CGCS/members/dr-bhimaraya-metri/ |access-date=2024-07-18 |website=IIM Nagpur |date=2024-07-18}}</ref>

== Structure and Partnerships ==
MARVEL is established as a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) and operates through a partnership between:
* [[Government of Maharashtra]]
* [[Indian Institute of Management Nagpur]]
* Pinaca Technologies Private Limited

The company is registered under the [[Companies Act 2013]] and has its office located at the Indian Institute of Management in Nagpur.<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra to receive AI support through 'MARVEL' to expeditiously solve crimes |url=https://www.mid-day.com/technology/article/maharashtra-to-receive-ai-support-through-marvel-to-expeditiously-solve-crimes-23361135 |access-date=2024-07-18 |work=Mid-day |date=2024-07-06}}</ref>

== Funding ==
The [[Government of Maharashtra]] has committed to providing 100% share capital to MARVEL for the first five years, amounting to ₹4.2 crore annually.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-06 |title=Maharashtra to receive AI support through 'MARVEL' to expeditiously solve crimes |url=https://www.mid-day.com/technology/article/maharashtra-to-receive-ai-support-through-marvel-to-expeditiously-solve-crimes-23361135 |access-date=2024-07-19 |website=Mid-day |language=en}}</ref>

== Related Initiatives ==
In addition to MARVEL, the Maharashtra government has approved other technology-driven law enforcement initiatives:
* A ₹76 crore semi-automated processing project for the speedy disposal of cybercrime cases
* Establishment of a ₹42 crore Computer Forensic Science Centre of Excellence<ref name="toi" />

== See also ==
* [[Maharashtra Police]]
* [[Artificial intelligence in law enforcement]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:2024 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Law enforcement in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Applications of artificial intelligence]]
[[Category:Government agencies established in 2024]]

Gopi

2026-02-18T02:50:19Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: adjust structure and corrected details per standard format

{{Short description|Milkmaids of Braj associated with Hindu god Krishna}}
{{about|the milkmaids|other uses|Gopi (disambiguation) }}

{{redirect |Gopa|other uses|Gopa (disambiguation) }}
{{Infobox deity 
| type = Hindu
| name = Gopis
| other_names = Krishnasakhi, Krishnapreyasi
| image = Krishna with gopis.jpg
| caption = [[Krishna]] with gopis in the forest of [[Braj]], a [[Pahari painting]] by [[Manaku]], c. 1730
| Sanskrit_transliteration = Gopi
| Devanagari = गोपी
| affiliation = [[Avatar]] of [[Radha]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&q=Gopis+incarnations+radha |author=Phyllis G. Jestice |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |pages=316–317 |isbn=1576073556}}</ref> [[Krishnaism]], [[Vaishnavism]]
| abode = [[Goloka]], [[Vrindavan]], [[Barsana]]
| texts = [[Brahma Vaivarta Purana]], [[Garga Samhita (Vaishnavite text)|Garga Samhita]], [[Gita Govinda]], [[Bhagavata Purana]], [[Tiruppavai]]
| birth_place = [[Braj]]
| consort = [[Krishna]]
| festivals = [[Sharad Purnima]], [[Kartik Purnima]], [[Holi]], [[Lathmar Holi]]
| gender = Female
| venerated_in = [[Radha Vallabh Sampradaya]], [[Nimbarka Sampradaya]], [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], [[Pushtimarg]]
| temple = Ashtasakhi Temple in [[Vrindavan]]
| region = [[Braj|Braj region]]
}}
{{Vaishnavism}}

'''Gopi''' ({{langx|sa|गोपी}}, {{IAST3|Gopī}}) or '''Gopika''' in [[Hinduism]] are commonly referred to the group of milkmaids of the [[Braj]] region in India. They are regarded by Hindus as the consorts and devotees of [[Krishna]] and are venerated for their unconditional love and devotion (''[[Bhakti]]'') to him as described in ''[[Bhagavata Purana]]'' and other [[Puranas|Puranic]] literature.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walters |first=Holly |date=2016-12-01 |title=Playing God: Participant Frameworks in the Ras Lilas of Krishna |url=https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/jrpc.28.2-3.3611 |journal=The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture |volume=28 |issue=2–3 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.3138/jrpc.28.2-3.3611 |s2cid=192161968 |issn=1703-289X |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> Gopis are often considered as the expansion of [[Radha]], the chief consort of Krishna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jestice |first=Phyllis G. |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H5cQH17-HnMC&dq=Gopis+incarnations+radha&pg=PA316 |title=Holy People of the World: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-57607-355-1 |pages=316–317 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hawley |first=John Stratton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NHdZH-d2xM4C&q=radha+&pg=PA17 |title=At Play with Krishna: Pilgrimage Dramas from Brindavan |date=1992 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0945-1 |pages=17 |language=en |quote="Radha expresses herself in the multiple forms of gopis"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/brahma-vaivarta-purana-gitapress-hindi/page/n44/mode/1up |title=ब्रह्मवैवर्त पुराण |trans-title=Brahma Vaivarta Purana |publisher=Gitapress |pages=35 |language=hi}}</ref> The [[Raslila]] of gopis with Krishna has inspired various traditional performance art forms and literatures.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mohapatra |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdpzAgAAQBAJ&dq=worship+radha&pg=PA164 |title=Wellness In Indian Festivals & Rituals |date=2013 |publisher=Partridge Publishing |isbn=978-1-4828-1690-7 |pages=164 |language=en}}</ref>

'''Gopi''' ({{langx|sa|गोपी}}, {{IAST3|Gopī}}) when used as a male name of Indian origin is a short form of the name '''Gopala Krishna''', literally translates to "cow-protector Krishna" or "Krishna the cowherd". While traditionally used for both genders, it's more commonly used as a male name, especially within the Indian diaspora and communities.

According to Indian philosopher [[Jiva Goswami]], gopis are considered as the eternal beloved and manifestations of the internal spiritual potency of Krishna. Among the gopis, [[Radha]] is the chief gopi and is the personification of the bliss potency (''hladini [[shakti]]'') of Krishna.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohanty |first=Prafulla Kumar |date=2003 |title=Mask and Creative Symbolisation in Contemporary Oriya Literature : Krishna, Radha and Ahalya |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23341400 |journal=Indian Literature |volume=47 |issue=2 (214) |pages=181–189 |jstor=23341400 |issn=0019-5804}}</ref> She alone manifests the stage of ''mahabhava,'' or supreme love for Krishna, and holds a place of particularly high reverence and importance in a number of religious traditions.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Francis Bryant|first=Edwin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC&dq=The+six+sandarbhas+of+Jiva+Gosvami&pg=PA373|title=Krishna: A Sourcebook|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-019-514891-6|location=United States of America|pages=382}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
'''Gopi''' (गोपी) is a [[Sanskrit]] word originating from the word Gopa. In [[Hinduism]], the name ''Gopika'' or ''Gopi'' is especially used to refer the milkmaids of [[Braj]] region.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walters |first=Holly |date=2016-12-01 |title=Playing God: Participant Frameworks in the Ras Lilas of Krishna |url=https://www.utpjournals.press/doi/abs/10.3138/jrpc.28.2-3.3611 |journal=The Journal of Religion and Popular Culture |volume=28 |issue=2–3 |pages=135–144 |doi=10.3138/jrpc.28.2-3.3611 |s2cid=192161968 |issn=1703-289X |url-access=subscription }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> The word Gopis in the plural refers to the group of cowherd women who possess devotion toward Krishna. When it is used in the singular ("Gopi"), it generally refers to Radha, who was the Krishna's favourite gopi.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Schweig |first=Graham M. |title=Krishna : a sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972431-4 |editor-last=Bryant |editor-first=Edwin |location=Oxford |pages=448–450 |chapter=Chapter 18: The Divine Feminine in the Theology of Krishna |oclc=181731713}}</ref>

==Prominent gopis==
The prominent ''gopis'' of [[Vrindavan]] are total 108 in numbers. They share the eternal intimate friendship with [[Radha Krishna]]. No one can equal or exceed the love they bear for the divine couple.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.vrindavan.de/gopis.htm | title=Gopis }}</ref> Out of 108 gopis, the primary eight gopis are considered as the foremost of [[Krishna]]'s devotees after goddess [[Radharani]] who is considered as the chief of gopis. Their names are as follows:<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Ph.D |first=Lavanya Vemsani |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fw2DAAAQBAJ&q=Barsana-+Krishna+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Hindu+Lord+of+Many+Names&pg=PP1 |title=Krishna in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names: An Encyclopedia of the Hindu Lord of Many Names |date=2016-06-13 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-61069-211-3 |location=United States of America |pages=107–108 |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Radha]] (Chief gopi, Krishna's favourite)
*[[Lalita (gopi)|Lalita]]
* Vishakha
* Champakalata
* Chitra
* Tungavidya
* Indulekha
* Rangadevi
* Sudevi
All the eight primary gopis are together called as the '''''[[Ashtasakhi|Ashtasakhi's]]''''' (eight friends) of Radha and Krishna.

==Unconditional love==
[[File:Unknown (Indian) - Krishna, Radha and Gopis - 71.333 - Detroit Institute of Arts.jpg|thumb|[[Radha Krishna]] with gopis]]
According to Hindu Vaishnava theology, the stories concerning the gopis are said to exemplify ''[[Suddha-bhakti]]'' which is described as 'the highest form of unconditional love for God (Krishna). Their spontaneous and unwavering devotion is described in depth in the later chapters of the [[Bhagavata Purana]], within Krishna's Vrindavan pastimes and also in the stories of the sage [[Uddhava]].<ref name=":0" />

For Vaishnava traditions, the most important representation of the gopis' love and devotion for Krishna is a story in the Bhagavata Purana (10.29-33) by the name of ''Rasa Lila Panchadhyaya'', which translates as "the five chapters on the story of the rasa dance". The ''bhakti'' or devotion that the gopis express in this story is believed by the [[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu|Chaitanya]] tradition to exemplify the highest form of ''bhakti''. In the story, Krishna's flute music attracts the gopis' attention, making them leave behind their families and homes so that they can enjoy devotion of Krishna<ref name=":1" />:<blockquote>Upon hearing that sweet music,

their passion for him swelling,

The young women of Braj whose

minds were captured by Krishna,

Unaware of one another,

ran off toward the place

Where their beloved was waiting,

with their earrings swinging wildly (Bhagavata Purana 10.29.4)</blockquote>

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:The Gopis Plead with Krishna to Return Their Clothing Folio from a Bhagavata Purana (Ancient Stories of Lord Vishnu) series. 1610 Metmuseum.jpg|1610 painting of Krishna stealing clothes of Gopis
File:Bodleian Library Indian paintings MS. Douce Or. a.3 fol31r.jpg|Krishna and Gopis, 18th century watercolour in the [[Bodleian Library]]
File:India, Rajasthan, Jaipur, 19th century - Krishna and Gopis - 1946.359 - Cleveland Museum of Art.tif|19th century Rajasthan painting depicting Krishna and Gopis
File:Radha and Krishna by DHURANDHAR MV.jpg|Gopika [[Radha]] with Gopal [[Krishna]], a 1915 painting
File:Krishna dances in the Raslila with the Gopis.jpg|[[Raslila]] of Krishna with [[Radha]] and gopis
File:Gopi Talab Dwarka during Dwaraka DWARASPDB 2015 (19).jpg|Gopi Talab dedicated to gopis in [[Dwarka]]
</gallery>

== See also ==
*[[Ashtasakhi]]
*[[Raslila]]
*[[Chaitanya Mahaprabhu]]
*[[Gita Govinda]]
*[[Lalita Sakhi]]

==References==
<references/>

== External links ==
{{commons category|Gopis}}
*[http://www.vrindavan.de/vrindavana.htm The Residents of Eternal Vrindavana]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040906103532/http://naturalnirvana.com/Braja-Mandala/Braja-Spiritual/Gopis.htm The Eight Main Gopis (Ashtasakhi)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20060524113034/http://www.mayapur.info/main/deity_pictures.html Deity Gallery: Radha-Madhava and the Eight Gopis]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050922091541/http://www.yogapitha.org/BrajYogaPitha.htm Diagram of the Yoga Pitha in Vrindavana]
*[https://iskcondwarka.org/blogs/untold-facts-of-lord-krishna-and-radha/ Srimati Radharani and other Personalities]
* [http://www.ashtasakhimandir.org/ Shree Radha Raasbihiari Ashtasakhi Temple, Vrindavan]

{{HinduMythology}}

[[Category:People related to Krishna]]
[[Category:Culture of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Consorts of Krishna]]
[[Category:Regional Hindu goddesses]]
[[Category:Hindu given names]]

Gopi

2026-02-18T02:50:19Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: adjust structure and corrected details per standard format

Panjab University

2026-02-16T12:16:55Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|Public university in Chandigarh, India}}
{{Other uses|Punjab University (disambiguation){{!}}Punjab University}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Panjab University
| latin_name =
| image = Panjab University logo.png
| image_size = 200px
| caption = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]] of Panjab University
| former_name = East Punjab University (1947–1950)
| motto = "तमसो मा ज्योतिर्गमय"
| mottoeng = "Lead us into the Light from Darkness"
| established = {{Start date and age|1882|10|14|df=y}} (as ''[[University of the Punjab]]''){{efn|Although the senate of the university in 1947 had voted to divide the university between the two countries, the university was never officially partitioned. The Panjab University in Chandigarh nevertheless traces its origins to the university in Lahore.}} {{Start date and age|1947|10|1|df=y}} (as ''Panjab University'')
| type = [[Public university|Public]]
| address = Sector 14 and Sector 25
| state =
| country = India
| campus = Urban
| campus_size = {{cvt|550|acre|order=flip}}
| chancellor = [[Vice President of India ]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Chancellor of Panjab University Chandigarh & President of India : Official Website of Panjab University|url=https://puchd.ac.in/chancellor.php |access-date=11 August 2022}}</ref>
| head_label =
| head =
| vice_chancellor = [[Renu Vig|Dr. Renu Vig]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Professor Renu Vig Vice Chancellor of Panjab University |website=Official Website of Panjab University Chandigarh |url=https://puchd.ac.in/vice-chancellor.php |access-date=19 January 2023}}</ref>
| faculty = 971<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| undergrad = 9,956<ref name=nirf_stud>{{cite web |title=NIRF 2023 |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2023/pdf/University/IR-O-U-0078.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Education, Government of India}}</ref>
| postgrad = 6,047<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| doctoral = 2,854<ref name=nirf_stud/>
| city = [[Chandigarh]]
| mascot =
| colours = {{color box|red}}
| accreditation = [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]]
| academic_affiliations = {{hlist|[[University Grants Commission (India)|UGC]]|[[Association of Indian Universities|AIU]]|[[Association of Commonwealth Universities|ACU]]|[[International Association of Universities|IAU]]}}
| free =
| budget = {{INRConvert| 868.46|c}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://accounts.puchd.ac.in/includes/documents/2025/budget-2025-26.pdf|title=PU Budget (2025-26)}}</ref> (2025-26)
| website = {{URL|https://puchd.ac.in/}}
| logo = PanjabUniversity.svg
| logo_size = 200px
}}
'''Panjab University''' ('''PU''') is a [[Collegiate university|collegiate public state university]] located in [[Chandigarh]], India. Funded through both [[Punjab, India|State]] and [[Government of India|Union governments]], it is considered a [[state university (India)|state university]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/chandigarh-s-sector-14-a-long-way-from-lahore/story-GlDKZtA8v0YgKj5vxwxxqM.html|title=Chandigarh's Sector 14: A long way from Lahore|date=2018-07-11|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref> It traces its origins to the [[University of the Punjab]] in [[Lahore]], which was founded in 1882. After the [[partition of India]], the university was established on 1 October 1947, and called East Punjab University. Initially headquartered at a cantonment in [[Solan, Himachal Pradesh|Solan]] with teaching departments scattered across northern India, it later relocated to a newly built self-contained campus in sector 14, Chandigarh, and was renamed Panjab University. It is accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] A++ grade.<ref name="IQAC">{{Cite web |last=IQAC |title=NAAC Accreditation |url=https://iqac.puchd.ac.in/naac/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Internal Quality Assurance Cell |language=en-US}}</ref> It is considered the No. 1 university in Punjab.

The university has 78 teaching and research departments and 10 centres/chairs for teaching and research at the main campus located at Chandigarh. It has [[List of Colleges affiliated to Panjab University, Chandigarh|201 affiliated colleges]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=College Development Council, Panjab University, Chandigarh |url=http://dcdc.puchd.ac.in/affiliatecolleges.aspx |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=dcdc.puchd.ac.in}}</ref> spread over the eight districts of Punjab state and union-territory of Chandigarh, with Regional Centres at [[Sri Muktsar Sahib]], [[Ludhiana]] and [[Hoshiarpur]].<ref>{{cite web | last=Service | first=Tribune News | title=3,872 appear for LLB entrance at PU | website=The Tribune | date=26 August 2015 | url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/3-872-appear-for-llb-entrance-at-pu/96994.html | access-date=26 August 2015 | archive-date=1 October 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001093406/https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/3-872-appear-for-llb-entrance-at-pu/96994.html | url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Affiliated Colleges of PU|url=http://dcdc.puchd.ac.in/affiliateColleges.aspx|website=puchd.ac.in}}</ref> It is one of the well-ranked universities in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/panjab-university-overtakes-iits-jnu-in-ranking/article5422625.ece|title=Panjab University overtakes IITs, JNU in ranking|last=Joshua|first=Anita|date=2013-12-05|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-08-31|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The campus is residential, spread over {{convert|550|acre|order=flip}} in sectors 14 and 25 of the city of Chandigarh. The main administrative and academic buildings are located in sector 14, beside a health centre, a sports complex, hostels and residential housing.<ref name="Vibhor MohanVibhor Mohan 2013">{{cite web | last=Vibhor MohanVibhor Mohan | first=TNN | title='Preserve Chandigarh's rich urban and architectural legacy' | website=The Times of India | date=15 July 2013 | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Preserve-Chandigarhs-rich-urban-and-architectural-legacy/articleshow/21077306.cms | access-date=26 August 2015}}</ref>

==History==
The [[University of the Punjab]] was established on 14 October 1882<ref>{{Cite web |title=Panjab University |url=https://examcraze.in/university/panjab-university/ |access-date=2022-08-22 |website=Exam Craze |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> at [[Lahore]] (now in [[Punjab, Pakistan]]). The fate of the university after the [[partition of India]] in 1947, was deliberated at the Punjab Partition Committee, with representatives from [[East Punjab]] advocating for a division of the university.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Punjab University: A Storied Journey of Academic Excellence and Transformation |url=https://www.classhud.com/blogs/view/punjab-university-a-storied-journey-of-academic-excellence-and-transformation |access-date=2023-05-22 |website=www.classhud.com}}</ref> The senate of the university voted to split the university, and the matter reached the Partition Council at the centre, but a decision could not be made.<ref>{{cite web|first=Yaqoob|last=Bangash|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/567010-punjab-university-partition-ii|title=The Punjab University and Partition-II|publisher=[[The News International]]|date=6 January 2019|accessdate=28 March 2022}}</ref> With no university for the colleges in its territory, the government in East Punjab was compelled to bring an ordinance to set up a new university on 27 September 1947.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Lal|first=Chaman|title=Panjab University: Journey and evolution|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/features/panjab-university-journey-and-evolution-382148|access-date=2021-06-27|publisher=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]]|language=en}}</ref> The new university was then established in Solan (Shimla) of the [[Punjab, India|Indian Punjab]] as the "East Punjab University" on 1 October 1947.<ref name=":0" /> After 1947, the university had no campus of its own for nearly a decade.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/StateUniv_total.pdf|title=UGC State Universities|publisher=University Grants Commission|date=27 May 2011|access-date=25 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515161533/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/StateUniv_total.pdf|archive-date=15 May 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The administrative office was in [[Solan district|Solan]] and the teaching departments functioned from Hoshiarpur, Jalandhar, Delhi, and Amritsar. The name was later shortened to Panjab University in 1950.{{fact|date=March 2025}}
[[File:Panjab University, History Department by Panjab Digital Library.jpg|thumb|Historic photo of the Panjab University's History Department, 1961. Digitized by [[Panjab Digital Library]].]]
In 1956 the university was relocated to Chandigarh, on a red sandstone campus designed by [[Pierre Jeanneret]] under the guidance of [[Le Corbusier]]. Until the re-organisation of Punjab in 1966, the university had its regional centres at [[Rohtak]], [[Shimla]], [[Jalandhar]] and its affiliated colleges were in the present-day states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh. With the re-organisation of Punjab, the university became an Inter-State Body Corporate catering to the newly organised state of Punjab and the union-territory of Chandigarh.[[File:Panjab_University_1989_stamp_of_India.jpg|thumb|Panjab University featured on a 1989 stamp of India.]]

In April 2024, Panjab University in [[Chandigarh]] became one of the first universities in India to grant [[menstrual leave]] to female students, starting from the session 2024-25. The policy will allow leave of one day per one calendar month of teaching and maximum of four days leave per semester.<ref>'Punjab University Grants Menstrual Leave for Female Students' - Free Press Journal, https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/punjab-university-grants-menstrual-leave-for-female-students/ar-BB1lvcWM</ref><ref>'Universities That Allow Menstrual Leaves For Female Students Will Include Punjab University Now' - Her zindagi, by Jyoti Sethi, Editorial, Updated - 2024-04-12, https://www.herzindagi.com/society-culture/universities-in-india-that-allow-menstrual-leaves-for-female-students-article-276605</ref>

==Campus==
[[File:Panjab University Campus.jpg|thumb|Panjab University Campus]]
[[File:Road in Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|A road in Panjab University during spring.]]
The university's chequerboard layout was devised by Swiss-French Architect Pierre Jeanneret.<ref name="jain">{{cite book |last1=Jain |first1=Shikha |last2=Arora |first2=Vanicka |title=Gandhi Bhawan: Documenting and Conserving the Modern Heritage of India |date=2019 |publisher=Mapin Publishing |isbn=978-93-85360-53-4}}</ref> The main campus at Chandigarh is spread over {{convert|550|acre|order=flip}} in Sectors 14 and 25, the teaching area is in the north-east, with the Central Library, Fine Arts Museum, and three-winged structure of the Gandhi Bhawan forming its core; the sports complex, the health centre, the dolphinarium, student centre and the shopping centre in the middle; 16 university hostels and residential area in the south-east, stretching into the adjacent Sector 25 which also houses the [[University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University|University Institute of Engineering and Technology]], Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, [[University Institute of Applied Management Sciences|UIAMS]], and Institute of Biological Sciences.{{citation needed|date=March 2021}} The campus in Sector 25 is also known as the south campus.
[[File:Administrative building, Panjab University, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|Administrative building, Panjab University, Chandigarh.]]

===Halls of residence===
[[File:Boys' Hostel, Panjab University, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|Boys' Hostel, Panjab University, Chandigarh.]]
There are eighteen hostels on the campus including eight hostels for men and eleven women hostels including a Working Women Hostel. A Sports Hostel has been built for visiting sports teams. Two more hostels are under construction, one each for boys and girls. There is one International hostel also. All the NRI/Foreign national girls students are accommodated there.<ref name="Hostel">{{cite book |last1=Dean of Student Welfare |title=Handbook of Hostel Rules, 2019-20 |date=2019 |publisher=Panjab University |location=Chandighar |url=https://hostels.puchd.ac.in/hostel-handbook-2019.pdf |access-date=17 July 2021 |id=160014}}</ref>

===Sports===
[[File:International Yoga Day celebrated at Panjab University, Chandigarh (India).jpg|thumb|A girl student doing yoga on International Yoga Day at Panjab University, Chandigarh (India); click by Vikash Kinha]]
The university has playgrounds, a gymnasium and a swimming pool for its sports activities. The Directorate of Sports organises about 70 Inter-College and four to five Inter-University Competitions every year. The Directorate of Sports participates in 62 games both for men and women in the Inter-University Competitions and arranges training camps in these games under the supervision of expert coaches. The university has been awarded [[Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy|Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy]] sixteenth times, the latest being in the year 2021 and making a hat-trick twice. MAKA Trophy represents the highest award given for inter-university sports and university sportsperson performance in the international and national arena by the [[Government of India]].<ref name="MAKA">{{cite web|title=National Sports Awards 2021 announced President of India will give away the awards on 13th November 2021|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1769041|publisher=Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports (India)|access-date=2 November 2021}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards -2019 announced
|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1582410|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=8 October 2020|date=20 August 2019}}
*{{cite press release|title=National Sports Awards 2020 announced
|url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleseDetailm.aspx?PRID=1647633|publisher=Press Information Bureau, India|access-date=8 October 2020|date=21 August 2020}}
</ref>

===Gandhi Bhawan===
{{main article|Gandhi Bhawan, Chandigarh}}

[[File:Gandhi Bhawan, Chd.jpg|thumb|Gandhi Bhawan, Panjab University, Chandigarh]]
[[File:Gandhi bhawan.jpg|thumb|Lighting of diyas on campus.]]
The Gandhi Bhawan is a major landmark of the city of [[Chandigarh]]. Designed by the architect [[Pierre Jeanneret]], a cousin of [[Le Corbusier]], it is an auditorium hall that sits in the middle of a pond of water. It also houses a collection of books on [[Gandhi]].<ref name="Arch">{{cite news |last1=Architectuul |title=Gandhi Bhavan, Chandigarh, India by Pierre Jeanneret |url=http://architectuul.com/architecture/gandhi-bhavan |access-date=17 July 2021 |work=architectuul.com}}</ref><ref name="Getty">{{cite book |last1=Project Team |last2=DRONAH for the Panjab University, Chandigarh |editor1-last=The Getty Foundation |editor1-first=''Keeping it Modern'' Grant |editor1-link=The Getty Foundation |title=Conservation Management Plan for Gandhi Bhawan, Panjab University |date=July 2017 |url=https://www.getty.edu/foundation/pdfs/kim/gandhi_bhawan_panjab_university_cmp.pdf |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref>

===The Student Centre===
[[File:Student centre Panjab University.jpg|thumb|Student Centre, Panjab University, Chandigarh]]
The Student Centre, popularly known as StuC, is a major landmark of the city of [[Chandigarh]] and a hub for student activities. It was inaugurated in 1975. It houses the office of the Dean University Welfare and university students' council. There is a cafeteria called Indian Coffee House with a panoramic view on the top floor of the centre it was shut down during COVID 19 Pandemic but now resumed its operations. Various events and plays are performed in the Student Centre.

===Library===
[[File:The Central Library, Panjab University, Chandigarh.jpg|thumb|The Central Library, Panjab University, Chandigarh.]]
The Central Library is named after its late Vice-Chancellor of the university, Prof. [[A C Joshi]]. It is located near the student centre.<ref name="Joshi"/> It was designed by Swiss architect [[Pierre Jeanneret]].<ref name="Joshi"/> The foundation stone of the Library was laid in 1958 by Dr [[Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]], the then vice-president of India, and it was formally inaugurated in 1963 by the then Prime Minister of India [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="Joshi">{{cite web |last1=Panjab University |title=A. C. Joshi Library at a Glance |url=https://library.puchd.ac.in/library-section.php |website=library.puchd.ac.in |publisher=Panjab University Chandigarh India |access-date=17 July 2021}}</ref> With a collection of 6,70,000 titles, it is one of the largest libraries in North India.{{citation needed|date=July 2021}}

===Museum of Fine Arts===
[[File:Fine Arts Museum, Panjab University.jpg|thumb|Fine Arts museum, Chandigarh]]
Museum of Fine Arts is a part of the Department of Art History and Visual Arts, inaugurated in 1968. The Museum building, made in [[red sandstone]], is one of the landmarks in the university campus and has been earmarked as a heritage building. It has a large collection of works of contemporary Indian art, including paintings, sculptures, graphics and drawings by artists such as [[Jamini Roy]], [[M.F. Husain]], [[Satish Gujral]], [[J. Swaminathan]], [[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]], [[A. Ramachandran]], [[K.G. Subramanyan]], [[Vivan Sundaram]], [[Bhupen Khakhar]], [[Dhanraj Bhagat]], [[Arpana Caur]], [[Shiv Singh]] etc.

==Organization and administration==
===Governance===
The day-to-day functioning of the university is headed by [[Vice Chancellor]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/pu-is-now-my-university-says-v-c-raj-kumar/story-b2kwUx6BTg8wAn6ZdkcwEN.html|title=PU is now my university, says V-C Raj Kumar|date=2018-07-24|work=hindustan times|access-date=2018-07-26|language=en}}</ref> The office of the Dean of University Instruction (DUI) is the academic head of Panjab University and its Regional Centres. The [[Vice President of India]] acts as the university Chancellor

===Internal Organizational Structure===
Panjab University Internal Structure shown in Orgranogram.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://puchd.ac.in/organogram.php|title=Panjab University Internal Organizational Structure - Panjab University Chandigarh ਪੰਜਾਬ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय चंडीगढ़ पंजाब यूनिवर्सिटी चंडीगढ़ Chandigarh India|work=Panjab University|access-date=2023-07-17|language=en}}</ref>

== Faculties ==
[[File:Former PM at PU.jpg|thumb|Dr Manmohan Singh, an alumnus of Economics Department, Panjab University at his alma mater to deliver a guest lecture.]]

===Faculty of Engineering and Technology===

* '''[[University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panjab University|University Institute of Engineering and Technology]] (UIET)''' is an on campus engineering institute. It offers undergraduate [[Bachelor in Engineering|B.E.]], Postgraduate [[Masterin Engineering|M.E.]] and Doctoral [[Doctor of Technology|D.Tech.]] courses.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uiet.puchd.ac.in/Acad_Courses.aspx |title=University Institute of Engineering & Technology |work=uiet.puchd.ac.in |access-date=24 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326014323/http://uiet.puchd.ac.in/Acad_Courses.aspx |archive-date=26 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> UIET is in the southern campus of Panjab University, Sector 25, Chandigarh.<ref>{{cite web |title=Location|url=https://maps.google.com/maps/place?cid=9692457346631295509&q=University+Institute+of+Engineering+%26+Technology&hl=en&sll=30.748132,76.757304&sspn=0.019179,0.032015&ie=UTF8&ll=30.753306,76.747656&spn=0,0&t=h&z=16>|publisher=Google Maps}}</ref> It has two academic blocks which include labs, offices, library, and lecture halls. There are blocks for mechanical labs and workshops. There is an [[Automated teller machine|ATM]]. [[Wi-Fi]] and Internet access is provided in some parts of the campus. Students are from all over the nation: few are day scholars and many live in hostels which provide accommodation, food, washrooms, and sporting facilities.
* '''[[University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Panjab University|University Institute for Chemical Engineering and Technology (UICET)]]''', originally called the Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, UICET came out of a demand to make the sciences of direct use to society. The department was disrupted during the partition of India when most of the faculty and students chose to come to India. For a few years, it was housed in Delhi. Then in 1958, it shifted to its present premises in Chandigarh. In collaboration with the Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago. Professor R. E. Peck from IIT Chicago joined as the first Head. Over the years the department evolved into the University Institute for Chemical Engineering and Technology. In 1983, an Energy Research Institute was added within the UICET building to promote R&D in the field of renewable energy.

UICET is one of the regional centres of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers. 2008 was the Golden Jubilee year of the institute. As part of the celebrations, the institute hosted CHEMCON-2008, the 61st annual session of the Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers, which also included a joint US-India Conference on Energy.

===Faculty of Law===
The university has two departments for teaching law. The [https://laws.puchd.ac.in/index.php Department of Laws] and [https://uils.puchd.ac.in/index.php University Institute of Legal Studies (UILS)] are both highly reputed departments in the field of law in India.

The Department of Laws, originally established at [[Lahore]] in 1889, was re-established at [[Shimla]] in 1948, shifted to [[Jalandhar]] in 1950 and finally re-located at the University Campus at [[Chandigarh]] in 1959. Its Alumni include Judges of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] and [[High courts of India|High Courts]], [[Union Council of Ministers|Union Cabinet Ministers]], [[Chief minister|State Chief Ministers]], [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet Ministers]], [[Ambassador|Ambassadors]], [[Bureaucrat|Senior Bureaucrats]], [[Police officer|Police Officers]] and other legal luminaries.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Laws Panjab University Chandigarh ਪੰਜਾਬ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय चंडीगढ़ पंजाब यूनिवर्सिटी चंडीगढ़ Chandigarh India |url=https://laws.puchd.ac.in/index.php |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=laws.puchd.ac.in}}</ref>

* '''[https://laws.puchd.ac.in/index.php Department of Laws]''' offers four courses:<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Department of Laws Panjab University Chandigarh ਪੰਜਾਬ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय चंडीगढ़ पंजाब यूनिवर्सिटी चंडीगढ़ Chandigarh India |url=https://laws.puchd.ac.in/show-courses.php |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=laws.puchd.ac.in}}</ref>
** [[Doctor of Laws|Doctor of Laws & Doctor of Philosophy in Law]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]])<ref name=":1" />
** Degree of [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B.]], a three-year course, The Entrance test for Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.) based on PUCET (PG) shall be open to all such candidates who possess minimum 45% marks in any stream in graduation or masters level.<ref name=":1" />
** Degree in [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] (Master of Laws), a one-year course, which is offered after completion of [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B]].<ref name=":1" />
** Degree in [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] (Master of Laws), a two-year evening programme as a self-financed course. This course is started in 2025.<ref name=":1" />

The department of laws conducts separate admission tests for the courses. The Department is the pride alma mater of three [[Chief Justice of India|Chief Justices of India]], a large number of [[High courts of India|Chief Justices of the High Courts]], members of [[District courts of India|subordinate judiciary]], civil servants, law officers and members of the legal profession and a large number of legal luminaries and justices. The number of its alumni, which rose to the bench of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] and in many High Courts of this country, is too large to mention. [[Adarsh Sein Anand|Chief Justice of India Dr. A.S. Anand]], the former [[Chief Justice of India]] taught in this department for a number of years. The Chief Justice of India Hon'ble Mr. [[Jagdish Singh Khehar|Justice J.S. Khehar]] is also an alumni and has taught in the department as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Laws Panjab University Chandigarh ਪੰਜਾਬ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय चंडीगढ़ पंजाब यूनिवर्सिटी चंडीगढ़ Chandigarh India |url=https://laws.puchd.ac.in/index.php |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=laws.puchd.ac.in}}</ref>

'''[https://uils.puchd.ac.in/index.php University Institute of Legal Studies] (UILS)''' was established as constituent department of Panjab University, in the academic session 2004-05. During a short span of time, it has emerged as one of the premier legal Institute with a unique blend of tradition and modernity. Its mission is to equip the students with the skills to comprehend and diagnose the intricacies of various legal and other inter-disciplinary issues and devise solutions to these problems through analysis and reasoning. The stimulating and interactive academic environment of the Institute helps to hone the Drafting, Research, Advocacy, Interviewing and Negotiation- skills of the students. To accomplish this, the Institute arranges a number of curricular and extra-curricular activities. Students are trained in essence of the substantive laws, techniques of procedural laws, methods of client counselling and skills in legal and social sciences research etc. The [[Moot court|Moot Court Competitions]], Client Counselling Sessions, [[Quiz|Quiz Contests]], Seminars, Group Discussions and Extension Lectures etc. are a regular feature of the academic calendar of the Institute. The Institute also exposes its students to the 'law in action' through compulsory internships with Hon'ble [[Supreme Court of India|Judges of Supreme Court]], [[Punjab and Haryana High Court]], eminent lawyers, [[Law firm|legal firms]], various commissions and [[Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], etc. The Institute's own Legal Aid Clinic, not only provides free legal services to the economically weaker sections of the society as a part of community outreach programme of the Institute, but also offers opportunities to the students to work in co-ordination with eminent practicing advocates. The endeavour behind these action oriented 'programmes' is to enable the students to understand that the legal professionals, besides their professional responsibilities have a significant impact on the society at large.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=University Institute of Legal Studies Panjab University Chandigarh ਪੰਜਾਬ ਯੂਨੀਵਰਸਿਟੀ ਚੰਡੀਗੜ੍ਹ पंजाब विश्वविद्यालय चंडीगढ़ पंजाब यूनिवर्सिटी चंडीगढ़ Chandigarh India |url=https://uils.puchd.ac.in/show-courses.php |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=uils.puchd.ac.in}}</ref> The department also offers four courses. It includes [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]]. [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B (Hons.)]] and [[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]]. [[Bachelor of Laws|LL.B (Hons.)]] five-years integrated courses and has 180 seats for each course.<ref name=":2" /> The department also offers [[Master of Laws|LL.M]] (Master of Laws), both of one- and two-year duration.<ref name=":2" /> There is separate entrance for all the courses. The [[Master of Laws|LL.M.]] course has separate seats reserved for both [[Advocate|Advocates]] and [[Judge|Judicial Officers]].<ref name=":2" />

===Faculty of Business Management and Commerce===

* '''University Business School (UBS)''' imparts commerce and business management education. The Department of Commerce and Business Management was rechristened into University Business School in 1995. The department offers various courses such as [[Master of Commerce|M.Com]] (Honours), [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D]] (Commerce and Business Management), [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]] (General), [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]] (Entrepreneurship), [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]] (Human Resource Management), [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]] (International Business) and [[Master of Business Administration|Executive M.B.A]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ubs.puchd.ac.in/show-courses.php|title=Courses at UBS|website=Panjab University|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>
* '''[[University Institute of Applied Management Sciences]] (UIAMS),''' established in 2008 by the Faculty of Business Management & Commerce, Panjab University, Chandigarh. It is housed in the south campus, Sector 25. UIAMS offers [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]] course in industry ready sectoral areas and streams with specialization in functional areas like Marketing, Finance, Human Resources and Operations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uiams.puchd.ac.in/index.php|title=About - University Institute of Applied Management Sciences Panjab University Chandigarh India|website=uiams.puchd.ac.in|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> [[Master of Business Administration|M.B.A]] at UIAMS Chandigarh is a two-year course.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/notification/story/pumet-303339-2016-01-12|title=PU-MET 2016: Exam on March 12 : Notification|last=Delhi|first=IndiaToday.in New|date=12 January 2016|website=IndiaToday|access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> Students are given training offers with stipend by various leading companies during the course.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Rise-in-training-stipend-for-students/articleshow/10575072.cms|title=Rise in training stipend for students|last=Miglani|first=Neha|date=2 November 2011|website=The Times of India|access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> UIAMS graduates tend to benefit from good job placements in major companies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Placement-cheer-at-UIAMS/articleshow/8562000.cms|title=Placement cheer at UIAMS|last=TN|first=N|date=25 May 2011|website=The Times of India|access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100331/cth1.htm|title=Placements back to cheer students|date=31 March 2010|website=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India|access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/at-panjab-university-four-departments-record-maximum-number-of-placements/|title=At Panjab University, four departments record maximum number of placements|date=15 February 2016|website=The Indian Express|access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/Panjab-University-students-hope-to-cash-in-on-campus-placements/articleshow/23230954.cms|title=Panjab University students hope to cash in on campus placements|last=Kachhava|first=Priyanka|date=29 September 2013|website=The Times of India|access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref>
* '''University Institute of Hotel and Tourism Management (UIHTM) ''' offers education, training, research and consultancy in the field of hospitality, tourism, travel and allied sectors. This institute was established in the year 2009 under the faculty of Business Management and Commerce.

===Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences===

* The National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) ranked the university 7th (in 2024), 8th (in 2023) and 3rd (in 2022) in the Pharmacy ranking.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 NIRF Ranking |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/nirfpdfcdn/2024/pdf/Report/IR2024_Report.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 NIRF |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/PharmacyRanking.html |access-date=18 July 2023 |archive-date=6 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230606111150/https://www.nirfindia.org/2023/PharmacyRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 NIRF |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/PharmacyRanking.html |access-date=19 July 2023 |archive-date=6 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306081423/https://www.nirfindia.org/2022/PharmacyRanking.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Faculty of Medical Sciences===
* [[Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh]], Sector 32 Chandigarh
* Dr. Harvansh Singh Judge Institute of Dental Sciences & Hospital

===Constituent colleges===
* Baba Balraj Panjab University Constituent College, Balachaur (SBS Nagar)
* Panjab University Constituent College, Mokham Khan Wala (Ferozepur)
* Panjab University Constituent College, Nihalsingh Wala (Moga)
* Panjab University Constituent College, Dharamkot (Moga)
* Panjab University Constituent College, Sikhwala (Sri Muktsar Sahib)
* Saheed Udham Singh Panjab University Constituent College, Guru Har Sahai (Ferozpur)

===Regional centres===
Originally, the university had three regional centres, one each in [[Ludhiana]], [[Rohtak]] and Shimla. Currently, the university has following regional centres in the state of Punjab:
* Panjab University Regional Centre, Ludhiana
* Panjab University Regional Centre, [[Muktsar]]
* [[Panjab University Swami Sarvanand Giri Regional Centre, Hoshiarpur]]

===Rural Regional Centres===
* Panjab University Rural Centre, [[Kauni, Sri Muktsar Sahib|Kauni]]

==Academics==
===Departments and courses===
The university comprises 78 departments, 15 centres/chairs on the campus and six Constituent Colleges located at Sikhwala (Sri Muktsar Sahib), Balachaur (SBS Nagar), Nihalsingh Wala (Moga), Dharamkot (Moga), Mokham Khan Wala (Ferozepur) and Guru Harsahai (Ferozepur) and one rural regional centre. Three regional centres are grouped under the faculties of Arts, Science, Languages, Law, Education, Design and Fine Arts, Business Management and Commerce, Engineering and Technology, Hotel Management and Tourism, Medical Sciences, and Pharmaceutical Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://puchd.ac.in/pu-administration2.php|title=Deans and Secretaries of Faculties - Panjab University, Chandigarh, India|website=puchd.ac.in|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> There are also departments of Evening Studies and Distance Learning. Most departments have their own libraries.<ref>{{cite web | title=Moolah beckons varsity students | website=Tribune News Service | date=2018-05-19 | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/moolah-beckons-varsity-students/591453.html | access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> The Faculty of Languages also has courses in foreign languages. The Department of Chinese and Tibetan languages runs 7 courses. One in Buddhist Studies and three each in Tibetan and Chin. besides providing research guidance in Buddhist Studies.

== Accreditations and Rankings ==

=== Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) ===
The Internal Quality Assurance Cell (IQAC) at Panjab University was established on 1 May 2003. The IQAC is integral to the university's commitment to continuous improvement and excellence in higher education. IQAC is currently headed by Prof. Sanjeev K. Sharma, Director IQAC, and Prof. Sakshi Kaushal, Associate Director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=IQAC |title=University Home |url=https://iqac.puchd.ac.in/ |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Internal Quality Assurance Cell |language=en-US}}</ref>

==== Accreditations ====
Panjab University has undergone multiple cycles of accreditation by the [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)]], reflecting its commitment to maintaining high educational standards. The accreditation details are as follows:

* '''Cycle 1''': Accredited on 21 May 2001, Panjab University received a Five Star rating with a score of 75.75.
* '''Cycle 2''': On 29 January 2009, the university was awarded an 'A' grade with a CGPA of 3.47.
* '''Cycle 3''': During the third cycle on 25 June 2015, it secured an 'A' grade with a CGPA of 3.35.
* '''Cycle 4''': The most recent accreditation, dated 12 August 2023, saw the university achieving an 'A++' grade with a CGPA of 3.68.<ref name="IQAC"/>

==== Rankings ====
{{Infobox India university ranking
| type =

| QS_W_2023 = 1201–1400
| QS_A_2023 = 301–350
| THE_W_2023 = 801–1000
|NIRF_O_2024=60|NIRF_R_2024=35|NIRF_U_2024=38|NIRF_E_2024=101|NIRF_B_2024=92|NIRF_P_2024=7|NIRF_D_2024=27}}

Internationally, Panjab University was ranked 1001–1200 in the ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'' of 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Accredible |title=Accredible • Certificates, Badges and Blockchain |url=https://www.credential.net/74a4ff49-244d-4396-b38e-260b44460499 |access-date=2024-06-12 |website=Accredible • Recipient Portal |language=en}}</ref> and 301–350 in Asia.<ref name="Rankings_QS_A_2023" /> It was ranked 801–1000 in the world by the ''[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]'' of 2023,<ref name=Rankings_THE_W_2023/> 201–250in Asia in 2023<ref name=Rankings_THE_W_2023/> and 201–250 among emerging economies.<ref name=Rankings_THE_W_2023/>

In India, the 2025 [[National Institutional Ranking Framework]] (NIRF) rankings have ranked Panjab University 57th overall<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/OverallRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260124114358/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/OverallRanking.html |archive-date=2026-01-24 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>, 37th in Research<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ResearchRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260203134224/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ResearchRanking.html |archive-date=2026-02-03 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>, 35th among Universities<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/UniversityRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251011021314/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/UniversityRanking.html |archive-date=2025-10-11 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>, 92nd in Management<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260105141709/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/ManagementRanking.html |archive-date=2026-01-05 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref> and 3rd in Pharmacy<ref>{{Cite web |title=MoE, National Institute Ranking Framework (NIRF) |url=https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/PharmacyRanking.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20251121221951/https://www.nirfindia.org/Rankings/2025/PharmacyRanking.html |archive-date=2025-11-21 |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.nirfindia.org}}</ref>.

== Research ==
===ICSSR===
The [[Indian Council of Social Science Research]] has set up its North-Western Regional Centre on the campus. The centre runs a library, a seminar complex and a guest house for visiting scholars under its study-grants programme.

=== Institute of Social Science Education and Research ===
Institute of Social Science Education and Research (commonly known as ISSER or PU-ISSER) is a [[Liberal arts college|liberal arts institution]] and a constituent department of the Panjab University.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://isser.puchd.ac.in/|title=Institute of Social Science Education and Research Panjab University Chandigarh India|website=isser.puchd.ac.in|access-date=2019-03-05}}</ref> The institute offers a five-year integrated, honour-school [[Master of Arts|Masters of Arts]] degree in the [[Social science|Social Sciences]].

===Research facilities===
The university has been recognised by the UGC as the "University with Potential for Excellence in Bio-Medical Sciences" with facilities for Stem Cell Research and Drug Development.

The university is one of six centres in the country for super-computing facilities to serve the north-western region in the Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC), DST. The government of India has identified the university as a Special Centre. The university provides internet connections for more than 1800 terminals for the use of faculty members and students. All the buildings of the university including hostels are connected through ATM and Gigabit technology.

The university has a DST supported Regional Sophisticated Instrumentation Centre along with a Central Instrumentation Laboratory (CIL) and a University Science Instrumentation Centre (USIC) to serve the scientific community on the campus and in the region. The Centre for Industry Institute Partnership Programme (CIIPP) promotes the academic-industry interface.

====Energy Research Centre====
The Energy Research Centre was established in 1983 at Panjab University to promote R&D and Extension activities in Renewable Energy. The Energy Research Centre is the only R&D centre in the country designated as a Nodal Agency for the implementation of the programmes of MNES.

The centre has been designated as a regional test centre for testing solar thermal equipment by MNES. The Bureau of Indian Standard has approved the centre for testing wood-burning stoves. The centre has provided consultancy to countries in the Asia-Pacific region such as the [[Maldives]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Myanmar]], [[Kiribati]] and [[Tuvalu]], in the area of renewable energy sources, energy management and environmental protection. The centre has helped the states of Haryana, Panjab and Himachal Pradesh in solving problems associated with energy planning, management and environmental protection.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

The centre has done work on solar thermal energy storage, solar detoxification, biomethanation of agricultural/industrial/forest wastes, biomass combustion and gasification, indoor air quality, energy and environmental conservation and management, and hydrodynamics of polymeric solutions. The Energy Research Centre has professional contacts with universities such as the [[University of Florida]], the [[University of Cincinnati]], SRI International USA, and [[Lakehead University]] in Canada. The centre has helped the states of [[Haryana]], Punjab and [[Himachal Pradesh]], U.T. Chandigarh, J&K State, and the North-Eastern states in solving problems associated with energy planning and management and Environmental protection.

====LHC project====
The university has participated in the project called International Collaboration for Research for Elementary Particles and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) [[CERN]], Geneva CMS Experiment with a Government of India grant of Rs. 24.9&nbsp;million.

==Student life==
===Cultural events===
"Cyanide" is the annual festival of DCET/UICET. The festival often hosts star performers, DJ nights and other events. Tatva is the student magazine of DCET/UICET. There is an annual debate competition called the Polemic. Aavishkar was the technical fest of UIET until 2013. Goonj is the techno-cultural fest and Umang is the annual sports fest of UIET.<ref>{{cite web| title= Cyanide - Let's Explode| url=https://www.thecollegefever.com/college-concert/cyanideuicet}}</ref>

Panjab University is active on social media websites such as [[Facebook]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/official.pu.india/|title=Facebook|website=[[Facebook]] |access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref> [[Twitter]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/OfficialPU|title=Panjab University (@OfficialPU) on Twitter|website=twitter.com|language=en|access-date=2018-07-26}}</ref> and [[Instagram]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.instagram.com/officialpu.india/?hl=en|title=Panjab University, Chandigarh (@officialpu.india)|work=Instagram from Meta|access-date=2023-07-17}}</ref>

===Student council===
{{Main|Panjab University Campus Students Council}}

[[File:StuC PU.jpg|thumb|Student Centre, Panjab University]]
The office of the [[Panjab University Campus Students Council]] (PUCSC) is located in the student centre. The student centre is the hub of students' activities – academic, cultural, social and political – besides being the favourite eating and hanging out zone for students. The Students' Council consists of the departmental representatives and other office bearers i.e. president, vice-president, secretary and joint-secretary directly elected by the students from the various teaching departments on the campus. The Dean of Student Welfare is ''ex officio'' chairman of the council.

The Students' Council organises youth festivals, both national and international, academic debates, literary and cultural events and educational tours, besides looking after the interests of the students in general. In 2015, in a referendum by University, students voted for vehicle free campus in academic areas.<ref name="Service 2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/life-style/ban-e-or-boon/129129.html|title=Ban(e) or boon?|last=Service|first=Tribune News|date=6 September 2015|website=The Tribune|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="TNN 2015">{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/PU-students-vote-out-cars-from-campus/articleshow/48836153.cms|title=PU students vote out cars from campus|author=TNN|date=5 September 2015|website=The Times of India|access-date=6 September 2015}}</ref>

== Notable people ==
{{Main|List of Panjab University people}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Panjab University}}
*{{Official website}}
*[https://iqac.puchd.ac.in IQAC website]

{{coord|30.757995|76.768209|display=t|type:edu}}

{{Universities and colleges in Punjab, India}}
{{Universities in smaller states and territories of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Panjab University| ]]
[[Category:Universities in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:1882 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges established in 1882]]
[[Category:State universities in India]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Trophy]]
[[Category:Institutes associated with CERN]]

Panjab University

2026-02-16T12:16:55Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: Expanded article with relevant info

S. Narmada

2026-02-10T03:12:15Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new page...

{{short description|Indian Bharatanatyam exponent}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = S. Narmada
| image =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1942|9|22}}
| birth_place = Bangalore, [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2007|3|30|1942|9|22}}
| death_place = [[Bangalore]], Karnataka, India
| alma_mater =
| known for = [[Bharatanatyam]]
| occupation = [[Dancer]], Dance Teacher
| awards = {{awards|[[Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]|[[Rajyotsava Prashasti]]|Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy Award|Shantala Natya Sri Award}}
| website =
}}
'''S. Narmada''' (22 September 1942 – 30 March 2007) popularly known as '''Guru Narmada''' was a [[Bharatanatyam]] exponent and teacher from [[Karnataka]], [[India]]. She received several awards including Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy Award, Rajyotsava Prashasti and Shantala Natya Sri Award.

==Biography==
S. Narmada was born on 22 September 1942 in [[Bangalore]], Karnataka. She received her basic training in dance from V. S. Kaushik.<ref name="narthaki"/> As a prominent disciple of [[K. P. Kittappa Pillai]], she had practiced Tanjavur style of Bharatanatyam under his tutelage for more than two decades.<ref name="Akademi">{{cite web |title=S.Narmada |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/public/uploads/awardees/docs/S_Narmada.pdf |publisher=Sangeet Natak Akademi}}</ref>

An excellent teacher of Bharatanatyam, Narmada started the Shakuntala Dance School in Bangalore in 1978 in memory of her mother, and has trained many nationally recognized dancers.<ref name="narthaki">{{cite web |title=Profiles - Guru Narmada is no more |url=https://narthaki.com/info/profiles/profil73.html |website=narthaki.com}}</ref> Her disciples include [[Lakshmi Gopalaswamy]], [[Manju Bhargavi]], Sathyanarayan Raju, [[Nirupama Rajendra]], Malathi Iyengar, Praveen and Anuradha Vikranth.<ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=Dance guru Narmada passes away in Bangalore |url=http://www.kutcheribuzz.com/news/dance/1019-dance-guru-narmada-bangalore |work=www.kutcheribuzz.com }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Narmada died of a heart attack in Bangalore on 30 March 2007 at the age of 64.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="narthaki" />

==Awards and honors==
* Sangeet Natak Akademi Award 2006<ref name="Akademi"/>
* [[Karnataka Sangeeta Nritya Academy]] Award 1998<ref name="Akademi"/>
* [[Rajyotsava Prashasti]] 1996<ref name="Akademi"/>
* Best Teacher Award of the Madras Music Academy 1992<ref name="Akademi"/>
* [[Shantala Natya Sri Award]] 2001 from the Government of Karnataka<ref>{{cite web |title=Karnataka Government |url=https://www.karnataka.gov.in/page/Awards/State+Awards/Shantala+Natya+Awards/en |website=www.karnataka.gov.in}}</ref>
* Bestow Award from the Karnataka Cultural Association, California<ref name="narthaki"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narmada, S.}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]
[[Category:Artists from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Dancers from Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]
[[Category:Teachers of Indian classical dance]]

Pritam Singh (educationist)

2026-02-10T02:34:30Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new new biography

{{Short description|Indian educationist (1941–2020)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pritam Singh
| image = Dr Pritam Singh Padma Shri.jpg
| caption = Singh receiving [[Padma Shri]] from [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]], January 2003
| alt = 
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1941|11|19|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kachhwa]], [[Mirzapur district|Mirzapur]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|06|03|1941|11|19|df=y}}
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist|Academic|Educationist|Advisor|Professor}}
| years_active =
| known_for = Director of [[Mdi gurgaon|MDI-Gurgaon]] and [[IIM Lucknow|IIM-Lucknow]]
| notable_works =
| spouse = Saroj Singh<ref>{{cite news |title=Renowned Academician Dr Pritam Singh Leaves For His Heavenly Abode |url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Renowned-Academician-Dr-Pritam-Singh-Leaves-For-His-Heavenly-Abode/03-06-2020-194004/ |access-date=1 July 2020 |work=BW Education |language=en}}</ref>
| children = 6
}}

'''Pritam Singh''' (19 November 1941 – 3 June 2020) was an [[Indian people|Indian]] academic, [[educationist]], advisor and management professor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2020-06-04|title=Tributes paid to management guru|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/telangana/tributes-paid-to-management-guru/article31749939.ece|access-date=2020-07-01|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Remembering Dr Pritam Singh|url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Remembering-Dr-Pritam-Singh/04-06-2020-194285|access-date=2020-07-01|website=BW Education|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Shah|first=Kavya|title=Connecting The Horizon To Ground Reality Is Quality Of A Great Leader: Pritam Singh|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Connecting-The-Horizon-To-Ground-Reality-Is-Quality-Of-A-Great-Leader-Pritam-Singh/06-05-2020-191337|access-date=2020-07-01|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}</ref> In 2003, Singh was awarded [[Padma Shri]], the fourth-highest civilian award by the [[Government of India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Arora|first=Sumit|title=Padma Shri awardee Pritam Singh passes away|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/padma-shri-awardee-pritam-singh-passes-away/|access-date=2020-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Nanda|first=Prashant K.|date=2020-06-03|title=Management guru Pritam Singh dies at 78|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/management-guru-pritam-singh-dies-at-78-11591164080546.html|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Livemint|language=en}}</ref>

Singh first served as the director of [[Mdi gurgaon|MDI-Gurgaon]] and then served as director of [[IIM Lucknow|IIM-Lucknow]] from 1998 to 2003<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Padma-Shri Dr. Pritam Singh – AIDI|url=https://aidindia.co.in/?team=padma-shri-dr-pritam-singh|access-date=2020-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref> and again at MDI-Gurgaon from 2003 to 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Batra|first=Dr Anurag|title=Dr Pritam Singh Renowned Academician And Institutional Builder Passes Away|url=http://businessworld.in/article/Dr-Pritam-Singh-Renowned-Academician-And-Institutional-Builder-Passes-Away-/03-06-2020-194003|access-date=2020-07-01|website=BW Businessworld|language=en}}</ref> He also steered the [[International Management Institute, New Delhi|International Management Institute]] (IMI) for three years until October 2014.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oSTCwAAQBAJ&dq=pritam+Singh+International+Management+Institute+%28IMI%29+for+three+years+until+October+2014.&pg=PA321|title=The Leadership Odyssey: From Darkness to Light|last2=Bhandarker|first2=Asha|last3=Rai|first3=Snigdha|date=2015-12-01|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-737-6|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Leadership Odyssey|url=https://stealadeal.sagepub.in/the-leadership-odyssey-pritam-singh-9789351507369.html|access-date=2020-07-01|website=stealadeal.sagepub.in|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Pritam Singh to step down as DG of IMI; Dr B Dholakia to take charge|url=https://www.mbauniverse.com/article/id/7961/Dr-Pritam-Singh-IMI-Delhi|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.mbauniverse.com}}</ref> Singh was chairman and member of several policy-making committees and bodies of the Government of India and private organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Team|first1=People Matters Editorial|last2=Ltd|first2=People Matters Media Pvt|date=2020-06-03|title=Visionary leader Dr. Pritam Singh passes away|url=https://www.peoplematters.in/article/leadership/visionary-leader-dr-pritam-singh-passes-away-25893|access-date=2020-07-01|website=People Matters|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-22|title=Ex-CEC-led UGC panel to assess varsities seeking eminence tag|url=https://www.thestatesman.com/cities/ex-cec-led-ugc-panel-assess-varsities-seeking-eminence-tag-1502589625.html|access-date=2020-07-01|website=The Statesman|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Vishnoi|first=Anubhuti|date=2018-02-20|title=Former CEC N. Gopalaswami to head committee to choose India's 20 'Institutes of Eminence'|url=https://theprint.in/report/n-gopalswami-head-committee-indias-20-institutes-of-eminence/36962/|access-date=2020-07-01|website=ThePrint|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=After UGC, Expert Committee Also Disappoints in Selecting Institutions of Eminence|url=https://thewire.in/education/after-ugc-expert-committee-too-disappointed-in-selecting-institutions-of-eminence|access-date=2020-07-01|website=The Wire}}</ref>

==Career==
Pritam Singh was a faculty at [[University of Rajasthan]], Jaipur and then joined [[Banaras Hindu University]] as their faculty. He then moved to [[XLRI - Xavier School of Management|XLRI, Jamshedpur]], where he was an area chair and faculty.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Padma-Shri Dr Pritam Singh, Director General-IMI|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/business-sphere/20131210/282424167027772|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-07-01|via=PressReader}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Raturi|first=Prerna|date=2003-12-02|title='Let's be Knowledge Samurais, not Knowledge Coolies'|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/management/-let-s-be-knowledge-samurais-not-knowledge-coolies-103120201025_1.html|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref> After XLRI, he was appointed Dean and WCL Chair Professor at Administrative Staff College of India<ref name=":0" /> and thereafter he worked as senior faculty and dean at [[IIM Bangalore|IIM, Bangalore]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Director General Pritam Singh pushing for change at IMI, Delhi|url=https://www.businesstoday.in/magazine/cover-story/business-today-best-b-school-2013-imi-delhi-rise-in-rankings/story/199269.html|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.businesstoday.in}}</ref>

In 1994, he worked as a professor and director at Management Development Institute (MDI)-Gurgaon.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Late Prof. Pritam Singh - GRM Institute|url=https://grm.institute/teacher/pritam-singh/|access-date=2020-07-01|website=grm.institute}}</ref> In 1998, he was appointed director of IIM, Lucknow, he remained with the institute for five years and again joined Management Development Institute, Gurgaon in 2003.<ref name=":1" /> In 2011, he was appointed as director general and professor at International Management Institute (IMI). After IMI, he was appointed as honorary director general of Manav Rachna International Institute of Research and Studies.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strategic Mentoring Board|url=https://manavrachna.edu.in/strategic-mentoring-board/|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Manav Rachna Vidyanatariksha}}</ref> Apart from seven academic books, Singh has also published over 80 articles in peer reviewed journals and conferences.

During his time at [[IIM Lucknow|IIM, Lucknow]], Singh organized retreats for the vice chancellors and deans of universities for improving the governance of universities. He was a member of the empowered committee instituted by the Prime Minister for the selection of the Institute of Eminence.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-20|title=N Gopalaswami appointed EEC chief, committee to select 20 'institutes of eminence'|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/n-gopalaswami-appointed-eec-chief-committee-to-select-20-institutes-of-eminence/story-hcKZ5pCK7e4LATeAwg0WTP.html|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> He was also the chairman of the Defense Acquisition Committee in 2016 for streamlining the process of defense procurement.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Pubby|first=Manu|date=2018-07-14|title=MoD panel for autonomous weapons acquisition body in charge of policy, acquisition and exports|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/mod-panel-for-autonomous-weapons-acquisition-body-in-charge-of-policy-acquisition-and-exports/articleshow/58796326.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2020-07-01}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

Singh has appeared frequently at conferences and industry events on the topics of leadership, governance, education and management, such as the chambers of commerce of Holland, France, Germany, Greece, Russia, UK, USA, Thailand, Mauritius, and Egypt.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82AlDAAAQBAJ&dq=Pritam+singh+chambers+of+commerce+of+Holland%2C&pg=PT281|title=The Leadership Odyssey: From Darkness to Light|last2=Bhandarker|first2=Asha|last3=Rai|first3=Snigdha|date=2015-12-01|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-735-2|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Grave Loss For The Management Fraternity – Dr Pritam Singh|url=http://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Grave-Loss-For-The-Management-Fraternity-Dr-Pritam-Singh-/08-06-2020-194597|access-date=2020-07-03|website=BW Education|language=en}}</ref> He was also on the board of several public sector companies such as [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Media Releases|url=http://hal-india.co.in/CEO%20of%20the%20Year/ND__95|access-date=2020-07-03|website=hal-india.co.in}}</ref> [[Shipping Corporation of India]], and [[Power Grid Corporation of India|Power Grid Corporations of India Limited]].<ref name=":0" />

== Membership and appointments ==
Singh was an advisor for several organizations:

* Chairman of [[Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women|Indira Gandhi Technical University]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Pritam Singh {{!}} Home123|url=https://www.nationalteacherscongress.com/home?pgid=jnoi73l6-fedbe47d-d848-11e8-8c97-12efbd0b6636|access-date=2020-07-03|website=ntc1|language=en}}</ref>
* Vice Chairman of the [[All India Council for Technical Education|AICTE]] committee for accreditation of management institutes<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=ANNUAL REPORT (2016-17)|url=https://www.sgndkc.org/sk/documents/uploadedfiles/file19062017015907.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>
* Member of the [[Sixth Central Pay Commission|6th Pay Commission]] for IITs, IIMs, and NITs<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Padma Shri Prof (Dr)Pritam Singh|url=https://aimscommunications.com/static/home/assets/news/Dr_Pritam_Singh_brief_biosketch.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

==Awards==
In 2003, [[President of India]] conferred on him the ‘[[Padma Shri]]’ for Singh’s distinguished services.<ref>{{Cite web|title=आईआईएम के पूर्व निदेशक पद्मश्री डॉ. प्रीतम सिंह का निधन, गुरुग्राम के अस्पताल में ली अंतिम सांस|url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/former-iim-director-padmashri-dr-pritam-singh-passed-away|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Amar Ujala|language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-04|title=Management guru Pritam Singh dies of cardiac arrest|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/management-guru-pritam-singh-dies-of-cardiac-arrest/story-SBJXI1csRajkFfPl39K9AO.html|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> In December 2006, MIRBIS, the leading management school in Moscow, honored him with the title ‘Global Thought Leader’ 2006–2007.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Frankle|first=R. T.|date=1976|title=Nutrition education in the medical school curriculum: a proposal for action: a curriculum design|journal=The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition|volume=29|issue=1|pages=105–109|doi=10.1093/ajcn/29.1.105|issn=0002-9165|pmid=2006|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2001, he received UP Ratna award from the government of Uttar Pradesh.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Pride of the community - Bhumihar|url=https://www.bhumiharmatrimony.com/articles/pride-bhumihar.php|access-date=2020-07-01|website=www.bhumiharmatrimony.com}}</ref> In 2002, TIE-UP California USA awarded him with the Outstanding Entrepreneur Award, he was the first recipient from the Indian academic community.<ref name=":3" /> In the same year, he received an award for eminent personality of the decade from Wisitex Foundation.<ref name=":4" /> In 2006, he was the recipient of Lifetime Achievement Award by the Swami Vivekananda Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-01-14|title=Azad, Venugopal conferred Vivekanda Awards|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/azad-venugopal-conferred-vivekanda-awards/story-8n0R1SmT7KpasTUtSCdHaJ.html|access-date=2020-07-01|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>

In 2009, he was the first recipient of AIMA Academic Leadership Award and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Memorial Award: Teacher of Teachers.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NRtBDwAAQBAJ&dq=pritam+Singh+AIMA+Academic+Leadership+Award+a&pg=PT416|title=In Search of Change Maestros|last2=Bhandarker|first2=Asha|date=2011-02-02|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=978-93-85985-95-9|language=en}}</ref> In 2019, he received Ravi J Mathai National Fellow Award by Association of Indian Management Schools.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIMS announces Ravi J Matthai National Fellowship Award 2012|url=https://www.indiainfoline.com/article/news-corporate/aims-announces-ravi-j-matthai-national-fellowship-award-2012-113110106776_1.html|access-date=2020-07-01|website=IIFL - India Infoline|language=en}}</ref>

In 2020, Singh received Bharat Asmita National Award by [[MIT World Peace University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharat Asmita National Award-2020 to be given to Pritam Singh & Dr Gagandeep Kang - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/news/bharat-asmita-national-award-2020-to-be-given-to-pritam-singh-dr-gagandeep-kang/articleshow/73830289.cms|access-date=2020-07-01|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=India|first=T. T. V.|title=Bharat Asmita National Award-2020 to be given to Pritam Singh & Dr Gagandeep Kang - Times of India|url=https://ttvindia.com/bharat-asmita-national-award-2020-to-be-given-to-pritam-singh-dr-gagandeep-kang-times-of-india/|access-date=2020-07-01|website=TTV India|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bharat Asmita National Award-2020 to be given to Pritam Singh & Dr Gagandeep Kang|url=https://www.rpsc.net.in/bharat-asmita-national-award-2020-to-be-given-to-pritam-singh-dr-gagandeep-kang/|access-date=2020-07-01|language=en-US}}</ref>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=82AlDAAAQBAJ|title=The Leadership Odyssey: From Darkness to Light|last2=Bhandarker|first2=Asha|last3=Rai|first3=Snigdha|date=2015-12-01|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-735-2|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3JuHAwAAQBAJ&q=Millennials+and+the+Workplace|title=Millennials and the Workplace: Challenges for Architecting the Organizations of Tomorrow|last2=Bhandarker|first2=Asha|last3=Rai|first3=Sumita|date=2012-06-13|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-81-321-0995-2|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTH4fUKIHMYC|title=In Search of Change Maestros|last2=Bhandarker|first2=Asha|date=2011-02-14|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0586-2|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NNXAAAAYAAJ|title=Organizing and Managing in the Era of Globalization|last2=Verma|first2=Subir|date=2010-01-07|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-81-321-0246-5|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Pritam|url=|title=Occupational values and styles of Indian managers|date=1979|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Singh|first1=Pritam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GkC0vRWQAeQC|title=Corporate Success and Transformational Leadership|last2=Bhandarker|first2=Asha|date=1990|publisher=New Age International|isbn=978-81-224-0265-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Pritam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AmtswgEACAAJ|title=Winning the Corporate Olympiad: The Renaissance Paradigm|date=2002|publisher=Vikas Publishing House|isbn=978-81-259-1365-8|language=en}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Pritam}}
[[Category:1941 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Lucknow]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Indian Institute of Management Bangalore]]
[[Category:Indian institute directors]]
[[Category:Business school deans]]
[[Category:Education school deans]]
[[Category:People from Varanasi]]

Sri Pratap College

2026-02-08T01:30:54Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: typo fix

{{short description|College in Srinagar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Sri Pratap College
| native_name = 
| founder = [[Annie Besant]]
| established = {{Start date and age|1905}}
| type = [[Science College (specialist schools programme)|Science College]]
| principal = Prof. (Dr.) Haris Izhar Tantray
| city = [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|J&K]]
| country = India
| campus = [[Urban area|Urban]]
| academic_affiliations = {{ubl|[[University of the Punjab]] (1912–1947)|[[Banaras Hindu University]] (1948–1955)|[[University of Kashmir]] (1956–2017)|[[Cluster University of Srinagar]] (2017 – present)}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.spcollege.edu.in}}
| motto = Ad Aethera Tendens
| image = Sri Pratap college Logo.jpeg
| image_size = 150px
| caption = SP College Logo
| mottoeng = Fly high and higher
| colours = {{color box|#000000}} {{color box|#f9f9f9}} {{color box|#FA8072}}
| campus_size = {{Convert|24.2|acre}}
| language = English & Urdu
}}

'''Sri Pratap College''', commonly known as '''SP College''', is an academic and professional college in [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India. The college has been accredited by [[National Assessment and Accreditation Council|NAAC]] with an 'A+' Grade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sri Pratap College {{!}} M. A Road Srinagar |url=https://spcollege.edu.in/iqac-downloads |access-date=2022-11-14 |website=spcollege.edu.in}}</ref> It is the oldest institute of higher education in the [[Kashmir Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spcollege.co.in/College/About,|title=SP College M.A Road Srinagar|first=RationalTabs Technologies Pvt. Ltd.|last=[BH]|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/sp-college-srinagar-accredited-with-grade-a-by-naac#:~:text=Srinagar%2C%20July%2012%3A%20In%20a,NAAC%2C%20a%20government%20statement%20said | title=SP College Srinagar accredited with Grade A+ by NAAC | date=12 July 2023 }}</ref>

==Location==
It is located in the heart of [[summer capital]] of the Indian [[union territory]] of Jammu and Kashmir, i. e., Srinagar, at M.A. Road, Srinagar.<ref name="spcollege.co.in">{{cite web|url=http://www.spcollege.co.in/img/SSR-SP-College.pdf|title="NAAC Document, 2015"|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Annie Besant, LoC.jpg|thumb|Annie Besant established the Hindu College, Srinagar, in 1905.]]

Established in 1905<ref>Sri Pratap College was founded in 1905. {{cite web|title=List of Colleges: Jammu and Kashmir|url=http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=Jammu%20and%20Kashmir|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012115135/http://www.ugc.ac.in/inside/browse_reco_colleges.php?st=Jammu%20and%20Kashmir|archive-date=12 October 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> by [[Annie Besant]] for the then ruler of Jammu and Kashmir Shri Maharaja [[Partab Singh of Kashmir|Pratap Singh]]. Before Indian independence, the college was affiliated with University of Punjab and post independence Banaras Hindu University gave affiliation to S.P. college until the University of Kashmir was founded in 1956.<ref>Chitralekha Zutshi ''Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making ... '' 2004– Page 178 "The darbar also instituted a number of college scholarships for Kashmiris to study in Lahore. Annie Besant started a Hindu College in Srinagar in 1905, which was taken over by the government in 1911 and renamed Sri Pratap College."</ref> It was established in 1905, as an intermediate college by upgrading the famous Hindu High School, Srinagar. It was the personal effort of notable British Social Reformer and educationist, Annie Besant who directed the Central Hindu College Trust, Banaras(to which it was affiliated) to appoint, Mr M.U. Moore, a noted Irish Scholar as the first principal of the institution. Beginning with a modest roll of eight students and only six teachers on its staff, in a few years' time, the college rose to the degree level in Arts by 1911 when state government took it over and renamed it as Sri Pratap College after the name of the then ruler of the state Maharaja Pratap Singh. In 1912 the college was affiliated to the University of Punjab, Lahore with the state patronage available to it by virtue of which the growth of S.P College received a notable fillip. Ever since, the development of the college has been a steady process through the entire span of the 20th century.

During the tenure of Prof. I.K Sharga (1911–1921) the science stream up to intermediate level was introduced in the college curriculum.<ref name="spcollege.co.in"/> The dynamic and ablest academics and administrators like Prof. M.U. Moore, Prof. Vinamali Chakaravati, Prof. I.K. Sharga, Prof. Lawrence Mac Dermot, Prof. M.M. Ibrahim, [[M. D. Taseer|Dr. M. D. Taseer]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Malik |first=Mohd Amin |date=2017-12-01 |title=Remembering a Personality |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/remembering-a-personality/110096.html |access-date=2025-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030758/http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/gk-magazine/remembering-a-personality/110096.html |archive-date=1 December 2017 }}</ref> Prof. Jia Lal Kaul and Prof. Saif ud Din have served the college and contributed to the level that the hundreds of the college alumni rose to eminence in different fields of human activity in the state and outside, by occupying important positions.<ref>The Pratap Prospectus-2016, p. 8</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spcollege.co.in/College/About|title=SP College M.A Road Srinagar|first=RationalTabs Technologies Pvt. Ltd.|last=[BH]|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

The college has celebrated its centenary year in 2005, and in this year people from the world participated in the college function, as the different departments of the college organized different workshops and exhibitions.

The history of S.P College is, in-fact, the history of progress of higher education in Kashmir. Almost for the first half of the 20th century, S.P. College had the distinction of being the only institution to provide facilities for imparting higher education in Arts and Sciences in the valley. Despite a good number of colleges coming into existence in the valley after 1947, this college continues to maintain its primacy and academic excellence all along. With the delinking of arts faculty from it in 1975, S.P. College is now an exclusively science college imparting science education at Undergraduate level in a broad spectrum of subjects like [[English studies|English]], [[Chemistry]], [[Botany]], [[Zoology]], Environment and Water Management, [[Biochemistry]], [[Clinical Biochemistry]], [[Biotechnology]], [[Bioinformatics]], [[Human Genetics]], [[Mathematics]], [[Statistics]], [[Physics]], [[Geology]], [[Geography]], [[Electronics]], [[Information Technology]]. The college also offers add-on course in Spoken Arabic, Environmental Sciences, Communicative English, Personality Development, Physical Education, Diagnostic Lab Technology etc. The college also offers Postgraduate level programmes in various science subjects.<ref>The Pratap Prospectus- 2016</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spcollege.co.in/img/SSR-SP-College.pdf,|title=SP College M.A Road Srinagar|first=RationalTabs Technologies Pvt. Ltd.|last=[BH]|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

The institute has been declared as a part of the [[Cluster University of Srinagar]] under the [[Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/jk-to-have-two-cluster-varsities/article7465478.ece|title=J&K to have two cluster varsities|date=26 July 2015|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> The institute shall run School of Sciences under this initiative offering more postgraduate as well as research intensive programmes.<ref name="spcollege.co.in1">{{cite web|url=http://www.spcollege.co.in/img/SSR-SP-College.pdf|title=NAAC Document, 2015|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref> With operationalization of the school of Sciences under RUSA cluster University proposal, research is expected to get a flip with more funding coming for the purpose. The infrastructure for this project is being funded by Central Government and is coming-up at brisk pace. The school is likely to start from 2017.<ref name="spcollege.co.in1"/>

It is worth to mention that the college got submerged in the September 2014 deluge. This resulted in huge loss of infrastructure, labs, some 60,000 books, and other support facilities.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/community/state-gets-rs-19-60-cr-to-replace-damaged-textbooks/112160.html State gets Rs 19.60 cr to replace damaged textbooks]. Tribuneindia.com (28 July 2015). Retrieved on 2018-12-03.</ref>

==Courses==
The college offers a range of nationally and internationally recognized undergraduate and postgraduate programmes in a variety of academic disciplines including Science and [[Information technology (IT)|Information Technology]]. It is recognized by the [[University Grants Commission of India]], (UGC). It is affiliated to [[Cluster University of Srinagar|Cluster University Srinagar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Section |first=I. T. |title=Cluster University Srinagar |url=http://www.cusrinagar.edu.in/ |access-date=2024-04-20 |website=www.cusrinagar.edu.in |language=en}}</ref> The college offers following courses:
*Five-Year (Integrated) M.Sc. in Physics
*Five-Year (Integrated) M.Sc. in Zoology
*Five-Year (Integrated) M.Sc. in Chemistry
*Five-Year (Integrated) M.Sc. in Environmental Science
*Five-Year (Integrated) M.Sc. in Information Technology
*Five-Year (Integrated) M.Sc. in Water Resources & Waste Water Technology
*Five-Year (Integrated) M.Sc. in Botany
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Physics
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Mathematics
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Statistics
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Geology
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in I.T
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Botany
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Zoology
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Chemistry
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Biochemistry
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Water Resources & Waste Water Technology
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Electronics
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Geography
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Biotechnology
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Biochemistry
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Bioinformatics
*Six-Semester based B.Sc. (Hons) in Clinical Biochemistry

=== Discontinuation of Integrated Courses ===
As of 2022, Sri Pratap College has discontinued its five-year integrated B.Sc.-M.Sc. programs in disciplines such as Zoology, Botany, and others. The last batch for these integrated programs graduated in 2022. This change aligns with the implementation of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020, which emphasizes a more flexible and multidisciplinary approach to higher education.

=== Current Undergraduate Programs ===
In accordance with the [[National Education Policy 2020|NEP 2020]], the college now offers four-year undergraduate programs with multiple exit options:

* '''Certificate''': Awarded after completing 1 year (2 semesters) of study.
* '''Diploma''': Granted after 2 years (4 semesters) of study.
* '''Bachelor Degree:''' Conferred upon completing a 3-year (6 semesters) program.
* '''Bachelors Degree with Honors:''' Achieved after a 4-year (8 semesters) program, which includes a rigorous research project in the chosen major area of study.[https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/abc_doc.pdf]

As of the 2024-2025 academic year, Sri Pratap College offers the following Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) programs:[https://spcollege.edu.in/Files/aa4548db-2a77-4007-9eab-c41854e4fc98/Link/Sp_college_Bulletin-1_73c74751-f2cd-47f6-8746-7bfb7b123c6b.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com]

* '''B.Sc. in Physics''': This program includes minors in subjects such as Botany, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Chemistry, Electronics, and others.
* '''B.Sc. in Botany:''' Students can choose minors from disciplines like Biochemistry, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Chemistry, Clinical Biochemistry, Information Technology, Environmental Science, Human Genetics, Water Management, Zoology, and English.
* '''B.Sc. in Chemistry:''' The program offers minors in areas including Biochemistry, Botany, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Clinical Biochemistry, Information Technology, Environmental Science, Geography, Geology, Human Genetics, Physics, Statistics, Water Management, Zoology, and English.
* '''B.Sc. in Environmental Science:''' Minors available include Biochemistry, Botany, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Chemistry, Clinical Biochemistry, Information Technology, Geography, Geology, Human Genetics, Physics, Statistics, Water Management, Zoology, and English.
* '''B.Sc. in Geology:''' Students can select minors from Botany, Bioinformatics, Biotechnology, Chemistry, Information Technology, Environmental Science, Geography, Physics, Statistics, Water Management, Zoology, and English.
* '''B.Sc. in Information Technology:''' This program includes minors in Botany, Biotechnology, Bioinformatics, Electronics, Physics, Statistics, IT Computer & Electronics, and Mathematics.

Each of these programs is structured to provide a comprehensive education in the major field of study, complemented by minors that allow for interdisciplinary learning.

==Departments==
*Department of English
*PG Department of Biochemistry
*Department of Biotechnology
*PG Department of Botany
*PG Department of Chemistry
*Department of Electronics
*Department of Environment and Water Management
*PG Department of Environmental Sciences
*Department of Geography
*Department of Geology
*PG Department of Information Technology
*Department of Mathematics
*PG Department of Physics
*Department of Physical Education
*Department of Statistics
*PG Department of Zoology
*Department of Human Genetics
*Department of Bio Informatics
*Department of Clinical Biochemistry

IGNOU Study Centre: S.P. College IGNOU Study Centre (1209) is steaming ahead since its inception in 2004. At present, the centre provides counselling and guidance to number of UG and PG courses. During the current year, the student enrolment has touched 4000 making an increase of staggering 90% and the number of programmes offered has also risen to 39. This centre has a distinction of holding practical sessions for students in all science streams and conducting all types of examinations. This centre also holds distinction in actuating highly market oriented courses in PG Analytical Chemistry, GIS & Remote Sensing, etc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spcollege.co.in/College/Departments/UG|title=SP College M.A Road Srinagar|first=RationalTabs Technologies Pvt. Ltd.|last=[BH]|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.spcollege.co.in/College/Departments/PG|title=SP College M.A Road Srinagar|first=RationalTabs Technologies Pvt. Ltd.|last=[BH]|publisher=|access-date=25 August 2016}}</ref>

==Postage stamp==
[[File:Sri Pratap College 2006 stamp of India.jpg|thumb|Heritage Building on a 2006 stamp of India]]
On 15 June 2006, [[India Post]] released a commemorative postage stamp on Sri Pratap College.<ref>[https://stampsofindia.com/lists/stamps/2006stamps.html 2006 Stamps]. Stampsofindia.com. Retrieved on 3 December 2018.</ref> The stamp depicted the heritage building of the college.

==Notable alumni==
* [[Amanullah Khan (JKLF)|Amanullah Khan]]
* [[Karan Singh]]
* [[Mirza Hassan Khan]]
* [[Rafiq Ahmad Pampori]]
* [[Ramanand Sagar]]: Celebrated Indian film director.
* [[Rehman Rahi]]: Renowned Kashmiri poet and winner of the Jnanpith Award.
* [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]: Former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.
* [[Om Prakash Malhotra]]
* [[Sheikh Abdullah]]: Former Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir.
* [[Yasin Malik]]
* [[Ashfaq Majeed Wani]]
* [[Thakur Prithi Chand]]

==Architectural Heritage==
The main building of Sri Pratap College is also considered a heritage structure, much like its contemporary, [[Amar Singh College]]. Designed in the architectural style of its time, it is an integral part of Kashmir's historical legacy. <ref>https://kashmirscanmagazine.com/2024/01/kashmirs-academic-pillar/</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.spcollege.edu.in S P College Website]

{{University of Kashmir}}

[[Category:Colleges in India]]
[[Category:Degree colleges in Kashmir Division]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Srinagar]]
[[Category:Universities and colleges in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to University of Kashmir]]
[[Category:Colleges affiliated to Cluster University of Srinagar]]

Isai (album)

2026-02-07T21:19:47Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: started new post more to come

{{Infobox album
| name = Isai
| type = studio
| artist = [[S5 (band)|S5]]
| cover = Isai (album).jpg
| released = 2005 ([[India]])
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Indian pop]]
| length =
| label =
| producer = [[Sony BMG]]
}}
'''''Isai''''' ({{Translation|Music}}) is the debut studio album of the band [[S5 (band)|S5]] that was released in March 2005. The music for the album was composed by [[Pravin Mani]].

== Production ==
The album comprises eight songs (six original tracks and two bonus tracks)<ref name="NSTS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/28/stories/2005032800290400.htm|title=New spice to song|date=28 March 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Coimbatore|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109060235/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/28/stories/2005032800290400.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012|access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="album">{{Cite web|url=https://avdigital.in/products/s5-isai|title=S5 - Isai|work=avdigital|access-date=20 March 2024|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323041640/https://avdigital.in/products/s5-isai|archive-date=23 March 2023}}</ref> composed by [[Pravin Mani]] at the Rajiv Menon Studios in Chennai.<ref name="album"/> Although none of the band members are Tamilians,{{efn|Although Bhargavi Pillai is Tamil, she is not fluent in Tamil since she lived in Hyderabad.<ref name="SMC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/05/16/stories/2005051601590100.htm|title=S5 's Malayali connection|date=16 May 2005|location=Kochi|work=[[The Hindu]]|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109060143/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/05/16/stories/2005051601590100.htm|archive-date=9 November 2012|access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref><ref name="NSTS"/>}} the band felt that "Tamil songs would have widest appeal".<ref name="NSTS"/> The first single from the album, "Malarey", was shot in [[Kodaikanal]].<ref name="BS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/26/stories/2005032602280200.htm|title=Beat street|date=26 March 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Hyderabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060512102329/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2005/03/26/stories/2005032602280200.htm|archive-date=12 May 2006|access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref> The song was released by the [[SS Music]] channel on 19 March 2005 at an event in Chennai.<ref name="BS"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=6&News_id=15469|title=SS Music rocks Chennai with pop band S5; to set up production centres across South India|date=22 March 2005|website=exchange4media.com|first=Gokul|last=Krishnamurthy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010001811/http://www.exchange4media.com/news/story.aspx?Section_id=6&News_id=15469|archive-date=10 October 2012}}</ref>

== Track listing ==
All of the songs were composed by [[Pravin Mani]] and performed by [[S5 (band)|S5]].<ref name="album"/>
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Iravum Pagalum
| extra1 = [[S5 (band)|S5]]
| length1 = {{Emdash}}
| title2 = Malarey
| extra2 = S5
| length2 = 3:45
| title3 = Rock Me
| extra3 = S5
| length3 = 3:26
| title4 = If u want it
| extra4 = S5
| length4 = {{Emdash}}
| title5 = Isai yudaney
| extra5 = S5
| length5 = {{Emdash}}
| title6 = Ninaithal
| extra6 = S5
| length6 = 4:37
| total_length = {{Emdash}}
}}

===Bonus Tracks===
{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Iravum Pagalum (remix)
| extra1 = S5
| length1 = {{Emdash}}
| title2 = Malarey (unplugged)
| extra2 = S5
| length2 = {{Emdash}}
}}

== Reception and impact ==
Upon release, the album was at the "top of the charts in Tamil Nadu and even in Kerala".<ref name="SMC"/> Two songs {{endash}} "Malarey" and "Rock Me" {{endash}} went on to be reused in the film ''[[By the People (2005 film)|By The People]]'' (2005) as Malayalam songs after [[Pravin Mani]] recommended the band to the film's director [[Jayaraj]].<ref name="SMC"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/0MZWlQ87zu0lVIJHtQWq4K|title=By The People (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=1 February 2005|work=[[Spotify]]|access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://hindu.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/09/stories/2005090900230200.htm|title=Scoring a musical high|date=9 September 2005|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Thiruvananthapuram|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125053427/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/fr/2005/09/09/stories/2005090900230200.htm#selection-83.14-83.32|archive-date=25 January 2013|access-date=20 March 2024}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
''As per the official album credits:''<ref name="album"/>
{{div col}}
* [[Pravin Mani]]{{spaced ndash}} composer
* M. Venkatakrishnan {{spaced ndash}} sound engineer
* Biju, Sanjay {{spaced ndash}} additional programming
* Kavivarman {{spaced ndash}} lyricist{{efn|''Indiantelevision.com'' credits the lyrics to Venkatesh.}}
* Vijai {{spaced ndash}} guitar
* Naveen {{spaced ndash}} flute
* Prasad {{spaced ndash}} tabla
* Mohan, Unni {{spaced ndash}} studio assistants
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=dsmKPyTvjFY "Malarey" official video]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FmR_KLGswVo "Rock Me"]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1CuxiFzBb0 "Ninaithal"]

[[Category:2005 debut albums]]
[[Category:Pop albums by Indian artists]]
[[Category:Tamil music]]

Bhati

2026-02-07T17:32:13Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: Article updated with improved flow

{{Short description|Rajput clan}}
{{About|the tribe|other uses|}}
{{Distinguish|Bhatti}}
{{pp|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}

{{Infobox noble house
| surname =
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = House of Jaisalmer
| coat of arms = COA of Jaisalmer State.svg
| coat_of_arms_size = 200px
| coat_of_arms_caption = Coat of arms
| image = Jaisalmer Flag.svg
| image_caption = Flag of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer
| type = 
| parent house =
| country = [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]]
| founded = 3rd century
| founder = [[Rao Bhati]]
| current head = Chaitanya Raj Singh
| dissolution =
| final ruler = Maharawal Girdhar Singh
| titles = [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] (later Maharawal) of [[kingdom of Jaisalmer|Jaisalmer]]
| styles =
| deposition =
| cadet branches =
}}

'''Bhati''' (also [[Romanization|romanised]] as '''Bhattī''') is a [[Rajput]] clan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathore |first=Virendra Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvUBEAAAQBAJ&dq=bhati+yaduvanshi&pg=PA54 |title=Prithviraj Chauhan - a Light on the Mist in History |date=2020-09-29 |publisher=Virendra Singh Rathore |isbn=978-1-63640-019-8 |language=en}}</ref> The Bhati clan historically ruled over several cities in present-day [[India]] and [[Pakistan]] with their final capital and kingdom being [[Jaisalmer]], India.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Middleton |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R63ACQAAQBAJ&dq=bhati+rajput&pg=PA765 |title=World Monarchies and Dynasties |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-45158-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parihar |first=Vinita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zw0cAAAAIAAJ&q=bhati+chandravanshi |title=Society in Transition |date=1989 |publisher=Printwell Publishers |isbn=978-81-7044-152-6 |language=en}}</ref>

==History==
The Bhatis of [[Jaisalmer]] belonged to the [[Yadava]] clan of Rajputs.{{Sfn|Habib|Nizami|1970|p=838}}{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|pp=18, 55–60, 70}} They reportedly originated in [[Mathura]] through a common ancestor named [[Rao Bhati]], who claimed descent from [[Pradyumna]], a [[Hindu mythology|Hindu mythological]] figure.{{Sfn|Lethbridge|1900|p=112}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|p=325}} According to the seventeenth-century ''[[Nainsi ri Khyat]]'', the Bhatis after losing Mathura moved to [[Bhatner]] in Lakhi Jungle, and from there to other locations in western and northwestern India including [[Punjab]]. Rao Bhati conquered and annexed territories from 14 princes in Punjab, including the area of modern-day [[Lahore]].{{Sfn|Yadav|1992|pp=68–71}}{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006}} He is also credited with establishing the modern town of [[Bathinda]] in the [[Lakhi Jungle (jungle)|Lakhi jungle]] area in the 3rd century.{{Sfn|Lethbridge|1900|p=112}} The Bhatis also claim descent through Rao Bhati from [[Raja Sálbán]], the legendary founder of [[Sialkot]].[[File:Derawar Fort, Bahawalpur I.jpg|thumb|260px|[[Derawar Fort]], is named after Rawal Devraj Bhati, a 9th-century Bhati ruler, who had his capital at [[Lodhruva]].]]The Bhati ruler of [[Tanot Mata Temple|Tanot]], Rao Tannu-ji, utilized his long reign (until 814 AD) to consolidate the Bhatis' expanding strength in western [[Rajasthan]] and the eastern [[Cholistan]] desert area. He is credited with defeating and destroying the domains of the [[Warya|Varya]] Rajputs and [[Langah Sultanate|Langas]] of Multan. A unified attack against the Tanot Bhatis by the [[Pathans]] led by Hussain Shah, together with tribes such as the Langas, [[Chauhan Dynasty|Khichi]]s, Khokars (Ghakkars), [[Johiya]]s, and others, was successfully driven back under Tannu-ji's leadership.{{Sfn|Hooja|2006|p=551}} In the 10th century, the Bhati rulers near [[Multan]] as well as the Muslim Emir of Multan were eager to assist [[Jayapala]], the [[Hindu Shahis|Hindu Shahi]] ruler of Afghanistan, because of the slave incursions into their territories by the rulers of Ghazni. However, Jayapala was unable to conquer Ghazni, and the alliance he had formed quickly fell apart.{{Sfn|Chandra|2004|p=17}}

By the 12th-century, [[Rohri]] and [[Sukkur]] in the present-day Sindh, Pakistan as well as [[Pugal]] and [[Chohtan]] in Rajasthan had been incorporated into the dominion of the Bhati Rajputs.{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|p=72}} The Muslim chiefs of [[Sindh]] and Multan, as well as other Rajput clans like [[Paramara dynasty|Panwar]], [[Chaulukya dynasty|Solanki]], and [[Sodha]]s, were all at strife with the Bhati rulers by this time.{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|p=72}} Jaisalmer had a dynasty with a successful line of rulers and this became their center. Bhatner, Pugal, Bikrampur, Barsalpur, [[Derawar Fort|Deravar]], [[Marot]], [[Kahror Pacca Tehsil|Kehror]], Aasnikot, Tanot, [[Lodhruva]] and Mamanvahan were some of the fortified settlements that were historically ruled by the Bhati clan or subclans. The Bhati ruler [[Vijayrao Lanjo]] ruled a vast empire, He was known as the 'uttara disi bhad kivaad' (the sentinel of the north direction), due to his control over forts and settlements that extended from [[Ghazni]] to [[Gujarat]], leading to several conflicts with the invading Muslim tribes.{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|pp=18, 55–60, 70}} According to epigraphic evidence, Vijayarao Lanjo took the large title of ''Parambhattaraka Maharajadhiraja Parameshwara'' (the paramount sovereign, great king of kings, the supreme reality).{{Sfn|Hooja|2006|p=551}} He was succeeded by his son, Bhojde in 1143.{{Sfn|Erskine|1909|pp=11–12}} However, Bhojde's uncle [[Rawal (title)|Rawal]] [[Jaisal Singh]] colluded with the [[Ghaznavid]] chiefs, and Bhojde was killed in the resulting combat. Following Bhojde's death, Jaisal Singh became the head of Bhatis.{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|p=73}} In general, the Bhatis' interactions with Islamic powers were not entirely harmonious. They had defeated multiple Islamic attacks by the [[Qarmatians|Qaramithas]], Ghaznavids, and [[Ghurid]]s before the end of the 12th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rathore |first=Virendra Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NvUBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA54|title=Prithviraj Chauhan - a Light on the Mist in History |date=2020-09-29 |publisher=Virendra Singh Rathore |isbn=978-1-63640-019-8 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Rawal Jaisal Singh, the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Jaisalmer.jpg|thumb|160px|[[Rawal Jaisal|Maharawal Jaisal Singh]], a notable Bhati Rajput Ruler]][[Timur]] invaded India in 1398, when he held a vast empire in the Middle East and Central Asia. He suffered tough resistance in India only from the Bhati ruler, Rai Dul Chand of Bhatner. Rajputs and Muslims fought together against Timur under him but the [[Bhatner fort]] was ultimately sacked with the city burnt and laid waste.{{Sfn|Pletcher|2010|p=131}}{{Sfn|Mahajan|2007|p=826}} The [[Rathores]], the [[Balochs]], the [[Delhi Sultanate|Dehli Sultans]], and eventually the [[Mughals]] had all clashed with the Bhati kings.{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|p=73}} The cities of [[Kapurthala]], [[Ambala]] and [[Batala]] in Punjab are said to be founded by the Bhati Rajputs. ''Rana Kapur'', an immigrant from Jaisalmer founded Kapurthala in the early 11th-century,<ref>{{cite book |last=Punjabi University |first=Department of Punjab Historical Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZA9DAAAAYAAJ |title=The Panjab Past and Present Volume 24 |publisher=Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. |year=1990}}</ref> ''Raja Amba'' of [[Taoni]] subclan founded Ambala in the 14th century,<ref>Rajput Qabail by KAMRAN AZAM SOHDAHARVI. p. 200</ref> whereas ''Rai Ram Deo'' founded Batala in 1465.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_139.gif |title=Batala Town Imperial Gazetteer of India – ''vol.7 pg.133'' |access-date=27 November 2024 |archive-date=22 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222105620/https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V07_139.gif |url-status=dead }}</ref> By the same 15th-century, Rao Kelana, a powerful Bhati Rajput ruler of Pugal had expanded his territories up to Bhatinda and [[Abohar]], and was responsible for the death of Rathore ruler [[Chunda of Mandore|Chunda of Marwar]]. Rao Kelana invaded [[Dera Ghazi Khan]] and defeated the Balochs. As part of the peace settlement that followed, Zubeida, the daughter of the Baloch chief Jam Ismail Khan (founder of [[Dera Ismail Khan]]), was married to the Bhati ruler.{{Sfn|Hooja|2006|p=551}} In 1613, [[Kishan Singh of Kishangarh|Raja Kishan Singh]], a Rathore ruler and the founder of [[Kishangarh State]] complained his brother-in-law [[Jahangir]], the [[List of emperors of the Mughal Empire|Mughal emperor]], about a Bhati sardar, Govind Das Bhati, for killing his brother, and thereafter, the Raja, along with his followers, executed the Bhati [[sardar]] as per the direction of Jahangir. As Govind Das Bhati was a noble affiliated with the Rathore ruler [[Sur Singh]], as a consequence his son, [[Gaj Singh of Marwar]], killed Raja Kishan Singh.{{Sfn|Bahadur|1941|pp=155, 156}}[[File:Jaisalmer forteresse.jpg|thumb|right|260px|[[Jaisalmer Fort]] of the Bhati Rajputs]]The historian [[André Wink]] states that prior to the Bhatis' expulsion from the country of [[Zabulistan]], they reportedly inhabited as far as [[Samarkand]] in Uzbekistan.{{Sfn|Wink|1990|p=117}} The Bhatis claim to be the ancestors of the [[Chughtai]] [[Mughal people|Mughals]]. The historian Tanuja Kothiyal notes that a part of such claims may well be justified.{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|pp=18, 55–60, 70}} The [[Phulkian dynasty]] claimed direct descent from Rawal Jaisal Singh, the Bhati Rajput founder of the [[Kingdom of Jaisalmer]].{{Sfn|Bond|Wright|2006|pp=232–242}}{{Sfn|Bhatnagar|Dube|2005|p=254}}

==Culture and ethos==

The greeting used by Bhati Rajputs is {{Transliteration|sa|Jai Shri Kishan}} ("victory to Lord [[Krishna]]") as opposed to the general Rajput greeting {{Transliteration|sa|Jai Mata Jiri}} ("victory of the Mother Goddess").{{Sfn|Fisher|1997|p=61}}

[[Dulla Bhatti]] was a Punjabi landlord who led a revolt against [[Akbar]], the Mughal emperor.<ref name="dawn">{{cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1392730|title=Remembering Dulla Bhatti, the landlord who stood up to the mighty Akbar|work=Dawn.com|date=2 March 2018|access-date=18 October 2024}}</ref> He remains Punjab's [[folk hero]] and is made the centrepiece of all [[Lohri]] songs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dulla Bhatti: Robinhood of Punjab, centerpiece of all Lohri songs, was hanged by Akbar publicly to set an example - Read full Story |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/lohri-2023-dulla-bhatti-story-and-significance-january-13-or-14-robinhood-of-punjab-centerpiece-of-all-lohri-songs-was-hanged-by-akbar-publicly-to-set-an-example-read-full-story-2560709.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref>

[[Mehta Kalu]], the father of Guru Nanak, was an employee of [[Rai Bular Bhatti]]. Bhatti was among the first few people who viewed Nanak as someone who was specially gifted by God. The 757 murabas (approx. 18,750 acres) of land he donated to Guru Nanak is now under the control of [[Evacuee Trust Property Board]] of Pakistan.<ref name="Garewal">{{cite news |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070526/saturday/main1.htm |date=26 May 2007 |title=Guru Nanak's estate flourishes in Pakistan |first=Naveen S. |last=Garewal |accessdate=7 September 2025}}</ref>

While the [[Kingdom of Mewar]] came to symbolize Rajput resistance in the nineteenth century—primarily due to its steadfast opposition to Mughal expansion and its inward-looking emphasis on clan orthodoxy—contemporary chroniclers such as Muhnot Nainsi identified Jaisalmer as the true heart of the Rajput world. Unlike Mewar, which defined Rajput identity through rigid genealogical purity and martial defiance, Jaisalmer embodied a more expansive and networked conception of Rajputness. Through its extensive web of alliances with various clans across regions, Jaisalmer played a central role in articulating a broader Rajput political and cultural sphere, where opposition to the Mughals or Turks was just one among many expressions of Rajput identity.{{Sfn|Kothiyal|2016|pp=18, 55–60, 70}}

==See also==
*[[Rathore dynasty]]
*[[Sisodia dynasty]]
*[[Kachhawaha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* {{cite book |last=Chandra |first=Satish |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&pg=PA17 |title=Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2004 |isbn=978-81-241-1064-5}}
* {{cite book |author=Wink |first=André |author-link=Andre Wink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bCVyhH5VDjAC&pg=PA117 |title=Al- Hind: The slave kings and the Islamic conquest |publisher=BRILL |year=1990 |isbn=9789004095090 |volume=1 |page=117}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bahadur |first1=Har Bilas Sarda (Diwan |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.122657/page/n187/mode/2up |title=Ajmer: Historical and Descriptive |date=1941 |publisher=Fine Art Printing Press |pages=155, 156 |language=en |access-date=27 November 2024}}
* {{Cite book |last=Lethbridge |first=Sir Roper |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zykYAAAAYAAJ |title=The Golden Book of India. A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated, of the Indian Empire. With an Appendix for Ceylon |publisher=S. Low, Marston & Company |year=1900 |location=London |page=112 |language=en}}
* {{Cite book |first1=Mohammad |last1=Habib |first2=Khaliq Ahmad |last2=Nizami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzARcgAACAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India |volume=5 |publisher=People’s Publishing House |location=New Delhi |year=1970 |pages=838 |quote=Like the Bhatis of Jaisalmer, the chiefs of Karauli also belonged to the Yadava clan of Rajputs.}}
* {{cite book |last1=Bhatnagar |first1=Rashmi Dube |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kT0s8TXoffsC&pg=PA254 |title=Female Infanticide in India: A Feminist Cultural History |last2=Dube |first2=Reena |publisher=SUNY Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0-7914-6327-7 |page=254}}
* {{Cite book |last1=Bond |first1=J. W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=47sfj8DUwNgC |title=Indian States: A Biographical, Historical, and Administrative Survey |last2=Wright |first2=Arnold |publisher=Asian Educational Services |year=2006 |isbn=978-81-206-1965-4 |location=New Delhi |pages=325 |language=en |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240620210317/https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Indian_States/47sfj8DUwNgC?hl=en&gbpv |archive-date=20 June 2024 |url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book |last=Yadav |first=J.N. Singh |url=http://archive.org/details/yadavas-through-the-ages-2 |title=Yadavas Through The Ages |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |year=1992 |volume=II |location=Delhi |pages=68–71}}
* {{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridgre University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=18, 55–60, 70|quote=the various Hindu Rajput Bhati sub-clans, like Saran, Moodna, Seora as well as Muslim groups like Bhatti, Bhutto...and the trading community of Bhatiya, all link their origins to the Bhatis}}
* {{Cite book |last=Erskine |first=K. D. |url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35749 |title=A Gazetteer Of The Jaisalmer State And Some Statistical Tables. |publisher=Scottish Mission Industries |year=1909 |location=Ajmer |pages=11–12}}
* {{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=R. J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T1B_AAAAMAAJ |title=If Rain Doesn't Come: An Anthropological Study of Drought and Human Ecology in Western Rajasthan |publisher=Manohar |year=1997 |isbn=978-81-7304-184-6 |pages=61}}
* {{cite book |title=The History of India |publisher=The Rosen Publishing Group |year=2010 |isbn=978-1615301225 |editor=Pletcher |editor-first=Kenneth |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VsujRFvaHI8C&pg=PA131 131]}}
* {{Cite book |last=Mahajan |first=V.D. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC |title=History of Medieval India |publisher=S.Chand |year=2007 |isbn=9788121903646 |pages=826}}
* {{cite book |last1=Hooja |first1=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ&q=Varah |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=551 |language=en |access-date=26 October 2024}}

{{Rajput Groups of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Rajput clans]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajput clans of Sindh]]
[[Category:Rajput dynasties]]
[[Category:Dynasties of India]]
[[Category:Lunar dynasty]]
[[Category:Surnames of Indian origin]]

Mangalorean Catholic literature

2026-02-02T15:34:07Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: general reworked intro for consistency also and improved wording

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
'''[[Mangalorean Catholics|Mangalorean Catholic]] literature''' is diverse.

==History==
[[File:English-Konkani dictionary (2001 reprint).jpg|thumb|right|200px|English-Konkani dictionary (2001 reprint)]]
Mangalorean Catholics have immensely contributed towards Media Activities in [[Mangalore]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]] and other cities in [[India]]. The ''Konkani Dirvem'' was the first [[Konkani language]] [[Magazine|periodical]] to be published in [[Mangalore]] in 1912. The founder-editor of ''Konkani Dirvem'' was the great poet Louis Mascarenhas.<ref>{{cite web
|url= http://www.daijiworld.com/news/news_disp.asp?n_id=32675&n_tit=News+headlines |title= Rich Tributes Paid to Pioneer Konkani Poet Louis Mascarenhas |accessdate= 2008-03-01 |author= Melka Miyar |publisher= Daijiworld Media Pvt Ltd Mangalore}}</ref> After the ''Konknni Dirvem'', came ''Raknno'' weekly in 1938 as an organ of the Diocese of Mangalore. A succession of brilliant priest-editors beginning with Sylvester Menezes, Alexander D’Souza, Mark Waldar, Vincent Menezes, Samuel Sequeira and the current editor Eric Crasta has transformed ''Raknno'' as a literary medium and in the process bringing countless writers into the limelight. G.M.B. Rodrigues was the first Mangalorean to start a Konkani Weekly ''Sukh-Dukh'' in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1948. In 1949, [[George Fernandes]] brought out a monthly ''Konknni Yuvak''. Other periodicals of those times were ''Amchi Mai'', ''Sevak'', ''Ange'', ''Jezu Rai'', ''Kala Kiran'', ''Samajicho Divo'', ''Samajichem Ful'', ''Prakas'', ''Uzvad'', ''Amchem Konkan'', ''Maiganv'', ''Bhingari'', ''Dublleancho Bhav'', ''Sant Ritachi Vordi'', ''Catholic Yuvak'' etc. ''Poinnari'', a Weekly, was started in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in 1950 and its first editor was the well-known novelist V.J.P. Saldanha. Later on, the famous poet and dramatist Cha. Fra. D'costa became its editor. Felix Noronha is a renowned Konkani writer, who wrote the words for the Konkani hymn ''Dulob Jezu'' that was set to the tune of the English hymn 'What a Friend we have in Jesus'. The well-known novelist and writer J.S. Alvares brought out ''Mithr'', a Weekly in 1953 and ''Jhelo'' a Fortnightly in 1956 in [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. A.A. Saldanha, J.B. Moraes and V.M. Fernandes experimented on the model of ''[[Reader's Digest]]'' by bringing out a monthly Konkani journal titled ''Konkan Daiz'' in 1958. Cha. Fra. D'Costa started periodicals like ''Zaag-maag'', ''Vishal Konkan'', ''Jivit'' and ''Udev'' one after the other. ''Kannik'' a [[Biweekly|fortnightly]] from Mangalore was one more periodical started by a Mangalorean Catholic ''Raymond Miranda'' in 1965. Since 1994, the Catholic Sabha of Mangalore is bringing out ''Amcho Sandesh'' a monthly, as its organ. ''Amar Konkani'' a half-yearly research oriented journal was started in Mangalore in 1980 by the Konkani Institute of the [[St. Aloysius' College (Mangalore)|St. Aloysius College]]. ''Divo'' Weekly was started in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] in the year 1995 with its founder-editor being J.B. Moraes.

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite book
|last=Saradesāya
|first=Manohararāya
|publisher=Sahitya Akademi
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1YILeUD_oZUC
|title=A History of Konkani Literature: From 1500 to 1992
|year=2000
|isbn=81-7201-664-6
|accessdate=2008-08-23
|ref=sar}}

==External links==
*[http://www.konkanibible.org/ Mangalorean Catholic Konkani Bible] in [[Kannada script]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Literature Of Mangalorean Catholics}}
[[Category:Culture of Mangalore]]
[[Category:Literature of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Mangalorean Catholics| ]]

Arun Date

2026-01-30T00:40:55Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: small enhanced section for clarity and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}

'''Arun Date''' (4 May 1934 – 6 May 2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/tributes-pour-in-for-aru-bhaiyya-singer-arun-date-death-marathi-bhavgeet-5166100/|title=Tributes pour in for 'Aru Bhaiyya'|date=26 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/music/senior-singer-arun-date-passes-away/articleshow/64051250.cms|title=Senior singer Arun Date passes away - Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=6 May 2018 }}</ref> was a well known [[Marathi language|Marathi]] singer of [[Bhavageete]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/leading-marathi-bhavgeet-singer-arun-date-passes-away-at-84/articleshow/64054530.cms|title=Leading Marathi bhavgeet singer Arun Date passes away at 84 - Times of India|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 May 2018 |accessdate=17 May 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Originally a textile engineer from VJTI, Mumbai, Arun left his high-profile job after 28 years of service for pursuing a career in singing. His song "Shukratara MandVara" was adjudged as song of the month by Mumbai Radio Station in 1962. It was composed by [[Shriniwas Khale]]. Despite he was a non-marathi, Khale taught him the song and was a superhit. After that he sang many marathi songs and all of them get popular. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sakaaltimes.com/20101108/5582357477269605477.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202055229/http://www.sakaaltimes.com/20101108/5582357477269605477.htm |url-status=usurped |archive-date=2013-02-02 |title=Arun Date's Journey from an engineer to a singer |work=[[Sakaal Times]] |date=2010-11-08 |accessdate=2012-10-20 }}</ref> Arun was first recipient of Gajananrao Vatave Puraskar{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}.

==Personal life==
Arun Date's brother, Ravi Date, is a well-known tabla player.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Date, Arun}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Singers from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]

{{India-singer-stub}}

Kottakkal Municipality

2026-01-27T20:17:02Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: started a bio more to come

{{Short description|Local civic body in Malappuram, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}

{{Infobox legislature
| name = Kottakkal Municipality
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = ML
| transcription_name =
| legislature =
| coa_pic =
| coa_res =
| coa_alt =
| coa_caption =
| logo_pic =
| logo_res =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| house_type = [[Municipalities of Kerala|Municipality]]
| body =
| jurisdiction = Kottakkal
| term_limits = None
| foundation = {{Start date|2010}}
| preceded_by =
| new_session =
| leader1_type = [[Chairperson]]
| leader1 = K.K. Nasar <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberpersondet/2020/1248/2020124801401|title=Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department|website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
| party1 = [[IUML]]
| election1 =
| leader2_type = [[Vice Chairman]]
| leader2 = Paroli Ramla Teacher<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/1248|title=Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department|website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
| party2 = [[IUML]]
| election2 =
| leader3_type =
| leader3 =
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| election3 =
| leader4_type =
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| seats = 35
| house1 =
| structure1 = Location of Kottakkal Legislative Assembly constituency in Kerala.svg
| structure1_res = 300px
| structure1_alt =
| political_groups1 = *{{legend|#00BFFF|UDF: 25 seats}}
*{{legend|#FF0000|LDF: 5 seats}}
*{{legend|#DDDDDD|Independent: 3 seats}}
*{{legend|#FF9933|NDA: 2 seats}}
| committees1 = {{ubl|Finance Standing Committee|Development Standing Committee|Welfare Standing Committee|Health Standing Committee|Public Works Standing Committee|Town Planning Standing Committee|Tax Appeal Standing Committee|Education & Sports Standing Committee<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lsgkerala.gov.in/pages/standingCommittee.php?intID=4&ID=171&ln=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227180239/http://lsgkerala.gov.in:80/pages/standingCommittee.php?intID=4&ID=171&ln=en|archivedate=2019-02-27|title=Election Details - Standing Committee - 2015|website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>}}
| term_length = 5 years
| authority =
| salary =
| seats1_title =
| seats1 =
| seats2_title =
| seats2 =
| seats3_title =
| seats3 =
| seats4_title =
| seats4 =
| seats5_title =
| seats5 =
| seats6_title =
| seats6 =
| seats7_title =
| seats7 =
| seats8_title =
| seats8 =
| voting_system1 = [[First-past-the-post voting|First-past-the-post]]
| first_election1 =
| last_election1 = 2025 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/index.php/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2020/1248|title=Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department|website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>
| next_election1 = 2030
| redistricting =
| motto =
| session_room =
| session_res =
| session_alt =
| meeting_place = Municipality office, Kottakkal
| session_room2 =
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| meeting_place2 =
| website = {{URL|https://kottakkalmunicipality.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}
| constitution =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Kottakkal Municipality''' is the [[Municipal council (India)|Municipality]] that administers the city of [[Kottakkal]] in [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]]. Established in 2010, it is in the [[Malappuram Lok Sabha constituency]] & [[Kottakkal Assembly constituency]]. The first chairperson was T.V. Sulaikhabi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberpersondet/2010/1248/2010124800401|title=Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department|website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref> Its one assembly constituencies are [[Kottakkal Assembly constituency]], of the city of Kottakkal, with a population of about 44,382 within that area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://urbanaffairskerala.org/|title=Urban Affairs Kerala 2023|website=urbanaffairskerala.org}}</ref> Kottakkal Municipality<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/election/2015/local-body/malappuram/kottakkal-municipality-1.564407|title=കോട്ടയ്ക്കൽ മുനിസിപ്പാലിറ്റി|date=29 September 2015|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> has been formed with [[Municipal council (India)|functions]] to improve the infrastructure of town. On November 1, 2010, Kottakkal was elevated as a municipality.

==Divisions==
Kottakkal Municipality is divided into 32 wards for ease of administration from which a member is elected from each for a duration of five years.<ref name=":0"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; font-size: 95%;"
|+ '''Wards of Kottakkal Municipality'''
!width="20px" |Ward No.
!width="75px" |Ward Name
!width="20px" |Ward No.
!width="75px" |Ward Name
|-
!1
|Changuvetty
!2
|Chuda
|-
!3
|[[Kottakkal]] Town
!4
|Kottakkal Thaze Angadi
|-
!5
|Palappura
!6
|Mythri Nagar
|-
!7
|Nayyadi Para
!8
|Cheenambuthur
|-
!9
|Kavathikkalam West
!10
|Kavathikkalam East
|-
!11
|Valiyaparamba
!12
|West Villur
|-
!13
|Pappaayi
!14
|East Villur
|-
!15
|Kooriyad
!16
|Panikkarkundu
|-
!17
|Indianoor West
!18
|[[Indianoor]]
|-
!19
|Muliyankotta
!20
|Maravattam
|-
!21
|Kottoor
!22
|Madrasappadi
|-
!23
|Amappara
!24
|Kuttippuram
|-
!25
|Alinchuvadu
!26
|Poozhikkunnu
|-
!27
|Palathara
!28
|Kottakkulam
|-
!29
|Pulikkodu
!30
|Thokkampara
|-
!31
|Changuvettykkundu
!32
|Khurbani
|}

== Municipality Election 2020==
<ref name=":0"/>

=== Political Performance in Election 2020 ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"
|-
!S.No. !! Party name !! Party symbol !! Number of Councilors
|-
| 01 || [[Indian Union Muslim League|IUML]] ||[[File:Indian Election Symbol Lader.svg|50px]] || 21
|-
| 02 || [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|LDF]] || [[File:CPI symbol.svg|50px]] || 5
|-
| 03 || Independents || [[File:No flag.svg|50px]] || 4
|-
| 04 || [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] || [[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]|| 2
|-
|}
2010 seat distribution: '''UDF''' - 24,'''LDF''' - 4, '''BJP'''- 2<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lsgkerala.gov.in/en/lbelection/electdmemberdet/2010/1248|title=Local Self Government Department | Local Self Government Department|website=lsgkerala.gov.in}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://kozhikodecorporation.lsgkerala.gov.in/en}}
{{Municipalities of Kerala}}
{{Malabar}}
{{Kerala}}
{{Authority control}}

{{coord missing|Kerala}}

[[Category:Municipalities of Kerala]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Kerala]]

{{kerala-geo-stub}}

Miss Universe India 2024

2026-01-26T12:29:57Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: Added A Article

{{Infobox beauty pageant
|image = File:Miss Universe India 2024 Logo.png
|photo =
|caption =
|date = 22 September 2024
|presenters = {{hlist|Lance Raymundo|Ngô Ngọc Gia Hân}}
|acts =
|venue = [[Zee Studios]], [[Jaipur]], [[India]]
|broadcaster = [[Zee TV]]
|entrants = 51
|placements = 20
|withdrawals = {{Ubl|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]|[[Telangana]]}}
|winner = [[Rhea Singha]]
|represented = [[Gujarat]]
|congeniality = Saanvi Sharma [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|before = [[Miss Diva 2023|2023]]
|next = [[Miss Universe India 2025|2025]]
|photogenic = Kajal Choudhary [[Bihar]]
|best national costume={{Ubl|Chhavi Verg|[[New Jersey]]|Danube Kangjam|[[Manipur]]}}
}}
'''Miss Universe India 2024''' was the inaugural edition of the [[Miss Universe India]] pageant, held at the [[Zee Studios]] in [[Jaipur]], India, on September 22, 2024. The pageant is held under the [[Glamanand Group]], with Nikhil Anand as the National Director.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-22 |title=Meet Nikhil Anand, the new owner of world's biggest beauty pageant, Miss Universe India |url=https://www.lifestyleasia.com/ind/culture/people/all-about-nikhil-anand-owner-of-miss-universe-in-india-beauty-pageant/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Lifestyle Asia India |language=en-IN}}</ref>

At the end of the event, [[Rhea Singha]] was crowned as Miss Universe India 2024 by [[Urvashi Rautela]], [[Miss Diva 2015|Miss Universe India 2015]]. She will represent [[India]] at the [[Miss Universe 2024]] to be held in [[Mexico]] on November 16, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=M. N. D. |date=2023-11-29 |title=Miss Universe pageant coming to Mexico in 2024 |url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/lifestyle/miss-universe-pageant-coming-to-mexico-in-2024/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Mexico News Daily |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gujarat's Rhea Singha crowned Miss Universe India 2024|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/trending-news/story/gujarat-rhea-singha-crowned-miss-universe-india-2024-2604819-2024-09-23 |access-date=2024-09-23 |website=indiatoday.in}}</ref>

The Miss Universe India 2024 pageant was held from September 9th to 22nd, with the grand finale took place in [[Zee Studios]], [[Jaipur]], [[Rajasthan]]. Filipino actor and model, Lance Raymundo and Ngô Ngọc Gia Hân, winner of [[Miss Teen International 2022]] hosted the coronation ceremony, which was aired live on the official YouTube channel of [[Miss Universe]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=M. N. D. |date=2023-11-29 |title=Actor-model Lance Raymundo to host Miss Universe India 2024|url=https://www.pikapika.ph/pikadaily/actor-model-lance-raymundo-to-host-miss-universe-india-2024 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=pikapika.ph}}</ref>

== Results ==
=== Placements ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Placement
! Contestant
! International Placement
|-style="background:#FFFACD;"
| '''Miss Universe India 2024'''
|
* '''MUI. #36 – [[Rhea Singha]]'''
| {{center|Top 30 – [[Miss Universe 2024]]}}
|-
| 1st Runner-Up
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #34 – Pranjal Priya
|-
| 2nd Runner-Up
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #16 – Chhavi Verg
|-
| 3rd Runner-Up
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #47 – Sushmita Roy
|-
| 4th Runner-Up
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #39 – Ruopfüzhano Whiso
|-
| Top 10
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #06 – Anjum Malik
* MUI. #10 – Archana Bhavsar
* MUI. #17 – Daisy Khound
* MUI. #28 – Mrunmayee Taare ∆
* MUI. #32 – Ojasvi Sharma
|-
| Top 20
| colspan="2" |
* MUI. #05 – Angel Bhathal
* MUI. #07 – Anubha Vashist Chaudhary
* MUI. #14 – Chandana Jayaram
* MUI. #27 – [[Manika Vishwakarma]]
* MUI. #33 – Prakshi Goel
* MUI. #37 – Roneihpuii §
* MUI. #41 – Saanvi Sharma
* MUI. #42 – Sanjana Vij
* MUI. #49 – Tejaswini Shrivastava
* MUI. #51 – Wachi Pareek
|}
{{Small|§ – Voted into the Top 20 by winning Miss Popular Award ∆ – Winner of Beauty with a Purpose Award}}

=== Special Awards ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
!Award
!Contestant
|-
| Beauty with a Purpose
|
* MUI. #28 – Mrunmayee Taare
|-
| Best in Evening Gown
|
* MUI. #07 – Anubha Vashist Chaudhary
|-
| Best in Personal Interview
|
* MUI. #38 – [[Roosh Sindhu]]
|-
| Best in Swimsuit
|
* MUI. #34 – Pranjal Priya
|-
| Best National Costume {{small|(Judges Choice)}}
|
* MUI. #16 – Chhavi Verg
|-
| Best National Costume {{small|(People's Choice)}}
|
* MUI. #18 – [[Danube Kangjam]]
|-
| Best State Director
|
* Hemamalini Rajinikanth – [[Tamil Nadu]]
|-
| Miss Beautiful Skin
|
* MUI. #38 – [[Roosh Sindhu]]
|-
| Miss Congeniality
|
* MUI. #41 – Saanvi Sharma
|-
| Miss Fashion Icon
|
* MUI. #22 – Kanak Agnihotri
|-
| Miss Photogenic
|
* MUI. #21 – Kajal Choudhary
|-
| Miss Popular
|
* MUI. #37 – Roneihpuii
|-
| MyGlamm Miss Glamorous
|
* MUI. #36 – [[Rhea Singha]]
|}

==== Best Rampwalk ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-style="background:#FFFACD
| '''Winner'''
|
* Pranjal Priya
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* Anamika Borah
* Daisy Khound
* Ojasvi Sharma
* Wachi Pareek
|}

====Best in Speech====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-style="background:#FFFACD
| '''Winner'''
|
* Saanvi Sharma
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* Angel Bhathal
* Daisy Khound
* Manika Suthar
* Saachi Gurav
|}

====Best in Talent====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|-
! Result
! Name
|-
| '''Top 5'''
|
* Avani Kakekochhi
* Chayanika Debnath
* Chhavi Verg
* Navya Singh
* Tejaswini Shrivastava
|}

== Background ==
=== Schedule ===
The Miss Universe India organization officially unveiled the competition schedule for the Miss Universe India 2024 pageant on September 1, 2024 via its official social media handles. The event will commence on September 9 and culminate in a grand finale on September 22. The National Costume and Preliminary rounds are slated for 20 September 2024.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

=== Selection of participants ===
In early May, National Director Nikhil Anand announced on social media that contestants would be selected from each Indian state. Prominent figures from the business world and many beauty queens acquired franchises for various states.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-05-21 |title=Nagaland to participate in Miss Universe India for the first time |url=https://nagalandtribune.in/nagaland-to-participate-in-miss-universe-india-for-the-first-time/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Nagaland Tribune |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Excelsior |first=Daily |date=2024-07-11 |title=Jammu Set To Host First Ever Miss Universe J&K On Aug 10 |url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/jammu-set-to-host-first-ever-miss-universe-jk-on-aug-10/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Daily Excelsior |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Konstantinides |first=Anneta |title=Miss Universe just made a huge rule change. Now all women 18 and over can compete in the beauty pageant. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/miss-universe-pageant-new-age-rule-2023-9 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pioneer |first=The |title=Miss Universe India sees beauty in diversity |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/pioneer-exclusive/miss-universe-india-sees-beauty-in-diversity.html |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref>

Applications for contestants at the Miss Universe state level subsequently opened. Each state will independently conduct auditions, grooming sessions, styling sessions, training, and finalize their representative. The pageant announced that all women aged 18 and above will be eligible to compete. This reflected the Miss Universe organisation's changes to their eligibility criteria. Once all state representatives are announced, they will compete for the title of Miss Universe India at the grand finale, expected to be held in October 2024. Contestants from all Indian states and an Indian representative from the UAE will compete in the pageant.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-10 |title=Audition for Miss Meghalaya, Miss Teen Meghalaya 2024 completed {{!}} Highland Post |url=https://highlandpost.com/audition-for-miss-meghalaya-miss-teen-meghalaya-2024-completed/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Today |first=North East |date=2024-05-10 |title=Sikkim, Assam, West Bengal To Get A Direct Entry Into 'Miss India Universe' |url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2024/05/10/sikkim-assam-west-bengal-beauties-to-get-a-direct-entry-into-miss-india-universe-stage/ |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=Northeast Today |language=en-US}}</ref>

A final round of auditions for Miss Universe Delhi 2024 was held in New Delhi on August 17th. The event was open to all girls who had missed the online registration or failed to win their respective state competitions. Spot registrations were also accepted between 10 AM and 12 PM IST. The contestants underwent multiple rounds of interviews, with participants who had achieved runner-up or finalist titles at state-level pageants being particularly encouraged to audition. At the end of the day, Sanjana Vij was crowned Miss Universe Delhi 2024. Notably, she had previously been the first runner-up at the Miss Universe Telangana 2024 pageant. Additionally, the event marked the official announcement of Miss Universe India representatives for the states of Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha, and Tripura. Several contestants were chosen as wildcard entries to advance to the national finals.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==== Replacements ====
* Jammu and Kashmir: Priyanka Pandita, the former Miss Universe Jammu and Kashmir 2024, stepped down from her title due to work commitments. Aishwarya Pansare was subsequently crowned the new Miss Universe Jammu and Kashmir 2024.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
* Odisha: Allegations of favoritism marred the Miss Universe Odisha finale. Following an investigation into the questionable crowning of the original winner, the organization revoked her title and suspended the state's license. Janvi Soni was ultimately declared the rightful Miss Universe Odisha at the national audition on 17 August 2024.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
* Haryana: A pre-existing agency contract prevented Amishi Kaushik, the original Miss Universe Haryana 2024, from participating in the national pageant. As a result, the first runner-up, Prakshi Goyal, was selected to represent Haryana.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

==== Withdrawals ====
* Miss Universe Telangana 2024, Niharika Sood, announced her withdrawal from the competition on September 20th due to contractual obligations.<ref>{{Cite Instagram |user=niharika.sood_ |postid=DAIYoCIvPyI |title=Niharika Sood withdraws from MUI 2024|date=20 September 2024}}</ref>
* Miss Universe Jammu and Kashmir 2024, Aishwarya Pansare, withdrew from the competition on the day before the finals, citing undisclosed reasons.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

=== Selection Committee ===
==== Coronation Day ====
* Nikhil Anand – National director of [[Miss Universe India]]
* Nguyễn Như Quỳnh – CEO of Miss Tourism World Vietnam
* Rajiv K Shrivastava – Founder of Act Now Organisation
* Rian Fernandez Atelier – Filipino fashion designer
* [[Urvashi Rautela]] – Actress and [[Miss Diva 2015|Miss Universe India 2015]]

==== Preliminary Competition ====
* Nikhil Anand – National director of [[Miss Universe India]]
* Simran Sharma – Miss Grand India 2020
* Sophiya Singh – Miss Asia Pacific International India 2024

== Contestants ==
The Miss Universe India 2024 pageant features 51 contestants: 31 state representatives, 14 wildcard entries, and 6 NRI delegates.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; line-height:20px; font-size:100%; width:100%;"
|-
! No.
! Delegate
! Age{{efn|Ages at the time of the pageant.}}
! Height
! State/Territory/Country
! Audition Category
! Ref.
|-
| <s>1</s>
| <s>Aishwarya Pansare</s>
|
|
| <s>[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]</s>
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 1
| Amelia Reddy
| 23
| {{Height|cm=173}}
| [[North Carolina]]
| NRI
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 3
| Anamika Borah
| 22
| {{Height|cm=163}}
| [[Assam]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 4
| Ananya Saxena
| 23
| {{Height|cm=177}}
| [[Uttarakhand]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 5
| Angel Bhathal
| 38
| {{Height|cm=165}}
| [[Toronto]]
| NRI
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 6
| Anjum Malik
| 27
| {{Height|cm=163}}
| [[Goa]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 7
| Anubha Vashist Chaudhary
| 27
| {{Height|cm=173}}
| [[Delhi]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 8
| Anushka Dutta
| 22
| {{Height|cm=177}}
| [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 9
| Aqsa Varghese
| 24
| {{Height|cm=162}}
| [[Kerala]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 10
| Archana Bhavsar
| 23
| {{Height|cm=175}}
| [[Mumbai]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 11
| Avani Kakekochhi Bhat
| 24
| {{Height|cm=169}}
| [[Karnataka]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 12
| Bahun Nongrum
| 26
| {{Height|cm=171}}
| [[Meghalaya]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 13
| Bhuvaneshwari Vishwanath
| 25
| {{Height|cm=165}}
| [[Coimbatore]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 14
| Chandana Jayaram
| 24
| {{Height|cm=170}}
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite news |date=July 22, 2024 |title="'మిస్ యూనివర్స్ స్టేట్' గ్రాండ్ ఫినాలే" |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/telangana/miss-universe-state-grand-finale-2024-2125541 }}</ref>
|-
| 15
| Chayanika Debnath
| 29
| {{Height|cm=160}}
| [[Tripura]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 16
| Chhavi Verg
| 27
| {{Height|cm=175}}
| [[New Jersey]]
| NRI
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 17
| Daisy Khound
| 23
| {{Height|cm=175}}
| [[Assam]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 18
| [[Danube Kangjam]]
| 24
| {{Height|cm=173}}
| [[Manipur]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 19
| Guneet Kaur Saini
| 25
| {{Height|cm=174}}
| [[Punjab]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 20
| Janvi Soni
| 23
| {{Height|cm=164}}
| [[Odisha]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 21
| Kajal Choudhary
| 22
| {{Height|cm=173}}
| [[Bihar]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 22
| Kanak Agnihotri
| 25
| {{Height|cm=165}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 23
| Khushi Verma
| 18
| {{Height|cm=172}}
| [[New Delhi]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 24
| Kopal Mandloi
| 25
| {{Height|cm=165}}
| [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 25
| Lakshitha Thilagaraj
| 20
| {{Height|cm=175}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 26
| Larissa Dsouza
| 24
| {{Height|cm=175}}
| [[United Arab Emirates]]
| NRI
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 27
| [[Manika Vishwakarma]]
| 21
| {{Height|cm=171}}
| [[Rajasthan]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 28
| Mrunmayee Taare
| 23
| {{Height|cm=178}}
| [[Thane]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 29
| Namitha Marimuthu
| 35
| {{Height|cm=182}}
| [[Chennai]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 30
| Navya Singh
| 34
| {{Height|cm=173}}
| [[Katihar]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 31
| <s>Niharika Sood</s>
| <s>27</s>
| <s>{{Height|cm=167}}</s>
| <s>[[Telangana]]</s>
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 32
| Ojasvi Sharma
| 22
| {{Height|cm=170}}
| [[Delhi]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 33
| Prakshi Goel
| 23
| {{Height|cm=174}}
| [[Haryana]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 34
| Pranjal Priya
| 19
| {{Height|cm=179}}
| [[Maharashtra]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 35
| Rashalika Sabharwal
| 29
| {{Height|cm=171}}
| [[Mumbai]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| '''36'''
| '''[[Rhea Singha]]'''
| '''19'''
| '''{{Height|cm=170}}'''
| '''[[Ahmedabad]]'''
| '''Wildcard'''
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 37
| Roneihpuii
| 23
| {{Height|cm=170}}
| [[Mizoram]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 38
| [[Roosh Sindhu]]
| 24
| {{Height|cm=171}}
| [[Gujarat]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 39
| Ruopfüzhano Whiso
| 25
| {{Height|cm=171}}
| [[Nagaland]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ruopfuzhano headed for Miss Universe India 2024 |url=https://morungexpress.com/ruopfuzhano-headed-for-miss-universe-india-2024 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=MorungExpress}}</ref>
|-
| 40
| Saachi Gurav
| 22
| {{Height|cm=178}}
| [[Manchester]]
| NRI
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 41
| Saanvi Sharma
| 22
| {{Height|cm=163}}
| [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 42
| Sanjana Vij
| 29
| {{Height|cm=167}}
| [[Delhi]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 43
| Shaine Soni
| 37
| {{Height|cm=179}}
| [[Delhi]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 44
| Shatakshi Kiran
| 23
| {{Height|cm=170}}
| [[Jharkhand]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 45
| Shivali Patel
| 27
| {{Height|cm=171}}
| [[Raleigh, North Carolina|Raleigh]]
| NRI
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 46
| Sonia Pradhan
| 20
| {{Height|cm=165}}
| [[Sikkim]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 47
| Sushmita Roy
| 29
| {{Height|cm=175}}
| [[West Bengal]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-20 |title=Positude organizes Miss Universe West Bengal 2024; Sushmita Roy takes the crown |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/sikkim/story/positude-organizes-miss-universe-west-bengal-2024-sushmita-roy-takes-the-crown-1053472-2024-07-20 |access-date=2024-07-22 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 48
| Tanu Shree
| 26
| {{Height|cm=175}}
| [[Bihar]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 49
| Tejaswini Shrivastava
| 22
| {{Height|cm=167}}
| [[Nagpur]]
| Wildcard
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|-
| 50
| Thupten Lhamu
| 23
| {{Height|cm=165}}
| [[Arunachal Pradesh]]
| State
| <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 July 2024 |title=Arunachal crowns new Miss Universe representative |url=https://www.indiatodayne.in/entertainment/story/arunachal-crowns-new-miss-universe-representative-1059343-2024-07-29 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=India Today NE |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 51
| Wachi Pareek
| 22
| {{Height|cm=166}}
| [[Chhattisgarh]]
| State
|{{cn|date=November 2024}}
|}

{{notelist}}

==Crossovers==
Contestants who previously competed in other national and international beauty pageants with their respective placements.{{cn|date=November 2024}}
=== National Pageants ===
{{Needs additional citations|date=November 2024}}
{{colbegin}}
;[[Femina Miss India]] (Miss World India)
* [[Femina Miss India 2018|FMI Nagaland 2018]]: Ruopfüzhano Whiso
* [[Femina Miss India 2019|FMI Telangana 2019]]: Sanjana Vij ''(Runner-up)''
* [[Femina Miss India 2019|FMI West Bengal 2019]]: Sushmita Roy
* [[Femina Miss India 2020|FMI Tripura 2020]]: Chayanika Debnath
* [[Femina Miss India 2022|FMI Bihar 2022]]: Kajal Choudhary
* [[Femina Miss India 2022|FMI New Delhi 2022]]: Prakshi Goel
* [[Femina Miss India 2023|FMI Bihar 2023]]: Tanu Shree
* [[Femina Miss India 2023|FMI Odisha 2023]]: Janvi Soni

;[[Miss Diva]] (Miss Universe India)
* [[Miss Diva 2020|2020]]: Rashalika Sabharwal
* [[Miss Diva 2021|2022]]: Ojasvi Sharma (Miss Popular Choice Winner)
* [[Miss Diva 2023|2023]]: Archana Bhavsar
* [[Miss Diva 2023|2023]]: Daisy Khound ''(Top 7)''
* [[Miss Diva 2025|2025]]: Avani Kakekochhi ''(Miss Diva Supranational 2026)''

;[[Miss Divine Beauty]] (Miss Earth India)
* 2019: Ananya Saxena
* 2021: Kanak Agnihotri ''(Top 15)''
* 2023: Tejaswini Shrivastava ''(1st Runner-up)''

;[[Miss Transqueen India]] (Miss International Queen India)
* 2021: Shaine Soni ''(Winner)''
* 2022: Namitha Marimuthu ''(Winner)''

;[[Miss Grand India]] (Miss Grand International India)
* [[Miss Grand India 2024|2024]]: Guneetinder Kaur
* [[Miss Grand India 2024|2024]]: Kopal Mandloi

;[[Miss USA]] (Miss Universe USA)
* [[Miss USA 2017|2017]]: Chhavi Verg ''(1st Runner-up)''

;[[Miss Supranational USA]]
* 2021: Shivali Patel ''(Winner)''

;[[Miss World America]]
* 2016: Shivali Patel ''(1st Runner-up)''
* 2018: Shivali Patel ''(2nd Runner-up)''

;[[Miss World Canada]]
* 2010: Angel Bhathal ''(Top 12)''

;[[Miss Earth Canada]]
* 2012: Angel Bhathal ''(2nd Runner-Up)''

;[[Miss Universe Canada]]
* 2013: Angel Bhathal ''(Top 20)''

;Miss Swimsuit USA International CANADA
* 2022: Angel Bhathal ''(Winner)''
{{colend}}

=== International Pageants ===
{{colbegin}}
;Miss Teen Universe
* 2022: Wachi Pareek ''(2nd Runner-up)''
* 2023: [[Rhea Singha]] ''(Top 6)''

;[[Miss Global]]
* 2019: Angel Bhathal (Top 10)
* 2021: Larissa Dsouza

;[[Miss Supranational]]
* [[Miss Supranational 2021|2021]]: Shivali Patel (Represented [[United States]])

;[[Miss International Queen]]
* [[Miss International Queen 2022|2022]]: Namitha Marimuthu ''(Top 11)''

;Dr. World
* 2021: Angel Bhathal ''(Winner)''

;Miss Multiverse
* 2021: Angel Bhathal ''(6th Runner-Up)''

;Miss Cappaddoccia
* 2022: Angel Bhathal ''(Winner)''

;Miss Swimsuit USA International
* 2024: Angel Bhathal ''(2nd Runner-Up)''
* 2025: Angel Bhathal ''(Winner)''

;Miss Teen Earth
* 2023: [[Rhea Singha]] ''(Winner)''
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Official website|https://missuniverseindia.glamanand.com/}}

[[Category:2024 beauty pageants]]
[[Category:2024 in India]]
[[Category:Beauty pageants in India]]

J. P. Chandrababu

2026-01-17T20:51:19Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: small added section after review further and added references

{{Short description|Indian comedian and actor}}
{{redirect|Chandrababu|the politician|N. Chandrababu Naidu}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2011}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = J. P. Chandrababu
| image = J. P. Chandrababu.jpg
| caption = Casual Poster of CB
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1927|8|5}}
| birth_place = [[Tuticorin]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British Raj|British India]] (now [[Thoothukudi]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| yearsactive = 1947{{emdash}}1973
| occupation = Comedian, Actor, Playback singer, Film director
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1974|3|8|1927|8|5}}
| death_place = [[Madras]] (now [[Chennai]]), [[Tamil Nadu]], India
}}
'''Joseph Panimayadas Chandrababu Rodriguez ''' (1927–1974) was an Indian actor, comedian, playback singer and film director. whose [[Charlie Chaplin|Chaplinesque]]-style on-screen movements and singing style made him popular from the late 1940s to the early 1970s. He had a mastery of the [[Madras Bashai]], a dialect unique to the Madras region. His slapstick style of comedy has been emulated by subsequent actors. Many of his songs have remained popular.

==Early life==
Chandrababu was born to a wealthy and eminent [[Christians|Christian]] [[Paravar]] family in 1927 at [[Tuticorin]], India. His father, a freedom fighter, ran a paper called ''Sudhandhira Veeran'' which, along with the family assets, was seized by the British government in 1929 when he was arrested for participating in the [[satyagraha]] movement. He and the family were exiled to [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] on his release, where his father worked for a Tamil newspaper. Chandrababu was educated at [[St. Joseph's College, Colombo|St. Joseph's College]], Grandpass, Colombo and [[Aquinas College, Colombo|Aquinas College]] prior to his family moving once more, this time to [[Chennai]] in 1943. Here they lived in [[Triplicane]], where his father worked for the [[Dinamani]] newspaper.<ref name="thehindu.com">{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-tragic-story-of-a-comedian-jp-chandrababu/article4313909.ece |title=The tragic story of a comedian, J.P. Chandrababu - the Hindu |website=[[The Hindu]] |date=17 January 2013 |access-date=18 February 2014 |archive-date=22 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222090616/http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-tragic-story-of-a-comedian-jp-chandrababu/article4313909.ece |url-status=live |last1=Kolappan |first1=B. }}</ref>

==Film career==
Chandrababu was very passionate about acting despite opposition from his family members. His friend Ganapathy was the only person who motivated his acting skills. From his childhood, he was an expert in singing and whenever he got together with his friends or family, Chandrababu was asked to sing. Sri Lanka had a very western outlook in those times and Chandrabubu picked up on western styles of singing and dancing while there.<ref name="Hindu20090925"/> In these early years Chandrababu made acquaintances of the actors [[Sriram]], [[B. R. Panthulu]] and, through them, [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]]. He made his debut with a small role in the 1947 film ''[[Dhana Amaravathi]]''<ref name="Hindu20090925"/> but struggled thereafter to obtain parts.

He had spent many days starving himself and searching for a chance in films. In 1952, he attempted suicide by ingesting [[copper sulphate]] crystals in the canteen of [[Gemini Studios]]. He had written a suicide note explaining his reasons, which included that he had been unable to meet the director [[S. S. Vasan]], and that his body was to be handed over to [[B. S. Ramaiah]], the director of his only film at that date. Suicide was a criminal offence and so he was arrested. But when his case came to trial the judge asked him to prove his acting ability. Chandrababu rendered a [[Shakespeare]]an monologue that so impressed the judge that he was not jailed.<ref name="Hindu20090925"/> One of those who had assisted him in being taken to hospital at the time of his attempted suicide was [[Gemini Ganesan]]. When Vasan learned of this episode he gave Chandrababu a small role in the 1952 film ''[[Moondru Pillaigal]]'', which impressed Vasan so much that he predicted a successful career.<ref name="Hindu20090925"/> for him. Chandrababu also filmed ''[[Chinna Durai (1952 film)|Chinna Durai]]'' and ''[[Mohana Sundaram]]'' in the same year. It is claimed that, as of 2016, he remained the only person capable of yodelling in south Indian cinema,.<ref name="Hindu20090925"/> Chandrababu loved western music and learned the art of yodelling by listening to singers such as [[Gene Autry]] and [[Hank Williams]]. In ''[[Chinna Durai (1952 film)|Chinna Durai]]'', produced and directed by [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]], he sang the song ''Poda Raja Podi Nadaya'', the first time that [[yodel]]ling had been heard in a South Indian film.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}Chandrababu was paid Rs 200 for his role in ''[[Mohana Sundaram]]''.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}} At his peak he was to command over Rs 100,000, becoming the first South Indian comedy actor to command such a sum.<ref name="Hindu20090925"/>

When [[A. V. Meiyappan]] filmed ''[[Sahodhari]]'', he found that it lacked an ingredient that would ensure box office success. Chandrababu was called and after watching the film he added a comedy track for himself, wrote it and also sang the song ''Naan oru muttalunga'', converting the film into a hit. It was Chandrababu who first spoke and popularised the Madras Baashai in films. He learned this dialect from the rickshaw pullers and street vendors near his home in Triplicane and later in [[Mir Sahib Pet]].

''[[Sabaash Meena]]'' was one of the best Tamil comedy movies of its time, in which Chandrababu acted with [[Sivaji Ganesan]], in dual roles. Chandrababu also established himself as a good singer. He was a playback singer rendering voice for himself in films. He lent his voice for [[S. Balachander]] for the song ''Kalyanam Kalyanam... Ullasamagave Ulagathil'' in ''[[Penn (film)|Penn]]'' and for [[Sivaji Ganesan]] for the song ''Jolly Life Jolly Life'' in ''[[Kalyanam Panniyum Brammachari]]''. Another song for comedian T.N. Sivadhanu is ''I Love You I Love You'' in ''[[Andhaman Kaidhi]]''.

==Marriage==
Chandrababu first met Sheila, an Anglo Indian and grand daughter of [[Coimbatore]]-based filmmaker [[Swamikannu Vincent]]<ref name="Hindu20041207">{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/br/2004/12/07/stories/2004120700101600.htm |title=The Hindu : Book Review / Language Books : Pioneer filmmaker |newspaper=The Hindu |date=7 December 2004 |author=Guy, Randor |access-date=31 July 2015 |archive-date=11 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011145931/https://www.thehindu.com/archive/print/2004/12/07/ |url-status=live }}</ref> at her residence and subsequently marriage was arranged in 1958. Famous film personalities and politicians including chief minister [[Kamaraj]] attended their marriage. The initial days of married life had gone well. One day Sheila confessed that she fell in love with another person. After learning this, Chandrababu was heartbroken and ended up in a confused state. In the subsequent days, she attempted suicide which was foiled by Chandrababu. Considering Sheila's fortune, they divorced formally. He continued to offer support to her until she left for London. After a few days, she married a doctor in London with the acceptance of Chandrababu by a letter communication. In a business mired by sycophancy, he chose not to mince his words and this restricted his opportunities<ref name="Hindu20090925">{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/09/25/stories/2009092550660400.htm |title=Actor with mercurial feet |date=25 September 2009 |author=Guy, Randor |access-date=26 March 2011 |archive-date=6 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110506074854/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/09/25/stories/2009092550660400.htm |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url-status=dead }}</ref> from the 1960s onward. After this, he had decided to take a temporary break from his film career, and he went to Delhi without informing even his close friends. He spent those days consuming alcohol. Later he restarted his career in the industry despite his failed love and marriage.

== Financial misfortune and death ==
Chandrababu had arranged with a financier, to direct his first film ''Maadi Veettu Ezhai'' with [[M. G. Ramachandran]] as the hero. Eventually, he failed on this venture as [[M. G. Ramachandran|Ramachandran]] failed to cooperate with him. The film project was also dropped. The reasons for Ramachandran's non-cooperation is well explained by script writer [[Aroordhas]], in his 2002 memoirs ''Naan Muham Paartha Cinema Kannadigal''. It's because Chandrababu became abusive towards Ramachandran's elder sibling [[M. G. Chakrapani]]. Chandrababu's final attempt was to direct and act in ''[[Thattungal Thirakkappadum]]'' in 1966; it was highly acclaimed for its [[cinematography]] but was not a box office success. MGR did offer a helping hand to him, by offering him a comedy slot in his own production, ''Adimai Penn'' released in 1969.

Due to his personal problems, Chandrababu spent his last days penniless. During his last years he stayed in a flat under support of A P Nagarajan, until his death on 8 March 1974. It was [[Sivaji Ganesan]] who arranged all his final rites and he was buried in [[Quibble Island]], [[Chennai]].<ref name="thehindu.com"/>
[[File:Chandrababu's grave in Quibble Island Cemetry..jpg|alt=Chandrababu's grave in Quibble Island Cemetery.|thumb|Chandrababu's grave in Quibble Island Cemetery.]]

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 1947 || ''Dhana Amaravathi'' || ||
|-
| 1951 || ''[[Mohana Sundaram]]'' || Gopu ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1952 ||''[[Moondru Pillaigal]]'' || Music director || Simultaneously shot in Telugu as ''Mugguru Kodukulu''
|-
| ''[[Chinna Durai (1952 film)|Chinna Durai]]'' || Secretary ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1953 ||''[[Kangal (film)|Kangal]]'' || Arivumani ||
|-
| ''[[Vazha Pirandhaval]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1954 || ''[[Ratha Kanneer]]''||Kantha's assistant||
|-
|''[[Bedara Kannappa]]''
|Tribal dancer
|
|-
| rowspan="3"|1955 ||''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebakavali]]'' || Gulam ||
|-
| ''[[Maaman Magal (1955 film)|Maaman Magal]]''|| Thandavam ||
|-
| ''[[Nalla Thangal]]''|| ||
|-
| 1956 || ''[[Marma Veeran]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|1957 || ''[[Mahadevi (film)|Mahadevi]]''|| Mariappan ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhaiyal]]''|| Thukkaram ||
|-
| ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1957 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' || Arivumani ||
|-
| ''[[Pathini Deivam]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Manamagan Thevai]]'' || Chandrababu ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |1958 || ''[[Pathi Bakthi]]'' || Kalaipithan ||
|-
| ''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kathavarayan]]'' || Mannaru ||
|-
| ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' || Sagayam ||
|-
| ''[[Sabaash Meena]]'' || Shekar & Mookan ||
|-
| rowspan="4"|1959 || ''[[Sahodhari]]'' || Anandakonar ||
|-
| ''[[Pandithevan]]'' || ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Sollum Ragasiyam]]'' || Doctor Shailak ||
|-
| ''[[Maragatham]]'' || Gundan ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1960 ||''[[Kavalai Illaadha Manithan]]'' || Muthu ||
|-
| ''[[Petra Manam]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1961 ||''[[Sri Valli (1961 film)|Sri Valli]]'' || Valli's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Kumara Raja (1961 film)|Kumara Raja]]''|| ||
|-
| rowspan="5"|1962 || ''[[Paadha Kaanikkai]]'' || Veerasamy Pillai's son ||
|-
| ''[[Annai (1962 film)|Annai]]'' || Dayanidhi ||
|-
| ''[[Policekaran Magal]]'' || Maari ||
|-
| ''[[Bandha Pasam]]'' || Vasu ||
|-
| ''[[Senthamarai (film)|Senthamarai]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|1963 ||''[[Kadavulai Kanden]]'' || Valli's brother ||
|-
| ''[[Yarukku Sontham]]''|| ||
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' || Chitti Babu ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Thattungal Thirakkappadum]]'' || Adaikalam || Also director
|-
|1967 || ''[[Valiba Virundhu]]'' || Babu ||
|-
| 1968 || ''Nimirndhu Nil'' || ||
|-
| 1969 || ''Adimaippen'' || ||
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Paadhukaappu]]'' || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1972 || ''[[Neethi (1972 film)|Neethi]]'' || Eattu Kannaiya ||
|-
| ''[[Raja (1972 film)|Raja]]'' || Pattabiraman/Seetharaman/Janakiraman ||
|-
| 1973 || ''[[Bharatha Vilas]]'' || Doctor ||
|}

==Discography==
He sang under almost all of the music directors of the 1950s till the early 1970s.

=== Music composers he sang for ===
{{columns-list |colwidth=15em|
* [[K. V. Mahadevan]]
* [[T. G. Lingappa]]
* [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]]
* [[S. V. Venkatraman]]
* P. R. Mani
* [[S. Rajeswara Rao]]
* [[G. Ramanathan]]
* [[R. Sudarsanam]]
* [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]]
* [[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]]
* [[T. Chalapathi Rao]]
* [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]]
* [[C. N. Pandurangan]]
* Meenakshi Subramanyam
* [[T. R. Pappa]]
* [[M. S. Viswanathan]]
}}

===Playback singers he sang with===
He sang memorable duets with mostly comical songs [[K. Jamuna Rani]], [[L. R. Eswari]], [[Jikki]], [[P. Leela]] [[P. Susheela]], [[A. P. Komala]], [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]], [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] and [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]].

He also sang with other male singers such as [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[A. L. Raghavan]], [[V. N. Sundaram]], [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[P. B. Sreenivas]] and [[T. G. Lingappa]].

The following are some of Chandrababu's songs that have remained popular:
*''All of the songs are in Tamil, except otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Song
! Music
! Co-singer
|-
| 1947 || ''Dhana Amaravathi'' || Unnalazhagirku Inai Ennatthai Solvadhu || [[K. V. Mahadevan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1951 || rowspan=2|''[[Mohana Sundaram]]'' || Hello My Dear Darling Hello My Rose Charming || rowspan=2|[[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| Inbam Konjum Velai || [[Jikki]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1952 || ''[[Andhaman Kaidhi]]'' || I Love You..I Love You.. Aasaiyanene Un Mele || [[G. Govindarajulu Naidu]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]] playback for T. N. Sivadhanu
|-
| ''[[Chinna Durai (1952 film)|Chinna Durai]]'' || Poda Raja Podi Nadayaa || [[T. G. Lingappa]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1953 || ''[[Kangal (1953 film)|Kangal]]'' || Aalu Ganam Aanal Moolai Gaali || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| ''[[Azhagi (1953 film)|Azhagi]]'' || Onnu Rendu Moonu Photo Ready || [[P. R. Mani]] ||
|-
| ''[[Vazha Pirandhaval]]'' || Cinema Kalaiyai Elidhaaga Enni || [[S. Rajeswara Rao]] & [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 1954 || ''[[Kalyanam Panniyum Brammachari]]'' || Jolly Life Jolly Life || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || playback for [[Sivaji Ganesan]]
|-
| ''[[Penn (film)|Penn]]'' || Kalyaanam Kalyaanam... Ullasamagave Ulagathil || [[R. Sudarsanam]] || playback for [[S. Balachander]]
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1955 || ''[[Gulebakavali (1955 film)|Gulebagavali]]'' || Paraanda Mannar Ellam.... Achi Nimirndha Vandi || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| ''[[Maaman Magal (1955 film)|Maaman Magal]]'' || Gova Maambazhame Malgova Maambazhame || [[S. V. Venkatraman]] ||
|-
| ''[[Nalla Thangal (1955 film)|Nalla Thangal]]'' || Unnai Kandu Mayamgaadha Pergal Undo || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan=2|1956 || rowspan=2|''[[Marma Veeran]]'' || O Aiyaa O Ammaa || rowspan=2|[[Vedha (composer)|Vedha]] || [[K. Rani (singer)|K. Rani]], [[S. C. Krishnan]] & [[Jikki]]
|-
| Thillaalangadi Kuyile Adi || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |1957 || rowspan=2|''[[Mahadhevi]]'' || Un Thirumugathey Oru Mugamaa || rowspan="4" |[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| Thanthanaa Thaalam Poduvom || [[A. G. Rathnamala]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pudhaiyal]]'' || Unakkaaga Ellam Unakkaaga ||
|-
| Hello My Dear Rani || [[A. L. Raghavan]]
|-
| ''[[Pudhumai Pithan (1957 film)|Pudhumai Pithan]]'' || Araichi Mani.... Thillaana Paatu Paadi Kullathaara || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| ''[[Pathini Deivam]]'' || Aathukku Paalam Avasiyam || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| ''[[Manamagan Thevai]]'' || Bambara Kannaale || rowspan="2" | [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| ''[[Samaya Sanjeevi]]'' || Paper Paper ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |1958 || rowspan=3|''[[Padhi Bhakti]]'' || Rock Rock Rock || rowspan=3|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[V. N. Sundaram]]
|-
| Indha Thinnai Paechu Veeranidam || [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| Kosari Kosari ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Padhi Bhakti]]'' ([[Telugu language|Telugu]]) || Rock Rock Rock || rowspan=2|[[T. Chalapathi Rao]] || [[V. N. Sundaram]]
|-
| Kosari Kosari ||
|-
| rowspan="3" |''[[Kathavarayan (1958 film)|Kaathavaraayan]]'' || Jigu Jigu || rowspan=3|[[G. Ramanathan]] || [[Jikki]]
|-
| Thandhane Thana Thandhane ||
|-
| Sangili Jingili...Vaarandi Vaaraandi Kutticchaatthaan || [[S. C. Krishnan]], [[A. G. Rathnamala]] & [[T. M. Soundararajan]]
|-
| ''[[Nadodi Mannan]]'' || Thadukkaadhe Ennai Thadukkaadhe || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| ''[[Sabaash Meena]] '' || Erungammaa Summaa Erungammaa || [[T. G. Lingappa]] || [[T. G. Lingappa]] & [[P. Susheela]]
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1959 || ''[[Sahodhari]]'' || Naan Oru Muttaalunga || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Pandithevan]]'' || Nee Aadinal || rowspan=2|[[C. N. Pandurangan]] & Meenakshi Subramanyam || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| Solluradha Solliputten ||
|-
| ''[[Naan Sollum Ragasiyam]]'' || Vilaiyaadu Raajaa Vilaiyaadu || [[G. Ramanathan]] || [[A. P. Komala]]
|-
| ''[[Maragadham]]'' || Kunguma Poove Konjum Puraave || [[S. M. Subbaiah Naidu]] || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |1960 || rowspan=2|''[[Kavalai Illaadha Manithan]]'' || Pirakkum Podhum Azhukindraai || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| Kavalai Illaadha Manithan ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Petra Manam]]'' || Paadi Paadi Paadi || rowspan=2|[[S. Rajeswara Rao]] || [[Soolamangalam Sisters|Soolamangalam Rajalakshmi]]
|-
| Manathirkugantha Mayile ||
|-
| rowspan="5" | 1961 || ''[[Sri Valli (1961 film)|Sri Valli]]'' || Aiyo Machaan Mannaaru || [[G. Ramanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="4" |''[[Kumara Raja (1961 film)|Kumara Raja]]'' || Aan Ondru Aada Penn Ondru Paada || rowspan=4|[[T. R. Pappa]] || [[P. Leela]]
|-
| Onnume Puriyalae Ulagathile ||
|-
| Moodinaalum Thiranthaalum || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| Ennai Paartha Kannu || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |1962 || rowspan=2|''[[Paadha Kaanikkai]]'' || Kaadhal Enbadhu Edhu Varai || rowspan=2|[[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[P. B. Sreenivas]], [[P. Susheela]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Thaniyaa Thavikkira Vayasu ||
|-
| ''[[Annai (1962 film)|Annai]]'' || Butthiyulla Manidharellaam || [[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| ''[[Policekaran Magal]]'' || Porandhaalum Aambalaiya Porakka Koodaadhu || rowspan="3" | [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| ''[[Bandha Pasam]]'' || Eppo Vachikkalaam Eppadi Vachikkalaam ||
|-
| ''[[Senthamarai (film)|Senthamarai]]'' || Thangaadhamma Thangaadhu Samsaaram Thangaadhu || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |1963 || rowspan=2|''[[Kadavulai Kanden]]'' || Konjam Sindhikkanum || rowspan="4" |[[K. V. Mahadevan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| Ungal Kaigal Uyarattum || [[P. B. Sreenivas]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Yarukku Sontham]]'' || Ennai Theriyalaiyaa ||
|-
| Oho Meri Bul Bul || [[K. Jamuna Rani]]
|-
| 1964 || ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Aandavan Kattalai]]'' || Sirippu Varudhu Sirippu Varudhu || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] ||
|-
| 1965 || ''[[Aandavan Kattalai (1964 film)|Preminchi Pelli Chesuko]]'' (Telugu) || || [[Viswanathan–Ramamoorthy]] & B. Shankar Rao ||
|-
| 1966 || ''[[Thattungal Thirakkappadum]]'' || Kanmani Paappaa || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] ||
|-
| rowspan="3" | 1967 || ''[[Thattungal Thirakkappadum|Hanthakuni Hatya]]'' (Telugu) || || [[M. S. Viswanathan]] & Pamarthi ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |''[[Valiba Virundhu]]'' || Ondra Kannu Doriya || rowspan=2|[[R. Sudarsanam]] ||
|-
| Vaaliba Virundhu || [[T. M. Soundararajan]] & [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1968 || ''Nimirndhu Nil'' || Pudichalum Pudhicha Puliyankomba Pudicha || rowspan="3" | [[M. S. Viswanathan]] || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1970 || ''[[Paadhukaappu]]'' || Nammal Ki Pyaari || [[L. R. Eswari]]
|-
| 1972 || ''[[Neethi (1972 film)|Needhi]]'' || Engaladhu Boomi || [[T. M. Soundararajan]], [[P. Susheela]] & [[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Aranthai Narayanan: ''Thamil Cinemavin Kathai'', New Century Book House, Chennai, 2002 2nd edition, pp 279–280.
* Aroordhas: ''Naan Muham Paartha Cinema Kannadigal'', Kalaignan Pathipakam, Chennai, 2002, pp 184–201.
* Vamanan: ''Thirai Isai Alaigal'', part 1, Manivasagar Pathipakam, Chennai, 2004 2nd edition, pp 595–605.
* {{cite web |url=http://www.southside.in/24/The-ageony-and-ecstasy-of-being-Chandrababu/ |title=The agony and ecstasy of being – Chandrababu |publisher=Southside |year=2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605131858/http://southside.in/24/The-ageony-and-ecstasy-of-being-Chandrababu |archive-date=5 June 2009}} [http://vamanan81.wordpress.com/2009/12/27/agony-and-ecstacy-of-being-j-p-chandrababu/ Alt URL]
* {{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/02/stories/2009100250670400.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106120522/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2009/10/02/stories/2009100250670400.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=6 November 2009 |title=A voice that mesmerised |date=2 October 2009 |author=Guy, Randor |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=26 March 2011}}
* {{cite news|last=Kolappan|first=B.|title=The tragic story of a comedian, J.P. Chandrababu|url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/the-tragic-story-of-a-comedian-jp-chandrababu/article4313909.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=17 January 2013}}

== External links ==
* {{iMDb name|1194078}}
* [http://www.kalyanamalaimagazine.com/Content/Thiraichuvai/Nov11_16_30/Potpourri_of_titbits_about_Tamil_cinema_Chandrababu.html Article on J. P. Chandrababu in Kalyana Malai]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandrababu, Jp}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:1974 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan Tamil musicians]]
[[Category:Sri Lankan actors]]
[[Category:Tamil actors]]
[[Category:Indian Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:People from Thoothukudi]]
[[Category:20th-century Sri Lankan male singers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Singers from Tamil Nadu]]
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Berhampore subdivision

2026-01-17T15:38:38Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: page fix

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Berhampore subdivision
| other_name = 
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Subdivision
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_map = File:Berhampore (subdivision) in Murshidabad.svg
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|23.40|N|88.50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[West Bengal]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| seat_type = Headquarters
| seat = [[Baharampur]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 1,195.57
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1,725,525
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN]]
| registration_plate =
| website = {{URL|wb.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
}}

'''Berhampore subdivision''' is an administrative subdivision of [[Murshidabad district]] in the state of [[West Bengal]], [[India]].

==Overview==
The [[Hooghly River|Bhagirathi River]] splits the district into two natural physiographic regions – Rarh on the west and Bagri on the east. Barhampur subdivision lies in the Ganges-Bhagirathi Basin, which is a long and narrow river valley in the Bagri region. It has fertile soil suitable for cultivation.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Murshidabad, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Physiography, Page 13 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | access-date = 24 July 2017 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | work= Geography | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 24 July 2017}}</ref>

==History==
The ruins of [[Karnasubarna]], the capital of [[Shashanka]], the first important king of ancient [[Bengal]] who ruled in the 7th century, is located {{convert|9.6|km}} south-west of [[Baharampur]].<ref>Ray, Nihar Ranjan, ''Bangalir Itihas Adi Parba'', {{in lang|bn}}, 1980 edition, pp. 160-161, Paschim Banga Niraksharata Durikaran Samiti</ref><ref>Sengupta, Nitish, ''History of the Bengali-speaking People'', p.25, UBS Publishers’ Distributors Pvt. Ltd.</ref><ref>Majumdar, Dr. R.C., ''History of Ancient Bengal'', first published 1971, reprint 2005, pp. 5-6, Tulshi Prakashani, Kolkata, {{ISBN|81-89118-01-3}}.</ref> The famous Chinese scholar [[Xuanzang]] mentioned it in his travelogues.<ref name="gazetteer">{{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/Gazeteer/Chapter%203.pdf | title = District Gazeteer | work= {{in lang|bn}} Chapter 3: History | publisher = Murshidabad District Administration |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>

==Geography==
The headquarters of Murshidabad district are located at [[Baharampur]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://murshidabad.gov.in/About.aspx#2 | title= Murshidabad | publisher= Murshidabad district authorities| access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>

===Subdivisions===
Murshidabad district is divided into the following administrative subdivisions:<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad, Tables 2.2, 2.4(a) | work = Note: At the time of uploading of the revised version of this page the internet version of the District Statistical Handbook had been taken off but there is a print version | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>
[[File:Murshidabad Subdivision Map (en).svg|thumb]]
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Subdivision ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||Rural population % (2011)||Urban population % (2011)
|-
|Barhampur||[[Baharampur]]||1,195.57||1,725,525||80.15||19.85
|-
|[[Kandi subdivision|Kandi]]||[[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]]||1,200.76||1,155,645||93.21||6.79
|-
|[[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]||[[Jangipur (WB)|Jangipur]]||1,097.82||1,972,308||56.43||43.57
|-
|[[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]||[[Murshidabad]]||1019.10||1,253,886||92.36||7.64
|-
|[[Domkol subdivision|Domkol]]||[[Domkol]]||837.88||996,443||97.55||2.45
|-
|[[Murshidabad district]]|| ||5,324.00||7,103,807||80.28||19.72
|-
|}

{{OSM Location map
| width=450| height=400| zoom=10
| coord={{coord|23|57|0|N|88|13|0|E}}| float=left|caption='''Cities, towns and locations in the Berhampore and Kandi subdivisions, Murshidabad district''' M: municipal town, CT: census town, R: rural/ urban centre, H: historical centres Owing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly
|mark-coord1={{coord|24|4|29|N|88|14|36|E}} | label-pos1=left|label1= Ajodhya Nagar | numbered1=CT| mark-title1=[[Ajodhya Nagar]] (CT)|label-color1=#800000 |label-size1=11| mark-size1=12|shape1=l-circle|shape-color1= #A40000|shape-outline1=white|label-offset-x1=2
|mark-coord2={{coord|24|5|40|N|88|17|11|E}} | label-pos2=right|label2= Banjetia| numbered2=CT| mark-title2=[[Banjetia]] (CT)
|mark-coord3={{coord|23|56|19|N|88|14|1|E}} | label-pos3=top|label3= Barua| numbered3=CT| mark-title3=[[Barua, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord4={{coord|24|4|8|N|88|15|46|E}} | label-pos4=right|label4= Chaltia| numbered4=CT| mark-title4=[[Chaltia]] (CT)
|mark-coord5={{coord|24|7|37|N|88|16|48|E}} | label-pos5=right|label5= Cossimbazar| numbered5=CT| mark-title5=[[Cossimbazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord6={{coord|24|6|58|N|88|14|32|E}} | label-pos6=left|label6= Goaljan| numbered6=CT| mark-title6=[[Goaljan]] (CT)
|mark-coord7={{coord|24|7|44|N|88|13|56|E}} | label-pos7=left|label7= Gopjan| numbered7=CT| mark-title7=[[Gopjan]] (CT)
|mark-coord8={{coord|24|5|14|N|88|14|56|E}} | label-pos8=left|label8= Gora Bazar| numbered8=CT| mark-title8=[[Gora Bazar]] (CT)
|mark-coord9={{coord|24|3|45|N|88|14|19|E}} | label-pos9=left|label9= Haridasmati| numbered9=CT| mark-title9=[[Haridasmati]] (CT)
|mark-coord10={{coord|24|4|55|N|88|16|38|E}} | label-pos10=right|label10= Sibdanga Badarpur| numbered10=CT| mark-title10=[[Sibdanga Badarpur]] (CT)
|mark-coord11={{coord|23|46|49|N|88|6|9|E}} | label-pos11=right|label11= Salar| numbered11=CT| mark-title11=[[Salar, Murshidabad]] (CT)
|mark-coord12={{coord|24|6|46|N|88|15|55|E}} | label-pos12=right|label12= Berhampore| numbered12=M| mark-title12=[[Berhampore]] (M) | shape-color12= #800000
|mark-coord13={{coord|23|55|25|N|88|15|0|E}} | label-pos13=right|label13= Beldanga| numbered13=M| mark-title13=[[Beldanga]] (M) | shape-color13= #800000
|mark-coord14={{coord|23|57|36|N|88|1|48|E}} | label-pos14=top|label14= Kandi| numbered14=M| mark-title14=[[Kandi, Murshidabad]] (M) | shape-color14= #800000
|mark-coord15={{coord|24|1|49|N|88|11|27|E}} | label-pos15=right|label15=Karnasuvarna| numbered15=H| mark-title15= [[Karnasuvarna]] (H)| shape-color15=#AA6666
|mark-coord16={{coord|23|55|55|N|88|26|51|E}} | label-pos16=top|label16= Amtala | numbered16=R| mark-title16= [[Amtala, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color16=#C40000
|mark-coord17={{coord|24|8|40|N|88|22|50|E}} | label-pos17=right|label17= Daulatabad | numbered17=R| mark-title17= [[Daulatabad, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color17=#C40000
|mark-coord18={{coord|24|3|10|N|88|25|7|E}} | label-pos18=right|label18= Hariharpara | numbered18=R| mark-title18= [[Hariharpara]] (R) |shape-color18=#C40000
|mark-coord19={{coord|23|54|41|N|88|27|25|E}} | label-pos19=bottom|label19= Naoda | numbered19=R| mark-title19= [[Naoda]] (R) |shape-color19=#C40000
|mark-coord20={{coord|23|51|34|N|88|15|18|E}} | label-pos20=right|label20= Rejinagar | numbered20=R| mark-title20= [[Rejinagar]] (R) |shape-color20=#C40000
|mark-coord21={{coord|23|55|24|N|88|13|45|E}} | label-pos21=left|label21= Sarulia | numbered21=R| mark-title21= [[Sarulia]] (R) |shape-color21=#C40000
|mark-coord22={{coord|23|51|50|N|88|11|55|E}} | label-pos22=left|label22= Shaktipur | numbered22=R| mark-title22= [[Shaktipur]] (R) |shape-color22=#C40000
|mark-coord23={{coord|23|55|17|N|88|25|55|E}} | label-pos23=left|label23= Surangapur | numbered23=R| mark-title23= [[Surangapur]] (R) |shape-color23=#C40000
|mark-coord24={{coord|23|53|17|N|88|4|59|E}} | label-pos24=right|label24= Bharatpur | numbered24=R| mark-title24= [[Bharatpur, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color24=#C40000
|mark-coord25={{coord|23|56|16|N|87|56|5|E}} | label-pos25=right|label25= Burwan | numbered25=R| mark-title25= [[Burwan]] (R) |shape-color25=#C40000
|mark-coord26={{coord|24|3|14|N|88|7|3|E}} | label-pos26=left|label26= Gokarna | numbered26=R| mark-title26= [[Gokarna, West Bengal]] (R) |shape-color26=#C40000
|mark-coord27={{coord|23|54|32|N|87|57|35|E}} | label-pos27=right|label27= Gram Salkia | numbered27=R| mark-title27= [[Gram Salkia]] (R) |shape-color27=#C40000
|mark-coord28={{coord|24|2|3|N|87|59|7|E}} | label-pos28=right|label28= Khargram | numbered28=R| mark-title28= [[Khargram]] (R) |shape-color28=#C40000
|mark-coord29={{coord|24|5|23|N|87|59|24|E}} | label-pos29=right|label29= Nagar | numbered29=R| mark-title29= [[Nagar, Murshidabad]] (R) |shape-color29=#C40000
|mark-coord30={{coord|23|53|23|N|87|59|20|E}} | label-pos30=bottom|label30= Panchthupi | numbered30=R| mark-title30= [[Panchthupi]] (R) |shape-color30=#C40000
|mark-coord31={{coord|23|46|30|N|88|12|0|E}} | label31= Bhagirathi |labela31= River| label-color31 = #77A1CB| label-angle31= -80| label-pos31=right| label-size31=10| mark-size31=0| mark-title31 =none
|mark-coord32={{coord|23|56|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label32= Mayurakshi |labela32=River| label-color32 = #77A1CB| label-angle32= -55| label-pos32=right| label-size32=10| mark-size32=0| mark-title32 =none
|mark-coord33={{coord|24|9|0|N|88|4|0|E}} | label33= Dwaraka |labela33= River| label-color33 = #77A1CB| label-angle33= 60| label-pos33=right| label-size33=10| mark-size33=0| mark-title33 =none
|mark-coord34={{coord|23|59|0|N|88|28|0|E}} | label34= Jalangi |labela34= River| label-color34 = #77A1CB| label-angle34= -70| label-pos34=right| label-size34=10| mark-size34=0| mark-title34 =none
|mark-coord35={{coord|23|50|51|N|88|13|48|E}} | label-pos35=left|label35=Tomb of Mir Madan| numbered35=H| mark-title35= [[Tomb of Mir Madan]] (H)| shape-color35=#AA6666}}

===Administrative units===
Barhampur subdivision has 7 police stations, 5 community development blocks, 5 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samitis]], 61 [[gram panchayat]]s, 383 [[mouza]]s, 323 inhabited villages, 2 municipalities and 10 [[census town]]s. The municipalities are: [[Baharampur]] and [[Beldanga]]. The census towns are: [[Goaljan]], [[Kasim Bazar]], Banjetia, Shib Danga, Gopjan, [[Gora Bazar]], Ajodhya Nagar, Chaltia, Haridasmati and Barua (P). The subdivision has its headquarters at [[Baharampur]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad of West Bengal | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>

===Police stations===
Police stations in Barhampur subdivision have the following features and jurisdiction:<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabd |work = Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 17 May 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.murshidabadpolicewb.gov.in/# | title = Murshidabad District Police | publisher = West Bengal Police | access-date = 25 August 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823011111/http://www.murshidabadpolicewb.gov.in/ | archive-date = 23 August 2017 | url-status = dead }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Police station ||Area covered km2||Municipal town || CD Block
|-
|[[Baharampur#Police station|Baharampur]]|| n/a ||[[Baharampur]]||[[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] (partly)
|-
|[[Daulatabad, Murshidabad#Police station|Daulatabad]]|| n/a || - ||[[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] (partly)
|-
|[[Beldanga#Police station|Beldanga]]|| n/a ||[[Beldanga]]||[[Beldanga I]]
|-
|[[Rejinagar#Police station|Rejinagar]]|| n/a || - ||[[Beldanga II]] (partly)
|-
|[[Shaktipur#Police station|Shaktipur]]|| n/a || - ||[[Beldanga II]] (partly)
|-
|[[Naoda#Police station|Naoda]]|| n/a || - ||[[Naoda (community development block)|Naoda]]
|-
|[[Hariharpara#Police station|Hariharpara]]|| n/a || - ||[[Hariharpara (community development block)|Hariharpara]]
|-
|}

===Gram Panchayats===
The subdivision contains 61 [[gram panchayat]]s under 5 [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]]:<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Murshidabad - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 25 August 2017}}</ref>

*[[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] CD Block - Bhakuri–I, Haridasmati, Niyallispara Goaljan, Rangamati Chandpara, Bhakuri–II, Hatinagar, Radharghat–II, Chhaighari, Madanpur, Radharghat–I, Satui Chaurigachha, Daulatabad, Manindranagar, Rajdharpara, Gurudaspur, Naodapanur and Sahajadpur.
*[[Beldanga I]] CD Block - Begunbari, Chaitannapur–II, Mahula–I, Sujapur–Kumarpur, Bhabta–I, Debkundu, Mahula–II, Bhabta–II, Kapasdanga, Mirjapur–I, Chaitannapur–I, Madda and Mirjapur–II
*[[Beldanga II]] CD Block - Andulberia–I, Kashipur, Rampara–II, Andulberia–II, Ramnagar Bachhra, Shaktipur, Dadpur, Somepara–I, Kamnagar, Rampara–I and Somepara–II.
*[[Hariharpara (community development block)|Hariharpara]] CD Block - Beharia, Hariharpara, Malopara, Swaruppur, Choa, Humaipur, Raipur, Dharampur, Khidirpur and Rukunpur.
*[[Naoda (community development block)|Naoda]] CD Block - Bali–I, Kedarchandpur–I, Naoda, Sarangpur, Bali–II, Kedarchandpur–II, Patikabari, Chandpur, Madhupur and Raipur.

===Blocks===
Community development blocks in Barhampur subdivision are:<ref name=handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 2.1 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 6 May 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170302072706/http://dospiwb.org.in/download.php?v=13 | archive-date = 2 March 2017 | url-status = usurped }}</ref><ref name=census2011>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= 2011 census: West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | access-date = 16 May 2017}}</ref>
[[File:Murshidabad Tehsil Map (en).svg|thumb]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block ||Headquarters|| Area km2 || Population (2011) ||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] %||[[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|ST]] %||[[Muslims]] %||[[Hindus]] %||Decadal Growth Rate 2001-2011 %||Literacy rate %||Census Towns
|-
|[[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]]||[[Baharampur]]||314.19||446,817||17.22||2.42||53.63||45.94||17.95||73.51||9
|-
|[[Beldanga I]]||[[Sarulia]]||168.75||319,322||3.95||0.08||78.25||21.40||23.18||70.06||1
|-
|[[Beldanga II]]||[[Shaktipur]]||207.93||250,458||8.33||0.22||61.82||38.05||19.16||67.86|| -
|-
|[[Naoda (community development block)|Naoda]]||[[Surangapur]]||231.39||226,859||6.53||0.67||71.87||27.99||15.60||66.09|| -
|-
|[[Hariharpara (community development block)|Hariharpara]]||[[Hariharpara]]||253.14||257,571||6.37||1.18||80.70||19.04||16.16||69.20|| -
|-
|}

==Economy==
===Infrastructure===
All inhabited villages in Murshidabad district are connected to the national electricity grid.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 96-97 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 11 September 2017}}</ref>

See the individual block pages for more information about the infrastructure.

===Agriculture===
Murshidabad is a predominantly agricultural district. A majority of the population depends on agriculture for a living. The land is fertile. The eastern portion of the Bhagirathi, an [[alluvium|alluvial]] tract, is very fertile for growing [[Rice#Ecotypes and cultivars|Aus]] paddy, jute and [[rabi crop]]s. The Kalantar area in the south-eastern portion of the district, is a low-lying area with stiff dark clay and supports mainly the cultivation of Aman paddy. The west flank of the Bhagirathi is a [[laterite|lateritic]] tract intersected by numerous [[Beel|bils]] and old river beds. It supports the cultivation of Aman paddy, sugar cane and mulberry.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1907_PART_A_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Murshidabad, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 17-19: Soil and cropping pattern, Land and land-use pattern | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | access-date = 4 August 2017}}</ref>

Given below is an overview of the agricultural production (all data in tonnes) for Barhampur subdivision, other subdivisions and the Murshidabad district, with data for the year 2013–14.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad |work = Table 18.1. Data for subdivisions/ district calculated by totalling the CD Block data provided |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |access-date = 26 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php |archive-date = 29 July 2017 |url-status = usurped }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! CD Block/ Subdivision ||Rice||Wheat || Jute ||Pulses||Oil seeds||Potatoes||Sugarcane
|-
|[[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]]||81,199||22,533||227,638||1,072||8,887||4,405||79
|-
|[[Beldanga I]]||38,164||10,299||93,732||343||12,101||8,288|| -
|-
||[[Beldanga II]]||107,951||17,434||126,538||157||6,396||4,095||160,074
|-
|[[Naoda (community development block)|Naoda]]||9,086||18,863||253,332||2,119||597||17,050|| -
|-
|[[Hariharpara (community development block)|Hariharpara]]||32,187||39,962||213,551||2,067||7,334||6,076||78
|-
|'''Barhampur subdivision'''||268,587||109,091||914,791||5,758||35,315||39,914||160,221
|-
|[[Kandi subdivision]]||487,207||4,157||6,186||4,818||9,355||85,886||106,646
|-
|[[Jangipur subdivision]]||207,472||45,261||207,425||9,374||12,375||38,197||52,344
|-
|[[Lalbag subdivision]]||68,034||20,304||427,450||7,809||22,592||40,997||3,295
|-
|[[Domkol subdivision]]||80,899||109,518||730,393||16,755||33,410||117,082||25,023
|-
|[[Murshidabad district]]||1,112,199||288,331||2,286,245||44,514||113,047||322.076||347,529
|-
|}

==Education==
Murshidabad district had a literacy rate of 66.59% (for population of 7 years and above) as per the census of India 2011. Barhampur subdivision had a literacy rate of 72.60%, Kandi subdivision 66.28%, Jangipur subdivision 60.95%, Lalbag subdivision 68.00% and Domkal subdivision 68.35%.<ref name=2handbook2014>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Basic data: Table 4.4, 4.5, Clarifications: other related tables | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 10 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

Given in the table below (data in numbers) is a comprehensive picture of the education scenario in Murshidabad district for the year 2013-14:<ref name=2handbook2014/>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!colspan="2"|Primary School
!colspan="2"|Middle School
!colspan="2"|High School
!colspan="2"|Higher Secondary School
!colspan="2"|General College, Univ
!colspan="2"|Technical / Professional Instt
!colspan="2"|Non-formal Education
|-
!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student

!width="30"|Institution

!width="30"|Student 
|-
|align=left|Barhampur
|align="center"|728
|align="center"|88,371
|align="center"|107
|align="center"|13,364
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|31,214
|align="center"|92
|align="center"|162,613
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|17,418
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|2,796
|align="center"|2,278
|align="center"|100,164
|-
|align=left|[[Kandi subdivision|Kandi]]
|align="center"|672
|align="center"|66,030
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|11,248
|align="center"|46
|align="center"|32,752
|align="center"|61
|align="center"|87,482
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|7,830
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|400
|align="center"|1,717
|align="center"|74,370
|-
|align=left|[[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]
|align="center"|747
|align="center"|144,416
|align="center"|72
|align="center"|14,159
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|30,004
|align="center"|76
|align="center"|194,025
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|15,335
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|500
|align="center"|2,793
|align="center"|160,236
|-
|align=left|[[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]
|align="center"|601
|align="center"|72,429
|align="center"|74
|align="center"|8,997
|align="center"|24
|align="center"|22,174
|align="center"|66
|align="center"|120,454
|align="center"|5
|align="center"|13,088
|align="center"|7
|align="center"|759
|align="center"|2,082
|align="center"|93,891
|-
|align=left|[[Domkol subdivision|Domkol]]
|align="center"|432
|align="center"|52,177
|align="center"|73
|align="center"|11,791
|align="center"|22
|align="center"|23,201
|align="center"|47
|align="center"|86,672
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|7,211
|align="center"|11
|align="center"|2,457
|align="center"|1,612
|align="center"|74,330
|-
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district]]
|align="center"|3,180
|align="center"|423,423
|align="center"|431
|align="center"|59,559
|align="center"|154
|align="center"|139,345
|align="center"|342
|align="center"|651,246
|align="center"|25
|align="center"|60,882
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|6,912
|align="center"|10,482
|align="center"|502,991
|-
|}

Note: Primary schools include junior basic schools; middle schools, high schools and higher secondary schools include madrasahs; technical schools include junior technical schools, junior government polytechnics, industrial technical institutes, industrial training centres, nursing training institutes etc.; technical and professional colleges include engineering colleges, medical colleges, para-medical institutes, management colleges, teachers training and nursing training colleges, law colleges, art colleges, music colleges etc. Special and non-formal education centres include sishu siksha kendras, madhyamik siksha kendras, centres of Rabindra mukta vidyalaya, recognised Sanskrit tols, institutions for the blind and other handicapped persons, Anganwadi centres, reformatory schools etc.<ref name=2handbook2014/>

The following institutions are located in Barhampur subdivision:
*[[Murshidabad University]] was established at [[Berhampore]] in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Murshidabad University Act, 2017 |url=https://wbhed.gov.in/readwrite/uploads/Murshidabad_University_Act_2018.pdf|access-date=3 June 2021}}</ref>
*[[Krishnath College]] was established at [[Baharampur]] in 1853. In addition to undergraduate courses it offers post-graduate courses in physiology, sericulture and Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://krishnathcollege.com/webdata.php?v=10| title = Krishnath College| publisher = KC| access-date = 12 September 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170912111919/http://krishnathcollege.com/webdata.php?v=10| archive-date = 12 September 2017| url-status = usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/KrishnathCollege/Krishnath_College.shtml | title = KC | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Berhampore College]], was initially founded in 1963 as Raja Krishnath College of Commerce, and was renamed in 1975. It is located in Baharampur.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.berhamporecollege.in/index.aspx | title = Berhampore College | publisher = BC |access-date = 13 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Berhampore Girls' College]] was established at Baharampur in 1946.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.berhamporegirlscollege.org.in/ | title = Berhampore Girls' College | publisher = BGC | access-date = 12 September 2017 | archive-date = 17 September 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170917123927/http://www.berhamporegirlscollege.org.in/ | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/BerhamporeGirlsCollege/Berhampore_Girls_College.shtml | title = Berhampore Girls' College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore]] was established at Baharampur in 1928.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://gcettb.ac.in/home | title = Government College of Engineering & Textile Technology, Berhampore | publisher = GCETTB |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Murshidabad College of Engineering & Technology]] was established at Baharampur in 1998.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mcetbhb.net/# | title = Murshidabad College of Engineering & Technology | publisher = meetbhb |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute]] is a research station conducted by the Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India, established at Baharampur in 1943. It conducts a regular post-graduate course in sericulture and tailor-made courses.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.csrtiber.res.in/ | title = Central Sericulture and Research Institute, Berhampore (W.B.)| publisher = Central Silk Board, Ministry of Textiles, Government of India |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital]] was established at Baharampur in 2012.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}}
*[[Hazi A.K. Khan College]] was established at [[Hariharpara]] in 2008.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.haziakkhancollege.in/ | title = Haji A.K, Khan College | publisher = HAKKC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/HaziAKKhanCollege/HaziAKKhanCollege.shtml | title = Haji A.K.Khan College | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[S.R. Fatepuria College|Sewnarayan Rameswar Fatepuria College]] was established at [[Beldanga]] in 1965.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.shiksha.com/college/sewnarayan-rameswar-fatepuria-college-murshidabad-47663 | title = Sewnarayan Rameswar Fatepuria College| publisher = Shiksha |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*[[Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya]] was established in 1986 at [[Amtala, Murshidabad|Amtala]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://jrm.org.in/History.html# | title = Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya | publisher = JRM |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/JatindraRajendraMahavidyalaya/Jatindra_Rajendra_Mahavidyalaya.shtml | title = Jatindra Rajendra Mahavidyalaya | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*Union Christian Training College was established at Baharampur in 1938. Affiliated with the [[West Bengal University of Teachers' Training, Education Planning and Administration]] for its BEd course, and with the [[University of Kalyani]] for its BPEd course.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.uctcollege.org/index.php | title = Union Christian Training College | publisher = UCTC |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>
*Monarch College of Art and Technology, is a private college at Baharampur offering courses in animation film making and ceramic design.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.collegeadmission.in/MonarchCollegeofArtandTechnology/MonarchCollegeofArtandTechnology.shtml| title = Monarch College of Art and Technology | publisher = College Admission |access-date = 12 September 2017}}</ref>

==Healthcare==
The table below (all data in numbers) presents an overview of the medical facilities available and patients treated in the hospitals, health centres and sub-centres in 2014 in Murshidabad district.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Murshidabad | work = Table 3.1, 3.3 | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | access-date = 20 June 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170729135056/http://www.dospiwb.org.in/site.php | archive-date = 29 July 2017 | url-status = usurped }}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size: 9pt"
|-
!width="110" rowspan="2"| Subdivision
!width="160" colspan="4" rowspan="1"| Health & Family Welfare Deptt, WB

!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Other State Govt Deptts
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Local bodies
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Central Govt Deptts / PSUs
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|NGO / Private Nursing Homes
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Beds
!widthspan="110" rowspan="2"|Total Number of Doctors*
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Indoor Patients
!widthspan="130" rowspan="2"|Outdoor Patients
|-
!width="40"|Hospitals 
!width="40"|Rural Hospitals 
!width="40"|Block Primary Health Centres 
!width="40"|Primary Health Centres 
|-
|align=left|Barhampur
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|3
|align="center"| -
|align="center"| -
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|71
|align="center"|1,645
|align="center"|282
|align="center"|149,393
|align="center"|2,094,027
|-
|align=left|[[Kandi subdivision|Kandi]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|17
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|30
|align="center"|567
|align="center"|68
|align="center"|85,624
|align="center"|1,005,056
|-
|align=left|[[Jangipur subdivision|Jangipur]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|15
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"|12
|align="center"|37
|align="center"|590
|align="center"|62
|align="center"|141,427
|align="center"|1,043,548
|-
|align=left|[[Lalbag subdivision|Lalbag]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|14
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|23
|align="center"|45
|align="center"|483
|align="center"|65
|align="center"|105,562
|align="center"|1,154,275
|-
|align=left|[[Domkol subdivision|Domkol]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|19
|align="center"|33
|align="center"|252
|align="center"|44
|align="center"|45,110
|align="center"|802,309
|-
|align=left|[[Murshidabad district]]
|align="center"|6
|align="center"|9
|align="center"|18
|align="center"|70
|align="center"|4
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|105
|align="center"|216
|align="center"|2,537
|align="center"|521
|align="center"|527,116
|align="center"|6,099,215
|-
|}
.* Excluding nursing homes

Medical facilities in Barhampur subdivision are as follows:

'''Hospitals''': (Name, location, beds)<ref name=medical>{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work = Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal | access-date = 18 September 2017 | archive-date = 28 October 2021 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211028134305/https://qphs.fs.quoracdn.net/main-qimg-99a499ee367f0c1530476c81086270c8 | url-status = dead }}</ref>
* Murshidabad District Hospital, [[Baharampur]], 391 beds<ref>{{cite news |title=মুর্শিদাবাদ গ্রামীন চিকিৎসক সমিতির জেলা সম্মেলন |url=https://www.wbmirror.com/districts/মুর্শিদাবাদ-গ্রামীন-চিকি/ |access-date=5 December 2018 |publisher=WB Mirror |date=5 December 2018}}</ref>
* Baharampur General Hospital, Baharampur, 225 beds (running as part of Murshidabad District Hospital)
* Baharampur Central Jail Hospital, Baharampur, 87 beds
* Baharampur Police Hospital, Baharampur, 68 beds
* Borstal Jail Hospital, Baharampur, 10 beds
* Mental Hospital, Baharampur, 350 beds

'''Rural Hospitals''': (Name, block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/>
* Beldanga Rural Hospital, Beldanga Municipality, [[Beldanga]], 30 beds
* Amtala Rural Hospital, Naoda CD Block, [[Amtala, Murshidabad|Amtala]], 50 beds
* Saktipur Rural Hospital, Beldanga II, [[Shaktipur]], 30 beds

'''Block Primary Health Centres''': (Name, block, location, beds)<ref name=medical/>
* Beldanga BPHC, Beldanga I CD Block, [[Beldanga]], 25 beds
* Hariharpara BPHC, Hariharpara CD Block, [[Hariharpara]], 20 beds
* Karnasuvarna BPHC, Berhampre CD Block, Karnasuvarna, 15 beds

'''Primary Health Centres''': (CD Block-wise)(CD Block, PHC location, beds)<ref name=medical/>
* Beldanga I CD Block: Chaitanyapur (10), Gopinathpur (6)
* Beldanga II CD Block: Ramnagar-Bachra, Bachra (10), Sompara (4), Andulberia, Nazirpur (10)
* Naoda CD Block: Gangadhari (10), Sabdarnagar (10), Tungi (6), Sarbangapur (2), Patkabari (10)
* Hariharpara CD Block: Baharan, Baruipara (10), Choan (6), Ghoramara-Mahismara, Mahismara (6)
* Berhampore CD Block: Chourigachha, Satui (10), Hatinagar (10)

==Electoral constituencies==
[[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) and [[Vidhan Sabha]] (state assembly) constituencies in Barhampur subdivision were as follows:<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web| url = http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/WestBengal/FINAL%20ORDER%20NOTIFICATION_English.pdf | title = Delimitation Commission Order No. 18, 15 February 2006 | access-date= 9 September 2017|work = West Bengal| publisher= Election Commission of India}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Lok Sabha constituency ||Reservation||Vidhan Sabha constituency ||Reservation||CD Block and/or Gram panchayats and/or municipal areas
|-
|[[Baharampur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Baharampur]]||None||[[Bharatpur, West Bengal Assembly constituency|Bharatpur]]||None||[[Bharatpur II]] CD Block, and Alugram, Amlai, Bharatpur, Sijgram and Talgram GPs of [[Bharatpur I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Rejinagar Assembly constituency|Rejinagar]]||None||[[Beldanga II]] CD Block, and Begunbari, Kapasdanga and Mirjapur I GPs of [[Beldanga I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Beldanga Assembly constituency|Beldanga]]||None||[[Beldanga]] municipality, Bhabta I, Bhabta II, Debkundu, Mirjapur II, Mahula I and Sujapur Kumarpur GPs of [[Beldanga I]] CD Block, and Bhakuri II, Haridasmati, Naoda Panur, Rajdharpara and Rangamati Chandpara GPs of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Baharampur Assembly constituency|Baharampur]]||None||[[Baharampur]] municipality, and Bhakuri I, Daulatabad, Gurudaspur, Hatinagar and Manindranagar GPs of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Naoda Assembly constituency|Naoda]]||None||[[Naoda (community development block)|Naoda]] CD Block and Chaitannapur I, Chaitannapur II, Madda and Mahula II GPs of [[Beldanga I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Burwan Assembly constituency|Burwan]] in [[Kandi subdivision]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||Biprasekhar, Burwan I, Burwan II, Kharjuna, Kuli, Kurunnorun, Panchthupi, Sabaldaha, Sabalpur, Sahora and Sundarpur [[gram panchayat]]s of [[Burwan (community development block)|Burwan]] [[Community Development Block in India|community development block]] and Gadda, Jajan and Gundiria GPs of [[Bharatpur I]] CD Block
|-
| || ||[[Kandi Assembly constituency|Kandi]] in [[Kandi subdivision]]||None||[[Kandi, Murshidabad|Kandi]] municipality, [[Kandi (community development block)|Kandi]] CD Block, and Satui Chaurigachha GPs of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] CD Block
|-
|[[Murshidabad (Lok Sabha constituency)|Murshdiabad]]||None||[[Hariharpara Assembly constituency|Hariharpara]]||None||[[Hariharpara (community development block)|Hariharpara]] CD Block and Chhaighari and Madanpur GPs of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] CD Block
|-
| || ||1 assembly segment in [[Lalbag subdivision]] and 5 assembly segments in [[Domkol subdivision]]|| ||
|-
|[[Jangipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jangipur]]||None||[[Nabagram Assembly constituency|Nabagram]] in [[Lalbag subdivision]]||Reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|SC]]||[[Nabagram (community development block)|Nabagram]] CD Block, and Niyallishpara Goaljan, Radharghat I, Radharghat II and Sahajadpur GPs of [[Berhampore (community development block)|Berhampore]] CD Block
|-
| || ||4 assembly segment in [[Jangipur subdivision]], 2 assembly segments in [[Lalbag subdivision]] and 1 assembly segment in [[Kandi subdivision]]|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage inline|Baharampur}}

{{Murshidabad District}}
{{Murshidabad topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Barhampur Subdivision}}
[[Category:Subdivisions of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Subdivisions in Murshidabad district]]

Prabhu Communities

2026-01-17T13:19:14Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: quick update formatting for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|Group of related Hindu castes}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=September 2024}}{{lead rewrite|date=September 2018|reason=Lead does not conform to style guide, see }}{{context|date=September 2018}}}}

The 'Prabhu caste' or '''Prabhu communities''' are a group of related [[Hindu]] [[castes]] of Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Daman and Northern districts of Konkan region in [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]. There are four such castes, all having different ritual and social status within the caste system of [[Maharashtra]], but all of them having traditions traced back to the 12th century. They are [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]], [[Pathare Prabhu]], [[Pathare Prabhu (Kanchole)|Kanchole Prabhus]] and the Davane Prabhu.

==Subdivisions==
* [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] (popularly known as CKP)
* [[Pathare Prabhu]]
*[[Pathare Prabhu (Kanchole)|Drauv Prabhu]] also known as Kanchole Prabhus or Pathare Prabhu Kanchole

==Details==

===Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu (CKP) & pathare prabhu ===
The [[CKP]]s and Pathare Prabhu are one of the subdivisions of Prabhu community along with Davane prabhus were later included in CKPs.<ref name="gupchup">{{cite book |author=Vijaya Gupchup |title=Bombay: Social Change 1813-1857 |page=166,180,184,185,186 |quote=(page 166,185)The other intellectual class, the Prabhus were once again subdivided in the Chnadraseniya Kayastha Prabhu and the Pathare Prabhus}}</ref> Along with the [[Saraswat]], [[Deshastha]] and [[Chitpawan]] they have been considered as an "advanced caste" due to similarities in education and occupational status.<ref name="singh98">{{cite book |author=Kumar Suresh Singh |title=India's communities-Anthropological Survey of India, VolumeIV |publisher=Oxford University press |year=1998 |page=635 |quote=[ckp].. superior to the three other divisions namely Pathare Prabhus, Davaned Prabhu and Dhauv Prabhu}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Society and Politics in India: Essays in a Comparative Perspective|author= André Béteille|year= 1991|publisher=Athlone Press|quote= Although the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu are non-Brahmins, they rank very high and might be regarded as being socially proximate to the Koknastha Brahman.|page=48}}</ref><ref name=aphale76>{{cite book | title=Growing Up in an Urban Complex | author= Champa Aphale | year =1976| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nBYFAAAAMAAJ&q=C.k.P| page= 5| publisher=National Publishing House|quote=advanced castes among the maharashtrians viz. Brahmins. In this groups were also included families belonging to the chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu besides the three subscastes among the brahmins, viz. Kokanastha Brahmins, Deshastha Brahmins and Saraswat Brahmins. The reason for this was that, though non-Brahmins, these C.K.P. families were very much near the Brahmin families as regards their educational and occupational status.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title= Book Contradictions and Conflict: A Dialectical Political Anthropology of a University in Western India (Studies in Human Society, Vol 9)|author= Kurtz Dr, Donald V|page=68|year=1997|publisher= BRILL|isbn=9004098283| quote=... CKPs. They represent a small but literate and ritually high caste.}}</ref>

The [[Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu]] (CKP) and [[Pathare Prabhu]] are considered intellectual classes (other than Brahmins) and have been advanced in education. Both have vedic [[upanayana]] (thread ceremonies or 'munj' in marathi) and their 'vedokta' or rights to study of Vedas and perform Vedic rituals has been formally approved by the Brahmin councils and ratified by the [[Shankaracharya]]s based on [[shastras]]. In case of Pathare Prabhus the formal approval was given by the Shankaracharya of Shingeri and in the case of CKPs by Brahmin councils of Pune, Banares, Bajirao II and the Shankaracharya of Karvir and Sanakareshwar Math (a [[Deshastha Brahmin]]).<ref>{{cite journal | title = The American Economic Review - Volume 96, Issues 3-4 |page = 1228 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RC6yAAAAIAAJ&q=pathare|publisher = Nashville, Tenn. American Economic Association | year=2006 |quote= High castes include all the Brahmin jatis, as well as a few other elite jatis (CKP and Pathare Prabhus).Low castes include formerly untouchable and backward castes (Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Castes, as defined by the government of India). Medium castes are drawn mostly from the cultivator jatis, such as the Marathas and the Kunbis, as well as other traditional vocations that were not considered to be ritually impure.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=The Making of History: Essays Presented to Irfan Habib (Anthem South Asian Studies)|year=2002|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ejrBraqBaLQC&pg=PA197|publisher=Anthem Press|page=197|editor1=Utsa Patnaik|editor2=Terence J. Byres|editor3=K. N. Panikkar|isbn=9781843310389}}</ref><ref name="MiltonWagle">{{cite book|title=Religion and Society in Maharashtra|editor=Milton Israel and N.K.Wagle|publisher=Center for South Asian Studies, University of Toronto, Canada|year= 1987}}</ref>{{efn|name=fn2|quote on page 173:''Rajvadyanchi Gagabhatti'' appendix 4, pp-1-21. The Shankaracharya's letter contains three documents which he produces verbatim, two from Banares Brahmins (1779, 1801) proving the CKPs vedokta and one from Pune Brahmins award Ratified by Bajirav II in 1796.}}<ref name="gupchup"/><ref>{{cite book |title = India's communities | author = KS Singh| page= 2083| year =1998|publisher=Oxford University Press| quote=..the Chandraseniya Kayastha Prabhu observe the thread-wearing (janeu) ceremony for male children. They cremate the dead and observe death pollution for ten days.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Agrarian structure, movements & peasant organisations in India, Volume 2 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=UuJFAAAAYAAJ&q=prabhu,pathare|page=29|author = Sulabha Brahme, Ashok Upadhyaya|publisher = V.V. Giri National Labour Institute|year=2004|quote= Besides Brahmins, the other communities advanced in education are Kayastha Prabhu, Pathare Prabhu found mainly in the...|isbn = 9788178270647}}</ref>{{excessive citations inline|date=March 2019}}

===Kanchole Prabhus===
The Drauv (or Dhurus) are also known as [[Pathare Prabhu (Kanchole)|Kanchole Prabhus]]. It is said that they were part of the Pathare Prabhu community but were excommunicated for disobeying caste rules. The Kacholes made several attempts and appeals to the Pathare Prabhu caste to accept them back. The first was made in 1836, the second and third in 1881. In November 1881, 38 gentlemen from the Pathare Prabhu community confirmed the Kanchole's "purity of blood", similar religious beliefs, similar gotras and characteristics and professions, similarity in writings, status etc. Despite these proofs they were not readmitted due to rigid 19th century rules regarding caste pollution.<ref name="gupchup"/>{{Explain|reason=Complete citation or quote is expected|date=February 2024}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Social groups of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Ethnoreligious groups in Asia]]
[[Category:Marathi people]]
[[Category:Prabhu Communities of Maharashtra| ]]

Bhavnagar Terminus railway station

2025-12-31T11:24:48Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: added a page

{{refimprove|date=September 2024}}
{{short description|Railway station in Gujarat, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Bhavnagar Terminus
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| symbol_location =
| style = Indian Railways
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Indian Railway]] station
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| address = [[Bhavnagar, Gujarat]]
| borough =
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|21.781755|72.142164|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|11|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}
| owned = [[Ministry of Railways]] [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Western Railway zone|Western Railway]]
| line = [[Surendranagar-Bhavnagar line]]
| distance =
| platforms = 3
| tracks = 4
| train_operators =
| connections =
| structure = Standard on ground
| parking = Yes
| bicycle = Yes
| electrified = {{Start date and age|2022|8}}
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = BVC
| zone = [[Western Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Bhavnagar}}
}}
| website =
| opened = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1880}}{{cn|date=September 2024}}
| closed = 
| status = Operating
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_rank =
| services =
| map_locator =
| map_type = India Gujarat#India
| map_dot_label = Bhavnagar Terminus
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in [[Gujarat]]##Location in India
}}
'''Bhavnagar Terminus railway station''' (station code:- '''BVC''') is a railway station serving [[Bhavnagar]] town, in [[Bhavnagar district]] of the Indian state of [[Gujarat]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/departures/bhavnagar-terminus-bvc/967| title=BVC/Bhavnagar Terminus| website=India Rail Info}}</ref> It is under [[Bhavnagar railway division]] of [[Western Railway zone]] of Indian Railways. Bhavnagar Terminus is "'''A'''" category station of [[Bhavnagar railway division]] of [[Western Railway zone]]. As of 2022, a single electric broad-gauge railway line exists.

Bhavnagar Terminus is well connected by rail to {{stnlnk|Udhampur}}, {{stnlnk|Kakinada Port}}, {{stnlnk|Kochuveli}}, [[Dhanbad Junction railway station|Dhanbad Junction]], {{stnlnk|Asansol Junction}}, [[Bandra Terminus]], {{stnlnk|Surendranagar Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Botad Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Palitana}}, {{stnlnk|Mahuva Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Veraval Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Porbandar}}, {{stnlnk|Sabarmati Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Haridwar}}, {{stnlnk|Ajmer Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Jaipur Junction}}, {{stnlnk|Lucknow Charbagh}}, {{stnlnk|Ayodhya Cantt}}, and {{stnlnk|Okha}}. Total 20 trains start from here.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://bhavnagar.city/railway-station/| title=Bhavnagar Terminus Train Schedule| website=Bhavnagar city}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.yatra.com/indian-railways/bhavnagar-trmus-bvc-railway-station| title=BVC/Bhavnagar Terminus| website=Yatra}}</ref>

==Major trains==

Following major trains start from Bhavnagar station:
* 12755/56 [[Bhavnagar Terminus–Kakinada Port Express]]
* 19259/60 [[Kochuveli–Bhavnagar Express]]
* 12941/42 [[Parasnath Express]]
* 22964/63 [[Bhavnagar Terminus–Bandra Terminus Weekly Superfast Express]].
* 12971/72 [[Bandra Terminus–Bhavnagar Terminus Superfast Express]]
* 19107/08 [[Bhavnagar Terminus–Udhampur Janmabhoomi Express]]
* 19272/71 [[Bhavnagar Terminus–Haridwar Weekly Express]]
* 20966/65 [[Bhavnagar Terminus–Sabarmati Intercity Express]]
* 19201/02 [[Bhavnagar Terminus–Ayodhya Cantt Weekly Express]]

==See also==
*[[Bhavnagar State Railway]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Railway stations in Gujarat}}

[[Category:Railway stations in Bhavnagar district]]
[[Category:Bhavnagar railway division]]
[[Category:Railway terminus in India]]

{{Gujarat-railstation-stub}}

Teretrurus rhodogaster

2025-12-16T04:01:33Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: put up basic entry w/ infobox.

{{Short description|Species of snake}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{cite iucn |author=Srinivasulu, B. |author2=Srinivasulu, C. |author3=Ganesan, S.R. |author4=Prabhu, M. |author5=Sreekar, R. |author6=Ramesh, M. |year=2013 |title=''Brachyophidium rhodogaster'' |volume=2013 |article-number=e.T172611A1351984 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T172611A1351984.en |access-date=9 December 2018}}</ref>
|genus = Teretrurus
|species = rhodogaster
|authority = [[Frank Wall (herpetologist)|Wall]], 1921
|synonyms =
*''Teretrurus rhodogaster'' [[Malcolm Arthur Smith|M.A. Smith]], 1943
*''Brachyophidium rhodogaster'' Rajendran, 1985
|synonyms_ref = <ref name="McD99">McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré T. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, vol. 1. Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. {{ISBN|1-893777-00-6}} (series). {{ISBN|1-893777-01-4}} (volume).</ref><ref>Pyron, R. A., Ganesh, S. R., Sayyed, A., Sharma, V., Wallach, V., & Somaweera, R. 2016. A catalogue and systematic overview of the shield-tailed snakes (Serpentes: Uropeltidae). Zoosystema, 38(4), 453-506.</ref>
}}

'''''Teretrurus rhodogaster''''' is a [[species]] of nonvenomous [[Uropeltidae|shield tail snake]], [[Endemism|endemic]] to the [[Western Ghats]] of [[India]]. It is known as '''Wall's shield-tail snake''', the '''Palni Mountain burrowing snake''', or the '''red-bellied shield-tail snake'''.

It is perhaps the smallest species of shield-tail snake, with adults barely exceeding {{cvt|5–6|in}}.

==Geographic range==
It is found in [[South India]], in the [[Western Ghats]] encompassing the [[Palni Hills]] (Shembaganur in Kodaikanal Hills, Palnis).

The [[Type locality (biology)|type locality]] given is "Palnai Hills."<ref name="McD99"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{Cite journal |author=F. Wall |year=1921 |title=A new snake of the family Uropeltidae |journal=[[Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society]] |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=41–42 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30112553 }}

==External links==
*{{NRDB species|genus=Teretrurus|species=rhodogaster|date=1 September|year=2007}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q2375571}}

[[Category:Uropeltidae]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Snakes of Asia]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Frank Wall]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 1921]]
[[Category:Taxobox binomials not recognized by IUCN]]

Putlur (Anantapur district)

2025-12-02T15:48:31Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new location...

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Other uses|Putlur (disambiguation)}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Putlur
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|14.8167|N|77.9667|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Anantapur
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = Putlur
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 246
| population_total = 36,814
| population_as_of = 2001
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Putlur''' is a village in [[Anantapur district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is the headquarters of [[Putlur mandal]] in the [[Anantapur revenue division]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|accessdate=2007-05-29
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Anantapur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part32.pdf|publisher=Census of India|accessdate=6 June 2017|pages=391|format=PDF}}</ref>

== Geography ==
Putluru is located at {{Coord|14.8167|N|77.9667|E|}}.<ref>[http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Putluru.html Putluru at Fallingrain.com]</ref> It has an average elevation of 246 metres (810 ft).

== Demographics ==
According to the [[Indian census]], 2001, the demographic details of the Putlur mandal is as follows:<ref>[http://www.ourvillageindia.org/Place.aspx?PID=28118 Putlur mandal at Our Village India.org]</ref>
* Total Population: 36,814 in 7,997 Households
* Male Population: 18,756 and Female Population: 18,058
* Children Under 6 Yrs: 4,780 (Boys – 2,366 and Girls – 2,414)
* Total Literates: 17,456
* Ellutla was Second biggest village from this mandal

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Anantapur district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in Anantapur district]]

{{Anantapur-geo-stub}}

Mahanakalan Khurd

2025-11-28T01:30:33Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: cleanup article per sources

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Mahana
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_caption =
| nickname = Islampur
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Mahana in Uttar Pradesh
| coordinates = {{coord|25|27|35|N|83|42|20|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{Flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = [[Ghazipur]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1700s
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Gram panchayat]]
| governing_body = [[Sarpanch|Gram pradhan]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 4.23
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 72
| population_total = 4220 [https://m.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania/]
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_metro =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi/Urdu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 232326 to** (** area code)
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code =
| registration_plate = UP 61
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 =
| blank2_name_sec1 = Literacy
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Climate of India|Climate]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Climatic regions of India|BW]] {{small|([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]])}}
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name = Mahana Kalan Khurd
| native_name_lang = |
| Image of Baksara =
| area_total_acre = 1045.25
| other_name =
| pushpin_relief = Yes
}}
'''Mahana''' (also known as Islampur) is a [[Seorai]] town Of [[Ghazipur District]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mahanakalan Khurd|url=https://m.mapsofindia.com/villages/uttar-pradesh/ghazipur/zamania/|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=List of Village in Zamania|url=http://www.indiagrowing.com/Uttar_Pradesh/Ghazipur/Zamania|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701041235/http://www.indiagrowing.com/Uttar_Pradesh/Ghazipur/Zamania|url-status=usurped|archive-date=1 July 2014|access-date=|website=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Mahana Village postal code|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/pincode/uttar-pradesh/fatehpur/mahana|access-date=|website=}}</ref>

==Historical population==
{{Historical populations
|align= none
|title= Population Growth of Mahana
|1861|918
|1871|1000
|1881|1090
|1891|1250
|1901|1300
|1911|1340
|1921|1380
|1931|1450
|1941|1570
|1951|1690
|1961|2880
|1971|3400
|1981|3600
|1991|3780
|2001|4110
|2011|4220
|footnote= Source:[[Census of India]]<ref name="Census data">{{cite web|url=http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |title=Census of India |publisher=mospi.gov.in |access-date=23 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080813081037/http://mospi.gov.in/comenv2000tab7.2.11.htm |archive-date=13 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 census of India.|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/}}</ref><ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|title=Historical Census of India|access-date=5 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Towns and villages in Kamsar]]

{{Ghazipur-geo-stub}}

Conquest of Mandalgarh

2025-11-17T07:11:46Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: details

{{short description|Conquest of Mandalgarh by the Malwa Sultanate}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup rewrite|date=December 2024}}
{{Notability|1=Events|date=December 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = '''Conquest of Mandalgarh'''
| width =
| partof = [[Mewar-Malwa Conflict]]
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| date = mid-October – 20 October 1457
| place = [[Mandalgarh]]
| coordinates = {{coord|25.2|N|75.1|E|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = Rajasthan#India#South Asia
| map_relief =
| map_size = 260px
| map_marksize =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory = [[Mandalgarh]] added to territory of [[Malwa Sultanate]].
| result = [[Malwa Sultanate]] victory<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rizvi |first=Saiyid Athar Abbas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SextAAAAMAAJ |title=The Wonder that was India: A Survey of the History and Culture of the Indian Sub-continent from the Coming of the Muslims to the British Conquest, 1200-1700 |date=1987 |publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson |isbn=978-0-283-99458-6 |pages=67 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Rajvi Amar |title=Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan |date=1992 |publisher=Rajvi Amar Singh |page=181 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZIMAQAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Palat |first1=Ravi |title=The Making of an Indian Ocean World-Economy, 1250-1650 |date=2015 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=9781137562265 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0DeCgAAQBAJ&q=mahmud+khalji+capture+Mandalgarh+in+1457}}</ref>
| status =
| combatants_header =
| combatant1 = [[Malwa Sultanate]]
| combatant2 = [[File:Mewar.svg|20px]][[Mewar Kingdom]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = [[Mahmud Khalji]]
| commander2 = [[File:Mewar.svg|20px]]Uparamal {{KIA}}
| commander3 =
| units1 =
| units2 =
| units3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 =
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
| campaignbox =
}}

The '''conquest of Mandalgarh''' was a military expedition led by Sultan [[Mahmud Khalji]] of [[Malwa]] against [[Mewar]], in what is now [[India]]. The primary objective of this campaign was to capture the [[Mandalgarh]] fort, which was under the command of Uparamal, a subordinate of [[Rana Kumbha]]. Khalji marched towards Mewar in the year 1457 to achieve this goal, personally surveyed the hillocks surrounding the fort, and selected the western hillock as his base of operations. Mandalgarh]] fort, located in the city of [[Mandalgarh]], is situated in the [[Bhilwara District]] of [[Rajasthan|Rajasthan, India]].

Khalji was able to capture the fort after a few days of siege,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Day |first=Upendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDl7fFVQURQC |title=Medieval Malwa: A Political and Cultural History, 1401-1562 |date=1965 |publisher=Munshi Ram Manohar Lal |isbn=978-81-215-0401-0 |pages=191 |language=en}}</ref> when Kumbha was busy fighting the Sultan of Gujarat and could not reinforce the fort. However, Kumbha recaptured the fort within a few days.<ref name="Somani-1976">{{Cite book |last=Somani |title=History of Mewar: from earliest times to 1751 A.D. |first=Ram Vallabh |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.ministry.14106/page/n148/mode/1up |date=1976 |publisher=C.L. Ranka, Jaipur |pages=136–137}}</ref>

==Preliminaries==
[[File:Map of Mewar-Udaipur.jpg|thumb|left|Map of Mewar Including [[Mandalgarh]] ]]

In 1457, this territory was under the control of Kumbha.<ref name="Day-1965" /> The conflict over the succession in [[Nagaur]] between Shams Khan, son of Firuz Khan, and Mujahid Khan, brother of Firuz Khan, had drawn Kumbha into the dispute. The Hadas of [[Bundi]], who had [[Mandalgarh]] taken from them by Kumbha and had accepted the suzerainty of Khalji, harbored strong animosity towards Kumbha.

Upon reaching the proximity of the [[Mewar]] territory, Khalji's armies were joined by forces from other regions of his kingdom. It appears that he marched through the lands belonging to Mewar, issuing orders to his army to destroy anything in their path, including cultivated fields and temples. These orders were given as a means of showcasing the Mewar ruler's inability to protect the lives, property, and religion of those affected by Khalji's campaigns. Having acquired knowledge from previous assaults, he was aware of the formidable nature of the fort, which was situated atop a hill amidst rugged terrain and dense vegetation.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Setting up his camp at a distance from the fort, Khalji personally surveyed the area, identifying a high hill on the western side that provided a strategic advantage for a potential attack. Despite the challenges posed by the rough terrain and dense jungle covering the hill, he initiated the clearance of foliage and excavation of rocks to create a passage to the hilltop. Skirmishes occurred during the road preparation, prompting him to deploy soldiers to engage the [[Rajputs]] while ensuring the passage construction remained undisturbed.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

After successfully establishing his camp at the hilltop, he commenced the siege by encircling the fort from all directions, blocking off any potential entry points. [[Trebuchet|Manjaniks]] and Maghribis were strategically positioned to facilitate the assault, with the utilization of a manjanik-i-rakabi for targeting and damaging the fortification walls. The Rajputs within the fort also employed manjaniks to repel the attackers and inflict heavy casualties on those near the walls.<ref name="Day-1965" /><ref name="People's Publishing House-1970" /><ref name="Somānī-1976" />

==Capture==
In 1456–57, Sultan [[Mahmud Khalji]] once again besieged [[Mandalgarh]] fort. Although he was able to capture the lower fort, the hill fort proved to be more difficult.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}} After the capture of the town, Khalji destroyed all the temples in the area and had mosques built in their place. He appointed mullas to perform the daily worship in these mosques. He then returned to [[Mandu, Madhya Pradesh|Mandu]] via [[Chittor]], sending his sons on missions to ravage the country of the Bhils and Kolis.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

As the siege persisted, an unexpected turn of events occurred when stones hurled by the manjanik from outside inadvertently damaged the most effective manjaniks within the fort of [[Mandalgarh]], rendering them unfit for use. This development brought great satisfaction to the besiegers, yet the defending forces remained resolute in their efforts to protect the fort. Any damage inflicted on the walls by the attackers was promptly repaired, thanks to the fort's sturdy construction. However, the relentless assault with matin and zopin eventually resulted in a significant breach in the outer fortifications, causing chaos among the fort's occupants as they sought refuge within the inner fort.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Recognizing the strategic importance of a water reservoir within the fort, which provided a crucial advantage to the defenders, Khalji ordered an attack on the reservoir's dams. The breach caused the water to escape and become contaminated, creating a water shortage that added to the besieged's hardships and increased the likelihood of a swift surrender. Additionally, Khalji ordered the filling of a portion of the ditch surrounding the outer wall to facilitate access for his army and enable entry into the fort.{{citation needed|date=December 2024}}

Once the ditch was filled, the defenders emerged from the inner fort with determination, engaging in a fierce battle. While some [[Rajputs]] valiantly fought to the end, others opted to surrender, offering ten [[lakh]]s of [[History of the taka|tankas]] as tribute and relinquishing control of the fort. However, due to the failing reservoirs of water caused by the firing of the cannons, the garrison eventually surrendered. Ultimately, the fort was successfully captured on 20 October 1457.<ref name="Day-1965">{{Cite book |last=Day |first=Upendra Nath |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XDl7fFVQURQC |title=Medieval Malwa: A Political and Cultural History, 1401-1562 |date=1965 |publisher=Munshi Ram Manohar Lal |isbn=978-81-215-0401-0 |pages=187–190 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Somānī-1976">{{Cite book |last=Somānī |first=Rāmavallabha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NcIBAAAAMAAJ |title=History of Mewar, from Earliest Times to 1751 A.D. |date=1976 |publisher=Mateshwari Publications |pages=136–137 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="People's Publishing House-1970">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJuAAAAMAAJ |title=A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat, A.D. 1206-1526, edited by Mohammad Habib and Khaliq Ahmad Nizami |date=1970 |publisher=People's Publishing House |pages=917 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hooja |first=Rima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tosMAQAAMAAJ |title=A History of Rajasthan |date=2006 |publisher=Rupa & Company |isbn=978-81-291-0890-6 |pages=342 |language=en}}</ref>

==Aftermath==
After allowing the occupants of the [[Mandalgarh]] fort to evacuate without further hindrance and releasing the captives upon payment of the required tribute, Khalji proceeded to enter the fort on the 6th of [[Dhu al-Hijjah|Zilhijja]]. Inside the fort, he demolished the old temple and utilized its materials to construct a mosque in its place. Furthermore, he appointed a qazi, a mufti, a muhtasib, a khatib, and a muazzin, establishing their stipends as well. These actions signified a symbolic transition to a permanent occupation, demonstrating the transformation that had occurred rather than being driven solely by religious fervor. With his long-held ambitions fulfilled and arrangements in place, Khalji then shifted his focus to other endeavors.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ratnawat |first1=Shyam Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6yNuAAAAMAAJ |title=History and Culture of Rajasthan: From Earliest Times Upto 1956 A.D. |last2=Sharma |first2=Krishna Gopal |date=1999 |publisher=Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan |pages=145 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jain |first=Kailash Chand |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hNPAQAAIAAJ |title=History of Jainism: Historical survey and spread of Jainism |date=2010 |publisher=D.K. Printworld |isbn=978-81-246-0549-3 |pages=555 |language=en}}</ref> The fort was soon recaptured by Kumbha.<ref name="Somani-1976" />

==See also==
* [[Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas]]
* [[Capture of Gagron (1444)]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Siege of Mandalgarh}}
[[Category:Military expeditions]]
[[Category:Malwa Sultanate]]

Swift (bird)

2025-11-15T16:12:15Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: updated details

{{Short description|Family of birds}}
{{Automatic taxobox
|fossil_range = {{fossil range|Eocene|Present|[[Eocene]] to present}}
|image = Apus apus 01.jpg
|image_caption = [[Common swift]], ''Apus apus''
|taxon = Apodidae
|authority = [[Ernst Hartert|Hartert]], 1897
|subdivision_ranks = Subfamilies
|subdivision =
*[[Cypseloidinae]]
*[[Apodinae]]
}}

The '''Apodidae''', or '''swifts''', form a family of highly aerial [[bird]]s. They are superficially similar to [[swallow]]s, but are not closely related to any [[passerine]] species. Swifts are placed in the order [[Apodiformes]] along with [[hummingbird]]s. The [[treeswift]]s are closely related to the true swifts, but form a separate family, the Hemiprocnidae.

Resemblances between swifts and swallows are due to [[convergent evolution]], reflecting similar life styles based on catching [[insect]]s in flight.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hasegawa |first1=Masaru |last2=Arai |first2=Emi |title=Convergent evolution of the tradeoff between egg size and tail fork depth in swallows and swifts |journal=Journal of Avian Biology |date=12 June 2018 |volume=49 |issue=8 |page=1 |doi=10.1111/jav.01684 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jav.01684 |access-date=12 February 2021|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

The family name, Apodidae, is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ἄπους (''ápous''), meaning "footless", a reference to the small, weak legs of these most aerial of birds.<ref name= job59>Jobling (2010) pp. 50–51.</ref><ref name= Kaufman>Kaufman (2001) p. 329.</ref> The tradition of depicting swifts without feet continued into the Middle Ages, as seen in the heraldic [[martlet]].

==Taxonomy==
[[File:Dans l'ombre des dinosaures - Scaniacypselus - 02.jpg|upright|thumb|right|''Scaniacypselus'' fossil]]
Taxonomists have long classified swifts and treeswifts as relatives of the [[hummingbird]]s, a judgment corroborated by the discovery of the [[Jungornithidae]] (apparently swift-like hummingbird-relatives) and of primitive hummingbirds such as ''[[Eurotrochilus]]''. Traditional taxonomies place the hummingbird family (Trochilidae) in the same order as the swifts and treeswifts (and no other birds); the [[Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy]] treated this group as a superorder in which the swift order was called Trochiliformes.

The taxonomy of the swifts is complicated, with genus and species boundaries widely disputed, especially amongst the [[swiftlet]]s. Analysis of behavior and vocalizations is complicated by common [[parallel evolution]], while analyses of different [[Morphology (biology)|morphological traits]] and of various [[DNA sequences]] have yielded equivocal and partly contradictory results.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Thomassen | first1 = Henri A. | last2 = Tex | first2 = Robert-Jan | last3 = de Bakker | first3 = Merijn A.G. | last4 = Povel | first4 = G. David E. | year = 2005 | title = Phylogenetic relationships amongst swifts and swiftlets: A multi locus approach | journal = Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution | volume = 37 | issue = 1| pages = 264–277 | doi = 10.1016/j.ympev.2005.05.010 | pmid=16006151}}</ref>

The Apodiformes diversified during the [[Eocene]], at the end of which the extant families were present; fossil genera are known from all over temperate Europe, between today's Denmark and France, such as the primitive swift-like ''[[Scaniacypselus]]''<ref name= mayr>{{cite journal |last= Mayr |first= Gerald |year= 2003 |title= A new Eocene swift-like bird with a peculiar feathering |journal= Ibis |volume= 145 |pages= 382–391 |url= http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/ibissegler.pdf |doi= 10.1046/j.1474-919x.2003.00168.x |issue= 3 |access-date= 2013-10-27 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225052/http://www.senckenberg.de/files/content/forschung/abteilung/terrzool/ornithologie/ibissegler.pdf |archive-date= 2016-03-03 |url-status= dead }}</ref> (Early–Middle Eocene) and the more modern ''[[Procypseloides]]'' (Late Eocene/Early [[Oligocene]] – Early [[Miocene]]). A prehistoric genus sometimes assigned to the swifts, ''[[Primapus]]'' (Early Eocene of England), might also be a more distant ancestor.

===Species===
{{Main|List of swift species}}
There are around 100 species of swifts, normally grouped into two subfamilies and four tribes.<ref name=chantler19>Chantler & Driessens (2000) pp. 19–20</ref>

'''[[Cypseloidinae]]'''
:*Tribe Cypseloidini
'''[[Apodinae]]'''
:*Tribe Collocaliini '''– [[swiftlets]]'''
:*Tribe Chaeturini ''' – needletails'''
:*Tribe Apodini ''' – typical swifts'''

==Description==
Swifts are among the fastest of birds in level flight, and larger species like the [[white-throated needletail]] have been reported travelling at up to {{convert|169|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}.<ref name="BBCnews">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/earth/hi/earth_news/newsid_8539000/8539383.stm| work=BBC News | first=Jody | last=Bourton | title=Supercharged swifts fly fastest | date=2 March 2010}}</ref> Even the [[common swift]] can cruise at a maximum speed of 31 [[metre per second|metres per second]] ({{convert|112|km/h|mph|abbr=on|disp=x|; }}). In a single year the common swift can cover at least 200,000 km,<ref>[[Ross Piper|Piper, Ross]] (2007), ''Extraordinary Animals: An Encyclopedia of Curious and Unusual Animals'', [[Greenwood Press (publisher)|Greenwood Press]],</ref> and in a lifetime, about two million kilometers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v41/n16/katherine-rundell/consider-the-swift|title=Consider the Swift|last=Rundell|first=Katherine|date=August 15, 2019|website=London Review of Books}}</ref>

The wingtip bones of swiftlets are of proportionately greater length than those of most other birds. Changing the angle between the bones of the wingtips and forelimbs allows swifts to alter the shape and area of their wings to increase their efficiency and maneuverability at various speeds.<ref>[http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/biomechanics/02944/on-swift-wings On Swift Wings | Natural History Magazine]</ref> They share with their relatives the [[hummingbird]]s a special ability to rotate their wings from the base, allowing the wing to remain rigid and fully extended and derive power on both the upstroke and downstroke.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=40mFwoALUFUC&dq=%22power+on+both+upstroke+and+down-+stroke.%22&pg=PA382 Birds of Venezuela – Steven L. Hilty]</ref> The downstroke produces both lift and thrust, while the upstroke produces a negative thrust (drag) that is 60% of the thrust generated during the downstrokes, but simultaneously it contributes lift that is also 60% of what is produced during the downstroke. This flight arrangement might benefit the bird's control and maneuverability in the air.<ref>[http://jeb.biologists.org/content/211/5/717.full Vortex wake and flight kinematics of a swift in cruising flight in a wind tunnel]</ref>

The [[swiftlet]]s or cave swiftlets have developed a form of [[Animal echolocation|echolocation]] for navigating through dark cave systems where they roost.<ref name=EoB/> One species, the [[three-toed swiftlet]], has recently been found to use this navigation at night outside its cave roost too.

==Distribution and habitat==
Swifts occur on all the continents except Antarctica, but not in the far north, in large deserts, or on many oceanic islands.<ref name = H&C>{{Cite book | last = Martins | first = Thais | author2 = Mead, Christopher J. | year = 2003 | chapter = Swifts | editor = Perrins, Christopher | editor-link = Chris Perrins | title = The Firefly Encyclopedia of Birds | publisher = Firefly Books | pages = [https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/346 346–350] | isbn = 1-55297-777-3 | chapter-url-access = registration | chapter-url = https://archive.org/details/fireflyencyclope0000unse/page/346 }}</ref> The swifts of temperate regions are strongly [[bird migration|migratory]] and winter in the tropics. Some species can survive short periods of cold weather by entering [[torpor]], a state similar to hibernation.<ref name=EoB>{{Cite book|editor=Forshaw, Joseph|author= Collins, Charles T.|year=1991|title=Encyclopaedia of Animals: Birds|publisher= Merehurst Press|location=London|pages= 134–136|isbn= 1-85391-186-0}}</ref>

Many have a characteristic shape, with a short forked tail and very long swept-back wings that resemble a crescent or a [[boomerang]]. The flight of some species is characterised by a distinctive "flicking" action quite different from swallows. Swifts range in size from the pygmy swiftlet (''Collocalia troglodytes''), which weighs 5.4 g and measures {{convert|9|cm|in|abbr=on}} long, to the [[purple needletail]] (''Hirundapus celebensis''), which weighs {{convert|184|g|oz|abbr=on}} and measures {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=EoB/>

==Behaviour==

===Breeding===
[[File:Mossy-nest Swiftlets (Aerodramus salangana natunae) on nest (15593076875).jpg|thumb|Nesting mossy-nest swiftlets]]
The nest of many species is glued to a vertical surface with saliva, and the genus ''[[Aerodramus]]'' use only that substance, which is the basis for [[bird's nest soup]]. Other swifts select holes and small cavities in walls.<ref name=Corrales2013/> The eggs hatch after 19 to 23 days, and the young leave the nest after a further six to eight weeks. Both parents assist in raising the young.<ref name=EoB/>

Swifts as a family have smaller egg clutches and much longer and more variable incubation and fledging times than [[passerine]]s with similarly sized eggs, resembling [[Procellariiformes|tubenoses]] in these developmental factors. Young birds reach a maximum weight heavier than their parents; they can cope with not being fed for long periods of time, and delay their feather growth when undernourished. Swifts and seabirds have generally secure nest sites, but their food sources are unreliable, whereas passerines are vulnerable in the nest but food is usually plentiful.<ref name= lacklack>{{cite journal |last= Lack |first= David |author2=Lack, Elizabeth |year=1951 |title= The breeding biology of the Swift ''Apus apus'' | journal= Ibis | volume= 93 | pages=501–546 |doi=10.1111/j.1474-919X.1951.tb05457.x |issue=4}}</ref><ref name= Boersma>{{cite journal |last= Boersma |first= P Dee |year= 1982|title=Why some birds take so long to hatch | journal= The American Naturalist | volume=120 | pages=733–750 |doi=10.1086/284027|jstor=2461170 |issue=6|s2cid= 83600491 }}</ref>

===Feeding===

All swifts eat insects, such as dragonflies, flies, ants, aphids, wasps and bees as well as aerial spiders. Prey is typically caught in flight using the beak. Some species, like the [[chimney swift]], hunt in mixed species flocks with other aerial insectivores such as members of [[Swallow|Hirundinidae (swallows)]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunne|first=Pete|title=Pete Dunne's essential field guide companion|date=2006|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co|isbn=978-0-618-23648-0|location=Boston|oclc=61169710}}</ref>

==Status==

No swift species has become extinct since 1600,<ref name=hbwonlinefam>{{cite web |editor1-last=del Hoyo |editor1-first=Josep |editor2-last=Elliott |editor2-first=Andrew |editor3-last=Sargatal |editor3-first=Jordi |editor4-last=Christie |editor4-first=David A. |editor5-last=de Juana |editor5-first=Eduardo |title=Apodidae |work=Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive |url=http://www.hbw.com/family/swifts-apodidae |publisher=Lynx Edicions |access-date=10 September 2013 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> but [[BirdLife International]] has assessed the [[Guam swiftlet]] as [[endangered species|endangered]] and lists the [[Atiu swiftlet|Atiu]], [[dark-rumped swift|dark-rumped]], [[Seychelles swiftlet|Seychelles]], and [[Tahiti swiftlet]]s as [[vulnerable species|vulnerable]]; twelve other species are [[near threatened]] or lack sufficient data for classification.<ref name=birdlifeapodidiae>{{cite web |title=Apodidae |work=Species |url=http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sowbsearchresults.php?a=ns&SearchTerms=apodidae |publisher=BirdLife International |access-date=27 October 2013 }}</ref>

==Exploitation by humans==
The hardened saliva nests of the [[edible-nest swiftlet]] and the [[black-nest swiftlet]] have been used in Chinese cooking for over 400 years, most often as [[edible bird's nest|bird's nest soup]].<ref name=Hobbs>{{cite journal |last=Hobbs |first=Joseph J |year= 2004|title= Problems in the harvest of edible birds' nests in Sarawak and Sabah, Malaysian Borneo| journal=Biodiversity and Conservation | volume= 13| pages=2209–2226 |doi=10.1023/b:bioc.0000047905.79709.7f|issue=12|s2cid=34483704 }}</ref> Over-harvesting of this expensive delicacy has led to a decline in the numbers of these swiftlets,<ref name=Gausset>{{cite journal |last= Gausset|first=Quentin |year= 2004|title=Chronicle of a Foreseeable Tragedy: Birds' Nests Management in the Niah Caves (Sarawak) | journal= Human Ecology| volume=32 | pages=487–506 |doi=10.1023/b:huec.0000043517.23277.54|issue=4|s2cid=154898420 }}</ref><ref name=MarconeA>{{cite journal |last=Marcone |first= Massimo F|year= 2005|title=Characterization of the edible bird's nest the ''Caviar of the East'' | journal=Food Research International | volume=38 | pages=1125–1134 |doi=10.1016/j.foodres.2005.02.008|issue=10}}</ref> especially as the nests are also thought to have health benefits and [[aphrodisiac]] properties. Most nests are built during the breeding season by the male swiftlet over a period of 35 days. They take the shape of a shallow cup stuck to the cave wall. The nests are composed of interwoven strands of salivary cement and contain high levels of calcium, iron, potassium, and magnesium.<ref name=MarconeA/>

==See also==
* [[Swift brick]]
* [[List of Apodiformes by population]]
* [[List of birds by flight speed]]
* [[International Swift Conference]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2 |refs=

<ref name=Corrales2013>{{cite journal |last1=Corrales |first1=L. |last2=Bautista |first2=L.M. |last3=SantaMaría |first3=T. |last4=Mas |first4=P. |year=2013 |title=Hole selection by nesting swifts in medieval city-walls of central Spain |journal=Ardeola |volume=60 |issue=2 |pages=291–304 |doi=10.13157/arla.60.2.2013.291 |s2cid=84894013 |url=https://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/96963/1/Corrales%20Ardeola60%20p291%202013.pdf |hdl=10261/96963 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book | last= Chantler | first= Phillip |author2=Driessens, Gerald | year= 2000| title= Swifts: A Guide to the Swifts and Treeswifts of the World |publisher = Pica Press | location = London | isbn =1-873403-83-6 }}
* {{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url =https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling|publisher = Christopher Helm | location = London | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 }}
* {{cite book | last= Kaufman | first= Kenn | year=2001 | title=Lives of North American Birds|publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt | location = Oxford| isbn =0-618-15988-6 }}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Apodidae}}
*[https://xeno-canto.org/explore?query=apodidae Swift sounds] on xeno-canto.org
*[http://www.swift-conservation.org] Swift Conservation.Org free advice on the natural history and conservation of Apus apus the Common Swift

{{Taxonbar|from=Q26617}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Apodidae|*]]
[[Category:Swifts|*]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Ernst Hartert]]
[[Category:Extant Eocene first appearances]]

Rupa Company

2025-11-04T23:58:54Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: new info

{{Short description|Indian clothing manufacturer}}
{{About|the clothing company|the publishing company|Rupa Publications}}
{{advert|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Rupa & Company Limited<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shobha |title=Rupa & Co to strengthen retail footprint by setting up EBOs |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/rupa-co-to-strengthen-retail-footprint-by-setting-up-ebos/article66164034.ece |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=21 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131155700/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/rupa-co-to-strengthen-retail-footprint-by-setting-up-ebos/article66164034.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
| logo = Rupa logo.png
| logo_caption =
| trading_name = Rupa
| traded_as = {{BSE|533552}} {{NSE|RUPA}}
| industry = [[Innerwear]] & [[outerwear]]
| founders = {{ubl|PR Agarwala|GP Agarwala|KB Agarwala}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1968}}
| hq_location = [[Kolkata]], India<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ganguly |first1=Ratna |last2=Mukherjee |first2=Writankar |title=Hosiery business: Striking gold with silverwear |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/hosiery-business-striking-gold-with-silverwear/articleshow/5744659.cms |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=The Economic Times |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131155700/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/advertising/hosiery-business-striking-gold-with-silverwear/articleshow/5744659.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
| key_people = {{ubl|PR Agarwala (chairman)<ref>{{cite news |last1=PR |first1=ANI |title=Rupa Group Chairman PR Agarwala to be awarded Padma Shri |url=https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/rupa-group-chairman-pr-agarwala-to-be-awarded-padma-shri/818780/ |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=ThePrint |date=1 February 2022 |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131155700/https://theprint.in/ani-press-releases/rupa-group-chairman-pr-agarwala-to-be-awarded-padma-shri/818780/ |url-status=live }}</ref>|GP Agarwala (vice chairman)|KB Agarwala (managing director)<ref>{{cite news |title=Rupa Garments: The Inside Story |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/marwari-power/rupa-garments-the-inside-story/37383/1 |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=Forbes India |language=en |archive-date=11 February 2022 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220211/https://www.forbesindia.com/article/marwari-power/rupa-garments-the-inside-story/37383/1 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
| products = [[Clothing]]
| brands = Frontline, Softline, Euro, Bumchums, Torrido, Thermocot, Macroman, Macrowoman, Footline, Jon
| revenue = {{up}} {{INRConvert|1474|c}} (FY22)<ref name="Revenue"/>
| net_income = {{up}} {{INRConvert|191|c}} (FY22)<ref name="Revenue">{{cite news |last1=Nahar |first1=Pawan |title=Rupa & Co drops 20% after Q4 earnings and resignation of CEO, CFO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/rupa-co-drops-20-after-q4-earnings-and-resignation-of-ceo-cfo/articleshow/91758841.cms |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=The Economic Times}}</ref>
| website = {{url|https://rupa.co.in}}|
}}
'''Rupa & Company Limited''' is an Indian clothing company which makes [[Knitted fabric|knitted garments]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Roy |first1=Shobha |title=Rupa & Company Ltd eyes 18% growth in sales in FY22 |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/rupa-company-ltd-eyes-18-growth-in-sales-in-fy22/article35971302.ece |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=The Hindu Businessline |date=18 August 2021 |language=en |archive-date=31 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131155700/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/companies/rupa-company-ltd-eyes-18-growth-in-sales-in-fy22/article35971302.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The Company is primarily engaged in the manufacture of hosiery products in knitted undergarments casual wears and thermal wears. It produces [[Undergarment|innerwear]], [[casual wear]], [[Winter clothing|thermal wear]] and [[Nightwear|sleepwear]] for men, women, and kids.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rupa's well-knit plans for consolidation |url=https://businessindia.co/magazine/rupas-well-knit-plans-for-consolidation |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=Business India |language=en |archive-date=30 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130154730/https://www.businessindia.co/magazine/rupas-well-knit-plans-for-consolidation |url-status=live }}</ref> While Frontline is its flagship brand, the Rupa family also consists of brands like Softline, Euro, Bumchums, Torrido, Thermocot, Macroman, Footline, and Jon. Rupa was founded and established by brothers [[Prahlad Rai Agarwala|PR Agarwala]], GP Agarwala and KB Agarwala in 1968 when the erstwhile [[hosiery]] market was at a nascent stage and mainly addressed by unorganized players.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rupa & Company: The inside story |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/rupa-company-the-inside-story/104544 |access-date=31 January 2023 |work=Fortune India |language=en |archive-date=24 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524030828/https://www.fortuneindia.com/enterprise/rupa-company-the-inside-story/104544 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Products==
Rupa produces [[Waistcoat|vests]], [[briefs]], [[Undergarment|drawers]], [[Bermuda shorts]], [[Capris]], [[T-shirts]], lounge wear, [[boxer short]]s and sleepwear for men; and [[bra]]s, [[panties]], [[camisoles]] and [[leggings]] for women. It also manufactures baba suits, [[bloomers]] and slips for infants/toddlers, and lounge-wear, Bermuda shorts and T-shirts for kids. Thermal wear is another major category that Rupa caters to: It offers winter wear for both men and women.{{fact|date=May 2025}}

==See also==
* [[Lux Industries]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official|https://rupa.co.in}}

[[Category:Indian companies established in 1985]]
[[Category:Clothing companies of India]]
[[Category:Indian brands]]
[[Category:Companies based in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Underwear brands]]

Prema Gopalan

2025-10-18T20:01:21Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: general corrected article for clarity and updated info

{{short description|Indian activist}}{{Infobox person/Wikidata|fetchwikidata=ALL}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
'''Prema Gopalan''' (1955/1956 – 29 March 2022) was an Indian [[social activist]]. She co-founded the Society for the Promotion of Area Resource Centers (SPARC) in 1984. She then founded and has been executive director of [[Swayam Shikshan Prayog]] (SSP) for over 20 years, supporting poor rural women in entrepreneurial schemes. She is also well known for disaster relief work in [[Bihar]], [[Gujarat]], [[Kerala]], [[Maharashtra]] and [[Tamil Nadu]]. Gopalan has received awards from the [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] and the [[United Nations Development Programme]]. She died on 29 March 2022 after a short illness at the age of 66.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Benerjee |first=Shoumojit |date=29 March 2022 |title=Noted Pune-based social entrepreneur Prema Gopalan passes away |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/noted-pune-based-social-entrepreneur-prema-gopalan-passes-away/article65271114.ece}}</ref>

==Early life==
Prema Gopalan was born in [[Pune]], India.<ref name="Khemka">{{cite web |title=Prema Gopalan—Swayam Shikshan Prayog (SSP) |url=http://www.khemkafoundation.org/awards/sey08/prema-gopalan.php |website=Khemka |accessdate=22 August 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20081227143550/http://www.khemkafoundation.org/awards/sey08/prema-gopalan.php |archivedate=27 December 2008}}</ref> She held an MA in [[social work]] and completed a M.Phil. in sociology and research methodology.<ref>{{cite web |title=Awardees |url=https://www.schwabfound.org/awardees/prema-gopalan |website=Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship |accessdate=22 August 2020 |archivedate=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822145510/https://www.schwabfound.org/awardees/prema-gopalan |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Prema Gopalan was a co-founder with [[Sheela Patel]] of SPARC in 1984. She started SSP in 1993, aiming to put rural poor women at the center of decentralized and democratic methods of self-management.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ashoka.org/node/2586 |title=Prema Gopalan|publisher=Ashoka |accessdate=22 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706060400/http://www.ashoka.org/node/2586 |archivedate=6 July 2010 |df=dmy-all }} - {{Cite web |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/ssp/118200395230.htm |title=From the field |accessdate=22 June 2009 |archive-date=24 July 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724211812/http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/fromthefield/ssp/118200395230.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> SSP functioned as a self-education network within SPARC until it (in association with the Government of [[Maharashtra]]) redesigned and implemented a widespread community participation strategy across 1200 villages in the [[1993 Latur earthquake|earthquake-hit]] districts of [[Latur]] and [[Osmanabad]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.developednation.org/interviews/premagopalan.htm |publisher=Developed Nation |title=Prema Gopalan |accessdate=22 June 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100717143709/http://www.developednation.org/interviews/premagopalan.htm |archivedate=17 July 2010 }}</ref> Gopalan has also worked with support efforts following the [[2001 Gujarat earthquake]], the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami]] and floods in [[Floods in Bihar|Bihar]] and Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Prachi | last1=Bhuchar |title=Leading Ladies |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20181231-leading-ladies-the-social-warriors-1415271-2018-12-23 |accessdate=22 August 2020 |work=India Today |date=23 December 2018 |archivedate=5 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705202509/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/the-big-story/story/20181231-leading-ladies-the-social-warriors-1415271-2018-12-23 |url-status=live }} - {{cite web|url=http://www.redorbit.com/news/international/276138/indiapakistan_quake_toll_rises_as_politics_hampers_relief/index.html|title=India Pakistan quake toll rises as politics hampers relief|website=Redorbit}} {{dead link|date=August 2020}}</ref>
SSP has helped women entrepreneurs to start businesses in these recovering zones.<ref name="Khemka" />

==Awards and recognition==
Gopalan has been made both an [[Ashoka Fellow]] and a Synergos Fellow.<ref>{{cite web |title=Prema Gopalan |url=https://resource-alliance.org/speakers/prema-gopalan/ |website=The Resource Alliance |accessdate=22 August 2020 |archive-date=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822145515/https://resource-alliance.org/speakers/prema-gopalan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]] (UNFCCC) presented her with the Momentum for Change Award 2016 and the following year she won an [[Equator Prize]] from the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP). In 2018, Gopalan was presented with Social Entrepreneur of the Year award by the [[Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Banerjee |first1=Shoumojit |title=Defying vagaries of nature to create entrepreneurs |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/defying-vagaries-of-nature-to-create-entrepreneurs/article25439777.ece |accessdate=22 August 2020 |work=The Hindu |date=8 November 2018 |archivedate=22 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200822134451/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/defying-vagaries-of-nature-to-create-entrepreneurs/article25439777.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gopalan, Prema}}
[[Category:1950s births]]
[[Category:2022 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women activists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Indian social entrepreneurs]]
[[Category:People from Pune]]

Treaty of Bassein (1534)

2025-09-20T17:17:46Z

Md Nazmul Hasan Niaz: quick updated citations per sources and added references

{{Short description|1534 treaty between Gujarat and Portugal}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{Expand Portuguese|date=March 2025}}
{{more citations needed|date=March 2024}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2021}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Treaty of Baçaim (1534)
| long_name =
| image =
| image_width = 250px
| image_alt =
| caption =
| type =
| context =
| date_signed = 23 December 1534
| location_signed = At sea, aboard the Portuguese galleon ''São Mateus''
| mediators = An envoy from the Ottoman Empire
| negotiators =
* {{flagd|Kingdom of Portugal|1521}} [[Nuno da Cunha]]
* [[Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat|Sultan Bahadur]]
| signatories =
* [[File:Flag of Portugal (1521).svg|23px]] [[Kingdom of Portugal]]
* [[Sultanate of Gujarat]]
| wikisource =
| wikisource1 =
}}

The '''Treaty of Baçaim''' was signed by [[Sultan Bahadur of Gujarat]] and the [[Kingdom of Portugal]] on 23 December 1534.<ref>Trudy Ring, Robert M. Salkin, Sharon La Boda (ed.). International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania. 5. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 142. ISBN 1884964044</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of treaties]]
*[[Military history of Bassein]]
*[[Gujarati-Portuguese conflicts]]
*[[Portuguese India]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070222060157/http://www.mumbaicustoms.gov.in/history.asp Mumbai Customs]
*[http://www.boloji.com/places/025.htm Mumbai - The Cosmopolitan City]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20040212213831/http://www.geocities.com/unitedit/vasai_hist.htm Vasai History]

[[Category:1530s treaties]]
[[Category:1534 in law]]
[[Category:1534 works]]
[[Category:1534 in Portugal]]
[[Category:Gujarat Sultanate]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Kingdom of Portugal|Bassein]]
[[Category:History of Vasai]]

{{Treaty-stub}}