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Ernakulam Assembly constituency

2026-05-05T12:44:00Z

Mazzulah Peel: Put Up Initial Article Basic Info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Kerala legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| state = Kerala
| name = Ernakulam
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 82
| map_image = Stadium Link Road Kochi.jpg
| map_caption = The [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Kochi)|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]] Link Road at [[Kaloor]]
| established = 1957
| reservation = None
| electors = 1,64,534 (2021)
| mla = [[T. J. Vinod]]
| party = [[File:Indian National Congress hand logo.svg|20px]] [[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| alliance = {{legend2|#0087BD |'''[[United Democratic Front (Kerala)|UDF]]'''|border=solid 1px #AAAAAA}}
| latest_election_year = [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| district = [[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]
}}
'''Ernakulam State assembly constituency''' is one of the 140 [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Kerala]] in southern [[India]]. It is also one of the seven [[Kerala Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies included in [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://ernakulam.nic.in/legislative-assembly
|title = State Assembly Constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala
}}</ref> As of the [[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021 assembly elections]], the current MLA is [[T. J. Vinod]] of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

==Local self-governed segments==
Ernakulam Assembly constituency is composed of the following 24 wards of the [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]] ([[Ernakulam]] zone and [[Vaduthala]] zone), and 1 [[Gram Panchayat]] in [[Kanayannur]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]]:<ref name="ekm">{{cite web
|url = http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|website = www.ceo.kerala.gov.in
|title = State Assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district, Kerala.
|access-date = 29 August 2019
|archive-date = 14 March 2011
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110314055251/http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/ernakulam.html
|url-status = dead
}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 95%;"
|+ '''Wards of [[Kochi Municipal Corporation]] in Ernakulam Assembly constituency'''
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
!width="20px" |Ward no.
!width="75px" |Name
|-
|29
|[[Willingdon Island|Island North]]
|30
|[[Willingdon Island|Island South]]
|31
|[[Vaduthala]] West
|-
|32
|[[Vaduthala]] East
|33
|Elamakkara North
|34
|Puthukkalavattam
|-
|36
|Kunnumpuram
|58
|Konthuruthy
|59
|[[Thevara]]
|-
|60
|Perumanur
|61
|[[Ravipuram]]
|62
|[[Ernakulam]] South
|-
|63
|[[Gandhi Nagar, Kochi|Gandhi Nagar]]
|64
|[[Kathrikadavu]]
|65
|[[Kaloor]] South
|-
|66
|[[Ernakulam]] Central
|67
|[[Ernakulam]] North
|68
|Ayyappankavu
|-
|69
|Thrikkanarvattom
|70
|[[Kaloor]] North
|71
|Elamakkara South
|-
|72
|Pottakuzhy
|73
|[[Pachalam]]
|74
|Thattazham
|}
{{notelist}}Wards 29 and 30 are included in [[Kochi]] Taluk, while the remaining 22 wards in the constituency are parts of [[Kanayannur]] Taluk.
{{srn}}
{| class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
|+Other Local Bodies in Ernakulam Assembly constituency
|- bgcolor="#CCCCCC" align="center"
!width="100px" | Name
!width="130px" | Local Body Type
!width="100px" | [[Tehsil|Taluk]]
|-
| [[Cheranallur]]
| [[Gram panchayat|Grama panchayat]]
| [[Kanayannur]]
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
The following list contains all members of [[Kerala Legislative Assembly]] who have represented Ernakulam Assembly constituency during the period of various assemblies:<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/assemblypolls/kerala/ernakulam-assembly-constituency-map.html
|title = Members of Kerala Legislative Assembly: Ernakulam
}}</ref>

'''Key'''

{{Party index link|Indian National Congress}} {{Party index link|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}

{| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%"
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Election
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Niyama<br>Sabha
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Member
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" colspan="2"|Party
! style="background-color:#666666; color:white" |Tenure
|-
| [[1957 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| 1st
| rowspan="2" |A. L. Jacob
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
| 1957 – 1960
|-
| [[1960 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1960]]
| 2nd
| 1960 – 1965
|-
| [[1967 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| 3rd
| Alexander Parambithara
| 1967 – 1970
|-
| [[1970 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1970]]
| 4th
| rowspan="4" |A. L. Jacob
| 1970 – 1977
|-
| [[1977 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| 5th
| 1977 – 1980
|-
| [[1980 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| 6th
| 1980 – 1982
|-
| [[1982 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| 7th
| 1982 – 1987
|-
| [[1987 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| 8th
| [[M. K. Sanu]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Independent (supported by LDF)]]
| 1987 – 1991
|-
| [[1991 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| 9th
| rowspan="2" |George Eden
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
| 1991 – 1996
|-
| [[1996 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |10th
| 1996 – 1998
|-
| 1998*
| [[Sebastian Paul]]
| width="4px" style="background-color: {{party color|Left Democratic Front (Kerala)}}"|
| [[Left Democratic Front (Kerala)|Independent (supported by LDF)]]
| 1998 - 2001
|-
| [[2001 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| 11th
| rowspan="2" |[[K. V. Thomas]]
| {{Party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=7}}
| 2001 – 2006
|-
| [[2006 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan="2" |12th
| 2006 – 2009
|-
| 2009*
| [[Dominic Presentation]]
| 2009 - 2011
|-
| [[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| 13th
| rowspan="2" |[[Hibi Eden]]
| 2011 – 2016
|-
| [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan="2" |14th
| 2016 - 2019
|-
| [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections|* 2019]]
| rowspan="2" |[[T. J. Vinod]]
| 2019 - 2021
|-
|[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan="2" |15th
| [[Incumbent]]
|}

* * by-election

==Election results==
Percentage change (±%) denotes the change in the number of votes from the immediate previous election.

===2026===

{{Election box begin | title=[[2026 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Ernakulam}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[T. J. Vinod]]
|votes = 61,296
|percentage = 56.89%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian Socialist Janata Dal
|candidate = Sabu George
|votes = 25,133
|percentage = 23.32%
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = BJP
|candidate = P. R. Sivashankar
|votes = 19,154
|percentage = 17.78%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Moses Henry Motha
|votes = 783
|percentage = 0.73%
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1079
|percentage = 1%
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
There were 1,64,534 registered voters in Ernakulam Assembly constituency for the 2021 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{Cite web|title=ceo.kerala.gov.in|url=http://www.ceo.kerala.gov.in/pdf/GE-2021/VoterTurnout2021.pdf}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: Eranakulam}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = T. J. Vinod
|votes = 45,930
|percentage = 41.72
|change = {{gain}}0.59
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = Shaji George
|votes = 34,960
|percentage = 31.75
|change = {{loss}}6.21
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Padmaja S. Menon
|votes = 16,043
|percentage = 14.57
|change = {{loss}}0.28
}}
{{Election box candidate
|party = [[Twenty20 Party]]
|candidate = Leslie Pallath
|votes = 10,634
|percentage = 9.66
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 712
|percentage = 0.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory
|votes = 10,970
|percentage = 9.97
|change = {{gain}}5.8
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,08,434
|percentage = 66.92
|change = {{gain}}9.01
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|swing = {{gain}}0.59
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019 by-election===
Due to the election of the sitting MLA [[Hibi Eden]] as the [[Member of parliament (India)|MP]] from [[Ernakulam Lok Sabha constituency]], Ernakulam Assembly constituency held a [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections|by-election]] on 21 October 2019. There were 1,55,306 registered voters in Ernakulam Assembly constituency for this election.<ref>{{cite web
|url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/assembly-bypolls-likely-after-onam/article28462693.ece
|title = Ernakulam Niyamasabha Constituency goes to bypoll, www.thehindu.com
|website = [[The Hindu]]
}}</ref> [[T. J. Vinod]] won the resulting by-election by 3750 votes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2019/10/24/kerala-by-election-udf-retains-ernakulam-tj-vinod-wins-by-3673-votes.html|title=വെള്ളക്കെട്ടിലും വീഴാതെ വിനോദിന് തിളക്കം; മനുവിന് തിരിച്ചടിയായത് അപരന്‍|website=ManoramaOnline|language=ml|access-date=2019-10-24}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]: [[Ernakulam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[T. J. Vinod]]
|votes = 37,891
|percentage = 42.13%
|change = {{loss}}10.19
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Left Democratic Front (Kerala)
|candidate = Manu Roy
|votes = 34,141
|percentage = 37.96%
|change = {{gain}}5.50
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = C. G. Rajagopal
|votes = 13,351
|percentage = 14.85%
|change = {{gain}}1.39
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Manu K. M.
|votes = 2,572
|percentage = 2.86%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 1,309
|percentage = 1.46%
|change = {{gain}}0.61
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Vinod A. P.
|votes = 206
|percentage = 0.23%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Samajwadi Forward Bloc
|candidate = Abdul Khader
|votes = 175
|percentage = 0.19%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Jaisen Thomas
|votes = 116
|percentage = 0.13%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Bosco Louis
|votes = 93
|percentage = 0.10%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ashokan
|votes = 78
|percentage = 0.09%
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 3,750
|percentage = 4.17%
|change = {{loss}}15.69
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 89,932
|percentage = 57.91%
|change = {{loss}}13.81
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = {{loss}}10.19
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2016===
There were 1,54,092 registered voters in Ernakulam Assembly constituency for the 2016 Kerala Assembly election.<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3767-kerala-general-legislative-election-2016
|title = Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2016, Election commission of India
}}</ref>

{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ernakulam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Hibi Eden]]|votes=57,819|percentage=52.32%|change={{decrease}}9.26}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=M. Anil Kumar|votes=35,870|percentage=32.46%|change={{increase}}4.21}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=N. K. Mohandas|votes=14,878|percentage=13.46%|change={{increase}}6.62}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=940|percentage=0.85%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Iqbal Thamarassery|votes=397|percentage=0.36%|change={{decrease}}0.40}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Samajwadi Party|candidate=Rubesh Jimmy Madathiparambil|votes=258|percentage=0.23%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Jossey Mathew|votes=117|percentage=0.11%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Anil Kumar Ananthapuram|votes=115|percentage=0.10%|change=-}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Anil Kumar Puliyoth|votes=114|percentage=0.10%|change=-}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 21,949
|percentage = 19.86%
|change ={{decrease}}13.47
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,10,508|percentage=71.72%|change={{increase}}0.56}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing ={{decrease}}9.26
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2011 ===
There were 1,36,722 registered voters in the constituency for the 2011 election.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kerala Niyamasabha Election Results 2011, Election commission of India|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3763-kerala-2011|access-date=11 March 2020|website=eci.gov.in}}</ref>
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Ernakulam]]}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=[[Hibi Eden]]|votes=59,919|percentage=61.58%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India (Marxist)|candidate=Sebastian Paul|votes=27,482|percentage=28.25%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=C. G. Rajagopal|votes=6,362|percentage=6.54%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent politician|candidate=Sebastian Njalamkunnel|votes=2,347|percentage=2.41%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bahujan Samaj Party|candidate=Iqbal Thamarassery|votes=742|percentage=0.76%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Shiv Sena|candidate=T. R. Vasudevan|votes=445|percentage=0.46%|change=}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 32,487
|percentage = 33.33%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=97,297|percentage=71.16%|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Ernakulam]]
* [[Ernakulam district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Kerala Legislative Assembly]]
* [[2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election]]
* [[2019 Kerala Legislative Assembly by-elections]]

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{Kerala Assembly Constituencies}}

{{Kerala Niyamasabha elections}}
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Kerala]]

[[Category:State assembly constituencies in Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in Kerala]]

Berhampore Girls' Mahakali Pathsala

2026-05-03T14:32:44Z

Mazzulah Peel: Put Up The Biography W/ Infobox

'''Berhampore Girls' Mahakali Pathsala''' or simply '''Mahakali Pathsala''' is a Bengali-medium School situated in the locality of [[Khagra]], in the city of [[Berhampore]], in the district of [[Murshidabad district|Murshidabad]], in [[West Bengal]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2026 |title=BERHAMPORE GIRLS' MAHAKALI PATHSALA |url=https://school.banglarshiksha.gov.in/ws/website/index/19073101712 |url-status=live |access-date= 7 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Mahakali Pathsala in Khagra,Berhampore-west Bengal | website=Justdial | date=2024-02-13 | url=https://www.justdial.com/Berhampore-West-Bengal/Mahakali-Pathsala-Khagra/9999P3482-3482-180125195715-Y9H6_BZDET | access-date=2026-02-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BERHAMPORE GIRLS MAHAKALI PATHSALA - Ward No. - 17 District Murshidabad (West Bengal) |url=https://schools.org.in/murshidabad/19073101712/berhampore-girls-mahakali-pathsala.html |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=schools.org.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahakali Pathsala {{!}} District Murshidabad {{!}} India |url=https://murshidabad.gov.in/public-utility/mahakali-pathsala/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20230606020417/https://murshidabad.gov.in/public-utility/mahakali-pathsala/ |archive-date=2023-06-06 |access-date=2026-02-08 |website=murshidabad.gov.in |language=en-US}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord missing|West Bengal}}

[[Category:Schools in Murshidabad district]]
[[Category:Berhampore]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in West Bengal]]
[[Category:High schools and secondary schools in West Bengal]]

{{Asia-school-stub}}

Madhavaram, Eluru

2026-05-03T10:54:53Z

Mazzulah Peel: made first page and citations - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
''Other uses, see [[Madhavaram (disambiguation)]]''
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Madhavaram
| native_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| coordinates = {{coord|17.601965611093554|N|81.08993001955078|E|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Eluru district|Eluru]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = |
| governing_body = [[Village Panchayat]]
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 1064
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Eluru]]
| website = {{URL|ap.gov.in}}
| iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:IN|IN-AP]]
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Madhavaram''', is a village in [[Kukkunoor]] Taluk of [[Eluru district]] of the [[Indian state]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2810_PART_B_DCHB_KHAMMAM.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref><ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2810_PART_A_DCHB_KHAMMAM.pdf Madhavaram], Census of India (2011)</ref> It was in [[Khammam district]], until the formation of [[Telangana]] state on 2 June 2014.<ref>{{cite news|date=18 July 2014|title=AP Govt prioritised Polavaram Villages to West Godavari|publisher=Gulte.com|url=http://www.gulte.com/news/28731/Priority-merger-process-of-Polavaram-T-villages|accessdate=7 October 2018}}</ref>

== Demographics ==

{| class="wikitable"
|+Total Number of Household : 274<ref>[https://censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=655085 Population finder]</ref>
!Population
!Persons
!Males
!Females
|-
|Total
|1,064
|633
|431
|-
|In the age group 0–6 years
|103
|49
|54
|-
|Scheduled Castes (SC)
|152
|69
|83
|-
|Scheduled Tribes (ST)
|521
|371
|150
|-
|Literates
|635
|456
|179
|-
|Illiterate
|429
|177
|252
|-
|Total Worker
|574
|291
|283
|-
|Main Worker
|534
|276
|258
|-
|Main Worker - Cultivator
|98
|57
|41
|-
|Main Worker - Agricultural Labourers
|402
|194
|208
|-
|Main Worker - Household Industries
|4
|4
|0
|-
|Main Worker - Other
|30
|21
|9
|-
|Marginal Worker
|40
|15
|25
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator
|1
|0
|1
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers
|21
|12
|9
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries
|1
|0
|1
|-
|Marginal Workers - Other
|17
|3
|14
|-
|Marginal Worker (3-6 Months)
|34
|13
|21
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (3-6 Months)
|1
|0
|1
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (3-6 Months)
|20
|11
|9
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (3-6 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other (3-6 Months)
|13
|2
|11
|-
|Marginal Worker (0-3 Months)
|6
|2
|4
|-
|Marginal Worker - Cultivator (0-3 Months)
|0
|0
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Agriculture Labourers (0-3 Months)
|1
|1
|0
|-
|Marginal Worker - Household Industries (0-3 Months)
|1
|0
|1
|-
|Marginal Worker - Other Workers (0-3 Months)
|4
|1
|3
|-
|Non Worker
|490
|342
|148
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Eluru district]]

Premadesam

2026-04-27T23:29:02Z

Mazzulah Peel: Done - done

{{Short description|2023 Indian romantic thriller film}}
{{for|the 1996 film|Kadhal Desam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Premadesam
| image = Premadesam poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Srikanth Siddham
| writer = Srikanth Siddham
| screenplay = Srikanth Siddham
| producer = Shireesha Siddham
| starring = {{plainlist|
* [[Thrigun]]
* [[Megha Akash]]
* Ajay Kathurvar
* [[Maya (actress)|Maya]]
* [[Madhoo|Madhubala]]
* Shiva Ramachandra
}}
| cinematography = Sajad Kaakku
| editing = Kiran Thumpera
| music = [[Mani Sharma]]
| studio = Siri Creative Works
| distributor =
| released = {{film date|2023|2|3|df=yes}}
| runtime = 139 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
}}

'''''Premadesam''''' ({{translation|Country of love}}) is a 2023 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Romance film|romantic]] [[drama film]] directed and produced by Srikanth Siddham. The film stars [[Thrigun]], and [[Megha Akash]], in lead roles while Ajay Kathurvar, [[Maya (actress)|Maya]], [[Madhoo|Madhubala]] and Shiva Ramachandra plays important supporting roles. The film's music was composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/premadesam-is-a-new-age-story-of-two-different-love-tales-director-srikanth-siddham/articleshow/97400395.cms?from=mdr |title='Premadesam' is a new-age story of two different love tales: Director Srikanth Siddham |date=28 January 2023 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |accessdate=13 February 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|

* [[Thrigun]] as Arjun
* [[Megha Akash]] as Aadya
* Ajay Kathurvar as Rishi
* [[Maya (actress)|Maya]] as Maya
* [[Madhoo|Madhubala]] as Arjun's mother
* Shiva Ramachandra as Shiva
* [[Vaishnavi Chaitanya]] as Maya's sister
* [[Tanikella Bharani]] as Maya's father
* [[Viva Harsha]] as Arjun's friend
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music for the film was composed by [[Mani Sharma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/6PeBWzitHoXKVVM1j41Qs2 |title=Premadesam |work=[[Spotify]] |year=2022}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Track listing
| title1 = Padamule Levu Pilla
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]], Harika Narayan
| lyrics1 = Karunakar Adigarla
| length1 = 4:14
| title2 = Thelavarene Swamy
| extra2 = Anjana Sowmya, [[Anurag Kulkarni]]
| lyrics2 = Ala Raju
| length2 = 3:52
| title3 = Azadi Azadi
| extra3 = [[Sreerama Chandra]]
| lyrics3 = Rehman
| length3 = 3:53
| title4 = Kallu Kallu Kalisayi
| extra4 = Anurag Kulkarni
| lyrics4 = Purnachary
| length4 = 3:39
| total_length = 15:38
}}

== Release ==
The film was originally scheduled to release on 2 December 2022 before the release was postponed to 3 February 2023.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Premadesam is not anything like Prema Desam of 1996; instead, it’s a romantic drama with a peppy first and mellow second half".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/premadesam/movie-review/97584415.cms |title=Premadesam Movie Review : A romantic drama with a peppy first and mellow second half |last=Nicodemus |first=Paul |date=3 February 2023 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[HT Media|OTTplay]]'' wrote that "On the whole, ''Prema Desam'' has a good plot. The romance and performances are good ".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ottplay.com/review/prema-desam-review-this-megha-akash-trigun-starrer-feels-like-an-old-wine-in-a-old-bottle/6efefee3ec764 |title=Prema Desam Review: This Megha Akash, Trigun starrer feels like an old wine in a new bottle |last=Mohammad |first=Avad |date=3 February 2023 |work=[[HT Media|OTTplay]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sakshi Post]]'' wrote that "While some situations do give a feeling that we have seen them in past, the treatment and characterizations makes it a good watch. The family emotions and the romantic tracks are well-executed".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sakshipost.com/news/movie-reviews/prema-desam-movie-review-168466 |title=Prema Desam Movie Review |work=[[Sakshi Post]] |date=3 February 2023}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb title|21618750}}

[[Category:2023 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Telugu-language romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

Subhash Garg

2026-04-24T18:08:19Z

Mazzulah Peel: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1959)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subhash Garg
| image =
| office = [[Third Gehlot ministry|Minister of State]], [[Government of Rajasthan]]
| term_start = 22 November 2021
| term_end = 3 December 2023
| predecessor = ''Self''
| successor = [[Prem Chand Bairwa]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| 2blankname = [[Third Gehlot ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata = {{Collapsible list| * Ayurveda and Indian System of Medicine (I/C)
* Public Grievance Redressal (I/C)
* Technical Education (I/C)
* Minority Affairs
* Colonisation
* Agriculture Irrigated Area Development and Water Utility
* Waqf }}
| governor = [[Kalraj Mishra]]
| term_start1 = 24 December 2018
| term_end1 = 21 November 2021
| predecessor1 = [[Kiran Maheshwari]]
| successor1 = ''Self''
| 2blankname1 = [[Third Gehlot ministry|Ministry and Departments]]
| 2namedata1 = {{Collapsible list| * Technical Education (I/C)
* Sanskrit Education (I/C)
* Ayurveda and Indian System of Medicine
* Medical and Health
* Medical and Health Services (ESI)
* Information and Public Relations}}
| 1blankname1 = Chief Minister
| 1namedata1 = [[Ashok Gehlot]]
| office2 = Member of the [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 11 December 2018
| term_end2 =
| predecessor2 = [[Vijay Bansal]]
| constituency2 = [[Bharatpur (Rajasthan Assembly constituency)|Bharatpur]]
| birth_name = Subhash Garg Pipla
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|August|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Pipla, [[Bharatpur District]], [[Rajasthan]]
| party = [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]] ([[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]])
}}

'''Subhash Garg Pipla''' (born 15 August 1959) is an [[India]]n politician and former [[State Minister]] [[Government of Rajasthan]]. He is a [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly|Member of Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bharatpur, Rajasthan Assembly constituency|Bharatpur Assembly constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=पोर्टल, राजस्थान सरकार |url=https://bharatpur.rajasthan.gov.in/home/mla-detail/72/27 |access-date=2023-05-03 |website=bharatpur.rajasthan.gov.in}}</ref> He is a politician of the [[Rashtriya Lok Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=भरतपुर |first=सतपाल सिंह |date=2023-11-05 |title=भरतपुर सीट पर उतरेगा कांग्रेस-RLD उम्मीदवार, दिलचस्प होगा यहां त्रिकोणीय मुकाबला |url=https://www.abplive.com/states/rajasthan/rajasthan-assembly-election-2023-dr-subhash-garg-is-candidate-of-rlp-congress-alliance-for-bharatpur-city-assembly-seat-ann-2530300 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=www.abplive.com |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan- भाजपा- कांग्रेस के नेताओं से जैलिसी रखती है, इसलिए नाम बदला गया है- पूर्व मंत्री सुभाष गर्ग |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/rajasthan/bharatpur/rajasthan-bjp-is-jealous-of-congress-leaders-hence-govt-scheme-name-has-been-changed-ex-minister-subhash-garg/2049369 |access-date=2024-01-08 |website=Zee News |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Garg, Subhash}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bharatpur district]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Lok Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2018–2023]]
[[Category:State cabinet ministers of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Rajasthan MLAs 2023–2028]]

{{Rajasthan-politician-stub}}

Noida Assembly constituency

2026-04-24T05:47:53Z

Mazzulah Peel: Done - done

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Noida
| map_image = 61-Noida.svg
| mla = [[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]]
| incumbent_image = Pankaj Singh - politician.jpg
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Gautam Budh Nagar district|Gautam Budh Nagar]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Gautam Buddha Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:714072}}<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|5}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 61
}}

'''Noida Assembly constituency''' or '''Noida Vidhan Sabha''' is one of the 403 assembly constituencies of [[Uttar Pradesh]] state in the northern [[India]].<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref> It consists of the city of [[Noida]].
It is located in the [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district]] which has three assembly seats namely, Noida (61), [[Dadri, Uttar Pradesh Assembly constituency|Dadri (62)]] and [[Jewar Assembly constituency|Jewar (63)]].

Noida falls under the [[Gautam Buddha Nagar Lok Sabha constituency|Gautam Buddh Nagar]] Lok Sabha constituency. [[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]] (son of [[Rajnath Singh]]) is the present MLA of Noida since March 2022.

==Area/wards==
The Noida Assembly constituency comprises Raghunathpur, Sorkha Jahidabad, Chhajarsi, Parthala Khanjarpur, Chotpur, Mamura, Gejha Tilpatabad, Chhalera Bangar, Jalpura, Sadarpur, salarpur Noida ,Sultanpur, Baraula, Bhangel Begampur of [[Bisrakh]] block; and other parts of Noida.

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Noida Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/noida.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2012 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Mahesh Sharma]]
| rowspan="4" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="4" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|2014^
|[[Vimla Batham]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}
^By poll

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Noida]]<ref name="election2022"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]]
|votes = {{formatnum:244319}}
|percentage = 70.16
|change = {{increase}}6.32
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Sunil Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:62806}}
|percentage = 18.04
|change = {{decrease}}4.92
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kirpa Ram Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:16292}}
|percentage = 4.68
|change = {{decrease}}6.08
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Pankhuri Pathak
|votes = {{formatnum:13494}}
|percentage = 3.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|candidate = Pankaj Awana <ref name="AAP 150 list">{{cite news |last1=Bhandari |first1=Shashwat |title=AAP announces 150 candidates for UP elections 2022 {{!}} Check complete list |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news/aap-releases-150-candidates-for-uttar-pradesh-polls-2022-check-full-list-2022-01-16-754742 |access-date=27 January 2022 |work=indiatvnews.com |date=16 January 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|votes = {{formatnum:6551}}
|percentage = 1.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2463}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change = {{increase}}0.0
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:181513}}
|percentage = 52.12
|change = {{increase}}11.24
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:348228}}
|percentage = 48.77
|change = {{increase}}0.21
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Noida<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Pankaj Singh (politician)|Pankaj Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:162417}}
|percentage = 63.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Sunil Choudhary
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:58401}}
|percentage = 22.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Ravikant Mishra
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:27365}}
|percentage = 10.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1787}}
|percentage = 0.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:104016}}
|percentage = 40.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:254408}}
|percentage = 48.56
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +18.12
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014 bypoll===
{{Election box begin | title=By Election, 2014: Noida}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vimla Batham]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 1,00,433
|percentage = 60.97
|change = +34.10
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Kajal Sharma
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 41,481
|percentage = 25.19
|change = +5.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rajendra Avana
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 17,212
|percentage = 10.45
|change = -1.60
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1,846
|percentage = 1.13
|change = +1.13
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|candidate = Kaptan Ali
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
|votes = 1,195
|percentage = 0.73
|change = +0.73
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sada Siva Chamarthi
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 995
|percentage = 0.61
|change = +0.61
}}

{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 58,952
|percentage = 35.78
|change = +22.58
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,64,730
|percentage = 31.40
|change = -17.57
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = +34.10
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Noida]]<ref name="results2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Mahesh Sharma chutad |Mahesh Kumar Sharma]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 77,319
|percentage = 36.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Omdutt Sharma
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 49,643
|percentage = 23.67
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sunil Choudhary
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 42,071
|percentage = 20.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Dr. V. S. Chauhan
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 25,482
|percentage = 12.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Bhopal
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 2,817
|percentage = 1.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate
|
|candidate = Yogender Sharma
|party = [[Jan Kranti Party|JKP(R)]]
|votes = 2,412
|percentage = 1.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 27,676
|percentage = 13.20
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 2,09,705
|percentage = 48.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box new seat win|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Gautam Budh Nagar district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|28.54|77.4|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Noida]]
[[Category:Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Shuja ul-Mulk

2026-04-23T11:26:56Z

Mazzulah Peel: Done

{{short description|Mehtar of Chitral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox royalty
| name = Sir Shuja ul-Mulk, [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]]
| image = Shuja ul-Mulk.jpg
| image_size =
| caption =
| succession = Mehtar of Chitral
| predecessor = [[Amir ul-Mulk]]
| successor = [[Nasir ul-Mulk]]
| reign = 2 March 1895 – 13 October 1936
| issue = [[Nasir ul-Mulk]]<br>[[Muzaffar ul-Mulk]]<br>[[Burhan-ud-Din (Indian National Army officer)|Burhan-ud-Din]]<br>Mata ul-Mulk<br>Khushwaqt ul-Mulk<br>Khush Ahmad ul-Mulk
| father = [[Aman ul-Mulk]]
| mother =
| house = [[Kator dynasty|Kator]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1881
| birth_place = [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]]
| death_date = 1936
| burial_place = [[Shahi Mosque Chitral]]
}}

[[Highness|His Highness]] [[Sir]] '''Shuja ul-Mulk''' [[Order of the Indian Empire|KCIE]] (1 January 1881 – 13 October 1936) was the ruler (from {{langx|fa|{{nq|مهتر}}}}) of the [[Chitral (princely state)|State of Chitral]],<ref name="LLoyd 28">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WzEvlflVtyMC|title=Lloyd's Who's who in the Great War: A Book of Brief Life Stories of the Rulers and the Diplomats...|last=LLoyd|first=Gladys|date=1 January 1914|publisher=Lloyd's Weekly News|page=28|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EnYkAQAAIAAJ|title=The Living Age|date=1 January 1905|page=781|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxwNAAAAIAAJ|title=The Frontier Scouts|last=Trench|first=Charles Chenevix|author-link=Charles Chenevix Trench|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Cape|isbn=9780224023214|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKZFAQAAMAAJ|title=The History and Culture of the Indian People: British paramountcy and Indian Renaissance. pt.1|date=1 January 1963|publisher=Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|page=1110|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4fhAAQAAIAAJ|title=Contributions to Indian Sociology|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Mouton|page=59|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b2NPAAAAMAAJ|title=The India List and India Office List for ...|last=Office|first=Great Britain India|date=1 January 1819|publisher=Harrison and Sons|page=168|language=en}}</ref> and reigned it for 41 years until his death in 1936.<ref>{{cite book|last=Clark Ball|first=Ron|title=The Falcon on the Tower|year=2007|publisher=Privé Publishing|isbn=978-0615140162|pages=362|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AaTUudWxn60C&q=shuja+ul+mulk+sons+chitral+india&pg=PA362}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXUMAQAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference|last=Israr-ud-Din|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195798890|page=357|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXY5AAAAIAAJ|title=The Himalayan Journal|date=1 January 1936|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=151|language=en}}</ref> He belonged to the royal [[Katoor Dynasty|Katur]] dynasty,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fH2gAAAAMAAJ|title=Merī Dilon̲ Ko Hilāne Vālī Dardnāk Kahānī|last=Azar|first=Muhammad Abdullah Khan|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Novus|isbn=9788270994328|page=75|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcJDAQAAMAAJ|title=Parliamentary Papers: 1850-1908|last=Commons|first=Great Britain Parliament House of|date=1 January 1896|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=17|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Ahmad 106">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEVAAAAIAAJ|title=Contributions to Asian Studies|last1=Ahmad|first1=Aziz|last2=Ishwaran|first2=Karigoudar|date=1 December 1973|publisher=Brill Archive|page=106|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fH2gAAAAMAAJ|title=Merī Dilon̲ Ko Hilāne Vālī Dardnāk Kahānī|last=Azar|first=Muhammad Abdullah Khan|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Novus|isbn=9788270994328|language=en}}</ref> which ruled the state from 1571 to 1969,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GvoqAQAAMAAJ|title=Smithsonian|date=1 January 2006|publisher=Smithsonian Associates|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0_QuKXhOuQC|title=Islam, Politics, Anthropology|last1=Osella|first1=Filippo|last2=Soares|first2=Benjamin|date=19 March 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444324419|page=58|language=en}}</ref> until the [[Princely states of Pakistan|Princely State]] of Chitral was merged to form the [[Chitral District]] of the [[Provincially Administered Tribal Areas]], [[Malakand Division]], [[North-West Frontier Province (1901–55)|North West Frontier Province]], Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Pz5yBgAAQBAJ|title=Al Qaeda's Global Crisis: The Islamic State, Takfir and the Genocide of Muslims|last=Rajan|first=V. G. Julie|date=30 January 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317645382|page=225|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzivCgAAQBAJ|title=State and Nation-Building in Pakistan: Beyond Islam and Security|last1=Long|first1=Roger D.|last2=Singh|first2=Gurharpal|last3=Samad|first3=Yunas|last4=Talbot|first4=Ian|date=8 October 2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317448204|page=96|language=en}}</ref>

His rule saw the [[Chitral (princely state)|State of Chitral]] experience an extensive period of unwonted [[peace]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJQ3AQAAMAAJ|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial series. North West Frontier Province|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693513363|pages=213|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3KCAgAAQBAJ|title=Strolling About on the Roof of the World: The First Hundred Years of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs|last1=Farrington|first1=Susan|last2=Leach|first2=Hugh|date=29 August 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134426690|pages=164|language=en}}</ref> He introduced widespread and far-reaching changes and administrative reforms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXUMAQAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference|last=Israr-ud-Din|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195798890|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJgMAAAAIAAJ|title=Pakistan: People and Places, Reflections on Living and Travelling|last=Malik|first=Iftikhar Haider|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Margalla Publications|pages=109|language=en}}</ref> Shuja ul-Mulk rendered important services to the [[British Empire]] during the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC|title=Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint|last=Chohan|first=Amar Singh|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788171561469|pages=209|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fqscAAAAMAAJ|title=Afghanistan 1919: An Account of Operations in the Third Afghan War|last=Molesworth|first=George Noble|date=1 January 1962|publisher=Asia Publishing House|pages=131|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxwNAAAAIAAJ|title=The Frontier Scouts|last=Trench|first=Charles Chenevix|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Cape|isbn=9780224023214|pages=31|language=en}}</ref> He was invested as a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) by the [[British Empire|British]] in 1903,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ndc7AQAAMAAJ|title=Debrett's Peerage|date=1 January 1920|page=1076|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy9GAQAAIAAJ|title=Debrett's British Empire Book|last=Hesilrige|first=Arthur George Maynard|date=1 January 1924|publisher=Dean & Son|page=200|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|last=Branch|first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication|date=1 January 1931|language=en}}</ref> and [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ViodAQAAMAAJ|title=The Indian Year Book|date=1 January 1921|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|page=584|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zeFAAQAAMAAJ|title=Asian Review|last=Boulger|first=Demetrius Charles|date=1 January 1919|publisher=East India Association and Royal India Pakistan and Ceylon Society|page=526|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pEOAQAAIAAJ|title=Journal|last=England)|first=East India Association (London|date=1 January 1920|publisher=East India association|language=en}}</ref> He was granted a personal [[Salute state|gun salute]] of 11 guns,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEBmAAAAMAAJ|title=NDC Guide to Selections from NWFP Record[s].|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Government of Pakistan, Cabinet Secretariat, Cabinet Division, National Documentation Centre|page=145|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mjg8AAAAMAAJ|title=The Gilgit Agency, 1877–1935|last=Chohan|first=Amar Singh|date=1 January 1984|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distributors|page=209|language=en}}</ref> and the title of [[Highness|His Highness]].<ref name="The Himalayan Journal">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXY5AAAAIAAJ|title=The Himalayan Journal|date=1 January 1936|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=153|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Singh Chohan|first=Amar|title=Gilgit Agency 1877–1935|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC&q=shuja+ul+mulk+sons+chitral+india&pg=PA209|publisher=Atlantic Publishers|isbn=9788171561469|year=1997}}</ref>

==Early life==

{{Further|Chitral (princely state)}}

Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk was born into the [[Katoor dynasty|ruling family of Chitral]] in 1881.<ref>{{cite web|title={{sic|In Memo|rium|hide=y|expected=In Memoriam}} H.H. Sir Shuja ul Mulk, K.C.I.E. Mehtar of Chitral|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/34380835/|publisher=The Himalayan Club}}</ref> He was the second youngest son of [[Aman ul-Mulk]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|last=Branch|first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication|date=1 January 1931|language=en}}</ref> '''the ‘Great’ Mehtar of Chitral''',<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH2-BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1 |title=The Chitral Campaign|last=Thomson|first=H. C.|date=19 November 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781513491|page=1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIM8AAAAIAAJ|title=The Cambridge History of India|last=Wheeler|first=Mortimer|date=1 January 1960|publisher=CUP Archive|page=463|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4xw7AwAAQBAJ|title=Murder in the Hindu Kush: George Hayward and the Great Game|last=Hannigan|first=Tim|date=11 April 2011|publisher=The History Press|isbn=9780752463872|page=232|language=en}}</ref> who ruled the state from 1857 to 1892,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eg0MAAAAIAAJ|title=Where Four Worlds Meet: Hindu Kush, 1959|last=Maraini|first=Fosco|date=1 January 1964|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKYvAQAAIAAJ|title=Paropàmiso: storie di popoli e culture, di montagne e divinità|last=Maraini|first=Fosco|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Mondadori|isbn=9788804512097|page=135|language=it}}</ref> during which the state reached its territorial peak.<ref>Ghufran, Mirza ''Tareekh-e-Chitral''</ref> Shuja ul-Mulk's mother was a princess, the daughter of the Khan of [[Asmar]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Chitral|url=https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/34380835/|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 May 1895}}</ref>

==Political turmoil and provisional recognition==

[[File:View of the Chitral Fort from across the river.jpg|thumb|360 px|right|The Chitral Fort from across the river with its towers visible (1895).]]

When Mehtar [[Aman ul-Mulk]] died in 1892, a long war of succession broke out between his sons,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2-0IAQAAIAAJ&q=aman+ul+mulk+war+of+succession|title=Perspective|date=1 January 1970|publisher=Pakistan Publications.|language=en}}</ref> with [[Umra Khan]] of Jandol and [[Sher Afzal|Sher Afzul]] in the background,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IfptAAAAMAAJ|title=Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society|date=1 January 1977|publisher=Pakistan Historical Society.|language=en}}</ref> which lasted three years.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AXAABAAAQBAJ|title=Hist Afghanistan V 1 & 2|last=Sykes|first=Percy|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317845874|language=en}}</ref> During his father's lifetime, [[Nizam ul-Mulk (Mehtar of Chitral)|Nizam ul-Mulk]] was the acknowledged [[Heir apparent|heir]] to the throne.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uSosAQAAIAAJ|title=Asian Review|last=Boulger|first=Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh|date=1 January 1968|publisher=East & West|page=182|language=en}}</ref> However [[Afzal ul-Mulk]] happened to be at Chitral on the momentous date while Nizam was absent and in [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]]. Afzal promptly seized all the arms and treasure in the fort of Chitral, and proclaimed himself Mehtar,<ref name="Branch">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvUdAQAAIAAJ|title=Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Tribes north of the Kabul River|last=Branch|first=India Army Intelligence|date=1 January 1907|publisher=Government Monotype Press|language=en}}</ref> and then proceeded to murder his brothers whom he saw as [[Heir presumptive|potential contenders]] to the throne.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOq1AAAAIAAJ|title=Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: pt. 1. Tribes north of the Kabul River. pt. 2. Supplement|last=Branch|first=India Army Intelligence|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Mittal Publications|pages=43–46|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OXfiAAAAMAAJ|title=Pakistan: A Travel Survival Kit|last1=King|first1=John|last2=Vincent|first2=David St|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Lonely Planet Publications|page=281|isbn=9780864421678|language=en}}</ref> Meanwhile, he also addressed letters to the [[Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice, 5th Marquess of Lansdowne|Viceroy of India]] and to the [[Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs|British Foreign Secretary]], announcing the death of his father, and his own accession to the Mehtarship, with the consent of the people and of his brothers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRhEAQAAMAAJ|title=Parliamentary Papers: 1850–1908|date=1 January 1895|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|language=en}}</ref> However, after a [[reign]] of just a few months he was killed by his uncle [[Sher Afzal|Sher Afzul]], who coming up stealthily from [[Kabul]], attacked the fort by night and slew him.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH2-BAAAQBAJ&q=aman%2520ul%2520mulk%2520death&pg=PA3|title=The Chitral Campaign|last=Thomson|first=H. C.|date=19 November 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781513491|page=3|language=en}}</ref> During this period [[Nizam ul-Mulk (Mehtar of Chitral)|Nizam ul-Mulk]] had been the guest of the British at [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]], and induced the belief amongst the Chitralis that his bid for sovereignty was backed by the force of British arms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d_QzAQAAMAAJ|title=Blackwood's Magazine|date=1 January 1895|publisher=W. Blackwood|page=411|language=en}}</ref> Once the Nizam returned from Gilgit, he succeeded in ousting [[Sher Afzal|Sher Afzul]] who once again fled to [[Kabul]]. Nizam is believed to be an agreeable man, cultivated with many European tastes, but that was hardly helpful for his cause.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH2-BAAAQBAJ&q=aman%2520ul%2520mulk%2520death&pg=PA3|title=The Chitral Campaign|last=Thomson|first=H. C.|date=19 November 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781513491|pages=3–4|language=en}}</ref> [[Nizam ul-Mulk (Mehtar of Chitral)|Nizam ul-Mulk]] was murdered on 1 January 1895, while on a hunting tour, by his ungrateful brother, [[Amir ul-Mulk]], whose life he had spared.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gGEaAQAAIAAJ|title=The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record|date=1 January 1895|publisher=Oriental Institute|language=en}}</ref> The stimulated Amir, sent a deputation to [[Bertrand Evelyn Mellish Gurdon|Lieutenant Bertrand Gurdon]], then [[Resident (title)|Resident Political Officer]] in Chitral, asking to be [[Diplomatic recognition|recognised]] as Mehtar, but was told that the orders of the [[British Raj|British Government]] must be awaited.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRhEAQAAMAAJ|title=Parliamentary Papers: 1850–1908|date=1 January 1895|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=36|language=en}}</ref>

On 8 January 1895, 50 men of the [[14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs|14th Sikhs]] marched down from [[Mastuj]] to join Gurdon in Chitral.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Relief of Chitral |last=Younghusband|first=G.J|publisher=Bhavana Books and Prints|isbn=81-86505-50-4|location=New Delhi|page=10|date=April 2004}}</ref> On 1 February the British Agent arrived from [[Gilgit-Baltistan|Gilgit]] over the [[Shandur Top|Shandur Pass]], with an escort commanded by then [[Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend|Captain Townshend]] of [[Central India Horse]], composed of 280 men of the [[Jammu & Kashmir Rifles|4th Kashmir Rifles]] i.e. [[Imperial Service Troops]] and 33 men of the [[14th King George's Own Ferozepore Sikhs|14th Sikhs]] under Lieutenant Harley.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Relief of Chitral |last=Younghusband|first=G.J|publisher=Bhavana Books and Prints|isbn=81-86505-50-4|location=New Delhi|page=12|date=April 2004}}</ref> Their purpose was to give support to Gurdon, prevent blood spill from engulfing the British officers in Chitral and impede falling of the Mehtarship into [[Enemy|hostile hands]]. Characteristically there were no [[cannon]]s, with the advancing group, had there been, there would have been no subsequent siege. However hearing that [[Umra Khan]] had taken Kila [[Drosh]], been joined by [[Sher Afzal|Sher Afzul]], was in complicity with Amir and inching towards Chitral, [[George Scott Robertson|Sir George Scott Robertson]] moved the British forces into the Chitral fort out of necessity.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Relief of Chitral |last=Younghusband|first=G.J|publisher=Bhavana Books and Prints|isbn=81-86505-50-4|location=New Delhi|pages=12–15|date=April 2004}}</ref> Shuja ul-Mulk at age 12 appeared intelligent, took keen interest in all matters of state and was said to have a natural kingliness of manner, with a sedative gravity. Thus at a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] on 2 March 1895, Sir [[George Scott Robertson|George]] declared that subject to the approval of the Government of India, Shuja ul-Mulk was [[Diplomatic recognition|recognised]] as Mehtar. Shuja's fate, thereon, was tied to that of the few British officers around him. Captain [[Charles Vere Ferrers Townshend|Townshend]] for whom he seemed to have real affection was made responsible for his personal safety and security.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Relief of Chitral |last=Younghusband|first=G.J|publisher=Bhavana Books and Prints|isbn=81-86505-50-4|location=New Delhi|pages=23–24|date=April 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH2-BAAAQBAJ&q=the%2520chitral%2520campaign&pg=PA296|title=The Chitral Campaign|last=Thomson|first=H. C.|date=19 November 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781513491|language=en}}</ref> Shuja ul-Mulk was nicknamed by the British troops, ‘Sugar and Milk’.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BlUwAQAAIAAJ|title=Chitrál: the story of a minor siege|last=Robertson|first=Sir George Scott|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Bhavana Books & Prints|isbn=9788186505526|page=81|language=en}}</ref> The enemy strength was computed to be around 1200 men.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH2-BAAAQBAJ&q=aman%2520ul%2520mulk%2520death&pg=PA3|title=The Chitral Campaign|last=Thomson|first=H. C.|date=19 November 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781513491|pages=22–25|language=en}}</ref> On 4 March the enemy closed in around the fort and the siege began, with the Chitralis compelled to join [[Sher Afzal|Sher Afzul]] for well-founded fear for their families' well-being.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH2-BAAAQBAJ&q=aman%2520ul%2520mulk%2520death&pg=PA3|title=The Chitral Campaign|last=Thomson|first=H. C.|date=19 November 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781513491|page=44|language=en}}</ref> Inside the fort the British considered the stocks, put everyone on half ration and calculated that they could hold out for two and a half months or about the middle of June.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IH2-BAAAQBAJ&q=aman%2520ul%2520mulk%2520death&pg=PA3|title=The Chitral Campaign|last=Thomson|first=H. C.|date=19 November 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781513491|page=46|language=en}}</ref>

== Siege of Chitral and accession ==

{{Further|Chitral Expedition}}

[[File:The Chitral Fort in 1895.jpg|thumb|600 px|right|The Chitral Fort (1895)]]

The narrative of the events in Chitral traveled far and wide, and obligated an intervention to maintain British prestige and restore [[morale]]. The British met in [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] and resolved to break the [[siege]] by military force.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Syg9jwEACAAJ|title=Chitral the Story of a Minor Siege|last=Robertson|first=George Scott|date=2 January 2016|publisher=Ishi Press|isbn=9784871875288|language=en}}</ref>

For the [[Relief (military)|relief]] of the [[Encirclement|besieged]], the [[British Indian Army|1st Division of Field Army]] under [[Robert Low (Indian Army officer)|Major General Sir Robert Low]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5QJAQAAIAAJ|title=Victoria's wars|last=Beckett|first=Ian Frederick William|date=1 November 1974|publisher=Shire Publications|page=62|isbn=9780852632581|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MdWqBgAAQBAJ|title=Scottish Soldier and Empire, 1854-1902|last=Spiers|first=Edward M.|date=20 July 2006|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=9780748627264|page=118|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g3m-BAAAQBAJ&q=1st%2520division%2520under%2520sir%2520robert%2520low&pg=PA128|title=Annals of the King's Royal Rifle Corps: Vol 4 "The K.R.R.C." 1872-1913|last=Hare|first=Major-Gen Sir Steuart|date=4 January 2013|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781510216|pages=126–134|language=en}}</ref> with [[Sir Bindon Blood|General Bindon Blood]] as his [[Chief of staff|Chief of Staff]] was mobilized.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVADAAAAMAAJ|title=Battle honours of the British army, from Tangier, 1662, to the commencement of the reign of King Edward VII|last=Norman|first=Charles Boswell|date=1 January 1971|publisher=David & Charles|isbn=9780715353981|page=400|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J8wsAwAAQBAJ|title=The River War: An Account of the Reconquest of the Sudan|last=Churchill|first=Winston|date=1 January 1902|publisher=Courier Corporation|isbn=9780486447858|page=213|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xbwgAAAAMAAJ|title=The Happy Warrior: A Life of General Sir Ian Hamilton|last=Hamilton|first=Ian B. M.|date=1 January 1966|publisher=Cassell|page=106|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=major%2520general%2520robert%2520low%2520bindon%2520blood&pg=PA55|title=A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898|last1=Fincastle|first1=The Viscount|last2=Eliott-Lockhart|first2=P. C.|date=2 February 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781515518|page=55|language=en}}</ref> In the meantime news reached the Government of India of the misfortune which befell the team of Captain Ross and Lieutenant Jones and the detachment of Lieutenant [[Edward Lawson (VC)|Edward]] and [[John Fowler (British Army officer)|Fowler]]. Thus increasing the urgency to act and necessitating the simultaneous involvement of [[James Graves Kelly|Colonel James Graves Kelly]], commanding the [[32nd Sikh Pioneers]] Gilgit to march to the relief from the north.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Relief of Chitral |last=Younghusband|first=G.J|publisher=Bhavana Books and Prints|isbn=81-86505-50-4|location=New Delhi|page=27 and 28|date=April 2004}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B0q6G_m3hqcC|title=Waziristan To Tibet|last=Lucas|first=Cyril|date=6 August 2012|publisher=Booktango|isbn=9781468912180|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RFZJAQAAMAAJ|title=King and His Navy and Army|date=1 January 1903|page=70|language=en}}</ref>

The [[Division (military)|Division]] under Sir [[Robert Low (Indian Army officer)|Robert Low]] consisting of 15,000 troops,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MS_jrForJOoC|title=History of Modern India, 1707 A. D. to 2000 A. D|last=Chaurasia|first=Radhey Shyam|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788126900855|page=252|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7CbCAgAAQBAJ|title=War in Afghanistan|last=Baker|first=Kevin James|date=1 January 2011|publisher=Rosenberg Publishing|isbn=9781921719394|language=en}}</ref> assembled into three [[infantry]] [[brigade]]s,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_41VGoCYU8C|title=The Great Game: On Secret Service in High Asia|last=Hopkirk|first=Peter|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780192802323|page=493|language=en}}</ref> and with some 30,000 [[mule]]s, horses and camels had by this time marched over the [[Malakand Pass]] into [[Swat District|Swat]] and [[Dir (region)|Dir]]. They were met by heavy resistance and engaged into fighting by the [[Lascar|local tribesmen]], but were on their way to [[Chitral]]. At the same time, with 400 soldiers from the [[32nd Sikh Pioneers]] and a 2 gun section of No.1 Kashmir Mountain Battery. And a 1,000 levies used as [[Porter (carrier)|porters]], Colonel Kelly marched over the 12,000 feet [[Shandur Top|Shandur Pass]] in freezing cold temperature and deep snow.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8iYwAQAAMAAJ|title=Journal of the Royal United Service Institution, Whitehall Yard|date=1 January 1896|publisher=W. Mitchell|page=17|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2k_AQAAIAAJ|title=The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art|date=1 January 1896|publisher=J. W. Parker and Son|page=152|language=en}}</ref> On 18 April 1895 the column reached Koghazi where [[James Graves Kelly|Colonel Kelly]] received a letter from Sir [[George Scott Robertson|George]] who was then in Chitral, informing him that the besieging force of Sher Afzul and [[Umra Khan]] had withdrawn and the siege of Chitral fort had ended.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcUVAAAAYAAJ|title=The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record|date=1 January 1895|publisher=Oriental Institute|page=306|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SwsAQAAIAAJ|title=Asian Review|last=Boulger|first=Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh|date=1 January 1968|publisher=East & West|language=en}}</ref> The advance of Kelly's column with the more distant threat of [[Robert Low (Indian Army officer)|Sir Robert Low]]'s relieving force from the South had forced the abandonment of the siege. On 20 April 1895 [[James Graves Kelly|Colonel Kelly]]'s column marched into [[Chitral]].

In the light of information that the situation in Chitral had normalised [[Robert Low (Indian Army officer)|General Robert Low]], halted the full advance and ordered then [[William Forbes Gatacre|Brigadier General Gatacre]] to press on with a small column over the [[Lowari Pass]] to Chitral. On 15 May 1895 General [[William Forbes Gatacre|Gatacre]] reached Chitral, with Sir [[Robert Low (Indian Army officer)|Robert Low]] joining him the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britishbattles.com/north-west-frontier-india/seige-relief-chitral.htm|title=The Siege and Relief of Chitral 1895|website=www.britishbattles.com|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref> Shuja presented Sir [[Robert Low (Indian Army officer)|Robert]] and officers of the 2nd Battalion of the [[4 Gorkha Rifles|IV Gorkha Rifles]] with a cannon left over by Sher Afzul.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dsIDAAAAMAAJ|title=A History of the 4th Prince of Wales's Own Gurkha Rifles, 1857–1948|date=1 January 1940|publisher=W. Blackwood|pages=227|language=en}}</ref>

In the meantime, Shuja ul-Mulk was permanently installed as the [[Mehtar of Chitral]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HPMNAQAAIAAJ|title=The New Hazell Annual and Almanack ...|date=1 January 1896|publisher=H. Frowde, Oxford University Press|page=104|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c3KCAgAAQBAJ|title=Strolling About on the Roof of the World: The First Hundred Years of the Royal Society for Asian Affairs|last1=Farrington|first1=Susan|last2=Leach|first2=Hugh|date=29 August 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781134426690|page=164|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=53BtBQAAQBAJ|title=Gilgit Rebelion: The Major Who Mutinied Over Partition of India|last=Brown|first=William|date=30 November 2014|publisher=Pen and Sword|isbn=9781473841123|language=en}}</ref> at a [[Durbar (court)|durbar]] held at the Chitral Fort on 2 September 1895.<ref>{{cite book|last=Ahmad, Ishwaran|first=Aziz, Karigoudar|title=Contributions to Asian Studies, Volume 5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2yEVAAAAIAAJ&q=mehtar+shuja+ul+mulk&pg=PA106|year=1974}}</ref>

== The issue of retention ==

Following the relief of Chitral and [[coronation]] of Shuja ul-Mulk as Mehtar, the question of future policy confronted the [[British Raj|Government of India]]. Two alternatives presented themselves: either the British could, "abandon the attempt to keep up an effective control over Chitral or they could put a sufficient garrison there". As far as Shuja was concerned, a sudden pull out by the British would create a [[power vacuum]] and set the stage for further [[Rebellion|belligerence]] in the state of which he had just assumed rulership. It would also, undoubtedly place his life in great jeopardy.<ref name="Churchill">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T2awwmBo0cMC|title=The Story of the Malakand Field Force: an Episode of Frontier War|last=Churchill|first=Sir Winston S.|date=1 January 1899|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=9781465526007|language=en}}</ref>

Military experts were divided as to the aptness of each course. [[Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts|Lord Roberts]] lent his support to the advocates of retention. Arrayed against him were formidable military authorities, such as [[Sir Donald Stewart, 1st Baronet|Sir Donald Stewart]], [[Neville Bowles Chamberlain|Sir Neville Chamberlain]], [[John Miller Adye|Sir John Adye]], [[Charles John Stanley Gough|Sir Charles Gough]] and [[Frederic Thesiger, 2nd Baron Chelmsford|Lord Chelmsford]]. In hindsight the danger of an attack upon [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|India]] from [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in 1895 were [[infinitesimal]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfrXAAAAQBAJ|title=The Problem of the North-West Frontier, 1890–1908|last=Davies|first=C. Collin|date=17 October 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107662094|pages=87–88|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIM8AAAAIAAJ|title=The Cambridge History of India|last=Wheeler|first=Mortimer|date=1 January 1960|publisher=CUP Archive|page=464|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U2Q_AQAAIAAJ|title=The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art|date=1 January 1895|publisher=J. W. Parker and Son|page=495|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3A0AQAAMAAJ|title=The Parliamentary Debates|last1=Parliament|first1=Great Britain|last2=Cobbett|first2=William|last3=Hansard|first3=Thomas Carson|date=8 February 1898|publisher=Wyman|page=581|language=en|edition=Authorized}}</ref> The [[Viceroy's Executive Council]] decided unanimously that to maintain British influence in Chitral was "a matter of first importance". On 13 June 1895, however, [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery|Lord Rosebery's]] [[Cabinet of the United Kingdom|Cabinet]] replied firmly that no military force or British agent should be kept at Chitral, that Chitral should not be [[Fortification|fortified]] and that no road should be made between [[Peshawar]] and [[Chitral]]. They repudiated the [[Forward Policy]] which had been consistently followed since 1876.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3dIbUPLJOzMC|title=Churchill's Military Histories: A Rhetorical Study|last=Valiunas|first=Algis|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9780742521049|page=38|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-48AAAAIAAJ&q=Lord%2520Rosebery%25E2%2580%2599s%2520cabinet%2520Chitral&pg=PA464|title=The Cambridge History of the British Empire|date=1 January 1929|publisher=CUP Archive|page=464|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPA8AAAAIAAJ|title=annals of politics and culture|publisher=CUP Archive|page=462|language=en}}</ref> But in the nick of time the [[Liberal Government 1892–95|Liberal Government]] fell and [[Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury|Lord Salisbury's]] [[Unionist Government 1895–1905|Cabinet]] reversed their decision. Thus the retention of Chitral was sanctioned and the road which that sanction necessitated was completed.<ref name="Churchill"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_b83AQAAIAAJ|title=The happy warrior: a life of General Sir Ian Hamilton|last=Hamilton|first=Ian B. M.|date=1 January 1966|publisher=Cassell|language=en}}</ref>

Chitral was to be partly a [[sovereign state]] under British [[suzerainty]], her internal affairs were left entirely in the hands of Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk and his advisers. The [[British Raj|Government of India]] was to conduct and have control over all [[foreign relations]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PfrXAAAAQBAJ|title=The Problem of the North-West Frontier, 1890–1908|last=Davies|first=C. Collin|date=17 October 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107662094|page=88|language=en}}</ref> However the areas of [[Mastuj]] and [[Laspur]] were taken away and placed under independent governors by the British. A British [[garrison]] was installed at Chitral consisting of two Indian [[infantry]] regiments, a company of [[Sapper]] and Miners from the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]] and a [[Artillery battery|battery]] of [[Mountain gun|mountain artillery]]. Garrisons of local levies numbering 200 in all and armed with [[Snider–Enfield]] rifles were installed in [[Detachment (military)|detachments]] across Lower Chitral. It was promised that Shuja ul-Mulk as Mehtar would receive a monthly [[subsidy]] of 1,000 [[Indian rupee]]s and an annual payment of 8,000 rupees to compensate him for the loss of the 2 districts.<ref name="Branch"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fcJDAQAAMAAJ|title=Parliamentary Papers: 1850–1908|last=Commons|first=Great Britain Parliament House of|date=1 January 1896|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|page=12|language=en}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aOq1AAAAIAAJ|title=Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: pt. 1. Tribes north of the Kabul River. pt. 2. Supplement|last=Branch|first=India Army Intelligence|date=1 January 1983|publisher=Mittal Publications|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_ALAAAAIAAJ|title=Tribes north of the Kabul River|last=Branch|first=India Army Intelligence|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Nisa Traders : sole distributors, Gosha-e-Adab|language=en}}</ref>

One of Shuja's first act as Mehtar was to announce a general [[amnesty]] for all, who had taken part in the [[rebellion]].<ref name="Ahmad 106"/>

== Powers as Mehtar ==

Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk reigned under a [[Regent|Council of Regency]] until he [[Age of majority|came of age]] and was invested with full ruling powers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC|title=Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint|last=Chohan|first=Amar Singh|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788171561469|page=177|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnc5AAAAIAAJ|title=The Himalayan Journal|date=1 January 1932|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mCnP6Mli-uIC&q=mehtar+shuja+ul+mulk+interests|title=The Annual Register|last=Burke|first=Edmund|date=1 January 1896|publisher=Rivingtons|pages=336|language=en}}</ref> His powers as Mehtar, in theory at least were most [[Despotism|despotic]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeRFAQAAMAAJ|title=Journal of the Royal Society of Arts|date=1 January 1895|publisher=Society of Arts|page=491|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ekxHAQAAMAAJ|title=Journal of the Society of Arts|date=1 January 1895|publisher=The Society|language=en}}</ref> as Lord Curzon had noted in his diary.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-g1uAAAAMAAJ&q=He+alone+had+the+power+of+life+and+death.+Theoretically+the+whole+property+of+the+country+belonged+to+him,+and+in+more+than+theory,+he+actually+disposed+of+the+persons+and+possessions+of|title=A viceroy's India: leaves from Lord Curzon's note-book|last1=of)|first1=George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon (Marquis|last2=King|first2=Peter|date=1 January 1984|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|isbn=9780283991660|page=140|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jVgvAQAAIAAJ|title=A panorama of the world's legal systems|last=Wigmore|first=John Henry|date=1 January 1928|publisher=West Pub. Co.|isbn=9780598357076|language=en}}</ref>
{{Quote|''He alone had the power of life and death. Theoretically the whole property of the country belonged to him, and in more than theory, he actually disposed of the persons and possessions of his subjects.''|author=''[[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]]''|source=}}As Mehtar, he was supreme in [[Judiciary|judicial]], [[Legislature|legislative]] as well as in executive authority.<ref name="Macmillan and Company, limited">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m0bpH7woCzsC|title=Leaves from a Viceroy's Note-book and Other Papers|date=1 January 1926|publisher=Macmillan and Company, limited|language=en}}</ref>

== Formation of Chitral Scouts (1903) ==

{{Further|Chitral Scouts}}

On the invitation of the British, Shuja ul-Mulk in 1903, collaborated to create the [[Chitral Scouts]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYffAAAAMAAJ&q=chitral+scouts+1903|title=Defence Journal|date=1 January 1994|pages=20|language=en}}</ref> a native force which could serve in the defence of the land.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Provincial Home Department's Tribal Research Cell|pages=28–30|chapter=12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJQ3AQAAMAAJ&q=chitral+scouts+1903|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Provincial series. North-west Frontier Province|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|isbn=9789693513363|pages=71, 213 and 263|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gG2AAAAIAAJ&q=chitral+scouts+1903|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ...|last1=Cotton|first1=James Sutherland|last2=Burn|first2=Sir Richard|last3=Meyer|first3=Sir William Stevenson|date=1 January 1908|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=303|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BksqAQAAIAAJ&q=chitral+scouts+1903|title=South Asia Defence and Strategic Year Book|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Panchsheel|pages=284|isbn=9788182743991 |language=en}}</ref> Initially the force consisted of 1,000 men serving under two British officers, however with the passage of time the strength increased manifolds.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=Government+of+India.+1928.+Military+Report+and+Gazetteer+on+Chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=61|language=en}}</ref> The scouts served as local cragsmen, guarding [[Mountain pass|passes]] and deterring outsiders.<ref name="Government of India Press">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=military+report+and+gazetteer+of+chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=61|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvUdAQAAIAAJ&q=chitral+scouts+1903|title=Frontier and Overseas Expeditions from India: Tribes north of the Kabul River|last=Branch|first=India Army Intelligence|date=1 January 1907|publisher=Government Monotype Press|pages=79|language=en}}</ref> In contrast to the [[Chitral Bodyguard|State Bodyguards]] the Chitral Scouts received extensive training and better quality weapons.<ref name="Scott 8">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iwru5G6KMOMC&q=scott+notes+chitral|title=Notes on Chitral|last=Scott|first=Ian Dixon|date=1 January 1937|publisher=Manager, Government of India Press|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Government of India Press" />

== Formalisation of State Bodyguard Force (1909) ==

{{Further|Chitral Bodyguard}}

Since the time of [[Aman ul-Mulk]] an informal [[Paramilitary|para-military]] force existed. In 1909 the force was formalised and came to consist of 6 companies, each with 110 men, thus the [[Chitral Bodyguard|State Bodyguard Force]] came into being. Shuja ul-Mulk as Mehtar was to be the [[Commander-in-chief|Chief Commander]] of the force. With the passage of time the force grew so as to include as many as 40 companies consisting of over 4,000 strong men.<ref name="Scott 8"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6dpmAAAAMAAJ&q=chitral+bodyguard|title=History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: Between the wars, 1919–39|last1=Farndale|first1=Sir Martin|last2=Hughes|first2=Basil Perronet|date=1 January 1996|publisher=Royal Artillery Institution|isbn=9780080409849|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxwNAAAAIAAJ&q=chitral+bodyguard|title=The Frontier Scouts|last=Trench|first=Charles Chenevix|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Cape|isbn=9780224023214|language=en}}</ref> The force played a vital role in the defence of Chitral during the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Anglo-Afghan War]] of 1919.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|year=1962|pages=200|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=military+report+and+gazetteer+of+chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=62–63|language=en}}</ref>

== Legal Reforms ==

For centuries the seat of the Mehtar was at the helm of the judicial system. According to [[John Biddulph|Colonel John Biddulph]] "The administration of justice was practically the will of the ruler, though nominally the precepts of the Shariyat are observed". Nonetheless it would be wrong to assume that all disputes were resolved through executive fiat or were the result of the Mehtar flaunting his prerogative. The vast majority of cases were resolved under [[Sharia|Islamic]] or [[customary law]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.dardistantimes.com/sites/default/files/Tribes-of-the-Hindoo-Koosh.pdf|title=Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh|last=Biddulph|first=John|publisher=Indus Publications|year=1880|location=Karachi|pages=66}}</ref><ref name="Biddulph">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-tdjwEACAAJ&q=tribes+of+the+hindoo+koosh+1880|title=Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh|last=Biddulph|first=John|date=11 January 2016|publisher=Ishi Press|isbn=9784871875257|language=en}}</ref>

Until the death of [[Aman ul-Mulk]] in 1892, there existed no department of justice.<ref name="Ghufran 1962">{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral.|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> Civil disputes were resolved by the Mehtar after consultation with his aids [[in open court]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notes on the History of Chitral|last=ul Mulk|first=Hissam|year=1971|pages=55}}</ref> Whereas criminal matter were ordinarily decided by a jury of Muslim theologians.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tarikh-i-Chitral|last=Din|first=Munshil Aziz|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|year=1987}}</ref>

===Judicial Council===

In 1909, as part of an effort to reorganise the judicial system, the '''Judicial Council''', locally known as the '''Kausal''' was established by Shuja ul-Mulk.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXUMAQAAMAAJ&q=judicial+council+chitral|title=Proceedings of the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference|last=Israr-ud-Din|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195798890|pages=378–382|language=en}}</ref> Composed of up to 10 notables at a time,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iwru5G6KMOMC&q=scott+notes+chitral|title=Notes on Chitral|last=Scott|first=Ian Dixon|date=1 January 1937|publisher=Manager, Government of India Press|pages=18–19|language=en}}</ref> the body heard both [[Civil dispute|civil]] and [[Criminal law|criminal]] petitions.<ref name="Ghufran 1962 217">{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=217|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Notes on the History of Chitral|last=ul Mulk|first=Hissam|pages=55}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Din|first=Munshi Aziz|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications.|year=1987|location=Lahore|pages=37}}</ref> Case were by and large decided in light of [[customary law]] and [[Precedent|executive precedents]]. Sub-committees of the Judicial Council were set-up at local level from where an appeal would lie to the principal seat and ultimately the Mehtar. It was not necessary for a petitioner to navigate the cumbersome judicial hierarchy, as the Mehtar could be petitioned directly in appropriate cases.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=217}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=military+report+and+gazetteer+of+chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=69|language=en}}</ref>

===Mizan-e-Shariah===

The same year Shuja established the '''Mizan-e-Shariah''' (‘Scales of the Shariah’), a body that would try cases which were to be decided under [[Sharia|Islamic law]]. The [[Chief justice]] of this court was known as the Qazi-ul-Quza and was assisted by 4 or 5 reputable theologians, all appointed by the Mehtar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xj8-AQAAIAAJ&q=Mizan-e-Shariat+chitral|title=The All Pakistan Legal Decisions|date=1 January 1989|publisher=All-Pakistan Legal Decisions|pages=143|language=en}}</ref> As a [[Convention (norm)|convention]] Shuja made it a point not to disagree with the Mizan or the Judicial Councils verdicts except in extraordinary circumstances. In such cases the documentation would be returned to the respective court for reconsideration. Prior to these reforms no documentation of civil or criminal cases were maintained.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=150|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> Whereas following them both the courts accepted written petitions and maintained a record of the same. In 1915 [[stamped paper]] was introduced and thereafter a documentation of all judicial proceedings was maintained.<ref name="Ghufran 1962 217"/>

== Re-integration of Mastuj and Laspur ==

Following his accession to the throne, the Districts of [[Mastuj]] and [[Laspur]] had been taken away from Chitral and placed under independent [[Regent|British Governors]].<ref name="books.google.com"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t_9tAAAAMAAJ|title=Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah Papers: The States : historical and policy perspectives and accession to Pakistan|last1=Zaidi|first1=Z. H.|last2=Project|first2=Quaid-i-Azam Papers|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Quaid-i-Azam Papers Project, National Archives of Pakistan|isbn=9789698156138|page=102|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BqIdAAAAMAAJ|title=British India's Northern Frontier|last=Alder|first=G. J.|date=1 January 1964|publisher=Longmans|page=298|language=en}}</ref> Shuja was determined from his very accession to get them back as he justifiably considered them part of Chitral. During his visit in 1899 to [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|India]] he took up his plea with [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Viceroy Lord Curzon]] and persisted in his demand until the Government handed over [[Mastuj]] and [[Laspur]] to him under an agreement on 13 May 1914.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXUMAQAAMAAJ|title=Proceedings of the Third International Hindu Kush Cultural Conference|last=Israr-ud-Din|date=1 January 2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195798890|page=322|language=en}}</ref>

== Efforts to reclaim Yasin etc. ==

After the control of [[Mastuj]] and [[Laspur]] reverted to Shuja ul-Mulk, he supplicated the British authorities to hand over the areas of [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]] and adjoining districts to him, as Yasin and adjoining districts were a part of Chitral during the reign of [[Aman ul-Mulk]] and had later been disjoined. However [[Ranbir Singh (Maharaja)|Maharaja Ranbir Singh]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Kashmir]] the successor of [[Gulab Singh]] was adamantly opposed to the idea and wished for [[Yasin Valley|Yasin]] and adjoining districts to remain as a [[Buffer state|buffer]] between his dominion and the Mehtar's territory. British administrators considered the Maharaja's reservations perfectly justifiable.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Department, Government of the North-West Frontier Province, Tribal Research Cell (TRC).|pages=48|chapter=99}}</ref> Shuja ul-Mulk's requests after having been given the fullest of considerations could not be acceded to as acknowledging his [[Reversion (law)|reversionary interest]] in these districts could potentially lead to conflict between Chitral and Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Department, Government of the North-West Frontier Province Tribal Research Cell (TRC)|pages=46|chapter=281}}</ref>

== Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) ==

{{Further|Third Anglo-Afghan War}}

[[File:The Mehtar and the Chief Commissioner.jpg|thumb|360 px|right|The Mehtar of Chitral Sir Shuja ul-Mulk and the Chief Commissioner of the North West Frontier Province Sir [[George Roos-Keppel]] at Peshawar (1919).]]

In 1919, [[Amanullah Khan]] the [[List of heads of state of Afghanistan|Emir of Afghanistan]] broke off his relations with the British and declared war. India was attacked at different fronts including Chitral. Shuja ul-Mulk received an offer to switch sides on 8 May 1919, however he rejected the offer and kept his side of the pact with the British intact.<ref>{{Cite book|title=An Illustrated History of the Chitral Scouts (1903–2014)|last=Cheema|first=Aamir Mushtaq|publisher=War Studies|year=2014|pages=31–33}}</ref> The [[Chitral Scouts]] and [[Chitral Bodyguard|Chitral State Bodyguards]] under the command of [[Nasir ul-Mulk]] fought valiantly and immobilised the Afghan attack.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0ciAQAAMAAJ|title=The Indian Year Book|date=1 January 1841|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Company|language=en}}</ref>

Shuja ul-Mulk was [[Knight]]ed in 1919 by being invested as a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE). A year later, he was granted the title of [[Highness|His Highness]] and entitled to a personal [[Salute state|salute]] of 11 guns.<ref name="The Himalayan Journal"/><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2I7AQAAMAAJ|title=The London Gazette|date=1 January 1919|publisher=Tho. Newcomb over against Baynards Castle in Thamse-street|page=110|language=en}}</ref> The Government of India presented him with 2,000 [[.303 British|.303]] [[Lee–Enfield]] rifles and a large stock of ammunition in recognition of his loyalty. A further consignment of 300 rifles were presented to him in 1925, with almost 700 more in 1927. In 1929 he received two [[cannon]]s as gift from the [[British Empire|British]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|last=Branch|first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication|date=1 January 1931|pages=100|language=en}}</ref>

==Reign (1895–1936)==

Mehtar Shuja ul-Mulk reigned under a [[Regent|Council of Regency]] until he [[Age of majority|came of age]] and was invested with full ruling powers.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC&q=shuja+ul+mulk+council+of+regency&pg=PA177|title=Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint|last=Chohan|first=Amar Singh|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788171561469|pages=177|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O8VCAQAAMAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+council+of+regency|title=Battles of the Nineteenth Century|date=1 January 1900|publisher=Cassell and Company, Limited|pages=227|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bnc5AAAAIAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+council+of+regency|title=The Himalayan Journal|date=1 January 1932|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uy9GAQAAIAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+council+of+regency|title=Debrett's British Empire Book|last=Hesilrige|first=Arthur George Maynard|date=1 January 1924|publisher=Dean & Son|pages=200|language=en}}</ref> He ruled for 41 years, during which Chitral enjoyed an unprecedented period of internal peace. He visited various parts of India and met a number of fellow rulers. In the winter of 1899–1900, Shuja ul-Mulk in company of the Chief of the [[Gilgit Agency]] visited the [[Viceroy of India]] at [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+calcutta+1899|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|last=Branch|first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication|date=1 January 1931|pages=100|language=en}}</ref> It was the first of a series of visits which immensely enlarged his mental horizon.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6gG2AAAAIAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+calcutta+1899|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India ...|last1=Cotton|first1=James Sutherland|last2=Burn|first2=Sir Richard|last3=Meyer|first3=Sir William Stevenson|date=1 January 1908|publisher=Clarendon Press|language=en}}</ref> In May 1902, the Mehtar was present at the Vice-Regal Durbar at [[Peshawar]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Afzal Khan|first=Muhammad|title=A Short History of Chitral and Kafirstan|url=http://www.timesofchitral.com/p/history-of-chitral.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYfcJKRBqhAC&q=mehtar+shuja+ul+mulk+viceregal+durbar|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1 January 1935|publisher=Manager of Publications.|pages=153|language=en}}</ref> He was invited to the [[Delhi Durbar]] and attended the Coronation Durbar at Delhi in 1903<ref>* {{cite EB1911|wstitle= Chitral |volume= 06 | pages= 251–252, see final sentence |quote= The mehtar, Shuja-ul-Mulk, who was installed in September 1895, visited the Delhi durbar in January 1903. |last1= Holdich |first1= Thomas Hungerford |author-link= Thomas Hungerford Holdich}}</ref> where he was invested as a [[Order of the Indian Empire|Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] (C.I.E).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VQTAAAAYAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+cie+1903&pg=PA168|title=The India List and India Office List|date=1 January 1819|publisher=Harrison.|pages=168|language=en}}</ref> In 1903, the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief of India]] [[Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Lord Kitchener]] who was making a personal inspection of India's mountain frontiers, in the company of [[Hubert Hamilton|General Hubert Hamilton]] and [[William Birdwood|Sir William Birdwood]] visited Chitral. Shuja ul-Mulk extended to them a very warm reception. Upon the former's suggestion the Mehtar commissioned the laying of a [[telegraph]] line between Chitral and Gilgit.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A1kcAAAAMAAJ&q=lord+kitchener+chitral|title=Diversions of an Indian Political|last=Kennion|first=Roger Lloyd|date=1932|publisher=W. Blackwood|pages=34–36|language=en}}</ref>

During the cold weather of 1904–1905, he visited India again and the following year he met [[Royal Highness|His Royal Highness]] [[Prince of Wales|the Prince of Wales]] [[George V|George Frederick Albert]] (later [[King-Emperor]] [[George V]]) at a garden party at [[Government House]] [[Peshawar]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYfcJKRBqhAC&q=He+visited+India+during+the+cold+weather+of+1904-05+and+again+in+the+following+year+when+he+was+presented+to+His+Royal+Highness+the+Prince+of+Wales+at+a+garden+party+at+Government+House,+Peshawar.|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1935|publisher=Manager of Publications.|pages=152–154|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ&q=He+visited+India+during+the+cold+weather+of+1904-05+and+again+in+the+following+year+when+he+was+presented+to+His+Royal+Highness+the+Prince+of+Wales+at+a+garden+party+at+Government+House,+Peshawar.|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|date=1931|publisher=Government of India Central Publication|location=India|pages=100|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyY6AQAAIAAJ&q=mehtar+chitral+prince+of+wales|title=Parliamentary Papers, House of Commons and Command|last=Commons|first=Great Britain Parliament House of|date=1907|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|pages=182|language=en}}</ref> He paid an informal visit to [[Shimla|Simla]] in September 1907 for ten days, and was granted an interview with [[Excellency|His Excellency]] [[Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 4th Earl of Minto|Lord Minto]].<ref name="Memoranda on the Indian States">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYfcJKRBqhAC&q=He+paid+an+informal+visit+to+Simla+in+September+1907+for+ten+days+and+granted+an+interview+with+His+Excellency+Lord+Minto.|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1935|publisher=Manager of Publications.|pages=153|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rp92JkMbiaIC&q=He+paid+an+informal+visit+to+Simla+in+September+1907+for+ten+days+and+granted+an+interview+with+His+Excellency+Lord+Minto.|title=Memoranda on Native States in India, together with a list of Independent Ruling Chiefs, Chiefs of Frontier States, and other notables with their proper forms of address|date=1911|publisher=Superintendent Government Print., India|pages=92|language=en}}</ref>

Shuja ul-Mulk attended [[Majesty|His Majesty]] [[Emperor of India|the King Emperor's]] Durbar at Delhi in 1911 and received there the [[Delhi Durbar Medal]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYfcJKRBqhAC&q=shuja+ul+mulk+1911+durbar|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1 January 1935|publisher=Manager of Publications.|pages=153|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Memoranda on the Indian States"/> In 1911 Shuja ordered [[Muhammad Ghufran|Mirza Muhammad Ghufran]] to write a book documenting the history of [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] for which he received considerable tracts of land in different parts of the state. The [[Tarikh-i-Chitral]] was written in [[Persian language|Persian]], compiled and finalized in 1921. It is a landmark work for the history of Chitral and the [[Hindu Kush]] region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitralnews.com/MirzaGhufran-11-Sep-2011.htm|title=A Chitrali Courtier, Historiographer and Poet 1857—1926|last=Ur Rahman|first=Hidayat|date=11 September 2011|website=Chitral News|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-date=13 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190313192223/http://www.chitralnews.com/MirzaGhufran-11-Sep-2011.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> In May 1918 [[George Roos-Keppel|Sir George Roos-Keppel]] visited Chitral in an effort to rally support of the Mehtar should war breakout on the frontier. In so visiting, Sir George Keppel became the first [[List of Governors of the North-West Frontier Province|Chief Commissioner of the North-West Frontier Province]] to do so. He was received with great hospitality and returned much enthralled by the Mehtar's assurances.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3hNHAQAAMAAJ&q=sir+george+keppel+visit+chitral+1918|title=Administration Report of the North West Frontier Province|date=1920|publisher=NWFP Government Press|pages=1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FvBtAAAAMAAJ&q=sir+george+keppel+visit+chitral+1918|title=Mujahideen movement in Malakand and Mohmand Agencies, 1900–1940|last=Khalil|first=Jehanzeb|date=2000|publisher=Area Study Centre University of Peshawar|pages=133|language=en}}</ref> In 1919, in recognition of his loyalty and services during the recently concluded [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]], Shuja ul-Mulk was granted a [[Salute state|personal salute of 11-guns]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=godxAAAAMAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+gun+salute|title=Central Asia|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar.|pages=43|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OEBmAAAAMAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+11+gun+salute|title=NDC Guide to Selections from NWFP Record[s].|date=1 January 1993|publisher=Government of Pakistan, Cabinet Secretariat, Cabinet Division, National Documentation Centre|pages=145|language=en}}</ref> along with a [[Knight]]hood by being appointed [[Commander (order)|Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Indian Empire|Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c2I7AQAAMAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+knighthood|title=The London Gazette|date=1 January 1919|publisher=Tho. Newcomb over against Baynards Castle in Thamse-street|pages=110|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6pEOAQAAIAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+kcie|title=Journal|last=England)|first=East India Association (London|date=1 January 1920|publisher=East India association|language=en}}</ref> with the title of [[Highness|His Highness]] following in 1920.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EqZFsNIuVWEC&q=mehtar+shuja+ul+mulk+his+highness&pg=PA209|title=Gilgit Agency 1877-1935Second Reprint|last=Chohan|first=Amar Singh|date=1 January 1997|publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Dist|isbn=9788171561469|pages=209|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=godxAAAAMAAJ&q=mehtar+shuja+ul+mulk+received+his+highness|title=Central Asia|date=1 January 1979|publisher=Area Study Centre (Central Asia), University of Peshawar.|pages=43|language=en}}</ref> The salute and title were made [[Hereditary peer|permanent]] and [[Hereditary title|hereditary]] to his successors in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|title=Death of the Mehtar of Chitra|url=http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19361031-1.2.118.aspx|access-date=10 November 2013|archive-date=10 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110160308/http://newspapers.nl.sg/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19361031-1.2.118.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>

In 1921, Shuja ul-Mulk visited India and met the [[Prince of Wales]] [[Edward VIII|Edward Patrick David]] (later [[Edward VIII]]) on the latter's visit to [[Ajmer]] that November. He spent two days at the Viceregal Lodge Delhi, as the guest of [[Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading|Viceroy Lord Reading]]. He went on to visit [[Indore]], [[Mumbai|Bombay]] before arriving at [[Jammu]] where he was received at a formal Durbar by the [[Dogra dynasty|Maharaja of Kashmir]] [[Pratap Singh of Jammu and Kashmir|Pratap Singh]] and treated as a state guest.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYfcJKRBqhAC&q=In+October+1921,+he+paid+a+visit+to+India+and+was+introduced+to+His+Royal+Highness+the+Prince+of+Wales+on+the+occasion+of+the+latter%E2%80%99s+visit+to+Ajmer+in+November,+earlier+in+the+same+month,+His+Highness+spend+two+days+in+Viceregal+Lodge,+Delhi,+as+the+guest+of+His+Excellency+Lord+Reading.+His+Highness+also+visited+Indore,+Bombay,+Jammu+and+at+the+last+named+place,+was+received+in+formal+Durbar+by+His+Highness+the+Maharaja+of+Kashmir.|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1935|publisher=Manager of Publications.|pages=153|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ&q=In+October+1921,+he+paid+a+visit+to+India+and+was+introduced+to+His+Royal+Highness+the+Prince+of+Wales+on+the+occasion+of+the+latter%E2%80%99s+visit+to+Ajmer+in+November,+earlier+in+the+same+month,+His+Highness+spend+two+days+in+Viceregal+Lodge,+Delhi,+as+the+guest+of+His+Excellency+Lord+Reading.+His+Highness+also+visited+Indore,+Bombay,+Jammu+and+at+the+last+named+place,+was+received+in+formal+Durbar+by+His+Highness+the+Maharaja+of+Kashmir.|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|last=Branch|first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication|date=1931|pages=100|language=en}}</ref> In 1923 [[Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baron Rawlinson|Lord Rawlinson]] the [[Commander-in-Chief, India|Commander-in-Chief of India]] while undertaking a trip to the northern outposts of India visited Chitral as a state guest of the Mehtar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WcPAQAAIAAJ&q=lord+rawlinson+visited+chitral+1923|title=The Army Quarterly|last=Morley Headlam|first=Sir Cuthbert|date=1925|publisher=William Clowes & Sons, Ltd.|pages=305|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D80EAAAAMAAJ&q=In+August+1923,+His+Excellency+Lord+Rawlinson,+Commander-in-chief+in+India,+visited+Chitral+en+route+to+Gilgit+from+the+Malakand.|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1939|publisher=Manager of Publications|pages=207|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ&q=In+August+1923,+His+Excellency+Lord+Rawlinson,+Commander-in-chief+in+India,+visited+Chitral+en+route+to+Gilgit+from+the+Malakand.|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|last=Branch|first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication|date=1931|pages=100|language=en}}</ref>

In 1923–1924, Shuja ul-Mulk went on a [[pilgrimage]] to [[Saudi Arabia|Arabia]] where he visited [[Mecca]] and offered the [[Hajj]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYfcJKRBqhAC&q=shuja+ul+mulk+hajj+1924|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1 January 1935|publisher=Manager of Publications.|pages=153|language=en}}</ref> The trip commenced in November 1923, with Shuja leaving [[Chitral]] and visiting en route [[Peshawar]], Delhi and [[Mumbai|Bombay]]. Embarking at [[Mumbai|Bombay]], he proceeded to [[Basra]], [[Baghdad]], [[Jerusalem]], [[Jeddah]], [[Mecca]] and [[Medina]]. At [[Medina]] he remained the guest of [[Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca|King Hussein]]. He returned to Chitral in August 1924.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYfcJKRBqhAC&q=%E2%80%9CIn+November+1923,+His+Highness+left+Chitral+for+the+Haj+visiting+en+route+Peshawar,+Delhi+and+Bombay.+Embarking+at+Bombay,+he+proceeded+to+Basra,+Baghdad,+Jerusalem,+Jeddah,+Mecca+and+Madina+where+he+was+the+guest+of+King+Hussain.+His+Highness+returned+in+August+1924.|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1935|publisher=Manager of Publications.|pages=153|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NXY5AAAAIAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+pilgrimage+1924|title=The Himalayan Journal|date=1 January 1936|publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=153|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ&q=%E2%80%9CIn+November+1923,+His+Highness+left+Chitral+for+the+Haj+visiting+en+route+Peshawar,+Delhi+and+Bombay.+Embarking+at+Bombay,+he+proceeded+to+Basra,+Baghdad,+Jerusalem,+Jeddah,+Mecca+and+Madina+where+he+was+the+guest+of+King+Hussain.+His+Highness+returned+in+August+1924.|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|last=Branch|first=India Manager, Government of India Central Publication|date=1931|pages=100|language=en}}</ref> That year [[Field marshal (United Kingdom)|Field Marshal]] [[William Birdwood|Sir William Birdwood]] visited Chitral and was entertained as a state guest of the Mehtar.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9GwgAAAAMAAJ&q=Sir+William+Birdwood,+chitral|title=In My Time: Recollections and Anecdotes|last=Birdwood|first=William Riddell Birdwood Baron|date=1946|publisher=Skeffington & Son, Limited|pages=27|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D80EAAAAMAAJ&q=Sir+William+Birdwood,+Bart.,+visited+Chitral+as+a+State+guest+in+June+1924.|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1939|publisher=Manager of Publications|pages=207|language=en}}</ref>

The same year, [[Islamia College University|Islamia College's]] student elected body (the Khyber Union), granted honorary life-membership to Shuja ul-Mulk.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://paknetmag.blogspot.co.uk/2013/05/100-years-of-islamia-college-peshawar.html|title=100 years of Islamia College PEshawar|date=31 May 2013 |publisher=Islamia College}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://icp.edu.pk/page.php?abc=201504300339374|title=Khyber Union Life Honorary Members|publisher=Islamia College}}</ref> Shuja was on friendly terms with [[Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum|Sir Sahibzada Abdul Qayyum]] who had previously served as [[Political Resident|Assistant Political Agent]] in Chitral.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DRFuAAAAMAAJ&q=sahibzada+abdul+qayyum+political+agent+chitral|title=The All India Muslim Educational Conference: Its Contribution to the Cultural Development of Indian Muslims, 1886–1947|last=Khan|first=Abdul Rashid|date=1 January 2001|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195793758|pages=273|language=en}}</ref> Upon encouragement from the latter Shuja had made a contribution of Rs 20,000 towards the setting up of the institution,<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Islamia College Peshawar|last=Baha|first=Dr Lal|year=2013|pages=42 and 73}}</ref> with encouragement from the latter, he began participating in the growth of the institution. When time permitted he presided over meetings of the [[Islamia College University|Trustees of Islamia College]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7iFDAQAAIAAJ&q=mehtar+islamia+college|title=The Pioneer Mail and Indian Weekly News|date=1 January 1921|pages=47–48|language=en}}</ref> Shuja was elected President of the Islamia College Management Body and visited the institution in that capacity in 1928 and 1931.<ref>{{Cite book|title=History of Islamia College Peshawar|last=Baha|first=Dr Lal|year=2013|pages=216}}</ref>

In 1926, Shuja ul-Mulk attended the Vice Regal Durbar at [[Peshawar]]. He visited India again in 1928 with his visit lasting from 8 October to 1 December that year. During this visit, he was accompanied by the Assistant Political Agent Chitral. Shuja began his tour by visiting [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] where he was entertained as a guest of the [[Wāli of Swat|Wali]] at [[Saidu Sharif|Saidu]]. He proceeded to [[Peshawar]] where he remained a guest of [[Norman Bolton|Sir Norman Bolton]] before embarking for [[Rampur State|Rampur]] upon the invitation of [[Rampur State|His Highness the Nawab of Rampur]] [[Hamid Ali Khan of Rampur|Sir Hamid Ali Khan]]. Shuja also visited the [[Rashtriya Indian Military College|Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] at [[Dehradun]] where he enrolled his younger sons for private education. At Delhi he was accorded an interview with [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Viceroy Lord Irwin]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XYfcJKRBqhAC&q=%E2%80%9CIn+1926,+His+Highness+attended+the+Viceregal+Durbar+held+at+Peshawar.+He+was+again+in+India+between+October+the+8th+and+December+the+1st,+1928+accompanied+by+the+Assistant+Political+Agent.+On+this+occasion,+he+visited+the+Wali+of+Swat+at+Saidu,+was+the+guest+of+the+Hon%E2%80%99ble+the+Chief+Commissioner,+North-West+Frontier+Province,+during+his+stay+in+Peshawar+and+the+guest+of+His+Highness+the+Nawab+of+Rampur+in+Rampur.+He+also+visited+the+Prince+of+Wales+Military+College+at+Dehra+Dun,+where+one+of+his+sons+was+studying+and+left+four+of+his+younger+sons+at+Dehra+Dun+for+private+tuition.++%E2%80%9CAt+Delhi+he+was+accorded+an+interview+by+His+Excellency+the+Viceroy.|title=Memoranda on the Indian States|date=1935|publisher=Manager of Publications.|pages=153|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=twq2AAAAIAAJ&q=%E2%80%9CIn+1926,+His+Highness+attended+the+Viceregal+Durbar+held+at+Peshawar.+He+was+again+in+India+between+October+the+8th+and+December+the+1st,+1928+accompanied+by+the+Assistant+Political+Agent.+On+this+occasion,+he+visited+the+Wali+of+Swat+at+Saidu,+was+the+guest+of+the+Hon%E2%80%99ble+the+Chief+Commissioner,+North-West+Frontier+Province,+during+his+stay+in+Peshawar+and+the+guest+of+His+Highness+the+Nawab+of+Rampur+in+Rampur.+He+also+visited+the+Prince+of+Wales+Military+College+at+Dehra+Dun,+where+one+of+his+sons+was+studying+and+left+four+of+his+younger+sons+at+Dehra+Dun+for+private+tuition.++%E2%80%9CAt+Delhi+he+was+accorded+an+interview+by+His+Excellency+the+Viceroy.|title=Memoranda on the India States, 1930: (Corrected Up to the 1st January 1930).|date=1931|publisher=Government of India Central Publication|pages=100|language=en}}</ref> In November 1931, he visited India again and held a meeting with [[Freeman Freeman-Thomas, 1st Marquess of Willingdon|Viceroy Freeman Thomas, the Marquess of Willingdon]] regarding the Government of India's policy towards the North West Frontiers. Upon return to [[Peshawar]] he stayed a considerable time in the city holding talks with [[Ralph Griffith (governor)|Sir Ralph Griffith]] before returning to [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] via air on 27 April 1932.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/archive/print/506866-memoranda-on-the-india-estates-%E2%80%93-1934|title=Memoranda on the India States – 1934|date=6 June 2014|website=The News International|language=en}}</ref>

== Reforms ==

Following his accession, Shuja ul-Mulk, guided by his mother and the [[King's Commissioned Indian Officer|Commissioned Indian Officers]], began introducing widespread and comprehensive reforms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tJgMAAAAIAAJ&q=shuja+ul+mulk+reforms|title=Pakistan: People and Places, Reflections on Living and Travelling|last=Malik|first=Iftikhar Haider|date=1 January 1985|publisher=Margalla Publications|pages=109|language=en}}</ref>

=== Land records ===

From 1898, Shuja ul-Mulk with assistance from the British, reorganized the state's finance machinery. For the first time, the record of all lands and land owners along with the rate at which they were liable to pay [[revenue]] to the [[State (polity)|state]] was documented in a register. The documentation ensured that tax evasion did not go unnoticed by the state.<ref name="Ghufran 1962 217"/> The register also contained details of state lands allotted to [[Tenants|tenant]] farmers for [[sharecropping]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iwru5G6KMOMC&q=scott+notes+chitral|title=Notes on Chitral|last=Scott|first=Ian Dixon|date=1 January 1937|publisher=Manager, Government of India Press|pages=18|language=en}}</ref>

=== Minerals ===

Much interest was shown by Shuja ul-Mulk in exploiting the [[Natural resource|mineral resources]] of the state.<ref name="Ghufran 1962"/> He employed entire families to pan the Chitral river for Gold dust, the cash generated went to the [[Treasury|state coffers]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=Government+of+India.+1928.+Military+Report+and+Gazetteer+on+Chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=49|language=en}}</ref> Other minerals extracted included [[orpiment]], silver, lead, [[antimony]], [[Crystallization|crystallised]] [[quartz]], iron ore, copper and [[potassium nitrate]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Tarikh-i-Chitral|last=Din|first=Munshil Aziz|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|year=1987|pages=19–20}}</ref><ref name="Biddulph"/> The mineral exports, particularly exports of [[orpiment]] to [[Republic of China (1912–49)|China]], proved lucrative and turned in a handsome profit.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=military+report+and+gazetteer+of+chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=49|language=en}}</ref><ref name="of 134">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-g1uAAAAMAAJ&q=He+alone+had+the+power+of+life+and+death.+Theoretically+the+whole+property+of+the+country+belonged+to+him,+and+in+more+than+theory,+he+actually+disposed+of+the+persons+and+possessions+of|title=A viceroy's India: leaves from Lord Curzon's note-book|last1=of)|first1=George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon (Marquis|last2=King|first2=Peter|date=1 January 1984|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|isbn=9780283991660|page=134|language=en}}</ref> By 1914, export of [[orpiment]] fetched an average of 20,000 [[Afghan rupee|Kabulis]].<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite book|title=Provincial Home Department's Tribal Research Cell|pages=7|chapter=18}}</ref>

=== Octroi ===

In the summers, when snow cleared over the [[Dorah Pass]] and [[Lowari Pass|Lowari]] [[Mountain pass|Pass]], goods of various kind were brought over these passes to Chitral.<ref name="JMwEACAAJ 1928">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=Government+of+India.+1928.+Military+Report+and+Gazetteer+on+Chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=50|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Tarikh-i-Chitral|last=Din|first=Munshil Aziz|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|year=1987|pages=21}}</ref> Traders carting merchandise into and out of the Chitral, as well as those in transit, were historically required to pay a tax known as octroi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=143|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=major%2520general%2520robert%2520low%2520bindon%2520blood&pg=PA55|title=A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898|last1=Fincastle|first1=The Viscount|last2=Eliott-Lockhart|first2=P. C.|date=2 February 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781515518|page=4|language=en}}</ref> The collection of octroi was regulated. By 1919, octroi was fetching the state earnings of almost 4,000 [[Rupee|Indian rupees]] annually.<ref name="Din 1987 39">{{Cite book|title=Tarikh-i-Chitral|last=Din|first=Munshil Aziz|publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications|year=1987|pages=39}}</ref> This increased in subsequent years and between 1932 and 1936, for instance, the average annual income from octroi stood at 19,680 rupees. State officials collecting the tax were required to issue printed receipts to merchants, this measure disallowed corruption.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== Slavery ===

Towards the end of the 19th century, young, attractive man and women could be bought and sold for about 300 [[Afghan rupee|Kabulis]], whereas children could fetch anything from 100 to 300 Kabulis.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=major%2520general%2520robert%2520low%2520bindon%2520blood&pg=PA55|title=A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898|last1=Fincastle|first1=The Viscount|last2=Eliott-Lockhart|first2=P. C.|date=2 February 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781515518|page=4|language=en}}</ref> The practice of [[History of slavery|slave trade]] had declined in the 1880s, [[Abdur Rahman Khan|Amir Abdur Rahman Khan]] of [[Timeline of Afghan history|Afghanistan]] during his [[History of Afghanistan|reign (1878-1901)]], had banned slavery and closed down the [[Slavery|slave market]] in Kabul Province.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=major%2520general%2520robert%2520low%2520bindon%2520blood&pg=PA55|title=A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898|last1=Fincastle|first1=The Viscount|last2=Eliott-Lockhart|first2=P. C.|date=2 February 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781515518|page=4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-g1uAAAAMAAJ&q=He+alone+had+the+power+of+life+and+death.+Theoretically+the+whole+property+of+the+country+belonged+to+him,+and+in+more+than+theory,+he+actually+disposed+of+the+persons+and+possessions+of|title=A viceroy's India: leaves from Lord Curzon's note-book|last1=of)|first1=George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon (Marquis|last2=King|first2=Peter|date=1 January 1984|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|isbn=9780283991660|page=154|language=en}}</ref> However, in [[British Raj|British India]] the slave trade legally continued until 1895 before it was banned by the British colonial administration.<ref name="of 134"/><ref name="Din 1987 39"/>

=== Fines ===

Chitral during the reign of Shuja ul-Mulk, as his predecessors, was by and large a law-abiding society, crime [[Crime rate|rate]] was meagre. Fines collected went to the aggrieved person or family and were meant to serve as [[Damages|compensation]]. Shuja ul-Mulk decreed that a certain portion of the fines collected would go to the exchequer.<ref name="Biddulph"/>

=== Ushr ===

The concept of [[Islamic taxes|ushr]] ([[tithe]]) had subsisted, in certain pockets of Chitral, for some time. After consulting state theologians, Shuja ul-Mulk in 1910 took the concept to scale and imposed ushr on a variety of [[Agriculture|agrarian produce]]. This new tax was fervidly resisted, particularly in the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] majority [[Mastuj]] region.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|year=1962|pages=218|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> Nevertheless, it was forcibly imposed throughout Chitral by 1918.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|year=1962|pages=55|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> The grains collected went into state [[Granary|granaries]], with the revenue department keeping a record of what had been accumulated. State officials, including the [[Chitral Bodyguard|Bodyguard Force]] received grains from the [[Islamic taxes|ushr]] stock. The records of 1928 reveal that 6,610 [[maund (unit)|maund]]s of stocks lay in state granaries that year. Following the [[Chitral Expedition|Siege of Chitral]] there was permanent British military presence in Chitral. Naturally the forces needed food supplies and initially these were sent over the [[Lowari Pass]]. It was soon realised that the cost of conveyance was too exorbitant. Eventually, the British authorities in 1902, awarded the Mehtar the contract to supply the troops.<ref name="Scott 19">{{Cite book|title=Scott Notes|publisher=Manager, Government of India Press|pages=18–19|language=en}}</ref> With the passage of time this arrangement earned the state a substantial income which, between 1932 and 1936, averaged 218,800 [[History of the rupee|Rupees]] annually.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Department, Government of the North-West Frontier Province Tribal Research Cell (TRC)|pages=7|chapter=18}}</ref>

=== Narcotics ===

In the 19th century traffic in [[narcotic]]s was not state regulated. In 1902, a [[warehouse]] was established at [[Broghol|Boroghil]]. A fraction of the [[cannabis]] and [[opium]] shipments were consumed in Chitral with the bulk being sold in markets as far afield as [[Kabul]], [[Peshawar]], [[Lahore]] and [[Bombay]]. By 1928 the Mehtar was earning 30,000 [[History of the rupee|Rupees]] annually from the narcotics trade. In later years, [[cannabis]] and [[opium]] were locally cultivated in Chitral and thus the local produce further added to state revenue.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Department, Government of the North-West Frontier Province Tribal Research Cell (TRC)|pages=106|chapter=1–2}}</ref>

=== Timber ===

Timber trade with [[Afghanistan]] had begun in the 19th century. Since the Mehtar enjoyed de facto rights over all forests of Chitral, the revenue generated accrued to the treasury.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral.|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=143|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref><ref name="JMwEACAAJ 1928"/> During the reign of [[Aman ul-Mulk]] the trade was at its flourishing best and sometimes earned the state up to 40,000 [[Kabuli rupee|Kabulis]] annually.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=major%2520general%2520robert%2520low%2520bindon%2520blood&pg=PA55|title=A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898|last1=Fincastle|first1=The Viscount|last2=Eliott-Lockhart|first2=P. C.|date=2 February 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781515518|page=3|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Din 1987 39"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral.|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=134|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> Aware of the value of timber, Shuja ul-Mulk established a Forestry Department in 1908. The department regulated not only the timber trade but also introduced measures to control the use of timber locally, including the imposition of a tax on [[firewood]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral.|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=219|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> Trade in timber continued under Shuja ul-Mulk. However it came to a complete halt following the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War|Anglo-Afghan War of 1919]], with sales plummeting.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> This situation persisted for rest of Shuja's reign.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral.|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=225|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref>

=== Markets and shops ===

To cater to the growing market Shuja ul-Mulk ordered the building of new shops and [[caravanserai]]s. Officer were appointed to regulate the supply of goods and prices.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral.|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=233|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> The new shops built in [[Chitral]], [[Garam Chashma|Lot Kuh]] and [[Drosh]] brought in plenty of revenue for the state.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iwru5G6KMOMC&q=scott+notes+chitral|title=Notes on Chitral|last=Scott|first=Ian Dixon|date=1 January 1937|publisher=Manager, Government of India Press|pages=5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Home Department, Government of the North-West Frontier Province, Tribal Research Cell (TRC).|pages=7|chapter=18}}</ref>

=== Tailor house ===

Until the 20th century, the Mehtar's [[wardrobe]] contained local dress, made from local fabric only. This gradually changed with Shuja ul-Mulk who in 1914 employed no less than 12 tailors, setting up a tailoring house which would import [[Textile|fabric]] and prepare dresses for the Mehtar and the royal household. In addition to a tailoring house, Shuja set up a state laundry, near the Chitral Fort. It handled the wear of the royal family and the uniforms of the [[Chitral Bodyguard|State Bodyguards]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI1ZAAAACAAJ|title=Chitral: A Study in Statecraft, 1320–1969|date=1 January 2004|publisher=IUCN Pakistan, Sahrhad Programme|isbn=9789698141691|language=en}}</ref>

=== Education ===

Education received greater [[Patronage|official patronage]] under Shuja ul-Mulk. [[Chitral]], [[Drosh]], [[Mulkhow|Drasun]], [[Garam Chashma|Lot Kuh]], [[Mastuj]] and [[Shagram]] saw the establishment of elementary school for boys. [[Islamic studies|Religion]] and [[Persian literature]] were the main subjects being taught here.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notes on the history of Chitral|last=ul Mulk|first=Hissam|year=1971|pages=75}}</ref> The state provide grain and other finances to these educational institutes. Shuja ul-Mulk also sent his sons to far off places such as [[Peshawar]], [[Aligarh Muslim University|Aligarh]] and [[Dehradun]] to receive modern education.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/8661|title=Chitral : a study in statecraft (1320–1969) {{!}} IUCN Library System|website=IUCN|year=2004 |publisher=IUCN Pakistan, Sahrhad Programme |isbn=9789698141691 }}</ref>

=== Healthcare ===

Rampant epidemics and [[disease|ailments]] such as [[hepatitis]], [[cholera]], [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]] and [[tuberculosis]] claimed a multitude of lives in Chitral each year. Shuja's rule saw the establishment a hospital in [[Chitral]] and another in [[Drosh]]. In these hospitals the services of qualified doctors, [[paramedic]]s and [[Pharmaceutical drug|pharmaceutical medicines]] could be availed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=Government+of+India.+1928.+Military+Report+and+Gazetteer+on+Chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=31|language=en}}</ref>

=== Telegraph and Telephone ===

The prospect of setting up a [[telegraph]] line between Chitral and headquarters of neighbouring [[Gilgit]] was discussed in 1892, during the life of [[Aman ul-Mulk]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.abebooks.co.uk/book-search/title/leaves-from-a-viceroy's-note-book/author/curzon-marquess-of-kedleston/|title=Leaves from a Viceroy's Note Book by Curzon Marquess of Kedleston|website=Abe Books|language=en-GB}}</ref> Following the [[Chitral Expedition]] an experimental [[telegraph line]] was installed over the [[Lowari Pass|Lowari]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bookdepository.com/The-Chitral-Campaign-Harry-Craufuird-Thomson/9781358312762?ref=bd_recs_1_1|title=The Chitral Campaign|website=Book Depository|language=en}}</ref> In 1903, during the reign of Shuja ul-Mulk, [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] and [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] were connected via telegraph.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|year=1962|pages=182|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> In the next year or so [[Telegraphy|telegraph]] and telephone were set up across the breath of the state connecting all headquarters. Thus the telephone became an integral part of the state machinery in conducting the affairs of the state. It is said that Shuja spent his early evenings on the telephone relaying and relieving messages from distant administrative units of the state to keep himself abreast. To operate and repair the machinery, technicians were called in from India.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QI1ZAAAACAAJ|title=Chitral: A Study in Statecraft, 1320–1969|date=1 January 2004|publisher=IUCN Pakistan, Sahrhad Programme|isbn=9789698141691|language=en}}</ref>

=== Postal service ===

After 1892, the British began to improve communications within Chitral and in 1895, a regular [[Mail|postal service]] was launched. Thereafter, state correspondence became a daily routine.

=== Levy Company ===

Shuja ul-Mulk also organised a small force known as the [[Levy Company]], consisting of barely over a hundred men, the force's sole responsibility was to protect the state postal service. Although small, the task the force performed was invaluable for the state.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=military+report+and+gazetteer+of+chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=62|language=en}}</ref>

=== Irregulars ===

Aware that the task of guarding the border with [[Afghanistan]] was too herculean even for the two regular state forces i.e. [[Chitral Scouts]] and [[Chitral Bodyguard|Chitral State Bodyguards]], Shuja ul-Mulk armed the villagers of Urtsun, Ashurait, Domel, Langurbat and Arnawai with rifles and [[ammunition]] to patrol and guard the southern forested border of Chitral. This [[Irregular military|Irregular force]] known as the [[Ashurait-Domelnisar Company]] unlike the other two state forces received local training, however owing to their special knowledge of the locality were best equipped to deal with intruders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogwJMwEACAAJ&q=military+report+and+gazetteer+of+chitral|title=Military Report and Gazetteer on Chitral|date=1 January 1928|publisher=Government of India Press|pages=63|language=en}}</ref>

=== Intelligence service ===

Until the reign of Shuja ul-Mulk the only means of flushing out criminals was the concept of [[collective responsibility]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Nayi Tarikh-e-Chitral.|last=Ghufran|first=Mirza Muhammad|publisher=Public Art Press|year=1962|location=Peshawar|pages=217|translator-last=Murtaza|translator-first=Ghulam}}</ref> The carrot and stick diplomacy was deployed, whereby citizens on the one end were offered [[incentive]]s and on the other [[Coercion|coerced]] with [[Punishment|sanctions]] into revealing the identity of criminals. This concept endured in the days of Shuja but was supplemented with a secret intelligence service. The service had its [[informant]]s in almost each village who would report to the capital. It is believed that the step lowered crime rate further.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UYG-BAAAQBAJ&q=major%2520general%2520robert%2520low%2520bindon%2520blood&pg=PA55|title=A Frontier Campaign: A Narrative of the Operations of the Malakand and Buner Field Forces, 1897–1898|last1=Fincastle|first1=The Viscount|last2=Eliott-Lockhart|first2=P. C.|date=2 February 2012|publisher=Andrews UK Limited|isbn=9781781515518|page=2|language=en}}</ref>

== Routine ==

Shuja ul-Mulk's typical day as Mehtar would commence with the rising sun and offering of [[Fajr prayer|morning prayers]]. Breakfast would soon follow, traditionally a few selected [[Nobility|nobles]] would be invited to this exclusive gathering. Following breakfast, he would attend to matters of state.

Important mail would be drawn to the Mehtar's attention early in the day. Shuja ul-Mulk would dictate a reply, which his secretary would jolt down to prepare a draft. The draft would be shown to him the following morning and might be approved, reworded or redrafted where after only, Shuja ul-Mulk would affix his signature. However some letters were handled quite differently with the letters being read out aloud in [[In open court|open court]] to elicit the opinion of notables and tribal chiefs prior to preparing a response.

In the morning hours of the day, time was reserved for individual petitioners. Citizens of every class irrespective of [[gender]] or [[Social status|status]] were permitted audience with their ruler. Those who could not plead their case in the morning could do so later in the afternoon. In spite of his immense supremacy Shuja was remarkably accessible.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notes on the History of Chitral|last=ul Mulk|first=Hissam|year=1971|pages=55, 75–76}}</ref>

Shuja ul-Mulk would spend a good part of his early evenings on the telephone, relaying and receiving messages from various parts of the state, to keep himself abreast of local developments, after which he would attend the Mahraka.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Interview Statement|last=Khan|first=Safid|year=1995}}</ref>

Conforming to generation old tradition, Shuja ul-Mulk would have his afternoon and evening meals at a gathering attended by nobles and elders called the Mahraka. It was considered highly coveted for anyone to be invited to this congregation, which the Mehtar would preside over. The Mahrakah was a decorous event, where meals would be followed by prolonged discussions on serious state matters.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Notes on the History of Chitral|last=ul Mulk|first=Hissam|pages=52|year=1971}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001368171|title=Grammar and Vocabulary of the Khowar Dialect (Chitrali).|last=O’Brien|first=D. J. T|publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press|year=1895|location=Lahore|pages=8}}</ref>

== Hobbies and interests ==

A love of sport, characteristic of the peoples of the [[Hindu Kush]], was shared by the Mehtar. [[Hunting|Shooting]], [[falconry]], [[polo]], [[chess]], and listening to singing accompanied on the [[sitar]], all came within the ambit of his relaxations. Falconry was his favourite sport, and he was very proud of the unrivalled skill of his falconers.<ref name="Gurdon 1937"/>

== Marriage of States ==

Shuja ul-Mulk was empathetic to the idea of [[Marriage of state|inter-state]] and [[royal intermarriage|royal-intermarriage]]s, for strategic and political purposes. His sister was married to [[Miangul Abdul Khaliq]], the grandfather of the [[Wali of Swat]]. She acted as de facto ruler of [[Swat (princely state)|Swat]] for many years after the death of her husband.<ref>{{cite web|last=B. Elahi|first=Sofia|title=Reflections on Sharia Law in Malakand Division|url=https://pakistanlink.org/Opinion/2009/June09/12/04.HTM}}</ref> Another one of his sisters was married to the [[Nawab]] of [[Dir (princely state)|Dir]]. His daughter was married to Naqibzada Pir Sayyid Jamal ud-din Al-Gilani, a direct descendant of [[Abdul Qadir Gilani]], [[Patronymic|patronym]] of the [[Qadiriyya]] order.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.algillani.com/postid/11/Tariqa-Qadiria-of-Holiness-Hadhrat-Syedina-Ghous-ul-Azam-Al-Sheikh-Muhyiuddin-Abdul-Qadir-Gillani-R-A.html|title=Tariqa Qadiria of Holiness Hadhrat Syedina Ghous-ul-Azam Al Sheikh Muhyiuddin Abdul Qadir Gillani (R.A)|website=Al-Gillani|language=en-US}}</ref> His granddaughter was married to Nawab Muhammad Said Khan, the [[Nawab]] of [[Amb (princely state)|Amb]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Brief History of Ex Mehter Chitral HH Prince Saif ul Mulk Nasir|url=http://www.chitraltimes.com/english11/newseng1424.htm|access-date=11 November 2013|archive-date=29 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185433/http://www.chitraltimes.com/english11/newseng1424.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Controversy ==

For several centuries, the [[Homogeneity and heterogeneity|heterogeneous]] society of [[Sunni Islam|Sunnis]], [[Isma'ilism|Shia Ismailis]] and the [[Kalash people|Kalash]] had lived together in harmony without any overt hostilities.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-g1uAAAAMAAJ&q=He+alone+had+the+power+of+life+and+death.+Theoretically+the+whole+property+of+the+country+belonged+to+him,+and+in+more+than+theory,+he+actually+disposed+of+the+persons+and+possessions+of|title=A viceroy's India: leaves from Lord Curzon's note-book|last1=of)|first1=George Nathaniel Curzon Curzon (Marquis|last2=King|first2=Peter|date=1 January 1984|publisher=Sidgwick & Jackson|isbn=9780283991660|page=98|language=en}}</ref> However tension arose between Shuja ul-Mulk and his [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] subjects. In 1910, Shuja ul-Mulk imposed statewide [[Islamic taxes|ushur tax]], which was most bellicosely opposed by the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] community. In 1917, the community launched a movement to resist the tax, which was remorselessly put down in [[Mastuj]] with state brutality. [[Bulbul Shah]], the religious figure at the forefront of the movement was exiled and forced to migrate to [[Afghanistan]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Provincial Home Department's Tribal Research Cell|pages=111–113|chapter=312}}</ref>

Upshot of all this was the cultivation of [[Distrust|mistrust]] amongst the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] community who regarding themselves as having been persecuted and felt inclined to resolve disputes within the community without involving state authorities, much to the Mehtar's annoyance. This generated reciprocal [[skepticism]] in Shuja ul-Mulk who suspected the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] leaders of spying on him on behalf of [[Gilgit Agency|Gilgit]] and [[Badakhshan]]. In 1923, the misgivings were further fuelled when an Ismaili [[missionary]] from [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|India]] by the name of Sabz Ali travelled to Chitral and instructed the community to continue to have its disputes resolved under the community's own auspices. Perceiving this as an omen of [[Rebellion|insurrection]] Shuja ul-Mulk gave the orders to [[Forced conversion|forcibly convert]] Ismailis to Sunnis, thus leading to even wider unrest. The Mehtar had completely misjudged the situation and was treading down a muddy path. Eventually the British authorities intervened and persuaded Shuja to put a halt to the persecution. An inquiry was conducted under Major Hopkinson, which submitted a detailed report. Reconciliation was brought about between Shuja and leaders of the [[Isma'ilism|Ismaili]] community by the efforts of the [[Political officer (British Empire)|Political Agent]] [[Malakand Agency]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Provincial Home Department's Tribal Research Cell|pages=32–36|chapter=312}}</ref> In 1926, Shuja at the behest of the British declared an [[amnesty]] for all [[Isma'ilism|Ismailis]], the matter was laid to rest.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TlwwAAAAYAAJ&q=ismaili+persecution+chitral|title=101 Ismaili Heroes: Late 19th Century to Present Age|last=Ali|first=Mumtaz Ali Tajddin Sadik|date=1 January 2003|publisher=Islamic Book Publisher|pages=346|language=en}}</ref>

While it is true that following his [[pilgrimage]] to [[Mecca]] in 1923–1924, Shuja became more religious. It is hard to conceive his intentions in persecuting the [[Isma'ilism|Ismailis]] as being [[Religious violence|religiously motivated]] given the paradox that at that time other religious communities such as the [[Kalash people|Kalash]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]] and [[Hindu]]es resided in [[Chitral (princely state)|Chitral]] as well. Sikhs and Hindus, had and were allowed to retain, their monopoly in trade and commerce. And there are no reported incidents of state persecution directed against them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkQqAQAAIAAJ&q=chitrals+mehtars+tolerant|title=Acta orientalia: ediderunt societates orientales Batava, Danica, Norvegica|date=1 January 2006|publisher=E.J. Brill.|pages=130|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcUVAAAAYAAJ&q=chitrals+mehtars+tolerant&pg=PA474|title=The Imperial and Asiatic Quarterly Review and Oriental and Colonial Record|date=1 January 1895|publisher=Oriental Institute|pages=474|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z7OAAAAAMAAJ&q=chitrals+mehtars+tolerant|title=Studies Honouring the Centennial of Universitetets Etnografiske Museum, Oslo, 1857–1957|last=Museum|first=Universitetet i Oslo Etnografiske|date=1 January 1956|publisher=Forenede trykkerier.|pages=83|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NjrWAAAAMAAJ&q=mehtar+religious+interference&pg=PA792|title=Littell's Living Age|last1=Littell|first1=Eliakim|last2=Littell|first2=Robert S.|date=1 January 1894|publisher=T.H. Carter & Company|pages=792|language=en}}</ref> Describing him in 1937, [[Bertrand Evelyn Mellish Gurdon|Bertrand Gurdon]] wrote,"Shuja ul-Mulk was a devout Sunni, and made the pilgrimage to Mecca in 1924, but bigotry and fanaticism found little place in his character."<ref name="Gurdon 1937">{{cite journal|last=Gurdon|first=B. E. M.|title=In Memorium|journal=Himalayan Journal|year=1937|volume=09|url=http://www.himalayanclub.org/journal/in-memoriam-22/}}</ref>

==Honours==

*[[Order of the Indian Empire|Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire]] (KCIE) in 1919
**(he had been appointed a Companion of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in the [[1903 Durbar Honours]]<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=The Durbar Honours |date=1 January 1903 |page=8 |issue=36966}}</ref><ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27511|date=1 January 1903 |page=3|supp=y}}</ref>)
*[[Delhi Durbar Medal|Delhi Durbar Gold Medal]] (1903)
*[[Delhi Durbar Medal|Delhi Durbar Gold Medal]] (1911)
*[[King George V Silver Jubilee Medal]] (1935)

==Death==

Shuja ul-Mulk died on 13 October 1936. He was buried in his ancestral graveyard adjacent to the Royal Fort in Chitral. He was [[Order of succession|succeeded]] as Mehtar by his eldest son, [[Nasir ul-Mulk]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Afzal Khan|first=Mohammad|title=A Short History of Chitral and Kafirstan|url=http://www.timesofchitral.com/p/history-of-chitral.html}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=15em}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:1881 births]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Mehtars of Chitral]]
[[Category:20th century in North-West Frontier Province]]
[[Category:Chitrali people]]
[[Category:Indian knights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian royalty]]
[[Category:1936 deaths]]

Tamil LGBTQ people

2026-04-20T23:50:13Z

Mazzulah Peel: Put up

{{short description|Tamil people who do not conform to heterosexual gender norms}}
'''Tamil sexual minorities''' are Tamil people who do not conform to [[Heterosexuality|heterosexual]] [[gender norms]]. They may identify as [[LGBTQIA]].{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} It has been estimated that [[India]] has a population of 2.5 million [[Homosexuality|homosexuals]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/govt-submits-data-on-gay-population/article2991667.ece|title=Govt. submits data on gay population|date=2012-03-13|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-11-07|agency=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> though not all of them are Tamil, and not all Tamils live in India.

There are currently laws that criminalize [[Human sexual activity#Homosexuality|homosexual sex]] implemented in [[Malaysia]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Mauritius]], all of which have Tamil as an official or recognized language, and have referenced [[Section 377]] of the British penal code as far back as colonial times.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/countries-where-its-illegal-to-be-gay-2015-5|title=Here are all the countries where it's still illegal to be gay|work=Business Insider|access-date=2017-11-07|language=en}}</ref> Sri Lanka and Mauritius have implemented [[anti-discrimination law]]s,<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Anti-Discrimination Laws|url=http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---protrav/---ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_126781.pdf|journal=ILO}}</ref> whereas Sri Lanka and [[Tamil Nadu]] provide support to [[transgender]] people. The law in Sri Lanka is legally dormant.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://globalpressjournal.com/asia/sri_lanka/financial-status-eases-burden-for-transgender-people-in-sri-lanka/|title=Financial Status Eases Burden for Transgender People in Sri Lanka|date=2014-12-03|work=Global Press Journal|access-date=2017-11-07|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://archives1.sundayobserver.lk/2018/09/23/issues/battle-against-homophobia-sri-lanka|title=The battle against homophobia in Sri Lanka|date=2018-09-22|website=Sunday Observer|language=en|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref>

The entire political spectrum of Tamil Nadu supports transgender and [[third gender]] people. A [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] movement<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://roundtableindia.co.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=8203:caste-and-lgbt&catid=119&Itemid=132|title=Caste and LGBT|last=Gautam|first=Manish|work=Round Table India|access-date=2017-11-07|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/oct/09/over-80-convert-to-buddhism-cite-caste-bias-1668861.html|title=Over 80 convert to Buddhism, cite caste bias|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2019-01-19}}</ref> and the INC<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-politicsl-of-gay-rights-in-india-1435854890|title=The Politics of Gay Rights in India|last=Dhume|first=Sadanand|date=2015-07-02|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=2017-11-07|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> both openly support reforming the colonial law criminalizing gay sex, but the remaining parties have been silent on the issue. Nevertheless, a number of politicians from across the spectrum have taken part in events to support the welfare of the LGBTQ+ community.

== History ==
[[File:Kuvagam Kuttantavar.jpg|thumb|Kuvagam Kuttantavar]]
[[File:Brihadeeswarar Temple 3407.jpg|thumb|A depiction of sex (kama) at the Chola Era temple at Tanjore]]

The famed festival for the deity [[Iravan|Aarvan]], the deity worshiped by transgender and third gender people, is descended from folklore established prior to the advent of the Tamil-Brahmi script<ref name="templepurohit.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.templepurohit.com/ardhanarishvara-composite-form-shiva-parvati/|title=Ardhanarishvara - A Composite form of Shiva and Parvati - TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad|date=2016-03-06|work=TemplePurohit - Your Spiritual Destination {{!}} Bhakti, Shraddha Aur Ashirwad|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en-US}}</ref> and celebrated at [[Kuvagam]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Transgender-people-throng-Koovagam-village-in-Tamil-Nadu-to-attend-Koothandavar-temple-fest/articleshow/35027587.cms|title=Transgender people throng Koovagam village in Tamil Nadu to attend Koothandavar temple fest - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref> The story behind the festival is often heard in modern times through the [[Hinduism|Hindu]] epic [[Mahabharata]], but more commonly as a separate [[folklore]] in Tamil culture.<ref name="Story of Aravan – Iravan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindu-blog.com/2012/07/story-of-aravan-iravan.html|title=Story of Aravan – Iravan|website=www.hindu-blog.com|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref>

The ''[[Manimekalai]]'' a literary work, written by Buddhist poet [[Chithalai Chathanar|Satthanar]], that told the story of how Buddha would show compassion to people of a city, which included a man cross-dressing and a Jain monk as main characters.<ref name=":9" />

===Age of Empires ===
[[File:Brihadisvara Temple, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India (2016) 100.jpg|thumb|A depiction of [[Ardhanarishvara]], a personification of transgender and third gender people, at Chola Era's Brihadeeswarar Temple. ]]{{Expand section|date=December 2017}}

Several religious statues created during this period, such as at [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Ranganathaswamy Temple]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.imperatortravel.com/2012/06/the-coloured-world-of-the-tamal-temples.html|title=Tamil Nadu {{!}} The coloured world of the Tamil temples|work=ImperatorTravel|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en-US}}</ref> [[Srirangam]], some of which depict explicit homosexual acts, are attributed to the Chola era. The temple at Brihadisvara also has examples of religious references to transgender people and third genders through depictions of [[Ardhanarishvara]].<ref name="templepurohit.com"/>

=== European colonialism (1500 CE) ===
A number of artwork and records exist that can attest to the freedoms enjoyed by homosexuals prior to [[colonialism]], including religious statues such as the ones at [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]].<ref name="news.rediff.com">{{Cite web|url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/03/hinduism-does-not-condemn-homosexuality.htm|title='Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality' - Rediff.com India News|website=news.rediff.com|access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://devdutt.com/articles/applied-mythology/queer/did-homosexuality-exist-in-ancient-india.html|title=Did Homosexuality exist in ancient India? {{!}} Devdutt|website=devdutt.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-07|date=2009-06-30|archive-date=2016-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161201082654/http://devdutt.com/articles/applied-mythology/queer/did-homosexuality-exist-in-ancient-india.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Similarly Buddhism has no significant history of condemnation of homosexual acts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhantedhammika.net/buddhism-and-lgbt-issues/homosexuality-in-buddhist-cultures|title=Homosexuality in Buddhist Cultures – Bhante Dhammika|website=www.bhantedhammika.net|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-07|archive-date=2018-09-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930081450/http://www.bhantedhammika.net/buddhism-and-lgbt-issues/homosexuality-in-buddhist-cultures|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Homosexuals are catered for in the [[Kama Sutra]] and other Hindu medical books.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ozy.com/flashback/hinduism-human-sexuality/4353|title=The Country that Brought You the Kama Sutra is Now Making Gay Sex a Crime|last=O'Neil|first=Lorena|work=OZY|access-date=2017-11-07|language=en}}</ref> The Kama Sutra was written around the 2nd century AD by [[Vātsyāyana]], and it says that homosexual sex "is to be engaged in and enjoyed for its own sake as one of the arts" and devotes a chapter to describing the acts of homosexual and third gender sex.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ancient-India-didnt-think-homosexuality-was-against-nature/articleshow/4708206.cms|title=Ancient India didn't think homosexuality was against nature - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref>

==== Estado da Índia ====
Portuguese India had territorial control over only certain parts of modern-day India's western coast and the island of Lanka, with the remaining being settlements in Southern India (including Tamil Nadu), with these settlements and the island of Lanka being captured (or transferred) to the British later on.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pirani|first=Cenan|date=December 2015|title=Biedermann Zoltán. The Portuguese in Sri Lanka and South India: Studies in the History of Diplomacy, Empire and Trade, 1500–1650. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2014. 205 pp. €56.00. |isbn=9783447100625|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/itinerario/article/biedermann-zoltan-the-portuguese-in-sri-lanka-and-south-india-studies-in-the-history-of-diplomacy-empire-and-trade-15001650-wiesbaden-harrassowitz-verlag-2014-205-pp-isbn-9783447100625-5600/C07C59A44C665A3CCDA56F65508F8A05|journal=Itinerario|volume=39|issue=3|pages=538–539|doi=10.1017/S016511531500073X|s2cid=164964476|issn=0165-1153}}</ref>

Upon arrival to the island of Sri Lanka, the Portuguese invaders painted the local population as "backwards" and "sinful", explaining that the "horror" of homosexuality was present on the island, characterizing the island's king as being frightening for allowing the act of [[sodomy]] on the island, and even accounting that the king himself partook in gay sex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lankanewspapers.com/news/2009/3/41421_space.html|title=Sri Lanka News {{!}} The Sinhala King of Kotte was so GAY. In 1547, the Portuguese wrote a letter to the Governor of Goa to express the fear of living among the Sinhalese, it says the homosexuality is so prevalent in this kingdom of Cota that it almost frightens us to live here|website=www.lankanewspapers.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>

==== British Empire and British East India Company ====
{{Quote box
| quote = "As modernity, nationalism, and colonial and bourgeois morality began to sweep definitively across India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, performing arts changed radically"
| source = Anna Morcom
| align = right
| width = 20%
}}
It was during this era of British colonial rule that Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code was implemented by the British [[Raj. Ruth Vanita]], a scholar and historian, firmly defines the nineteenth century as ‘a crucial period of transition when a minor strand of pre-colonial [[homophobia]] became the dominant voice in colonial and post-colonial mainstream discourses’, and the CERA explains that the set of laws were part of colonial efforts to impose its values on its colony’.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Azzarelli|first=Sara|date=2015|title=Queering My Mudra: An Exploration on the Role of Bharatanatyam in the Activism of an Indian Queer Group|url=http://motiojournal.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Azzarelli-2015-Queering-My-Mudra-Motio-issue-1-pp16-31.pdf|journal=Motio Journal|volume=1|pages=16–31|via=Postgraduate Journal for Dance Practice and Research}}</ref>

The indigenous arts suffered during this era, as [[ethnomusicologist]] Anna Morcom points out, 'As modernity, [[nationalism]], and colonial and bourgeois morality began to sweep definitively across India in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, performing arts changed radically' with anything considered morally 'repulsive' such as erotic dancing and [[gender fluidity]] being swept under the carpet.<ref name=":3" />

==== Établissements français dans l'Inde ====
French establishments in Tamil Nadu included [[Puducherry (city)|Pondichéry]], [[Karikal]] and [[Yanam|Yanaon]] on the [[Coromandel Coast]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pondichéry, Chandernagor, Karikal, Mahé, Yanaon: les anciens comptoirs français de l'Inde|last1=Zuili|first1=Guillaume|last2=Boyé|first2=Jérôme|date=1992|publisher=Editions C & D|isbn=978-2950698506|location=France?|language=fr|oclc = 29222899}}</ref> The act of homosexual sex would have been decriminalized in the late 18th century as part of the Napoleonic Code's view on the privacy of people and state intervention,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://kateaaron.com/the-history-of-homosexuality-the-napoleonic-code/|title=The History of Homosexuality: The Napoleonic Code {{!}} Kate Aaron|date=2015-09-10|work=Kate Aaron|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en-US}}</ref> which applied in the French colonies of India at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/734005/how-indias-political-goonda-raj-was-foreshadowed-in-french-pondicherry|title=How India's political 'goonda raj' was foreshadowed in French Pondicherry|last=Malangin|first=Raphale|work=Scroll.in|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Recent history ===
[[File:Anjali gopalan.jpg|thumb|[[Anjali Gopalan]] and [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]] at Asia's first [[genderqueer]] pride parade at [[Madurai]]]]

[[Chennai]]-born [[Anjali Gopalan]], whose father was a Tamil Hindu and mother was a [[Sikhs|Sikh]], was one of South Asia's pioneers in providing support for sexual minorities. She established the [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust|Naz Foundation]] in the early 1990s in order to help sufferers deal with [[HIV]], and also to act as a vehicle to lobby for sexual minorities. The organization would later go on to become a major force in Indian politics, persuading the [[Supreme Court of India]] to decriminalize gay sex.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2111975_2111976_2112141,00.html|title=Anjali Gopalan - The World's 100 Most Influential People: 2012 - TIME|last=Mehta|first=Suketu|date=2012-04-18|magazine=Time|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-US|issn=0040-781X}}</ref>

Transgender people had long been afforded acceptance in Tamil Nadu and by 2008 both transgender people and third genders had been recognized by the state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.medindia.net/news/Southern-Indian-State-to-Conduct-First-Ever-Census-of-Transgenders-37201-1.htm|title=Southern Indian State to Conduct First Ever Census of Transgenders|website=Medindia|date=27 May 2008|language=en|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> The majority of dominant political parties in Tamil Nadu have contested elections with transgender politicians.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/tns-first-transgender-candidate-standing-against-jayalalithaa-41223|title=TN's first transgender candidate is standing against Jayalalithaa|date=2016-04-05|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>

The Tamil Nadu High Court has complained to the Centre that sexual minorities are not being provided their basic rights, suggesting that the law criminalizing gay sex should be reformed and that sexual minorities should be a reserved group.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Shouldnt-LGBT-peoples-rights-and-privacy-be-protected-Madras-HC-asks-Centre/articleshow/50795376.cms|title=Shouldn't LGBT people's rights and privacy be protected, Madras HC asks Centre - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref> There have also been several politicians from the Tamil BJP and RSS attending and supporting the welfare of sexual minorities.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/living/rss-flip-flop-on-homosexuality-indicates-gay-men-in-india-remain-in-exile-writes-ashok-row-kavi-2685296.html|title=RSS flip-flop on homosexuality indicates gay men in India remain in exile, writes Ashok Row Kavi|date=2016-03-19|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Key events ===
{{See also|List of Key Events Relating to Tamil Sexual Minorities}}
{{Expand section|date=November 2017}}
* 1862: the current colonial law criminalizing homosexual sex is implemented by Lord [[Thomas Macaulay]] through the Indian Penal Code in British India and the Straits Settlements.
* 1990: Tamil Nadu government forcibly tested several hundred sex workers and then locked up 800 infected women for several months.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kole|first=Subir K.|date=2007-07-11|title=Globalizing queer? AIDS, homophobia and the politics of sexual identity in India|journal=Globalization and Health|volume=3|pages=8|doi=10.1186/1744-8603-3-8|pmid=17623106|pmc=2018684|issn=1744-8603 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
* 2008: a transgender welfare board is established by the Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/transgender-welfare-board-in-limbo/article7764631.ece|title=TN's Transgender Welfare Board in limbo|last=Hamid|first=Zubeda|date=2015-10-15|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 2009: a gay wedding is held in South Africa according to Hindu rites.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/world-news/gay-wedding-irks-south-african-hindus-393330|title=Gay wedding irks South African Hindus|work=NDTV.com|access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>
* 2009: the High Court of Delhi removed the colonial-era law banning homosexuality
* 2009: the Hindu Council of Britain announced that Hinduism did not condemn homosexuality.<ref name="news.rediff.com"/>
* 2013: the Supreme Court of India rules that constitutional law relating to a ban on gay sex should be required to be subject to a constitutional reform procedures unless superseded by higher law, and restores the colonial era law banned gay sex.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/indias-supreme-court-upholds-colonial-era-anti-gay-sex-law/|title=India's Supreme Court upholds colonial-era anti-gay sex law|date=2013-12-11|work=Fox News|access-date=2017-11-07|language=en-US}}</ref>
* [[Gopi Shankar Madurai]], a 25 years old gender activist made a bid to contest as one of the youngest candidates in the Tamil Nadu Assembly election and also the first openly [[intersex]] and [[genderqueer]] person to do so. Ze secured 14th place out of 21 candidates by securing 1% vote.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/intersex-person-to-contest-from-madurai-north/article8539185.ece |title=Intersex person to contest from Madurai North - TAMIL NADU |newspaper=The Hindu |date=2016-04-30 |access-date=2018-01-03|author=Staff Reporter }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author= Priya Menon|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections-2016/tamil-nadu-elections-2016/news/3rd-gender-gets-a-new-champion-in-Tamil-Nadu-poll-ring/articleshow/51935940.cms |title=3rd gender gets a new champion in Tamil Nadu poll ring - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-04-22 |access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Priya Menon |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Intersex-candidate-alleges-harassment/articleshow/52197962.cms |title=Intersex candidate alleges harassment - Times of India |publisher=Timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2016-05-10 |access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/intersex-person-contesting-tn-polls-ze-wants-change-your-mind-sexual-minorities-42103 |title=This intersex person is contesting TN polls, 'ze' wants to change your mind on sexual minorities |publisher=The News Minute |date=2018-01-03 |access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref>
* A Hindu gay wedding in Bali, Indonesia, is investigated by Indonesian police.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/17/bali-gay-wedding-gets-mixed-reaction.html|title=Bali gay wedding gets mixed reaction|work=The Jakarta Post|access-date=2017-11-07|language=en}}</ref>
* 2017 Autumn: The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka proclaims that it would be inappropriate to impose custodial sentences in a situation where two parties have consensual sex even went criminalized by law.<ref name=":5" />
*2018: The Supreme Court of India proclaims that Section 377A should not cover homosexual sex between two consenting adults.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/section-377-verdict-history-owes-an-apology-to-the-lgbt-community-says-supreme-court.amp|title=Section 377 Verdict: History Owes An Apology To The LGBT Community, Says Supreme Court|work=Bloomberg Quint|access-date=2018-09-07|language=en}}</ref>
*2019: On 22 April 2019 the Madras High Court (Madurai Bench) passed a landmark judgment upholding the marriage rights of trans women & intersex women under Hindu Marriage Law<ref name="Live Law.in">{{cite web|url=https://www.livelaw.in/news-updates/transwoman-regarded-as-bride-madras-hc-bans-sex-re-assignment-surgeries-intersex-children-144467|title="Transwoman A 'Bride' Under Hindu Marriage Act": Madras HC; Also Bans Sex Re-Assignment Surgeries On Intersex Children [Read Judgment]|date=23 April 2019|access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref> and issued direction to ban sex-selective surgeries on intersex infants.<ref name="Times of India">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/ruling-on-intersex-infants-madurai-activist-comes-in-for-praise-by-hc/articleshow/69016201.cms|title=Ruling on intersex infants: Madurai activist comes in for praise by High Court|website=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=2019-04-24}}</ref>

''note: bold typeface indicates that the event is widely considered to be most significant and landmark.''

== Etymology ==
{{Quote box
| quote = In his presence, not only the sun, but also the stars lose their luster

He is all male, female and ali and also different from all these.
| source = The great Saivite saint Manickavachagar of the 9th century CE in his Thiruvembavai wrote in praise of Lord Annamalai
| width = 20%
}}
The terms {{Lang|ta-latn|ali}} and {{Lang|ta-latn|pedu}} are widely used in the [[Tamil language]]. The term {{Lang|ta-latn|ali}} refers to third-gender people, whereas the term {{Lang|ta-latn|pedu}} refers to homosexuals.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Somasundaram|first1=Ottilingam|last2=Tejus Murthy|first2=A. G.|date=2016|title=Homosexuality – leaves from antiquity: Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender population: A Tamil perspective|journal=Indian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=58|issue=3|pages=336–338|doi=10.4103/0019-5545.192019|issn=0019-5545|pmc=5100129|pmid=28066015 |doi-access=free }}</ref> {{Lang|ta-latn|Kothi}} (''see also: [[Kothi (gender)]]'') refers to 'effeminate/transgender homosexuals' and is similar to the more famous term {{Lang|th-latn|kathoey}} used in [[Thailand]].

According to Ottilingam Somasundaram, in pre-colonial Tamil culture, "The male {{Lang|ta-latn|pedus}} were described to have many effeminate features such as gait, other bodily movements, high-pitched voice, prudery, lacking virility, beauty and fine feelings. The female {{Lang|ta-latn|pedus}} were said to have prominent secondary sexual characters of females along with marked hirsutism, with the features of completely feminine stride, pestering, murmuring music, being fed-up, blessing, or cursing."<ref name=":4" />

The term {{Lang|ta-latn|aravaani}} is also used widely as a catch-all term for sexual minorities, but it can also include those which would be labelled as leaning towards disabled in western lexicon.<ref name=":4" /> The term is officially used to describe the community of transgender and third gender people.

== Table of rights ==
[[File:Sri Aravan Pooja at Kallimedu.JPG|thumb|Sri Aravan is a Tamil deity revered by sexual minorities]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Country
!Tamil Nadu
!Malaysia
!Sri Lanka
!Singapore
!Canada
!UK
!South Africa
|-
|Number of Tamils
|55,000,000
|1,800,000
|2,270,924
|250,000
|300,000<ref name=":1" />
|300,000<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/document/35144105/Tamil-Population|title=Tamil Population {{!}} Tamil Nadu {{!}} Tamils|website=Scribd|language=en|access-date=2017-11-08}}</ref>
|200,000
|-
|Sex
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{N.b.}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|-
|Anti-Discrimination Laws
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|-
|Transsexuals
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|-
|Military Service
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|-
|Third Gender
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|-
|Blood Donations
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Xmark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|{{Check mark}}
|}
The High Court of Madras has proclaimed that sexual minorities are not being protected as required by the constitution - something that signals its displeasure at the laws discriminating against homosexuals in Tamil Nadu, whereas the Government of Sri Lanka is looking at allowing homosexuals to serve in the military and donate blood.

=== Transgender rights in Tamil Nadu ===
{{See also|Transgender rights in Tamil Nadu}}
There are an estimated 30,000 transgender people in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/tamil-nadu/over-30000-transgenders-in-tn-yet-only-2996-are-voters_914792.html|title=Over 30,000 transgenders in TN, yet only 2,996 are voters|date=2014-02-28|work=Zee News|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en}}</ref> {{Lang|ta-latn|Aravaani}} were historically discriminated against in employment in Indian culture, forcing them into begging or [[prostitution]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/joyitas-journey-from-begging-to-national-lok-adalat-bench/articleshow/59519954.cms|title=Joyita Mondal's journey: From begging to National Lok Adalat bench - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-12-10}}</ref>

The government has been implementing reforms to legal and governmental institutions in order to integrate and support this transgender population, including providing legal rights and welfare schemes. It has been accompanied by a large increase in presence for transsexual and third gender people in the highly self-sufficient Tamil media industry.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/padmini-prakash-india-first-transgender-tv-anchor-42258.html|title=Know Padmini Prakash, India's first transgender TV anchor|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en-US}}</ref> It is regarded as the leader of transgender welfare in Tamil Nadu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/tamil-nadu-once-a-pioneering-state-for-welfare-of-transgenders-now-shuns-the-third-gender-3476538.html|title=Tamil Nadu, once a pioneering state for welfare of transgenders, now shuns the third gender|date=2017-05-25|work=Firstpost|access-date=2017-12-10|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Lang|ta-latn|Aravaani}} can access sex reassignment surgery (SRS), accommodation, various identity documents, education, social security, and support for job/income seeking, and the state was also the first in India to introduce a Welfare Board with participants from the transgender community.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2012|title=The Case of the Tamil Nadu Transgender Welfare Board|url=https://c-sharp.in/research_policy/Download/CaseStudyReport_TGWB_2013.pdf|journal=United Nations Development Program|volume=Insights for Developing Practical Models of Social Protection Programmes for Transgender People in India|pages=1–38}}</ref>

=== Recent developments in Sri Lanka ===
In November 2017, [[General Nerin Pulle]], the Deputy Solicitor of Sri Lanka, has stated that the government 'remains committed to law reform and guaranteeing non-discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation and gender identity', and that the government has vowed to repel the colonial era law criminalizing homosexual sex during its periodic review of governmental affairs.{{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

The Supreme Court of Sri Lanka has stated that consensual sex between adults should not be policed by the state and that "imposing custodial sentences would be inappropriate in cases where the impugned acts were between consenting adults" even when mandated by the law, thereby legally setting the law dormant.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymirror.lk/article/SL-committed-to-non-discrimination-based-on-sexual-orientation-Nerin-Pulle-140616.html|title=SL committed to non-discrimination based on sexual orientation: Nerin Pulle|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en}}</ref>

=== Supreme Court of India's verdict on Section 377 ===
After making homosexuality illegal in 2013, the Supreme Court proclaimed by a 5-0 unanimous verdict homosexual sex between consenting adults should not be covered under Section 377. It said that the law violated the LGBT community's right to equality, dignity and privacy, under the Constitution of India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/2018/09/06/section-377-supreme-court-verdict#gs.MxOYdC4|title=Section 377: Supreme Court Legalises Consensual Sex Between Homosexual Adults|work=BloombergQuint|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>

==== Full text of Supreme Court Judgement ====
http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/realtime/sc_decriminalises_section_377_read_full_judgement.pdf

== Politics ==
[[File:Mithuna Kama Erotic carving on a pillar in the 16th century Thousand-Pillared Hall, Meenakshi Temple, Madurai (4) (37487115882).jpg|thumb|An erotic carving in the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai]]
Tamil Nadu is one of the few states in India where activists have been seeking to attack anti-homosexuality laws at a state level. This is due to the nationalist climate of Tamil Nadu, the State's history of supporting reformation in favor of sexual minorities, and its diverging interpretation of the Hindu Marriage Act. But movement has yet to have been made in Tamil Nadu as of yet.<ref name="The News Minute">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/kerala-marches-forward-lgbtq-community-tamil-nadu-can-only-envy-progress-next-door-59448|title=As Kerala marches forward, LGBTQ community in Tamil Nadu can only envy the progress next door|date=2017-03-29|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref>

=== Major parties ===
The AIADMK and DMK have both held back from openly speaking out in favor of reforming colonial laws criminalizing homosexual sex, but several politicians from both parties have attended meetings and events in support of homosexuals, and neither party has formally voiced support for the law in the manner that many federal parties have.

The two parties have also successfully contested transsexual people at elections, and have appointed transsexual people to higher levels of their political parties and to government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://puram.in/election-manifestos-aiadmk-vs-dmk/|title=Election Manifestos: AIADMK vs DMK {{!}} Puram|website=puram.in|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref>

==== Right-wing ====

===== BJP (India) =====
In July 2018 the BJP government announced on that it will no longer oppose the decriminalization of homosexuality and leave it up to the courts to deliberate on.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.economictimes.indiatimes.com/et-citings/section-377-why-the-conservative-government-changed-its-stance/|title=Section 377: Why the 'conservative government' changed its stance|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref>

The parent organization of BJP [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and its head [[Mohan Bhagwat]] stated LGBTQ people were part of society''.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lgbtq-community-part-of-society-mohan-bhagwat-keeps-up-with-times-1919153|title="LGBTQ Community Part Of Society": Mohan Bhagwat Keeps Up With Times|work=NDTV|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/ms-golwalkar-hindutva-and-lgbt-mohan-bhagwat-demolishes-demonic-image-of-rss-shows-organisation-as-inclusive-modern-5257971.html|title=MS Golwalkar, Hindutva and LGBT: Mohan Bhagwat demolishes 'demonic' image of RSS, shows organisation as inclusive, modern|work=First Post|access-date=2018-02-10}}</ref>

===== UNP (Sri Lanka) =====

It is widely held that the homosexuality of the party's leader is an open secret. Ranil Wickremesinghe was the victim of accusations that he abused his power to seduce younger party members into having homosexual sex with him, which they allege is driving parents to keep their children away from the party's promotional activities. This might reflect the ethos of the party and its voter base as a whole.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/is-ranil-gay/|title=Is Ranil Gay?|date=2012-09-01|work=Colombo Telegraph|access-date=2018-09-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

[[Mangala Samaraweera]] is an openly gay politician serving as the country's Ministry of External Affairs on behalf of the UNP.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/standing-up-for-the-gay-politician-mangala-samaraweera-on-right-track/|title=Standing Up For The Gay Politician: Mangala Samaraweera On Right Track?|date=2017-05-08|work=Colombo Telegraph|access-date=2018-09-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=Being gay is totally fine. Even in Sri Lanka, you can be gay, as long as you marry a woman. I think this is horrible (girls I know have married gay guys in arranged marriages and it was predictably terrible and short-lived). What I mean is that being homosexual is fine even if it's not accepted by some cultures. Sexual harassment and assault is not fine in any abstraction.|sign=Indi Samarajiva|source=Colombo Telegraph}}

==== Left-wing ====

===== INC (India) =====
The INC had vocally opposed the repeal of Section 377 whilst it was in power in the late 2000s and early 2010s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/interview-decriminalising-homosexuality-will-send-wrong-signals-1272161|title=Decriminalising homosexuality will send wrong signals|date=2009-07-08|website=DNA India|language=en|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>

===== UPFA (Sri Lanka) =====
The party had used prejudiced slurs in parliament against the UNP whilst openly gay [[Mangala Samaraweera]] was speaking.<ref name=":11" />

=== Minor parties ===
The [[Dalit Buddhist movement|Buddhist movement]] (known in India as the Ambedkar Movement) has formally supported the reformation of colonial laws as part of its humanistic approach to governance. The BJP has formally voices support for the colonial law, but their Tamil office has members who attended various pro-LGBT events in Chennai, whereas the INC has said it wants to decriminalize homosexual sex.

Though these political parties have minor presence in Tamil political culture, support for reformation also came from the Communist Party of India (Marxist), the Janata Dal (S) and the Aam Aadmi Party.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/politics/section-377-sexuality-lgbt-queer-ambedkar-supreme-court/story/1/18452.html|title=Sexuality in India: Ambedkar's fight still remains the battle of our time|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref> The Chief Minister of neighboring state of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan of the Communist Party, has actively voiced support for decriminalizing gay sex.<ref name="The News Minute"/>

== Welfare ==
The Government of Tamil Nadu funds a transgender welfare board which supports the transgender community with health related issues and other social problems, and it has scheduled the community as a reserved group which is entitled to receive special benefits.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/tamil-nadus-third-sex/293553|title=Tamil Nadu's Third Sex|work=www.outlookindia.com/|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>

The Aravani Welfare Board is a social support organizations that's headquartered in the outskirts of Chennai, focusing on supporting the transgender community of Tamil Nadu. It plays an influential role in the organizations behind the Koovagam Festival. The name Aravani is a namesake of Krishna.<ref name=":1" />

One of Tamil Nadu's most senior BJP politicians, Pon Radhakrishnan, launched a website for sexual minorities called Shrishti, with the aid of several volunteers from RSS.<ref name=":0" />

=== Dating preferences ===
An informal survey found that the majority of sexual minorities in Sri Lanka found westerners sexually desirable, finding them more 'sensual and sexually adept' than the locals; only around a quarter had had sex with a westerner. None of those surveys had issues with dating someone from the opposite ethnolinguistic group, either Tamil or Sinhalese, But apart from one person, the majority expressed dislike for Muslims (including Moors) and did not like them as friends or sexual partners.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.globalgayz.com/asia/sri-lanka/gay-sri-lanka-news-and-reports-2008/|title=Gay Sri Lanka News & Reports 2008-11|website=archive.globalgayz.com|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>

There is a preference for youth among the community, though social respect for the elderly can mean older people are also able to find sex.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.globalgayz.com/asia/sri-lanka/gay-sri-lanka-news-and-reports-2008/|title=Gay Sri Lanka News & Reports 2008-11|website=archive.globalgayz.com|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>

A survey found that the locals considered their own ethnicities "to be the most beautiful men in the world" placing them above westerners, the latter who were viewed as more 'sensual and sexually adept' than the locals.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.globalgayz.com/asia/sri-lanka/gay-sri-lanka-news-and-reports-2008/|title=Gay Sri Lanka News & Reports 2008-11|website=archive.globalgayz.com|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>

=== Chennai ===
{{See also|LGBT culture in Chennai|l1=LGBT Culture of Chennai}}

Community development may be traced back to Sunil Menon's mapping of sexual networks among MSM and TG in the early 1990s<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://in.rediff.com/news/2008/feb/26spec.htm|title=The world through the eyes of a gay person|date=February 26, 2008|access-date=July 10, 2014|publisher=Rediff}}</ref> and subsequent formation of Sahodaran, the oldest group of its kind in the city and state to provide spaces for community support and sexual health, primarily for working-class MSM who visit public cruising spots.

There are currently over 15 groups in Chennai that work on LGBTQIA+ issues.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://orinam.net/Chennaipride/organizations/|title=Chennai Pride Organizations|website=www.orinam.net|access-date=7 July 2014|date=2010-05-18}}</ref> Most of them are community-run initiatives, and some are NGOs.

Most of these groups are part of the informal Chennai Rainbow Coalition, formed in 2009, to jointly work towards visibility and advocacy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gay-pride-month-is-here/article3508803.ece|title=Gay pride month is here|last1=Menon|first1=Sunil|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=7 July 2014|date=2012-06-09}}</ref> The group was expanded in 2014 to constitute the Tamil Nadu Rainbow Coalition, with membership from groups around the state.

Other progressive groups such as [http://nirmukta.com/2014/03/13/report-on-thinkfest-2014/ Nirmukta (Chennai Free Thinkers)], [https://gritprajnya.wordpress.com/tag/our-lives-to-live/ Prajnya], the [http://save-tamils.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=581:rally-for-protection-of-rights-of-sexual-and-gender-minorities-lgbt&catid=2:news&Itemid=6 Save Tamils movement], and the [https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/forum-lives-up-to-its-name/article5177860.ece Tamil Nadu Progressive Writers Association] are also strong supporters of gender/sexuality rights.

==== Research ====
Chennai has two research institutes that partner with community groups to conduct social science and biomedical research on LGBTQIA+ issues. The Centre for Sexuality and Health Research and Policy has published extensively on issues such as stigma and discrimination faced within the healthcare system by MSM and trans women, legal recognition of transgender identity, and other issues.<ref>{{Cite web|title=c-sharp|url=https://c-sharp.in/research_policy/Research_Reports.html|access-date=2021-11-09|website=c-sharp.in}}</ref> The National Institute for Research on Tuberculosis (NIRT), in partnership with the community group Sahodaran and Harvard University School of Public Health carries out studies of mental health and HIV prevention among men who have sex with men.

==== Workplace symposium ====
In May 2017, Chennai saw an event that brought together employers, employees and activists to discuss the challenges faced by the queer (LGBTIQ) community at workplaces. This LGBT workplace symposium, titled LGBT Workplace — Expanding the Dialogue in India, was hosted by RELX in association with the Amsterdam-based Workplace Pride Foundation and the Bengaluru-based Solidarity Foundation, with Orinam and Community Business as community partners.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lgbt-community-symposium-seeks-a-level-playing-field-at-workplace/articleshow/58791981.cms|title=LGBT community symposium seeks a level playing field at workplace|website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref>

Some of the panellists were Michiel Kolman, a senior vice president at Elsevier, Parmesh Shahani, head of Godrej India Culture Labs, Sunil Menon, founder of NGO Sahodaran, lawyer Poongkhulali Balasubramanian, Mahesh Natarajan, form InnerSight, Ritesh Rajani, an openly gay HR diversity professional, and journalist Lavanya Narayan.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/chennai-workplace-is-finally-in-the-mood-of-inclusion/article18730709.ece|title=Pride at Work|date=19 June 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|last1=Caraccio|first1=Camilla}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2017/may/20/coming-out-and-excluded-1606712.html|title='Coming out' and excluded}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/chennai-workplace-is-finally-in-the-mood-of-inclusion/article18730709.ece|title=Pride at Work|access-date=19 June 2017|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2017-06-06|last1=Caraccio|first1=Camilla}}</ref>

=== Charitable organizations ===
* [[Srishti Madurai]]
* [[Orinam]]
* [[Naz Foundation (India) Trust|NAZ Foundation]]

== Culture ==
[[File:Thiruchengodu_Arthanareeswarar_Temple-Sculpture1.jpg|thumb|A Chola era statue of Ardhanareshwarar - the personification of transgender people]]
A major problem with discrimination, namely racism and colorism, against South Indians remains commonplace throughout the Tamil world, with issues of casteism also playing a role in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://feminisminindia.com/2016/07/19/video-interview-grace-banu/|title="Casteism Very Much Exists Among Trans* People": Video Interview With Grace Banu|date=2016-07-19|work=Feminism in India|access-date=2017-12-05|language=en-US}}</ref> Tamils discriminate against those from Islamic backgrounds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.globalgayz.com/asia/sri-lanka/gay-sri-lanka-news-and-reports-2008/|title=Gay Sri Lanka News & Reports 2008-11|website=archive.globalgayz.com|access-date=2019-06-04}}</ref>

=== Musicals ===
Kollywood is based on traditional entertainment in Hindu temples, where dances would perform a ballet to a story accompanied by musical instruments and singers. There has been very few musicals produced in Tamil Nadu containing sexual minorities, though a few about transsexual people have been produced.
[[File:Kuvagam hijras.jpg|thumb|A religious ceremony being performed by hijras in the City of Kuvagam]]

The classical dance form Bharatanatyam is frequently considered to be a venue where non-heterosexual sexual minorities are able to express themselves strongly as the dance utilizes gender-fluid concepts, and the dancers of the Bharatanatyam are predominantly women, gay men, and transgender people.<ref name=":1" />

==== Partial list of musicals with sexual minorities ====
* ''i'' by Shankar depicts a transgender stylist who is in love with the protagonist, although many members of the transgender community felt that the role was comical.<ref name=":1" />
* ''Goa'' by [[Venkat Prabhu]] is a 2010 movie about a group of friends who take a holiday to Goa where they befriend a gay couple.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/lgbt-themes-mere-add-on-to-kollywoods-ribaldry/articleshow/58268575.cms|title=LGBT themes mere add-on to Kollywood's ribaldry - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>
* ''Appu'' (2000) is about third genders.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/why-raju-murugans-declaration-about-portraying-transgender-people-on-screen-is-heartening/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007111554/https://silverscreen.in/tamil/features/why-raju-murugans-declaration-about-portraying-transgender-people-on-screen-is-heartening/|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 7, 2018|title=LGBT Characters In Tamil Cinema: It's High Time The Community Is Given Its Due Dignity|date=2017-09-06|work=Silverscreen.in|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en-US}}</ref>
* ''Vettaiyaadu Vilayaadu'' (2006) has a narrative about a killer molesting/raping men, though the depiction is considered to be negative by many due to the link between homosexuality and psychopathy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://filmiholic.com/vettaiyadu-vilayadu/|title=Vettaiyaadu Vilaiyaadu – Filmiholic|website=filmiholic.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref>
* ''Murattu Kaalai'' is a movie with a narrative dealing with social issues affecting the transsexual community.<ref name=":6" />
* ''Bombay'' (1995) by Mani Ratnam is about a transgender person who nurses two children while the city around them riots.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/does-kollywood-have-a-place-for-the-rainbow-news-kollywood-nmrjDwgeadasi.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140613172759/http://www.sify.com/movies/does-kollywood-have-a-place-for-the-rainbow-news-kollywood-nmrjDwgeadasi.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 13, 2014|title=Does Kollywood have a place for the 'rainbow'?|work=Sify|access-date=2017-12-08|language=en}}</ref>
* ''Vaanam'' (2011) Radhakrishna Jagarlamudi is a story told from the viewpoint of a transgender sex worker.<ref name=":7" />
* ''Kanchana'' (2011) is a horror movie in which Sarathkumar plays the role of a transgender person.<ref name=":7" />

=== Literature ===
{{See also|List of literary works relating to Tamil sexual minorities}}

One of Tamil's most famous literary works involving sexual minorities was composed around 600 BCE. The ancient folklore about Aravan tells the story about Krishna's transformation to a female manifestation in order to marry the deity Aravan, all of which takes place during the context of the Mahābhārata.<ref name="Story of Aravan – Iravan"/>

The following [[Sangam period]] also gave birth to many famous literature works about sexual minorities, a famous story is the one about the deep love and attachment between the King Pari and poet Kabila. Other works such as the one between Koperunchozhan and Pisuranthaiyar also exist though are less famous.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://hinduismtoday.com/modules/smartsection/item.php?itemid=5650|title=Same-Sex Marriage and Hinduism|last=H. VENKATACHALAM|first=HARI|date=Spring 2016|work=Hinduism Today|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref>

''Manimekalai'' was composed during the closing centuries of the Sangam period (or after depending on the definition used) by the Tamil Buddhist poet Sathanar, which tells the tale of how Buddha gave compassion to various people of a city, including a monk, a drunk man, and a cross-dressing boy.<ref name=":9">Somasundaram O, Tejus Murthy A G. Manimekalai: The ancient Buddhist Tamil epic, its relevance to psychiatry. Indian J Psychiatry 2016;58:229-32</ref>

=== Festivals ===
The most famous festival involving sexual minorities is the [[Koovagam|Koovagam Festival]] in the Tamil city of [[Viluppuram|Villupuram]] based on the folklore of Aravani. The celebration is dedicated to the deity Aravani, the groom (and later husband) of the transgender manifestation of Sri Krishna. The festival involves religious rituals, blessings, parades, re-enactments of scenes from the folklore, political protests, and sexual intercourse under the full moon, among other things. It is frequented by many non-transgender sexual minorities and has become a staple of Tamil culture, not only for the sexual minority community, but also to the wider general population of Tamil Nadu.

An annual [[Chennai International Queer Film Festival|LGBT Film Festival]] is also held at the Gothe Institute in Chennai, an institution of the German Federal Government, organized by Alliance-Francaise, an institution of the French Republic Government, and SAATHII.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://silverscreen.in/tamil/events/lgbt-film-festival-on-july-24-26-in-chennai/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725020042/http://silverscreen.in/tamil/events/lgbt-film-festival-on-july-24-26-in-chennai/|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 25, 2015|title=LGBT Film Festival On July 24–26 In Chennai|date=2015-07-22|work=Silverscreen.in|access-date=2017-10-30|language=en-US}}</ref> This has frequently been joined by one-off movie events organized by other foreign institutions and NGOs.

Other events include the [[Chennai Rainbow Pride]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://orinam.net/Chennaipride/|title=Chennaipride|website=Chennaipride|language=en-US|access-date=2018-09-07}}</ref>

== Discrimination ==
A number of transgender people have taken offense at what they perceive to be comical and/or negative depictions of their community, with the depictions often stereotyping the community as being promiscuous.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/tamil-nadus-third-sex/293553|title=Tamil Nadu's Third Sex|work=www.outlookindia.com/|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref>

=== Public health ===
HIV remains a serious problem in Tamil Nadu and Sri Lanka. As the majority of transmissions of HIV in India are through heterosexual sex, the majority of support networks have focused on declining transmission rates among heterosexuals, and while this has worked in reducing transmission rates among heterosexuals, transmission rates among homosexuals have been increasing. The LGBTQIA remains the only high-risk HIV group in India.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last1=Solomon|first1=Sunil Suhas|last2=Srikrishnan|first2=Aylur K.|last3=Sifakis|first3=Frangiscos|last4=Mehta|first4=Shruti H.|last5=Vasudevan|first5=Canjeevaram K.|last6=Balakrishnan|first6=Pachamuthu|last7=Mayer|first7=Kenneth H.|last8=Solomon|first8=Suniti|last9=Celentano|first9=David D.|date=2010-10-01|title=The Emerging HIV Epidemic among Men Who have Sex with Men in Tamil Nadu, India: Geographic Diffusion and Bisexual Concurrency|journal=AIDS and Behavior|language=en|volume=14|issue=5|pages=1001–1010|doi=10.1007/s10461-010-9711-2|pmid=20467890|issn=1090-7165|pmc=4890540}}</ref>

The YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRGCARE) conducted rapid study of homosexuals in Tamil Nadu around 2008 across 18 cities, towns, and villages. The study found that prevalence of HIV among homosexual sexual minorities in major urban areas stood at around 10%, and was compounded by a lack of education.<ref name=":8" />

=== Colorism and racism ===
{{Expand section|date=November 2018}}Sri Lankans resemble (and are part of the stock of) South Indians in terms of body build, face shapes and anthropology;<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/are-the-tamils-and-the-sinhalese-same-or-different/|title=Are The Tamils And The Sinhalese, Same Or Different?|date=2013-09-28|website=Colombo Telegraph|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref> most islanders have a brown skin tone,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/skin-colour-discrimination-in-sri-lanka/|title=Skin-Colour Discrimination In Sri Lanka|date=2012-11-20|website=Colombo Telegraph|language=en-US|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref> and often light skinned people are considered to be foreign by the islanders.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mAVCDwAAQBAJ|title=Collected Bodhi Leaves Publications - Volume V: Numbers 122 to 157|date=2017-12-01|publisher=Pariyatti Publishing|isbn=9781681720883|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/13/magazine/sri-lanka-a-nation-disintegrates.html|title=Sri Lanka: A Nation Disintegrates|last=Weisman|first=Steven R.|date=1987-12-13|work=The New York Times|access-date=2018-12-09|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kirk|first=R. L.|date=1976-07-01|title=The legend of Prince Vijaya — a study of Sinhalese origins|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=91–99|doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330450112|issn=1096-8644}}</ref>

Indian cinema industries are viewed as being discriminatory against browner skin tones,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archives.sundayobserver.lk/2013/09/08/fea11.asp|title=The ugly side of beauty: Politics of the dark skin|website=archives.sundayobserver.lk|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref> but the island's cinemas are dominated by island-produced movies,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeout.com/sri-lanka/cinemas/cinema-colombo-movie-theatres|title=Find a cinema: Colombo's movie theatres|website=Time Out Sri Lanka|language=en|access-date=2018-12-09}}</ref> and South Asian cinemas are disliked by younger people.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/thread/arts-culture-society/how-the-indian-movie-goers-tastes-are-changing/article24034165.ece|title=How the Indian movie-goer's tastes are changing|last=Kashyap|first=Archita|date=2018-05-30|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-09|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

A survey found that the locals considered their own ethnicities "to be the most beautiful men in the world" placing them above westerners, the latter who were viewed as more 'sensual and sexually adept' than the locals.<ref name=":192">{{Cite web|url=https://archive.globalgayz.com/asia/sri-lanka/gay-sri-lanka-news-and-reports-2008/|title=Gay Sri Lanka News & Reports 2008-11|website=archive.globalgayz.com|access-date=2019-01-24}}</ref>

== Personalities ==
'''Rose Venkatesan''' hosts a talk show called ''Ippadikku Rose'' and has also hosted beauty contests in Tamil Nadu.<ref name=":1" />

'''Swapna.S''' is the first trans woman to clear the state civil services exam. One of the key figures in the modern Trans educational rights movement in India.

'''Grace Banu''' is a transgender activist who was the transgender person to be admitted to an engineering college in India. She has also been working against what she perceives as discrimination against lower castes too.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/education/shamed-on-campus/article17447560.ece|title=Shamed on campus|last=Krishnan|first=Madhuvanti S.|date=2017-03-12|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

'''Gopi Shankar Madurai''' is a human rights activist, first openly Intersex and Genderqueer candidate to contest in Tamil Nadu State Assembly Election 2016. A monk during their youth, He quit in order to become more politically active and has become a leader in Tamil activism. Shankar is a practitioner and teacher of traditional philosophies.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/intersex-person-contesting-tn-polls-ze-wants-change-your-mind-sexual-minorities-42103|title=This intersex person is contesting TN polls, 'ze' wants to change your mind on sexual minorities|date=2016-04-24|work=The News Minute|access-date=2017-10-30}}</ref>

'''Living Smile Vidya''' is a transgender actor whose biography "I am Vidya" has been made into a movie in the neighboring state of Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/transwoman-and-activist-living-smile-vidya-talks-about-the-experience-of-watching-her-life-unfold-in-the-national-awardwinning-naan-avanalla-avalu/article7827107.ece|title=Her life on screen|last=Rao|first=Subha J.|date=2015-10-31|work=The Hindu|access-date=2017-12-04|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

'''Shyam Selvadurai''' is a gay fiction author who lives in Canada. He is of Sri Lankan Tamil origin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.ryerson.ca/asianheritage/authors/selvadurai/|title=Shyam Selvadurai {{!}} Asian Heritage in Canada|website=library.ryerson.ca|language=en-US|access-date=2017-12-04}}</ref>

'''Bharathi Kannamma''' is a transgender lawmaker who tried to represent an electoral district in Madurai at the Parliament of India.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://time.com/69536/transgender-woman-running-for-indian-parliament/|title=A Transgender Candidate Is Running for Parliament In India For the First Time|magazine=Time|access-date=2017-12-08}}</ref>

''note: several personalities listed in this section are mixed-ethnicity, but are included because they either speak Tamil or reside in a Tamil area.''

== See also ==
* [[LGBT rights in India]]
* [[LGBT rights in Sri Lanka]]
* [[Sexual minorities in Sri Lanka]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.orinam.net Orinam] (Tamil Nadu sexual minorities NGO)

{{Tamil Nadu}}

[[Category:Tamil people| ]]
[[Category:Sexuality in Asia]]
[[Category:Minorities]]

Jawahar Yadav (Pandit)

2026-04-19T18:01:45Z

Mazzulah Peel: made new data...

{{Short description|Former leader of the Samajwadi Party}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Jawahar Yadav (Pandit)
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = Unknown
| birth_place = [[Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh|Jaunpur]]
| death_date = 13 August 1996
| death_place = Civil Lines [[Prayagraj]]
| office = '''Member of [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]'''
| term_start = 1993
| term_end = 1996
| predecessor = Mahendra Pratap Singh
| successor = [[Vijama Yadav]]
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party = [[File:Samajwadi Party.png|20px]] [[Samajwadi Party]]
| spouse = [[Vijama Yadav]]
| children = Devendra Pratap Singh Yadav, Jyoti Yadav
| parents =
| constituency = [[Jhusi Assembly constituency|Jhusi]]
}}
'''Jawahar Yadav''', alias Pandit, was an Indian politician from the [[Samajwadi Party]]. He was elected as a Member of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] from [[Jhusi Assembly constituency|Jhunsi Vidhansabha]] of Allahabad district (which was converted into [[Phulpur Assembly constituency|Phulpur Vidhansabha]] after 2008 delimitation). Jawahar was originally from [[Jaunpur district|Jaunpur]], who came to the neighboring district Allahabad in search of employment and started the business of liquor and extracting morang sand from the Ganga-Yamuna basin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-04 |title=जवाहर यादव हत्याकांड: पूर्व MP कपिल करवरिया समेत 4 को आजीवन कारावास की सजा |url=https://www.aajtak.in/crime/story/sp-mla-jawahar-yadav-murder-case-adj-court-verdict-prayagraj-970767-2019-11-04 |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=आज तक |language=hi}}</ref>

==Rise in politics==
Along with his business activities, Jawahar Yadav entered politics by joining the Janata Dal in 1989. In 1992, he joined the newly formed Samajwadi Party. He contested and won the Jhusi Assembly seat in the 1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election as a Samajwadi Party candidate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जब सपा के बाहुबली नेता जवाहर यादव पर बरसी थीं AK 47 की गोलियां, बालू के ठेके ने बहाई खून की नदियां |url=https://www.jansatta.com/videos/siyasi-kissa/sp-mla-jawahar-yadav-pandit-murder-case-rivalry-with-karwariya-family-of-allahabad-kapilmuni-udaybhan-surajbhan/1934005/ |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Jansatta |date=26 November 2021 |language=hi}}</ref>

==Gang war between Jawahar and Karwariya family==
After he was elected MLA, Jawahar Yadav became involved in sand mining contracts in the Ganga-Yamuna river basin, which led to disputes with the Karwariya family, who were already active in the Morang sand business.<ref name="cite_note-3" /><ref name="cite_note-4" /> Conflicts escalated, including reports of threats and armed confrontations. A meeting was reportedly held to agree not to interfere in each other's contracts, but disputes continued.<ref>{{Cite web |title=जब जवाहर पंडित ने करवरिया बंधुओं के सीने पर रायफल तान दी थी |url=https://m.thelallantop.com/article/news-detail/625d2a3033907fa4843d35fe |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=m.thelallantop.com|date=13 November 2019 }}</ref> After the dissolution of the Legislative Assembly in 1996, Jawahar Yadav's security as an MLA became lax, although he requested the government to increase his security several times, but the government did not pay heed. On 16 August 1996, when he was going to visit the Bade Hanuman ji located at Triveni Sangam in Prayagraj, his car was surrounded and killed in the Civil Lines area, along with his driver and a security guard, who also died for the first time. Happened when an AK-47 rifle was used in the murder of a politician. [[Kapil Muni Karwariya|Karwariya]] brothers accused of murder<ref>{{Cite web |title=जवाहर पंडित हत्याकांडः जब शहर में तड़तड़ाई थी पहली बार एके-47, लखनऊ तक पहुंची थी गोलियों की गूंज |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/jawahar-pandit-murder-case-when-the-city-was-tortured-for-the-first-time-ak-47 |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> Those who have been sentenced to life imprisonment by the court and are now serving their sentence.<ref>{{Cite web |title=हाईकोर्ट : जवाहर पंडित हत्याकांड में उम्रकैद की सजा काट रहे करवरिया बंधुओं को मिली अंतरिम जमानत |url=https://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/allahabad/high-court-grants-interim-bail-to-karwaria-brothers-serving-life-term-in-jawahar-pandit-murder-case |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-30 |title=विधायक हत्‍याकांड: जवाहर यादव की पत्‍नी की 23 साल की लड़ाई का कल होगा फैसला, करवरिया बंधु हैं आरोपी |url=https://hindi.news18.com/news/uttar-pradesh/allahabad-sp-mla-jawahar-yadav-murder-case-verdict-to-come-tomorrow-after-23-years-upsd-nodark-2562985.html |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=News18 हिंदी |language=hi}}</ref>

==Family==
Jawahar Yadav was married to [[Vijama Yadav]]. They have 3 children (2 daughters and 1 son). After his murder, his wife Vijma Yadav came into politics, she has been elected MLA four times till now (2 times from Jhunsi and 2 times from Pratappur).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kahani UP Ki: यादव से 'पंडित' बना मुलायम का वो खासमखास विधायक, जिसे बीच सड़क पर घेरकर गोली मारी गई |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/uttar-pradesh/news/samajwadi-party-mla-jawahar-yadav-pandit-murder-case-rivalry-with-karwariya-brothers-kapilmuni-udaybhan-surajbhan-story/articleshow/87897535.cms |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Navbharat Times |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1996 deaths]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:Uttar Pradesh MLAs 1993–1996]]
[[Category:Politicians assassinated in 1996]]
{{improve categories|date=February 2023}}

List of villages in Nalgonda district

2026-04-19T16:15:45Z

Mazzulah Peel: made basic location basic info - done

{{short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}

This is a list of villages in [[Nalgonda district]], [[Telangana]] state, India, organized alphabetically.

{{horizontalTOC|nonum=yes}}

== A–B ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Ailapuram]]
* [[Aitipamula]]
* [[Akaram]]
* [[Anajipuram]]
* [[Anantharam, Nalgonda mandal|Anantharam]]
* [[Annareddy Guda]]
* [[Anneparthy]]
* [[Appajipeta]]
* [[Arjalabai]]
* [[B.Thurka Palle, Nalgonda district|B.Thurka Palle]]
* [[Bandasomaram]]
* [[Battugudem]]
* [[Bollepally]]
* [[Bottuguda]]
* [[Brahmanapally, Nalgonda district|Brahmanapally]]
* [[Buddaram]]
{{div col end}}

== C–E ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Chada, Nalgonda district|Chada]]
* [[Chakirala]]
* [[Chamapur]]
* [[Chandampally]]
* [[Chandupatla, Bhongir mandal]]
* [[Chandupatla|Chandupatla, Nakrekal Mandal]]
* [[Chappidolla Gudem]]
* [[Cheemalakondur]]
* [[Chinna Kaparthy]]
* [[Chinnaravula Pally]]
* [[Chintapally, Nalgonda district|Chintapally]]
* [[Chityal, Nalgonda district|Chityal]]
* [[Dandampally]]
* [[Devalamma Naagaram]]
* [[Donakal]]
* [[Duppelli]]
* [[Eklaskhanpet]]
* [[Ellagiri]]
* [[Ellambhavi]]
{{div col end}}

== G–I ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Gangasanipally]]
* [[Ganugabanda]]
* [[Garakunta palem]]
* [[Gollagudem]]
* [[Gorenkalapally]]
* [[Gudur, Nalgonda district|Gudur]]
* [[Gundrampally]]
* [[Gurraladandi]]
* [[Gurrampode]]
* [[Haliya, Telangana|Haliya]]
* [[Hanumapur]]
* [[Inupamula]]
* [[Itukulapahad]]
{{div col end}}

== J–L ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Jaikesaram]]
* [[Jainepally]]
* [[Jameela Pet]]
* [[Jamepally]]
* [[Jangaon, Nalgonda district|Jangaon]]
* [[K. R. Puram, Nalgonda|K. R. Puram]]
* [[Kadaparthy]]
* [[Kadirenigudem]]
* [[Kaisaram]]
* [[Kaithapuram]]
* [[Kapugallu]]
* [[Katepally]]
* [[Kattangur]]
* [[Keethavarigudem]]
* [[Kepal]]
* [[Kerchipally]]
* [[Keshavapuram]]
* [[Kethepally]]
* [[Khapuraipally]]
* [[Kokkireni]]
* [[Kondamadugu]]
* [[Kondapur, Nalgonda district|Kondapur]]
* [[Kondoor, Nalgonda district|Kondoor]]
* [[Kondrapole]]
* [[Kotamarthy]]
* [[Koyalagudem, Nalgonda district|Koyalagudem]]
* [[Lingojigudem]]
{{div col end}}

== M ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[M.Turkapally]]
* [[Madgulapally]]
* [[Mall, Ranga Reddy district|Mall]]
* [[Mamidala]]
* [[Mandalapuram]]
* [[Mandholla Gudem]]
* [[Mangalpally, Nalgonda district|Mangalpally]]
* [[Mannevaripampu]]
* [[Marriguda]]
* [[Marrigudem]]
* [[Marror, Nalgonda district|Marror]]
* [[Masidugudem, Nalgonda district|Masidugudem]]
* [[Midhatana Palli]]
* [[Moripirala]]
* [[Mugdumpally]]
* [[Muthyalapally]]
* [[Mylaram]]
* [[Mushampally]]
{{div col end}}

== N–O ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Nagireddypally]]
* [[Nampally, Nalgonda district|Nampally]]
* [[Nancharipet]]
* [[Nandanam, Bhongir mandal|Nandanam]]
* [[Nandapuram]]
* [[Narketpally]]
* [[Neernemula]]
* [[Nellibanda]]
* [[Nemergomula]]
* [[Nomula, Nalgonda district|Nomula]]
* [[Ogode]]
* [[Ogulapur]]
{{div col end}}

== P–R ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Pacharlabodu Thanda]]
* [[Pagidipalli]]
* [[Palem]]
* [[Pallegudem, Nalgonda district|Pallegudem]]
* [[Panagal, Nalgonda district|Panagal]]
* [[Panthangi, Nalgonda district|Panthangi]]
* [[Pedda Adiserla Pally]]
* [[Peddagummadam]]
* [[Peddavoora]]
* [[Peepalpahad]]
* [[Penchikalpahad]]
* [[Perur, Nalgonda district|Perur]]
* [[Pittampally]]
* [[Pothireddypally]]
* [[Pulicherla, Nalgonda district|Pulicherla]]
* [[Pulipalupula]]
* [[Pullaigudem, Nalgonda district|Pullaigudem]]
* [[Raghunathapuram, Nalgonda district|Raghunathapuram]]
* [[Rahimkhanpet, Nalgonda district|Rahimkhanpet]]
* [[Raipally, Nalgonda district|Raipally]]
* [[Ramapuram, Nalgonda district|Ramapuram]]
* [[Rangapur, Nalgonda district|Rangapur]]
* [[Rathipally]]
* [[Ratnavaram]]
* [[Ravipadu, Bibinagar mandal|Ravipadu]]
* [[Reddibavi]]
* [[Reddinaikthanda]]
* [[Rudravelly, Nalgonda district|Rudravelly]]
{{div col end}}

== S–T ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Saidabad, Nalgonda district|Saidabad]]
* [[Samalonibavi]]
* [[Sarvepally, Nalgonda district|Sarvepally]]
* [[Shaligowraram]]
* [[Siripuram, Nalgonda district|Siripuram]]
* [[Solipur]]
* [[Sreerangapuram]]
* [[Sri Rangapuram]]
* [[Suraram, Nalgonda district|Suraram]]
* [[Surepally]]
* [[Swamulavaari Lingotam]]
* [[T Repaka]]
* [[Tangadapalli]]
* [[Tatikal]]
* [[Tellabally]]
* [[Thallavellamla]]
* [[Theratpally]]
* [[Thimmapur, Nalgonda district|Thimmapur]]
* [[Thipparthy]]
* [[Thukkapur]]
* [[Thumbavi]]
* [[Thungapahad]]
* [[Toopranpet]]
* [[Tripuraram]]
{{div col end}}

== U–Y ==
{{div col begin|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Uppalaphad]]
* [[Uthatoor]]
* [[Vailasingaram]]
* [[Valigonda]]
* [[Vallabhapuram, Nalgonda district|Vallabhapuram]]
* [[Veeravelly]]
* [[Veliminedu]]
* [[Velmakanne]]
* [[Venkepally]]
* [[Venkiryal]]
* [[Venugopalpuram]]
* [[Vookondi]]
* [[Yadavally]]
{{div col end}}

{{Nalgonda district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nalgonda district|*]]
[[Category:Lists of villages in India|Nalgonda district]]

Garhmukteshwar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:07:14Z

Mazzulah Peel: Put Up First Article More To Come

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Garhmukteshwar
| constituency_no = 60
| map_image = 60-Garhmukteshwar.svg
| mla = [[Harendra Singh Tewatia]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Hapur district|Hapur]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 3,36,580(2019)
| type = SLA
}}
'''Garhmukteshwar Assembly constituency''' is one of the 403 constituencies of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]], [[India]]. It is a part of the [[Hapur District|Hapur]] district and one of the five assembly constituencies in the [[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency]]. First election in this assembly constituency was held in 1957 after the Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order 1961 (DPACO) was passed.<ref name="DPACO (1961)">{{cite news|title=DPACO (1961)|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|url= http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/eci_publications/books/deli/DPACO-61.pdf}}</ref> After DPACO 2008 was passed, the constituency was assigned identification number 60.<ref name="Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008">{{cite news|title= Uttar Pradesh Delimitation Old & New, 2008|publisher= [[Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh]]|url= http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|access-date= 25 October 2015|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111113181505/http://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/Instructions/delimitation_Old_New.pdf|archive-date= 13 November 2011|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008">{{cite news|title= Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] official website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf}}</ref><ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency">{{cite news|title=All MLAs from Assembly constituency|publisher=Elections.in|url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/garhmukteshwar.html}}</ref><ref name="Member list">{{cite news|title=Member list|publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] website|url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|access-date=25 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630050217/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/ENGLISH/member-list.htm|archive-date=30 June 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

During the [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|3rd Vidhan Sabha]], the constituency was reserved for candidates from [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|scheduled caste]] community.<ref name="All MLAs from Assembly constituency"/>

In 2022, shri Harendra Singh Teotia of Bharatiya Janata Party won the seat by defeating Ravindra Chaudhary from Samajwadi Party with a margin of 26306 votes.
Garhmukteshwar Assembly constituency is falling under Amroha Lok sabha constituency.
Date of Polling: Thursday, 10 February 2022
Date of electoral Counting Result: Thursday, 10 March 2022

==Members of the Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! # !! [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly#List of Assemblies|Term]] !! Name !! Party !! From !! To !! Days !! Comments !! Ref
|-
| 01 || [[01st Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|01st Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | - || rowspan="2" | - || May-1952 || Mar-1957 || 1,776 || rowspan="2" | Constituency not in existence || <ref name="1951 Election Results">{{cite news|title= 1951 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_UP.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 02 || [[02nd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|02nd Vidhan Sabha]] || Apr-1957 || Mar-1962 || 1,800 || <ref name=" 1957 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1957 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1957/StatRep_UP_1957.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 03 || [[03rd Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|03rd Vidhan Sabha]] || Vir Sen || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1962 || Mar-1967 || 1,828 || Reserved for [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|SC]] candidates ||<ref name=" 1962 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1962 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_UP_1962.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 04 || [[04th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|04th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Balbir Singh || [[Independent politician|Independent]] || Mar-1967 || Apr-1968 || 402 || - || <ref name=" 1967 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1967 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201967%20.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 05 || [[05th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|05th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]] || Feb-1969 || Mar-1974 || 1,832 || - || <ref name=" 1969 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1969 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1969/Statistical%20Report%201969%20Uttar%20Pradesh.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 06 || [[06th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|06th Vidhan Sabha]] || Manzoor Ahmad || [[Indian National Congress]] || Mar-1974 || Apr-1977 || 1,153 || - || <ref name=" 1974 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1974 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1974/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201974.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 07 || [[07th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|07th Vidhan Sabha]] || Sakhawat Hussain || [[Janata Party]] || Jun-1977 || Feb-1980 || 969 || - || <ref name=" 1977 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1977 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201977.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 08 || [[08th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|08th Vidhan Sabha]] || Kunwar Virendra Singh Dhana || [[Indian National Congress (I)]] || Jun-1980 || Mar-1985 || 1,735 || - || <ref name=" 1980 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1980 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201980.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 09 || [[09th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|09th Vidhan Sabha]] || Babu Kanak Singh || [[Lok Dal]] || Mar-1985 || Nov-1989 || 1,725 || - || <ref name=" 1985 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1985 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Uttar%20Pradesh%201985.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 10 || [[10th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|10th Vidhan Sabha]] || Akhtar || [[Indian National Congress]] || Dec-1989 || Apr-1991 || 488 || - || <ref name=" 1989 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1989 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report_%20UP_1989.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 11 || [[11th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|11th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="2" | Krishanveer Singh Sirohi || rowspan="3" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Jun-1991|| Dec-1992 || 533 || - || <ref name=" 1991 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1991 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1991/Stat_Rep_UP_91.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 12 || [[12th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|12th Vidhan Sabha]] || Dec-1993|| Oct-1995 || 693 || - || <ref name=" 1993 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1993 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatisticalReport_UP_1993.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 13 || [[13th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|13th Vidhan Sabha]] || Ram Naresh Rawat|| Oct-1996 || May-2002 || 1,967 || - || <ref name=" 1996 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 1996 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1996/StatisticalReport-UP96.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 14 || [[14th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|14th Vidhan Sabha]] || rowspan="3" | [[Madan Chauhan]] || rowspan="3" | [[Samajwadi Party]] || Feb-2002 || May-2007 || 1,902 || - || <ref name=" 2002 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2002 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2002/Stat_rep_UP_2002.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 15 || [[15th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|15th Vidhan Sabha]] || May-2007 || Mar-2012 || 1,762 || - || <ref name=" 2007 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2007 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2007/StatReport_AS_2007_UTTAR_PRADESH.pdf}}</ref>
|-
| 16 || [[16th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|16th Vidhan Sabha]] || Mar-2012 || Mar-2017 || - || - || <ref name=" 2012 Election Results ">{{cite news|title= 2012 Election Results|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] website|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2012/Stats_Report_UP2012.pdf}}</ref>
|-

| 17 || [[Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh|17th Vidhan Sabha]] || [[Kamal Singh Malik]] ||rowspan="2" | [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] || Mar-2017 || Mar-2022 || || ||
|-

| 18 || [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|18th Vidhan Sabha]]|| [[Harendra Singh Tewatia]] || Mar-2022 || Incumbent || || ||
|-
|}

==Election result==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Garhmukteshwar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Harendra Singh Tewatia (Chaudhary)
|votes = {{formatnum:104113}}
|percentage = 44.07
|change = +2.99
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ravindra Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:77807}}
|percentage = 32.94
|change = +10.93
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = [[Madan Chauhan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:43929}}
|percentage = 18.6
|change = -6.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Furqan Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:4868}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:818}}
|percentage = 0.35
|change = +0.09
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26306}}
|percentage = 11.13
|change = -4.79
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:236220}}
|percentage = 67.72
|change = +0.42
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Garhmukteshwar]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamal Singh Malik]]
|votes = {{formatnum:91086}}
|percentage = 41.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Prashant Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:55792}}
|percentage = 25.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Madan Chauhan]]
|votes = {{formatnum:48810}}
|percentage = 22.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Satpal Yadav
|party = Independent
|votes = {{formatnum:15089}}
|percentage = 6.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Kunwar Ayyub Ali
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:5648}}
|percentage = 2.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:572}}
|percentage = 0.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:35294}}
|percentage = 15.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:221755}}
|percentage = 67.3
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Bahujan Samaj Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Garhmukteshwar]]<ref name="2012 Election Results"/>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = [[Madan Chauhan]]
|votes = 82,816
|percentage = 43.31
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Farhat Hasan
|votes = 64,617
|percentage = 33.79
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Lok Dal
|candidate = Ravinder Choudhary
|votes = 32,467
|percentage = 16.98
|change = -
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party =
|candidate = Remainder 12 candidates
|votes = 11,329
|percentage = 5.94
|change = -
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 18,199
|percentage = 9.52
|change = -
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 191,229
|percentage = 65.66
|change = -
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Amroha Lok Sabha constituency]]
*[[Ghaziabad district, India]]
*[[Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh]]
*[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

{{Portal bar|India|Politics}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|colwidth=40em}} https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/ConstituencywiseS2460.htm?ac=60

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh|state=collapsed}}
{{Uttar Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Hapur district]]
[[Category:Politics of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1961]]
[[Category:1961 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Maria Elsa da Rocha

2026-04-12T16:57:13Z

Mazzulah Peel: made some data from scratch - done

{{short description|Indian writer and poet (1924–2007)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2023}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Maria Elsa Gertrudes da Rocha
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1924
| birth_place = Aldoná
| death_date =2007
| occupation = Primary School Teacher
| nationality =
| period =
| genre = Short Story, Poetry
| subject =
| movement =
| debut_works =
| influences =
| influenced =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Maria Elsa da Rocha''' (1924–2007) was an Indian [[short-story writer]] and poet in the Portuguese language.

==Life==

Maria Elsa da Rocha was a school teacher by profession, which took her all over [[Goa]] (and [[Damão]]). The experiences she accrued would feed into her stories, which were also often based on hearsay and anecdotes.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

==Works==

Throughout the 1960s, Rocha contributed short stories to the [[Margão]]-based Portuguese language newspaper ''A Vida'', in which she co-edited a cultural page together, and the Portuguese-language programme 'Renascença' broadcast on All-India Radio.{{fact|date=April 2023}}

In 2005 a collection of her short stories appeared under the title ''Vivências Partilhadas'' [Shared Lives].<ref>Panjim, Goa: Third Millennium, 2006.</ref>

===Vivências Partilhadas===

''Vivências Partilhadas'' provides widest range of representations of the Goan subaltern in Portuguese-language Goan literature post-1961, with a particular focus on the experiences of women,<ref>Paul Melo e Castro, 'How the Other Half Live: The Goan Subaltern in the Stories of Vimala Devi, Maria Elsa da Rocha and Epitácio Pais', in ''Portuguese Language and Literature in Goa: Past, Present and Future'', Carmo D'Souza (ed.), Margão, India: CinnamonTeal, 2014, pp.26-32.</ref> though this deep-seated sympathy at times appears to be at cross-purposes with a certain [[social conservatism]].<ref>Hélder Garmes and Paul Melo e Castro 'Lirismo e Conservadorismo na Arena Política: o conto "Shivá, brincando..." da escritora goesa Maria Elsa da Rocha'. ''Revista Abril'', 4.6 (2011), pp.77-87</ref> Rocha's writing is notable for the use she makes of particularly Goan-inflected Portuguese and the considerable use of Konkani in her dialogues.

== References==
<references/>
4. Cielo G. Festino "Sharing Lives in Maria Elsa Da Rocha´s Vivências Partilhadas" In Muse India. Goan Literature in Portuguese. Issue 70. Nov-Dec, 2016.

==Bibliography==
Maria Elsa da Rocha. ''Vivências Partilhadas''. Panjim, India: Third Millennium, 2005.

Maria Elsa da Rocha. ''Shared Lives: The Collected Stories of Maria Elsa da Rocha'', trans. Paul Melo e Castro. Saligão, India: Goa 1556, 2023.

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rocha, Maria Elsa da}}
[[Category:Portuguese-language writers]]
[[Category:Indian women short story writers]]
[[Category:1924 births]]
[[Category:2007 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Margao]]
[[Category:Writers from South Goa district]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Women writers from Goa]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women poets]]

Tanvi Sharma

2026-04-08T09:03:11Z

Mazzulah Peel: Done

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2008)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Tanvi Sharma
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2008|12|22}}
| birth_place = [[Hoshiarpur]], Punjab, India
| height = 1.64 m
| handedness = Right
| years_active = 2022–present
| coach = [[Park Tae-sang]]
| event = Women's singles
| career_record =
| highest_ranking = 34
| date_of_highest_ranking = 24 March 2026
| current_ranking = 34
| date_of_current_ranking = 24 March 2026
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport|Women's [[badminton]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Team Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024 Selangor]]|[[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships#Medalists|Women's team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 BWF World Junior Championships|2025 Guwahati]]|[[2025 BWF World Junior Championships – girls' singles|Girls' singles]]}}
{{MedalBronze|2025 Guwahati|[[2025 Suhandinata Cup|Mixed team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2025 Badminton Asia Junior Championships|2025 Surakarta]]|[[2025 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Girls' singles|Girls' singles]]}}
| bwfbadminton_id = 99042
}}

'''Tanvi Sharma''' (born 22 December 2008) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web |title=Players: Tanvi Sharma |url=https://bwfbadminton.com/player/99042/tanvi-sharma/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=4 April 2024 |title=India announces Thomas and Uber Cup squad, Sindhu opts out to prepare for Paris 2024 Olympics |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/india-squad-for-thomas-uber-cup-final-pv-sindhu-out-for-paris-2024-olympics/article68028054.ece |access-date=1 June 2024 |publisher=[[Sportstar]]}}</ref> She is the first Indian to win more than one medal in an edition of the [[BWF World Junior Championships|World Junior Championships]], with a silver in the [[2025 BWF World Junior Championships – girls' singles|girls' singles]] and bronze in the [[2025 Suhandinata Cup|mixed team]] event at the [[2025 BWF World Junior Championships – girls' singles|2025]] edition.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-07-01 |title=Badminton: Tanvi Sharma crowned Junior World No 1 |url=https://thebridge.in/badminton/tanvi-sharma-junior-world-no-1-53714 |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref> She was a part of the team that won gold at the [[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|2024 Asian Team Championships]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-02-19 |title=Badminton Asia Team Championships: India clinch historic gold |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/india-clinch-historic-gold-at-badminton-asia-team-championships/articleshow/107812303.cms |access-date=2025-10-19 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Sharma was born in [[Hoshiarpur]], Punjab. She was introduced to badminton at an early age by her mother Meena Sharma who played volleyball at the DC Complex. Tanvi joined the [[Gopichand Badminton Academy|Gopichand Academy]] in 2016, where she trained as a non-scholarship trainee for five years until 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=20 September 2024|title=Tanvi Sharma starts lead-up preparation to World Juniors next month with U19 Krishna Khaitan Memorial title |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/badminton/tanvi-sharma-winner-u19-krishna-khaitan-memorial-title-9577614/|access-date=17 December 2024|work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==Achievements==
=== World Junior Championships ===
''Girls' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#98FB98"
| align="center" | [[2025 BWF World Junior Championships – girls' singles|2025]]
| align="left" | National Centre of Excellence, [[Guwahati]], India
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Anyapat Phichitpreechasak]]
| align="left" | 7–15, 12–15
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 2.png|Silver]] '''Silver'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref name="wjc25">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-10-19 |title=BWF World Junior Championships 2025: Tanvi Sharma loses to Phichitpreechasak in final |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/tanvi-sharma-bwf-world-junior-championships-final-score-result-phichitpreechasak-match-report/article70182161.ece |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|}

===Asian Junior Championships===
''Girls' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Venue
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
! Ref
|- style="background:#AABBCC"
| align="center" | [[2025 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Girls' singles|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Manahan Stadium|Manahan Indoor Sports Hall]], [[Surakarta]], Indonesia
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Yin Yiqing]]
| align="left" | 13–21, 14–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | [[File:Med 3.png|Bronze]] '''Bronze'''
| style="text-align:center; background:white" | <ref name=":0" />
|}

===World Tour (3 runners-up)===
The World Tour was announced in 2017 and implemented in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> It is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]]. The tour is divided into levels of Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300, and Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]]
| align="left" | [[Odisha Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Cai Yanyan]]
| align="left" | 14–21, 16–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 U.S. Open (badminton)#Finals 2|2025]]
| align="left" | [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|USA}} [[Beiwen Zhang]]
| align="left" | 11–21, 21–16, 10–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|-
| align="center" | [[2025 Guwahati Masters#Finals 2|2025]]
| align="left" | [[Guwahati Masters]]
| align="left" | Super 100
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Tung Ciou-tong]]
| align="left" | 18–21, 18–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

===International Challenge / Series (2 titles)===
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#E9E9E9"
| align="center" | 2024
| align="left" | [[Bonn International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TPE}} [[Wang Pei-yu (badminton)|Wang Pei-yu]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 22–20
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | [[Denmark Challenge]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|INA}} [[Ni Kadek Dhinda Amartya Pratiwi]]
| align="left" | 21–13, 21–10
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

===Junior International (1 title, 1 runner-up)===
''Girls' singles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2023
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Navya Kanderi]]
| align="left" | 20–22, 21–18, 21–13
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Girls' doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#BDB8AD"
| align="center" | 2022
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Radhika Sharma]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Ong Xin Yee]]<br />{{flagicon|MAS}} [[Carmen Ting]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

==Performance timeline==
{{Performance key (badminton)}}
===Tournaments===
''Senior events''
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! Event
! 2024
! 2025
! 2026
! Ref
|-
! colspan="5" |Individual
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Summer Olympic Games|Olympic Games]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | NH
|
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[BWF World Championships|World Championships]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
|
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Championships|Asian Championships]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2026 Badminton Asia Championships|1R]]
|
|-
! colspan="5" |Team
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Uber Cup]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD|[[2024 Thomas & Uber Cup|QF]]
| style=color:#ccc|NH
|
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Uber Cup 2024 quarterfinal: India loses to Japan 0-3 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/india-vs-japan-uber-cup-2024-quarterfinal-indian-women-team-results-ind-v-jpn-highlights/article68130680.ece |publisher=Sportstar|date=2 May 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Sudirman Cup]]
| style=color:#ccc|NH
| style=color:#ccc|A
| style=color:#ccc|NH
|
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Team Championships|Asian Championships]]
| bgcolor=gold|[[2024 Badminton Asia Team Championships|G]]
| style=color:#ccc | NH
| bgcolor="FFEBCD" | [[2026 Badminton Asia Team Championships|7th]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=India women clinch Badminton Asia Team Championships title |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/sports/badminton/india-women-clinch-badminton-asia-team-championships-title-101708242944156.html |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=18 February 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asian Mixed Championships]]
| style=color:#ccc|NH
| style=color:#ccc|A
| style=color:#ccc|NH
|
|}

''Junior events''
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! Event
! 2024
! 2025
! Ref
|-
! colspan=4|Individual
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[BWF World Junior Championships|World Championships]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD|[[2024 BWF World Junior Championships – Girls' singles|QF]]
| style="background-color:silver"|[[2025 BWF World Junior Championships – Girls' singles|S]]
| <ref name="wjc25"/>
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Championships]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE|[[2024 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Girls' singles|3R]]
| style="background-color:#cd7f32"|[[2025 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Girls' singles|B]]
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2025-07-26 |title=Tanvi Sharma, Vennala Kalagotla win bronze medals at Badminton Asia Junior Championships 2025 |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/tanvi-sharma-vennala-kalagotla-win-bronze-medals-badminton-asia-junior-championships-2025-semifinals-scores/article69857858.ece |access-date=2025-07-26 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
! colspan=4|Team
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left"|[[BWF World Junior Championships|World Championships]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD|[[2024 BWF World Junior Championships – Teams event|6th]]
| style="background-color:#cd7f32"|[[2025 Suhandinata Cup|B]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=BWF Junior World Championships Review: Tanvi Sharma’s silver, a historic team bronze and new scoring formats|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/badminton/tanvi-sharma-wins-silver-team-historic-bronze-bwf-world-junior-championships-review-scoring-format-analysis/article70185633.ece|website=Sportstar|date=2025-10-23|access-date=2025-11-29|language=en|first=Nihit|last=Sachdeva}}</ref>
|-
| bgcolor="#ECF2FF"; align="left" | [[Badminton Asia Junior Championships|Asian Championships]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD|[[2024 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Teams event|6th]]
| bgcolor=FFEBCD|[[2025 Badminton Asia Junior Championships – Teams event|6th]]
| <ref>{{cite web |title=India's campaign in Badminton Asia Junior Championships ends following defeat in quarter-finals |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/indias-campaign-in-badminton-asia-junior-championships-ends-following-defeat-in-quarter-finals20240701211026/ |publisher=ANI |date=1 July 2024 |access-date=1 November 2024 |archive-date=4 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240704155704/https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/others/indias-campaign-in-badminton-asia-junior-championships-ends-following-defeat-in-quarter-finals20240701211026/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|}

===World Tour===
{| style='font-size: 90%; text-align:center;' class='wikitable'
! rowspan=2|Tournament
! colspan="3"|[[BWF World Tour|World Tour]]
! rowspan=2|Best
! rowspan=2|Ref
|-
! [[2024 BWF World Tour|2024]] !! [[2025 BWF World Tour|2025]] !! [[2026 BWF World Tour|2026]]
|-
| align=left | [[India Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 India Open|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 Indonesia Masters|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[German Open (badminton)|German Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 German Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Swiss Open (badminton)|Swiss Open]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2026 Swiss Open (badminton)|1R]]'''
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''1R''' ('26)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Orléans Masters]]
| colspan="2" style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2026 Orléans Masters|SF]]'''
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('26)
|-
| align=left | [[U.S. Open Badminton Championships|U.S. Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | [[2025 U.S. Open (badminton)|'''F''']]
|
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''F''' ('25)
|<ref>{{Cite news|title=Teen talent Tanvi Sharma aims higher after US Open runner-up finish|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/badminton/teen-talent-tanvi-sharma-aims-higher-after-us-open-runner-up-finish/articleshow/122176124.cms|work=The Times of India|access-date=2025-11-29|issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
| align=left | [[Vietnam Open (badminton)|Vietnam Open]]
| style=color:#ccc | A
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | ''' [[2025 Vietnam Open|QF]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | '''QF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Indonesia Masters Super 100]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''[[2024 Indonesia Masters Super 100 I|2R]]'''
| style=color:#ccc | A
|
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | '''2R''' ('24)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| bgcolor=AFEEEE | [[2024 Syed Modi International|1R]]
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''[[2025 Syed Modi International|SF]]'''
|
| bgcolor=FFFF00 | '''SF''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Guwahati Masters]]
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | [[2024 Guwahati Masters|QF]]
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''[[2025 Guwahati Masters|F]]'''
|
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8" | '''F''' ('25)
|
|-
| align=left | [[Odisha Masters]]
| bgcolor="#D8BFD8 " | '''[[2024 Odisha Masters|F]]'''
| bgcolor="#FFEBCD" | [[2025 Odisha Masters|QF]]
|
| bgcolor=D8BFD8|'''F''' ('24)
| <ref>{{cite web |title=Tanvi falters at final hurdle, Rithvik grabs maiden World Tour crown |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/tanvi-falters-at-final-hurdle-rithvik-grabs-maiden-world-tour-crown/articleshow/116343944.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=15 December 2024 |access-date=16 December 2024}}</ref>
|-
! align=left | Year-end ranking
! 2024; | 100
! 2025; | 42
! 2026; |
! Best; colspan="2" | 41
|}

==Record against opponents==
Record against Year-end Finals finalists, World Championships semi-finalists, and Olympic quarter-finalists. Accurate as of 6 December 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tanvi Sharma Head to Head |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/head-2-head?OrganizationCode=209B123F-AA87-41A2-BC3E-CB57133E64CC&T1P1MemberID=99042 |publisher=BWF-Tournament Software |access-date=13 December 2024}}</ref>
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center; font-size:small"
|-
! width="200" | Player
! width="50" | Matches
! width="50" | Win
! width="50" | Lost
! width="50" | {{abbr|Diff.|Difference}}
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wang Zhiyi]]
| 1 || 0 || 1 || bgcolor="#ffddee" | –1
|-
| align="left" | {{flagicon|JPN}} [[Nozomi Okuhara]]
| 1 || 1 || 0 || bgcolor="#ccffcc" | 1
|}
{{col-end}}

== See also ==
*[[Badminton in India]]
*[[India national badminton team]]
*[[List of Indian sportswomen]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{sports links}}
* {{Instagram}}

{{Footer Asian Champions Badminton Team Women}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Tanvi}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2008 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Hoshiarpur]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian female badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportswomen]]

The Tenant (2023 film)

2026-04-05T11:09:46Z

Mazzulah Peel: New

{{Short description|Film by Sushrut Jain}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = The Tenant
| image = The Tenant 2023 film.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sushrut Jain
| producer = Kanchan Kalra<br>Daniel Walter
| screenplay = Sushrut Jain
| story = Sushrut Jain
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shamita Shetty]]|Rudhraksh Jaiswal|}}
| music =
| cinematography = [[Pankaj Kumar (cinematographer)|Pankaj Kumar]]<br>Nuthan Nagraj
| editing =
| studio = Mad Coolie Productions
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|02|10}}
| runtime = 122 minute
| country = India
| language = Hindi<br>English
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''The Tenant''''' is Hindi-English [[Coming-of-age film|coming-of-age]] [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] film written and directed by Sushrut Jain. It stars [[Shamita Shetty]] In Her Comeback and Rudhraksh Jaiswal. It is produced by Mad Coolie Productions. It was released on 10 February 2023. Based on the italian film malèna 2000. It received mixed reviews from the critics who praised the performances but criticised the screenplay.

==Plot==
An attractive and bold woman, Meera, moves into a middle-class housing society. The people of the society disapproves and gossip about her lifestyle. She forms a friendship with a teenager, Bharat. Due to Bharat's mistake, her past is revealed to the people. They decide ask her to vacate while a member of the society abuses her and was saved by Bharat. Bharat's parents rebuild their falling marriage.

==Cast==
{{Castlist|
* [[Shamita Shetty]] as Meera/Sonia Sarai
* Rudhraksh Jaiswal as Bharat
* [[Sheeba Chaddha]] as Mrs. Mishra
* Akshat Singh as Pappu
* Atul Srivastava as Bharat's father
* [[Harsh Mayar]] as Rocky
* [[Vasuki Sunkavalli]] as Natasha
* Manish Anand as Ajay
* Divya Jagdale as Bharat's mother
* [[Swanand Kirkire]] as Mr. Mishra
* [[Dayanand Shetty]] as Detective Daya
* Gracy Goswami as Aparna
* Jayesh V. Kardak as Rajoo}}

==Production==
The film was written and directed by Sushrut Jain. It is produced by Mad Coolie Productions. After appearing in 2007 Hindi film ''[[Cash (2007 film)|Cash]]'', Shamita Shetty returned to the cinema after 16 years with this film.<ref name=uv/> The film is shot in Juhu Sameep in Mumbai where Jain grew up.<ref name="RB"/> The film featured songs including [[James Carr (singer)|James Carr]]’s "Lovable Girl", [[Lee Dorsey]]’s "Hello Mama' and [[Chris Isaak]]’s "[[Wicked Game|Wicked Games]]".<ref name=":0" />

==Release==
The film was released in Indian Film Festival of Los Angeles in May 2021.<ref name="pk"/> The film was released in theatres on 10 February 2023.<ref name=uv>{{Cite news |date=2022-12-24 |title=Shamita Shetty eyes 2023 comeback with social drama 'The Tenant' |work=The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/shamita-shetty-eyes-2023-comeback-with-social-drama-the-tenant/articleshow/96484537.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

==Reception==

Dhaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated it 3.5 out of 5. He praised the story, performances and portrayal of "different kinds of friendships". He noted its light music. He criticised "unconvincing" plot points and long first half.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=The Tenant Movie Review : Shamita Shetty shines in this story with intent |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/the-tenant/movie-review/97758309.cms |access-date=2023-10-09 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Manoj Vashisth of ''[[Jagran]]'' rated it 3 out of 5. He discussed and praised the theme of [[feminism]] and society but criticised the plot. He praised the direction and performances.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tenant Movie Review: महिलाओं के प्रति समाज के पाखंड को दर्शाती है शमिता शेट्टी की फिल्म, पढ़ें पूरा रिव्यू - The Tenant Movie Review Shamita Shetty Starrer Film Shows Hypocrisy Of Society Read Full Review |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/reviews-the-tenant-movie-review-shamita-shetty-starrer-film-shows-hypocrisy-of-society-read-full-review-23325013.html |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> Rohit Bhatnagar of ''[[Free Press Journal]]'' rated it 3 out of 5. He praised theme and performances, especially of Shetty. He criticised few scenes and compared the friendship of Bharat and Meera with ''[[Ek Chhotisi Love Story]]'' (2002).<ref name="RB">{{Cite web |last=Bhatnagar|first=Rohit|title=The Tenant Review: Shamita Shetty brings realism to this mildly dramatic film |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/movie-review/the-tenant-review-shamita-shetty-brings-realism-to-this-mildly-dramatic-film |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Panos Kotzathanasis of ''Asian Movie Pulse'' praised the theme, performances and direction but criticised some plot points. He recalled ''[[Malèna (film)|Malèna]]'' (2000) with the similar theme.<ref name="pk">{{Cite web |last=Kotzathanasis |first=Panos |date=2021-05-18 |title=Film Review: The Tenant (2020) by Sushrut Jain |url=https://asianmoviepulse.com/2021/05/film-review-the-tenant-2020-by-sushrut-jain/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=Asian Movie Pulse |language=en-US}}</ref> Sameer Ahire writing for ''Movie Talkies'' rated it 2 out of 5. He criticised the screenplay and found it "predictable and tedious" while called the performances "decent". He questioned the motivation and theme behind the film.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ahire |first=Sameer |date=2023-02-08 |title=The Tenant Review - This Hinglish Urban Drama Shall Find No Tenants In The Form Of Audience - Movie Talkies |url=https://www.movietalkies.com/movies-reviews/the-tenant-review-this-hinglish-urban-drama-shall-find-no-tenants-in-the-form-of-audience/ |access-date=2023-10-09 |website=www.movietalkies.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Manoj Vashisth of ''[[Dainik Jagran]]'' gave 3 out of 5 ratings.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Tenant Movie Review: महिलाओं के प्रति समाज के पाखंड को दर्शाती है शमिता शेट्टी की फिल्म, पढ़ें पूरा रिव्यू - The Tenant Movie Review Shamita Shetty Starrer Film Shows Hypocrisy Of Society Read Full Review |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/reviews-the-tenant-movie-review-shamita-shetty-starrer-film-shows-hypocrisy-of-society-read-full-review-23325013.html |access-date= |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{official website}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tenant 2023 Film}}
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2023 drama films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]

India–Samoa relations

2026-03-31T15:20:33Z

Mazzulah Peel: made page

{{Infobox bilateral relations|India–Samoa|India|Samoa}}

'''India–Samoa relations''' are the international relations that exist between [[India]] and [[Samoa]]. The High Commission of India in [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]], is concurrently accredited to Samoa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Heads of Diplomatic Missions|url=http://www.mfat.gov.ws/embassies/heads-of-diplomatic-missions/|website=Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Development bonds the Republic of India and Samoa|url=http://www.talamua.com/development-bonds-the-republic-india-and-samoa/|website=Talamua On-line News|access-date=15 April 2017|date=24 June 2014|archive-date=17 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517051623/http://www.talamua.com/development-bonds-the-republic-india-and-samoa/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Samoa maintains an Honorary Consul in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hony. Consulates in India|url=http://meaprotocol.nic.in/?a4Samoa?New/Delhi|website=Protocol Division, Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=15 April 2017|language=en}}</ref>{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

== Diplomatic visits ==

Diplomatic relations between India and Samoa were established in June 1970. India was the second country to establish relations with Samoa, after New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Countries with Established Diplomatic Relations with Samoa|url=http://www.mfat.gov.ws/embassies/countries-with-established-diplomatic-relations-with-samoa/|website=Samoa Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref>

[[INS Tarangini (A75)|INS ''Tarangini'' (A75)]] visited Samoa in January 2004. Members of Indian state legislatures attended the 23rd Commonwealth Parliamentary Seminar in [[Apia]] in May 2012. Samoan Minister for Agriculture and Fisheries and Agriculture Store Cooperation attended the 45th COCOTECH APCC meeting held at [[Kochi]] in July 2012. He visited Kochi again in February 2015 to attend the Ministerial Meeting of the 51st Asian & Pacific Coconut Community.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web |date=December 2016 |title=Page 1 of 3 INDIA - SAMOA BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908221425/http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Samoa_Dec_2016.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2017 |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of External Affairs}}</ref>

Samoan Prime Minister [[Tuilaepa Aiono Sailele Malielegaoi]] and the chief executive officer for Finance at Samoa's Central Bank Iulai Lavea visited New Delhi in February 2013 to attend the Asia Leadership Programme on Sustainable Development and Climate Change. Samoan Finance Minister Faumuina Tiatia Faaolatane Liuga led a delegation to attend the 46th Annual meeting of the Board of Governors of ADB at New Delhi in May 2013. Associate Minister for Women Gatoloaifaana Amataga Gidlow represented Samoa at the Second High Level Meeting on South-South Cooperation for Child Rights in Asia and the Pacific held in New Delhi in October 2013. A high-level Indian delegation visited Samoa to participate in the third SIDS Conference held in Apia in September 2014.<ref name="MEA2016"/>

Samoa is a member of the [[Pacific Islands Forum]], of which India is an official dialogue partner. Bilateral relations received a boost following the initiation of the [[Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation]] by the Narendra Modi government in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Second Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) Summit held in Jaipur|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/second-forum-for-indiapacific-islands-cooperation-fipic-summit-held-in-jaipur-1440570425-1|website=Jagran Josh|access-date=16 April 2017|date=26 January 2015}}</ref> Prime Ministers Narendra Modi and Malielegaoi held bilateral talks on the sidelines of the First Pacific Leaders Summit in Suva, Fiji on 19 November 2014.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Pratibha|first1=Jyoti|title=Samoa PM Coming Here|url=http://fijisun.com.fj/2014/11/17/samoa-pm-coming-here/|website=Fiji Sun|access-date=17 April 2017|location=Suva|date=17 November 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.talamua.com/pm-tuilaepa-meets-indian-prime-minister-narendra-modi-in-fiji/|title=PM Tuilaepa meets Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in Fiji|date=2014-11-18|work=Talamua On-line News|access-date=2017-04-15|language=en-US |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805112856/https://www.talamua.com/pm-tuilaepa-meets-indian-prime-minister-narendra-modi-in-fiji/ |archive-date=5 August 2020 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Pacific leaders express their appreciation for Fiji Summit|url=http://www.pina.com.fj/?p=pacnews&m=read&o=900245808546c30332d6720e84e9db|website=Pacific Islands News Association|access-date=15 April 2017|location=Fiji|date=18 November 2014}}</ref> At the request of Prime Minister Modi, Prime Minister Malielegaoi, accompanied by a 5-member delegation, visited India in August 2015 to attend the 2nd Summit of the Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation (FIPIC) at Jaipur.<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Prime Minister's remarks at Second Summit of Forum for India-Pacific Islands Cooperation|url=http://www.samoagovt.ws/2015/08/prime-ministers-remarks-at-second-summit-of-forum-for-india-pacific-islands-cooperation/|website=Government of Samoa|date=21 August 2015|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iniinisamoa.com/2015/08/21/india-pacific-forum-begins/|title=India-Pacific Forum begins. {{!}} Samoa News {{!}} Iniini Samoa {{!}} Samoa Islands|website=www.iniinisamoa.com|language=en-US|access-date=2017-04-15|archive-date=2024-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129152659/http://www.iniinisamoa.com/2015/08/21/india-pacific-forum-begins/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Malielegaoi sought India's assistance in developing the health sector in Samoa.<ref>{{cite web|title=Samoa seeks health sector support from India|url=http://www.samoagovt.ws/2015/08/samoa-seeks-health-sector-support-from-india/|website=Government of Samoa|date=22 August 2015|access-date=15 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 August 2015 |title=Samoa seeks India's Help in Post Graduate training opportunities and avenues for the islands' doctors |url=http://www.medicosindia.com/samoa-seeks-indias-help-in-post-graduate-training-opportunities-and-avenues-for-the-islands-doctors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170418081849/http://www.medicosindia.com/samoa-seeks-indias-help-in-post-graduate-training-opportunities-and-avenues-for-the-islands-doctors/ |archive-date=18 April 2017 |access-date=2017-04-15 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=24 August 2015 |title=Samoa asks India for medical training aid |url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/282268/samoa-asks-india-for-medical-training-aid |access-date=2017-04-15 |work=[[Radio New Zealand]] |language=en-nz}}</ref>

In March 2017, the Samoan Government began sending patients that could not be treated in Samoa to India. The Government had previously sent such patients to New Zealand. Despite the greater distance between India and Samoa, the cost of medical care in India is much lower than in New Zealand. Prime Minister Malielegaoi praised the quality of doctors in India and stated the new process reduces expenditure for the Samoan Government. Malielegaoi also noted that many of the doctors in New Zealand were also Indians, and announced that the government would bring medical specialists and doctors from India to provide care at Samoan hospitals.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sanerivi |first=Sarafina |date=21 March 2017 |title=P.M. defends India patients plan |url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/21_03_2017/local/18151/PM-defends-India-patients-plan.htm |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Samoa Observer}}</ref>

== Trade ==

Bilateral trade between India and Samoa totaled US$4.68 million in 2015–16, rising from $3.66 million the previous fiscal. India exported $2.22 million worth of goods to Samoa and imported $2.46 million. The main commodities exported by India to Samoa are plastic and plastic articles, sugar and confectionery, and electrical machinery and equipment. The major commodities imported by India from Samoa are electrical machinery and equipment, and articles of base metal plastics.<ref>{{cite web |title=Total Trade |url=https://tradestat.commerce.gov.in/eidb/default.asp |access-date=15 April 2017 |website=Ministry of Commerce - Government of India |language=en}}</ref>

At the 2nd FIPIC Summit, Prime Minister Modi announced that a FIPIC Trade Office would be opened at the FICCI premises in New Delhi. The trade office, named the FIPIC Business Accelerator, was officially opened on 7 September 2015. The Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) has also established a dedicated department at its headquarters in New Delhi focusing on boosting trade with Pacific Island Countries.<ref name="MEA2016" />

India and Samoa signed an agreement for the exchange of tax information in September 2016.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 September 2016 |title=Samoa, India sign tax agreement |url=http://www.samoaobserver.ws/en/24_09_2016/local/11764/Samoa-India-sign-tax-agreement.htm |access-date=2017-04-15 |work=Samoa Observer}}</ref>

== Cultural relations ==

The XP Division of the Ministry of External Affairs sponsored a familiarization trip for a Samoan journalist to visit India during the 2nd FIPIC Summit in Jaipur in August 2015. A 33-member Indian contingent participated in eight sports events at the 5th Commonwealth Youth Games held in Apia in September 2015.<ref name="MEA2016" /> India finishing fifth with 19 medals in the overall medal tally at the Games.<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Youth Games: India bags two tennis golds, finishes fifth with medal tally of 19|url=http://www.firstpost.com/sports/commonwealth-youth-games-india-bags-two-tennis-golds-finishes-fifth-with-medal-tally-of-19-2430302.html|website=Firstpost|access-date=15 April 2017|date=11 September 2015}}</ref>

There is a small Indian community in Samoan. Indian nationals in Samoa are mostly professionals working with multilateral agencies, and a few are teachers. As of December 2016, around 25 persons of Indian origin are settled in Samoa.<ref name="MEA2016" />

== Foreign aid ==

India donated three dialysis machines worth almost NZ$123,000 to Samoa in September 2006. In 2007, the Government of Samoa requested that India donate three more dialysis machines, which were delivered in March 2008. The country further requested that 3 dialysis machines be provided biannually to replace the older machines. This request was granted by the Indian government. India provided NZ$66,000 as grant-in-aid in 2009 to fund the procurement of six portable reverse Osmosis systems for the National Kidney Foundation. Samoa was supplied three dialysis machines, one blood volume monitor and one temperature monitor worth NZ$81,000 in May 2011.<ref name="MEA2016" />

India donated $250,000 to help Samoa host the third Small Islands Developing States (SIDS) conference in Apia in September 2014.<ref name="MEA2016" /> India announced that it would provide a grant-in-aid of US$100,000 annually to each of the 14 Pacific Island countries, including the Samoa, at the Post Forum Dialogue partner meeting in 2006.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iDg9oAkwsXAC|title=Asia in the Pacific Islands: Replacing the West|date=2007|publisher=The University of the South Pacific|isbn=9789820203884|page=275|language=en|last1=Crocombe|first1=R. G.|access-date=17 April 2017}}</ref> The amount was increased to US$125,000 annually from 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Tuvalu_2015_07_07.pdf|title=India-Tuvalu Relations|date=7 July 2015|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=18 April 2017}}</ref> Prime Minister Malielegaoi attended the First Pacific Leaders Summit on 19 November 2014 held at Suva, Fiji. During the Summit, Indian Prime Minister Modi announced that India would increase the annual grant-in-aid for Samoa to $200,000.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Citizens of Samoa are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] (ITEC). Many Samoans have received training in India in the fields of information technology, small scale enterprises, financial management and other areas under ITEC. Samoan officials have trained at National Institute of Small Industry Extension Training (NISIET) in Hyderabad, and at a TERI workshop on sustainable development conducted for the Pacific Island Countries (PIC) in Fiji in 2007. Samoan diplomats have also attended the Professional Course for Foreign Diplomats (PCFD) organised by the Foreign Service Institute (FSI) of the Ministry of External Affairs. Some have also attended a short-term Course for Diplomats of PIC organized by the FSI at Nadi, and the FSI's special training programme for Commonwealth diplomats in New Delhi.<ref name="MEA2016" />

Samoa signed an agreement to establish a Centre of Excellence in IT (CEIT) at the National University of Samoa with Indian assistance.<ref name="MEA2016" />

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Foreign relations of Samoa}}
{{Foreign relations of India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:India-Samoa relations}}
[[Category:1970 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of India|Samoa]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Samoa|India]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of Samoa]]
[[Category:Foreign relations of India]]
[[Category:India and the Commonwealth of Nations]]
[[Category:Samoa and the Commonwealth of Nations]]

Mirza Road

2026-03-30T03:32:22Z

Mazzulah Peel: made first info more to come

{{Short description|Road in Mysore, India}}
{{distinguish|text=[[Mirza Ismail Road]]}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}

'''Mirza Road''' is a road in [[Mysore city]], Karnataka state, India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-01 |title=New vehicle parking and no-parking zones |url=https://starofmysore.com/new-vehicle-parking-and-no-parking-zones/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-21 |title=Band House again... |url=https://starofmysore.com/band-house-again/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-01-03 |title=Music to ears: Daily Police Band at Palace |url=https://starofmysore.com/music-to-ears-daily-police-band-at-palace/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Landmarks for Dewans and their services forgotten |url=https://starofmysore.com/landmarks-for-dewans-and-their-services-forgotten/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[Sir Mirza Ismail]] was the [[Diwan of Mysore]] from 1926 to 1940 when [[Krishna Raja Wadiyar IV]] was the [[Maharaja of Mysore]]. He succeeded [[Sir M. Visvesvaraya]] and was instrumental in developing many parks and gardens, including the famous [[Brindavan Gardens]], apart from the Nishad Bagh.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-02 |title=Landmarks for Dewans and their services forgotten |url=https://starofmysore.com/landmarks-for-dewans-and-their-services-forgotten/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Location ==
The Road starts at [[Nanju Malige]] and terminates at [[Jayachamarajendra Circle]] and terminates at [[Vasanth Mahal]], where Mysore District Institute of Education and Training and College of Teacher's Education are located. Nishad Bagh (Kuppanna Park), Putta mane Park, Police Commissioners Office & Parade Ground are located enroute.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-12 |title='Tai Nadu' P.R. Ramaiah A family story |url=https://starofmysore.com/tai-nadu-p-r-ramaiah-a-family-story/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-03 |title=Bad roads and plight of citizens |url=https://starofmysore.com/bad-roads-and-plight-of-citizens/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |website=Star of Mysore |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Commuters’ plea for ‘bus shelter’ on Mirza Road in Mysuru – Mysuru Today |url=https://citytoday.news/commuters-plea-for-bus-shelter-on-mirza-road-in-mysuru/ |access-date=2022-03-08 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-11-24 |title=Mysuru City Police Commissionerate gets its own office 31 years after it was set up |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mysuru-city-police-commissionerate-gets-its-own-office-31-years-after-it-was-set-up/article33172177.ece |access-date=2022-03-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[M. Kantharaj Urs Road]]
* [[Devaraj Urs Road, Mysore]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|12.30682368415014|76.66280793207153|display=title}}

[[Category:Suburbs of Mysore]]
[[Category:Roads in Mysore]]
[[Category:Mysore North]]

{{India-road-stub}}

Pasalṭha

2026-03-29T12:57:54Z

Mazzulah Peel: New

{{Short description|Class of Mizo warriors}}
The '''''Pasalṭha''''' ({{literal translation|good husband}}, [[Mara language|Mara]]: '''''Pasaipha''''', [[Paite language|Paite]]/[[Tedim language|Tedim]]: '''''Salpha'''''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themizos.com/2021/10/the-mizo-pasaltha.html|title=The Mizo Pasaltha|last=Lungchuang|first=Ruata|date=17 October 2021|website=themizos.com|quote=The class was called Pasaltha among the Lusei, Hmar, Duhlian Speakers and Lai folks, while they were called Salpha among the Paite folk and Pasaipha among the Maras.}}</ref>) were a legendary class of warriors and military leaders among the [[Mizo people]], known for their bravery, discipline, and embodiment of the Mizo ethical code, [[tlawmngaihna|{{lang|lus|Tlâwmngaihna|cat=no}}]]. This institution flourished from the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] to the [[early modern period]], symbolizing heroism and selflessness.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themizos.com/2021/10/the-mizo-pasaltha.html|title=The Mizo Pasaltha|last=Lungchuang|first=Ruata|date=17 October 2021|website=themizos.com|quote=Pasaltha ( Pronounced - Pasalthra) were a class of Mizo warriors and military commanders that existed from the medieval period till the early modern era.}}</ref>

Famous Pasalṭha such as [[Vana Pa|Vanapa]], [[Khuangchera]], [[Taitesena]], Thanseia, and Keivawmhranga continue to inspire Mizos, with their stories [[Romanticism|romanticised]] and celebrated in [[mizo music|song]] and [[mizo religion|folklore]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.467553/2015.467553.James-Dokhuma_djvu.txt|title=Lawrkhawm 1|date=1995 }}</ref> However, the [[Lushai Expedition|arrival of British colonial powers]] marked the decline of the Pasalṭha institution, as the British found their resistance formidable and sought to dismantle their influence.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bvmglobal.org/blog/Forgotten-Story-of-Pasalthas|title=Forgotten Story of Pasalthas}}</ref>

==Etymology==
{{lang|lus|Pasalṭha}} in the truest sense refers to a hero.{{sfn|Songate|Lalngaihawmi|2017|p=52}} The earliest use of the term was not brought up in the language texts written by [[T.H. Lewin]], [[R.H.S. Hutchinson]], [[John Shakespear (British Army officer)|John Shakespear]] and [[Edwin Rowlands]] who published texts on Mizo vocabulary. The first mention of the term {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} was in [[James Herbert Lorrain]] and [[Frederick William Savidge]]'s 1898 book: ''Grammar and Dictionary of the Lushai Language''. {{lang|lus|Pasalṭha}} was defined as "bravery". However the term failed to reconcile the concept of a traditional Mizo hero in the context of becoming a warrior or hunter.{{sfn|Songate|Lalngaihawmi|2017|p=53}}

==Classification==
Many {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} were recorded from the knowledge of elders and the {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} were not differentiated with warriors, {{lang|lus|tlawmngai}} ({{translation|follower of [[Tlâwmngaihna]]}}) or {{lang|lus|huaisen}} ({{translation|brave}}). Another close term {{lang|lus|hratkhawkheng}} refers to an individual who doesn't give up easily and fulfils objectives by all means. Another classification conflated with {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} was {{lang|lus|ramvachal}}. {{lang|lus|Ramvachal}} was argued to constitute under the term as it could refer to {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} who hunted in the thick forests or a simple individual who acquired forest produce.{{sfn|Rosanga|2017|p=9}}

==Role and purpose==
According to [[James Dokhuma]], "The Pasalṭha is not only a skilled hunter but also the one who is claimed to be famous for his prowess in taking heads of the enemies." In fact, a Pasalṭha typically brought multiple captives, totaling roughly ten. This hinged heavily on the Pasaltha's bravery and power. Undoubtedly, the Pasalṭha played significantly more prominent roles than others in pre-Christian Lushai culture. Its egalitarian nature can be seen in the fact that any commoner could achieve the title of Pasaṭtha by bravery and service to society. It was thus not a [[Heredity|hereditary]] post.{{sfn|Dokhuma|2003|p=112}}

Pasalṭha is described by Kipgen as "a brave and manly person" who demonstrated his character integrity through [[Tlâwmngaihna]]'s actions. Such individuals were admired and respected not only in the ''[[zawlbuk]]'', but also by the Lals of all neighboring villages and their inhabitants. They looked up to him and honored him during festivals as well. All of the requirements for training to become a Pasaltha were met at the zawlbuk. The Pasaltha exemplified the Lushai desire to preserve their way of life, dignity, and honour. He usually carried a long sword by his side, a symbol of his acute hunting abilities and responsibilities as the guardian of his town, its land, and its people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://cisindus.org/indic-varta-internal.php?vartaid=406|title=The Forgotten Story of Pasalthas – 1|last=Dutta|first=Ankita}}</ref>

For individuals of great bravery who failed to uphold values of {{lang|lus|tlâwmngaihna}} they were not considered a {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}}. Such as Lamsuaka, a warrior under [[Lalburha]] who was known as the {{lang|lus|Chhawkawm Keipui}} ({{translation|Tiger of the East}}). However due to his heinous crimes he was not considered a role model deserving to be remembered as a {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}}. A {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} was also a source of prestige for a chief. Chiefs would woo heroes to live in their settlements.{{sfn|Songate|Lalngaihawmi|2017|p=54}} [[Lalsavunga]] was a chief who was reputed to have several {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} in his chiefdom.{{sfn|Songate|Lalngaihawmi|2017|p=55}}

{{lang|lus|Pasalṭhas}} were also leaders in many ways. Individuals during wartime or hunting expeditions would refuse to leave the village without a {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} by their side.{{sfn|Songate|Lalngaihawmi|2017|p=56}} During hunting, the spirit of {{lang|lus|tlâwmngaihna}} meant that a {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} had to let elders hunt animals if anyone spotted one. A {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} only shot wild animals for themselves if the hunting party did not have elders to confer priority to.{{sfn|Songate|Lalngaihawmi|2017|p=56}}

A {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} was recognised and celebrated in social gatherings and festivals by offering the first glass of [[Zu (beverage)|{{lang|lus|zû|cat=no}}]] known as {{lang|lus|Huai No}}. A {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} was also one of the individuals who had a chance to ascend to [[pialral|pialrâl]] in the afterlife.{{sfn|Rohmingmawii|2017|p=37}}

==Cultural legacy==
Mizo {{lang|lus|pasalṭhas}} began to be written down from oral history in publications such as ''The Mizo Heroes'' by the [[Tribal Research Institute]]. The values of {{lang|lus|tlâwmngaihna}} followed by the {{lang|lus|pasalṭhas}} are used to create role models and examples to the younger generation. In this sense, the history of {{lang|lus|pasalṭhas}} carry cultural heritage.{{sfn|Rohmingmawii|2017|p=38}} Unlike folktale figures such as [[Chhurbura]], Zawlpala and Lalruanga, the stories of {{lang|lus|pasalṭhas}} are fairly recent in a non-fiction sense but only extend as far as the 19th century. This implies that folk tales were possibly based on true figures who, over time, became distorted and romanticised over centuries.{{sfn|Rohmingmawii|2017|p=39}}

===Role in the MNF===
The battalions used by the MNF during the [[Mizo National Front uprising]] were all named after famous pasalthas. Goswami argues this is a mechanism for the MNF to maintain continuity with their regional past. The pasalthas used the past during the movement lived in an era close to the British annexation of the Lushai Hills. The heroes were chosen from the immediate past as a way to continue a tradition of bravery among the volunteer fighters. In the past, the tradition of a pasaltha encompassed both chivalry and bravery in killing enemies and animals. However, the MNF utilised it exclusively in the enemy context. The names chosen were from the main Mizo ethnic group to maintain solidarity.{{sfn|Goswami|1979|p=172}}

==Notable Pasaltha==
The Tribal Institute, Art and Culture Department and the Government of Mizoram have listed 24 {{lang|lus|pasalṭha}} active during the precolonial and early colonial period of Mizo history.{{sfn|Rosanga|2017|p=9}}

*[[Khuangchera]], anti-British resistance figure
*[[Saizahawla]], wrestler and athlete
*[[Taitesena]], volunteer and hunter
*[[Vana Pa]], tactician and advisor
*[[Chawngbawla]], warrior and duelist
*[[Zampuimanga]], warrior and tiger hunter

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Sources==
*{{cite book |last1=Dokhuma |first1=James |title=Lamsuaka |date=2003 |publisher=R. Lalrawna |location=Aizawl|author-link=James Dokhuma|language=Mizo}}
*{{cite book |last=Goswami |first=B.B |date=1979 |title=The Mizo Unrest: A Study of Politicisation of Culture |location=Jaipur |publisher=Aalekh Publishers}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Songate |first1=Paul Songhaulal|last2=Lalngaihawmi|first2=Mary |title=Mizo Heroes and their role in the society |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2017 |volume=XVIII |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/MHA-2017.pdf |access-date=7 September 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rohmingmawii |title=Mizo Heroes in the Post-Colonial Context |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2017 |volume=XVIII |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/MHA-2017.pdf |access-date=7 September 2025}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Rosanga |first1=O. |title=Theorizing the concept Mizo Hero: An Indigenous perspective |journal=Historical Journal of Mizoram |date=2017 |volume=XVIII |issue=1 |url=https://historicaljournalmizoram.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/MHA-2017.pdf |access-date=7 September 2025}}

{{Lushai frontier}}

[[Category:Warriors of Asia]]
[[Category:History of Mizoram]]
[[Category:Pasalṭha| ]]

The Big Day (TV series)

2026-03-29T12:26:44Z

Mazzulah Peel: Done

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| alt =
| genre = [[Reality television]]
| creator =
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* Divya Singh
* Daniel Bauer
* Sreejan Shandilya
}}
| theme_music_composer =
| opentheme =
| endtheme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = English
| num_seasons = 2
| num_episodes = 6
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| camera =
| runtime = 37–45 min
| company =
| channel = [[Netflix]]
| first_aired = {{Start date|2021|02|14|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{End date|2021|04|07|df=y}}
| related =
}}
'''''The Big Day''''' is an Indian 2021 reality series created by [[Netflix]] starring Divya Singh, Daniel Bauer and Sreejan Shandilya.<ref>{{cite web|title='The Big Day' Review: New Netflix Series is a Big Disappointment|url=https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2021/3/9/the-big-day-season-1-review/#:~:text=As%20Cond%C3%A9%20Nast%20India's%20first,is%20clearly%20well%2Dcurated).|access-date=2022-03-24|website=The Crimson}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stream It or Skip It: 'The Big Day' on Netflix, a Reality Series That Takes Viewers Inside the Planning of Luxurious Indian Weddings|url=https://decider.com/2021/02/17/the-big-day-netflix-review/|access-date=2022-03-24|website=The Decider|date=17 February 2021 }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* Divya Singh
* Daniel Bauer
* Sreejan Shandilya
* Itai Reuveni
* Kunwar Sood
* Sanjeet Raman
* Gayeti Singh

== Episodes ==

{{Series overview
| caption = Series overview

| auxA = Title

| color1 = #ADFF2F
| link1 = #Season 1 (2021)
| auxA1 = ''Collection 1''
| episodes1 = 3
| released1 = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|14}}

| color2 = #7FFFD4
| link2 = #Season 2 (2021)
| auxA2 = ''Collection 2''
| episodes2 = 3
| released2 = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|7}}
}}

===Season 1 (2021)===
{{Episode table |background=#ADFF2F |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |prodcode= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 1
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Love Is in the Details
| DirectedBy = Aakriti Mehta & Ashish Sawhny
| WrittenBy = Nikita Deshpande
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|14}}
| ProdCode = 101
| LineColor = ADFF2F
| ShortSummary = Focusing on highly personalized details that pay homage to their roots, two couples go all out to make their opulent weddings anything but ordinary.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 2
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = Here Comes the Type A Bride
| DirectedBy = Faraz Arif Ansari & Ashish Sawhny
| WrittenBy = Nikita Deshpande
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|14}}
| ProdCode = 102
| LineColor = ADFF2F
| ShortSummary = Replacing old rituals with their new rules, two proudly progressive young women make it clear that the bride is the boss at their respective weddings.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 3
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = All You Need Is Love
| DirectedBy = Aakriti Mehta & Ashish Sawhny
| WrittenBy = Nikita Deshpande
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|2|14}}
| ProdCode = 103
| LineColor = ADFF2F
| ShortSummary = Two modern-day couples reflect evolving perspectives in India with weddings that celebrate the beauty of love without bounds or prejudice.
}}
}}

===Season 2 (2021)===
{{Episode table |background=#7FFFD4 |overall= |season= |title= |director= |writer= |airdate= |prodcode= |episodes=
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 4
| EpisodeNumber2 = 1
| Title = Love Beyond Borders
| DirectedBy = Faraz Arif Ansari & Ashish Sawhny
| WrittenBy = Nikita Deshpande
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|7}}
| ProdCode = 201
| LineColor = 7FFFD4
| ShortSummary = Joyful nuptials turn into toasts to similarities for two interracial couples as they embrace differences and embody the unifying power of love.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 5
| EpisodeNumber2 = 2
| Title = A Family Affair
| DirectedBy = Ashish Sawhny
| WrittenBy = Nikita Deshpande
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|7}}
| ProdCode = 202
| LineColor = 7FFFD4
| ShortSummary = Beginning with setups by the parents, two contemporary arranged marriages showcase how the ultimate big fat Indian wedding is incomplete without family.
}}
{{Episode list
| EpisodeNumber = 6
| EpisodeNumber2 = 3
| Title = It's Not the Journey, It's the Destination
| DirectedBy = Ashish Sawhny
| WrittenBy = Nikita Deshpande
| OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2021|4|7}}
| ProdCode = 203
| LineColor = 7FFFD4
| ShortSummary = From the Middle East to Malaysia, couples and planners navigate logistical labyrinths to stage their elaborate, exclusive destination Indian weddings.
}}
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Netflix title}}
* {{IMDb title|13887518}}

{{Netflix original series}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Day (TV series), The}}
[[Category:English-language Indian television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television series distributed by Netflix]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ-related television shows]]

Paap-O-Meter

2026-03-29T12:14:31Z

Mazzulah Peel: cleanup citations also and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|Animated Canadian-Indian television show}}
{{More citations needed|date=March 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name = 
| genre = 
| creator =
| based_on = 
| inspired_by = 
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| starring =
| voices = Sourav Chakraborty
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = [[Canada]] <br /> [[India]]
| language = Hindi<br>English
| num_seasons = 6
| num_episodes = 173
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer =
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = Single-camera
| runtime = 11 minutes
| company = Ssoftoons <br /> [[Nelvana]]
| budget =
| network = [[Sony YAY!]] (India) <br />[[YTV (Canadian TV channel)|YTV]] (Canada)
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|04|14}}
| last_aired =
| related =
}}
'''''Paap-O-Meter''''' (English: ''Meter-of-Sins'') is a Canadian-Indian horror comedy [[cartoon]] show that airs on Indian television channel [[Sony YAY!]] and Canadian television channel [[YTV (Canadian TV channel)|YTV]] The show is available in Hindi, English, Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Marathi and Malayalam across major DTH and Digital Cable Platforms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/tv/sony-yay-channel-to-anchor-on-original-indian-toons/|title=Sony YAY! Channel to Anchor on Original Indian Toons|website=animationmagazine.net|date=18 April 2017|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bestmediainfo.com/2017/04/sony-does-a-yay-for-kids/|title=Sony does a Yay! for kids|website=bestmediaifo.com|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/television/tv-channels/gecs/four-original-indian-animated-shows-to-start-with-local-to-be-sony-yay-usp-170413|title=Four original, Indian, animated shows to start with: 'Local' to be Sony Yay! USP|date=13 April 2017|work=Indian Television Dot Com|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/sony-launches-kids-channel-india-993545|title=Sony Launches Kids Channel in India|work=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Cinema/2017-04-17/Sony-launches-4-homegrown-animated-shows/293884|title=Sony launches 4 homegrown animated shows|website=The Hans India|date=17 April 2017|access-date=3 October 2018}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The story revolves around the adventures of Bhoot Boss and his assistants Pakela and Thakela, who look for people who have sinned and teach them a lesson. Together, they live high in the sky, in the ghost world, and keep an eye on the planet earth to ensure that the sinners are always under control. The Meter Of Sins (Paap o meter) tells them if any human has committed a sin and by pressing its button, they can see what the person has done. Along with the main assistants, Bhoot Boss has many more assistants who feature occasionally in the show like Hatela.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tvwnewsindia.com/sony-yay-brings-fresh-episodes-and-movie-premieres |title=TVW NEWS : Sony YAY! brings fresh episodes and movie premieres |website=www.tvwnewsindia.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200714091315/https://www.tvwnewsindia.com/sony-yay-brings-fresh-episodes-and-movie-premieres |archive-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> According to 'Chidhaana Paap Hai' and 'Genie VS Bhoot', when Pakela and Thakela are sent to make things right without Bhoot Boss, they only make every situation worse; that's when Bhoot Boss intervenes and corrects the situation.

In the newer seasons (from Season 5), the ghosts live at Earth, which means that instead of knowing the sinner when the Paap-O-Meter rings, they will find the sinner after a person undergoing a plight tells what his plight is. Other than correcting sinners, they solve many other people's plights which does not have a sinner involved.

== Characters ==
===Main===
* '''Bhoot Boss''': Bhoot Boss is the noble, disciplined leader of the trio, who is in charge of the Paap-O-Meter, and is mainly responsible for keeping the level of sin on Earth in check. He is a mentor to Thakela and Pakela and always comes to their rescue, whenever they goof up their mission to reduce the amount of sins on the planet. (Voiced by Mahendra Bhatnagar)
* '''Thakela''': Thakela is a lazy, junior ghost who works for Bhoot Boss and is a companion of Pakela. He is an adorable ghost boy who loves to sleep and eat. If given a chance, he will sleep for days. His sleeping routines have made him so lazy that he throws temper tantrums every time he is called for duty. His love for eating is shown in various episodes. (Voiced by Viral Shah)
* '''Pakela''': Pakela is an equally lazy yet witty junior ghost, who also works for Bhoot Boss and is Thakela's partner. Like his associate, Pakela gets irritated when he has to work but does not throw temper tantrums like Thakela. He always tries to beat Thakela but fails miserably most of the time. He plays more pranks than Thakela does. (Voiced by Vaibhav Thakkar)
* '''The Sinners''': The sinners are the people who sinned. They later become good people when Bhoot Boss teaches them about what they did wrong and how to prevent that in the future. Some sinners were spared by the ghosts, while others were sent to jail by the ghosts or themselves. They even were punished by getting their form changed, which was common in the show's fourth season (some were changed back to normal while one of them was not).

===Recurring===
* '''Hatela''': He is a 13-year-old, more energetic ghost and always tricks Thakela and Pakela in whichever episode he appears in. He has a nice sense of humor which causes Bhoot Boss to appreciate him.
* '''Inspector Lobo''': He is a 33-year-old police officer who whilst claiming to be extremely brave and strong proves to be quite cowardly and weak. Bhoot Boss sends a lot of criminals to his police station since he often does not catch a lot of them. (Voiced by Trilok Patel)
* '''Changu and Mangu''': Former sinners who did not allow kids to pass the exams who are now police officers. They work with Inspector Lobo and prove to be smarter than him.
* '''The Paap-O-Meter''': A machine with 4 heads that tells Bhoot Boss and his assistants when someone is committing a major sin. It can also serve as a residence, as shown in the first few episodes of the show. When a button is pressed, you can see what the sinner in question has done.

== Episodes ==
* '''Season 1:''' 26 episodes ''(11 minutes each)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Paap-O-Meter - Season 1 |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Paap-O-Meter/0KDE0V8PPZW7YNB4BQEE4KO7LZ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
* '''Season 2:''' 26 episodes ''(11 minutes each)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Paap-O-Meter - Season 2 |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Paap-O-Meter/0J3LCWILM04XG80VB2QTMLGJON |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
* '''Season 3:''' 20 episodes ''(11 minutes each)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Paap-O-Meter - Season 3 |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Paap-O-Meter/0O3MC9Z53XTAHMD1PLWHOB7A03 |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
* '''Season 4:''' 32 episodes ''(11 minutes each)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Paap-O-Meter - Season 4 |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Paap-O-Meter/0KVU4UHYDV0XMPKB2S17N8BZNZ |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
* '''Season 5:''' 20 episodes ''(11 minutes each)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Paap-O-Meter - Season 5 |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Paap-O-Meter/0LKF9WNQE9EMQ34X3EGMJ1GF1V |access-date=2024-02-13 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
* '''Season 6:''' 51 episodes ''(11 minutes each)''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Paap-O-Meter - Season 6 |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Paap-O-Meter/0GWC5V8WXHIP4RVNLSOXS71MIB |access-date=2025-09-03 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

===Season 1 (2017)===
The first season of ''Paap-O-Meter'' consists of 26 episodes.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{Black|1={{Abbr|No.|Number}}}}
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Plot
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Airdate
|-
! 1a
| Cycle Thief
| The Ghosts come to Earth in order to stop their first sinner, the infamous cycle thief Johnny who has stolen many cycles from children.
| 14 April 2017
|-
! 1b
| Sonu Sleepwalker
| Sonu, a 9-year old boy, fakes sleepwalking in order to make his walk to school more fun and causes chaos to his town.
| 15 April 2017
|-
! 2a
| The Toy Thief
| Hari Gopal, a 21-year old man, robs his customers' houses and even attacks them by scout-patrolling his toy army if they buy a toy from his shop, like a man who bought a teddy bear for his son Bablu.
| 16 April 2017
|-
! 2b
| The Cream Thief
| Raju, an employee of a biscuit factory eats all of the cream in the biscuits. This leads to some people, especially kids being upset and others getting scolded after being accused of eating cream.
| 17 April 2017
|-
! 3a
| Batting Chor
| Ballu never gives his friends the chance to bat and when his turn is over he throws the ball away.
| 18 April 2017
|-
! 3b
| Math Stress
| Sonu Rohan, a 9-year old child, hates maths and troubles his teacher Gopu for it.
| 19 April 2017
|-
! 4a
| Wood Smuggler
| Jogi Seth cuts down thousands of trees in a jungle for making wooden furnitures, causing mass-deforestation. This troubles all of the animals who reside there and forces them to migrate somewhere.
| 20 April 2017
|-
! 4b
| Back Bencher
| Changu and Mangu scare all of the kids including the class toppers Venu and Rohan in order to get first in their school class, so they have to do little work.
| 21 April 2017
|-
! 5a
| Video Game
| Golu refuses to listen to his mom and repeatedly plays video-games rather than playing with his friends or doing homework. When he is sent to play with his friends, he selfishly drops one of their beloved things at a location where they can never ever get them so that he can focus on going back to play video-games.
| 22 April 2017
|-
! 5b
| Puddle Lover
| Jinu troubles his village's people by throwing mud at them.
| 23 April 2017
|-
! 6a
| Kachra Monster
| Shambu causes pollution by throwing trash in the entire city.
| 24 April 2017
|-
! 6b
| Bhoot Bungalow
| Some boys play cricket, making the ball enter through a bungalow. When one of them goes there, Mac Russell pretends to be a fake ghost, scares him away and makes fake money.
| 25 April 2017
|-
! 7a
| Race Driver
| Rocky is a race-driver who cheats to win a car race with the assistance of his allies Changu & Mangu who damage the engines of the other racers' cars.
| 26 April 2017
|-
! 7b
| Shark Attack
| Dr. Raka uses a fake robot shark to scare away fishermen so the ghosts stop him.
| 27 April 2017
|-
! 8a
| Monster Builder
| Mr. Manu Seth clears out all the houses in the neighborhood to make a giant house.
| 28 April 2017
|-
! 8b
| Online Product Chor
| Sonu is assigned to deliver products to customers, but he robs them by filling the boxes with stones instead. When one customer found out that the box had a stone instead of her product, Sonu just went away from the location in a flash.
| 29 April 2017
|-
! 9a
| Circus
| Rambo the ringmaster tortures his animals in the circus by forcing them to do super acts in front of everyone.
| 30 April 2017
|-
! 9b
| Dhongi Baba
| A sage and his assistant scare people by lying to them that there is a ghost in order to earn money.
| 1 May 2017
|-
! 10a
| Hijackers Ki Aisi Ki Taisi
| Three criminals known as Alfa, Delta and Charlie hijack a plane.
| 2 May 2017
|-
! 10b
| Jhoot Bole Kauwa Kaate
| An advertiser makes ads about fake products to make people buy it for gaining extra cash. He recently did that sin while describing a hair spray which makes someone bald as a hair spray which strengthens someone's hair, and those who bought that product got their hair bald much to their shock.
| 3 May 2017
|-
! 11a
| Tyre Puncture Wala Paapi
| Mahesh the mechanic lays nails in a desert road, so that passers-by puncture their cars' tyres. He then gets rich after these passers-by pay their money for him to fix the tyres.
| 4 May 2017
|-
! 11b
| Mad Scientist
| A man who is a mad scientist uses his humanoid robot named Django to loot houses in order to rob all of the city.
| 5 May 2017
|-
! 12a
| Water Wastage
| A little boy takes pleasure in wasting water and does not know the butterfly effect it has on the citizens, such as the road getting flooded.
| 6 May 2017
|-
! 12b
| Animal Hunter
| Raka the hunter is notorious for hunting innocent animals like a fawn.
| 7 May 2017
|-
! 13a
| Chain Snatcher
| The ghosts come to Earth to punish Tony who steals chains from innocent women.
| 8 May 2017
|-
! 13b
| Cheater Sportsman
| While playing football, Sunny cheats by hurting other children to score a goal.
| 9 May 2017
|}

===Season 2 (2017)===
The second season of ''Paap-O-Meter'' has 26 episodes. The episode names are arranged in the order of production code.
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{Black|1={{Abbr|No.|Number}}}}
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Plot
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Airdate
|-
! 14a
| Food Wastage
| Jumbo and Jet always waste food and do not pay the money when they are confronted.
| 29 September 2017
|-
! 14b
| Food Mein Milawat
| Gopichand mixes some toxic chemicals and powders in foods to get money.
| 16 July 2017
|-
! 15a
| Museum Mein Chori
| The duo Ranga and Billa rob expensive things from a museum, leaving the security guards shocked.
| 16 July 2017
|-
! 15b
| Bank Robbers
| Two robbers named Sannata and Jhannata rob money from multiple banks.
| 30 July 2017
|-
! 16a
| TV Addict Teacher
| Mr. Sajan watches cricket while checking his students' papers and his getting distracted causes them to have low grades. The children are sad over these low marks, which in reality are false.
| 1 August 2017
|-
! 16b
| Annoying Uncle
| Ganpat forces his nephew Gopu and niece Saloni to perform dances for him. This gives them a hard time.
| 1 August 2017
|-
! 17a
| Lazy Uncle
| Mr. Mohan is too lazy to travel in a bus, so he asks kids to take him on a ride on their bicycles, tiring them. He also lies about giving them treats.
| 27 July 2017
|-
! 17b
| Bhoot vs Bhoot
| A man scares people in a street. When the ghosts come to Earth, the man traps Bhoot Boss. Is the man a ghost or not?
| 8 August 2017
|-
! 18a
| A Bad School Bus Driver
| A bus driver rashly drives the school bus without thinking about the consequences that the children and their parents undergo.
| 9 August 2017
|-
! 18b
| Nakli Dance Teacher
| Mr. Bobby, an unqualified dance teacher, sets up a dance institute known as Aooo Dance Institute, and scams students into going there. He slacks off by asking the children to dance after a person in the video, instead of teaching them proper dance steps, making the students frustrated.
| 11 September 2017
|-
! 19a
| Pencil Box Chor
| Gogo steals pencil boxes from his classmates at school for the fiftieth time, and he even says there is a pencil box thief in the school, which is him.
| 11 September 2017
|-
! 19b
| Tiffin Chor
| Chunky steals food from shops without paying the shopkeepers and even steals lunches from schoolchildren when they are not there, leaving them hungrily sad.
| 13 September 2017
|-
! 20a
| Bilwa Ko Sabak
| Bilwa the barber becomes infamous for giving people bad haircuts on purpose.
| 1 October 2017
|-
! 20b
| Gabru Rabbit Ko Sabak
| Bablu's birthday party is held in Pushpa Nagar. Gabru, a man dressed as a rabbit refuses to do his job of entertaining the party-goers; instead, he only wants to eat the birthday cake.
| 13 September 2017
|-
! 21a
| Package Deal Ya No Deal
| The greedy principal of a school forces his students to get new clothes monthly.
| 3 October 2017
|-
! 21b
| Lazy Servant
| Ramu Kaka refuses to play with his nephews or give them anything to eat.
| 21 October 2017
|-
! 22a
| Chocolate Thief
| Champak steals every chocolate from his family's fridge and makes others accuse innocent children of these thefts.
| 30 September 2017
|-
! 22b
| Bhoots vs Magician
| Mr. Ghunghroo the magician goes to a village and troubles the villagers by asking them to give their money, and if they do not do so, he changes their form. The ghosts must find a way to defeat this magician through their magical powers.
| 21 October 2017
|-
! 23a
| Monuments Destroyer
| The mob leader Chandu Chandpuriya modifies the names of many landmarks by writing his name inside it, such as [[Taj Mahal]] to 'Chandu Mahal', [[Qutub Minar]] to 'Chandu Minar', and [[Red Fort|Lal Qila]], to 'Chandu Qila'. Many people are worried that these landmarks may lose their significance with Chandu's name inside them.
| 22 December 2017
|-
! 23b
| Cricket Coach
| A cricket coach known as Mr. Verma only allows Rohan to bat after being bribed by Rohan's father.
| 23 December 2017
|-
! 24a
| No Place For Kids
| Mr. Khurana invades the space where children play for his car parking.
| 23 December 2017
|-
! 24b
| Chidhana Paap Hai
| Bhoot Boss tells his assistants that he is having a holiday for a few days. Later, Thakela and Pakela see that Jackie, a boy bullies many children at school, making those bullied children to tell their parents that they do not want to go to school at all. The duo go to Earth to stop him, and will they do so without Bhoot Boss?
| 24 December 2017
|-
! 25a
| Electrician Chor
| Chandu the electrician intentionally cuts down the power of many houses every night, so people will hire him to fix their electricity supply. This gives them a hard time with consumers at night.
| 30 December 2017
|-
! 25b
| Rang Birange Bachche
| Sotdu Singh, the lazy watchman of a swimming pool disallows kids from visiting there and puts pink chemicals in the pool.
| 26 January 2018
|-
! 26a
| Shararati Bachcha
| Bunty takes great pleasure in ringing his neighbors' doorbells and disappearing. This causes utter trouble to those people, as they get disturbed while doing their activities.
| 26 January 2018
|-
! 26b
| Virus Attack
| Mr. Khurana is a computer hacker who gives viruses to many computers and sells virus-free computers at a high price. This upsets many people, such as students from a school and computer technicians.
| 31 December 2017
|}

===Season 3 (2017–18)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{Black|1={{Abbr|No.|Number}}}}
! rowspan="2" rowspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Plot
|-
! 27a
| Anaath Piku
| Sukhi harms Piku, a refugee dog and disallows it from being in Heeramani Society, saddening his nephew and niece.
|-
! 27b
| Chandimal Ki Factory
| Chandimal has a factory near a school which emits [[carbon dioxide]] there, harming the health of the students and admin. The principal is concerned and asks Chandimal to move his factory in a place far away from the school, but Chandimal refuses to do so.
|-
! 28a
| Chewing Gum Story
| A teenage boy troubles the citizens of a city by using chewing gum for malicious purposes, like putting it into boys' hair to make them bald. These boys are filled with sadness because they lost their hair.
|-
! 28b
| Aamon Ki Hera Pheri
| Moolchand and his wife, the caretakers of a mango farm lie to its owner that the mangoes are affected by pests, making him and his family to go for a vacation. The duo later take advantage of this by eating the farm's mangoes and selling the other mangoes to earn money.
|-
! 29a
| Fun And Fair
| A shopkeeper of one event in a funfair known as Babban Stall attaches the bottom tins, causing many children to get scammed like Mohit.
|-
! 29b
| Fake Resort
| Ronny, the owner of a resort scams its visitors by lying to them that the resort has various amenities. He even does not give their money back by telling that his resort has no refunds whenever they come with complaints about it.
|-
! 30a
| Kite Monster
| When children fly their kites at the terraces of their homes, Paapu Patangbaaz, a
* man cuts all kites with his remote-controlled kite-monster drone, which even blows fires on them, ruining the children's happiness.
|-
! 30b
| Toy Breaker
| The teenage duo Dhinka and Chika take pleasure in breaking toys of children, making them feel depressed.
|-
! 31a
| Superthief Librarian
| Mr. Chandidas Chattopadhyay, the librarian of a school cuts the pictures of comic-book superheroes for putting them in his scrapbook. Upon seeing this, the children feel shocked and disappointed.
|-
! 31b
| Park Bullies
| Raja and his friends claim that he and his gang only have authority over a park which was recently constructed, and bully the children who visit the park, including Montu.
|-
! 32a
| Kakkad Ke Business Ka Kachumbar
| Kakkad sets a store near a school, and schemes by increasing the prices of his snacks and lying to the children that they will receive health benefits after eating his snacks. Some of the children are irritated and annoyed with the fraudster's plans.
|-
! 32b
| Doodh Mein Paani Yaad Dilayi Nani
| Dhondu, a greedy milkman, dilutes the milk and sells it at a high price. His customers are disappointed due to his scamming behaviour.
|-
! 33a
| Ice Cream Thief
| Softie steals every ice-cream from every parlour in the city which is later kept in his mega-factory. Due to this, kids are very sad that they could not get the chance to eat ice-cream.
|-
! 33b
| Prankster With Rubber Toys
| Natti, who works as a school's peon, puts rubber toys out of nowhere to scare and prank the children, making them run away. He takes advantage of this by occupying the basketball court and eating the children's lunches.
|-
! 34a
| Badtameez Autowala
| An auto rickshaw driver named Mannu Manmauji is rude to his passengers and is uninterested to give rides to them at Rocket, his rickshaw. Instead, he only wants to get a lot of money, which takes the name of rickshaw drivers in vain.
|-
! 34b
| Cheater Vendor
| Tony sets a store which has school-based supplies at Sun International School, but he scams the school's students into buying low-quality items at high prices.
|-
! 35a
| Shoes Chor
| Montu, a thief robs shoes from people when they do not wear it at the public and re-sells it to them at a price.
|-
! 35b
| Monkey Man
| A chimpanzee loots people's belongings at a park. When the ghosts see this, Bhoot Boss deduces that a human was dressing up as a chimpanzee since chimpanzees are not smart enough to loot. His guess was later right, after seeing that Durandhar was dressed up as the chimpanzee.
|-
! 36a
| Animal-Disturbing Kids
| Three boys named Chinku, Minku and Pinku harass animals in a zoo, such as throwing balls to the zebras, making monkeys eat wooden bananas and bursting fireworks at the foxes' cage. The three ghosts watch this and decide to teach them a tit-for-tat lesson.
|-
! 36b
| Prank Caller
| A teenage boy called Bobby troubles the people living in his apartment by giving them prank calls about bad news which in reality are fake.
|}

===Season 4 (2018–19)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{Black|1={{Abbr|No.|Number}}}}
! rowspan="2" rowspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Plot
|-
! 37a
| Surila Shakaal
| Surila Shakaal misuses his talent by busking in a village's street in order to hypnotize people using his music for the purpose of looting them.
|-
! 37b
| Pinku Popat
| A lazy man called Pinku Popat takes advantage of the obliviousness of people by claiming their things and walks away, just for his benefit. This leaves those people frustrated.
|-
! 38a
| Annoying Honker
| Patrick is a selfish and lazy man who wakes up at a late time. Not wanting to be late to work, he honks at the road constantly for getting early to his office, oblivious of the problems it causes to those who hear it.
|-
! 38b
| Flying Raja
| Flying Raja, the current most wanted criminal of the police, who is on the loose misuses his talent by doing stunts, leaving many people irritated. Will the police catch him after seeing his channel's videos?
|-
! 39a
| Baburam ka Horror Show
| Baburam, a peon, scares children by lying to them that what happens in his horror storybook is real.
|-
! 39b
| Homework Monitor
| A boy named Jack is a homework monitor for his school's class because the teacher thinks that he does his homework sincerely. But the truth is that he forces his classmates to do his homework instead.
|-
! 40a
| Line Tod Willy
| Willy is an impatient man who fools others in order to cut lines, which he first did at a bus stop by lying to the passengers that he is a ticket conductor. The ghosts later see that Willy also tricked the movie-goers at a movie theater by telling that there is a free ticket stall.
|-
! 40b
| Rude Bus Conductor
| A bus conductor is rude and annoying to its passengers by doing things such as leaving the bus without them and putting animals inside the bus.
|-
! 41a
| Guddu Guide
| Guddu the guide, who in reality is just an unqualified person is annoying to the tourists and even asks them to buy low-quality items by lying to them that they are antiques. The other guides are sad and angry because Guddu's sins might give a bad name for being a guide.
|-
! 41b
| Uncle Lolo
| Bosco is a little boy who wants to ride with his Uncle Lolo in his car on Sunday. However, Lolo always breaks promises with Bosco and attends parties instead.
|-
! 42a
| Daku Diwali
| Daku Diwali and his gang raid a village by bursting fireworks everywhere, and even intimidate the villagers by stealing their money. The three ghosts learn about this and decide to seize this opportunity to cut him and his gang down to size [[American Frontier|Wild-Western]]-style.
|-
! 42b
| Chindi Chand Chillar
| Chindi Chand Chillar runs a canteen in a school, but he gives only chocolates rather than giving the change to the kids who buy food from there, making some complain a lot about his behavior. Instead, with his money, he buys luxurious things, such as a recliner worth 150 thousand bucks.
|-
! 43a
| Pranky Baba
| Pranky Baba, a mischievous teenager from [[Addis Ababa]] causes utter havoc on a town known as Sholaba by prank-calling authorities, such as the police, fire brigade and the deliveryman with others' phones, in which his own phone would not be tracked by them. His actions trouble several people day after day.
|-
! 43b
| Do Not Spit Here
| Phulilal, a selfish man from Phulpur, spits in public places such as playgrounds, street corners, markets and even signboards telling 'Do Not Spit Here' after eating [[betel]], just to show his artwork. But on the flip side, he keeps his house clean.
|-
! 44a
| Chiman Century
| Chamanpur Cricket Team's batsman Chiman cheats by keeping a high tech computer in his bat to score centuries at every game he has played so far, out of all 99 games he has played in his career. This results in the umpires and fielders wearing protection gears, much to the bewilderment of the spectators and commentators.
|-
! 44b
| Behram Bambawala
| An arrogant man called Behram Bambawala defies traffic rules with his 1965 sports car, such as going beyond traffic limit and parking in wrong areas, just to reach the gallery which is owned by him. This causes chaos and trouble to pedestrians, roadside vendors and the other drivers.
|-
! 45a
| Game Master Jojo
| Jojo, a video-game master comes to a town and scams the children in buying his new video-game known as Hoho by not delivering them on time or at all for making money. The children get sad that their video-games were undelivered, while their parents think that Jojo is a fraudster.
|-
! 45b
| Devil
| Devil is a social media influencer who showoffs in front of everyone. But after he sees someone doing an act more super than him, he humiliates that person in front of public without their permission by recording a video of him scaring them. The humiliated people tear up over this act, since the likes of the videos are galore.
|-
! 46a
| Babysitter Tiny Tina
| A babysitter named Tina recklessly babysits the baby by doing activities such as not focusing on feeding the baby, watching videos and talking with her friends. She even stops the baby from going out of her reach by tying him through her braid.
|-
! 46b
| Beimaan Contractor
| Some children play cricket on a street, but they later go to a playground after being advised by Mishraji, the park's project manager, only to find it incomplete. This happened because a contractor named Bhura switched contracts to a mall when the playground was in the middle of construction.
|-
! 47a
| Genie vs Bhoot
| While escaping the forest from the police, Dodo the robber goes to a cabin and finds a lamp. Upon rubbing it, he frees a genie, and the two of them team up and commit crimes, causing trouble everywhere. When Thakela and Pakela are sent to stop them, will they do it for good?
|-
! 47b
| Khaddar Singh Ka Museum
| Khaddar Singh runs a museum with fake attractions, and lies to its visitors about several stuffs related to the museum. When two boys accidentally break a sword made up of glass worth a hundred bucks, he asks their fathers to pay a million bucks by lying to them that it is a steel sword.
|-
! 48a
| Mobile Phone Addiction
| Sonu and Monu, two boys who are hooked on their mobile phones, play video-games through those devices for a lot of time and henceforth, they do not play with their friend Tonu, making him feel disappointed.
|-
! 48b
| Johnny Ka Paap
| While playing football, Johnny, a boy who has bad sportsmanship bullies his teammate Abhi and disallows him from getting the ball just because of his stammer. Abhi feels left out since he also plays the sport exceptionally well like Johnny.
|-
! 49a
| Chepu Sultan
| A man called Chepu Sultan sticks posters in a city though he does this ubiquitously around unwanted areas, such as signboards, trees, and vehicles. This causes utter chaos to the public and hinders them from reading the text in the signboards and messages because his posters block the text shown.
|-
! 49b
| Sukhiram Sabziwala
| Sukhiram, a vegetable vendor, customers cannot select their own vegetables so that the sellers could pass on stale product; he even cheats them in weighing those vegetables. This troubles many villagers because the stale vegetables contain bacteria.
|-
! 50a
| Reporter Rangeela
| Rangeela the reporter and his cameraman Lallan take pleasure in pranking the watchers of his coverage by spreading fake news. His recent news coverage, which involved him describing a toy tiger washed up because of the heavy rains as a tiger in the river, had given holidays to several schools of a village.
|-
! 50b
| Dhamaal Adventures
| Mr. Dhamaal scams children by advertising that a campsite has a lot of amenities. He is uncaring about what the children's suffering through with the scarcity of the campsite's amenities.
|-
! 51a
| Divide & Rule
| Cheeku, a selfish boy, divides an item into three parts out of which one part is unequal. With this strategy, he makes people fight for the large part and then takes advantage of these brawls by stealing the large part, leaving those people disappointed.
|-
! 51b
| Chakram Chutki
| A sly thief called Chakram Chutki magically pickpockets people and due to this, kids did not get what they wanted.
|-
! 52a
| Water Supply Mein Jhol
| Tullulal, a selfish water-seller supplies very scarce numbers of water to the people of a village, making them suffer. Instead, he saves a plentiful supply of water for the 500 people-capacity rain-dance party that he is later organizing.
|-
! 52b
| Time Ka Dushman Jalebiram
| Jalebiram the deliveryman wastes time and does not deliver tiffin boxes to his customers, if at all and even wastes others' time. This gives problems to people such as the schoolchildren or the patients in a hospital since they are left hungry.
|}

===Season 5 (2019–20)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{Black|1={{Abbr|No.|Number}}}}
! rowspan="2" rowspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Plot
|-
! 53a
| Shomu Ka Hero
| At [[Agra]], Shomu does not feed his horse Hero properly, and only gives him water, making him feel totally weak. Not caring about his horse's health, he instead gives rides to local travelers in his chariot, which Hero is forced to pull it.
|-
! 53b
| Dagru Seth Ki Master Key
| Mr Pandey, Happypur's stationmaster tells the ghosts that a robber named Dagru Seth stole the money from the passing trains and put it in Pandey's house through his master key to make him suffer things like ending up at jail, getting fired from the railway authority and losing his reputation.
|-
! 54a
| Kabadiya Ka Keher
| Kabadiya and his team use a factory which pollutes the water by adding chemicals. As a result, most marine life dies. Some sea creatures ask Bhoot Boss and his assistants for help.
|-
! 54b
| Birthday Pe Bawaal
| Today is Cheeku's birthday, but his dad does not show up because he comes late from work, making him sad. When the ghosts know about it, they go to his dad's office and find out that his employer is giving him loads of work in order to earn lots of money.
|-
! 55a
| Lollakullu
| When Thakela and Pakela were turned into dogs after Bhoot Boss considered them as 'useless', the ghosts later get kidnapped by Lollakullu, a pet shop owner who kidnaps other pets, and see the plights that the other animals undergo while living there. Will Bhoot Boss save them and teach Lollakullu a lesson?
|-
! 55b
| Wi-Fi Papa
| The three ghosts go to a place after their sleep was disturbed by fireworks and find out that people flock to see Wi-Fi Papa, a fraudster who along with his teammates plays with people's emotions by foretelling them that their respective plights will go away if they have a certain item.
|-
! 56a
| Dumbola Beach Ke Dost
| Three animal friends, namely Pari the woodpecker, Ruby the rabbit, and Jhony the dog live happily in Dumbola Beach until Pablo D'Costa and his two assistants attempt to destroy their houses using a bulldozer. When the worried animals reach out to the ghosts and tell their problem, the ghosts decide to prevent such things happening there.
|-
! 56b
| Rinku Ke Daddu
| Bemishal Gotalal Pandey, Rinku's grandfather could not get his pension from the bank because of its greedy manager Bansilal and officials Mrs. Sulekha and Mr. Mishra, who is uncaring about the plight that the other pensioners suffer.
|-
! 57a
| Ghanshyam Bhoot Ki Aakhri Iccha
| Ghanshyam the ghost is upset because his nephew Jabran cheated him by building a decoration center instead of a sports center.
|-
! 57b
| Late Lateef Ka Long Wait
| Lateef is a lazy man who wastes time and is a latecomer. This affects many people, such as two boys dancing for a play because if Lateef, who will come there as a chief-guest, does not appear, the dance will be cancelled for a third consecutive year.
|-
! 58a
| Kaalakandi Bhoot Hunters
| Thakela and Pakela get lost and kidnapped by the Kaalakandi ghost hunters. Meanwhile, Bhoot Boss receives news from a boy called Tikku about the kidnapping of his father & Bhoot Boss's two assistants. Will Bhoot Boss manage to save his assistants?
|-
! 58b
| Reality Show Ki Reality
| Ballu is a boy who registers for a reality show known as 'ApnaDancer'. The villagers and his friends from Surgaon want him to win, but Ballu does not show up, making them feel silenced and sad. Later it is revealed that Ballu did not come because the show's judge only gives the wins to his nephew Tinku.
|-
! 59a
| Chor Pe Mor
| Paresh the mechanic who shows his car Zoomie which can do several super acts in a convention. But on the next day, the judge Latesh Lafadiya robs Zoomie and claims that it was his invention the next day. Paresh argues with Latesh about the invention, but ends up getting arrested. The ghosts come to know about this and they plan to outwit Latesh.
|-
! 59b
| Khokha Kho Gaya
| A baby called Khokha gets lost from his parents in a funfair. The three ghosts ask the funfair-goers if they were Khokha's parents and go to Jooni the barber and his brother Looni because of the baby's haircut. But with the fact that Looni is forgetful, the ghosts need another way to find out the baby's parents.
|-
! 60a
| Wish Come True
| Danish, a boy, breaks his arm while playing football and becomes sad because he could not go to [[Manali, Himachal Pradesh|Manali]] along with his classmates for having fun. Thakela and Pakela see this and they, along with Bhoot Boss decide to give Danish an unforgettable experience.
|-
! 60b
| Terrorika Mausi Ka Jhunjhuna
| On Halloween, Manglu the ghost invites Thakela and Pakela to the home of his aunt Terrorika. When new ghosts arrive, they fight and break Terrorika's rattle in the process. Since Manglu will get scolded by her if the rattle got any scratches, the three ghosts go to Jhuman's shop to ask him for making another rattle, but unfortunately he is deaf and asks his customers to give him animals for their job to be done.
|-
! 61a
| Ram Lakhan Pur Cricket Team
| Ever since Ramlakhanpur's cricket team had been divided into Rampur & Lakhanpur because of the fight between the sarpanches of Rampur & Lakhanpur, namely Chunnilal & Munnilal, the players and captains became dispirited. When the ghosts know about this, they decide a way to make the sarpanches friends again.
|-
! 61b
| Samandar Mein Shakalaka
| Captain Katanga Katil and his pirate assistants raid a submarine, hold the crew captive and even ask them to search for Tanatan's treasure. Thakela and Pakela pose up as mermaids and decide to trick the pirates into not finding the treasure.
|-
! 62a
| TP Ki Friendship Over
| On Friendship Day, Thakela & Pakela are fooling around and pulling pranks on each other as usual, ending their friendship. Due to this, when they dividedly attempt to stop a robber, they make him escape. When Bhoot Boss finds this out, he decides to reunite Thakela & Pakela.
|-
! 62b
| Tuntun Ki Tanatan Tale
| Tuntun is a gardener who takes care of his garden very well, but he extinguishes the ants' anthill in the process because he thinks that it is only his garden. The ghosts decide to turn him into an ant-sized man for his misdeeds.
|}

===Season 6 (2020)===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | {{Black|1={{Abbr|No.|Number}}}}
! rowspan="2" rowspan=2 | Name
! scope="col" rowspan=2 | Plot
|-
! 63a
| Babbu Ki Badmaashi
| A malicious boy named Babbu loves to abuse animals for fun, such as trapping a caterpillar with a twig, stuffing a dog's tail in a metal pipe, and pranking a cat using milk. Those animals feel uncomfortable with his antics.
|-
! 63b
| Nakal Mein Akal Nahi
| A boy named Jimmy tells to the ghosts that Chintu, one of his classmates bullies him and the others, and even has assigned him to cheat in the upcoming exam. Will the ghosts prevent Chintu from making Jimmy cheat in exam?
|-
! 64a
| Picture Abhi Baki Hai
| The ghosts go to Manoranjan Cinema Hall, only to find Mr. Verma, its manager. Mr Verma tells to them that Raghu Bhai and his sidekicks Lefty and Righty annoy the wits out of not only him but also the movie-goers with their antics.
|-
! 64b
| Shart Manjoor Hai
| Three little boys love playing football in a park, but Rohit and his teenage group of friends tease them and disallow them from playing a sport. When the ghosts come and know about this, they organize a challenge between Rohit's team and the three boys.
|-
! 65a
| Madari Ki Gaddari
| The ghosts go to the beach and see a monkey named Charlie along with his juggler Chaman performing there. Charlie tells them that Chaman kidnapped him from his family, barely fed him, and forced him to do tricks galore, all for the purpose of personal gain. The ghosts then plan to teach Chaman a lesson.
|-
! 65b
| Bin Bulaaye Mehmaan
| Vicky and his family are troubled constantly, due to two uninvited guests, who claim to be distant relatives coming into their house and loitering there for a whopping 10 days. The lazy guests also force Vicky to do chores around the house, and they also force his mother to cook food for them.
|-
! 66a
| Chor Machaaye Shor
| While playing a game of police and thief, Thakela and Pakela encounter a depressed police officer. He states that he has been assigned to catch a thief named Kallu, but he eluded from his capture. This prompts the ghosts to find Kallu and arrest him.
|-
! 66b
| Padosi Ki Pareshani
| Natwarlal takes advantage of his neighbour named Tiwari.
|}

Seasons 1-6 can be watched on [[Amazon Prime Video]], while the show's newer seasons can be watched at [[SonyLIV]] App.{{fact|date=September 2025}}

==Films==
*''Paap-O-Meter Under Attack'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.4psnews.com/news/story/gear-up-for-a-double-dose-of-entertainment-as-sony-yay-presents-the-firstever-movie-of-paapometer-franchise-and-a-new-show-krishna-balram|title=Gear up for a double dose of entertainment as Sony YAY! Presents the first-ever movie of Paap-O-Meter franchise and a new show Krishna Balram|access-date=19 January 2021|archive-date=18 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218174605/https://www.4psnews.com/news/story/gear-up-for-a-double-dose-of-entertainment-as-sony-yay-presents-the-firstever-movie-of-paapometer-franchise-and-a-new-show-krishna-balram|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*''Paap-O-Meter: Defenders of Earth'' (2020)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.santabanta.com/bollywood/146352/paap-o-meter-defenders-of-earth/|title = Paap-O-Meter: Defenders of Earth}}</ref>
*''Paap-O-Meter: The Space Bandits'' (2021)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxKyjPOTnVQtZfih7q-FpXg|title = Makenzie freeman the Hunchback and Luca Fan - YouTube|website = [[YouTube]]}}</ref>
* ''Paap-O-Meter: Curse of Malika Toofani'' (2022)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Video: Paap-O-Meter Curse Of Mallika Toofani |url=https://www.primevideo.com/detail/Paap-O-Meter-Curse-Of-Mallika-Toofani/0FKPSN9DUHSG2XU8BLX7SQSU60 |access-date=2023-12-05 |website=www.primevideo.com |language=en-us}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:2017 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 Canadian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Animated television series about ghosts]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Indian children's animated fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Canadian children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:Canadian children's animated fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:English-language Canadian television shows]]
[[Category:Indian flash animated television series]]
[[Category:Canadian flash animated television series]]
[[Category:Sony Yay original programming]]
[[Category:YTV (Canadian TV channel) original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows about ghosts]]

Harpreet Singh Giani

2026-03-27T19:58:40Z

Mazzulah Peel: rework layout per sources for consistency

{{short description|Indian-born English lawyer}}
{{BLP sources|date=May 2023}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

'''Harpreet Singh Giani''' is an Indian-born lawyer based in London, England.

==Biography==
Harpreet Singh Giani was born in India into a [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikh]] family. He is the son of the lawyer [[Harinder Singh Giani]] from [[Chandigarh]] and the grandson of the [[Sikh]] scholar and calligraphist, [[Pratap Singh Giani]].

Giani completed his initial education from the DAV College, Chandigarh. He then obtained a Bachelor's degree in Law from [[Panjab University]] at [[Chandigarh]], and was admitted to the bar in 1999. After practicing for a few years, he chose to pursue further studies and earned a Master of Business Laws degree from the [[National Law School of India University]], [[Bangalore]] (2004). He then took up Master of Laws (International Law) from the [[London School of Economics]] (2006). Immediately after taking the latter degree, he was called to the bar of England and Wales in 2006 at [[Gray's Inn]]. In India, he is in independent practice in [[Chandigarh]] and in England & Wales, he practices from Libertas Chambers.{{citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Giani is also an alumnus of the [[Hague Academy of International Law]] (2003) and the [[International Institute of Higher Studies in Criminal Sciences]], Siracusa, Italy (2008) where he studied Shariat (Islamic) law.<ref>Chandigarh lawyer gets international fellowship [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080615/cth1.htm#16], ''The Tribune'', 15 June 2008.</ref>

On 5 December 2014 Giani was admitted into the [[Freedom of the City#Freedom of the City of London|Freedom of the City of London]]<ref>{{Cite web| title=List of Applications for the Freedom | url=https://democracy.cityoflondon.gov.uk/documents/s42185/ITEM%209%20-%20Freedoms.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200917/http://democracy.cityoflondon.gov.uk/documents/s42185/ITEM%209%20-%20Freedoms.pdf | archive-date=2016-03-04}}</ref>

Giani is the author of ''The Blood Bankers' Legal Handbook'' (2003).

==Controversy ==
{{Main|Liberhan Commission}}
The [[Liberhan Commission]] was appointed by the Government of India in December 1992 to inquire into the circumstances surrounding the demolition of the [[Babri Masjid]] earlier the same month. Six years after the commission was formed, Giani accepted the responsibility of serving as the Commission's Counsel. He joined the Commission in 1998, after the previous Counsel had resigned. Giani worked on the final report which was handed over to the Indian Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] and Home Minister [[P. Chidambaram]] by Justice Liberhan and Giani. A further 11 years later, on 30 June 2009.<ref name="Report">{{cite web |date= 2009-06-30 |publisher=YouTube |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HBcIOg-6_C4 |title=Liberhan Report handed to PM }}{{cbignore}}{{Dead Youtube links|date=February 2022}}</ref> Giani remained the Commission's Counsel for over a year and a half, till the Commission was wound up with the submission of the report.

In the parliamentary debate in the lower house of the Indian Parliament, Members of Parliament [[Pinaki Mishra]] and [[Sushma Swaraj]] stated that they believed that the report had in fact been written by Giani rather than Chief Justice [[Manmohan Singh Liberhan]]. In the upper house of parliament, Member of Parliament [[Arun Jaitley]] similarly claimed <ref>[http://www.bjp.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6209&catid=69:speeches&Itemid=495 BJP Website -]</ref> that
{{cquote| Admittedly, it was Shri Giani who has analyzed the evidence, come to conclusions, edited the report, modified the language, added and modified the ideas. The judge seems only to have done the rest, if anything remained. The Liberhan – Giani report is the first Example of ‘Judgment Outsourcing’.}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.today/20130116005540/http://33knowledge.com/across-all-areas/harpreet-singh-giani-joins-chambers/ Harpreet Singh Giani joins 33 Chancery Lane]
* [http://33knowledge.com/barristers/harpreet-singh-giani/ Professional bio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222020204/http://33knowledge.com/barristers/harpreet-singh-giani/ |date=22 December 2012 }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giani, Harpreet Singh}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Members of Gray's Inn]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]
[[Category:Alumni of the London School of Economics]]
[[Category:20th-century British lawyers]]
[[Category:British people of Punjabi descent]]

Sharada Dwivedi

2026-03-25T22:07:19Z

Mazzulah Peel: Stub

{{Short description|Indian author, historian and researcher}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sharada Dwivedi.
| image =
| alt = Sharada Dwivedi
| birth_name = Sharada
| birth_date = {{tooltip|c.|circa}} 1942
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| death_date = 6 February 2012 (aged 69-70)
| death_place = Mumbai, India
| body_discovered =
| other_names = dwivedi
| known_for = Historical books
| education = queen mary school
| alma_mater = [[Sydenham College]]
| employer = artician
| occupation = Art and Architecture Historian
| years_active = 69 to 70
| title = sharada dwivedi
| height =
| term =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party =
| opponents =
| boards =
| spouse =
| partner = Bhagirath Dwivedi
| children = 1
| parents =
| relations =
| callsign =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Sharada Dwivedi''' ({{tooltip|c.|circa}} 1942 – 6 February 2012) was an Indian author, historian and researcher. She wrote several books on the history and culture of both India and Mumbai (formerly Bombay).<ref>[https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL105861A/Sharada_Dwivedi Books authored by Sharada dwivedi]</ref> She was on the panel on the [[Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee]].<ref name="Heritage conservation">{{Cite web |url=http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Heritage%20Conservation.pdf |title=Heritage conservation |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=22 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122110329/http://www.mcgm.gov.in/irj/go/km/docs/documents/MCGM%20Department%20List/City%20Engineer/Deputy%20City%20Engineer%20(Planning%20and%20Design)/City%20Development%20Plan/Heritage%20Conservation.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Among her most famous work was ''Bombay, the Cities Within'' (1995).<ref name="arch">{{cite web|url=http://www.bmpix.org/visip_rahul/bio.htm|title=Architecture - A Visual Interpretation of Photos taken by Rahul Mehrotra tecture from the Basel Mission Picture Archive|accessdate=2008-10-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080714033809/http://www.bmpix.org/visip_rahul/bio.htm  |archive-date = 2008-07-14}}</ref> She had great fascination for [[Victorian era|Victorian-era]] Mumbai and later in her life, she developed a great affection for the city's [[art deco]] stylings.

==Education==
Sharada Dwivedi completed her schooling at [[Queen Mary School, Mumbai]], in Mumbai, and then graduated from the [[Sydenham College of Commerce and Economics]] from the [[University of Mumbai]]. She follow this with a degree in [[Library Science]] from the same university and with training in reference work in Paris.<ref name="arch" />

==Conservation work==
Dwivedi was involved in several conservation projects in Mumbai and served as a member of the Mumbai Heritage Conservation Committee.<ref name="Heritage conservation"/> She was a member of the Executive Committee of the Urban Design Research Institute<ref>[http://www.udri.org/ URBAN DESIGN RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Mumbai, India ]{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref> the KALA GHODA ASSOCIATION,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |title=Kalaghoda association |access-date=22 August 2015 |archive-date=17 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417023334/http://www.kalaghodaassociation.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> and was a consultant to the Bombay Collaborative.<ref name="arch" /><ref>[http://rmaarchitects.com/collaboration/bombay-collaborative/ THE BOMBAY COLLABORATIVE]</ref> In the early 1990s, disgruntled with how authors were not being paid equitably, she started her own publishing company, Eminence Designs Pvt. Ltd., which has gone on to publish over 30 titles on a variety of subjects from Bombay history, art and architecture to cookery, beauty, and film. Her book ''Almond Eyes & Lotus Feet'', authored with Shalini Devi Holkar, was subsequently published by Harper Collins in the US.

==Death==
Dwivedi died on 6 February 2012 in Mumbai, India after a brief illness.<ref>[http://mumbaiboss.com/2012/02/07/sharada-dwivedi-death-of-a-chronicler/ Sharada Dwivedi: 'Death of a Chronicler', FEBRUARY 7, 2012 9:40 AM BY MICHAEL EDISON HAYDEN] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601051617/http://mumbaiboss.com/2012/02/07/sharada-dwivedi-death-of-a-chronicler/|date=1 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/historian-sharada-dwivedi-passes-away/article2867112.ece|title=Historian Sharada Dwivedi passes away|date=2012-02-07|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-06-21|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Bibliography==
Dwivedi's writings covered subjects such as art, architecture, interiors, heritage, conservation and the traditions of cuisine and beauty.<ref name="arch" />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Book title
!Author(s)
!Publisher
!ISBN
|-
| 1995
| ''Bombay, the Cities Within''
|
|[[India Book House]]
|{{ISBN|978-8185028804}}
|-
| 1996
| ''Banganga, Sacred Tank''
|
|Eminence Designs
|
|-
| 1999
|''Fort walks: Around Bombay's Fort area''
|
|Eminence Designs
|{{ISBN|978-8190060233}}
|-
| 2000
| ''Anchoring a City Line the History of the Western Suburban Railway and its Headquarters in Bombay''
|with [[Rahul Mehrotra]]
|Eminence Designs
|{{ISBN|8190060244}}
|-
|2000
|''Maharaja and the Princely States of India''
|
|Roli Books
|{{ISBN|978-8174360816}}
|-
| 2002
|''The Jehangir Art Gallery: established 21 January 1952''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nZIOAQAAMAAJ|title=The Jehangir Art Gallery: established 21 January, 1952|last1=Mehrotra|first1=Rahul|last2=Dwivedi|first2=Sharada|date=2002|publisher=Jehangir Art Gallery|language=en|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
|with Rahul Mehrotra
|[[Jehangir Art Gallery]]
|
|-
| 2002
|''The Victoria Memorial School for the Blind: Founded 14 February 1902''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=onDaAAAAMAAJ|title=The Victoria Memorial School for the Blind: Founded 14 February 1902|last1=Dwivedi|first1=Sharada|last2=Mehrotra|first2=Rahul|date=2002|publisher=Victoria Memorial School for the Blind|language=en|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref>
|with Rahul Mehrotra
|Victoria Memorial School for the Blind
|
|-
|2003
|''The Automobiles of the Maharajas''
|
|Eminence Designs
|{{ISBN|978-8190060288}}
|-
|2006
|''[[Premchand Roychand]] (1831-1906), His Life and Times''
|
|Eminence Designs
|{{ISBN|978-8190382113}}
|-
| 2007
|''Almond Eyes, Lotus Feet, Indian Traditions in Beauty and Health''
|with [[Shalini Devi Holkar]]
|[[William Morrow and Company]]
|{{ISBN|978-0061246531}}
|-
|2008
|''Bombay Deco''
|with Rahul Mehrotra, [[Noshir Gobhai]]
|Eminence Designs
|{{ISBN|9788190382151}}
|}

Dwivedi<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2012/20120318/spectrum/book1.htm Spectrum the Tribune, Sunday, March 18, 2012, Maximum love for Maximum City Michael Edison Hayden]</ref> wrote numerous articles on conservation and urban issues on Mumbai. Among these were:<ref name="arch" />
* ''Lives of the Indian Princes'' (1984) with [[Charles Allen (writer)|Charles Allen]]
* ''Reach for the Stars'' (1993) – the corporate history of Blue Star Ltd
* ''The Broken Flute'' (1994) – a children's novel
* ''The Maharaja'' (1999)
* ''A Celebration of Style'' (2000) Abu Jani & Sandeep Khosla.

== See also ==

* [[Women in the art history field]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
# [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hPrWWdwjeJE Youtube of An Interview with Sharada dwivedi-part-2]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dwivedi, Sharada}}
[[Category: Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category: Indian women historians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category: Year of birth missing]]
[[Category: University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:2012 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian scientists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian writers]]
[[Category: Indian art historians]]
[[Category: Women art historians]]
[[Category: Women writers from Maharashtra]]
[[Category: Educators from Maharashtra]]
[[Category: Women educators from Maharashtra]]

Krishna Kant Shukla

2026-03-23T16:07:31Z

Mazzulah Peel: made new details...

{{BLP sources|date=September 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Dr Krishna Kant Shukla
| image = 
| image_size = 200px
| birth_name = Krishna Kant Shukla
| alias = KK Krishna
| origin = [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| instrument = {{flat list|
*Vocals
*[[Tanpura (instrument)]]
*[[Harmonium]]
*[[Western classical guitar]]
}}
| genre = {{flat list|
*[[Indian Classical Music]]
*[[Indian folk oral traditions]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Bindlish |first=Puneet |url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?page_id=5 |title=About – Dr. Krishna kant Shukla |publisher=Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla |date=3 June 2009 |accessdate=2014-05-07}}</ref>
*[[Bhajans]]
*[[Poetry of self-realized saints]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla |first=K |url=https://sites.google.com/site/krishnakantshukla/ |title=Dr. Krishna kant Shukla – musician, scientist, philosopher, poet, writer|publisher=Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla |date=3 June 2004 |accessdate=2014-05-07}}</ref>
*[[Kirtans & Chants]]
*Vedic [[Shloka]]
*[[Sufi poetry]]
}}
| occupation = {{flat list|
*Singer
*Composer
*Poet
*Writer
*Professor
*[[Physicist]]
*Ecologist<ref>{{cite web|last=Uppendahl |first=Daniel |url=http://thankindia.org/about/ |title=Saha Astitva Foundation – Who we are|publisher=Daniel Uppendahl|date=3 June 2007 |accessdate=2014-05-07}}</ref>
}}
| years_active = 1976–present
| label = [[Self Published|Self]] (2008–present)
| website = {{URL|krishnakantshukla.org}}
}}
'''Krishna Kant Shukla''' is a physicist, musician, poet, ecologist and educator.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Krishna Kant|title=About Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?page_id=5|publisher=Krishna Kant Shukla|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> Currently, he lives in [[Varanasi]], [[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]] (India) and travels all over the world, giving music concerts and lectures. He is a disciple of the late Pandit [[Kumar Gandharva]] and Ustaad [[Ali Akbar Khan]]. His concerts and interviews have been aired on National Television and Radio in India several times.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bindlish|first=Puneet|title=Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla: Interview on National Television in India|date=4 June 2011 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQyA5bTPvYw|publisher=Youtube|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> His interview on a U.S. radio station has been widely acclaimed.<ref>{{cite web|title=Radio interview|url=http://www.radio4all.net/files/jsmalkin@hotmail.com/295-1-Krishnakant_Shukla.mp3|publisher=Radio|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> His interview has also appeared on the front page of Times of India.<ref>{{cite news|title=America vs Varanasi & Varanasi wins|date=10 June 2006}}</ref>

His music concerts consist of singing the poetry of the self realized saints of India, such as [[Kabir]], [[Gorakshanath]], [[Tulsidas]], [[Tyagaraja]], [[Surdas]], [[Meera]] on a base of [[Indian classical music]]. He has also translated these songs into English and reads out his translation before singing the song in the original vernacular.<ref>{{cite web|title=Beads on one string|date=5 February 2014|url=http://www.beadsononestring.org/education/spain/krishna-shukla/|publisher=Beads on one string|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>

He has also extensively researched and recorded the folk songs of rural India, which are becoming extinct. Some of these songs belong to endangered living oral folk traditions that are over fourteen hundred years old. He also sings these songs.
His lectures on "[[Spiritual ecology]]" have also received wide acclaim in India and abroad.<ref>{{cite web|last=Admin|title=Lecture on Spiritual Ecology & Research Paradigms by Dr. Krishnakant Shukla|url=http://fpmconnect.in/lecture-on-spiritual-ecology-research-paradigms-by-dr-krishnakant-shukla/|publisher=fpm connect|accessdate=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508164934/http://fpmconnect.in/lecture-on-spiritual-ecology-research-paradigms-by-dr-krishnakant-shukla/|archive-date=8 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> This is a newly emerging field in the general area of Religion, Science and the Environment.
He is founding trustee and member of [[Saha Astitva Foundation]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Who we are|url=http://thankindia.org/about/|publisher=Saha astitva foundation|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> a charitable organization that has built a model eco village and organic farm in a tribal area in Maharashtra. This project is the practical aspect of his work on Spiritual Ecology.
Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla is considered by many to be a national treasure. He is an empaneled member of [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]] (ICCR), an arm of [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]] Government of India. This entitles him officially to represent India and Indian culture as a Cultural Ambassador in foreign countries.

In January 2025, Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla was awarded the "UTTAR PRADESH GAURAV SAMMAN" which is the highest honor awarded by the State of Uttar Pradesh, for his work in the fields of Music, Physics and Spiritual Ecology.The award was given to him by the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh, Yogi Adityanath and also the Vice President of India, Shri Jagdeep Dhankhar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-01-25 |title=Six luminaries honoured with UP Gaurav Samman on UP Diwas |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/six-luminaries-honoured-with-up-gaurav-samman-on-up-diwas/articleshow/117534656.cms |access-date=2025-09-20 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Early life==
Krishna Kant Shukla was born in Patna, Bihar, [[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]](India) and raised in [[Varanasi]], Uttar Pradesh. Youngest of four boys, both his parents were professors in [[Banaras Hindu University]]. He was musically gifted as a child. Encouraged by his mother, he had taught himself to play several musical instruments by the time he reached his teens. When he was ten years old, he went to U.K. with his mother, who had gone there to pursue her doctorate. There, he studied first in St. Edmunds Primary School and later in Dudley Grammar School. Here, he topped in almost all subjects, including Physics, Math, Music, Latin, Chemistry, Biology, English and French. He recalls how he heard, for the first time, Mozart's [[Eine kleine Nachtmusik]] and, the same evening, he came home and worked out the whole score, by memory, on the recorder. After three years in U.K., at the age of thirteen, Krishna returned to [[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]](India) and joined India's top school, the famous Modern School (New Delhi), which was founded by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] to impart the best of Eastern and Western education to deserving children. After graduating with a distinction in Math, Krishna joined India's top institution, [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] for his undergraduate degree in Physics Honours. He then enrolled in the Doctoral program in Physics at the [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Dr. Krishna Kant|title=About Krishna Kant Shukla|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?page_id=5|accessdate=7 May 2014}}</ref> Here, he was appointed as "visiting lecturer" and taught full courses in undergraduate Physics. He was given an award for "Excellence in Teaching" by his University. While pursuing his doctorate, Krishna started studying [[Indian Classical Music]] with Shrimati [[Lakshmi Shankar]] and Dr. Tapan Bhattacharya. While still a graduate student in [[Buffalo, New York]], Krishna was actively involved in organizing [[Indian Classical Music]] concerts for visiting musicians from [[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]](India), many of whom were living legends. In his own words, "This period turned out to be crucial for my later metamorphosis from a Physicist and a Mathematician to a Musician". Krishna would go to each of these visiting stalwarts, and ask them to teach him something of their art. He thus took classes from Ustaad [[Vilayat Khan]], Pandit [[Ajoy Chakrabarty]], Shree [[Vijay Kichlu]], Ustaad [[Rashid Khan (musician)|Rashid Khan]], Pandit [[Sandeep Ghosh]], and several others. During this period, Krishna also became much influenced by the music of the legendary Great Pandit [[Kumar Gandharva]]. In particular, he was entranced by the "Nirguna Bhajans" ("songs of emptiness") of Pandit [[Kumar Gandharva]]. These songs, originally composed several centuries ago by [[Kabir]], [[Gorakshanath]] and others, were and are sung by wandering troubadours in [[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]](India) and belong to a living folk [[Oral Tradition]] that is over fourteen hundred years old. Pandit [[Kumar Gandharva]] had brought these songs to the classical stage. In Krishna's own words, "These songs tugged at my soul incessantly until I had no other option but to give my life to them".

==From physics to music==

'''Physics'''

Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla's PhD work is titled "Calculations of Electron Effective Mass based on 3-D Kroenig Penny Model with Application to Solids".<ref>{{cite news|title=Calculations of Electron Effective Mass Based on Three-Dimensional Kronig-Penny Model with Application to Solids.|bibcode=1991PhDT.......129S|work=Physics Abstract Service}}</ref> A pioneering mathematical model to predict the behaviour of electrons in simple crystal lattices. This work was later published in the book "Quantum Statistical theory of Superconductivity" edited by Dr. Van der Meswe; Reidel Kluwer Book co.<ref>{{cite book|last=Shukla|first=Krishna Kant|title=Calculations of Electron Effective Mass Based on Three-Dimensional Kronig-Penny Model with Application to solids.|year=1991|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ofsPHwAACAAJ|publisher=State University of New York at Buffalo, 1991|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> After his Doctorate, Dr. Shukla joined Hartwick College, Oneonta, New York, as an assistant professor in Physics and Astronomy, in 1991. It was here, while teaching astronomy, that his life took an unusual turn.

'''Music'''

In 1992, Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla resigned his job as physics professor and went to [[Ali Akbar College of Music]] in San Rafael, California to study [[Indian Classical music]] with the great Maestro Ustaad [[Ali Akbar Khan]]. He studied Vocal and Sarode here. In 1994, he returned to India to study, research, record and, eventually perform, the [[Bhajan]]s (songs) belonging to the living oral folk traditions of [[Kabir]] and [[Gorakshanath]] and other saints, such as [[Tulsidas]], [[Meera]], [[Tukaram]], [[Tyagaraja]], [[Purandara Dasa]] and [[Surdas]]. Between 1994 and 2004, he also traveled through much of rural Northern India to learn and record the folk songs of the villages. With the advent of T.V. and Globalization, many of these folk songs, and the traditions that nurtured and protected their continuity, have become extinct. In his own words, "These folk songs contain much wisdom, beauty, and spiritual depth. It is this folk music, coming from the timeless soul of village India, that has given birth to many of the ragas of Indian Classical Music." In 2003, Modern School Diaspora Initiative hosted a function in New Delhi where Dr.Shukla was honoured by the ex president of India, [[K. R. Narayanan]] for performing an invaluable service to the country in researching and recording these folk songs.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Krishna Kant|title=About Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?page_id=5|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>

Mr. Shubham Basu, Dy. Director [[All India Management Association|AIMA]] mentions about Dr. Shukla's (physicist and musician) "…there are threads that might open a physicists thoughts on Spirituality and Spiritual seeker's thoughts on Science…and the best part is Dr. Shukla sails on them with his Music."<ref>{{cite web|last=Basu|first=Shubham|title=Dr. Krishnakant Shukla (interview)|url=http://www.shubhambasu.com/2011/06/05/dr-krishnakant-shukla-interview/|publisher=Shubham Basu|accessdate=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508223013/http://www.shubhambasu.com/2011/06/05/dr-krishnakant-shukla-interview/|archive-date=8 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Music==
'''Concert Tours''':
* ''[[Kabir in Song: Musical Traditions of a Great Religious Poet of India]]'' (2003) – United States at [[Stanford]]<ref>{{cite web|last=WISDOM|first=Stanford|title=Kabir in Song: Musical Traditions of a Great Religious Poet of India|url=http://www.wisdomportal.com/Stanford/StanfordLectures2001-2004.html|publisher=Stanford|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Poetry of Self Realized Saints of India]]'' (2004) – United States at [[UC Berkeley]], [[Hartwick College]]
* ''[[Poetry of Self Realized Saints of India]]'' (2010)<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Krishna's US Tour in 2010|date=30 April 2010|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?p=45|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> – United States
*''[[Ahimsa Concert: Bhajans of Kabir and Other Saint-Poets from India]]'' (2010) - [[University of California]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Ahimsa Center|title=Ahimsa Concert: Bhajans of Kabir and Other Saint-Poets from India|url=http://www.csupomona.edu/~ahimsacenter/conference/conference_10_concert.shtml|publisher=Ahimsa Project|accessdate=14 May 2014|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140514071833/http://www.csupomona.edu/~ahimsacenter/conference/conference_10_concert.shtml|archive-date=14 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* ''[[Benefit concert for the homeless]]'' (2011) - United States at Maui(Hawaii)<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Benefit concert for the homeless|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?p=380|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>
*''[[Concert with Ram Das and Peter Russell]]'' (2011) - United States at Mauii (Hawaii)<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Concert with Ram Das and Peter Russell|date=26 September 2003|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?p=398|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>
*''[[North Indian Devotional Music from the Hindu and Muslim (Sufi) Traditions]]'' (2014) - United States at [[Hartwick College]]<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Evening of North Indian Devotional Music from the Hindu and Muslim (Sufi) Traditions|date=13 January 2011|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?p=676|publisher=|accessdate=22 May 2014}}</ref>

'''Albums''':
* ''[[Kabir in Song]]'' (2000)<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Kabir - Dr. Krishnakant Shukla|date=27 August 2011|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?p=123|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>
* ''[[Live Concert Delhi 2007 Part:1]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Live Concert Delhi 2007 Part:2]]'' (2007)
* ''[[Meher Baani]]'' (2010)

==Spiritual ecology==
{{Main|Spiritual ecology}}
Krishna has delivered lectures on spiritual ecology all over the globe.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Krishna Kant|title=Spiritual Ecology|url=https://sites.google.com/site/krishnakantshukla/spiritual-ecology|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> The foundation lies in the natural or vedantic worldview.
'''Notable Lectures & Talks''':
* Dialogues with divinity, and their relationship to creativity, in the Hindu tradition<ref>{{cite web|last=Beads on one string|title=Dialogues with divinity, and their relationship to creativity, in the Hindu tradition|date=5 February 2014|url=http://www.beadsononestring.org/education/spain/krishna-shukla/|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>
* Spiritual Ecology <ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Medical wastes being dumped into holy river: Expert|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/Medical-wastes-being-dumped-into-holy-river-Expert/articleshow/12435605.cms|work=The Times of India|date=28 March 2012|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>
* Spiritual Ecology: The Indian Village as a Model of Sustainability.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|title=Spiritual Ecology: The Indian Village as a Model of Sustainability|date=2 December 2010|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?p=391|publisher=|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>
* Spiritual Ecology & Research Paradigms at [[Management Development Institute]] (MDI), Gurgaon [[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]] (India).<ref>{{cite web|last=admin|title=Lecture on Spiritual Ecology & Research Paradigms by Dr. Krishnakant Shukla|url=http://fpmconnect.in/lecture-on-spiritual-ecology-research-paradigms-by-dr-krishnakant-shukla/|publisher=fpm connect|accessdate=8 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508164934/http://fpmconnect.in/lecture-on-spiritual-ecology-research-paradigms-by-dr-krishnakant-shukla/|archive-date=8 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Science, Spirituality and the Environment at [[AIIMS]] on 15 April 2010. Event Organised by Center for community medicine.<ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Krishna|title=Home|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?paged=4|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>
'''Interviews on the subject'''
* Aaj Savere by [[Doordarshan]] (2014) <ref>{{cite web|last=Aaj Savere-Doordarshan|title=Aaj Savere-Doordarshan|website=[[YouTube]] |date=24 July 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4pDIUpxUeE|accessdate=28 Feb 2015}}</ref>
*Dr. Krishna Kant Shukla's radio interview with "Tributaries Radio", Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A.<ref>{{cite web|title=KRISHNA KANT SHUKLA – Ecological Spirituality|url=https://tributariesradio.wordpress.com/2017/04/09/krishna-kant-shukla-ecological-spirituality/|website=Tributaries|date=9 April 2017 |accessdate=10 April 2017}}</ref>
'''Spiritual Ecology in Action''':
* Krishna, and his friends Kalyani and Daniel Uppendahl set up a model eco-village in the village of Ganeshpuri, [[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]] (India). The Saha Astitva Foundation which is a registered charity creating a model year-round organic eco-farm.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saha Astitva|url=http://www.thankindia.org|publisher=Saha Astitva Foundation|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref> It drew interest of research community too.<ref>{{cite web|last=Garden|first=Mary|title=The eco-village movement: Divorced from reality|url=http://www.inclusivedemocracy.org/journal/pdf%20files/pdf%20vol2/The%20eco-village%20movement.pdf|publisher=The International Journal of INCLUSIVE DEMOCRACY, Vol. 2, No. 3 (June 2006)|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Krishna Kant|title=Spiritual ecology in action|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?p=411|publisher=Krishna Kant Shukla|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>

==Famous quotes==
His popular quotes<ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Krishna Kant|title=Quotes|url=http://www.krishnakantshukla.org/?page_id=681|publisher=Krishna Kant Shukla|accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Shukla|first=Krishna Kant|title=WikiQuote|url=http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Krishna_Kant_Shukla|publisher=Public|accessdate=8 August 2014}}</ref> from his lectures, concerts and interviews:-
* "What you don't use, You lose"
* "What you abuse, You lose."
* "Music is not a way to reach god. Music is god."
* "Every single man, woman and child on the planet must, to the best of their capacity, become activists for the environment if we are to reverse our royal collective march to oblivion"
* "Nature is our mother. She is not a resource for human consumption."
* "Western Science, in its present form, is toxic. It must be infused with love and humility, and an ethical code of honor to renounce any experiment or procedure that causes harm to the environment."

==References==
{{Reflist|35em}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.krishnakantshukla.org Official website]
*[http://www.thankindia.org/about Saha Astitva Foundation]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140509001500/http://www.anandaashram.org/KrishnaKantShukla Ananda Aashram (NY) Biographies]
*{{YouTube|iQyA5bTPvYw|Exclusive Interview on Indian National Television, Doordarshan}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shukla, Krishna Kant}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian male singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Indian singer-songwriters]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:Singers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Bratuku Teruvu

2026-03-19T22:45:32Z

Mazzulah Peel: updated formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting after review

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bratuku Teruvu
| image = Bratuku Teruvu.JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Samudrala Sr.|Samudrala Jr]]<br />({{small|story / dialogues}})
| producer = Kovelamudi Bhaskar Rao
| director = [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]
| starring = [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]]<br />[[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]]
| music = [[C. R. Subbaraman]]<br />[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| editing = P. S. Ramakrishna Rao
| studio = Bhaskar Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1953|2|6}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
}}

'''''Bratuku Teruvu''''' ({{translation|Livelihood}}) is a 1953 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]], produced by Kovelamudi Bhaskar Rao under the Bhaskar Productions banner and directed by [[P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]. It stars [[Akkineni Nageswara Rao]] and [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]], with music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].<ref>Naati 101 Chitralu, S. V. Rama Rao, Kinnera Publications, Hyderabad, 2006, pp: 73-4.</ref> The film was also dubbed in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] as ''Bale Raman'' (1956), remade in Kannada as ''[[Badukuva Daari]]'' (1966), in [[Hindi]] as ''[[Jeene Ki Raah]]'' (1969)<ref>{{Cite web |date=Sep 23, 2020 |title=Best Tanuja Movies |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/best-tanuja-movies-43747.html |access-date=2020-12-11 |website=[[Filmfare]] |language=en |archive-date=20 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020001946/https://www.filmfare.com/features/best-tanuja-movies-43747.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and in Tamil as ''[[Naan Yen Pirandhen]]'' (1972).<ref>{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=2016-03-26 |title=Naan Yean Pirandhen (1972) |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Naan-Yean-Pirandhen-1972/article14176379.ece |access-date=2020-12-11 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |archive-date=10 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310113737/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/Naan-Yean-Pirandhen-1972/article14176379.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==
Mohan Rao is unemployed, suffers from debt, and is the only breadwinner of his extended family. So, he lands in town for the job hunt, but it is in vain. Desperate, Mohan comprehends the world, affirms his principles so futile, and turns into a conman. Once he is acquainted with a Zamindar Balasaheb who appreciates his intelligence and offers him a job, provided he should be alone. Mohan joins the post, forging as a single. Meena Balasaheb's daughter comes back home from abroad and endears him. Now, Mohan is in a dichotomy as the situation becomes delicate, but they cannot reveal the truth. On the double, in the village, Mohan's sister Kotamma steals his strive amount. Learning it, their mother quits along with Mohan's family in her son's quest. Accidentally, Mohan meets them and keeps them separate. Eventually, debtors occasion Mohan's house in the village. So, Kotamma & her husband Lokabhi Ramaiah also arrive and take shelter at Bhushaiah's house, the mate of Balasaheb whom Mohan recoups. Mohan leads a dual life, daringly preventing the parties from reality. Balasaheb makes Meena's marriage proposal, to which Mohan gets attracted and decides to conceive his family. The rest of the story is about what happens.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Telugu |first=ntv |date=2023-02-06 |title=Brathuku Theruvu: ఏడు పదుల 'బ్రతుకు తెరువు'! |url=https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/70-years-for-batuku-teruvu-313430.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=NTV Telugu |language=te-IN |archive-date=12 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240612045346/https://ntvtelugu.com/movie-news/70-years-for-batuku-teruvu-313430.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Akkineni Nageshwara Rao]] as Mohan Rao
* [[Savitri (actress)|Savitri]] as Meena
* [[Sriranjani (junior)|Sriranjani]] as Lalitha, Mohan's Wife
* [[S. V. Ranga Rao]] as Zamindar Balasaheb
* [[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Lokabhi Ramaiah
* [[Suryakantam (actress)|Suryakantam]] as Kotamma

== Soundtrack ==
===Original Track List (Telugu)===
The Music was composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]] and the Lyrics were written by [[Samudrala Jr.|Samudrala Jr]]. The song ''Andame Aanandam'' is an evergreen blockbuster.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !!Singers !!length
|-
|"Andame Aanandam"
|[[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
|3:10
|-
|"Daarithennu Kaanagada"
|[[Jikki]]
|2:12
|-
|"Inthe Prapanchamanna"
|[[K. Prasadarao]]
|2:25
|-
|"Vachenamma Vachenne"
|Udutha Sarojini
|2:44
|-
|"Chalo Chalo Yenkanna"
|[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]]
|2:25
|-
|"Raadooyi Kanaraadooyi"
|[[P. Leela]], [[A. P. Komala]]
|2:41
|-
|"Yedomattu Mandu Jalli"
|P. Leela
|3:06
|-
|"Andame Aanandam"
|Ghantasala, P. Leela
|3:35
|}

===Bale Raman (Tamil) Songs===
The music was composed by T. A. Kalyanam. Lyrics were by Kanaga Surabhi. [[Playback singer]]s are [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]], [[A. M. Rajah]], P. Seenivasan, [[P. Leela]], [[Jikki]], [[A. P. Komala]] & Udutha Sarojini.

All the tunes for all the songs for both languages are the same. The song ''Engume Aanandham Aanandhame Jeevanin Magarandham'' is still very popular.
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Song title !! Singers !! Length
|-
| "Engume Aanandham" || Ghantasala || 03:10
|-
| "Thaaye Ninnarul Thaal" || Jikki || 02:12
|-
| "Pattadhaarigal Vaazhvidhu" || A. M. Rajah || 02:25
|-
| "Vanthaachammaa Vandhaachu" || Udutha Sarojini || 02:44
|-
| "Chalo Chalo Chenkannaa" || P. Seenivasan || 02:00
|-
| "Kaanene Innum Kaanene" || P. Leela & A. P. Komala || 02:41
|-
| "Sokku Podi Potta" || P. Leela || 03:06
|-
| "Engume Aanandham" || P. Leela || 03:35
|-
| "Thaamadham En Endru" || P. Leela || 00:53
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0263155}}

[[Category:1953 films]]
[[Category:1953 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:1953 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Telugu films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. S. Ramakrishna Rao]]
[[Category:1953 drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by C. R. Subbaraman]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. A. Kalyanam]]

Nastaliq

2026-03-18T11:19:00Z

Mazzulah Peel: enhanced layout additionally and added references for clarity

{{Short description|Predominant calligraphic hand of the Perso-Arabic script}}
{{Hatnote|The Nastaliq text on this page will show in a different style if you do not have a Nastaliq font installed.}}
{{Italic title}}

{{Cleanup lang|date=August 2025}}{{Infobox writing system
| name = Nastaliq
| type = [[Abjad]]
| languages = [[Persian language#Classical Persian|Classical Persian]]<br />[[Urdu]]<br />[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]<br />[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />[[Turkic languages]]
| time = 14th century AD – present
| native_name = {{nq|نَسْتَعْلِیق}}
| sample = Welcome to Wikipedia - fa.svg
| caption = "Welcome to Wikipedia" from the [[Persian Wikipedia]]
| imagesize = 200px
| iso15924 = Aran
| note = none
| direction = [[Right-to-left]]<ref>{{Cite conference|last1=Akram|first1=Qurat ul Ain|last2=Hussain|first2=Sarmad|last3=Niazi|first3=Aneeta|last4=Anjum|first4=Umair|last5=Irfan|first5=Faheem|title=2014 11th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems|date=April 2014|chapter=Adapting Tesseract for Complex Scripts: An Example for Urdu Nastalique|conference=11th IAPR International Workshop on Document Analysis Systems|location=Tours, France|publisher=IEEE|volume=|pages=191–195|doi=10.1109/DAS.2014.45|isbn=978-1-4799-3243-6}}</ref>
| region = Commonly used in [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[India]] and [[Xinjiang]]<br>Historically used in [[Iraq]], [[Turkey]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Tajikistan]]
}}
{{Calligraphy|Signed_Sami_-_Levha_(calligraphic_inscription)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg}}
[[File:Khatt-e Nastaliq.jpg|thumb|right|
Example reading {{lang|fa|{{nq|"خط نڛتعليق"}}}} ("Nastaliq script") in Nastaliq.
<br/>The dotted form <big>{{Script/Arabic|ڛ}}</big> is used in place of <big>{{Script/Arabic|س}}</big>.]]

'''''Nastaliq'''''{{efn|({{IPAc-en|ˌ|n|æ|s|t|ə|ˈ|l|iː|k|,_|ˈ|n|æ|s|t|ə|l|iː|k}};<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nastaliq|url=https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328182321/https://www.lexico.com/definition/nastaliq|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 28, 2022|access-date=2020-07-05|website=Lexico Dictionaries|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en}}</ref> {{IPA|fa|'nastaʔ'liːq|lang}}; {{IPA|ur|nəst̪əʔ'liːq, nəst̪ɑː'liːq|lang}}); also [[Romanization of Persian|romanized]] as '''''Nastaʿlīq''''' or '''''Nastaleeq''''' or '''''Nastaaleeq''''' ({{nq|نَسْتَعْلِیق}})}} is one of the main [[book hand|calligraphic hands]] used to write the [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Arabic scripts]], and it is used for several significant [[Indo-Iranian languages]] (namely all [[Iranian languages|Iranic]] and some [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] languages), predominantly [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]], [[Pashto]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Urdu]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]], [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]], [[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Shahmukhi|Punjabi]]. It is also often used for [[Ottoman Turkish]], but rarely for [[Arabic]] (particularly in [[Iraq]]). ''Nastaliq'' developed in [[Iran]] from a combination of ''[[Naskh (script)|Naskh]]'' and ''[[Taliq script|Ta'liq]]'', beginning in the 13th century{{sfn|Blair|p=xxii, 286}}<ref name="Iranica">{{Cite web |author=Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi |date=December 15, 1990 |title=Calligraphy |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy |website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |language=en}}</ref> and it remains widely used in [[Iran]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], and other countries for writing poetry and as a form of art.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1=Atif Gulzar|author2=Shafiq ur Rahman|date=2007|title=Nastaleeq: A challenge accepted by Omega|url=https://www.tug.org/TUGboat/tb29-1/tb91gulzar.pdf|journal=TUGboat|volume=29|pages=1–6}}</ref>

== History ==
[[File:Coin of Nader Shah, minted in Daghestan (Dagestan). Reverse.jpg|300px|thumb|Nastaliq writing style in Silver coin of [[Nader Shah]], minted in [[Daghestan]]. Dated 1741/2. Reverse. ]]
The name ''Nastaliq'' "is a contraction of the Persian {{transliteration|fa|naskh-e ta'liq}} ({{langx|fa|{{nq|نَسْخِ تَعلیق}}}}), meaning a hanging or suspended ''[[Naskh (script)|naskh.]]''"{{sfn|Blair|p=274}} Virtually all [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] authors (like [[Dust Muhammad]] or [[Ahmad Monshi Ghomi|Qadi Ahmad]]) attributed the invention of {{transliteration|fa|nastaliq}} to [[Mir Ali Tabrizi]], who lived at the end of the 14th and the beginning of the 15th century. That tradition was questioned by Elaine Wright, who traced the evolution of ''Nastaliq'' in 14th-century Iran and showed how it developed gradually among scribes in [[Shiraz]]. According to her studies, ''nastaliq'' has its origin from ''naskh'' alone, and not by combining ''naskh'' and ''[[Taliq script|taliq]]'', as was commonly thought. In addition to study of the practice of calligraphy, Elaine Wright also found a document written by [[Jafar Tabrizi]] {{Circa|1430}}, according to whom:
[[File:In Nasta'liq calligraphy, dimensions and sizes are determined using the dot of Nasta'liq and small approximate circles. In the hypothetical word TAAD, observe the dotting and dimensioning.png|300px|thumb|In Nasta'liq calligraphy, dimensions and sizes are determined using the dot of Nasta'liq and small approximate circles. In the hypothetical word TAAD (Persian: طعد), observe the dotting and dimensioning]]
{{blockquote|It must be known that ''nastaʿliq'' is derived from ''naskh''. Some Shirazi [scribes] modified it [naskh] by taking out the flattened [letter] ''kaf'' and straight bottom part of [the letters] ''sin'', ''lam'' and ''nun''. From other scripts they then brought in a curved ''sin'' and stretched forms and introduced variations in the thickness of the line. So a new script was created, to be named ''nastaʿliq''. After a while [[Tabriz]]i [scribes] modified what Shirazi [scribes] had created by gradually rendering it thinner and defining its canons, until the time when Khwaja Mir ʿAli Tabrizi brought this script to perfection.{{sfn|Blair|p=275}}}}
[[File:Nastaliq Painting-Caligraphy the letter Mim.jpg|thumb|alt=210|Nastaliq [[Persian Calligram]] the [[Persian alphabet|Persian letter]] [[Mem]]]]
Thus, "our earliest written source also credits Shirazi scribes with the development of ''nastaʿliq'' and Mir ʿAli Tabrizi with its canonization."{{sfn|Blair|p=275}} Wright's proposed origin of ''nastaliq'' was complicated by studies of Francis Richard, who argued on the basis of some manuscripts from Tabriz that its early evolution was not confined to Shiraz.{{sfn|Blair|p=275}} Finally, many authors point out that development of ''nastaʿliq'' was a process which occurred over several centuries. For example, Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi, Ali Alparslan and [[Sheila Blair]] recognize a gradual shift towards ''nastaʿliq'' in some 13th-century manuscripts.<ref name="Iranica"/><ref>{{Cite journal|url = http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0502|title = K̲h̲aṭṭ ii. In Persia|author = [[Ali Alparslan]]|website = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]]|doi = 10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_0502|language = en|url-access = subscription}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|p=xxii}} Hamid Reza Afsari traces the first elements of the style to 5th/11th-century copies of Persian translations of the Qur'an, and Rawāqī argues that the referenced translations may be even older.<ref name="Hamid Reza Afsari">{{Cite web|url = https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/calligraphy-COM_05000067?s.num=3|title = Calligraphy|author = Hamid Reza Afsari|website = [[Encyclopaedia Islamica]]|date = 17 June 2021|language = en}}</ref>

Persian differs from Arabic in its proportion of straight and curved letters. It also lacks the definite article ''al-'', whose upright ''alif'' and ''lam'' are responsible for Arabic writing's distinct verticality and rhythm. Hanging scripts like ''taliq'' and ''nastaliq'' were suitable for writing Persian {{Ndash}}when ''taliq'' was used for court documents, ''nastaliq'' was developed for Persian poetry, "whose [[hemistich]]es encourage the pile-up of letters against the intercolumnar ruling. Only later was it adopted for prose."{{sfn|Blair|p=276}}

The first master of ''nastaliq'' was the aforementioned [[Mir Ali Tabrizi]], who passed his style to his son ʿUbaydallah. A student of ʿUbaydallah, [[Jafar Tabrizi]] (d. 1431) (see quote above), moved to [[Herat]], when he became the head of the [[scriptorium]] (''kitabkhana'') of prince [[Baysunghur]] (therefore his epithet Baysunghuri). Jafar trained several students in ''nastaliq'', of whom the most famous was [[Maulana Azhar|Azhar Tabrizi]] (d. 1475). Its classical form ''nastaliq'' achieved{{Incomprehensible inline|date=August 2025}} under [[Sultan Ali Mashhadi]] (d. 1520), a student of Azhar (or perhaps one of Azhar's students) who worked for [[Sultan Husayn Bayqara]] (1469–1506) and his vizier [[Ali-Shir Nava'i]].{{sfn|Blair|p=277-280}}

Simultaneously, a different style of ''nastaliq'' developed in western and southern Iran. This style was associated with ʿAbd al-Rahman Khwarazmi, the calligrapher of the [[Pir Budaq]] [[Qara Qoyunlu]] (1456–1466), and then with his children, ʿAbd al-Karim Khwarazmi and [[ʿAbd al-Rahim Khwarazmi Anisi|ʿAbd al-Rahim Anisi]] (both active at the court of [[Yaqub Aq Qoyunlu|Ya'qub Beg]] [[Aq Qoyunlu]]; 1478–1490). This more angular western Iranian style was largely dominant at the beginning of the [[Safavid Iran|Safavid era]], but then lost to the style canonized by Sultan Ali Mashhadi; however, it continued to be used in the Indian subcontinent.<ref name="Hamid Reza Afsari" />{{sfn|Blair|p=284, 430}}

The most famous calligrapher of the next generation in eastern lands was [[Mir Ali Heravi]] (d. 1544), who was especially renowned for his calligraphic specimens (''qitʿa''). The eastern style of ''nastaliq'' became the predominant style in western Iran, as artists gravitated to work in the Safavid royal scriptorium. The most famous of these calligraphers working for the court in Tabriz was Shah Mahmud Nishapuri (d. 1564/1565), known especially for the unusual choice of ''nastaliq'' as a script used for the copy of the Qur'an.{{sfn|Blair|p=430-436}} Its apogeum ''nastaliq'' achieved{{Incomprehensible inline|date=August 2025}} in writings of [[Mir Emad Hassani]] (d. 1615), "whose style was the model in the following centuries."<ref name="Hamid Reza Afsari" /> Mir Emad's successors in the 17th and 18th centuries developed a more elongated style of ''nastaliq'', with wider spaces between words. [[Mirza Mohammad Reza Kalhor]] (d. 1892), the most important calligrapher of the 19th century, reintroduced the more compact style, writing words on a smaller scale in a single motion. In the 19th century ''nastaliq'' was also adopted in Iran for lithographed books.{{sfn|Blair|p=446-447}} In the 20th century, "the use of ''nastaliq'' declined. After World War II, however, interest in calligraphy and above all in ''nastaliq'' revived, and some outstandingly able masters of the art have since then emerged."<ref name="Iranica" />

The use of ''nastaliq'' early expanded beyond Iran at a very early date. [[Timurid Empire|Timurids]] brought it to the [[Indian subcontinent]], and ''nastaliq'' became the favorite script of the Persian court of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]]. Notable masters of ''nastaliq'' such as [[Muhammad Husayn Kashmiri]] (d. 1611/1612) and [[Abd al-Rahim Anbarin-Qalam]] worked for [[Akbar]] (1556–1605) and [[Jahangir]] (1605–1627). Another important practitioner of the script was [[Abd al-Rashid Daylami]] (d. 1671), nephew and student of Mir Emad, who became court calligrapher of [[Shah Jahan]] (1628–1658) after arriving in India. During this era, ''nastaliq'' became the common script for writing the [[Hindustani language]], especially [[Standard Urdu]].<ref name="Iranica2">{{Cite web|url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/calligraphy-2|title = CALLIGRAPHY (continued)|author = [[Gholam-Hosayn Yusofi]]|website = [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|language = en}}</ref>{{sfn|Blair|p=536-539, 552-554}}

''Nastaliq'' was also adopted in the [[Ottoman Empire]], which has always had strong cultural ties to Iran. Here it was known as ''taliq'' (Turkish ''talik''), not to be confused with the Persian ''[[taliq script]]''. The first Iranian calligraphers who brought ''nastaliq'' to Ottoman lands, including [[Asadullah Kirmani]] (d. 1488), belonged to the western tradition. However, at a relatively early stage, Ottoman calligraphers adopted the eastern style of ''nastaliq''. In the 17th century, a student of Mir Emad, [[Darvish Abdi Bokharai]] (d. 1647), transplanted his style to Istanbul. The greatest master of ''nastaliq'' in 18th century was [[Mehmed Esad Yesari|Mehmed Yasari]] (d. 1798), who closely followed Mir Emad. This tradition was further developed by Yasari's son [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi|Mustafa Izzet]] (d. 1849), who founded a distinct Ottoman school of ''nastaliq''. He introduced new and precise proportions of the script that differed from the Iranian tradition. The most important member of this school in the second half of the 19th century was [[Sami Efendi]] (d. 1912), who taught many famous practitioners of ''nastaliq'', including [[Mehmed Nazif Bey]] (d. 1913), [[Mehmed Hulusi Yazgan]] (d. 1940) and [[Necmeddin Okyay]] (d. 1976). The specialty of the Ottoman school was ''celî nastaliq'', used in inscriptions and mosque plates.{{sfn|Blair|p=513-518}}<ref name="Iranica2" /><ref name="NESTA‘LİK">{{Cite web|url = https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/nestalik|title = NESTA'LİK|author = [[Ali Alparslan]]|website = [[İslâm Ansiklopedisi]]|language = en}}</ref>

{{gallery
|Folio from a Khusraw u Shirin by Nizami (d.1209); verso - text and illuminated heading (sarlawh) (F1931.37).jpg|Opening page to a copy of [[Nizami Ganjavi|Nizami's]] ''[[Khosrow and Shirin]]'' with calligraphy by [[Mir Ali Tabrizi]]. [[Tabriz]], {{Circa|1410}}. [[Freer Gallery of Art]]
|First Page of the Baysunghur's Gulistan (CBL Per119.10f.1.v).jpg|Opening page from a manuscript of [[Saadi Shirazi|Saʿdi's]] ''[[Gulistan (book)|Gulistan]]'' copied by [[Jafar Tabrizi]]. [[Herat]], 1426/27. [[Chester Beatty Library]]
|"Allusion to Sura 27-16", Folio from a Mantiq al-tair (Language of the Birds) MET DP159398.jpg|Page from a manuscript of [[Attar of Nishapur|Attar's]] ''[[The Conference of the Birds|Mantiq al-Tayr]]'' copied by [[Sultan Ali Mashhadi]]. [[Herat]], dated 25 April 1487. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
|Colophon to Nizami's "Khamsa" written by 'Abd al-Rahim al- Khwarazmi Anisi (TKS H762, f. 316a).jpg|Colophon to Nizami's ''Khamsa'' copied by [[ʿAbd al-Rahim Khwarazmi Anisi]]. Tabriz, 1481. [[Topkapı Palace]] Museum
|"Portrait of Ibrahim 'Adil Shah II of Bijapur", Folio from the Shah Jahan Album MET DT2792.jpg|[[Rubaʿi]] copied by [[Mir Ali Heravi]] and later mounted in the so-called "Kevorkian Album". [[Bukhara]], {{Circa|1534}}. Metropolitan Museum of Art
|Opening double page from the Qur'an in nasta'liq script (TKS H.S. 25, ff. 1b-2a).jpg|Opening double page from the Qur'an manuscript copied by [[Shah Mahmud Nishapuri]], dated 12 June 1538. Topkapı Palace Museum
|Nasta'liq calligraphy style - Mir Emad Hassani 09.png|Sura [[Al-Fatiha]] copied by [[Mir Emad Hassani]]. [[Museum of the Islamic Era]]
|Colophon from the Khamsa of Nizami - BL Or. MS 12208 f. 325v.jpg|Colophon from a [[Khamsa of Nizami (British Library, Or. 12208)|manuscript]] of Nizami's ''Khamsa'' copied by [[Abd al-Rahim Anbarin-Qalam]], dated 14 December 1595. [[British Library]]
|Amir Khusraw Dihlavi - Incipit Page with Illuminated Headpiece - Walters W6241B - Full Page.jpg|Page from a manuscript of [[Amir Khusrau]]'s ''Khamsa'' copied by [[Muhammad Husayn Kashmiri]] and finished in the forty-second year of [[Akbar]]'s reign (March 1597 – March 1598). [[Walters Art Museum]]
|Calligrapher’s license with a quatrain copied by Muhammad Asʿad Yasari (TKS GY 324.27-3).jpg|Calligrapher's license with a rubaʿi copied by [[Mehmed Esad Yesari|Mehmed Yasari]] from an exemplar by Mir Emad. [[Istanbul]], 1754. Topkapı Palace Museum
|Signed Sami - Levha (calligraphic inscription) - Google Art Project.jpg|''Levha'' (calligraphic inscription) by [[Sami Efendi]]. Istanbul, 1906. [[Sakıp Sabancı Museum]]
|Containing calligraphies ascribed to Nazif Bey - Murakka (calligraphic album) - Google Art Project.jpg|Page from the ''[[muraqqa]]'' with [[Khaqani]]'s ode on the Prophet copied by [[Mehmed Nazif Bey]] from an original by [[Yesarizade Mustafa Izzet Efendi|Mustafa Izzet]]. 20th century (before 1913). Sakıp Sabancı Museum
}}

== {{transliteration|fa|Shekasteh}} ''Nastaliq'' ==
[[File:Chayyam guyand kasan behescht ba hur chosch ast small.png|thumb|A [[rubaʿi]] of Omar Khayyam in Shekasteh Nastaliq.<br/>In print:{{rtl-para|fa|{{Nastaliq|1={{raise|0.4em|گویند کسان بهشت با حور خوش است<br/>من میگویم که آب انگور خوش است<br/>این نقد بگیر و دست از آن نسیه بدار<br/>کاواز دهل شنیدن از دور خوش است|size=1.25em}}}}}} In modern [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]]: {{rtl-para|fa|{{naskh|1={{lower|0.2em|گویند کسان بهشت با حور خوش است<br/>من میگویم که آب انگور خوش است<br/>این نقد بگیر و دست از آن نسیه بدار<br/>کاواز دهل شنیدن از دور خوش است}}}}}}]]
[[File:Ghafeleye Omr.svg|thumb|A line of poetry by the Iranian poet [[Omar Khayyam]] in Shekasteh Nastaliq.<br/>In print: {{rtl-para|fa|{{nastaliq|1={{raise|0.4em|این قافلهٔ عُمر عجب میگذرد|size=1.25em}}}}}} In modern [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]]: {{rtl-para|fa|{{naskh|1={{lower|0.2em|2=<span style="line-height: 1.5;">این قافلهٔ عُمر عجب میگذرد</span>}}}}}}]]
''{{transliteration|fa|Shekasteh}}'' or ''{{transliteration|fa|Shekasteh Nastaliq}}'' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|شکسته نستعلیق}}}}, {{lang|fa|{{uninaskh|شکسته نستعلیق}}}}, "cursive {{transliteration|fa|Nastaliq}}" or literally "broken {{transliteration|fa|Nastaliq}}") style is a "streamlined" form of {{transliteration|fa|Nastaliq}}.<ref name="readnast3">{{Cite book |last1=Spooner |first1=Brian |title=Reading Nasta'liq: Persian and Urdu Hands from 1500 to the Present |last2=Hanaway |first2=William L. |year=1995 |isbn=978-1568592138 |pages=3 |publisher=Mazda Publishers }}</ref> Its development is connected with the fact that "the increasing use of nastaʿlīq and consequent need to write it quickly exposed it to a process of gradual attrition."<ref name="Iranica"/> The ''shekasteh nastaliq'' emerged in the early 17th century and differed from proper ''nastaliq'' only in so far as some of the letters were shrunk (shekasteh, lit. "broken") and detached letters and words were sometimes joined.<ref name="Iranica"/> These unauthorized connections "mean that calligraphers can write ''shekasteh'' faster than any other script."{{sfn|Blair|p=441}} Manuscripts from this early period show signs of the influence of ''shekasteh taliq''; while having the appearance of a shrunken form of nastaliq, they also contain features of ''[[Taliq script|taliq]]'' "due to their being written by scribes who had been trained in taʿlīq."<ref name="Iranica"/> ''Shekasteh nastaliq'' (usually shortened to simply ''skehasteh''), being more easily legible than ''taliq'' gradually replaced the latter as the script of decrees and documents. Later, it also came into use for writing prose and poetry.<ref name="Iranica"/>{{sfn|Blair|p=441}}

The first important calligraphers of ''shekasteh'' were [[Mohammad Shafiʿ Heravi]] (d. 1670–71) (he was known as Shafiʿa and hence ''shekasteh'' was sometimes called ''shafiʿa'' or ''shifiʿa'') and [[Mortazaqoli Khan Shamlu]] (d. 1688–89). Both of them produced works of real artistic quality, which does not change the fact that in this early phase ''shekasteh'' still lacked consistency (it is especially visible in writing of Mortazaqoli Khan Shamlu). Most modern scholars consider that ''shekasteh'' reached its peak of artistic perfection under [[Abdol Majid Taleqani]] (d. 1771), "who gave the script its distinctive and definite form."<ref name="Iranica"/> The tradition of Taleqani was later followed by [[Mirza Kuchek Esfahani]] (d. 1813),{{sfn|Blair|p=444-445}}<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abd-al-majid-talaqani-revered-calligrapher-d-1771-72|title = ʿABD-AL-MAJĪD ṬĀLAQĀNĪ|author = [[Priscilla Soucek]]|website = [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|language = en}}</ref> [[Mirza Gholam Reza Esfahani|Gholam Reza Esfahani]] (d. 1886–87)<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/golam-reza-kosnevis|title = ḠOLĀM-REŻĀ ḴOŠNEVIS|author = Maryam Ekhtiar|website = [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|language = en}}</ref> and [[Ali Akbar Golestaneh]] (d. 1901).<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/golestana-ali-akba|title = GOLESTĀNA, ʿALI-AKBAR|author = Maryam Ekhtiar|website = [[Encyclopædia Iranica]]|language = en}}</ref>

The added frills made ''shekasteh'' increasingly difficult to read and it remained the script of documents and decrees, "while ''nastaʿliq'' retained its pre-eminence as the main calligraphic style." The need for simplification of ''shekasteh'' resulted in development of secretarial style (''shekasteh-ye tahriri'') by writers like [[Adib-al-Mamalek Farahani]] (d. 1917) and [[Hasan Ali Khan Garroosy|Nezam Garrusi]] (d. 1900). The secretarial style is a simplified form of ''shekasteh'' which is faster to write and read, but less artistic. Long used in governmental and other institutions in Iran, ''shekasteh'' degenerated in the first half of the 20th century, but later again engaged the attention of calligraphers.<ref name="Iranica"/>{{sfn|Blair|p=445, 471}} ''Shekasteh'' was used only in Iran and to a small extent in Afghanistan and Ottoman Empire. Its use in Afghanistan was different from the Persian norm and sometimes only as experimental devices (''tafannon'')<ref name="Iranica"/><ref name="NESTA‘LİK"/>

{{gallery
|Shakastah Nasta‘liq calligraphy, National Library of Iran, No. 2313.jpg|Calligraphy by [[Mohammad Shafiʿ Heravi]]. [[National Library of Iran]]
|File:Double page from "Majmu‘a-i munsh‘at" by Abu‘l-Qasim Ivughli Haydar (S2014.7).jpg|Double page from the "Majmu‘a-i munsh‘at" – collection of correspondence sent by Persian rulers compiled by Abu‘l-Qasim Ivughli Haydar. [[Isfahan]], 1682. [[Arthur M. Sackler Gallery]]
|Calligraphy in Shakastah Nasta‘liq (Library of the Golestan Palace, No. 1515).jpg|Calligraphy by [[Abdol Majid Taleqani]]. [[Golestan Palace]] Library
|Plea for Tax Relief, folio from an album (HUAM 1958.212).jpg|Plea for tax relief copied by [[Mirza Kuchak Esfahani]]. Iran, 1795–1796. [[Harvard Art Museums]]
|Fath Ali Shah Qajar Firman in Shikasta Nastaliq script January 1831.jpg|[[Firman]] issued in the Name of [[Fath-Ali Shah Qajar]]. Iran, January 1831. [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]]
|Shakastah Nasta‘liq calligraphy, 1896 CE, Library of the Islamic Parliament of Iran, No. 13.jpg|Calligraphy by [[Ali Akbar Golestaneh]]. Iran, 1896. Library of the [[Islamic Consultative Assembly|Islamic Parliament of Iran]]
}}

{{Clear}}

== ''Nastaliq'' typesetting ==
Modern {{transliteration|fa|Nastaliq}} typography began with the invention of [[Noori Nastaliq]] which was first created as a digital font in 1981 through the collaboration of [[Ahmed Mirza Jamil]] (as calligrapher) and [[Monotype Imaging]] (formerly Monotype Corp & Monotype Typography).<ref name="Interview with Mirza Ahmad Jamil">{{cite web|last=Khurshiq|first=Iqbal|title=زندگی آگے بڑھنے کا نام اور جمود موت ہے: نوری نستعلیق کی ایجاد سے خط نستعلیق کی دائمی حفاظت ہوگئی|date=17 November 2013|url=http://www.express.pk/story/197175/|publisher=Express|access-date=24 November 2013}}</ref> Although this employed over 20,000 ligatures (individually designed character combinations),<ref>[https://restofworld.org/2021/bringing-urdu-into-the-digital-age/ How to bring a language to the future], 9 Feb 2021</ref> it provided accurate results and allowed newspapers such as Pakistan's ''[[Daily Jang]]'' to use digital typesetting instead of a group of calligraphers. It suffered from two problems in the 1990s: its non-availability on standard platforms such as [[Microsoft Windows]] or [[Mac OS]], and the non-[[WYSIWYG]] nature of text entry, whereby the document had to be created by commands in Monotype's proprietary [[page description language]].

{{Gallery
| title = Examples of Nastaliq typesetting
| align = center
| footer =
| style =
| state =
| height = 170
| width = 250
| captionstyle =
| File:Miremad-1.jpg
| Persian [[Chalipa]] panel, [[Mir Emad]]<br/>
In print:<sup>[[#Nastaliq typesetting|[note]]]</sup>
{{rtl-para|fa|{{Nastaliq|1={{raise|1em|بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم<br/>از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم<br/>از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان<br/>وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم|size=1.25em}}}}}}
In [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] styled typeface:
{{rtl-para|fa|{{naskh|1={{lower|0.2em|2=<span style="line-height: 1.3;">بودم به تو عمری و ترا سیر ندیدم<br/>از وصل تو هرگز به مرادی نرسیدم<br/>از بهر تو بیگانه شدم از همه خویشان<br/>وحشی صفت از خلق به یکبار بریدم</span>}}}}}}
| alt1=
| File:Urdu couplet.svg
| An example of the {{Transliteration|fa|Nastaliq}} script used for writing [[Urdu]].<br/>Nastaliq:<br/>{{rtl-para|{{lang|ur|{{nastaliq|size=1.25em|؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے<br/>جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے}}}}}}<br/>Naskh:<br/>{{rtl-para|{{lang|fa|{{naskh|size=1.25em|1={{lower|0.2em|2=<span style="line-height: 1.3;">؎ کیا تنگ ہم ستم زدگان کا جہاں ہے<br/>جس میں ایک بیضۂ مور آسماں ہے</span>}}}}}}}}
| alt2=
| File:Hafez Ghazal.jpg
| A [[couplet]] versified by the Persian poet [[Hafez]] in Nastaliq font (by Software), in print:<sup>[[#Nastaliq typesetting|[note]]]</sup>
{{rtl-para|1=fa|2={{nq|1={{raise|0.5em|
حافظ شیرازی<br/>
مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم<br/>
هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم
|size=1.25em}}}}}}
in a [[Naskh (script)|Naskh]] styled typeface:
{{rtl-para|1=fa|2={{naskh|1={{lower|0.1em|2=<span style="line-height: 1.2;">
حافظ شیرازی<br/>
مرا عهدیست با جانان که تا جان در بدن دارم<br/>
هواداران کویش را چو جان خویشتن دارم
</span>}}}}}}
| alt3=
| File:
| Write a caption here
| alt4=
| File:
| Write a caption here
| alt5=
}}
{{Clear}}

=== InPage ===
In 1994, [[InPage]] Urdu, which is a functional page layout software for Windows akin to [[QuarkXPress]], was developed for Pakistan's newspaper industry by an Indian software company Concept Software Pvt Ltd. It offered the ''Noori Nastaliq'' font licensed from Monotype Imaging. This font is still used in current versions of the software for Windows. As of 2009, [[InPage]] has become Unicode based, supporting more languages and the ''Faiz Lahori Nastaliq'' font with Kasheeda has been added to it along with compatibility with OpenType Unicode fonts.

=== Cross platform Nastaliq fonts ===
[[File:Urdu Typesetting 2020-05-30 003910.png|140px|thumb|right|Text: {{nq|1=<span style="line-height:2.5;">{{raise|0.1em|نستعلیق}}</span>}} in the font "Urdu Typesetting".]]
* Windows 8 was the first version of Microsoft Windows to have native Nastaliq support, through Microsoft's "Urdu Typesetting" font.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.siao2.com/2011/11/16/10237715.aspx|title=The evolving Story of Locale Support, part 9: Nastaleeq vs. Nastaliq? Either way, Windows 8 has got it!|publisher=MSDN Blogs|access-date=2013-03-24}}</ref>

[[File:Noto Nastaliq 2020-05-30 004037.png|140px|thumb|Text: {{nq|1=<span style="line-height:2.5;">{{raise|0.1em|نستعلیق}}</span>}} in the font "Noto Nastaliq".]]
* Google has an open-source Nastaliq font called [[Noto fonts|Noto Nastaliq Urdu]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.google.com/get/noto/#nastaliq-aran|title = Google Noto Fonts}}</ref> Apple provides this font on all Mac installations since macOS High Sierra. Likewise, Apple has carried this font on iOS devices since iOS 11.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1514433/apple-finally-enables-nastaleeq-typeface-urdu-keyboard-ios-11/ |website=The Express Tribune |title=Apple finally enables Nastaleeq typeface for Urdu keyboard in iOS 11|date=23 September 2017}}</ref>
* [[Awami Nastaliq]] features a more extensive character set than most Nastaliq typefaces, supporting: [[Urdu]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Persian language|Persian]], Khowar, Palula, Saraiki, Shina.<ref>{{cite web|title=What is Special About Awami Nastaliq? |url=http://software.sil.org/awami/what-is-special/|website=Awami Nastaliq, SIL Language Technology }}</ref>
* [[Amar Nastaleeq]] was created for [[Embedded OpenType|web embedding]] on [[Urdu]] websites in 2013. The font was announced by Urdu poet [[Fahmida Riaz]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/fahmidariaz/status/403607540698578944|title=Amar Nastaleeq Font for Urdu Web Publishing|first=fahmida|last=Riaz|website=Twitter |date=21 November 2013}}</ref>

{{Clear}}

== Letter forms ==
The ''Nastaliq'' style uses more than three general forms for many letters,<ref>{{cite web|last1=FWP|title=Urdu: some thoughts about the script and grammar, and other general notes for students assembled from years of classroom notes by FWP, 2006 onward. |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html|website=Columbia University in the City of New York |access-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406004235/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/index.html|archive-date=2023-04-06}}</ref><ref name="Scanned table">{{cite web|title=The chart below gives the different positional variants of some of the significantly different letters. - Environment |url=http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif|via=Columbia University in the City of New York |access-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407145904if_/http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00urdu/urduscript/graphics/naimchart.gif|archive-date=2023-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> even in non-decorative documents. For example, most documents written in [[Urdu]] use the ''Nastaliq'' style.

==In Unicode==
{{see also|Arabic (Unicode block)}}
Nastaliq is not separately encoded in [[Unicode]] as it is a particular style of Arabic script and not a writing system in its own right. Nastaliq letterforms are produced by choosing a Nastaliq [[font]] to display the text.

== See also ==
* [[Islamic calligraphy]]
* [[Persian calligraphy]]
* [[Shahmukhi|Shahmukhi script]]
* [[Urdu alphabet]]
* [[Ruqʿah script]]
* [[Chalipa]] panel

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book|last=Blair|year=2008|first=Sheila|author-link=Sheila Blair|title=Islamic Calligraphy|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0748612123|ref={{SfnRef|Blair}}}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Nastaliq}}
* [https://khattaatt.com/blogs/arabic-calligraphy-blog/nastaliq-script-the-poetic-flow-of-arabic-calligraphy KHATTAATT]: Nastaliq Script: The Poetic Flow of Arabic Calligraphy
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304133208/http://rumicode.com/greetings-info-fa.html Rumicode]: Online Service For {{transliteration|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy
* [http://www.nastaliqonline.ir/ Nastaliq Online]: Online Service For {{transliteration|fa|Nastaliq}} Calligraphy
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060207192912/http://anjomankhoshnevisan.ir/en/ Iranian Calligraphers Association]
* [http://www.sil.org/computing/catalog/show_software.asp?id=32 Nastaliq Writer] for Macintosh by [[SIL International|SIL]]
* [http://www.inpage.com/ InPage Urdu]: Official InPage Urdu DTP software site
* [http://www.faiznastaliq.com/ Faiz Nastaliq]: Official Faiz {{transliteration|fa|Nastaliq}} site
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120608004825/http://www.calligraphyislamic.com/ Profiles and works of World Islamic calligraphy] {{in lang|fr}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100928182912/http://www.wegoiran.com/iran-information/iran-culture/nastaliq-script-persian-calligraphy.htm Nastaliq Script {{!}} Persian Calligraphy]
* [http://software.sil.org/awami/ Awami Nastaliq]: A Nastaliq font by SIL International
{{Islamic calligraphy}}
{{Arabic language}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nastaliq Script}}
[[Category:Islamic calligraphy]]
[[Category:Persian calligraphy]]
[[Category:Persian orthography]]
[[Category:Urdu calligraphy]]
[[Category:Iranian inventions]]
[[Category:Handwriting script]]

Valmik Thapar

2026-03-18T09:54:38Z

Mazzulah Peel: quick rework structure based on references and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Indian conservationist (1952–2025)}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Valmik Thapar
| image = Valmik thapar 200.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year|1952}}
| birth_place = [[New Delhi]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and given age|2025|5|31|73|df=y}}
| death_place = New Delhi, India
| spouse = [[Sanjana Kapoor]]
| known_for = ''[[Land of the Tiger]]'' (1997)
| occupation = {{hlist|Wildlife documentary filmmaker|conservationist|[[natural history|natural historian]]}}{{force singular}}
| children = Hamir Thapar
| education = [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi]] (BA)
| father = [[Romesh Thapar]]
| relatives = [[Romila Thapar]] (aunt)<br/>[[Daya Ram Thapar]] (grandfather)<br/>[[Pran Nath Thapar]] (great-uncle)
}}

'''Valmik Thapar''' (1952 – 31 May 2025) was an Indian [[natural history|naturalist]], conservationist and writer.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/11/25201205/A-message-in-bold-stripes.html|title = Archives Top and Latest News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/84093/|title = Why Valmik Thapar Needs a Plan B|date = 18 December 2005}}</ref> He was the author of 14 books and several articles, and was the producer of a range of programmes for television.<ref name="tt">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/22169790.cms|title=Tiger, tiger burning bright|date=15 September 2002|work=The Times of India|first1=Nona|last1=Walia|archive-date=3 November 2012|access-date=28 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103060513/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/22169790.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was one of India's most respected wildlife experts and [[conservationists]], having produced and narrated documentaries on India's natural habitat for such media as the [[BBC]], [[Animal Planet]], [[Discovery Channel|Discovery]] and [[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]].

==Early life==
Valmik Thapar was born in [[Mumbai|Bombay]] (now Mumbai) to Raj Thapar, who founded the political journal ''Seminar'' in 1959, and [[Romesh Thapar]], a noted journalist and political commentator. Noted Indian historian [[Romila Thapar]] is his aunt.

He married theatre personality [[Sanjana Kapoor]] and the couple had a son, Hamir. Valmik Thapar and his family lived in [[Delhi]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Hamir-spells-sonrise-for-Sanjana/articleshow/16379130.cms | work=The Times of India | first1=Anubha | last1=Sawhney | title=Hamir spells sonrise for Sanjana | archive-date=4 November 2012 | access-date=12 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104043625/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi-times/Hamir-spells-sonrise-for-Sanjana/articleshow/16379130.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>

==Career==
Valmik Thapar spent decades following the fortunes of India's tiger population. He was influenced by [[Fateh Singh Rathore]].<ref>
{{citation
|url=http://infochangeindia.org/environment/changemaker/-if-only-indira-gandhi-was-sitting-there-asking-is-that-tiger-safe.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527102408/http://infochangeindia.org/environment/changemaker/-if-only-indira-gandhi-was-sitting-there-asking-is-that-tiger-safe.html
|url-status=usurped
|archive-date=27 May 2011
|title='If only Indira Gandhi was sitting there, asking, is that tiger safe?' Interview with Valmik Thapar
|author= Lalitha Sridhar
|work= News & Features
|publisher=InfoChange India
|date=21 March 2012
}}</ref>

His stewardship of the [[Ranthambore Foundation]] was recognised and he was appointed a member of the [[Project Tiger|Tiger Task Force]] of 2005 by the [[Government of India]]. He criticised the majority Task Force view in his dissent note as excessively focussed on the prospects of co-existence of tigers and humans, which was, in his view not consistent with the objective of the panel.
[[File:Panthera tigris tigris in Bandhavgarh National Park, 2006-05.jpg|thumb|200px| A tiger in India's Bandhavgarh reserve in 2006]]

His writings have analysed the perceived failure of [[Project Tiger]], a conservation apparatus created in 1973 by the Government of India.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/12/02/stories/2008120250031400.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Showcasing the big cat | date=2 December 2008 | archive-date=9 November 2013 | access-date=12 December 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109140512/http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/12/02/stories/2008120250031400.htm | url-status=live }}</ref> He critiqued Project Tiger, drawing attention to its mismanagement by a forest bureaucracy that is largely not scientifically trained. His last book ''The Last Tiger'' (Oxford University Press) makes this case strongly.

Among the consistent criticisms levelled by Thapar at India's Ministry of Environment and Forests one relating to its unwillingness to curb [[poaching]] through armed patrols and its refusal to open forests to scholarly scientific enquiry.

His famous relationship with 'Macchli', a tigress, is documented in some of his chronicles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov64.htm|title=Animal Planet features special series on Indian Wildlife – 'India Revealed'|date=6 November 2004|access-date=12 December 2010|archive-date=22 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622072856/http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k4/nov/nov64.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Thapar's most cherished tigers are highlighted in the BBC documentary film ''My Tiger Family''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mikebirkhead.com/MyTigerFamily.html|title=My Tiger Family – BBC Documentary|date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

== View on Ranthambore Tiger T24 transfer to Zoo ==
As per the Hindustan Times

Joining the debate on the fate of [[T-24 (tiger)|T-24]] (Ustad), Valmik Thapar, one of India's most respected wildlife experts and conservationists, said relocating Ustad was the best option: “In my 40 years of experience of the tigers of Ranthambore, T-24 is the most dangerous tiger I have ever encountered. He killed four people, including two forest guards and two locals. The local villagers were partly eaten. The forest guards were not eaten because their bodies were retrieved keeping the tiger at bay.

“After the first two kills I had suggested that this tiger be relocated to a captive enclosure but the tiger was given the benefit of the doubt. Later, two forest personnel have had to sacrifice their lives as a result. T-24 (9-years-old) territory included the path pilgrims take to and around the sacred Ganesha temple and [[Ranthambore Fort|Ranthambore fort]]. This last kill took place at the entry point of pilgrims and in daylight.

“The forest department and the [[government of Rajasthan]] have successfully relocated a man killing and eating tiger to a one [[hectare]] enclosure in Udaipur where he has eaten and is calm and where he will spend his last years. By doing this they have made Ranthambore safer for the forest guards who patrol and the tens of thousands of pilgrims who walk.

“Our feelings today must be for the families who suffered tragically in these five years that have gone by. It is for these families that we need to collect money and help. Any person or group who believed that he should have not been relocated would have to bear the responsibility on their shoulders for the next human kill and the accelerating conflict that could result. T-24 was given the maximum benefit of doubt that any man-eating tiger has ever got in recent Indian history.”

[https://web.archive.org/web/20150520000527/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ustad-is-dangerous-should-be-in-captivity-wildlife-expert/article1-1348609.aspx]

==Death==
Thapar was diagnosed with cancer in 2024, and died at his home in [[New Delhi]], on 31 May 2025, at the age of 73.<ref>[https://indianexpress.com/article/india/valmik-thapar-conservationist-india-tiger-dies-at-73-10039834/ Valmik Thapar, conservationist and chronicler of India’s tigers, dies at 73]</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=Neha Sinha |title=Valmik Thapar, iconic tiger crusader & wilds roaring voice, falls silent at 73 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/valmik-thapar-iconic-tiger-crusader-wilds-roaring-voice-falls-silent-at-73/ |website=The Tribune |access-date=1 June 2025 |language=en-in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Dutt |first1=Bahar |title=Valmik Thapar: The Man Who Made Tiger Conservation an Aspirational Brand |url=https://www.thequint.com/opinion/valmik-thapar-the-man-who-gave-the-tiger-its-roar-obituary |website=TheQuint |language=en |date=31 May 2025}}</ref>

==Selected television works==
*''Tiger Crisis (1994)''
*''[[Land of the Tiger]] (1997)''
*''Tigers' Fortress (2000)''
*''Danger in Tiger Paradise (2002)''
*''Search for Tigers (2003)''
*''My Tiger Family (2024)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00220f1 | publisher=BBC Two |title=My Tiger Family }}</ref>''

==Bibliography==
;Books by Valmik Thapar

# With Tigers in the Wild, Vikas Publishing, Delhi
# Tiger: Portrait of a Predator, Collins UK
# Tigers: The Secret Life, Hamish Hamilton, Penguin, UK
# The Tiger's Destiny, Kyle Ceathie, UK
# The Land of the Tiger: A Natural History of the Indian Subcontinent, BBC Publishing, UK
# The Secret Life of Tigers, Oxford University Press, Delhi
# Tiger, Wayland, UK
# Wild Tigers of Ranthambhore, Oxford University Press, India
# Bridge of God: 20 Days in the Masai Mara, Private
# The Cult of the Tiger, Oxford University Press, India
# Tiger: The Ultimate Guide, Two Brothers Press, USA
# The Last Tiger, Oxford University Press, India
# The Illustrated Tigers of India, Oxfpord University Press, India
# Ranthambhore: 10 Days in the Tiger Fortress, Oxford University Press, India
# Tigers and the Banyan Tree, Private
# An African Diary: 12 Days in Kenya's Magical Wilderness, Oxford University Press, India
# The Tiger: Soul of India, Oxford University Press, India
# Tigers, My Life: Ranthambhore and Beyond, Oxford University Press, India
# My Life with Tigers: Ranthambhore and Beyond, Oxford University Press, India
# Tigers in the Emerald Forest: Ranthambhore after the Monsoon, Oxford University Press, India Tiger Fire, Aleph Publishing, India
# Tiger Fire: 500 Years of the Tigers in India, Aleph Publishing, India
# Wild Fire: The Splendours of India's Animal Kingdom, Aleph Publishing, India
# Winged Fire: A Celebration of Indian Birds, Aleph Publishing, India
# Living with Tigers, Aleph Publishing, India
# Serengeti Magic, Private
# Serengeti Tales, Private
# Saving Wild India: A Blueprint for Change, Aleph Publishing, India

;Books co-authored by Valmik Thapar
# With Tigers in the Wild with Fateh Singh Rathore and Tejbir Singh, Vikas Publishing, Delhi
# Tigers and Tigerwallahs with Jim Corbett, Billy Arjan Singh, Geoffrey C. Ward and Diane Raines Ward, Oxford University Press, Delhi
# Exotic Aliens with Romila Thapar and Yusuf Ansari, Aleph Publishing

;Books edited by Valmik Thapar
# Saving Wild Tigers, 1900–2000: The Essential Writings, Permanent Black, India
# Battling for Survival, Oxford University Press, India

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name| 2838280}}
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20070604172434/http://www.discoverwild.org/vthapar.html The tiger in India: 'There is a war going on'− An exclusive interview with Valmik Thapar by the Discoverwild Foundation]}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050414154444/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050409/asp/weekend/story_4566921.asp Report on Valmik Thapar from The Telegraph, India]
* {{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20030819135106/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2003/06/02/stories/2003060200050100.htm The Hindu's Metroplus on Valmik Thapar]}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thapar, Valmik}}
[[Category:1952 births]]
[[Category:2025 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian conservationists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian historians]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian non-fiction environmental writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian zoologists]]
[[Category:People from New Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:People from Delhi]]
[[Category:Kapoor family]]
[[Category:Kendal family|Valmik Thapar]]
[[Category:Thapar family (Pran Nath Thapar)|Valmik Thapar]]
[[Category:Deaths from cancer in India]]
[[Category:Indian naturalists]]
[[Category:Indian environmentalists]]
[[Category:Indian television producers]]
[[Category:Indian television presenters]]
[[Category:People from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Indian science writers]]
[[Category:Indian environmental writers]]

Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein 2

2026-03-09T08:16:58Z

Mazzulah Peel: Stub

{{short description|Indian drama television series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein 2.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Drama (film and television)|Drama]]
| creator =
| based_on = 
| developer =
| starring = {{ubl|[[Vin Rana]]|[[:simple:Ashish Dixit|Ashish Dixit]]| [[Trupti Mishra]] }}
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 308
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = Rashmi Sharma
| cinematography =
| editor = 
| camera = Multi-camera 
| runtime = 22–24 minutes
| company = Rashmi Sharma Telefilms
| network = [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2022|10|03|df=yes}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|08|20|df=yes}}
}}

'''''Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein 2''''' ({{Translation|In the Shade of the Eyelashes 2}}) is a Hindi-language Indian [[Drama (film and television)|drama]] television series. Produced by Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, it premiered on 3 October 2022 on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/entertainment/ashish-dixit-says-daily-soaps-attract-audiences-as-they-portray-the-story-of-everyones-homes | title=Ashish Dixit says, 'Daily soaps attract audiences as they portray the story of everyone's homes' }}</ref> It is the second installment of ''[[Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]'', starring [[Vin Rana]] and Trupti Mishra in lead roles.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/trupti-mishra-on-being-a-part-of-season-2-of-palkon-ki-chhaon-mein-443058 | title=Trupti Mishra on being a part of Season 2 of Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein }}</ref> It formerly starred Ashish Dixit in lead role.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/heres-the-reason-why-ashish-dixit-quit-parineetii-for-the-remake-of-rehna-hai-teri-palkon-ki-chhaon-mein/articleshow/94004619.cms | title=Here's the reason why Ashish Dixit quit Parineetii for the remake of Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Maheshwri | first1=Neha }}</ref> It ended on 20 August 2023.

==Synopsis==
This is the story of Suman, a young orphaned woman, whose dreams of finding family and love come true when she gets a chance to be a part of an extremely lovable and traditional joint family.

Suman lives in a girls' hostel with her best friend Nandini, who hails from a rich, traditional and loving family. Nandini's mother Surabhi meets Suman and decides that this girl will be her future daughter-in-law. Suman meets Surabhi's son Nandan and they take a sudden liking for each other. To Suman's shock, it is revealed that she has been chosen for Anshuman, Nandan's elder stepbrother. Suman is in a dilemma: She has to choose between her love for Nandan and the feelings of a family which has treated her like a daughter.

After facing many difficulties, Nandan and Suman get married. On the way the brakes on their car fail. Nandan shoves Suman out but is unable to get out himself. The car dives into a waterfall and Nandan is presumed dead. After that, the whole family begins to hate Suman, except for Anshuman and his new fiancée Tanya. But even Tanya becomes an enemy when she sees that Anshuman cares for Suman.

Meanwhile, Suman goes through many trials and tribulations. After a long time, she is once again accepted by her in-laws. By now, she and Anshuman are in love. They get married with the blessings of the family.

== Cast ==
===Main===
* [[Vin Rana]] as [[Anshuman Jha]]: Chanda and Mithilesh's son; Surabhi's stepson; Aarati's elder cousin; Nandan and Nandini's elder half-brother; Suman's husband; Sandhya's ex–husband; Devakinandan's elder grandson (2022–2023)
* [[Trupti Mishra]] as Suman Anshuman Jha / Suman Nandan Jha (née Upadhyay): Shikar's younger sister, Nandan's ex–wife; Anshuman's wife (2022–2023)
* [[Ashish Dixit]] as Nandan Jha: Surabhi and Mithilesh's son; Anshuman's younger half-brother; Aarati's younger cousin; Nandini's twin brother, Suman and Amoli's ex–husband; Aanchal's husband; Tanya's fake husband; Devakinandan's younger grandson (2022–2023)

===Recurring===
* [[Jaya Ojha]] as Surabhi Mithilesh Jha: Mithilesh's wife; Nandan and Nandini's mother; Anshuman’s stepmother; Suman's mother-in-law (2022–2023)
* [[Jaya Bhattacharya]] as Manorama Madhusudan Jha: Madhusudan's wife; Surabhi's elder sister; Aarati's mother; Baby Suman's maternal grandmother (2022–2023)
* Raj Premi as Devakinandan 'Rai Bahaddur' Jha: Mithilesh and Madhusudan's father; Aarati, Anshuman, Nandan, Nandini and Bachcha's grandfather; Surabhi, Manorama and Uma's father–in–law; Suman and Aanchal's grandfather–in–law (2022–2023)
* [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/sara-khan-joins-palkho-ki-chhanv-mein-2-team-455449 | title=Sara Khan joins Palkho Ki Chhanv Mein 2 team }}</ref> as Tanya Rastogi: Anshuman's ex-fiancée; Nandan's fake wife; Suman's rival (2022–2023)
* [[Vishal Nayak]] as Sirish Bharadwaj (2023) (Dead)
* [[Seema Azmi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/seemakazi-urmila-on-being-part-of-palkon-ki-chhavn-mein-season-2-448462 | title=SeemaKazi Urmila on being part of 'Palkon Ki Chhavn Mein' Season 2 }}</ref> as Urmila Upadhyay: Suman's aunt "Mami" (2022–2023)
* Sandeep Mehta as Mithilesh Jha: Devakinandan's younger son; Madhusudan's younger brother; Surabhi's husband; Chanda's ex-boyfriend; Anshuman, Nandan and Nandini's father (2022–2023)
* Sheetal Ranjankar / Nazre Inayat Khan as Dr. Nandini Jha: Mithilesh and Surabhi's daughter; Aarati's younger cousin; Nandan's twin sister; Anshuman's younger half-sister; Devakinandan's younger granddaughter (2022–2023) / (2023)
* [[Rajesh Puri]] as Mr. Upadhyay: Suman's grandfather; Urmila's father–in–law (2022–2023)
* Lavneesh Dutta / Hritik Yadav as Shikhar: Suman's brother; Nandini's husband (2022) / (2023)
* [[Mehul Nisar]] as Mr. Upadhyay: Suman's maternal uncle; Urmila's husband (2022–2023)
* Ashank Singh as Saurabh Bharadwaj: Aarati's former husband; Jaykant's son; Baby Suman's father (2022–2023)
* Alka Singh as Aarati Jha (formerly Bharadwaj): Manorama and Madhusudan's daughter; Uma's stepdaughter; Bachcha's elder half-sister; Anshuman's younger cousin; Nandan and Nandini's elder cousin; Saurabh's former wife; Baby Suman's mother; Devakinandan's elder granddaughter (2022–2023)
* Rajan Verma as Ketari
* Ram Awana as Jaykant Bharadwaj: Saurabh's father; Aarati's father–in–law (2022)
* Meena Mir as
**Jagrani: Chanda's look–alike; Leader of Human Trafficking gang (2023)
** Chanda: Anshuman's biological mother; Mithilesh's ex-girlfriend (2023)
* Nidhi Bhavsar as Amoli Nandan Jha: A tribal girl who saved Suman's life; Nandan's ex–wife (2023)
* Gulzar Khan as Amoli's mother (2023)
* Sejal Jaiswal as Aanchal Nandan Jha: Nandan's wife; Sandhya and Maya's younger sister (2023)
* Alan Kapoor as Dr. Rajeev Roy: Mahima's son (2023)
* Poonam Dwivedi as Nurse (2023)
* Apeksha Malviya as Advocate Sandhya Anshuman Jha: Aanchal's elder sister; Maya's younger sister; Anshuman's ex–wife (2023)
* Chitrapama Banerjee as Mahima Roy: Rajeev's mother (2023)
* [[Deepshikha Nagpal]] as Maya: Sandhya and Aanchal's elder sister; Rinky's mother (2023)
* as Rinky: Maya's daughter (2023)
* Amar Sharma as Madhusudan Jha: Devakinandan's elder son; Mithilesh's elder brother; Manorama and Uma's husband; Aarati and Bachcha's father; Baby Suman's maternal grandfather; Anshuman, Nandan and Nandini's paternal uncle; Saurabh's former father–in–law; Suman's family’s murderer (2023)
* Aryan Hasan as Bhola: Maya's bodyguard (2023)
* Sangeeta Kapure as Uma Manorama Jha: Madhusudhan's second wife; Bachcha's mother; Aarati's stepmother (2023)
* Rahul Patel as Bachcha Jha: Madhusudan and Uma's son; Manorama's stepson; Aarati's younger half-brother (2023)

===Cameo appearances===
* Sonal Khilwani as Bindiya Abhay Bharadwaj from ''[[Bindiya Sarkar]]'' (2023)

==Production==
The show title is based on the 1977 film ''[[Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein]]''. The shooting of the series began in September 2022, some initial sequences were also shot at [[Indore]] and [[Ujjain]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.agniban.com/tv-serial-will-be-shot-in-indore-from-next-week/ | title=इंदौर में अगले हफ्ते से टीवी सीरियल होगा शूट | date=16 September 2022 }}</ref>

[[Ashish Dixit]], [[Vin Rana]] and Trupti Mishra were cast as lead.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.mid-day.com/entertainment/television-news/article/trupti-mishra-on-being-part-of-palkon-ki-chhaon-mein-23251299 | title=Trupti Mishra on being part of 'Palkon ki Chhaon Mein' | date=19 October 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ashish-dixit-to-star-in-rehna-hai-teri-palkon-ki-chhaon-mein-remake/articleshow/93972461.cms | title=Ashish Dixit to star in 'Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein' remake - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> [[Sara Khan (actress, born 1989)|Sara Khan]] was cast to portray the negative lead and joined by Vishal Nayak.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/sara-khan-joins-the-cast-of-rehna-hai-teri-palkon-ki-chhaon-mein-2/articleshow/95770203.cms | title=Sara Khan joins the cast of Rehna Hai Teri Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein 2 - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/vishal-nayak-to-play-a-negative-character-in-palkon-ki-chhaon-mein-2/articleshow/96367056.cms | title=Vishal Nayak to play a negative character in Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein 2 - Times of India | website=[[The Times of India]] | last1=Maheshwri | first1=Neha }}</ref>

''Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein 2'' promos were released in September 2022. It premeried on 3 October 2022 on [[Dangal (TV channel)|Dangal TV]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/lifestyle/time-for-diwali-dangal-wali-443949 | title=Time for Diwali Dangal Wali }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of programmes broadcast by Dangal TV]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{Official website}}
* {{IMDb title}}
* [https://www.dangalplay.com/shows/palkon-ki-chhaon-mein-2 ''Palkon Ki Chhaon Mein 2''] on Dangal Play
{{Portal bar|India|Television}}

[[Category:2022 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Hindi-language television shows]]
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]
[[Category:Dangal TV original programming]]

Payana

2026-03-03T21:46:13Z

Mazzulah Peel: Stub - done

{{No plot|date=February 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Payana
| image = Payana film poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official poster
| native_name = 
| director = Kiran Govi
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = C. Venkatesh
| starring = [[Ravishankar Gowda]] <br />Ramanithu Chaudhary
| narrator =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| studio = 
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2008|10|17}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Payana''''' ({{translation|Journey}}) is a 2008 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film directed by Kiran Govi and starring [[Ravishankar Gowda]] and Ramanithu Chaudhary.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Ravishankar Gowda]] as Ravishankar
*Ramanithu Chaudhary as Kaveri
*[[Sarath Babu]] as Kaveri's father
*[[Chitra Shenoy]]
*[[Rangayana Raghu]]
*[[Mandya Ramesh]]
*[[Bullet Prakash]]
*[[Shivaram]]
*Jayalakshmi
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
*[[Michael Madhu]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/ae/album/payana-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/668631166|title=Payana (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|date=2008|work=[[Apple Music]]|access-date=2023-04-26|archive-date=2023-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426071359/https://music.apple.com/ae/album/payana-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/668631166|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 33:41
| title1 = Chandira Muduva
| extra1 = [[Shaan (singer)|Shaan]]
| length1 = 4:41
| title2 = Gap Chip
| extra2 = [[Sonu Nigam]], Suma Shastri
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Jaare Jaare
| extra3 = [[Vani Harikrishna]], V. Harikrishna
| length3 = 4:22
| title4 = Lovela Lovela
| extra4 = [[L. N. Shastri]]
| length4 = 4:11
| title5 = Manasa Gange
| extra5 = Sonu Nigam
| length5 = 5:07
| title6 = Modala Olage
| extra6 = Sonu Nigam
| length6 = 6:02
| title7 = Yekanthada Mouna
| extra7 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]]
| length7 = 4:34
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote that "The Kannada film ''Payana'' starts on a promising note and ends in a fantastic climax. It has some interesting sequences in the middle too".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssp1/20081017.htm|title=A feel good romance|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=17 October 2008|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423003402/https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/ssp1/20081017.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' wrote that "'Payana' is a must watch, feel-good film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/payana-a-feelgood-romantic-story-kannada-film-review_8852|title='Payana' a feel-good romantic story (Kannada Film Review)|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|via=India Forums|date=18 October 2008|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423003403/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/payana-a-feelgood-romantic-story-kannada-film-review_8852|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bangalore Mirror]]'' wrote that "Except for the songs, though they look like remixed versions of Mungaaru Male, there is nothing worthwhile in the film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/payana-long-tedious-journey/articleshow/22382285.cms|title=Payana: Long, tedious journey|work=[[Bangalore Mirror]]|date=18 October 2008|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423003402/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/payana-long-tedious-journey/articleshow/22382285.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''Indiaglitz'' wrote that "Slash 40 minutes of the film and you could watch this one".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/payana-review-malayalam-movie-9734|title=Payana Review|date=18 October 2008|work=Indiaglitz|access-date=23 April 2023|archive-date=23 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423003403/https://www.indiaglitz.com/payana-review-malayalam-movie-9734|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

*{{IMDb title|id=tt14252760}}

[[Category:2008 films]]
[[Category:2008 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2008 Indian films]]

Marupakkam

2026-03-03T04:59:52Z

Mazzulah Peel: made basic article w/ infobox

{{short description|1990 film by K. S. Sethumadhavan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Marupakkam
| image = Marupakkam (The Other Side).JPG
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
| screenplay = K. S. Sethumadhavan
| based_on = {{based on|''Uchi Veyyil'' |[[Indira Parthasarathy]]}}
| starring = [[Sivakumar]]<br />[[Radha (actress)|Radha]]<br />[[Jayabharathi]]
| cinematography = D. Vasanth Kumar
| editing = G. Venkitaraman
| music = [[L. Vaidyanathan]]
| studio = {{plainlist|
* [[National Film Development Corporation of India]]
* [[Doordarshan]]
}}
| released = {{film date|1992|3|6|theatrical|df=y}}
| runtime = 85 minutes<ref name="38thaward" />
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}12 lakh
}}

'''''Marupakkam''''' ({{langx|en|The Other Side|italic=yes}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] written and directed by [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]]. An adaptation of the Tamil novella ''Uchi Veyyil'' by [[Indira Parthasarathy]], the film stars [[Sivakumar]], [[Radha (actress)|Radha]], and [[Jayabharathi]]. Its music is composed by [[L. Vaidyanathan]].

At the [[38th National Film Awards]], ''Marupakkam'' won three [[National Film Awards]], including the Golden Lotus Award for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]], making it the first Tamil film to win in that category. The film was featured at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 2003 as part of a retrospective tribute to Sethumadhavan.

== Plot ==
Ambi, who lives in Delhi with his [[Christianity in Tamil Nadu|Christian]] wife Sweetie, arrives at [[Kumbakonam]] to meet his father Vembu Iyer who recently suffered a stroke and was paralysed after getting a message that Ambi separated from his wife. Ambi, feeling guilty, comes to see his father. A few weeks earlier, Ambi, who married Sweetie, came with her to meet his orthodox [[Brahmin]] parents Vembu and Janaki. Vembu insulted Sweetie and, unable to accept it, she decided to return immediately to Delhi and forced Ambi to leave with her. At Delhi, they continued quarrelling over it and finally separated. When Vembu got the news, he was upset and suffered a stroke. In the present, the doctor recognises that there is another side to Vembu's life. His son's separation from his wife reminded him of his separation from his beloved first wife Avayam. Slowly, Ambi understands that his father is longing to see has erstwhile wife, because though paralysed, Vembu keeps tapping his fingers as steps for a dance. Vembu now recollects his past.

Vembu and Avayam loved each other and got married against the wishes of Vembu's mother. While Vembu sang well, Avayam sang and danced well. Both kept enjoying their singing and dancing, which was not liked by Vembu's mother whose husband abandoned her for a dancer many years back. Avayam's continued interest in singing and dancing angered her, and she accused Avayam of behaving like a prostitute. When Avayam protested, Vembu slapped her and threw her out of his house for opposing his mother, whom he respected dearly. Avayam walked out and filed for divorce. In court, Vembu accused her of moral turpitude to justify the divorce petition, which hurt Avayam deeply and they got separated. Though separated, Vembu felt guilty of wrongly accusing Avayam.

Ambi's friend Murthy proposes that Ambi should bring Avayam so that his father can see her once before he dies. However, Janaki refuses. When Vembu's situation deteriorates. the doctor and others feel that his hours are numbered and is awaiting his death. However, Vembu hangs on to life. Murthy learns that Avayam Is now a famous dancer named Chitralekha and goes to meet her. In the meanwhile, knowing Vembu's grave condition, Sweetie returns home in traditional attire and seeks forgiveness from Janaki and Vembu. Janaki is happy that her daughter-in-law is back and Vembu is also happy, but still not satisfied. That is when Murthy brings Avayam. Looking at Avayam, Vembu is excited and feels relieved that she has forgiven him. Avayam holds Vembu's hand tightly, which was tapping all along awaiting her return.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Sivakumar]] as Vembu Iyer
*[[Radha (actress)|Radha]] as Avayam<ref name="upperstall" />
*[[Jayabharathi]] as Janaki<ref name="upperstall" />
*Sekar as Ambi<ref name="upperstall" />
*[[Achamillai Gopi|Gopi]] as Murthy{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=316}}
*Veeraraghavan as the doctor{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=316}}
*Yuvashree as Sweetie{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=316}}
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
As a fan of [[Indira Parthasarathy]]'s stories, [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] filmmaker [[K. S. Sethumadhavan]] approached him with a desire to adapt his novel ''Vendhu Tanindha Kaadugal'' for the screen; Parthasarathy however suggested the novella ''Uchi Veyil'', and Sethumadhavan, who had read the story before, read it again and agreed to make it into a film.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 1991 |title=Quest for change... and an urge to accept challenge |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910518&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=19, 22 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The title ''Uchi Veyil'' could not be retained due to a different film with the [[Uchi Veyil|same name]] already having released in 1990, so ''Marupakkam'' was chosen.<ref name="Kumbakonam flavour" /> The film was produced by the [[National Film Development Corporation of India]] and [[Doordarshan]],<ref name="poster" /> Sethumadhavan, in addition to directing, also wrote the screenplay. Cinematography was handled by D. Vasanth Kumar, and editing by G. Venkitaraman, while the background music was composed by [[L. Vaidyanathan]].<ref name="38thaward" />

=== Casting and filming ===
When offered the role of Vembu Iyer by Sethumadhavan, [[Sivakumar]], who had read the source material, readily accepted as he thought it would be a challenging role. He consulted dentists in deciding for his make-up.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 1991 |title=Disappointed but not dejected |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=coJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=572%2C604830 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230407104506/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=coJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gJ4NAAAAIBAJ&pg=572,604830 |archive-date=7 April 2023 |access-date=9 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=22 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> Though the story is primarily set in Kumbakonam, the film was shot in Madras.<ref name="Kumbakonam flavour" /> Made on a shoestring budget of ₹12 lakh (worth ₹2.7 crore in 2021 prices),<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 February 2019 |title=சிவகுமார் நடித்த தேசிய விருது பெற்ற படம் – மறுபக்கம் |trans-title=Sivakumar acted in a National Award winning film – The Other Side |url=https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2019/02/17230436/1228226/cinima-history-sivakumar.vpf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191104044625/https://cinema.maalaimalar.com/cinema/cinehistory/2019/02/17230436/1228226/cinima-history-sivakumar.vpf |archive-date=4 November 2019 |access-date=4 November 2019 |work=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=Tamil}}</ref> filming was completed in 14 days.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=317}}

== Accolades ==
''Marupakkam'' won three awards at the [[38th National Film Awards]] which took place in 1991: Golden Lotus Award for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]], Silver Lotus Award for [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]] (Sethumadhavan), and Silver Lotus Award for [[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Jury Award / Special Mention]] (Jayabharathi).<ref name="38thaward" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 1991 |title=The other side |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910518&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=19 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> It was the first Tamil film to win the Best Film award.{{Sfn|Baskaran|2013|page=164}} Sivakumar was a strong contender for the [[National Film Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role]], but lost to [[Amitabh Bachchan]] for ''[[Agneepath (1990 film)|Agneepath]]''.<ref name="upperstall" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=31 March 2017 |title=கடைசி நேரத்தில் சிவகுமாருக்கு கைநழுவிய தேசிய விருது |trans-title=Sivakumar missed his National Award at the last minute |url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/57828/cinema/Kollywood/sivakumar-missed-his-nation-award-because-of-this-reason.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612211410/http://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/57828/cinema/Kollywood/sivakumar-missed-his-nation-award-because-of-this-reason.htm |archive-date=12 June 2017 |access-date=4 November 2019 |work=[[Dinamalar]] |language=ta}}</ref> Sethumadhavan won the Film Fans Association Award for Best Director, and Sivakumar won for Best Character Actor.<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 June 1992 |title=Kamal adjudged best actor for role in ''Guna'' |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920622&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=12 September 2023 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=3 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The film was featured at the [[International Film Festival of India]] in 2003 as part of a retrospective tribute to Sethumadhavan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2003 |title=Tribute paid to Veteram film maker Sethumadhavan |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/tribute-paid-to-veteram-film-maker-sethumadhavan_125240.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20191104060145/https://zeenews.india.com/home/tribute-paid-to-veteram-film-maker-sethumadhavan_125240.html |archive-date=4 November 2019 |access-date=4 November 2019 |website=[[Zee News]]}}</ref>

== Reception ==
''Marupakkam'' was theatrically released on 6 March 1992.<ref name="poster" /> N. Krishnaswamy of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote the following week, "Sethumadhavan's narration is designed to be impressive. Based on Indira Parthasarathy's novella, the script of ''Marupakkam'' tries to be offbeat by withholding information and by cutting back and forth time."<ref>{{Cite news |last=Krishnaswamy |first=N. |date=13 March 1992 |title=Marupakkam |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920313&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=26 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The Tamil magazine ''[[Ananda Vikatan]]'', in a review dated 15 March 1992, applauded ''Marupakkam'' as a sharply focused film on the subject without any diversion with good editing, superb acting, re-recording at the right places and nice presentation. The reviewer said only Sethumadhavan could translate a simple but meaningful story by Indira Parthasarathy into an amazing film like this, and felt more such films like this must come in Tamil cinema.{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=317}} Another Tamil magazine, ''[[Kumudam]]'', called it a "masterpiece" from Sivakumar, and said his career could be divided into two eras: "pre-''Marupakkan'' and post-''Marupakkam''".{{sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|p=317}} Movieman of ''[[Madras Musings]]'' appreciated Sethumadhavan's direction for eschewing "The costumary, loud, artificial theatrics of the usual Kodambakkam Tamil film" while also praising the acting of star cast, Vaidyanathan's background score, Vasanthakumar's cinematography "that make ''Marupakkam'' a fine film at every level".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Movieman |date=1 May 1991 |title=THE BIG ONE, AT LAST! |url=https://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%201/Vol%20I%20-%20No%2002.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629233607/https://madrasmusings.com/older-archives/Vol%201/Vol%20I%20-%20No%2002.pdf |archive-date=29 June 2024 |access-date=5 July 2024 |work=[[Madras Musings]] |pages=4}}</ref>

== References ==
<references>
<ref name="38thaward">{{Cite web |title=38th National Film Festival 1991 |url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105174944/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm38thNFAAward.aspx |archive-date=5 November 2013 |access-date=9 January 2012 |publisher=[[International Film Festival of India]]}}</ref>
<ref name="upperstall">{{Cite web |last=Bali |first=Karan |date=30 November 2017 |title=Marupakkam |url=http://upperstall.com/film/marupakkam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171203105904/http://upperstall.com/film/marupakkam/ |archive-date=3 December 2017 |access-date=3 December 2017 |website=Upperstall.com}}</ref>
<ref name="Kumbakonam flavour">{{Cite news |date=18 May 1991 |title=The Kumbakonam flavour is very much there |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19910518&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=9 August 2020 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=19, 22 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
<ref name="poster">{{Cite news |date=6 March 1992 |title=Marupakkam (The Other Side) |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19920306&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=26 April 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=4 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
</references>

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Baskaran |first=S. Theodore |author-link=S. Theodore Baskaran |title=The Eye Of The Serpent: An Introduction To Tamil Cinema |publisher=Westland |year=2013 |isbn=978-93-83260-74-4 |orig-date=1996}}
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |author-link=G. Dhananjayan |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}

{{K. S. Sethumadhavan}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestFeatureFilm}}

[[Category:1990 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1991 drama films]]
[[Category:1991 films]]
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]
[[Category:Best Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films based on Tamil novels]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. S. Sethumadhavan]]
[[Category:Films scored by L. Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Films whose writer won the Best Original Screenplay National Film Award]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:National Film Development Corporation of India films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Bhagam Bhag

2026-03-03T04:11:19Z

Mazzulah Peel: fixed content per standard format to improve readability

{{Short description|2006 film by Priyadarshan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Bhagam Bhag
| image = BhagamBhag.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Priyadarshan]]
| writer = [[Neeraj Vora]] (screenplay and dialogues)
| story =
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]''|[[Siddique–Lal]]}}
| producer = [[Sunil Shetty]]<br/>[[Dhilin Mehta]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Akshay Kumar]]
* [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]]
* [[Paresh Rawal]]
* [[Jackie Shroff]]
* [[Arbaaz Khan]]
* [[Lara Dutta]]
* [[Rajpal Yadav]]
* [[Shakti Kapoor]]
}}
| music = '''Songs:'''<br>[[Pritam Chakraborty]]<br>'''Background Score:'''<br>[[Salim-Sulaiman]]
| cinematography = [[Jeeva (director)|Jeeva]]
| editing = [[Arun Kumar Aravind|Arun Kumar]]<br />N. Gopalakrishnan
| studio = [[Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision]]<br />Popcorn Entertainment
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2006|12|22}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| language = Hindi
| budget = ₹32 crore<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=284 |title=Bhagam Bhag |website=boxofficeindia.com |access-date=2024-04-10}}</ref>
| gross = ₹67.82 crore<ref name=":0"/>
| country = India
}}
'''''Bhagam Bhag''''' (''{{Translation|Mad rush}}'') is a 2006 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[comedy thriller film]] directed by [[Priyadarshan]] and written by [[Neeraj Vora]]. It was produced by [[Sunil Shetty]] and [[Dhilin Mehta]]. The film stars [[Akshay Kumar]], [[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] and [[Paresh Rawal]] as the three leads alongside [[Lara Dutta]], [[Rajpal Yadav]], [[Jackie Shroff]], [[Arbaaz Khan]], [[Shakti Kapoor]], [[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]], [[Razak Khan]] and [[Asrani]]. The film tells the story of a theatre group which travels to London for a show and need a heroine to complete their play, only to be entangled in a [[murder mystery]] they did not commit, as well as mistakenly becoming the enemies of [[Illegal drug trade|a drug cartel]] and [[Crime in London|a street gang]], in the process.

The film adapted certain subplots of the Malayalam film ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]'' which itself was based on the 1958 film ''[[Vertigo (film)|Vertigo]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-02-17 |title=Best Sequels of Malayalam Cinema, Ranked: From Kireedam To Oru CBI Diary Kurippu |url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/malayalam-features/best-malayalam-movies-on-netflix-amazon-prime-hotstar-sequels-ranked-drishyam-kireedam-oru-cbi-diary-kurippu-for-the-people-mohanlal/ |access-date=2021-08-02 |website=[[Film Companion]] |language=en-US}}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Brahmanandam Drama Company]]'' (2008).<ref>{{cite web |title=Sriramachandrulu films prod. No1 muhurat - Telugu cinema function - Sivaji, Ravi Krishna & Brahmanandam |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/muhurat-srcfilms.html |website=[[idlebrain.com]]}}</ref>

The film was released theatrically on 22 December 2006, during [[Christmas]] holidays and received mixed reviews from critics but was a commercial success and became the [[List of Hindi films of 2006|9th highest-grossing film]] of the year. Over the years after release, it has become a [[Cult film|cult classic]] due to its humour.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Akshay Kumar to reunite with Govinda and Paresh Rawal for 'Bhagam Bhag 2': Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-to-reunite-with-govinda-and-paresh-rawal-for-bhagam-bhag-2-report/articleshow/115028073.cms |access-date=2025-07-12 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Plot==
{{Long plot|date=August 2024}}
Champak Chaturvedi runs a [[theatrical troupe]] in India. His two men, Bunty and Babla, are assigned to either play the role of their [[Play (theatre)|play]]'s [[hero]], or the [[villain]]. Both men end up squabbling with each other, as both want the hero's part. Champak finds out that Bunty has harassed the play's heroine, Anjali, and punishes him. The group gets a contract to stage 30 plays in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] by Ravinder Taneja; however, on the day of the departure, Anjali opts out, leaving Champak no alternative but to travel without a heroine, hoping to recruit one while in Britain. Upon arrival in [[London]], Champak declares that whoever brings him a heroine will be given the role of the [[Leading actor|main hero]].

Babla sets about to find a suitable heroine from the [[British Indians|Indian population]]. On the advice of Gullu, a [[Taxi|cab driver]], he goes to a garden where he is followed by Bunty, and the two agree to take the turns in the role of the hero. While there, Bunty and Babla have their [[suitcase]] accidentally switched by two men with one containing [[heroin]], and as a result, both men end up being considered suspects by the [[Metropolitan Police|local police]], whose commissioner is J. D. Mehra. The two men who switched the suitcase are revealed to be working under Manubhai Gandhi, a builder and [[Illegal drug trade|drug smuggler]] who is trying to sell drugs to his buyer, Sher Khan. He and his men immediately suspect the trio to be [[secret police]] after hearing from Sher Khan that his men had been arrested by the police, and comedy ensues whenever Gandhi and his men bump into them. Gullu takes Bunty to two goons, Guru and Hakka, who know a woman who lives in [[Germany]], but they insist to drive there with the two along with all of their men. Not wanting to go along with this condition, the two trick all the goons into exiting the car while they escape, though Guru is still inside the car.

Bunty eventually recruits a woman named Nisha Chauhan a.k.a. "Munni" who suffers from [[Suicidal person|suicidal tendencies]], after she attempts to commit [[Suicide in the United Kingdom|suicide]] in front of their car, with Guru falling out and [[Broken leg|breaking his leg]] in the process. Munni is accepted as the heroine of the play, and through the course of time, both Nisha and Bunty fall in love with each other. Guru and his men find the troupe and chase Bunty to get their revenge, but Bunty escapes, and Hakka accidentally breaks Guru's other leg instead. Nisha's husband, Vikram Chauhan, soon arrives, thanks everyone, and takes his wife back home to [[Liverpool]]. A few days later, Bunty receives a phone call from a frantic Nisha, who tells him to come over immediately. He, along with Champak and Babla, arrive there to find her [[Self-immolation|body in flames]].

Later, Bunty briefly sees Nisha on the streets, but no one believes him. The group ultimately decide to enact a play in which there is no need for a heroine. On the night of the play, a frightened Champak also sees Nisha in the restroom. Suddenly, Vikram bumps into the trio with a gun in his hand, and Bunty accidentally presses the trigger of the gun, killing him. They hide Vikram's body and Champak's bloodstained [[kurta]] in an AC duct to avoid any suspicion. They go on to perform the play, but Vikram's body slides down the vents and falls onto the stage. Mehra, who was present in the audience, investigates the case and finds Champak's kurta and Babla's chain on Vikram's body and has the trio arrested. While the trio is being taken, Gandhi's men throw a grenade in the police car in an attempt to kill them, compelling them to escape.

Bunty suggests that they find Nisha to prove their innocence. After breaking into her house, they find out that Nisha has booked a ticket to [[Mumbai]] under the name of Aditi Desai. They call at the number she registered for booking and find out that another girl named Sheetal, who is a friend of Nisha, has brought the ticket for her. Champak accidentally allows himself to get [[Kidnapping in the United Kingdom|kidnapped]] by Gandhi's men, and they torture him to get the information that they suspect he knows about their drug smuggling business. Meanwhile, Guru and his men take Gullu's taxi, and won't return it until Gullu brings Bunty to them; he is then captured by his boss, the taxi's owner, who threatens he will imprison Gullu if he doesn't retrieve the taxi. Babla and Bunty follow Sheetal to a train station, where they witness her handing the ticket to Nisha. Bunty catches her and chases her to the top of a clocktower, while Babla calls Mehra about their location. Gullu witnesses this and calls Guru to take Bunty and return the taxi, and the taxi owner to take the taxi back. Gandhi also chooses the clocktower as his destination to complete his deal with Khan and asks him to come there.

Nisha reveals to Bunty and Babla that her actual name is Aditi Desai, and she was hired by Vikram Chauhan to act as his real wife, Nisha Chauhan, for sometime, and make everyone believe she had suicidal tendencies in exchange for 25 lakh and a ticket back to India, as she was currently stranded without her [[Indian passport|passport]]. But when her work was done, she witnessed Vikram killing her real wife to [[Extortion|extort money]] from her, and tried to save Nisha but failed to do so; it was the real Nisha who got burnt and died. On the play night, Aditi had come to tell the truth to Bunty and the others, but she was seen by Vikram, who was also there and wanted to kill Aditi for being the only witness in his wife's murder. However, Mehra, in a shocking turn of events, appeared and shot him; he was already wounded when he encountered the trio. Mehra then arrives and tells his side of the story—that he killed Vikram to avenge Nisha, who he reveals was his sister; Vikram drugged her in order to gain control of her wealth [[inheritance]].

Mehra tries to kill Aditi for helping Vikram and being the only witness in his murder, but Gandhi, Khan, and their men (with Champak as their prisoner), Guru and his men (who have kidnapped Taneja as they believe he is Bunty's boss who told him to deceive them), Gullu, and the taxi owner and his men simultaneously arrive, and the convergence causes chaos. In the confusion, Gandhi, who believes everyone present is [[Covert operation|undercover police]], accidentally shoots a hive of bees, who attack and chase everyone (apart from Mehra, who escapes) outside onto the clock on the top floor. A [[London Fire Brigade|fire brigade]] team tries to rescue them, but the mechanical ladder malfunctions from their combined weight and begins to fall apart, sending everyone flying off the ladder and getting injured (except Aditi) as they fall and land in different places. All of them are admitted to the hospital, where Mehra visits Champak's team and Aditi, returns their passports, and surrenders himself to the police.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Akshay Kumar]] as Bunty
*[[Govinda (actor)|Govinda]] as Babla
*[[Paresh Rawal]] as Champak Chaturvedi a.k.a. "Sethji"
*[[Lara Dutta]] as Aditi Desai {{a.k.a.}} "Munni"
*[[Arbaaz Khan]] as Vikram Chauhan, Nisha's husband
*[[Sharat Saxena]] as Fredrick
*[[Asrani]] as Ravinder Taneja
*[[Manoj Joshi (actor)|Manoj Joshi]] as Manubhai "M. G." Gandhi
*[[Rajpal Yadav]] as Gulab Singh Lakhan Singh Haryanewaale aka '' Gullu ''
*[[Jackie Shroff]] as J. D. Mehra, [[Metropolitan Police|London Police]] Commissioner.
*[[Shakti Kapoor]] as Guru
*[[Razak Khan]] as Hakka
*[[Amita Nangia]] as Vaijanti
*[[Gurleen Chopra]] as Nisha Mehra Chauhan (special appearance)
*[[Tanushree Dutta]] as Anjali Singh (cameo appearance)
* [[Prerna Arora]] as Sheetal, Aditi's friend
}}

== Production ==
Shooting took place in [[Oxford]], United Kingdom in July–August 2006, filming at several [[University of Oxford]] landmarks. The film borrows core plot from the Malayalam film ''[[Mannar Mathai Speaking]]''<ref>[http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2006/12/bhagam-bhag-pay-royalty-to-malyalam-film-maker.html "Bhagam Bhag pay royalty to Malyalam film maker"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404155928/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2006/12/bhagam-bhag-pay-royalty-to-malyalam-film-maker.html|date=4 April 2009}}. Realbollywood.com. 13 December 2006.</ref> with certain comedy sub-plot borrowed from ''[[Nadodikattu]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/18-years-of-bhagam-bhag-duo-of-akshay-kumar-govinda-that-had-fans-in-splits/3b705f768d646 | title=18 years of Bhagam Bhag: Duo of Akshay Kumar and Govinda that had fans in splits }}</ref>.The plot twist in the climax was borrowed from the 1999 Marathi thriller ''[[Bindhaast]]'' which Priyadarshan had earlier remade in Tamil as ''[[Snegithiye]]'' and Malayalam as ''[[Raakilipattu]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/KYhiSTqNNAPN9bzm8JlAhP/Ten-Marathi-films-remade-in-other-languages.html|title=Ten Marathi films remade in other languages|first=Lata|last=Jha|date=11 September 2017|website=Livemint}}</ref>The climax comedy sequence was adapted from the 1963 classic ''[[It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World]]''.{{Citation needed|date=June 2025}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Bhagam Bhag
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 18 November 2006
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre =
| length = 60:05
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| prev_title = [[Dhoom 2]]
| prev_year = 2006
| next_title = [[Hattrick (film)|Hattrick]]
| next_year = 2007
}}
{{Track listing
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 60:05
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Sameer (lyricist)|Sameer]]
| all_music = [[Pritam Chakraborty]]
| title1 = Tere Bin
| extra1 = [[Kunal Ganjawala]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| length1 = 5:40
| title2 = Signal
| extra2 = [[Remo Fernandes]], [[Suzanne D'Mello]]
| length2 = 5:00
| title3 = Bhagam Bhag
| extra3 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| length3 = 4:39
| title4 = Afreen
| extra4 = [[KK (singer)|KK]], Sunidhi Chauhan
| length4 = 6:06
| title5 = Signal
| note5 = Remix
| extra5 = Remo Fernandes, Suzanne D'Mello
| length5 = 4:56
| title6 = Tere Bin
| note6 = Remix
| extra6 = Kunal Ganjawala, Sunidhi Chauhan
| length6 = 4:44
| title7 = Afreen
| note7 = Remix
| extra7 = KK, Sunidhi Chauhan
| length7 = 4:47
| title8 = Bhagam Bhag
| note8 = Press Play Mix
| extra8 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| length8 = 4:37
| title9 = Tere Bin
| note9 = Reprised
| extra9 = Kunal Ganjawala, [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length9 = 5:46
| title10 = Bhagam Bhag
| note10 = Ragga Mix
| extra10 = [[Neeraj Shridhar]]
| length10 = 5:01
| title11 = Chal Ud Chalein
| note11 = Run Run
| extra11 = Jojo, Suhail Kaul
| length11 = 4:42
}}
Note: the Soundtrack also contains "Aa Khushi Se Khud Kushi Kar Le", which is the Solo Version Sung by Sunidhi Chauhan, which was not used in the movie, it was Later Remade with Shaan and included in the 2007 film "Darling".
The music for "Afreen" is taken from "[[Heaven on Their Minds]]" from the [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]] and [[Tim Rice]] musical, ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]''.

==Release==
The film was worldwide released on 22 December 2006.

== Reception ==
''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated, "The actors try hard, but the script and the dialogues let them down. Even the situations aren't funny enough, except for a few. Case in point, watch Paresh trying to chew a grenade and Govinda asking for a bite too. Funny!"<ref>{{Citation|title=Bhagam Bhaag Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/bhagam-bhaag/movie-review/903798.cms|access-date=2021-07-09}}</ref> [[Taran Adarsh]] of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and stated, "''Bhagam Bhag'' will be loved for its comedy in the first hour, but the whodunit in the second hour tapers the impact."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hungama|first=Bollywood|title=Bhagam Bhag Review 3/5 {{!}} Bhagam Bhag Movie Review {{!}} Bhagam Bhag 2006 Public Review {{!}} Film Review|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=22 December 2006 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/bhagam-bhag/critic-review/bhagam-bhag-movie-review/|access-date=2021-07-09|language=en}}</ref>

Gullu Singh of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and stated, "The real hero of the film is Kumar. He outshines everyone and has some of the best dialogues in the film. He is a treat to watch."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagam Bhag: Akshay top, Govinda flop|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/dec/22bb.htm|access-date=2021-07-09|website=rediff.com}}</ref> Indu Mirani of ''[[DNA India]]'' gave the film 0.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "Ever since Priyadarshan made ''[[Hera Pheri (2000 film)|Hera Pheri]]'' in 2000, he has been continually repeating the formula. When he doesn't do so, as with ''[[Kyon Ki]]'' (2005), he fails miserably."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mirani|first=Indu|date=2006-12-22|title=Review: Bhagam Bhag|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-review-bhagam-bhag-1070669|access-date=2021-07-09|website=Daily News and Analysis|language=en}}</ref>

== Sequel ==
In November 2024, it was reported that [[Akshay Kumar]] had acquired the rights to ''Bhagam Bhag'' from [[Shemaroo Entertainment|Shemaroo]] and is working on the development of ''Bhagam Bhag 2''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2024 |title=Akshay Kumar to reunite with Govinda and Paresh Rawal for 'Bhagam Bhag 2': Report |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/akshay-kumar-to-reunite-with-govinda-and-paresh-rawal-for-bhagam-bhag-2-report/articleshow/115028073.cms |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2024 |title=EXCLUSIVE: Akshay Kumar set for Bhagam Bhag again with Govinda and Paresh Rawal; Rights acquired for Part 2 |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/box-office/exclusive-akshay-kumar-set-for-bhagam-bhag-again-with-govinda-and-paresh-rawal-acquires-rights-for-part-2-1357046 |access-date=7 November 2024 |website=Pinkvilla}}</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Remakes of films by Alfred Hitchcock]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|0805184}}
{{Ramji Rao Speaking}}{{Priyadarshan}}
{{Authority control|state=expanded}}

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1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election

2026-02-27T21:36:25Z

Mazzulah Peel: expand article per sources further and fixed typos based on references

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}

{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| country = India
| flag_year = 1962
| type = Legislative
| ongoing = no
| party_colour =
| previous_election = 1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| previous_year = 1957
| election_date = {{Start date|1962|02|19}}
| next_election = 1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election
| next_year = 1967
| seats_for_election = 430 seats in the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| majority_seats = 216
| opinion_polls =
| registered = 36,661,578
| turnout = 18,859,667 (51.44%) {{increase}}6.67%
|image_size = 100px

| image1 = Chandrabhanu Gupta 2025 stamp of India.jpg
| leader1 = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
| party1 = Indian National Congress
| alliance1 =
| leader_since1 =
| leaders_seat1 = [[Ranikhet South Assembly constituency|Ranikhet South]]
| last_election1 = 286 seats, 42.42%
| seats1 = '''249'''
| seat_change1 = {{decrease}} 37
| popular_vote1 = '''6,471,669'''
| percentage1 = '''36.33%'''
| swing1 = {{decrease}} 6.09%


| image2 = Oil lamp.svg
| leader2 = [[Yadavendra Dutt Dubey]]
| leader_since2 =
| party2= Bharatiya Jana Sangh
| alliance2 =
| leaders_seat2 =
| seats2 = 49
| last_election2 = 17 seats, 9.84%
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 32
| popular_vote2 = 2,931,809
| percentage2 = 16.46%
| swing2 = {{increase}} 6.62%

| image3 = {{eppt|Praja Socialist Party|height=80|width=80}}
| leader3 =
| party3 = Praja Socialist Party
| alliance3 =
| leader_since3 =
| leaders_seat3 =
| seats3 = 38
| last_election3 = 44 seats, 14.47%
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 6
| popular_vote3 = 2,052,890
| percentage3 = 11.52%
| swing3 = {{decrease}} 2.95%


| map_image =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| title = [[List of Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh|Chief Minister]]
| before_election = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

The 1962 election to the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] in India resulted in the re-election of [[Chandra Bhanu Gupta]] of the [[Indian National Congress]] as [[Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh]]. His election manager Nirmal Chandra Chaturvedi had played a major role in getting him elected.<ref name=CM>{{cite web |url=http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |title=Chief Ministers |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812234844/http://uplegisassembly.gov.in/CHIEF%20MINISTERS.HTM |archive-date=12 August 2013 |publisher=[[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] |access-date=16 January 2022}}</ref> Congress retained a commanding majority despite losing some seats to the [[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]].

==Results by party==
{{Election results
|image=[[File:UP LA 1962.svg]]
|party1=[[Indian National Congress]]|votes1=6471669|sw1={{decrease}}6.09%|seats1=249|sc1={{decrease}}37
|party2=[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]|votes2=2931809|sw2={{increase}}6.62%|seats2=49|sc2={{increase}}32
|party3=[[Praja Socialist Party]]|votes3=2052890|sw3={{decrease}}2.95%|seats3=38|sc3={{decrease}}6
|party4=[[Socialist Party (India, 1948)|Socialist Party]]|votes4=1462359|sw4=|seats4=24|sc4=
|party5=[[Swatantra Party]]|votes5=819748|sw5=''new party''|seats5=15|sc5=''new party''
|party6=[[Communist Party of India]]|votes6=905696|sw6={{increase}}1.25%|seats6=14|sc6={{increase}}5
|party7=[[Republican Party of India]]|votes7=665361|sw7=''new party''|seats7=8|sc7=''new party''
|party8=[[Hindu Mahasabha]]|votes8=188581|sw8=|seats8=2|sc8=
|party9=[[Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad]]|votes9=52290|sw9={{decrease}}0.47%|seats9=0|sc9={{nochange}}
|party10=[[Independent politician|Independents]]|votes10=2263611|sw10={{decrease}}15.97%|seats10=31|sc10={{decrease}}43
|total_sc={{nochange}}
|valid=17814014
|invalid=1045653
|electorate=36661578
}}

==Elected members==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Constituency
!Reserved for<br/>([[Scheduled Castes|SC]]/[[Scheduled Tribes|ST]]/None)
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| Uttarkashi || None || Krishna Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tehri || None || Trepan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoprayag || None || Vinaya Laxmi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ganga Salan || None || Jagmohan Singh Negi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lansdowne || None || Mukandi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Pauri || None || Chandra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kedarnath || None || Gangadhar || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Badrinath || None || Yogeshwar Prasad Khanduri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pithoragarh || None || [[Narendra Singh Bisht]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Champawat || SC || Khushi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Danpur || None || Mohan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Almora || None || Ganga Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ranikhet North || None || Hari Datt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ranikhet South || None || Chandra Bhanu Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Naini Tal || None || Devendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tanakpur || None || [[Anisur Rahman (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Anisur Rahman]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kashipur || None || Debi Datt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Afzalgarh || None || Basant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Najibabad || None || Shri Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Bijnor || None || Satya Vir || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chandpur || None || Nardeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Nagina || None || Govind Sahay || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhampur || None || [[Khub Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Boodpur || SC || Girdhari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kanth || None || Daudayal Khanna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Amroha || None || Sharafat Husain Rizvi || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Hasanpur North || None || Jagdish Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hasanpur South || SC || Sukhan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sambhal || None || Mahmood Hasan Khan || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Bahjoi || None || Bishan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chandausi || None || Narendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bilari || SC || Het Ram || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Moradabad City || None || Halimuddin || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Moradabad Rural || None || Riasat Husain || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Thakurdwara || None || Ram Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Suar Tanda || None || Mahmood Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rampur City || None || Kishwar Ara Begum || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rampur Rural || None || Kalyan Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahabad || SC || Baldeo Singh Arya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bisauli || None || Shive Raj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kot || SC || Kesho Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Islamnagar || None || Surajpal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gunnaur || None || Jugal Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Sahaswan || None || Ulfat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Ujhani || None || Purushotam Lal Badhwar (rajaji) || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Usehat || None || Nirottam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Dataganj || None || Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Budaun || None || Rukum Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aonla || None || Nawal Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sirauli || None || Vaidya Dharam Dutt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baheri || None || Ram Moorti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhojipura || None || Harish Kumar Gangwar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Bareilly City || None || Jagdish Saran Agarwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bareilly Cantonment || None || Mohammad Hussain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sanha || None || Rameshwar Nath Alias Choubey || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Faridpur || SC || Hem Raj || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || Naurang Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pilibhit || None || Ram Roop Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Puranpur || None || Mohan Lal Acharya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bisalpur || SC || Durga Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tilhar || None || Bhagwan Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Khera Bajhera || None || Surendra Vikram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jalalabad || None || Kesho Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jamuar || None || Ram Murti Anchal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shahjahanpur || None || Rafi Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Powayan || None || Raja Vikaram Shah || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Khutar || SC || Kandhai Lal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Nighasan || None || Ram Charan Shah || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Dhaurehra || None || Tej Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kheri || None || Bankata Singh Alias Tunnu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Srinagar || None || Banshidhar Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Palia || SC || Chheda Lal Chudhri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Haiderabad || None || Ram Bhajan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohamdi || SC || Manna Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Misrikh || None || Awadhesh Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Sitapur || None || Sharda Nand || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Laharpur || None || Bipin Behari Tewari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Tambaur || SC || Ganeshi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Biswan || None || Gaya Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Mahmudabad || None || Shivendra Pratap || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Bari || SC || Baiju Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khairabad || None || Tambreshwari Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Machhrehta || SC || Dalla Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gondwa || None || Mohan Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sandila || SC || Pancham || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Mallawan || None || J. P. Mishra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilgram || None || Kalarani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hardoi || None || Mahesh Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gopamau || SC || Parmai || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Shahabad || None || Piarey Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Shiroman Nagar || SC || Pooran Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Pali || None || Bhakt Singh Sarda || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Bangarmau || SC || Sewa Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Safipur || None || Gopi Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Unnao || None || Ziaur Rehman Alias Wakkan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhagwant Nagar || None || Dev Datt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Purwa || None || Ram Adhin Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhalotar Ajgain || None || Sri Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hasanganj || SC || Bhikkha Lal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Malihabad || None || Ram Pal Trivedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahona || SC || Sukh Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Lucknow City East || None || Kishori Lal Agarwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow City Central || None || Mahabir Prasad Srivastava || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow City West || None || Syed Ali Zaheer || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lucknow Cantonment || None || Balak Ram Vaish || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nigohan || None || Vijai Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mohanlalganj || SC || Ram Shanker Ravivasi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bachhrawan || SC || Bhagwan Din (village Jamurwan) || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Inhauna || None || Pashupatinath Saran Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Rae Bareli North || None || Krishna Pal Singh (raja Sudauli) || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Sareni || None || Gudptar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dalmau || None || Mahavir Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rae Bareli South || None || Rati Pal || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Rokha || None || Narendra Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Salon || SC || Pitai || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kunda || None || Niaz Hasan Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhingwas || SC || Ram Swaroop || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pratapgarh South || None || Babu Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Birapur || None || Shyam Sunder || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Patti || SC || Ram Kinkar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Konhdaur || None || Onkar Nath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Pratapgarh North || None || Balendra Bhusan Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Atheha || None || Kunwar Tej Bhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Amethi || None || Vaidya Baij Nath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gaura Jamo || None || Kunwar Rudra Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jagdishpur || SC || Indra Pal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Issauli || None || Ram Bali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baraunsa || None || Rama Kant Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sultanpur || None || Abdul Sami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lambhua || None || Uma Dutta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kadipur || None || Shripat Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aldemau || SC || Shanker Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Minjhaura || None || Mahadeo || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Akbarpur || SC || Ram Rati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Surhurpur || None || Jagdamba Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Birhar || SC || Sukhramdas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tanda || None || Jai Ram Varma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Amsin || None || Raja Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Faizabad || None || Madan Mohan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bikapur || None || Akhand Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pachhimrath || None || Hari Nath Tewari || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Mangalsi || SC || Dhoom Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Rudauli || None || Mukut Behari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Haidergarh || None || Ram Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Siddhaur || SC || Ghan Shyam Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Daryabad || None || Duijendra Narain || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Satrikh || SC || Mendi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Nawabganj || None || Jamilur Rahman || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kursi || SC || Nattha Ram || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bhitauli || None || Ram Asrey || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kaisarganj || None || Hukam Singh Visen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fakharpur || None || Abdul Haseeb Khan || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Mahsi || SC || Ram Adhar Kannaujia || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Nanpara || None || Basant Lal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Charda || None || Prem Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Bahraich North || None || Jadish Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bahraich South || None || Daljit Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ikauna || SC || Mangol || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Bhinga || None || Mannu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Tulsipur || None || Bdaldeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Balrampur North || SC || Sukhdeo Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Balrampur South || None || Babban Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Utraula || None || Suraj Lal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Sadullah Nagar || None || Avadh Narain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Mankapur || None || Raghvendra Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Gonda East || None || Ishwar Saran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gonda North || None || Navrang Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Gonda West || SC || Ganga Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Paharapur || None || Santi Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarju || None || Girja Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Tarabganj || None || Sital Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahadeva || None || Vishnu Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harraiya West || None || Ran Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Harraiya East || None || Ram Lakhan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagar || None || Shakuntala Nayar || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Basti || None || Rajendra Kishori || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Domariaganj South || None || Kazi Jalil Abbasi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Domariaganj North || None || Bhanu Pratap Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Bansi West || None || Ram Kumar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Banganga West || None || Madho Prasad Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Banganga East || None || Chandra Pal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Naugarh || None || Jagdish || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Bansi North || None || Tameshwar Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bansi South || SC || Sohan Lal Dhusia || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mendhwal || None || Sucheta Kripalani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khalilabad || SC || Genda Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahuli West || SC || Shyam Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Mahuli East || None || Kashi Nath Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Bansgaon || None || Ganesh Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dhuriapar || SC || Yasoda Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chillupar || None || Kalpanath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bhawapar || None || Ram Lakhan Shukla || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhangha || SC || Ram Surat || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pipraich || None || Achhaiber Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gorakhpur || None || Niamatullah Ansari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maniram || None || Avadyanath || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Maghar || None || Keshbhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Pharenda West || None || Narsingh Narain || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Pharenda East || None || Dwarka Prasad Pande || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shyam Deurwa || None || Ashtbhuja || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Maharajganj || SC || Duryodhan || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Binaikpur || None || Ram Avadh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tilpur || None || Yadvendra Singh Urf Lallan Ji || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sidhuwa Jobna || SC || Sheo Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ramkola || None || Rajdeo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hata || None || Bankelal || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Padrauna West || None || Mangal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Padrauna North || None || Chanderdeo || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Padrauna East || None || Genda Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Padrauna South || None || Ramayan || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Deoria North || None || Ram Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoria South || None || Kisuna || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Gauribazar || SC || Sita Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rudrapur || None || Chandrabali || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Salempur West || None || Ugrasen || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Salempur East || None || Kailas || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Salempur South || None || Raja Awadhesh Pratap || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Natthupur || None || Ram Sunder || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Ghosi || None || Jharkhande Rai || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Sagri || None || Indrasan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gopalpur || None || Uma Shanker || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Atraulia || None || Brij Behari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nizamabad || None || Amjad Ali || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Azamgarh || None || Bhima Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Saraimir || SC || Mangaldeo || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mahul || None || Daulat Lal || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Deogaon || None || Satyadeo || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bela Daultabad || SC || Chhangur || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Mubarakpur || SC || Surjan || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Mohammadabad Gohna || None || Chandrajit || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Kopaganj || None || Z. A. Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Rasra || SC || Raghunath || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Siar || None || Ganga Prasad Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikandarpur || None || Jagarnath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bansdih West || None || Sheo Mangal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bansdih East || None || Kashi Nath || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Duab || None || Manager || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Ballia || None || Ram Anat Pandeya || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kopachit || None || Mandhata Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Zahurabad || SC || Raghubir || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Mohammadabad || None || Vijay Shankar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Zamania || None || Vashishta Narain Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghazipur || None || Krishna Nand Rai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karanda || None || Ram Sunder Shashtri || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Pachotar || SC || Jhilmit Jhilloo || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Shadiabad || None || Raj Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saidpur || None || Kamla Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kerakat || SC || Ram Samjhawan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Beyalsi || None || Lal Bahadur || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaunpur || None || Yadvendra Dutt || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Rari || None || Kunwar Sripal || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Shahganj || None || [[Lakshmi Shankar Yadav]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chanda || SC || Mata Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garwara || None || Bhagwati Din || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Machhlishahr || None || Kesari Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mariahu || None || Jagarnath || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Barsathi || None || Ramesh Chandra Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhadohi || None || Banshidhar Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Gyanpur || SC || Harigain Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kaswar || None || Gaya Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kolaslah || None || Udal || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Gangapur || None || Rishi Narain Shashtri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Varanasi City South || None || Girdhari Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Varanasi City North || None || Vishwanath Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Sheopur || None || Lal Bahadur Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Katehar || None || Raghunath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mahaich || None || Raj Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Moghal Sarai || None || Uma Shanker || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chandauli || None || Kamlapati Tripathi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chakia || SC || Ram Lakhan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dudhi || SC || Ram Pyare || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Robertsganj || None || Ram Nath Pathak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ahraura || None || Vishwanath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chunar || None || Raj Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mirzapur || None || Bhagwan Das || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Kantit North || None || Aziz Imam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kantit South || SC || Bechan Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Meja || None || Salig Ram Jaiswal || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bara || SC || Raghunath Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karchana || None || Satya Narain Pande || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kewai || None || Vaij Nath Pande || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhusi || SC || Banshi Lal || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Phulpur || None || [[Muzaffar Hasan]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Soraon East || None || Sheo Murti || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saraon West || None || Mewa Lal || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Allahabad City North || None || Rajendra Kumari Bajpayee || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Allahabad City South || None || Kalyan Chand Mohiley Alias Chhunnan Guru || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Chail || None || Naunihal Singh Chaudhari || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bharwari || SC || Gokul Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Karari || SC || Nathu Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Sirathu || None || Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khaga || None || Raksha Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Fatehpur || SC || Badri Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bindki || None || Jagannath Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Tappajar || None || Ram Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Haswa || SC || Raghubir Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Kishanpur || None || Deep Narian Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Manikpur || SC || Sia Dulari || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karwi || None || Din Dayal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baberu || None || Deshraj || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Naraini || None || Matola Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Banda || None || Brij Mohan Lal Gupta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahoba || None || Madanpal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Maudaha || None || Brijraj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hamirpur || None || Surendra Dutta Bajpai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Rath || None || Doongar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Charkhari || SC || Mohan Lal Ahirwar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mahroni || None || Krishna Chandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lalitpur || SC || Ayodhya Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jhansi || None || Lakhpat Ram Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Moth || None || Sudama Prasad Goswami || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mau || SC || Beni Bai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Garotha || None || Kashi Prasad Dwedi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Konch || None || Vijai Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Jalaun || None || Chaturbhuj Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Umri || SC || Basant Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kalpi || None || Shiva Sampati Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhognipur || None || Raj Narain Misra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghatampur West || SC || Jwala Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghatampur East || None ||[[Shivnath Singh Kushwaha| Sheo Nath Singh]] || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kanpur City I || None || Tara Agarwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kanpur City Ii || None || Sant Singh Yusuf || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Kanpur City Iii || None || Hamid Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kanpur City Iv || None || S. G. Datta || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kanpur City V || None || Sushila Rohatgi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kanpur Rural || None || Shashi Bhushan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bithoor || None || Brij Rani || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bilhaur || SC || Murlidhar Kureel || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Akbarpur || None || Balwan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Derapur || None || Nitya Nand Pandey || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Auraiya || None || Badri Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ajitmal || SC || Sukh Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Lahkana || SC || Ghasi Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Etawah || None || Hoti Lal Agarwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jaswant Nagar || None || Natthu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bharthana || None || Sahdeo Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bidhuna || None || Vijai Shanker || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Saurikh || None || Hori Lal Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kannauj || SC || Pati Ram || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhibramau || None || Kotwal Singh Bhadauria || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bhojpur || None || Mahram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Farrukhabad || None || Daya Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Shamsabad || None || Rajendra Singh Yadav || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Kaimganj || None || Sia Ram || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Bhongaon || None || Subedar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kishni || None || Ganesh Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Karhal || SC || Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Mainpuri || None || Brijeshwar Sahai || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghiror || None || Madho Narain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Shikohabad || None || Mansa Ram || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jasrana || None || Balbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Etah || None || Ganga Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Hindu Mahasabha}}
|-
| Sirhpura || None || Chhotey Lal Paliwal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Aliganj || None || Lokpal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Nidhpur || None || Rajendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Sahawar || None || Bed Ram || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Kasganj || None || Girwar Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Marehra || None || Raghubir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Jalesar || SC || Chiranji Lal || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Etmadpur South || None || Multan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Etmadpur North || SC || Sheo Charan || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Firozabad || None || Bhagwan Das || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Bah || None || Vidyawati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehabad || None || Banwari Lal Pipra || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Kheragarh || None || Jagan Prasad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Agra City I || None || Baloji Agrawal || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Agra City I I || None || Khem Chand || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Agra Rural || SC || Chatra Pati Ambesh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Fatehpur Sikri || None || Champa Wati || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mathura || None || Kedar Nath || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Goverdhan || None || Acharya Jugal Kishore || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhata || None || Lakhi Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Mat || None || Radhey Shyam || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Gokul || SC || Kanhaiya Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sadabad || None || Ashraf Ali Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hathras || None || Nand Kumar Deo Vashistha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sasni || SC || Ram Prasad Deshmukh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikandra Rao || None || Nek Ram Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Gangiri || None || Sri Niwas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Atrauli || None || Babu Singh || {{Full party name with color|Socialist Party}}
|-
| Aligarh || None || Abdul Basir Khan || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Koil || SC || Bhoop Singh || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| Iglas || None || Sheodan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Khair || None || Chetanya Raj Singh || {{Full party name with color|Swatantra Party}}
|-
| Tappal || None || Mahendra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Jewar || SC || Jasram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Khurja || None || Mahabir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Chhatari || SC || Dharam Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Debai || None || Himmat Singh || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh }}
|-
| Anupshahr || None || Chunni Lal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Siana || None || Mumtaz Mhd. Khan || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Agota || None || Jagbir Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bulandshahr || None || Irrtiza Husain || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sikandrabad || None || Bansari Dass || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dadri || None || Ramchandar Vikal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Ghaziabad || None || Tej Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Modinagar || None || Vichitra Narain Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dasna || None || Meghnath Singh Shishodia || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Hapur || None || Prem Sunder || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Garh Mukteshwar || SC || Vir Sen || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kithore || None || Shraddha Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hastinapur || None || Pitam Singh Of Pirnagar || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Meerut City || None || Jagdish Saran Rastogi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Meerut Cantonment || None || Prakashwati Sood || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Meerut Rural || SC || Hari Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baghpat || None || Shaukat Hameed Khan || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kotana || None || Charan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baraut || None || Mool Chand Shastri || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Barnawa || None || Jamadar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Sardhana || SC || Ramji Lal Sahayak || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Budhana || None || Vijai Pal Singh || {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| Shikarpur || None || Sugan Chand || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jansath || None || Ahmad Baksh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Bhokerheri || SC || Shugan Chand Mazdoor || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Baghara || SC || Nain Singh || {{Full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
| Muzaffarnagar || None || Keshava Gupt || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Kairana || None || Chandan Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Bhawan || None || Ram Chandra Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nakur || None || Yashpal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Sarsawa || SC || Shakuntala Devi || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Muzaffarabad || None || Sardar Singh || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Saharanpur || None || Brahm Dutt Mayor || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| Harora || None || Jai Gopal || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Nagal || SC || Ram Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Deoband || None || Phool Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Jwalapur || None || Sayeed Ahmad || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Roorkee || None || Jagdish Narain Sinha || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Hardwar || None || Shanti Prapan Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Dehra Dun || None || Brij Bhushan Saran || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| Mussoorie || None || Gulab Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [https://eci.gov.in/files/file/3244-uttar-pradesh-1962/ Uttar Pradesh 1962], Election Commission of India.

{{Uttar Pradesh elections}}

[[Category:State Assembly elections in Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:1962 State Assembly elections in India|Uttar]]
[[Category:March 1962 in Asia]]
[[Category:1960s in Uttar Pradesh]]

Scholar

2026-02-12T16:19:02Z

Mazzulah Peel: made new stub.

{{Short description|Person who pursues academic and intellectual activities}}
{{Other uses}}
[[File:Gerbrand van den Eeckhout 003.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The ''Scholar and His Books'' by [[Gerbrand van den Eeckhout]]]]
A '''scholar''' is a person who is a researcher or has expertise in an [[academic discipline]]. A scholar can also be an [[academic staff|academic]], who works as a professor, teacher, or researcher at a university. An academic usually holds an [[Postgraduate education|advanced degree]] or a [[terminal degree]], such as a [[master's degree]] or a [[doctorate]]. Independent scholars and [[public intellectual]]s work outside the academy yet may publish in academic journals and participate in scholarly public discussion.

==Definitions==
In contemporary English usage, the term ''scholar'' sometimes is equivalent to the term ''academic'', and describes a university-educated individual who has achieved intellectual mastery of an academic discipline, as instructor and as researcher. Moreover, before the establishment of universities, the term ''scholar'' identified and described an intellectual person whose primary occupation was professional research. In 1847, minister [[Emanuel Vogel Gerhart]] spoke of the role of the scholar in society:

{{blockquote|[A] scholar [is one] whose whole inward intellectual and moral being has been symmetrically unfolded, disciplined and strengthened under the influence of truth... No one faculty should be drawn out to the neglect of others. The whole inner man should be unfolded harmoniously.<ref name="Gerhart">Emanuel Vogel Gerhart, ''The Proper Vocation of a Scholar: An Address, Delivered at the Opening of the New Diagnothian Hall'' (July 2, 1847).</ref>}}

Gerhart argued that a scholar can not be focused on a single discipline, contending that knowledge of multiple disciplines is necessary to put each into context and to inform the development of each:

{{blockquote|[T]o be a scholar involves more than mere learning... A genuine scholar possesses something more: he penetrates and understands the principle and laws of the particular department of human knowledge with which he professes acquaintance. He imbibes the life of Science... [and] his mind is transfused and moulded by its energy and spirit.<ref name="Gerhart"/>}}

A 2011 examination outlined the following attributes commonly accorded to scholars as "described by many writers, with some slight variations in the definition":<ref name="Meleis">Afaf Ibrahim Meleis, ''Theoretical Nursing: Development and Progress'' (2011), p. 17.</ref>

{{blockquote|The common themes are that a scholar is a person who has a high intellectual ability, is an independent thinker and an independent actor, has ideas that stand apart from others, is persistent in her quest for developing knowledge, is systematic, has unconditional integrity, has intellectual honesty, has some convictions, and stands alone to support these convictions.<ref name="Meleis"/>}}

Scholars may rely on the [[scholarly method]] or scholarship, a body of [[principle]]s and [[Practice (social theory)|practice]]s used by scholars to make their claims about the world as valid and trustworthy as possible, and to make them known to the scholarly public. It is the methods that systemically advance the teaching, research, and [[:wikt:practice|practice]] of a given scholarly or academic field of study through [[Rigour|rigorous]] inquiry. Scholarship is creative, can be documented, can be replicated or elaborated, and can be and is [[peer-reviewed]] through various methods.<ref>[http://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/position/defining-scholarship Aacn.nche.edu, Retrieved 15OCT2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170715161405/http://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/position/defining-scholarship |date=2017-07-15 }}.</ref>

==Role in society==
Scholars have generally been upheld as creditable figures of high social standing, who are engaged in work important to society. In [[Imperial China]], in the period from 206 BC until AD 1912, the intellectuals were the ''[[Scholar-official]]s'' ("Scholar-gentlemen"), who were civil servants appointed by the [[Emperor of China]] to perform the tasks of daily governance. Such civil servants earned academic degrees by means of [[Imperial examination]], and also were skilled [[calligraphy|calligraphers]], and knew [[Confucianism|Confucian]] philosophy. Historian [[Wing-Tsit Chan]] concludes that:

{{blockquote|Generally speaking, the record of these scholar-gentlemen has been a worthy one. It was good enough to be praised and imitated in 18th century Europe. Nevertheless, it has given China a tremendous handicap in their transition from government by men to government by law, and personal considerations in Chinese government have been a curse.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Charles Alexander Moore|title=The Chinese Mind: Essentials of Chinese Philosophy and Culture|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_DoyN2h56ucC&pg=PA22|year=1967|publisher=U of Hawaii Press|page=22|isbn=9780824800758}}</ref>}}

In [[Joseon Korea]] (1392–1910), the intellectuals were the ''literati'', who knew how to read and write, and had been designated, as the [[chungin]] (the "middle people"), in accordance with the Confucian system. Socially, they constituted the [[petite bourgeoisie]], composed of scholar-bureaucrats (scholars, professionals, and technicians) who administered the dynastic rule of the Joseon dynasty.<ref>{{cite book|author=The Korea Foundation|title=Koreana – Winter 2015|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WkmOCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT73|date=February 12, 2016|pages=73–74|publisher=한국국제교류재단 |isbn=9791156041573}}</ref>

In his 1847 address, Emmanuel Vogel Gerhart asserted that scholars have an obligation to rigorously continue their studies, so as to remain aware of new knowledge being generated,<ref name="Gerhart"/> and to contribute their own insights to the body of knowledge available to all:

{{blockquote|The progress of science involves momentous interests. It merits the attention of all sincere lovers of truth. Every ...scholar is under obligations to contribute towards the ever-progressive unfolding of its riches and power. [They]...should combine their energies to bring to view what has eluded the keen vision of those men of noble intellectual stature who have lived and died before them.<ref name="Gerhart"/>}}

Many scholars are also professors engaged in the teaching of others. In a number of countries, the title "Research Professor" refers to a person who is primarily engaged in research, and who has few or no teaching obligations. The title is used in this sense in the United Kingdom, where it is known as Research Professor at some universities, and Professorial Research Fellow at other institutions and in northern Europe.

Research Professor is quite often the most senior rank of a research-focused career in the U.K and northern Europe, and regarded as equal in rank, to a teaching full professorship. Frequently, the job of research professor has permanent employment, like a tenured professor in the U.S., and the position is held by a particularly distinguished scholar. Thus, the title is seen as more prestigious than a teaching full professorship.

A research professorship, has a somewhat similar sense of prestige in the [[Professors in the United States#Research professor|United States]], with an exception that research professors in the U.S. are often non-permanent positions, that must fund their salaries from external sources.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Classification of Ranks and Titles {{!}} Faculty Handbook |url=https://www.bu.edu/handbook/appointments-and-promotions/classification-of-ranks-and-titles/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website=www.bu.edu |archive-date=2018-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709172613/https://www.bu.edu/handbook/appointments-and-promotions/classification-of-ranks-and-titles/ |url-status=live }}</ref> This is not the case in most other countries.

==Independent scholars==
An '''independent scholar''' is anyone who conducts scholarly research outside universities and traditional academia. In 2010, twelve percent of US history scholars were independent.<ref name="ubc">{{cite web |url=https://history.ubc.ca/career-resources/independent-scholars/ |title=Independent Scholars |author= |website=history.ubc.ca |publisher=UBC |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323201732/https://history.ubc.ca/career-resources/independent-scholars/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The University of British Columbia's website states that to be 'recognized as a scholar', a Master's degree or PhD is 'generally expected' but exceptions exist depending on the individual's 'quality of scholarship'.<ref name="ubc"/> In history, independent scholars can be differentiated from popular history hosts for television shows and amateur historians "by the level to which their publications utilize the analytical rigour and academic writing style".<ref name="ubc"/>

In previous centuries, some independent scholars achieved renown, such as [[Samuel Johnson]] and [[Edward Gibbon]] during the 18th century and [[Charles Darwin]] and [[Karl Marx]] in the 19th century, and [[Sigmund Freud]], [[Sir Steven Runciman]], [[Robert Davidsohn]] and [[Nancy Sandars]] in the 20th century. There was also a tradition of the [[man of letters]], such as [[Evelyn Waugh]]. The term "man of letters" derives from the French term ''[[Belles-lettres|belletrist]]'' or ''homme de lettres'' but is not synonymous with "an academic".<ref>''The Oxford English Reference Dictionary'' Second Edition, (1996) p. 130.</ref><ref>''The New Cassel's French–English, English–French Dictionary'' (1962) p. 88.</ref> In the 17th and 18th centuries, the term ''Belletrist(s)'' came to be applied to the ''literati'': the French participants in—sometimes referred to as "citizens" of—the [[Republic of Letters]], which evolved into the [[salon (gathering)|salon]] aimed at edification, education, and cultural refinement.

In the United States, a [[professional association]] exists for independent scholars: this association is the [[National Coalition of Independent Scholars]]. In Canada, the equivalent professional association is the [[Canadian Academy of Independent Scholars]] (in association with [[Simon Fraser University]]). Similar organizations exist around the world. Membership in a professional association generally entails a degree of post-secondary education and established research.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gross|first1=Ronald|title=The Independent Scholar's Handbook|date=1993|publisher=[[Ten Speed Press]]|location=Berkeley, CA|isbn=0-89815-521-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gross|first1=Ronald|title=Peak Learning: How to Create Your Own Lifelong Education Program for Personal Enlightenment and Professional Success|date=1991|publisher=J.P. Tarcher|location=New York City|isbn=0-87477-957-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/peaklearninghowt00gros_0}}</ref> When independent scholars participate in academic conferences, they may be referred to as an unaffiliated scholar, since they do not hold a position in a university or other institution.

While independent scholars may earn an income from part-time teaching, speaking engagements, or consultant work, the [[University of British Columbia]] calls earning an income the biggest challenge of being an independent scholar.<ref name="ubc"/> Due to challenges of making a living as a scholar without an academic position, "[m]any independent scholars depend on having a gainfully employed partner".<ref name="ubc"/> To get access to libraries and other research facilities, independent scholars have to seek permission from universities.<ref name="ubc"/>

Writer Megan Kate Nelson's article "Stop Calling Me Independent" says the term "marginalizes unaffiliated scholars" and is unfairly seen as an indicator of "professional failure".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/Stop-Calling-Me-Independent/241376 |title=Stop Calling Me Independent |last=Nelson |first=Megan |date=8 October 2017 |website=The Chronicle |publisher=Chronicle of Higher Education |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323204915/https://www.chronicle.com/article/Stop-Calling-Me-Independent/241376 |url-status=live }}</ref> Rebecca Bodenheimer says that independent scholars, like herself, attending conferences and who also do not have a university name on their official name badge, feel like the "independent scholar" term is perceived as a "signal that a scholar is either unwanted by the academy or unwilling to commit to the sacrifices necessary to succeed as an academic".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2017/08/29/difficulties-and-frustrations-attending-academic-conference-independent-scholar |title=The Plight of the Independent Scholar |last=Bodenheimer |first=Rebecca |date=29 August 2017 |website=insidehighered.com |publisher=Inside Higher Ed |access-date=23 March 2020 |archive-date=23 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323204923/https://www.insidehighered.com/advice/2017/08/29/difficulties-and-frustrations-attending-academic-conference-independent-scholar |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[:Category:Scholars]] – The category of scholars, people who study a field
* [[Scholarism]] (學民思潮) Hong Kong political movement
* [[Scholarship]]
* [[Scholasticism]]
* [[Autodidacticism]]
* [[Citizen science]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
* {{official website|http://www.ncis.org/}} of the [[National Coalition of Independent Scholars]]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Academic terminology]]
[[Category:Scholars| ]]
[[Category:Knowledge]]
[[Category:Intelligence]]
[[Category:Wisdom]]
[[Category:Academia]]
[[Category:Thought]]

Shaktirupenn

2026-02-05T18:14:37Z

Mazzulah Peel: Pg

{{orphan|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Shaktirupenn Poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = Rajdeep Ghosh and Surajit Mukherjee
| producer =
| writer = Amlan Majumder
| genre = [[crime]] and [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| starring = [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]], Rezwan Rabbani Sheikh, Amlan Majumder, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya, Rana Mukherjee
| music =
| cinematography = Saurav Banerjee
| editor = Anjaan and Koustav Sarkar
| company = Skypan Communication
| released = {{Start date|2024|03|13|df=y}}
| runtime =
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 6
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| network =
| budget =
}}
'''''Shaktirupenn''''' is a 2024 [[Bengali language]] [[Thriller (genre)|thriller]] and [[crime]] [[web series]] directed by Rajdeep Ghosh and Surajit Mukherjee. The series is written and produced by Amlan Majumder.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=Dharitri |title=Basabdatta Chatterjee on her web debut Shaktirupenn |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/tv/2024/Mar/14/basabdatta-chatterjee-on-her-web-debutshaktirupenn |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |date=14 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=সিরিজে হাতেখড়ি বাসবদত্তার, গণধর্ষণের বিরুদ্ধে এবার 'শক্তিরূপেন' রূপে অভিনেত্রী |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/basabdatta-chatterjees-debut-web-series-shaktirupenn-teaser-poster-out-31706893835036.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219141504/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/basabdatta-chatterjees-debut-web-series-shaktirupenn-teaser-poster-out-31706893835036.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 December 2024 |website=Hindustantimes Bangla |language=bn |date=2 February 2024}}</ref>

The series starring [[Basabdatta Chatterjee]], Rezwan Rabbani Sheikh, Amlan Majumder, Buddhadeb Bhattacharya and Rana Mukherjee are in the lead roles.<ref>{{cite web |title=Shaktirupenn: শক্তি রূপে শহর জুড়ে...প্রিমিয়ারে মন মাতালো 'শক্তিরূপেণ', সত্য উদঘাটনের নেপথ্য কথা শিহরিত করবে |url=https://bengali.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/shaktirupenn-bengali-new-web-series-in-klikk-ott-special-premiere-event-ss-1560739.html |website=news18 |language=bn}}</ref>

The series was released on 13 March 2024.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Ganguly |first1=Dharitri |title=Glimpses from the special screening of Shaktirupenn |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/galleries/2024/Mar/21/glimpses-from-the-special-screening-of-shaktirupenn |website=Indulgexpress |language=en |date=21 March 2024}}</ref>

== Cast ==
*[[Basabdatta Chatterjee]]
*Rezwan Rabbani Sheikh
*Amlan Majumder
*Buddhadeb Bhattacharya
*Rana Mukherjee
*Soumen Dutt
*Ankur Roy
*Pallavi Roy

== Plot ==
The inhabitants of the infamous town of Sutia are plagued with a legacy of sexual violence and homicide. A catastrophic incident observed by Damayanti and Shirsha in 2001 initiates a sequence of events. A modern activist, Damayanti, uncovers a case of gang rape but faces opposition. She seeks recourse from the court as her life disintegrates, only to be deceived. As the narrative unfolds, mysterious murders occur, revealing a connection to Sutia's brutality. Damayanti's perseverance confronts the enigmatic shadows of history and unveils the truth behind the offenses.<ref>{{cite web |title=শক্তির প্রতীক, নতুন রূপে বাসবদত্তা, অন্যায়ের প্রতিবাদে সামিল অভিনেত্রী |url=https://tv9bangla.com/entertainment/check-out-basabdatta-chatterjees-debut-web-series-shaktirupenn-teaser-poster-1012936.html |website=TV9 Bangla |language=bn |date=12 February 2024}}</ref>

== Episodes ==
{{Episode table |background=#A3B1BF |overall=The people of the notorious village of Sutia are haunted by a history of rape and murder. |title= |director= |airdate= |airdateR= |country=India |episodes=

{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 1
|Title = Paap
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh and Surajit Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|03|13}}
|ShortSummary = On a stormy rainy night on their walk home, Rishan and Damayanti come upon a terrible occurrence.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 2
|Title = Pratibad
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh and Surajit Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|03|13}}
|ShortSummary = Damayanti is unable to comprehend Naina's demise. She vocalizes her dissent
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 3
|Title = Sanghat
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh and Surajit Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|03|13}}
|ShortSummary = The confrontation commenced, with Advocate Halder representing Naina in court. Damayanti served as the eyewitness in the case.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 4
|Title = Bisarjan
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh and Surajit Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|03|13}}
|ShortSummary = Damayanti loses the legal battle. She currently possesses a new residence.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 5
|Title = Punarjanmo
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh and Surajit Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|03|13}}
|ShortSummary = The defendants were exonerated. Conversely, Damayanti is experiencing mental instability today. Meanwhile, a new adversary has emerged.
|LineColor = 000
}}
{{Episode list
|EpisodeNumber = 6
|Title = Sanghar
|DirectedBy = Rajdeep Ghosh and Surajit Mukherjee
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|df=yes|2024|03|13}}
|ShortSummary = Each of the accused was eliminated individually. Another somebody is operating behind the scenes.
|LineColor = 000
}}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31721701}}

[[Category:Bengali-language web series]]
[[Category:Indian web series]]

Abeer Gulal

2026-02-04T16:26:49Z

Mazzulah Peel: Put Up Initial Entry With Sources!

{{Short description|Indian Marathi language TV series}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox television
| image =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| alt_name =
| native_name =
| genre = [[Drama]]<br>[[Soap opera]]
| creator =
| based_on =
| inspired_by =
| developer =
| writer =
| screenplay =
| story =
| director =
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]
| judges =
| voices =
| narrated =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme =
| end_theme =
| composer =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| num_seasons =
| num_episodes = 179
| list_episodes =
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]]
| news_editor =
| location =
| cinematography =
| animator =
| editor =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| runtime = 22 minutes
| company = [[4 Lions Films]]
| budget =
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2024|05|27}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2024|11|24}}
| related = ''[[Lakshana (TV series)|Lakshana]]''
}}

'''''Abeer Gulal''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] television series which is produced by [[Gul Khan (producer)|Gul Khan]] under the banner of [[4 Lions Films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=केदार शिंदेंनी कंबर कसली! कलर्स मराठीवर नव्या मालिकेची घोषणा; 'अबीर गुलाल'ने वाढवली उत्सुकता |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/colors-marathi-new-serial-abeer-gulal-announcement-watch-promo/articleshow/109598702.cms |access-date=2024-04-25 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> The series premiered from 27 May 2024 by replacing ''[[Kavyanjali - Sakhi Savali]]'' airing on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web|title='तुला पाहते रे' फेम अभिनेत्रीचे छोट्या पडद्यावर कमबॅक; मालिकेचा प्रोमो आऊट|url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/marathi-serial-updates-actress-gayatri-datar-come-back-in-tv-serial-from-abir-gulal-serial-colors-marathi-new-serial-entertainment-news-1278363|website=[[ABP Majha]]|language=mr|access-date=2024-05-01}}</ref> It stars [[Akshay Kelkar]], Gayatri Datar and Payal Jadhav in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=अवघ्या ६ महिन्यात कलर्स मराठीची लोकप्रिय मालिका गाशा गुंडाळणार? हिरोने घेतला चाहत्यांचा निरोप |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/colors-marathi-serial-abeer-gulal-may-go-off-air-lead-actor-akshay-kelkar-shared-goodbye-post/articleshow/115027940.cms |access-date=2024-11-07 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref> It is an official remake of Kannada TV series ''[[Lakshana (TV series)|Lakshana]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gayatri Datar-starrer Marathi Serial Titled Abir Gulal's Promo Out|url=https://www.news18.com/movies/gayatri-datar-starrer-marathi-serial-titled-abir-gulals-promo-out-8875376.html|website=[[News18]]|access-date=2024-05-02}}</ref> It ended on 24 November 2024 completing 179 episodes.<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्रीसमोर आला शुभ्राचा जीवघेणा प्लॅन; मालिकेतील अखेरच्या ट्विस्टची होतेय चर्चा |url=https://www.esakal.com/premier/colors-marathi-abeer-gulal-serial-new-twist-promo-out-vishu-learns-shubhras-plan-to-kill-agastya-and-shree-for-property-entertainment-news-kds07 |access-date=2024-11-11 |website=[[Sakal]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Shree and Shubhra, swapped at birth, face a life-altering revelation when the nurse responsible awakens from a coma. As they grapple with their newfound identities, fate intertwines their paths through Agastya, a wealthy hotelier's son seeking local cuisine knowledge. Living together, they confront their pasts, bridging divides and embracing their true selves amidst swirling complexities.<ref>{{Cite web |title=कलर्सवरील 'अबीर गुलाल' मालिकेची कथा आहे अल्लू अर्जुनच्या दाक्षिणात्य चित्रपटाची कॉपी; कार्तिक आर्यननेही केलाय रिमेक |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/marathi-serial-abeer-gulal-story-is-copy-of-allu-arjun-south-movie-ala-vaikunthapurramuloo/articleshow/110441374.cms |access-date=2024-05-26 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>

== Cast ==
=== Main ===
* [[Akshay Kelkar]] as Agastya Nimbalkar<ref>{{Cite web |title='अबीर गुलाल' मालिकेत मुख्य भूमिकेत दिसणार बिग बॉस मराठी फेम अभिनेता; समोर आला नवा प्रोमो |url=https://marathi.indiatimes.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/television-news/know-who-will-play-lead-roll-in-colors-marathi-serial-abeer-gulal/articleshow/110172080.cms |access-date=2024-05-16 |website=[[Maharashtra Times]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Gayatri Datar as Shubhra Gaikwad<ref>{{Cite web |title='अबीर गुलाल' मालिकेत रोमांचक वळण, श्रीचा जीव जडलाय अगस्त्यवर; पण... |url=https://www.lokmat.com/filmy/television/exciting-twist-in-abeer-gulal-serial-shree-loves-agastya-but-a-a603/ |access-date=2024-08-01 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Payal Jadhav as Shree Deshmukh<ref>{{Cite web |title=शुभ्रा आणि अगस्त्यचा पार पडणार साखरपुडा, श्री देणार का प्रेमाची कबुली? |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/abeer-gulal-agastya-and-shubhra-engagement-will-shree-give-confession-of-love-marathi-tv-serial-news-1307986 |access-date=2024-08-24 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>

=== Recurring ===
* [[Shubhangi Latkar]] as Sulakshana Nimbalkar<ref>{{Cite web |title=श्रीसमोर येणार 'ते' सत्य, दोन अनोळखी मुलींची नशीब बदलणारं; 'अबीर गुलाल' मालिकेचा आजचा विशेष भाग |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/television/abeer-gulal-tv-serial-special-episode-truth-that-will-change-fate-of-two-unknown-girls-will-finally-will-unfold-in-front-shri-marathi-news-1306266 |access-date=2024-08-17 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref>
* Nilpari Khanwalkar
* Surabhi Bhave-Damle
* Abhinay Sawant
* Sandesh Jadhav
* Sheetal Kulkarni
* Nikita Bandavane
* Kalpana Sarang
* Manoj Takne

== Adaptations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Language
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Title
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Original release
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Network(s)
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Last aired
!style="background:LightSteelBlue;"|Notes
|-
|[[Kannada]]
|''[[Lakshana (TV series)|Lakshana]]'' <br> ಲಕ್ಷಣ
|9 August 2021
|[[Colors Kannada]]
|7 October 2023
|Original
|-
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|''Abeer Gulal'' <br> अबीर गुलाल
|27 May 2024
|[[Colors Marathi]]
|24 November 2024
|Remake
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.hotstar.com/in/shows/abeer-gulal/1971003537 ''Abeer Gulal''] at [[JioHotstar]]

[[Category:2024 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2024 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]

All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament

2026-02-02T08:08:36Z

Mazzulah Peel: formatting fix

{{Infobox sports league
| title = All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament
| logo = Rugby_Trophy.jpg
| pixels =
| caption = Champions Trophy of All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament
| sport = [[Rugby union]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1924}}<ref>{{cite web |first1=Stephen |last1=Brenkley |title=Meet Charlie — from the Bengal branch of the Van der Guchts |location=London |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/meet-charlie-from-the-bengal-branch-of-the-van-der-guchts-9194168.html |website=independent.co.uk |publisher=The Independent UK |date=20 January 2002 |access-date=12 July 2023 |archive-date=7 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707091257/https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/cricket/meet-charlie-from-the-bengal-branch-of-the-van-der-guchts-9194168.html }}</ref>
| folded =
| ceo =
| fame =
| motto =
| teams = 12
| country = {{IND}}
| continent = [[Asia]]
| champion = [[Bombay Gymkhana]] (2023)
| most_champs = [[Bombay Gymkhana]]
| TV =
| website =
| related_comps =
| Founder =
}}

The '''All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament''' is a league competition for [[rugby union]] clubs in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.millenniumpost.in/ccfc-celebrates-225years-of-its-existence-with-glory-and-pride-162972|title=CCFC celebrates 225 years of its existence with glory and pride|first1=Shayani|last1=Mukherjee|date=26 September 2016|access-date=26 January 2023|website=millenniumpost.in|publisher=The Millennium Post India|location=Kolkata|archive-date=9 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231009132249/https://www.millenniumpost.in/ccfc-celebrates-225years-of-its-existence-with-glory-and-pride-162972}}</ref> The competition has been played since 1924.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/news/bombay-gym-rally-to-down-army-in-final-of-all-india-south-asia-rugby-championship-186811|title=Bombay Gym rally to down Army in final of All India & South Asia Rugby Championship|date=17 October 2022|access-date=5 November 2023|website=punjabnewsexpress.com|publisher=Punjab News Express|location=Mumbai|agency=IANS|archive-date=23 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221023062455/https://www.punjabnewsexpress.com/news/news/bombay-gym-rally-to-down-army-in-final-of-all-india-south-asia-rugby-championship-186811}}</ref> In 2017 ten teams took part in the men's edition, with [[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]] securing the championship.<ref name = "Sulogna"/> The 2016 tournament also saw the first women's XVs rugby competition, with six teams participating, and the championship going to the team from the [[Odisha Rugby Football Association]].<ref name="Incredible Orissa"/>

==History==
After the [[Calcutta Cup]] and rugby union in India became popular the [[Rugby Football Union]] decided to give [[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club]] a similar cup, which was named the All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/behind-the-lines/2020/may/16/future-hope-rugby-club-kolkata-street-children|title=The rugby club in Kolkata that has given hope to 3,500 street children|website=thegurdian.com|publisher=The Guardian|location=London|date=16 May 2020|access-date=5 October 2023|first1=Jonathan|last1=Drennan|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220806015854/https://www.theguardian.com/sport/behind-the-lines/2020/may/16/future-hope-rugby-club-kolkata-street-children|archive-date=6 August 2022}}</ref> The cup has been played every year since.

In 2011 the tournament started to gain some publicity and soon after the cup began [[Army Red]] emerged as champions.<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707122904/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/others/30129640_1_rugby-tourney-bombay-gymkhana-top-teams|title=Ten teams for All India rugby tourney|date=8 September 2011|access-date=6 August 2024|agency=PTI|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-09-08/others/30129640_1_rugby-tourney-bombay-gymkhana-top-teams|archive-date=7 July 2012|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==2018 qualifying teams==
In 2018, the 85th All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament was held at [[Bombay Gymkhana]] grounds between 22 and 29 September with 10 teams competing in the men's category.<ref name="IR2018"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team (men's)
!Rank
!Location
|-
|[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]]
|1
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|Army Red
|2
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Bombay Gymkhana]]
|3
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Jungle Crows
|4
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|Calcutta CFC]]
|5
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra State Police]]
|6
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|Magicians
|7
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Sergeant's Institute
|8
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Bangalore rugby football club|Bangalore RFC]]
|9
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|Bhubaneswar RFC
|10
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|}

In the women's category there were 8 teams.<ref name="IR2018"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team (women's)
!Rank
!Location
|-
|[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]]
|1
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|[[Odisha women's rugby union team|Odisha]]
|2
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
|Rugby Association of Maharashtra
|3
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Bihar
|4
|[[Patna]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|Calcutta CFC]]
|5
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Adivasi
|6
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Haryana Bulls
|7
|[[Haryana]]
|-
|Magicians
|8
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|}

==2017 qualifying teams==
[[File:Men's Champion All India Rugby 2017.jpg|thumb|Men's champions, All India Rugby 2017]]

[[File:Women's Champion All India Rugby 2017.jpg|thumb|Women's champions, All India Rugby 2017]]

In 2017 the All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament was held at [[Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|CCFC]] between 7 and 14 October, with 10 teams competing in the men's category.<ref name = "Sulogna"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team (men's)
!Rank
!Location
|-
|Army Red
|1
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]]
|2
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|[[Bombay Gymkhana]]
|3
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Jungle Crows
|4
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra State Police]]
|5
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|Calcutta CFC]]
|6
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Sergeant's Institute
|7
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Magicians
|8
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata Police]]
|9
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Delhi Rebels
|10
|[[Delhi]]
|}

In the women's category there were 8 teams.<ref name = "Sulogna"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team (women's)
!Rank
!Location
|-
|[[Odisha women's rugby union team|Odisha]]
|1
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
|[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]]
|2
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|Jungle Crows
|3
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|Calcutta CFC]]
|4
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Rugby Association of Maharashtra
|5
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Bihar
|6
|[[Patna]]
|-
|Young Rugby Club
|7
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Adivasi
|8
|[[Kolkata]]
|}

==2016 qualifying teams==
[[File:Champions Army Red.jpg|thumb|250 px|2016 champions Army Red, 83rd All India and South Asia Rugby Tournament]]

[[File:Rahul Bose Introduction.jpg|thumb|250 px|Actor and ex rugby player [[Rahul Bose]] is introduced to the players before the final]]

[[File:Rugby Women.jpg|thumb|250 px|Women's match during the All India and South Asia Rugby Tournament]]

In 2016 the All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament was held at [[Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|CCFC]] between 17 and 24 September, with 12 teams competing in the men's category.<ref name="Sify">{{cite news|title=Twelve teams to compete in All India and South Asia Rugby Championships|url=http://www.sify.com/news/twelve-teams-to-compete-in-all-india-and-south-asia-rugby-championship-news-others-qjqtEdefjjeff.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013002124/http://www.sify.com/news/twelve-teams-to-compete-in-all-india-and-south-asia-rugby-championship-news-others-qjqtEdefjjeff.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 October 2016|accessdate=13 October 2016|agency=IANS|issue=Sify News|date=16 September 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team (men's)
!Rank
!Location
|-
|Army Red
|1
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Bombay Gymkhana]]
|2
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]]
|3
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra State Police]]
|4
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|Jungle Crows
|5
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|Calcutta CFC]]
|6
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Bangalore rugby football club|Bangalore RFC]]
|7
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|[[Odisha rugby union team|Bhubaneswar RFC]]
|8
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
|Young Rugby Club
|9
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata Police]]
|10
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Mumbai Magicians
|11
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Delhi Lions]]
|12
|[[New Delhi]]
|}

For the first time women competed in a rugby XVs tournament, with six teams participating.<ref name="Sify"/>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team (women's)
!Pool
!Location
|-
|Jungle Crows
|A
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Young Rugby Club
|A
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Odisha women's rugby union team|Odisha]]
|A
|[[Odisha]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Cricket and Football Club|Calcutta CFC]]
|B
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Bihar
|B
|[[Bihar]]
|-
|Delhi Lions
|B
|[[New Delhi]]
|}

==2015 qualifying teams==
{{Location map+|India|width=400|float=right|caption=2015 All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament teams|places=
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.58 |long=72.89 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">Army Red</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.58 |long=72.89 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">Army Green</div>|position=top}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.58 |long=72.89 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bombay Gymkhana]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=18.96 |long=72.82 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">[[Maharashtra State Police]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=28.36 |long=77.12 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]]</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.34 |long=87.22 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">Jungle Crows</div>|position=right}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.34 |long=87.22 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">[[Calcutta Cricket & Football Club|Calcutta CFC]]</div>|position=left}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=22.34 |long=87.22 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">Young Rugby Club</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=20.27 |long=85.84 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">[[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences|KISS RFC]]</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=20.27 |long=85.84 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">[[Odisha rugby union team|Bhubaneswar RFC]]</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=12.58 |long=77.34 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">[[Bangalore rugby football club|Bangalore RFC]]</div>|position=bottom}}
{{location map~ |India |lat=21.27 |long=81.60 |label=<div style="font-size:80%;">Chhattisgarh RFC</div>|position=left}}
}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Team
!Location
|-
|Army Green
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|Army Red
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Bombay Gymkhana]]
|[[Mumbai]]
|-
|[[Calcutta Cricket & Football Club]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]]
|[[New Delhi]]
|-
|Jungle Crows
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Kalinga Institute of Social Sciences|KISS RFC]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
|[[Bangalore rugby football club|Bangalore RFC]]
|[[Bangalore]]
|-
|[[Maharashtra Police|Maharashtra State Police]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|-
|[[Kolkata Police Force|Kolkata Police]]
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|Young Rugby Club
|[[Kolkata]]
|-
|[[Odisha rugby union team|Bhubaneswar RFC]]
|[[Bhubaneswar]]
|-
|Chhattisgarh RFC
|[[Chhattisgarh]]
|-
|}

==Results==
Champions of the All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament since 2000.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan=4 | Men's All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament
|-
!rowspan=3 |Year
|-
!Champion
!Runner up
!Score
|-
!2000
|rowspan=3|[[Bombay Gymkhana]] || ||
|-
!2001
|Old Peterites SC {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} ||
|-
!2003
|[[Sri Lanka Police Sports Club (rugby)|Sri Lanka Police SC]] {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} ||
|-
!2004
|Chennai Cheetahs || ||
|-
!2005
|British Asian Rugby Association {{flagicon|UK}} || [[Bangalore rugby football club|Bangalore RFC]] || 27-3
|-
!2006
|Chennai Cheetahs || Kolkata Police || 52-9
|-
!2007
|rowspan=5|Army Red || rowspan=2|[[Chennai Cheetahs]] || 12-5
|-
!2009
|[[Uzbekistan national rugby union team|Uzbekistan]] {{flagicon|Uzbekistan}}
|-
!2010
|Chennai Cheetahs ||
|-
!2011
|[[Bombay Gymkhana]] ||
|-
!2012
|[[Bombay Gymkhana]] || 7-0
|-
!2013
|colspan=2 style="text-align:center;"|Army Red, [[Bombay Gymkhana]] || 10-10
|-
!2014
|rowspan=3|Army Red || [[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]] || 18-0
|-
!2015
|[[Bombay Gymkhana]] ||
|-
!2016
|[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=A Staff Reporter|title=Rahul's rugby dreams|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160925/jsp/sports/story_110148.jsp#.V_Ne0yF97IU|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927210841/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1160925/jsp/sports/story_110148.jsp#.V_Ne0yF97IU|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 27, 2016|accessdate=4 October 2016|agency=The Telegraph|issue=Kolkata|publisher=ABP|date=25 September 2016}}</ref> || 18-5
|-
!2017
|rowspan=3|[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]] || Army Red || 25-24<ref name = "Sulogna">{{cite news|last1=Sulogna Ghosh|first1=Sehrish Hazarika|title=Rugby - The final whistle blows at the 84th All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament at CC&FC|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rugby-180393|accessdate=3 November 2017|agency=The Telegraph|issue=T2}}{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
|-
!2018
|rowspan=2|[[Bombay Gymkhana]]<ref name="IR2018">{{cite web|url=http://indiarugby.com/Home/NewsImages?newsId=10|title=All India 2018 Tournament Highlights|publisher=Rugby India|date=September 2018|accessdate=5 February 2019|archive-date=7 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190207072258/http://indiarugby.com/Home/NewsImages?newsId=10|url-status=live}}</ref> ||
|-
!2019
| 26-6
|-
!2020
| || ||
|-
!2021
| Jungle Crows || Calcutta Cricket & Football Club ||
|-
!2022
|rowspan=2|[[Bombay Gymkhana]] || Army Red || 14-10<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombay Gym rally to down Army in final of All India & South Asia Rugby Championship|url=https://www.therahnuma.com/bombay-gym-rally-to-down-army-in-final-of-all-india-south-asia-rugby-championship/|website=The Rahnuma|date=18 October 2022|access-date=13 November 2022|archive-date=18 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221118120504/https://www.therahnuma.com/bombay-gym-rally-to-down-army-in-final-of-all-india-south-asia-rugby-championship/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!2023
| ||
|-
!2024
| Delhi Hurricanes || Bombay Gymkhana|| 14-10
|-
!2025
|Bombay Gymkhana ||Calcutta Cricket & Football Club || 40-17
|-
|}

Champions of the Women's All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament since its inaugural version in 2016.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan=4 | Women's All India & South Asia Rugby Tournament
|-
!rowspan=3 |Year
|-
!Champion
!Runner up
!Score
|-
!2016
|[[Odisha women's rugby union team|Odisha]] ||[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]] ||20 - 0<ref name="Incredible Orissa">{{cite web|title=Odisha Women's Team Wins 1st All India Rugby 15s Tournament|url=http://incredibleorissa.com/odisha-women-team-wins-all-india-rugby-15s-tournament/|website=Incredible Orissa|accessdate=13 October 2016|archive-date=13 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013093005/http://incredibleorissa.com/odisha-women-team-wins-all-india-rugby-15s-tournament/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Deb|first1=Rwitoban|title=Rugby - Men, women and a sport called rugby|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161022/jsp/t2/story_114790.jsp#.WBGZk9QrJnI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027060140/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1161022/jsp/t2/story_114790.jsp#.WBGZk9QrJnI|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 27, 2016|accessdate=27 October 2016|agency=ABP|issue=The Telegraph T2|date=16 October 2016}}</ref>
|-
!2017
|[[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]] || [[Odisha women's rugby union team|Odisha]] ||19 - 0<ref name = "Sulogna"/>
|-
!2018
|[[Odisha women's rugby union team|Odisha]] || [[Delhi Hurricanes RFC|Delhi Hurricanes]] || 10 - 5<ref name="IR2018"/>
|}

==See also==
*[[Rugby Premier League]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{National sports leagues of India}}
{{Rugby union in India}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:All India and South Asia Rugby Tournament}}
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1924]]
[[Category:Rugby union competitions in India]]

Kharia people

2026-01-31T16:26:55Z

Mazzulah Peel: enhance structure after review and added references

{{Short description|Austroasiatic speaking ethnic group from India}}
{{Distinguish|Kharia, Jalpaiguri}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kharia
| native_name =
| image = Kharia Tribal ladies.jpg
| image_caption = Kharia women in traditional dress
| population = 482,754 (2011)
| total_ref = <ref name="census">{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/ST.html|title=Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|website=www.censusindia.gov.in|access-date=13 November 2017}}</ref>
| popplace = {{flag|India}}
| region1 = [[Odisha]]
| pop1 = 222,844
| ref1 = <ref name="census"/>
| region2 = [[Jharkhand]]
| pop2 = 196,135
| ref2 = <ref name="census"/>
| region3 =[[West Bengal]]
| pop3 = 108,707
| ref3 ={{efn|population clustered with the [[Lodha people|Lodhas]]}}
| region4 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| pop4 = 49,032
| ref4 = <ref name="census"/>
| region5 = [[Bihar]]
| pop5 = 11,569
| ref5 = <ref name="census"/>
| region6 = [[Madhya Pradesh]]
| pop6 = 2,429
| ref6 = <ref name="census"/>
| region7 = [[Tripura]]
| pop7 = 1,409
| ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|title=A-10 Appendix: District wise scheduled caste population (Appendix), Tripura - 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42895/download/46563/SC-16-PCA-A10-APPENDIX.xlsx |publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India}}</ref>
| langs = {{hlist|[[Kharia language|Kharia]]|[[Kharia Thar language|Kharia Thar]]|[[Odia language|Odia]]||[[Sadri language|Sadri]]}}
| rels = [[Christianity]], [[Hinduism]], [[Sarnaism]]<ref>{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Jharkhand |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11908/download/15021/ST-20-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=3 November 2019}}</ref><ref name="Religion"/>
| related = Other [[Munda peoples]]
}}

The '''Kharia''' are an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] tribal ethnic group from east-central India.{{sfn|Vidyarthi|Upadhyay|1980}} They speak the [[Kharia language]], which belongs to [[Munda languages|Munda]] branch of [[Austroasiatic languages]]. They are sub-divided into three groups known as the Hill Kharia, Delki Kharia and the Dudh Kharia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Khaṛiā people |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Kharia |access-date=4 July 2023 |website=[[Britannica]] |language=en}}</ref> Among them, the Dudh Kharia is the most educated community.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Kharia-English Lexicon |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt4566c4bw/qt4566c4bw_noSplash_41d53055418ec7c84c478848097ddafb.pdf|publisher=Himalayan Linguists|year=2009|location=Universität Leipzig, Germany|page= VIII|quote=the (Dudh) Kharia are also one of the most highly educated ethnic groups in all of India, with some estimates as to their rate of literacy running as high as 90%.|via=Open Edition |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704030631/https://escholarship.org/content/qt4566c4bw/qt4566c4bw_noSplash_41d53055418ec7c84c478848097ddafb.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Kharia of Ranchi, 1903.jpg|thumb|A photograph of Kharia people in Ranchi, 1903]]
According to linguist [[Paul Sidwell]], [[Munda languages]] arrived on the coast of [[Odisha]] from [[Southeast Asia]] about 4000–3500 years ago.<ref>Sidwell, Paul. 2018. [https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 Austroasiatic Studies: state of the art in 2018] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503013417/https://www.academia.edu/36689736/Austroasiatic_Studies_state_of_the_art_in_2018 |date=3 May 2019 }}. Presentation at the Graduate Institute of Linguistics, National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan, 22 May 2018.</ref> The [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic]] language speaker spread from Southeast Asia and mixed extensively with local Indian populations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schliesinger |first1=Joachim |title=Origin of the Tai People 3: Genetic and Archaeological Approaches |date=2016 |publisher=Booksmango |isbn=9781633239623 |page=71 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=766hDQAAQBAJ&q=munda+south+east+asia&pg=PA71 |access-date=29 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref>

==Social divisions==
The Kharia comprise three tribes, the Dudh Kharia, Dhelki Kharia, and Hill Kharia. The first two speak an [[Austroasiatic languages|Austroasiatic language]], [[Kharia language|Kharia]], but the Hill Kharia have switched to an [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan language]], [[Kharia Thar language|Kharia Thar]]. There has not been any language development efforts made for Kharia Tar.

The Dudh Kharia and Dhelki Kharia formed together one compact tribe. These Kharia people were attacked by an [[Ahir]] chief and then moved on to the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Tribal Dances of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA129 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |author1=Robin D. Trubhuwan |author2=Preeti R. Trubhuwan |year=1999 |page=129 |isbn=81-7141-443-5 |oclc=41143548}}</ref>

[[File:Khariya Tribal lady from Jharkhand.jpg|thumb|Kharia tribal woman]]

In Odisha, the Hill Kharia are mainly found in Jashipur and Karanjia Blocks of Mayurbhanj district. A few villages are also found in Morada block. In Jharkhand, they are concentrated in East Singhbhum, Gumla, Simdega districts. Though widely found in this district, Musabani, Dumaria and Chakulia Blocks are the blocks where they live in large numbers. And in West Bengal, they are in West Midnapur, Bankura and Purulia districts. The majority are in Purulia.{{sfn|Vidyarthi|Upadhyay|1980|pages=7-25}}

The Hill Kharia are also called Pahari (meaning “Hill”) Kharia, Savara/Sabar, Kheria, Erenga, or Pahar.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}} Outsiders call them Kharia but they call themselves as [[Sabar people|Sabar]]. They are called “Pahari (Hill) Kharia” because they live in the midst of forest and depend upon forest produces.{{sfn|Vidyarthi|Upadhyay|1980|page=11}}

The Hill Kharia community encompasses various gotras (clans), including Alkosi, Baa, Bhunia, Bilung, Dhar, Digar, Dolai, Dungdung, Gidi, Golgo, Kerketta, Kharmoi, Khiladi, Kiro, Kotal, Kullu, Laha, Nago, Pichria, Rai, Sal, Saddar, Sandi, Sikari, Soreng, Suya, Tesa, Tete, and Tolong. Among these, the Bilung clan appears to hold prominence.<ref>{{cite thesis|author=Suvendu Kundu| title= HEALTH CARE PRACTICES AMONG THE HILL KHARIA OF DISTRICT PURULIA AND BANKURA, WEST BENGAL |url=https://ir.nbu.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/3609/14/Full%20thesis%20of%20Suvendu%20Kundu.pdf |access-date=4 March 2023 |work=University of North Bengal}}</ref>

==Distribution==
They mainly inhabit [[Jharkhand]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Odisha]] and [[West Bengal]], [[Maharashtra]]. In [[Tripura]]. Few families can be found in [[Assam]] and [[Andaman Islands]].{{sfn|Vidyarthi|Upadhyay|1980|pages=5, 214}} According to 1981 census, their population in [[Bihar]] (now mostly [[Jharkhand]]) is 141,771, in [[Odisha]] it is 144,178, and in [[Madhya Pradesh]] it is 6892.{{cn|date=September 2023|reason=Previous ref used a source that had nothing to do with population counts.}}

==Culture==

===Lifestyle===
The Kharia who were under zamindars during British rule are now land owning farmers in independent India. All Kharia speak their traditional dialect. The Language spoken by them is a part of the [[Munda Languages]], which are part of the [[Austroasiatic languages]]. They are very close to the nature and culture of the tribe is influenced by its ecological and cultural surroundings.
[[File:Roadside gods of the Hill Kharia Tribe.jpg|thumb|Roadside gods of the Hill Kharia Tribe]]

===Dress===
The Hill Kharia have preserved their traditional dress pattern and rest of the Kharia have been influenced by the modern contacts and changed their dressing style. Traditionally, they wear Dhoti called Bhagwan. women wear saree falling up to the ankles. A part of the saree covers their bosom. The traditional dress is nowadays going out of use. Both men and women wear ornaments generally made of Brass, Nickel, Aluminium, Silver and rarely of Gold. Dudh Kharia women prefer Gold ornaments.{{sfn|Vidyarthi|Upadhyay|1980|pages=50-51}}

===Economy===
Different levels of economic developments on sectional basis exist among Kharia. The Hill Kharia is a food gathering, hunting and labourer community. The Dhelkis are agricultural labourers and agriculturalists, while Dudh Kharia are exclusively agriculturists in their primary economy.{{sfn|Vidyarthi|Upadhyay|1980|page=26}}

Kharia people are skilled in cottage industries.<ref name="N. Jayapalan">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gVo1I4SIqOwC&pg=PA270 | title=Indian Society and Social Institutions | publisher=Atlantic Publishers & Distri | author=N. Jayapalan | year=2001 | pages=270 | isbn=9788171569250}}</ref>

===Religion===
According to the 2011 Census on Kharias in all states of India, 46.1% are [[Christians]], followed by 43.4% [[Hinduism|Hindus]] and [[Sarnaism|Sarnas]]. Minor populations follow [[Islam]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Sikhism]] and other religions.<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=ST-14 Scheduled Tribe Population By Religious Community - Odisha |url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/SCST-Series/ST14/ST-21-00-014-DDW-2011.XLS |website=census.gov.in |access-date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

===Dances===
Kharia are said to be the great dancers. Youth of both sexes dance together. sometimes they form two groups each of males and females and sing one after the other. It is like a conversation is going on between boys and girls in the form of the song.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tribal Dances of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA132 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |author1=Robin D. Trubhuwan |author2=Preeti R. Trubhuwan |year=1999 |page=132 |isbn=81-7141-443-5 |oclc=41143548}}</ref>

The following dance patterns are prevalent among Kharias: Hario, Kinbhar, Halka, Kudhing and Jadhura.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tribal Dances of India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |author1=Robin D. Trubhuwan |author2=Preeti R. Trubhuwan |year=1999 |isbn=81-7141-443-5 |oclc=41143548 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA133 133], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA134 134], [https://books.google.com/books?id=TmDRNTYw49EC&pg=PA135 135]}}</ref>


==Notable people==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2020}}


*[[Gladson Dungdung]], tribal right activist
*[[Sylvanus Dung Dung]], hockey player
* [[Rose Kerketta]], writer
* [[Telanga Kharia]], freedom fighter
* [[Jyoti Sunita Kullu]], hockey player
* [[Archana Soreng]], Activist
*[[Salima Tete]], hockey player

==References==
===Notes===
{{Notelist}}
===Sources===
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
{{refbegin}}
*{{Cite book|title=Kharia: Then and Now – A comparative study of Hill, Dhelki and Dudh Kharia of the Central-Eastern region of India |last1=Vidyarthi |first1=L.P. |author-link1=L. P. Vidyarthi |last2=Upadhyay |first2=V. S. |date=1980 |publisher=Concept Publishing Company |isbn=0391018388 |location=New Delhi |oclc=948680446 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6xZsvFPca2UC |via=Google Books}} ([https://archive.org/details/khariathennowcom00vidy Via Internet Archive])
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
*Mukhopadhyay, C. (1998). ''Kharia: the victim of social stigma''. Calcutta: K.P. Bagchi & Co. {{ISBN|81-7074-203-X}}
*Dash, J. (1998). ''Human ecology of foragers: a study of the Kharia (Savara), Ujia (Savara), and Birhor in Similipāl hills''. New Delhi: Commonwealth. {{ISBN|81-7169-551-5}}
*Sinha, A. P. (1989). ''Religious life in tribal India: a case-study of Dudh Kharia''. New Delhi: Classical Pub. Co. {{ISBN|81-7054-079-8}}
*Sinha, D. (1984). ''The hill Kharia of Purulia: a study on the impact of poverty on a hunting and gathering tribe''. Calcutta: Anthropological Survey of India, Govt. of India.
*Banerjee, G. C. (1982). ''Introduction to the Khariā language''. New Delhi: Bahri Publications.
*Doongdoong, A. (1981). ''The Kherias of Chotanagpur: a source book''. [Ranchi]: Doongdoong.
*Biligiri, H. S. (1965). ''Kharia; phonology, grammar and vocabulary''. Poona: [Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute].
*{{Cite book |title=Encyclopaedic profile of Indian tribes |date=1996 |publisher=Discovery Pub. House |author1=Sachchidananda |author2=Prasad, R. R. |isbn=9788171412983 |edition=1st |location=New Delhi, India |oclc=34119387}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kharia.in For more information]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225630/http://www.kharia.in/satod.php First Kharia Online Magazine]
* [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Kharia.txt Patricia Donegan & David Stampe’s Online Kharia Dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234201/http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/austroasiatic/AA/Munda/Dictionaries/Kharia.txt |date=3 March 2016 }}
{{Commons cat|Kharia people}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kharia people| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Odisha]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Odisha]]
[[Category:Social groups of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Odisha]]

Zeenath

2026-01-20T20:09:16Z

Mazzulah Peel: adjusted formatting further and fixed typos per sources

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{About|the Indian actress|the Maldivian actress|Zeenath Abbas|similar uses|Zeenat (disambiguation){{!}}Zeenat}}
{{Cleanup|date=February 2024|reason=Per the ''[[MOS:ITALICTITLE|Manual of Style]]'', all titles of works (films and television productions) should be italicized.}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Zeenath A. P.
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|12|29|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Nilambur]], [[Malappuram district|Malappuram]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 1986–present
| spouse = {{Unbulleted_list|{{Marriage|[[K. T. Muhammed]]|1981 |1993|reason=div}}|Anil Kumar}}
| children = 2
}}
'''Zeenath A. P.''' (born 29 December 1964)<ref name=Mangalam>{{cite web |script-title=ml:സന്തോഷങ്ങൾക്കു നടുവിൽ ഞാൻ |trans-title=I am in the midst of happiness |language=ml |first1=Rashmi |last1=Raghunath |date=17 September 2012 |url=http://www.mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/50/26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919204528/http://mangalamvarika.com/index.php/en/home/index/50/26 |url-status=usurped |archive-date=19 September 2012 |work=[[Mangalam Weekly]] |access-date=29 October 2013}}</ref> is an Indian actress and dubbing artist. She was a prominent supporting actress during the 1990s in the [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film industry]].

==Personal life==
In 1981, Zeenath married Malayalam drama director and producer [[K. T. Muhammed]] when she was 18 and he was 54. The marriage proved unsuccessful due to wide age gap. Their only son, Jithin, is married to Saleena Salim. Zeenath divorced Muhammed in 1993.<ref name=Kaumudi>{{Cite web |url=https://www.keralakaumudi.com/news/cinema/news/actress-zeenath-on-kt-muhammed-37271 |script-title=ml:അന്നെനിക്ക് 18, കെ.ടിക്ക് 54ഉം, 36 വയസ് മുതിർന്നയാളെ വിവാഹം കഴിക്കേണ്ടി വന്നതിനെ കുറിച്ച് നടി സീനത്ത് |trans-title=Then 18, KT 54, actress Seenath on having to marry a 36-year-older man (machine translation) |language=ml |work=[[Kerala Kaumudi]] |date=11 January 2019 |accessdate=2 March 2019 |archive-date=2 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190302160851/https://www.keralakaumudi.com/news/cinema/news/actress-zeenath-on-kt-muhammed-37271 |url-status=live |title=Kerala Kaumudi Online }}</ref>

Zeenath later married Anil Kumar, with whom she has a son, Nithin Anil. She currently resides in [[Kochi]].<ref name=Mangalam/>

==Awards==
* 2007 - ''[[Kerala State Film Award for Best Dubbing Artist]]''- ''[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]'' for [[Shwetha Menon]]
* 2016 - ''[[CPC Cine Awards]]'' for Best Character Actress - ''[[Alif (2015 film)|Alif]]''

; '''Kerala State Television Award '''
* 1991 - Best Actress- [[Poovanpazham]] ( telefilm) by Vaikkom Muhammed Basheer
* 2005 - Best Supporting Actress - Sulthanveedu (Serial)

; [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]]

* 2020 - Special Jury Award for direction - ''Randam Naal''

==Filmography==
=== As actress ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* 1978 Mayoora Varnangal
* 1978 [[Chuvanna Vithukal]]
* 1979 Anyarude Bhoomi
* 1979 Ival Oru Naadodi
* 1986 [[Hello My Dear Wrong Number]]
* 1987 [[Oridathu]] as Christian lady
* 1988 [[Ore Thooval Pakshikal]]
* 1991 [[Dhanam (1991 film)|Dhanam]] as Lekshmi
* 1991 [[Ulladakkam]] as Reena
* 1991 [[Kilukkam]] as Schoolteacher
* 1991 [[Godfather (1991 film)|Godfather]] as Karthyani
* 1992 Ayalathe Adheham
* 1992 Neelakurukkan
* 1992 Kavacham
* 1992 Kaazhchakkppuram as Harikumar's Wife
* 1992 Grihaprevesam as Shobha
* 1992 Makkalmaahaathmyam as Saraswathi Amma
* 1992 [[Thiruthalvaadi]] as Parvathy
* 1992 Ulsavamelam as Kanakaprabha's mother
* 1992 [[Aayushkalam]] as Geetha
* 1992 [[Mahanagaram]] as Kalyani
* 1992 Kudumbasametham as Shyamala
* 1993 Theeram Thedunna Thirakal
* 1993 [[Ghazal (1993 film)|Ghazal]] as Amina Umma
* 1993 Sarovaram as Damu's wife
* 1993 [[Kabooliwala]] as Laila's mother
* 1993 [[Samooham]] as Rajalekshmi's sister
* 1993 Porutham as Vijayalakshmi
* 1993 [[Koushalam]] as Rosy
* 1993 [[Bandhukkal Sathrukkal]] as Kamalakshi amma
* 1993 Kulapathi as Thanku
* 1993 [[Mithunam (1993 film)|Mithunam]] as Subhadra
* 1993 Magrib as Safia
* 1994 Njan Kodeeswaran
* 1994 Puthran
* 1994 [[Ponthan Mada]] as
* 1994 [[Varaphalam]] as Anjali's mother
* 1994 Vishnu as Rajamma
* 1994 [[Sagaram Sakshi]] as Nirmala's sister
* 1995 Aadhyathe Kanmani
* 1995 Maanam Thelinjappol as
* 1995 Bali as
* 1995 Achan Raajaavu Appan Jethaavu as Sarasu
* 1995 Thovalapookkal as Lakshmi
* 1995 Shashinaas as Beevi
* 1995 Ratholsavam as Seethamm's mother
* 1995 [[Parvathy Parinayam]] as Subhadra
* 1995 [[Tom & Jerry (1996 film)|Tom & Jerry]] as Devaki
* 1995 [[Three Men Army]] as Subhashini
* 1995 Simhavalan Menon as Gomathi
* 1995 Sindoora Rekha as Rajalakshmi
* 1995 Kidilol Kidilam as Savithri
* 1995 Sipayi Lahala as Rajendran's mother
* 1995 Kakkakum Poochakkum Kalyanam as Mahalakshmi
* 1996 April 19
* 1996 Devaragam as Arathi
* 1996 Sathyabhaamaykkoru Pranayalekhanam as Subhadra
* 1996 Aakeshathekkoru Kilivathil as Lalitha
* 1996 [[Swapna Lokathe Balabhaskaran]] as Sadasivan's wife
* 1996 Hitler as Devarajan's wife
* 1996 Mr. Clean as Savithri
* 1997 Junior Mandrake as Vishalakshi
* 1997 The Good Boys as Gomathi Teacher
* 1997 [[Superman (1997 film)|Superman]] as Bhavani
* 1997 [[Mannadiar Penninu Chenkotta Checkan]] as Leelamani
* 1997 Kadhanayakan as Ammalu
* 1997 Killikurushiyile Kudumba Mela as Ananthan's wife
* 1997 Ikkareyanente Manasam as Padmini
* 1997 Ishtadanam as Selina
* 1998 Aanappara Achamma
* 1998 Vismayam as Vathsalakumari
* 1998 Manthri Kochamma
* 1998 [[Meenathil Thalikettu]] as Sarada
* 1998 Grama Panchayath as Shantha
* 1998 Gloria Fernandes From U.S.A. as Alice
* 1998 Dravidan as Rarichan's mother
* 1999 Garshom as Jameela
* 1999 [[Ezhupunna Tharakan]]
* 1999 Gaandhiyan
* 1999 [[Pattabhishekam (1999 film)|Pattabhishekam]] as Aadi Thampuran's wife
* 1999 [[Friends (1999 film)|Friends]] as Lalitha
* 1999 [[Crime File]] as Mother Superior
* 2000 [[Ingane Oru Nilapakshi]] as Vijayan's mother
* 2000 Mr.Buttlers as Sumathi
* 2000 [[Joker (2000 film)|Joker]] as Jameela
* 2001 Raajapattam
* 2001 Korappan The Great
* 2001 [[Soothradharan]]
* 2001 [[Uthaman (2001 film)|Uthaman]] as Saramma
* 2000 Arayannegalude Veedu as Laila
* 2002 [[Nandanam (film)|Nandanam]] as Unniyamma's kin
* 2002 Neelaakaasham Niraye as Unni's sister
* 2002 [[Pranyamanithooval]] as Balu's mother
* 2003 [[Chronic Bachelor]] as Bhama's mother
* 2003 [[Pattalam (2003 film)|Pattalam]] as Malini
* 2003 [[Mizhi Randilum]] as Vathsala Koshy
* 2004 [[Mampazhakkalam]]
* 2004 Udayam as Bharathi
* 2004 [[Mayilattam (film)|Mayilattam]] as Mythili's mother
* 2005 [[Daivanamathil]] as Anwar's mother
* 2005 The Campus as Najeeb's mother
* 2005 [[Chandrolsavam]] as Santha
* 2005 [[Pandippada]] as Bhuvanachandran's Mother
* 2006 [[Pakal (film)|Pakal]] as Shantha
* 2006 [[Kisan (film)|Kisan]] as Savithri
* 2007 Nagaram as Dr Cicily
* 2007 Anchil Oral Arjunan as Sathi
* 2007 [[Sooryan (2007 film)|Sooryan]] as Sooryan's sister
* 2007 [[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]] as Sulekha
* 2007 [[Ali Bhai]] aa Amminiyamma
* 2007 [[Nasrani (film)|Nasrani]] as Prisoner
* 2008 Raman as Krishnan;s wife
* 2008 Gulmohar as Paulachan's Wife
* 2008 Kabadi Kabadi as Saraswathi
* 2008 [[Malabar Wedding]] as Ilayamma
* 2008 Vilapangalkkappuram as Usman's sister
* 2009 Samayam
* 2009 [[Kancheepurathe Kalyanam]] as Devanayagi
* 2009 [[Decent Parties]] as Sudheendran's mother
* 2010 Khilafath
* 2010 Senior Mandrake as Archive footage
* 2010 [[Body Guard (2010 film)|Body Guard]] as Mani Chechi
* 2010 [[Ringtone (film)|Ringtone]] as Krishna's mother
* 2010 [[Valiyangadi (film)|Valiyangadi]] as Pareekutty's mother
* 2011 Krishna Rajapuram
* 2011 [[Lucky Jokers]] as Parvathy Thampuratti
* 2011 [[The Train (2011 film)|The Train]] as Suhana's mother
* 2011 [[Vellaripravinte Changathi]] as Actress
* 2011 Koratty Pattanam Railway Gate as Annie's mother
* 2011 [[August 15 (2011 film)|August 15]] as College Principal
* 2011 [[Sevenes]] ... Arun's mother
* 2011 [[Indian Rupee (film)|Indian Rupee]] as Jayaprkash's mother, Yashodha
* 2012 [[Veendum Kannur]]
* 2012 [[Naughty Professor]] as Neighbour
* 2012 [[Josettante Hero]] as Annie
* 2012 [[Bhoopadathil Illatha Oridam]] as Karthyayini
* 2013 [[Isaac Newton S/O Philipose]] as Gracy
* 2014 [[Parayan Baaki Vechathu]] as Emmanuel's mother
* 2014 Bad Boys
* 2014 Gunda as Jhansi Rani
* 2015 Ente Cinema- The Movie Festival
* 2015 [[Haram (film)|Haram]] as Ameena's mother
* 2015 Aashamsakalode Anna as Sherly
* 2015 Elanjikkavu P.O as Lakshmi's mother
* 2015 [[Alif (2015 film)|Alif]] as Aatta/Fathima's mother
* 2015 Kanthari as Palarivattam Padmavathi
* 2016 [[Shajahanum Pareekuttiyum]] as Prince's mother
* 2017 [[Oru Visheshapetta Biriyani Kissa]] as Fathima
* 2019 Virus as Dr.Akila's mother
* 2019 Arayakkadavil
* 2020 [[Halal Love Story]] as Rahim's wife
* 2022 The Epitaph (Short film) as Rukhiyya
* 2022 Kochaal as Mariyamma
* 2022 [[Rorschach (film)|Rorschach]] as Satheeshan 's mother
* 2024 Randaam Naal - 2024
{director/story/script too}
*''Peppatty''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/peppatty-director-salim-baba-says-our-film-has-a-compelling-message-against-substance-abuse/articleshow/106960080.cms | title=Peppatty's director, Salim Baba, says, Our film has a compelling message against substance abuse | newspaper=The Times of India | date=18 January 2024 | access-date=31 January 2024 | archive-date=22 January 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240122204847/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/peppatty-director-salim-baba-says-our-film-has-a-compelling-message-against-substance-abuse/articleshow/106960080.cms | url-status=live }}</ref>
* Ammayi (Short film)
* Mysore 150 k
* 2024 Kuruvipaappa
* 2025 Kadalolam Sneham
{{Div col end}}

===As dubbing artist ===
*[[Paradesi (2007 film)|Paradesi]]-voice for [[Swetha Menon]]
*[[Penpattanam]]-voice for [[Swetha Menon]]
*[[Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha (film)|Paleri Manikyam: Oru Pathirakolapathakathinte Katha]]-voice for [[Swetha Menon]]
*Rani Padmini - voice for [[Sajitha Madathil]]
* TBA - voice for [[Parvathi T.]]
* [[Alone (2022 film)|Alone]] as Sheela Varky

==Television serials==
* [[Poovanpazham]] ([[Doordarshan]])
* Bandhanam ([[Doordarshan]])
* Punnakka Vikasana Corporation ([[Doordarshan]])
* Ladies Hostel ([[Doordarshan]])
* Kamandalam ([[Doordarshan]])
* Bandhangal ([[Doordarshan]])
* Paying Guest ([[Doordarshan]])
* Sultanveedu ([[Kairali TV]])
* Ragardram ([[Doordarshan]])
* Aatma ([[Kairali TV]]) - Producer also
*Shanghupushpam (Asianet)
* [[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]] (Asianet)
* Sooryaputhri (Asianet)
* Sindoorakuruvi (Surya TV)
* Nizhalukal (Asianet)
* Kanal Kireedam (Asianet)
* Swantham Malootty (Surya TV)
* Pavithra Bhandham (Surya TV)
* Parinayam ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* Bhagyadevatha ([[Mazhavil Manorama]])
* Bandhuvaru Sathruvaru (Mazhavil Manorama)
* Jagritha (Amrita TV)
*CBI Diary(Mazhavil Manorama)
*Thenum Vayambum (Surya TV)
* Dany's (Goodness TV) - Telefilm as Mary
*[[Santhwanam (TV series)|Santhwanam]] (Asianet)

==Dramas==
* Snehabandham
* Khafar
* Srishti
* Swantham Lekhakan
* Vriddha

==TV shows==
* Pularkkalam
* Sarigama
* Smart Show
* Annie's Kitchen
* Annorikkal
* Ruchibhedam
* Yo Yo Krishnanum Yasodamaarum
* Red Carpet

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|1466902}}
* [http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Zeenath&limit=50 Zeenath at MSI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064028/http://en.msidb.org/displayProfile.php?category=actors&artist=Zeenath&limit=50 |date=4 March 2016 }}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Kerala State Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:People from Malappuram district]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam theatre]]
[[Category:Indian stage actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Hindi television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Kerala State Television Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian voice actresses]]

Shrachi Bengal Tigers

2026-01-11T13:45:52Z

Mazzulah Peel: Done

{{Short description|Bengal based field hockey franchise team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox field hockey club
| clubname = Shrachi Bengal Tigers
| image = Rarh Bengal Tigers.png
| image_size = 150px
| fullname = Shrachi Bengal Tigers
| nickname =
| short name =
| league = [[Hockey India League]]
| founded = [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024]]
| dissolved =
| color = {{color box|#FFD700}} {{color box|#FF4500}}
| ground = [[Kolkata]]
| capacity =
| captain = {{ubl
|
|
}}
| coach = {{ubl
| {{flagicon|GER}} [[Valentin Altenburg]]
| {{flagicon|IND}} [[Deepak Thakur]]
}}
| mentor =
| owner = Shrachi Sports
| ceo =
| chairman = Rahul Todi
| manager =
| members =
| winners = [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]]
| runnerup =
| website =
| kit_alt1 =
| pattern_la1 =
| pattern_b1 =
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_sh1 =
| pattern_so1 =
| leftarm1 = FF4500
| body1 = FF4500
| rightarm1 = FF4500
| shorts1 = FF4500
| socks1 = 000000
| kit_alt2 =
| pattern_la2 =
| pattern_b2 =
| pattern_ra2 =
| pattern_sh2 =
| pattern_so2 =
| leftarm2 = FFFFFF
| body2 = FFFFFF
| rightarm2 = FFFFFF
| shorts2 = FFFFFF
| socks2 = FFFFFF
| kit_alt3 =
| pattern_la3 =
| pattern_b3 =
| pattern_ra3 =
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| pattern_so3 =
| leftarm3 =
| body3 =
| rightarm3 =
| shorts3 =
| socks3 =
}}
'''Bengal Tigers''', formerly known as '''Rarh Bengal Tigers''' is a professional [[field hockey]] franchise team based in [[Kolkata]] that competes in the [[Hockey India League]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sportstar |first=Team |date=2024-10-13 |title=Shrachi Rarh Bengal Tigers men's squad, Hockey India League 2024-25: Full list of players after auction, remaining purse |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/shrachi-rarh-bengal-tigers-squad-hockey-india-league-2024-auction-men-players-bought-full-list-purse-remaining/article68747094.ece/ |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref> It is owned by Shrachi Sports.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hockey India League: Kolkata-based team named Shrachi Rarh Bengal Tigers for both men's and women's franchise |url=https://khelnow.com/hockey/hockey-india-league-shrachi-rarh-bengal-tigers-202410 |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref> At the [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25 edition]], the men's team won the league and the women's team finished at the third place.

Former Australian players [[Colin Batch]] and [[Glenn Turner]] are the coaches of the men's and women's teams respectively.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarangi |first=Y. B. |date=2024-10-09 |title=Hockey India League: Shrachi Rarh Bengal Tigers to have Aussie coaches |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/hockey/shrachi-rarh-bengal-tigers-hil-2024-debut-to-have-australian-coaches-hockey-india-league-news-updates/article68736402.ece/ |access-date=2024-10-11 |website=sportstar.thehindu.com |language=en}}</ref>

==Ownership==
Rarh Bengal Tigers is owned by Rahul Todi's Shrachi Sports.

==Men's squad==
===2024–25===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #FF4500; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!style="background: #FF4500; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
|-
! colspan=3|Goalkeepers
|-
| [[Pirmin Blaak]]
| {{NED}}
|-
| [[Ali Khan (field hockey)|Ali Khan]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Atal Dev Singh Chahal]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=3|Defenders
|-
| [[Jugraj Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Hayden Beltz]]
| {{AUS}}
|-
| [[Gauthier Boccard]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Rupinder Pal Singh]] '''(C)'''
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Jasjit Singh Kular]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=3|Midfielders
|-
| [[Lachlan Sharp]]
| {{AUS}}
|-
| [[Jaskaran Singh (field hockey)|Jaskaran Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Sean Findlay]]
| {{NZ}}
|-
| [[Pardeep Mor]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Pradhan Chandura]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Affan Yousuf]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Atul Deep]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Yogesh Malik Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Pardeep Singh Sandhu]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Thounaojam Ingalemba Lauwang]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=3|Forwards
|-
| [[Abhishek Nain]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Sukhjeet Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Florent Van Aubel]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Sam Lane (field hockey)|Sam Lane]]
| {{NZ}}
|-
| [[Gursewak Singh (field hockey)|Gursewak Singh]]
| {{IND}}
|}

[https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-league-player-auction-day-2-franchises-assemble-robust-mens-squads-for-2024-25-season Source]

==Women's squad==
===2025===
The [[2024–25 Hockey India League|2025]] [[Hockey India League]] women's squad of Rarh Bengal Tigers is as follows.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-14 |title="Link to the full list of players sold and team squads for women at the HIL Player Auction 2024/25:"|url=https://www.hockeyindia.org/news/hockey-india-league-2024-25-auction-franchises-assemble-strong-squads-ahead-of-inaugural-womens-competition |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=hockeyindia.org |language=en}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
!style="background: #FF4500; color:#FFFFFF"|Player
!style="background: #FF4500; color:#FFFFFF"|Nationality
|-
! colspan=2|Goalkeepers
|-
| [[Grace O'Hanlon]]
| {{NZ}}
|-
| [[Jennifer Rizzo]]
| {{USA}}
|-
| [[Vidyashree V]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Defenders
|-
| [[Udita Duhan]] '''(C)'''
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Róisín Upton]]
| {{IRL}}
|-
| [[Elena Neill]]
| {{IRL}}
|-
| [[Marina Lalramnghaki]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Mahima Choudhary]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Vandana Patel]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Midfielders
|-
| [[Eva de Goede]]
| {{NED}}
|-
| [[Sarah Hawkshaw]]
| {{IRL}}
|-
| [[Jyothi Edula]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Huda Khan]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Binima Dhan]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Munmuni Das]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Sushila Chanu]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Shilpi Dabas]]
| {{IND}}
|-
! colspan=2|Forwards
|-
| [[Vandana Katariya]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Lalremsiami Hmarzote]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Beauty Dungdung]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Ambre Ballenghien]]
| {{BEL}}
|-
| [[Kathryn Mullan]]
| {{IRL}}
|-
| [[Lalrinpuii Pachuau]]
| {{IND}}
|-
| [[Priyanka Wankhede]]
| {{IND}}
|}

==Performance record==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan=2|Season
!rowspan=2|Team
!rowspan=2|Standing
!rowspan=2|Result
!rowspan=2|Matches
!rowspan=2|Won
!rowspan=2|Draw
!rowspan=2|Lost
!colspan=2|Shootout
!rowspan=2|Most Goals
|-
!W
!L
|- bgcolor=gold
!rowspan=2|{{nowrap|[[2024–25 Hockey India League|2024–25]]}}
|'''M'''
|1/8
|'''Winners'''
|12
|7
|2
|3
|1
|1
|[[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj Singh]]
|- bgcolor=#CFAA88
|'''W'''
|3/4
|Third Place
|6
|2
|1
|3
|0
|1
|[[Kathryn Mullan]]
|-
!rowspan=2|{{nowrap|[[2025–26 Hockey India League|2025–26]]}}
|'''M'''
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|- bgcolor=silver
|'''W'''
|2/4
|Runners-up
|6
|2
|3
|2
|2
|1
|[[Agustina Gorzelany]]
|-
! colspan=11|''Champions x1, Runners-up x 1, Third Place x 1''
|}

==Goalscorers==
===Men's team===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Nationality
!Goals
|-
! 1
| [[Jugraj Singh (field hockey, born 1996)|Jugraj Singh]]
| {{IND}}
| 12
|-
! 2
| [[Rupinder Pal Singh]]
| {{IND}}
| 5
|-
! 2
| [[Sukhjeet Singh]]
| {{IND}}
| 3
|-
! 2
| [[Abhishek Nain]]
| {{IND}}
| 2
|-
! 3
| [[Affan Yousuf]]
| {{IND}}
| 1
|-
! 3
| [[Gauthier Boccard]]
| {{BEL}}
| 1
|}

===Women's team===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!Rank
!Player
!Nationality
!Goals
|-
!1
|[[Hannah Cotter]]
|{{NZL}}
|1
|-
!1
|[[Katie Mullan]]
|{{IRE}}
|1
|-
!1
|[[Beauty Dungdung]]
|{{IND}}
|1
|-
!1
|[[Udita Duhan]]
|{{IND}}
|1
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Hockey India League}}

[[Category:Hockey India League teams]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs in India]]
[[Category:Sports clubs and teams in Kolkata]]
[[Category:Field hockey clubs established in 2024]]

Andhra Pradesh Capital Region

2026-01-10T18:37:58Z

Mazzulah Peel: added intro and improved wording for clarity

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name =
| native_name = {{lang|te-Latn|Āndhra Pradēś Rājadhāni Prāntaṁ}}
| native_name_lang = 
| settlement_type = [[Capital Region]]
| image_skyline = Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.jpg
| imagesize = 250
| image_alt = Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.jpg
| image_caption = Zonal map of Andhra Pradesh Capital Region with the city of [[Amaravati]] on the banks of [[River Krishna]]
| image_flag =
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_size =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield =
| shield_alt =
| etymology =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| pushpin_label_position =
| coordinates = 
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = {{Flag icon image| Emblem of Andhra Pradesh.svg}} [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[List of districts of India|Districts]]
| subdivision_name3 = {{bulleted list|
[[Krishna district|Krishna]]|[[Guntur district|Guntur]]|[[NTR district|NTR]]|[[Palnadu district|Palnadu]]|[[Bapatla district|Bapatla]]|[[Eluru district|Eluru]]}}
| established_title = Created
| established_date = 2014
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| seat_type = Major Cities and Towns
| seat = {{bulleted list|
[[Vijayawada]]|[[Amaravati]]|[[Guntur]]|[[Tenali]]}}
| government_footnotes =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| unit_pref = Metric

| area_footnotes =
| area_urban_footnotes = 
| area_rural_footnotes = 
| area_metro_footnotes = 
| area_note =
| area_water_percent =
| area_rank =
| area_blank1_title =
| area_blank2_title = 
| area_total_km2 = 8654.05
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_rural_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_blank1_km2 =
| area_blank2_km2 = 
| area_total_ha =
| area_land_ha =
| area_water_ha =
| area_urban_ha =
| area_rural_ha =
| area_metro_ha =
| area_blank1_ha =
| area_blank2_ha =
| length_km =
| width_km =
| dimensions_footnotes =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref name="population">{{cite web|title=Demography|url=http://www.crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/Demography/01~12112011%20census%20capital%20region.xlsx|website=APCRDA|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=30 June 2016|format=PDF|archive-date=13 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913123557/http://www.crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/Demography/01~12112011%20census%20capital%20region.xlsx|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_total = 5873588
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_note =
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN Code]]
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code =
| area_codes = 
| iso_code =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Nominal GDP]](2022-23)
| blank_info_sec1 = {{INRConvert|188502|c|year=2022|mode=historical}}<ref>{{cite web | title=Metropolitan Region Statistics | url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/apcrdav2/views/DynamicHorizontalTabNew.aspx?CapitalType=1 }}</ref>
| blank1_name_sec1 = GDP Contribution to state
| blank1_info_sec1 = 14.5%
| website = {{URL|http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/UserInterface/Loginform.aspx|APCRDA}}
| module =
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type4 = [[Headquarters]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Amaravati]]
}}

'''Andhra Pradesh Capital Region''' ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]: Āndhra Pradēś Rājadhāni Prāntaṁ) is the [[metropolitan area]] of the [[capital city]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. The region is spread across the districts of [[Krishna district|Krishna]], [[Guntur district|Guntur]], [[Palnadu district|Palnadu]], [[NTR district|NTR]], [[Bapatla district|Bapatla]] and [[Eluru district|Eluru]]. It includes the major cities of [[Vijayawada]] and [[Guntur]]. Vijayawada is the largest city and headquarters of the region. It is one the most populated metropolitan areas in Andhra Pradesh.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/current-affairs/190816/vijayawada-is-third-densely-packed-city-31200-people-in-every-square-km.html|title=Vijayawada is third densely packed city; 31,200 people in every square km|first=u sudhakar|last=reddy|date=19 August 2016|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref> The region is under the jurisdiction of [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] and covers an area of {{convert|8603|sqkm|abbr=on}} under 58 [[mandal]]s.<ref name="crda">{{cite web|title=A.P. Capital Region|url=http://www.crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/FACTS%20AND%20FIGURES%20OF%20CAPITAL%20REGION/01~1117CRDA%20Factfile%20(%20Web%20view).pdf|website=APCRDA|publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=1 September 2016|page=15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913124145/http://www.crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/FACTS%20AND%20FIGURES%20OF%20CAPITAL%20REGION/01~1117CRDA%20Factfile%20(%20Web%20view).pdf |archive-date=13 September 2016}}</ref> The capital city [[Amaravati]] is an urban notified area and will cover {{Convert|217.23|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}, within the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mahalakshmi|first1=BV|title=Foundation stone of Andhra Pradesh's new capital Amaravati laid by PM Narendra Modi|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/pm-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-andhra-pradeshs-new-capital-amaravati/155133/|access-date=5 June 2016|work=The Financial Express|date=22 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160701074811/http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/pm-narendra-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-andhra-pradeshs-new-capital-amaravati/155133/|archive-date=1 July 2016|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

== Background ==
{{Further|Amaravati|Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority}}

After the bifurcation of [[United Andhra Pradesh]], the newly formed [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] constituted the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority in 2014 and the Andhra Pradesh Capital Region was formed with a extent of {{Convert|7319|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}. The limits of the region was expanded on 22 September 2015, which resulted in addition and removal of the mandals and villages taking the total area to {{Convert|8603|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mandals" /><ref name="newmandals">{{cite web|url=http://www.crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14182015MAUD_MS207.PDF |title=Declaration of A.P. Capital Region |date=22 September 2015 |website=APCRDA |publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department |access-date=21 February 2016 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221091124/http://www.crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/GOSACTSRULES/CRDA/01~14182015MAUD_MS207.PDF |archive-date=21 February 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Subba Rao|first1=GVR|title=Capital region expands as CRDA redraws boundaries|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/capital-region-expands-as-crda-redraws-boundaries/article7680051.ece|access-date=31 October 2015|work=The Hindu|date=23 September 2015|location=Vijayawada}}</ref> As of 1 August 2020, government of Andhra Pradesh proposed three capitals, which are [[Visakhapatnam]] as the executive capital, [[Amaravati]] as the legislative capital, and [[Kurnool]] as the judicial capital, but the process was cancelled and reverted back to the original 2014 plan of a singular capital city at Amaravati on 22 November 2021.<ref>{{cite web |date=21 September 2020 |title=High court extends status quo on three capitals |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/nation/andhra-hc-extends-status-quo-on-three-capitals-row-till-october-5-144512 |website=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]}}</ref>

== Administration and Jurisdiction ==
The [[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]] is responsible for the administration and governance of the entire region under the Department of Municipal Administration and Urban Development of Andhra Pradesh.

The region is partially spread across 6 districts and subdivided into 8 zones for administrative purposes.[https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/Maps/01~1324Zones-ULBs.jpg] It consists of 33 complete and 25 part mandals, totaling 58 mandals with 3 [[Municipal Corporation|municipal corporations]], 10 [[Municipality|municipalities]] and 1006 [[Gram Panchayat|gram panchayats]] spanning across 953 revenue villages.<ref>{{cite web|title=Urban Footprints in APCRDA Region|url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/Maps/01~1332ULB%20footprints.jpg|website=APCRDA|access-date=27 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=AP Capital Region Development Authority comes into being|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/ap-capital-region-development-authority-comes-into-being/article6739396.ece|access-date=6 January 2015|work=The Hindu|date=31 December 2014|location=Hyderabad}}</ref><ref name="mandals">{{cite web|title=District wise mandals and villages covered in Krishna and Guntur districts |url=http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF |website=Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=23 September 2015 |url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923135735/http://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDA/Downloads/Notifications/2014MAUD_MS253.PDF |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name=CRDA>{{cite web|title= Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority |url=https://crda.ap.gov.in/APCRDADOCS/DataModuleFIles/FACTS%20AND%20FIGURES%20OF%20CAPITAL%20REGION/01~1117CRDA%20Factfile%20(%20Web%20view).pdf |website=APCRDA |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=12 April 2023 }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!Zone
!District
!Mandal
|-
!style="background:#FFD700 ; color:black;" |Amaravati
![[Guntur district]]
|[[Thullur mandal]]
|-
!rowspan=5 style="background:#A020F0 ; color:black;" |Western Zone
! rowspan=5 |[[NTR district]]
|[[Kanchikacherla mandal]]
|-
|[[Veerullapadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Nandigama mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Chandarlapadu mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Penuganchiprolu mandal]] (Part)
|-
!rowspan=6 style="background:#90EE90; color:black;"|South West Zone
!rowspan=6 |[[Palnadu district]]
|[[Amaravati mandal, Andhra Pradesh|Amaravati mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedakurapadu mandal]]
|-
|Krosuru mandal (Part)
|-
|[[Sattenapalle mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Atchampet mandal, Palnadu district|Atchampet mandal]] (Part)
|-
|Muppalla mandal (part)
|-
!rowspan=10 style="background:#FF474C ; color:black;"|Southern Zone
! rowspan=8 |[[Guntur district]]
|[[Pedanandipadu mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Tadikonda mandal]]
|-
|[[Guntur mandal]]
|-
|[[Medikonduru mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedakakani mandal]]
|-
|Vatticherukuru mandal
|-
|[[Prathipadu mandal|Pratipadu mandal]] (Part)
|-
|Phirangipuram mandal (Part)
|-
!rowspan=2 |[[Palnadu district]]
|[[Edlapadu|Edlapadu mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Nadendla|Nadendla mandal]] (Part)
|-
!rowspan=10 style="background:#964B00 ; color:black;"|South East Zone
! rowspan=7 |[[Guntur district]]
|[[Duggirala mandal]]
|-
|[[Tenali mandal]]
|-
|[[Chebrolu mandal]]
|-
|[[Bhattiprolu mandal]]
|-
|[[Kollipara mandal]]
|-
|Tsunduru mandal
|-
|[[Ponnur mandal]] (Part)
|-
!rowspan=3 |[[Bapatla district]]
|[[Vemuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Kollur mandal]]
|-
|Amruthaluru mandal
|-
!rowspan=6 style="background:#FFA07A ; color:black;"|Central Zone
! rowspan=2 |[[Guntur district]]
|[[Tadepalle mandal, Guntur district|Tadepalle mandal]]
|-
|[[Mangalagiri mandal]]
|-
!rowspan=6 |[[NTR district]]
|[[Vijayawada Rural mandal]]
|-
|[[Vijayawada Urban mandal]]
|-
|[[Ibrahimpatnam mandal]]
|-
|[[Penamaluru mandal]]
|-
!rowspan=4 style="background:#AA336A ; color:black;"|Northern Zone
|[[G. Konduru mandal]]
|-
|[[Mylavaram mandal]] (Part)
|-
!rowspan=2 |[[Eluru district]]
|[[Agiripalli mandal]]
|-
|[[Nuzividu mandal]] (Part)
|-
!rowspan=3 style="background:#FF8C00 ; color:black;"|North East Zone
!rowspan=16 |[[Krishna district]]
|[[Gannavaram mandal]]
|-
|[[Unguturu mandal, Krishna district|Unguturu mandal]]
|-
|[[Bapulapadu mandal]] (Part)
|-
!rowspan=13 style="background:#87CEEB ; color:black;"|Eastern Zone
|[[Vuyyuru mandal]]
|-
|[[Kankipadu mandal]]
|-
|[[Pamidimukkala mandal]]
|-
|[[Thotlavalluru mandal]]
|-
|[[Pedaparupudi mandal]]
|-
|[[Gudlavalleru mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Nandivada mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Mopidevi mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Ghantasala mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Challapalli mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Pamarru mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Gudivada mandal]] (Part)
|-
|[[Movva mandal]] (Part)
|}

== See also ==
*[[Andhra Pradesh Capital Region Development Authority]]
*[[List of mandals in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Amaravati topics}}
{{Portal bar|India}}
{{commons category|Andhra Pradesh Capital Region}}

{{Coord|16|30|30|N|80|38|30|E|display=title}}

[[Category:Andhra Pradesh Capital Region| ]]
[[Category:Geography of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Metropolitan areas of India]]
[[Category:Geography of Guntur district]]
[[Category:Geography of Krishna district]]
[[Category:Proposed infrastructure in Andhra Pradesh]]

1996 Indian general election in Maharashtra

2025-12-29T21:12:25Z

Mazzulah Peel: made post

{{Short description|none}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox election
| election_name = 1996 Indian General Election in Maharashtra
| type = legislative
| ongoing = no
| election_date = 27 April, 2 May, and 7 May 1996
| leader3 = [[Sharad Pawar]]
| leader1 = [[Suresh Prabhu]]
| leader2 = [[Pramod Mahajan]]
| leaders_seat3 = [[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
| leaders_seat1 = [[Rajapur Lok Sabha constituency|Rajapur]]
| leaders_seat2 = [[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
| party3 = Indian National Congress
| party1 = Shiv Sena
| party2 = Bharatiya Janata Party
| seats1 = 18
| seats2 = 15
| seats3 = 15
| seat_change1 = {{increase}} 13
| seat_change2 = {{increase}} 10
| seat_change3 = {{decrease}} 22
| seats_before1 = 5
| seats_before2 = 5
| seats_before3 = 37
| map_caption = [[Maharashtra]]
| map_image = India-MAHARASHTRA.svg
| map_size = 200px
| next_election = 1998 Indian general election in Maharashtra
| next_year = 1998
| previous_election = 1991 Indian general election in Maharashtra
| previous_year = 1991
| country = India
| image3 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Sharad Pawar, Minister of AgricultureCrop.jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=0 |oLeft=0 |Location=center}}
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=The Union Minister for Commerce & Industry, Shri Suresh Prabhakar Prabhu holding a Press Conference on the 3rd meeting of Council for Trade Development and Promotion, in New Delhi on January 08, 2018.jpg|bSize=161 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=0 |oLeft=0 |Location=center}}
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Pramod jee.jpg |bSize=125 |cWidth=110 |cHeight=150 |oTop=0 |oLeft=0 |Location=center}}
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[P. V. Narasimha Rao|Narasimha Rao]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[A. B. Vajpayee]]
| after_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}

'''[[1996 Indian general election]]''' was held in [[Maharashtra]] on 27 April, 2 May, and 7 May 1996. Maharashtra returns 48 [[Member of Parliament (India)|MPs]] to the [[Lok Sabha]].

The [[National Democratic Alliance (India)|National Democratic Alliance]] consisting of [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] and [[Shiv Sena]] won 33 seats, while the [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] won 15 seats.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4123-general-election-1996-vol-i-ii/ |title=Statistical Report on General Elections, 1996 to the Eleventh Lok Sabha - Part I |pages=82–84 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref>

==Parties and alliances==
==={{legend2|{{party color|National Democratic Alliance}}|[[National Democratic Alliance|Yuti Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader(s)
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Lotos flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Pramod Mahajan]]
|25
|-
|{{party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena]]
|[[File:Shiv Sena flag.jpg|50px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]]
|[[Suresh Prabhu]]
|20
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|rowspan="3"|[[Independent (politician)|Independents]]
|rowspan="3"|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
| [[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|Bhosale Jaywantrao Krishna
|1
|-
|{{party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
|[[File:Blank.svg|50px]]
|Matuti Dnyanu Patil
|1
|-
!colspan="5"|Total
!48
|}

==={{legend2|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|[[Indian National Congress|Congress Alliance]]}}===
{|class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center"
! colspan="2" |Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|50px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|48
|-
!colspan="5"|Total
!48
|}

==Results==
=== Results by Party/Alliance ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="4" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="4" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|Yuti]]
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 61,84,428
| 21.18
| {{increase}} 0.98
| 25
| 18
| {{increase}} 13
|-
| {{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| [[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
| 47,72,419
| 16.83
| {{increase}} 7.38
| 20
| 15
| {{increase}} 11
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 5,50,942
| 1.94
| {{increase}} 1.94
| 3
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 1,15,07,789
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 39.95
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{increase}} 10.30
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 48
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 33
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{increase}} 24
|-
| {{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| colspan="3"|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 98,64,853
| 34.78
| {{decrease}} 13.62
| 48
| 15
| {{decrease}} 22
|-
| {{Party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
| colspan="3"|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
| 13,94,549
| 4.92
| {{steady}}
| 11
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
| colspan="3"|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
| 9,36,857
| 3.30
| {{decrease}} 7.24
| 12
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
| 5,83,410
| 2.06
| {{steady}}
| 7
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Peasants and Workers Party of India}}
| colspan="3"|[[Peasants and Workers Party of India|PWPI]]
| 4,37,805
| 1.54
| {{steady}}
| 4
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]
| 3,29,695
| 1.16
| {{steady}}
| 4
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 3,11,070
| 1.10
| {{steady}}
| 3
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | Others
| 8,07,819
| 3.48
| {{steady}}
| 125
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 21,87,389
| 7.71
| {{increase}} 3.53
| 803
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 2,83,61,236
! 100%
! -
! 1065
! 48
! -
|}

==Constituency-wise results==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Rajapur Lok Sabha constituency|Rajapur]]
|[[Suresh Prabhu]]
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|193,566
|44.80
|[[Sudhir Sawant]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|127,430
|29.49
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|66,136
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|15.31
|-
!2
|[[Ratnagiri Lok Sabha constituency|Ratnagiri]]
|[[Anant Geete]]
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|275,114
|58.54
|[[Govindrao Nikam]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|143,330
|30.50
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|131,784
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|28.04
|-
!3
|[[Kolaba Lok Sabha constituency|Kolaba]]
|[[A. R. Antulay]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|213,187
|34.10
|Tare Anant Waman
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|209,180
|33.46
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4,007
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|0.64
|-
!4
|[[Mumbai South Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South]]
|[[Jayawantiben Mehta]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|138,831
|44.68
|[[Murli Deora]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|115,623
|37.21
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|23,208
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.47
|-
!5
|[[Mumbai South Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai South Central]]
|[[Mohan Rawale]]
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|173,900
|47.40
|[[Dutta Samant]]
|{{Party color cell|Samajwadi Party}}
|[[Samajwadi Party|SP]]
|115,248
|31.41
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|58,652
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|15.99
|-
!6
|[[Mumbai North Central Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North Central]]
|[[Narayan Athawale]]
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|242,536
|47.92
|[[Sharad Dighe]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|153,337
|30.30
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|89,199
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|17.62
|-
!7
|[[Mumbai North East Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North East]]
|[[Pramod Mahajan]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|428,825
|46.87
|[[Gurudas Kamat]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|237,262
|25.93
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|191,563
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|20.94
|-
!8
|[[Mumbai North West Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North West]]
|Madhukar Sirpotdar
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|321,107
|45.40
|[[Nirmala Samant Prabhavalkar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|232,638
|32.89
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|88,469
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|12.51
|-
!9
|[[Mumbai North Lok Sabha constituency|Mumbai North]]
|[[Ram Naik]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|502,738
|58.49
|[[Anoopchand Shah]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|246,478
|28.68
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|256,260
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|29.81
|-
!10
|[[Thane Lok Sabha constituency|Thane]]
|[[Prakash Vishvanath Paranjape]]
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|466,773
|51.70
|Haribansh Singh Ramakbal Singh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|274,136
|30.37
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|192,637
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|21.33
|-
!11
|[[Dahanu Lok Sabha constituency|Dahanu (ST)]]
|[[Chintaman Vanaga]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|226,388
|42.02
|[[Damodar Barku Shingada]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|153,870
|28.56
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|72,518
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|13.46
|-
!12
|[[Nashik Lok Sabha constituency|Nashik]]
|Godase Rajaram Parashram
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|295,044
|47.41
|[[Vasant Pawar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|221,505
|35.59
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|73,539
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|11.82
|-
!13
|[[Malegaon Lok Sabha constituency|Malegaon (ST)]]
|Raut Kacharu Bhau
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|149,307
|34.59
|Mahale Haribhau Shankar
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|136,426
|31.60
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|12,881
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|2.99
|-
!14
|[[Dhule Lok Sabha constituency|Dhule (ST)]]
|Bagul Sahebrao Sukram
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|184,563
|48.60
|Choure Bapu Hari
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|154,930
|40.80
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|29,633
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.80
|-
!15
|[[Nandurbar Lok Sabha constituency|Nandurbar (ST)]]
|Gavit Manikrao Hodlya
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|236,608
|46.92
|Valvi Kuwarsing Fulji
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|203,299
|40.32
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|33,309
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6.60
|-
!16
|[[Erandol Lok Sabha constituency|Erandol]]
|[[Annasaheb M. K. Patil]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|247,595
|48.38
|[[Kishor Appa Patil]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|201,068
|39.29
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|46,527
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9.09
|-
!17
|[[Jalgaon Lok Sabha constituency|Jalgaon]]
|[[Gunwantrao Rambhau Sarode]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|268,654
|52.99
|Mahajan Jivram Tukaram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|184,567
|36.40
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|84,087
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|16.59
|-
!18
|[[Buldhana Lok Sabha constituency|Buldhana (SC)]]
|[[Anandrao Vithoba Adsul]]
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|281,953
|47.50
|[[Mukul Wasnik]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|212,522
|35.81
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|69,431
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|11.69
|-
!19
|[[Akola Lok Sabha constituency|Akola]]
|[[Pandurang Fundkar]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|221,094
|34.61
|[[Prakash Yashwant Ambedkar]]
|{{Party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|212,041
|33.19
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|9,053
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.42
|-
!20
|[[Washim Lok Sabha constituency|Washim]]
|Gawali Pundlikrao Ramji
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|228,238
|39.30
|Naik Sudhakar Rajusingh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|211,549
|36.42
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|16,689
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|2.88
|-
!21
|[[Amravati Lok Sabha constituency|Amravati]]
|Gudhe Anantrao Mahadeoappa
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|215,672
|39.86
|[[R. S. Gavai]]
|{{Party color cell|Republican Party of India}}
|[[Republican Party of India|RPI]]
|157,041
|29.02
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|58,631
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|10.84
|-
!22
|[[Ramtek Lok Sabha constituency|Ramtek]]
|[[Datta Meghe]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|207,188
|37.79
|[[Prakash Jadhav]]
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|181,466
|33.09
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|25,722
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.70
|-
!23
|[[Nagpur Lok Sabha constituency|Nagpur]]
|[[Banwarilal Purohit]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|353,547
|45.45
|Kunda Avinash Vijaykar
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|232,045
|29.83
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|121,502
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|15.62
|-
!24
|[[Bhandara Lok Sabha constituency|Bhandara]]
|[[Praful Patel]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|259,630
|42.84
|Aswale Ram Gopal
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|252,667
|41.69
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|6,963
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.15
|-
!25
|[[Chimur Lok Sabha constituency|Chimur]]
|Diwate Namdeo Harbaji
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|309,045
|43.78
|Muttemwar Vilas Baburao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|196,710
|27.87
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|112,335
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|15.91
|-
!26
|[[Chandrapur Lok Sabha constituency|Chandrapur]]
|[[Hansraj Gangaram Ahir]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|253,679
|34.08
|[[Shantaram Potdukhe]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|157,548
|21.17
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|96,131
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|12.91
|-
!27
|[[Wardha Lok Sabha constituency|Wardha]]
|[[Vijay Mude]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|190,803
|35.30
|[[Vasant Sathe]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|168,828
|31.23
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|21,975
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|4.07
|-
!28
|[[Yavatmal Lok Sabha constituency|Yavatmal]]
|[[Rajabhau Ganeshrao Thakre]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|267,519
|46.24
|[[Ghulam Nabi Azad]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|228,957
|39.57
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|38,562
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6.67
|-
!29
|[[Hingoli Lok Sabha constituency|Hingoli]]
|[[Shivaji Mane]]
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|203,785
|35.36
|Pole (Naik) Madhavrao Bahenarao
|{{Party color cell|Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh}}
|[[Bharipa Bahujan Mahasangh|BBM]]
|124,718
|21.64
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|79,067
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|13.72
|-
!30
|[[Nanded Lok Sabha constituency|Nanded]]
|Kunturkar Gangadharrao Mohanrao Deshmukh
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|185,302
|29.41
|Dhanajirao Venkatrao Deshmukh
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|173,366
|27.52
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11,936
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.89
|-
!31
|[[Parbhani Lok Sabha constituency|Parbhani]]
|Jadhav Suresh Ramrao
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|230,762
|47.91
|[[Ashokrao Deshmukh]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|115,887
|24.06
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|114,875
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|23.85
|-
!32
|[[Jalna Lok Sabha constituency|Jalna]]
|Pawar Uttamsing Rajdharsing
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|319,916
|53.01
|Tope Rajesh Ankushrao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|201,286
|33.35
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|118,630
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|19.66
|-
!33
|[[Aurangabad, Maharashtra Lok Sabha constituency|Aurangabad]]
|Jaiswal Pradeep
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|301,163
|44.44
|Suresh Patil
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|186,584
|27.53
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|114,579
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|16.91
|-
!34
|[[Beed Lok Sabha constituency|Beed]]
|Rajani Ashokrao Patil
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|279,995
|43.41
|Kshirsagar Kesharbai Sonajirao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|222,535
|34.50
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|57,460
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8.91
|-
!35
|[[Latur Lok Sabha constituency|Latur]]
|Shivraj Vishwanath Patil
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|279,775
|41.77
|Patil Gopalrao Vithalrao
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|200,403
|29.92
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|79,372
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.85
|-
!36
|[[Osmanabad Lok Sabha constituency|Osmanabad (SC)]]
|Kamble Shivaji Vithalrao
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|198,521
|42.06
|Arvind Tulshiram Kamble
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|182,602
|38.69
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|15,919
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|3.37
|-
!37
|[[Solapur Lok Sabha constituency|Sholapur]]
|[[Lingaraj Valyal]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|184,075
|33.79
|Patil Ravikant Shankarappa
|{{Party color cell|Janata Dal}}
|[[Janata Dal|JD]]
|166,988
|30.66
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|17,087
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3.13
|-
!38
|[[Pandharpur Lok Sabha constituency|Pandharpur (SC)]]
|[[Sandipan Thorat]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|230,214
|45.45
|Kamble Changdeo Sukhdeo
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|155,126
|30.63
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|75,088
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|14.82
|-
!39
|[[Ahmednagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ahmednagar]]
|Maruti Deoram Alias Dada Patil Shelke
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|212,751
|38.40
|Damaniya Parvez Cawas
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|163,342
|29.48
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|49,409
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|8.92
|-
!40
|[[Kopargaon Lok Sabha constituency|Kopargaon]]
|[[Bhimrao Badade]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|243,543
|47.81
|Kale Shankarrao Devram
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|223,292
|43.83
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|20,251
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|3.98
|-
!41
|[[Khed Lok Sabha constituency|Khed]]
|[[Nivrutti Sherkar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|249,926
|44.40
|Bankhele Kisanrao
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|231,357
|41.10
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|18,569
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|3.30
|-
!42
|[[Pune Lok Sabha constituency|Pune]]
|[[Suresh Kalmadi]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|390,778
|50.66
|Girish Bapat
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|303,783
|39.38
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|86,995
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|11.28
|-
!43
|[[Baramati Lok Sabha constituency|Baramati]]
|[[Sharad Pawar]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|427,589
|57.23
|[[Shankarrao Bajirao Patil]]
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|267,088
|35.75
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|160,501
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|21.48
|-
!44
|[[Satara Lok Sabha constituency|Satara]]
|Naik Nimbalkar Hindurao Nilkanthrao
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|190,526
|35.66
|[[Prataprao Baburao Bhosale]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|178,717
|33.45
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|11,809
|style="background:{{party color|Shiv Sena}} ; color:white;"|2.21
|-
!45
|[[Karad Lok Sabha constituency|Karad]]
|[[Prithviraj Chavan]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|307,840
|49.96
|Bhosale Jaywantrao Krishna
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|158,244
|25.68
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|149,596
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|24.28
|-
!46
|[[Sangli Lok Sabha constituency|Sangli]]
|[[Madan Patil]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|300,323
|51.50
|Matuti Dnyanu Patil (Mane)
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|125,610
|21.54
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|174,713
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|29.96
|-
!47
|[[Ichalkaranji Lok Sabha constituency|Ichalkaranji]]
|Awade Kallappa Baburao
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|237,510
|34.44
|[[Nivedita Sambhajirao Mane]]
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|209,000
|30.30
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|28,510
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|4.14
|-
!48
|[[Kolhapur Lok Sabha constituency|Kolhapur]]
|[[Udaysingrao Gaikwad]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
| scope="row" style="text-align: centre;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|236,739
|43.93
|Ramesh Deo
|{{Party color cell|Shiv Sena}}
|[[Shiv Sena|SHS]]
|168,414
|31.25
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|68,325
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|12.68
|-

|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Maharashtra elections}}
[[Category:1996 Indian general election by state or union territory]]
[[Category:1996 Indian general election|M]]
[[Category:Indian general elections in Maharashtra]]

Apollo KH Hospital

2025-12-29T04:51:40Z

Mazzulah Peel: added info

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox hospital
| name = Apollo KH Hospital
| org_group = Apollo Hospitals & KH Group
| image =
| image_alt = 
| caption = Touching Lives
| pushpin_map =
| logo = 
| logo_size = 
| location = [[Vellore]]
| region = 
| state = Tamil Nadu
| country = India
| coordinates = {{coord|12.94|N|79.24|E|display=inline,title|name=KH Apollo Hospital}}
| healthcare = 
| funding = 
| type = 
| speciality = 
| standards = 
| emergency = Yes
| affiliation = 
| patron = 
| network = 
| beds = 100
| founded = 2003
| closed = 
| website = 
| other_links = 
}}

'''Apollo KH Hospital''' is a multi speciality hospital located at [[Melvisharam]] in the city of [[Vellore]], [[Tamil Nadu]]. This hospital is a product of joint venture between [[Apollo Hospitals]], [[Chennai]] and KH Group, [[Melvisharam]], [[Vellore]] who perceived the need of a hospital in this region.

==About==
Apollo KH Hospital started functioning from 14 September 2003. Its campus is spread over an area of {{convert|10|acre}} and this hospital was established intending the development of community health.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper = Economic Times|title = Inaugurating Apollo K H Hospital |url = http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-14/news/27553884_1_apollo-hospitals-health-insurance-telemedicine-facility|archive-url = https://archive.today/20140217110741/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2003-09-14/news/27553884_1_apollo-hospitals-health-insurance-telemedicine-facility|url-status = dead|archive-date = 17 February 2014|date = 14 September 2003}}</ref>

==Services==
Apollo KH has following facilities:<ref>{{cite web|title=Apollo KH Hospital, Ranipet, Vellore|url=http://www.apollohospitals.com/hospitals/hospital-in-ranipet.php?city=ranipet|publisher=Apollo Hospitals}}</ref>
* 24 hours Emergency Care
* 24 hours Diagnostic Services
* Critical Care Units
* Emergency & Trauma Care
* Intensive Care Units
* Master Health Check Up
* Telemedicine

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Health in Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hospital buildings completed in 2003]]
[[Category:Hospitals in Vellore]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Hospitals established in 2003]]

List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Bengali

2025-12-11T06:50:31Z

Mazzulah Peel: made the biography v1 - done

{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
'''Sahitya Akademi Translation Prizes''' are given each year to writers for their outstanding translations work in the 24 languages, since 1989.

==Recipients==
Following is the list of recipients of [[Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Sahitya Akademi translation prizes]] for their works written in [[Bengali language|Bengali]]. The award, as of 2019, consisted of {{INR}}50,000.<ref name="sahitya-akademi">{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|website=sahitya-akademi.gov.in|title=Sahitya : Sahitya Akademi Prize |access-date=2022-03-29}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Translator
! Title of the translation
! Original Title
! Original Language
! Genre
! Original Author
! class=unsortable|{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 1989 || [[Nileena Abraham]] || ''Patummar Chhagal O Balyaskhi'' || ''Pathummayude Adu and Balyakalasakhi'' || Malayalam || Short Stories || [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] ||
|-
| 1990 || Maitri Shukla || ''Unish Bigha Dui Katha'' || ''Chha Man Atha Guntha'' || Oriya || Novel || [[Fakirmohan Senapati]] ||
|-
| 1991 || S. Krishnamoorthy || ''Raktabanya'' || ''Kurudtppunal'' || Tamil || Novel || Indira Parthasarathi ||
|-
| 1992 || Maya Gupta || ''Kak O Kala Pani'' || ''Kavve aur Kalapani'' || Hindi || Short Stories || [[Nirmal Verma]] ||
|-
| 1993 || [[Manabendra Bandyopadhyay]] || ''Vaikom Muhammad Bashirer Srestha'' || Collection || Malayalam || Short Stories || [[Vaikom Muhammad Basheer]] ||
|-
| 1994 || Vina Alase || ''Gulamgiri'' || ''Gulamgiri'' || Marathi || Dialogues || Jyotiva Govindarao Phule ||
|-
| 1995 || Kanailal Datta || ''Vinoba Bhave Rachanavali'' || ''Ahimsa Ki Talash'' || Hindi || Autobiographical Writing || [[Vinoba Bhave]] ||
|-
| 1996 || Ranendranath Bandyopadhyay || ''Sarpa O Rajju'' || ''The Serpent and the Rope'' || English || Novel || [[Raja Rao]] ||
|-
| 1997 || Rameswar Shaw Kabita || ''Bhabishyater'' || ''The Future Poetry'' || English || Essays || [[Sri Aurobindo]] ||
|-
| 1998 || Jaya Mitra Dhara || ''Jipsy Nadir'' || ''Khanabadosh'' || Punjabi || Autobiography || Ajeet Kaur ||
|-
| 1999 || [[Sankha Ghosh]] || ''Raktakalyan'' || ''[[Taledanda]]'' || Kannada || Play || [[Girish Karnad]] ||
|-
| 2000 || [[Afsar Ahmed]] & Kalim Hazique || ''Sare Tin Hat Bhume'' || ''Do Gaz Zameen'' || Urdu || Novel || [[Abdus Samad]] ||
|-
| 2001 || Nani Sur || ''Krishna Chanderer Nirbachita Galpa'' || Collection || Urdu || || [[Krishan Chander]] ||
|-
| 2002 || Usha Ranjan Bhattacharya || ''Mrityunjay'' || ''Mrityunjay'' || Assamese || Novel || B.K. Bhattacharyya ||
|-
| 2003 || [[Malay Roy Choudhury]] || ''Suryer Saptam Asva'' || ''Suraj Ka Satwan Ghoda'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Dharmavir Bharati]] ||
|-
| 2004 || Sujit Choudhury || ''Asamiya Galpa Sankalan'' || Collection || Assamese || Short Stories || Nirmalprabha Bardoloi ||
|-
| 2005 || Ranjan Bandyopadhyay || ''Kabir Bijak O Ananya Kabita'' || Collection || Hindi || Poetry || [[Kabir]] ||
|-
| 2006 || [[Jyoti Bhusan Chaki]] || ''Kaifi Ajmir Kabita'' || Collection || Urdu || Poetry || [[Kaifi Azmi]] ||
|-
| 2007 || [[Subimal Basak]] || ''Amar Tomar Tar Katha'' || ''Meri Teri Uski Baat'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Yashpal]] ||
|-
| 2008 || Bharati Nandi || ''Chitrata Andhakar'' || ''Patadei'' || Oriya || Short Stories || [[Binapani Mohanty]] ||
|-
| 2009 || Ujjal Singha || ''Mitro Marjani'' || ''Mitro Marjani'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Krishna Sobti]] ||
|-
| 2010 || Shyamal Bhattachrya || ''Kumari Harinir Chokh'' || ''Moon Di Akh'' || Punjabi || Short Stories || [[Mohan Bhandari]] ||
|-
| 2011 || Jagat Debnath || ''Raghaber Dinrat'' || ''Raghav Vel'' || Marathi || Novel || Namdev Kamble ||
|-
| 2012 || Oinam Nilkantha Singh || ''Bristi Ar Holo Na'' || ''Nongdi Tarak-Khidared'' || Manipuri || Short Stories || Keisham Priyokumar ||
|-
| 2013 || Soma Bandyopadhyay || ''Gathanbad, Uttar-Gathanbad Ebang Prachya Kavyatattva'' || ''Sakhtiyat, Pas-Sakhtiyat Aur Mashriqi Sheriyat'' || Urdu || Criticism || [[Gopi Chand Narang]] || <ref name="sahitya-akademi2">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/July-August_2014_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2014-08-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2014 || Binay Kumar Mahata || ''Ei Prithibi Paglagarad'' || ''Eh Batha Sansar'' || Maithili || Novel || Sudhangshusekhar Chowdhury || <ref name="sahitya-akademi3">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/e-newsletter/sep-dec_2015_NewsLetter.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2015-09-04}}</ref>
|-
| 2015 || Mau Das Gupta || ''Anamdaser Puthi'' || ''Anamdas Ka Potha'' || Hindi || Novel || [[Hazari Prasad Dwivedi]] || <ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/pti-feed/story/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-556372-2016-02-15 |accessdate=3 October 2019 |agency=India Today}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Imphal hosts Sahitya Akademi Translation Award |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/imphal-hosts-sahitya-akademi-translation-award/ |accessdate=3 October 2019 |newspaper=Indian Express}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of translation prize |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-translation-prize-116021501187_1.html |accessdate=3 July 2019 |agency=business-standard}}</ref>
|-
| 2016 || Gita Chaudhuri || ''Satyer Anwesan'' || ''Satyana Prayogo'' || Gujarati || Autobiography || [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]] ||
|-
| 2017 || (Late) [[Utpal Kumar Basu]] || ''Kebal Atmai Jane Kibhabe Gan Gaite Hay: Nirbachita Kabita'' || ''Only The Soul Knows How To Sing'' || English || Poetry || [[Kamala Das]] ||
|-
| 2018 || [[Mabinul Haq]] || ''Lep O Anyanyo Galpo'' || ''Lihaaf'' || Urdu || Short Stories || [[Ismat Chughtai]] || <ref>{{cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp |title=AKADEMI TRANSLATION PRIZES (1989-2018) |website=Sahitya Akademi |access-date=2019-11-20 }}</ref>
|-
| 2019 || Tapan Bandyopadhyay || ''Bharatvarsa'' || Collection || Odiya || Poetry || [[Sitakant Mahapatra]] || <ref name="nic">{{Cite web|url=http://indiaculture.nic.in/sites/default/files/press_release/Pressrelease_TP_2019_25_02_2020.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Newsletter|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2020-02-24}}</ref>
|-
| 2020 || Puspito Mukhopadhyay || ''Galib Patrabali'' || ''Khutut E Galib'' || Urdu || Collection of Letters by [[Ghalib|Mirza Ghalib]] || Khaliq Anjum || <ref name="sahitya-akademi4">{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/TP-2020-EWeb.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2020|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2021-09-18}}</ref>
|-
| 2021 || Neeta Sen Samarth || ''Yugant'' || ''Yugant'' || Marathi || Play || [[Mahesh Elkunchwar]] || <ref name=":sahitya-akademi5">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2021.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Prize for Translation 2021|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2022-07-05|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2022 || Saubhik De Sarkar || ''Amar Baba Baliah'' || ''My Father Baliah'' || English || Autobiography || Y. B. Satyanarayana || <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/sahitya-akademi-awards-2022-announced/|title=Sahitya akademi awards 2022 announced|website=currentaffairs.adda247.com|access-date=2023-07-03}}</ref><ref name=":6A">{{Cite web|url=https://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_TP-2022.pdf|title=Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize 2022|website=www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in|access-date=2023-07-03|archive-date=}}</ref>
|-
| 2023 || Mrinmoy Pramanick || ''Dalit Nandantattwa'' || ''Dalit Sahitya Che Soundharya Shashtra'' || Marathi || Literary Criticism || Sharankumar Limbale || <ref>{{cite web |title=SAHITYA AKADEMI PRIZE FOR TRANSLATION 2023 |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2013527 |website=www.pib.gov.in |access-date=12 July 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/sahitya_akademi_prize.jsp|title = ..:: SAHITYA : Sahitya Akademi Prize ::}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Bengali]]

==References==
{{Portal|India|Literature}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/anuvad_samman_suchi.jsp#Bengali Akademi Translation Prizes For Bengali Language]
{{Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize}}

[[Category:Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize|Bengali]]
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]

Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency

2025-12-06T23:15:13Z

Mazzulah Peel: made new page

{{Short description|Parliamentary constituency in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Ladakh <Br>{{Small|LA-1}}
| map_image = IN-LA.svg
| map_caption = Location of Ladakh Constituency in India (lighter shade denotes claimed but not controlled areas)
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| mp = [[Mohmad Haneefa|Mohammad Haneefa]]
| party = {{Party index link|Independent|IND}}
| alliance = None
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| union_territory = [[Ladakh]]
| assembly_cons = 
| electors = 184,808<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525141320/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2024 }}</ref>
}}

'''Ladakh Lok Sabha constituency''' is the only [[Lok Sabha]] constituency of the [[union territory|UT]] of [[Ladakh]], [[India]]. It is the largest such constituency in India, in terms of area, with a total area of {{convert|173266|km2}}. The number of electors in the constituency was 184,808 in 2024.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/70-voters-register-their-choice-in-ladakh-lok-sabha-polls-101716246664234.html|title=70% voters register their choice in Ladakh Lok Sabha polls|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|last=Khajuria|first=Ravi Krishnan|access-date=22 May 2024|date=21 May 2024}}</ref>

== Members of Parliament ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!scope=col|Election
!scope=col|Name
!scope=colgroup colspan=2 |Party
|-
!scope=row|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|rowspan = "2" |[[19th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche|Kushok Bakula]]<ref name=election1967>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4114-general-election-1967-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1967 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref><ref name=election1971>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4115-general-election-1971-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1971 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=5}}
|-
!scope=row|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
!scope=row|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Parvati Devi (Ladakh politician)|Parvati Devi]]<ref name=election1977>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4116-general-election-1977-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1977 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|rowspan = "2" |[[P Namgyal|Phuntsog Namgyal]]
|-
!scope=row|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|-
!scope=row|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Mohamad Hassan Commander]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
!scope=row|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|Phuntsog Namgyal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
!scope=row|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Syed Hussain]]<ref name=election1998>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4124-general-election-1998-vol-i-ii/ |title=General Election, 1998 (Vol I, II) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=3 May 2023}}</ref>
| {{Full party name with color|Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|rowspan=2}}
|-
!scope=row|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Hassan Khan (politician)|Hassan Khan]]<ref name=election1999>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4125-general-election-1999-vol-i-ii-iii/ |title=General Election, 1999 (Vol I, II, III) |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=31 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Thupstan Chhewang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
!scope=row|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Hassan Khan (politician)|Hassan Khan]]<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/98-general-election-2009/ |title=General Election 2009 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>
|-
!scope=row|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Thupstan Chhewang]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
!scope=row|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Jamyang Tsering Namgyal]]<ref name=election2019/>
|-
!scope=row|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Mohmad Haneefa]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2024 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: Ladakh<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/eci-backend/public/api/download?url=LMAhAK6sOPBp%2FNFF0iRfXbEB1EVSLT41NNLRjYNJJP1KivrUxbfqkDatmHy12e%2FztfbUTpXSxLP8g7dpVrk7%2FYMdYo4qvd6YLkLk2XBNde3yLdalC2imUPRS60zr1MewdOFtn933icz0MOeiesxvsQ%3D%3D|title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases|date=25 May 2024|access-date=25 May 2024|agency=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ladakh">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Ladakh |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U091.htm |access-date=6 August 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806090337/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-U091.htm |archive-date=6 August 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Mohmad Haneefa]]
|party= Independent politician
|votes=65,259
|percentage=48.15
|change= ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= Tsering Namgyal
|party= Indian National Congress
|votes=37,397
|percentage=27.59
|change={{increase}}10.79
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate= [[Tashi Gyalson]]
|party= Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes=31,956
|percentage=23.58
|change={{decrease}}10.36
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 912
|percentage = 0.67
|change = {{decrease}}0.06
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 27,862
|percentage = 20.56
|change = {{increase}} 11.92
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 135,662
|percentage = 71.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Independent
|loser = BJP
|swing = {{increase}}48.15
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

=== 2019 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Ladakh<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/1551-general-election-2019-including-vellore-pc/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate=[[Jamyang Tsering Namgyal]]|votes=42,914|percentage=33.94|change={{increase}}7.58}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=Sajjad Hussain|votes=31,984|percentage=25.30|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Independent (politician)|candidate=[[Asgar Ali Karbalai]]|votes=29,365|percentage=23.23|change=''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Indian National Congress|candidate=Rigzin Spalbar|votes=21,241|percentage=16.80|change={{decrease}}5.57}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=None of the above|candidate=[[None of the Above]]|votes=922|percentage=0.73|change={{decrease}}0.29}}
{{Election box majority||votes=10,930|percentage=8.64|change={{increase}}8.61}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=1,27,350|percentage=71.05|change={{decrease}}0.35}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing = {{increase}}7.58
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: Ladakh<ref name=election2014>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/files/file/2857-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2014 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://ceojk.nic.in/GEAFF2014/pdf/4-PC-cand-2014.pdf | title=List of contesting candidates : Ladakh | work=CEO Jammu & Kashmir | date=23 April 2014 | access-date=6 May 2014}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Thupstan Chhewang]]
|votes = 31,111
|percentage = 26.36
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Ghulam Raza
|votes = 31,075
|percentage = 26.33
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Syed Mohd Kazim
|votes = 28,234
|percentage = 23.92
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Tsering Samphel]]
|votes = 26,402
|percentage = 22.37
|change = {{decrease}}4.11
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 1,207
|percentage = 1.02
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 36
|percentage = 0.03
|change = {{decrease}}3.33
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,19,068
|percentage = 71.40
|change =
}}{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Independent (politician)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2004 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2004 Indian general elections|General Election, 2004]]: Ladakh<ref name=" Election Results 2004 ">{{cite news | title= Statistical Report on General Elections, 2004 : To the 14th Lok Sabha | publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] | access-date=2014-05-06 | url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_2004/Vol_III_LS_2004.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = [[Thupstan Chhewang]]
|votes = 66,839
|percentage = 51.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|candidate = [[Hassan Khan (politician)|Hassan Khan]]
|votes = 41,126
|percentage = 31.90
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Wazir Mohd. Ali
|votes = 18,117
|percentage = 14.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Sonam Palzor
|votes = 2,849
|percentage = 2.21
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 25,713
|percentage = 19.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 128,931
|percentage = 73.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Independent (politician)
|loser = Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==
* [[Leh district]]
* [[Kargil district]]
* [[Barmer Lok Sabha constituency]] and [[Kachchh Lok Sabha constituency|Kachchh]], second and third largest by area
* [[Malkajgiri Lok Sabha constituency]], largest by population
* [[Lakshadweep Lok Sabha constituency]], smallest by population
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Coord|34.2|77.6|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ladakh (Lok Sabha constituency)}}
[[Category:Government of Ladakh]]
[[Category:Constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:Politics of Ladakh]]

Chief of the Air Staff (India)

2025-11-25T05:44:49Z

Mazzulah Peel: added intro after review based on references

{{short description|Professional head of the Indian Air Force}}
{{EngvarB|date=April 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2014}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Chief
| body = the Air Staff
| native_name =
| insignia =
| insigniasize =
| insigniacaption =
| flag = Flag of the Chief of Air Staff of the Indian Air Force.svg
| flagsize = 140px
| flagborder = yes
| flagcaption = [[List of Indian flags#Air Force|Flag of the Chief of the Air Staff]]
| image = Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh - 2024.jpg
| imagesize =
| alt =
| incumbent = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]] [[Amar Preet Singh]]<br>{{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}
| acting =
| incumbentsince = 30 September 2024
| department = {{air force|India}}
| style =
| type =
| status = Professional head of aerial branch of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].
| abbreviation = CAS
| member_of = [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Acquisition Council]] <br> [[Defence Planning Committee]] <br> [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]]
| reports_to = [[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] [[President of India]] <br/>[[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] [[Prime Minister of India]] <br/>[[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]]<br/>[[File:Flag of Chief of Defence Staff (India).svg|20px]] [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
| residence = Air House 23, [[Akbar Road]], [[New Delhi]]
| seat = [[Lutyens' Delhi|Air HQ, Vayu Bhawan, New Delhi]]
| nominator =
| appointer = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC)<br>[[President of India]]
| appointer_qualified =
| termlength = {{raise|0.0em|3 years or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier.}}
| termlength_qualified =
| constituting_instrument = [https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AFAct.pdf Air Force Act, 1950 (Act No. 45 of 1950)]
| precursor = Chief of the Air Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Air Force
| formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1950|01|26}}
| first = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] Sir [[Thomas Elmhirst]]
| last =
| abolished =
| succession =
| unofficial_names =
| deputy = {{flagicon image|Flag of Air marshal (India).svg|size=24px}} [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] (VCAS)
| salary = {{INRConvert|250000}} monthly<ref name="7 Pay Commission Report">{{cite web|url=http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|title=Report of the 7th Central Pay Commission of India|publisher=Seventh Central [[Pay Commission]], [[Government of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151120092637/http://7cpc.india.gov.in/pdf/sevencpcreport.pdf|archive-date=20 November 2015|url-status=dead|access-date=August 13, 2017}}</ref><ref name=":India Today 7CPC">{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets-16980-2016-06-29|title=7th Pay Commission cleared: What is the Pay Commission? How does it affect salaries?|date=June 29, 2016|editor-last=Biswas|editor-first=Shreya|website=[[India Today]]|access-date=September 24, 2017|archive-date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115201145/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/7th-pay-commission-cleared-what-is-pay-commission-how-does-it-effect-our-pockets/1/703452.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
| website = [https://indianairforce.nic.in/chief-of-the-air-staff/ Official website]
}}

The '''Chief of the Air Staff (CAS)''' is a statutory office held by the professional head of the '''[[Indian Air Force]] (IAF)''', the [[Air force|aerial]] [[Military branch|branch]] of the [[Indian Armed Forces]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianairforce.nic.in/chief-of-the-air-staff/|title=CHIEF OF THE AIR STAFF|website=indianairforce.nic.in}}</ref> Customarily held by a [[Military star ranking|four-star]] [[Air chief marshal (India)|air chief marshal]], the CAS is the senior-most operational officer of the IAF, mandated with the responsibilities of supervising the force's overall functioning during states of peace and wartime, committing to the establishment-cum-continuity of [[Deterrence theory|air deterrence]] and executing India's security objectives vis-à-vis the preservation of the country's [[air sovereignty]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vifindia.org/article/2023/february/07/iafs-revised-doctrine-2022-an-overview|title=IAF's Revised Doctrine 2022: An Overview|website=www.vifindia.org|date=7 February 2023}}</ref>

Being a permanent member of the [[Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chiefs of Staff Committee]] (COSC) and the [[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] (NSC), the CAS also bears the responsibility of advising the nation's [[Civil–military relations|civilian leadership]] i.e., the [[Government of India]] on all matters privy to the IAF.<ref name="Privy">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theindiaforum.in/article/civil-and-military-india|title=The Civil and the Military in India|website=www.theindiaforum.in|date=12 February 2020}}</ref>

Statutorily, the CAS ranks 12th-overall in the [[Order of precedence in India|Indian order of precedence]], and is the IAF's status-equivalent of the [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]], the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]] and the [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]] - all three positions of which are also occupied by four-star officers from the armed forces.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/table_of_precedence.pdf|title=PRESIDENT'S SECRETARIAT|website=www.mha.gov.in|date=26 July 1979}}</ref>

==Description==
[[File:VayuBhawanDelhi.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Lutyens' Delhi|Vayu Bhawan, New Delhi]] - the station of Air HQ, where the CAS is seated.]]

===Roles and responsibilities===
Seated at '''Air Headquarters (Air HQ)''', stationed in [[New Delhi]], the CAS is the senior-most operational officer of the IAF, and is tasked with the following:
*Advising the [[Government of India|Central Government]] on all matters privy to the IAF.<ref name="Privy"/>
*Coordinating various components of the IAF towards the protection-cum-realization of the nation's air sovereignty during states of armed conflict or war.<ref name="Sovereignty">{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/protection-of-indias-sovereignty-integrity-to-be-ensured-at-any-cost-new-iaf-chief/articleshow/86656894.cms?from=mdr|title=rotection of India's sovereignty, integrity to be ensured at any cost: New IAF Chief|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=30 September 2021}}</ref>
*Providing direction towards the overall functioning of the organization's facets, such as command, control, administration and strategy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://knowindia.india.gov.in/my-india-my-pride/indian-armed-forces.php|title=Indian Armed Forces|website=knowindia.india.gov.in}}</ref>
*Convening [[courts-martial]] at the behest of the [[Government of India|Central Government]] to review cases of misconduct during peace and wartime.<ref name="AF Act">{{Cite web|url= https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/1819/1/AAA1950____45.pdf|title=The Air Force Act, 1950}}</ref>
*Reviewing the judicial sentencing and pleas of officers convicted of professional misconduct whilst in service.<ref name="AF Act"/>

In addition to these responsibilities, the CAS is also a permanent member of:
*[[Chairman Chiefs of Staff Committee|Chiefs of Staff Committee]] (COSC)
*[[National Security Council (India)|National Security Council]] (NSC)
*[[Defence Planning Committee]] (DPC)
*[[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence Acquisition Council]] (DAC)

The office's eminence in the aforementioned groups thus grants the appointee with the role to advise the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]] (''Raksha Mantri'' or RM) on the affairs related to the IAF's functioning and the promotion of an comprehensive integrated planning policy with respect to the affairs of tri-service integration, doctrinal strategy, capability development, defence acquisition and infrastructure.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/cds-rawat-to-face-hurdles-sabotage-unless-rules-are-rewritten-59762|title=Civil-military relations in Independent India|website=www.orfonline.org|date=15 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.orfonline.org/research/cds-rawat-to-face-hurdles-sabotage-unless-rules-are-rewritten-59762|title=CDS Rawat to face hurdles & sabotage unless rules are rewritten|website=www.orfonline.org|date=2 January 2020}}</ref>

===Structure===
As the professional head of the force, the CAS is assisted by one subordinate officer and one [[Staff (military)|principal staff officer]], namely:
*'''Subordinate'''
**[[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] (VCAS)
*'''Principal Staff Officer'''
**[[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]] (DCAS)
**[[Air Officer in Charge of Administration]] (AOA)  
**Air Officer in Charge of Personnel (AOP)
**Air Officer in Charge of Maintenance (AOM)
*'''Director-Generals'''
**Director General (Inspection and Safety) - DG (I&S)
**Director General Air Operations - DG (Ops)
**Director General of Works and Ceremonial - DG (W&C)
**Director General (Aircraft) - DG (Ac)
**Director General (Systems) - DG (Sys)
**Director General of Medical Services (Air) - DGMS (Air)
**Director General (Administration) - DG (Admin)

===Promotion===
Initially, beginning in the pre-independence era, until 1966, the office of CAS was held by a [[Air marshal (India)|three-star air marshal]]; the first six chiefs in the post-independence IAF were three-star air marshals.<ref name="Promotion">{{cite web |title=HIGHER RANK FOR AIR CHIEF |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1966-JAN-JUNE-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1966-01-20_056.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=20 January 1966}}</ref> However, the office’s rank-specifications was raised to the [[Military star ranking|four-star rank]] of [[Air chief marshal (India)|air chief marshal]] in January 1966, initially as a recognitive measure to Air Marshal [[Arjan Singh]], the IAF's third and then-incumbent CAS, for his leadership of the IAF during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]]; every CAS-appointee since then has been an air chief marshal.<ref name="Promotion"/>

The move to appoint a new designate to the position usually begins three months before the change-of-command, wherein the [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence]] (MoD) reviews the résumés of the IAF's senior-most air marshals, which regularly includes the [[Vice Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Vice Chief of the Air Staff]] and at-most three of the [[Air officer commanding|Air Officer Commanding-in-Chiefs]] (AOC-in-C) of the force’s combatant commands.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/09/16/suspense-continues-over-name-of-next-iaf-chief.html|title=Suspense continues over name of next IAF Chief|website=www.theweek.in|date=16 September 2019}}</ref> Appointments to the position are made by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) - comprising the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Minister of Defence (India)|Minister of Defence]], upon recommendation from Air HQ; appointees to the office are subsequently promoted to the rank of air chief marshal.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/09/19/Who-is-RKS-Bhadauria-the-next-IAF-chief.html|title=Who is R.K.S. Bhadauria, the next IAF chief|website= www.theweek.in|date=19 September 2019}}</ref>

Since 1950, the senior-most air marshals in the IAF's command cadre have customarily been appointed as CAS; this tradition was broken in 1973, when Air Marshal [[Om Prakash Mehra]] was promoted over two senior officers, and in 1988, when Air Marshal [[Surinder Mehra|S. K. Mehra]] was promoted over one senior officer to become CAS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/opinions/editorials/2016/Dec/20/superseding-seniors-not-new-in-armed-forces-1550958.html|title=Superseding seniors not new in armed forces|website=www.newindianexpress.com|date=20 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/defence/story/19880715-sk-mehra-supersedes-mm-singh-for-iaf-chief-post-797454-1988-07-14|title=S.K. Mehra supersedes M.M. Singh for IAF chief post|website=www.indiatoday.in|date=15 July 1988}}</ref>

===Tenure===
During the initial years of the post-independence IAF, CAS-appointees were given one four-year term, with the possibility of extension; Air Marshal [[Subroto Mukherjee]] was the longest serving chief – at 6 years, 7 months, 7 days, and the only appointee to have ever received a second four-year term; nevertheless, he unexpectedly died halfway through it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fresh Tenure for Air Chief |url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1958-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1958-08-14_055.pdf |website=pibarchive.nic.in |date=14 August 1958}}</ref>

Currently, according to the ''Regulations for the Air Force, 2000'' – a CAS-appointee reaches [[superannuation]] upon the completion of three years in the position or at the age of 62, whichever is earlier.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AFRegulations.pdf|title=Defence Services Regulations, 2000|website=www.mod.gov.in}}</ref> However, an appointee may also be dismissed from office by the [[President of India]] before the conclusion of the tenure under Section 18-19 of the ''Air Force Act, 1950'' and Article 310 of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1342309/#:~:text=(1)Except%20as%20expressly%20provided,every%20person%20who%20is%20a|title=Article 310 in Constitution of India|website=indiankanoon.org}}</ref>

Additionally, a CAS-appointee is also eligible to be selected for the position of [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]] (CDS), in accordance with the ''Air Force (Amendment) Regulations, 2022'' - which prescribes that the designated nominee, in this case the CAS, must be under the age of 62 at the time of appointment as CDS; as of 2024, no CAS-appointee has ever been appointed as CDS.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thewire.in/video/watch-lt-general-anil-chauhan-cds-karan-thapar-ajai-shukla|title=Watch - Navy or IAF Officer Should've Been Made CDS but Lt Gen Chauhan a Good Choice: Ajai Shukla|website=thewire.in|date=29 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://images.assettype.com/barandbench/2022-06/56494444-f00a-482f-8f12-f2a18091aa08/Ministry_of_Defence_Notifications__CDS_.pdf|title=MINISTRY OF DEFENCE (Department of Defence) NOTIFICATION|website=assettype.com}}</ref>

==History==
===Pre-independence era (1932-1947)===
Since the establishment of the '''[[Royal Indian Air Force|Indian Air Force]] (IAF)''' in October 1932 (later rechristened the '''Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF)'''), the organization's professional head bore the undermentioned designations:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rafmuseum.org.uk/blog/royal-indian-air-force/|title=The Royal Indian Air Force, 1932 – 1947|website=www.rafmuseum.org.uk|date=15 August 2020 }}</ref>

*'''1932–1938: Air Officer Commanding RAF, India'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131163819.pdf|title=Inter-War, Inter-Service Friction on the North-West Frontier of India and its Impact on the Development and Application of Royal Air Force Doctrine|website=core.ac.uk}}</ref>
*'''1938–1947: Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Air Forces in India'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Joubert.htm|title=PB Joubert de la Ferte_P|website=www.rafweb.org}}</ref>

===Dominion-era (1947-1950)===
The selection of the first Commander-in-Chief of the Royal Indian Air Force was finalized in July 1947, following deliberations between the British and Indian leadership. Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst was appointed to the position, with the understanding that he would oversee the RIAF's transition to an independent service and mentor its emerging Indian leadership.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gupta |first=Anchit |title=30 Days That Shaped the IAF: Selecting Its Inaugural Chief |url=https://iafhistory.in/2022/12/20/30-days-that-shaped-the-iaf-selecting-its-inaugural-chief/ |website=IAFHistory |date=20 December 2022 |access-date=5 May 2025}}</ref>

Upon independence and the [[Partition of India|subsequent partition of the subcontinent]], RIAF India was bifurcated into two new entities: a successor Royal Indian Air Force (RIAF) - responsible for the [[Dominion of India]], and the newly-formed [[Pakistan Air Force|Royal Pakistan Air Force]] (RPAF) - responsible for the [[Dominion of Pakistan]]. However, the former role of '''Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief, Air Forces in India''' was trifurcated into three positions:
*'''Air Marshal Commanding, Royal Indian Air Force'''
*'''[[Chief of the Air Staff (Pakistan)|Commander-in-Chief, Royal Pakistan Air Force]]'''
*'''[[Supreme Commander's Headquarters (India and Pakistan)|Deputy Supreme Commander (Air) India and Pakistan]]'''

Whilst the RIAF and RPAF maintained their respective commanding officers, the Deputy Supreme Commander (Air), who worked for the '''[[Supreme Commander's Headquarters (India and Pakistan)|Supreme Commander's Headquarters]] (Supreme HQ)''', acted as the overall coordinator for the two new air forces, under the additional title of '''Air Officer Commanding RAF Units in India and Pakistan'''.<ref name="departure">{{cite web|title=Departure of Air Marshal H. S. P. Walmsley|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1947-AUG-DEC-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1947-11-13_045.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=13 November 1947|accessdate=24 September 2022}}</ref> The role was disbanded in November 1947, following which India and Pakistan subsequently gained full organizational control of the RIAF and RPAF, respectively.<ref name="departure"/>

On 1 March 1948, the designation of the RIAF's commanding officer was rechristened as '''Chief of the Air Staff''',<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Communique|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-02-28_119.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=28 February 1948|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216211700/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-02-28_119.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and again to '''Chief of the Air Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Air Force (CAS/C-in-C, RIAF)''' on 21 June - as a measure to reflect uniformity with the C-in-Cs of the post-independence [[Indian Army]] and the [[Royal Indian Navy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Press Communique|url=http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-06-21_287.pdf|website=Press Information Bureau of India - Archive|date=21 June 1948|access-date=16 February 2020|archive-date=16 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200216211701/http://pibarchive.nic.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1948-JAN-JUNE-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1948-06-21_287.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon India's [[Republic Day (India)|establishment as a republic]] on 26 January 1950, the RIAF was rechristened as the Indian Air Force (IAF), dropping the ''Royal''-prefix; subsequently, the position's designation was again modified to '''Chief of the Air Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Air Force (CAS/C-in-C, IAF)'''.<ref name="Elmhirst">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rafweb.org/Biographies/Elmhirst.htm|title=Air Marshal Sir Thomas Elmhirst|website=www.rafweb.org}}</ref> In the initial years after independence, up until 1950, the position was occupied by two air marshals seconded from the RAF, namely, [[Thomas Elmhirst|Sir Thomas Walker Elmhirst]] and [[Sir Ronald Ivelaw-Chapman]].<ref name="Elmhirst"/>

===Republic-era (1950-present)===
In 1954, [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]] [[Gerald Gibbs (RAF officer)|Sir Gerald Ernest Gibbs]], the IAF's third and then-serving CAS/C-in-C, and originally an RAF-secondment, retired; as a consequence, [[Air vice marshal (India)|Air Vice Marshal]] [[Subroto Mukherjee]] - then the IAF's [[Deputy Chief of the Air Staff (India)|Deputy Chief of the Air Staff]] (DCAS), was promoted to rank of Air Marshal and succeeded him as the first native and first non-RAF C-in-C of the force.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.pib.gov.in/archive/ArchiveSecondPhase/DEFENCE/1960-JULY-DEC-MIN-OF-DEFENCE/PDF/DEF-1960-11-09_165.pdf|title=Government Tribute To Air Marshal Mukerjee|website=archive.pib.gov.in|date=9 November 190}}</ref> A year later, in 1955, the designation of C-in-C was shortened to simply '''Chief of the Air Staff (CAS)''' through the '''Commanders-In-Chief (Change in Designation) Act, 1955'''; as a result of the Act, Mukherjee's tenure continued under the new designation, making him the last C-in-C.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lddashboard.legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/A1955-19_0.pdf|title=THE COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF (CHANGE IN DESIGNATION) BILL, 1955|website=lddashboard.legislative.gov.in}}</ref>

In January 2002, then-retired Air Chief Marshal [[Arjan Singh]], the IAF's third CAS, was promoted to the [[five-star rank]] of [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] (MIAF), in recognition of his leadership during the [[Indo-Pakistani war of 1965|1965 Indo-Pakistani War]] - which made him the only CAS-appointee to have ever been promoted to the rank; his promotion occurred thirty-three years after his superannuation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.rediff.com/news/2002/jan/25iaf.htm|title=Arjan Singh is India's first IAF marshal|website=m.rediff.com|date=25 January 2002}}</ref> To note, although the rank-holder of MIAF is ''nominally'' the highest-ranking officer in the IAF, the rank is all but titular with no operational duties attached, which leaves the CAS as the highest ''operationally-active'' officer in the IAF.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://afcat.cdac.in/AFCAT/marshal.html|title=MARSHAL OF IAF|website=afcat.cdac.in}}</ref>

==Appointees==
{{For|all air chiefs of the Royal Air Force in British India|RAF India#Commanders}} {{For|all air chiefs of the Royal Indian Air Force (pre-1950)|Royal Indian Air Force#Commanders}}

(**''Seconded from the [[Royal Air Force]]'')

===Air Marshal Commanding, Royal Indian Air Force (1947–1948)===
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| image_title = Portrait
| officeholder_title = Name
| showtermlenght = y
| showparty = n
| showdefencebranch = n
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 1
| image = 
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Thomas Elmhirst|Sir Thomas Elmhirst]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|CB|KBE|AFC}}**
| officeholder_sort = Elmhirst, Thomas
| officeholder_note = {{efn|name=RAF|Seconded from the Royal Air Force}}
| born_year = 1895
| died_year = 1982
| term_start = 15 August 1947
| term_end = 20 June 1948
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1947|08|15|1948|06|20}}
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

===Chief of the Air Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Royal Indian Air Force (1948–1950)===
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| image_title = Portrait
| officeholder_title = Name
| showtermlenght = y
| showparty = n
| showdefencebranch = n
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 1
| image = 
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Thomas Elmhirst|Sir Thomas Elmhirst]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|CB|KBE|AFC}}**
| officeholder_sort = Elmhirst, Thomas
| officeholder_note = {{efn|name=RAF}}
| born_year = 1895
| died_year = 1982
| term_start = 21 June 1948
| term_end = 25 January 1950
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1948|06|21|1950|01|25}}
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

===Chief of the Air Staff and Commander-in-Chief, Indian Air Force (1950–1955)===
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| image_title = Portrait
| officeholder_title = Name
| showtermlenght = y
| showparty = n
| showdefencebranch = n
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 1
| image = 
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Thomas Elmhirst|Sir Thomas Elmhirst]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|KBE|CB|AFC}}**
| officeholder_sort = Elmhirst, Thomas
| officeholder_note = {{efn|name=RAF}}<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Chiefs.html Chiefs of the Indian Air Force 1947 to Present] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226085208/http://bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Personnel/Chiefs.html |date=26 December 2013 }}</ref>
| born_year = 1895
| died_year = 1982
| term_start = 26 January 1950
| term_end = 23 February 1950
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1950|01|26|1950|02|23}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 2
| image = 
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Ronald Ivelaw-Chapman|Sir Ronald Ivelaw-Chapman]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|KBE|CB|DFC|AFC}}**
| officeholder_sort = Ivelaw-Chapman, Ronald
| officeholder_note = {{efn|name=RAF|Seconded from the Royal Air Force}}
| born_year = 1899
| died_year = 1978
| term_start = 23 February 1950
| term_end = 9 December 1951
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1950|02|23|1951|12|09}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 3
| image = 
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Gerald Gibbs (RAF officer)|Gerald Ernest Gibbs]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|CIE|CBE|MC2}}**
| officeholder_sort = Gibbs, Gerald
| officeholder_note = {{efn|name=RAF}}
| born_year = 1896
| died_year = 1992
| term_start = 10 December 1951
| term_end = 31 March 1954
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1951|12|10|1954|03|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 4
| image = SubrotoMukherjee.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Subroto Mukerjee]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|OBE}}
| officeholder_sort = Mukerjee, Subroto
| officeholder_note =
| born_year = 1911
| died_year = 1960
| term_start = 1 April 1954
| term_end = 31 March 1955
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1954|04|01|1955|03|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

===Chief of the Air Staff (1955–present)===
{{Officeholder table start
| showorder = y
| showimage = y
| image_title = Portrait
| officeholder_title = Name
| showtermlenght = y
| showparty = n
| showdefencebranch = n
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 4
| image = SubrotoMukherjee.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Subroto Mukerjee]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|OBE}}
| officeholder_sort = Mukerjee, Subroto
| born_year = 1911
| died_year = 1960
| died = y
| term_start = 1 April 1955
| term_end = 8 November 1960
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1955|04|01|1960|11|08}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 5
| image = Air Marshal Aspy Engineer.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Marshal (India)|Air Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Aspy Engineer|Aspy Merwan Engineer]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|DFC}}
| officeholder_sort = Engineer, Aspy
| born_year = 1912
| died_year = 2002
| term_start = 1 December 1960
| term_end = 31 July 1964
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1960|12|01|1964|07|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 6
| image = Marshal Arjan Singh.jpg
| military_rank = [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]] 
| officeholder = [[Arjan Singh]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|DFC}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Arjan
| born_year = 1919
| died_year = 2017
| term_start = 1 August 1964
| term_end = 15 July 1969
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1964|08|01|1969|07|15}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 7
| image = ACM PC Lal.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Pratap Chandra Lal]] {{post-nominals|country=UK|size=75%|sep=,|DFC}}
| officeholder_sort = Lal, Pratap
| born_year = 1916
| died_year = 1982
| term_start = 16 July 1969
| term_end = 15 January 1973
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1969|07|16|1973|01|15}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 8
| image = ACM OP Mehra.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Om Prakash Mehra]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Mehra, Om
| born_year = 1919
| died_year = 2015
| term_start = 16 January 1973
| term_end = 31 January 1976
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1973|01|16|1976|01|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 9
| image = ACM H Moolgavkar.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Hrushikesh Moolgavkar]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|MVC}}
| officeholder_sort = Moolgavkar, Hrushikesh
| born_year = 1920
| died_year = 2015
| term_start = 1 February 1976
| term_end = 30 August 1978
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1976|02|01|1978|09|30}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 10
| image = ACM IH Latif.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Idris Hasan Latif]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Latif, Idris
| born_year = 1923
| died_year = 2018
| term_start = 1 September 1978
| term_end = 30 August 1981
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1978|09|01|1981|09|30}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 11
| image =ACM Dilbagh Singh.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Dilbagh Singh]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Dilbagh
| born_year = 1926
| died_year = 2001
| term_start = 1 September 1981
| term_end = 3 September 1984
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1981|09|01|1984|09|03}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 12
| image =ACM Lakshman Madhav Katre.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Lakshman Madhav Katre]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Katre, Lakshman
| born_year = 1926
| died_year = 1985
| died = y
| term_start = 3 September 1984
| term_end = 1 July 1985
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1984|09|03|1985|07|01}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 13
| image =ACM Denis La Fontaine.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Denis La Fontaine|Denis Anthony La Fontaine]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}
| officeholder_sort = Fontaine, Denis
| born_year = 1929
| died_year = 2011
| term_start = 3 July 1985
| term_end = 31 July 1988
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1985|07|03|1988|07|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 14
| image = ACM S K Mehra.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Surinder Mehra|Surinder Kumar Mehra]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}
| officeholder_sort = Mehra, Surinder
| born_year = 1932
| died_year = 2003
| term_start = 1 August 1988
| term_end = 31 July 1991
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1988|08|01|1991|07|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 15
| image = ACM Nirmal Chandra Suri.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Nirmal Chandra Suri]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Suri, Nirmal
| born_year = 1933
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 July 1991
| term_end = 31 July 1993
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1991|07|31|1993|07|31}} years
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 16
| image = ACM SK Kaul.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[S. K. Kaul|Swaroop Krishna Kaul]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|MVC|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Kaul, Swaroop
| born_year = 1935
| died_year = 2025
| term_start = 1 August 1993
| term_end = 31 December 1995
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|1993|08|01|1995|12|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 17
| image = ACM Satish Kumar Sareen.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Satish Kumar Sareen]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Sareen, Satish
| born_year = 1939
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 1995
| term_end = 31 December 1998
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1995|12|31|1998|12|31}} years
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 18
| image = ACM Anil Yashwant Tipnis.webp
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Anil Yashwant Tipnis]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Tipnis, Anil
| born_year = 1940
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 1998
| term_end = 31 December 2001
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|1998|12|31|2001|12|31}} years
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 19
| image = ACM S Krishnaswamy.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Srinivasapuram Krishnaswamy]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM}}
| officeholder_sort = Krishnaswamy, Srinivasapuram
| born_year = 1943
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 2001
| term_end = 31 December 2004
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|2001|12|31|2004|12|31}} years
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 20
| image = ACM Shashindra Tyagi.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Shashindra Pal Tyagi]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Tyagi, Shashindra
| born_year = 1945
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 2004
| term_end = 31 March 2007
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2004|12|31|2007|03|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 21
| image = Fali Homi Major.JPG
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Fali Homi Major]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|SC|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Major, Fali
| born_year = 1947
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 March 2007
| term_end = 31 May 2009
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2007|03|31|2009|05|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 22
| image = The Chief of the Air Staff, Royal Air Force UK, Air Chief Marshal Sir Stephen Dalton handing over Memento to Chief of the Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal P.V. Naik on goodwill visit to UK, from March 15 to March 18, 2010 (cropped).jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Pradeep Vasant Naik]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|VSM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Naik, Pradeep
| born_year = 1949
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 May 2009
| term_end = 31 July 2011
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2009|05|31|2011|07|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 23
| image = Air Chief Marshal N.A.K. Browne, PVSM AVSM VM ADC.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Norman Anil Kumar Browne]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Browne, Norman
| born_year = 1951
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 July 2011
| term_end = 31 December 2013
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2011|07|31|2013|12|31}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 24
| image = ACM Arup Raha.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Arup Raha]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Raha, Arup
| born_year = 1954
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 2013
| term_end = 31 December 2016
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|2013|12|31|2016|12|31}} years
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 25
| image = ACM BS Dhanoa.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Birender Singh Dhanoa]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|YSM|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Dhanoa, Birender
| born_year = 1957
| died_year =
| term_start = 31 December 2016
| term_end = 30 September 2019
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2016|12|31|2019|09|30}}
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 26
| image = Air Chief Marshal Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria PVSM AVSM VM ADC took over as the Chief of the Air Staff on 30 September 2019.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Rakesh Kumar Singh Bhadauria]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Bhadauria, Rakesh
| born_year = 1959
| died_year =
| term_start = 30 September 2019
| term_end = 30 September 2021
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|2019|09|30|2021|09|30}} years
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 27
| image = Chief of the air staff ACM Vivek Ram Chaudhari PVSM AVSM VM ADC.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Vivek Ram Chaudhari]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM|VM|ADC}}
| officeholder_sort = Chaudhari, Vivek Ram
| born_year = 1962
| died_year =
| term_start = 30 September 2021
| term_end = 30 September 2024
| timeinoffice = {{age in years|2021|09|30|2024|09|30}} years
}}
{{Officeholder table
| order = 28
| image = Air Chief Marshal Amar Preet Singh - 2024.jpg
| military_rank = [[Air Chief Marshal (India)|Air Chief Marshal]]
| officeholder = [[Amar Preet Singh]] {{post-nominals|country=IND|size=75%|sep=,|PVSM|AVSM}}
| officeholder_sort = Singh, Amar Preet
| born_year = 1964
| died_year =
| term_start = 30 September 2024
| term_end = ''Incumbent''
| timeinoffice = {{ayd|2024|09|30}}
}}
{{Officeholder table end}}

==See also==
===Other offices of the Indian Armed Forces===
* [[Chief of Defence Staff (India)|Chief of Defence Staff]]
* [[Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee]]
* [[Chief of Integrated Defence Staff]]
* [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of the Army Staff]]
* [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Chief of the Naval Staff]]

===History===
* [[Marshal of the Indian Air Force]]
* [[List of serving air marshals of the Indian Air Force]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070204030745/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/Air-Chiefs/index.html Chiefs of the Indian Air Force]

==External links==
* {{cite web | title = Chief of The Air Staff | publisher = Indian Air Force | url = http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=18 | access-date = 16 August 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180217061546/http://indianairforce.nic.in/show_page.php?pg_id=18 | archive-date = 17 February 2018 | url-status = dead }}

{{Chief of the Air Staff (India)}}
{{Military of India}}
{{Indian Air Force}}
{{Chief of the air force by country}}

[[Category:Chiefs of the Air Staff (India)| ]]
[[Category:Air force chiefs of staff|India]]
[[Category:Indian military appointments]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force appointments]]

P. Geetha

2025-10-20T21:29:40Z

Mazzulah Peel: New - done

{{Short description|Indian feminist writer and critic}}
{{for|feminist writer from [[Tamil Nadu]]|V. Geetha}}
{{Infobox person
| name = P. Geetha
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Angadipuram]], [[Malappuram district]], [[Kerala]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| other_names =
| notableworks =
| occupation = Feminist Writer, critic
| spouse = P. Pavithran
| children = 2
| father = P. C. Parameswaran
| mother = P. S. Padmini
| awards = {{bullet list| [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]|[[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award]]|[[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State film Award]]}}
}}
''' P. Geetha''' is an Indian writer, critic and feminist activist from Kerala. Her work titled ''Kannadikal Udaykkunnathenthinu'' (കണ്ണാടികൾ ഉടക്കുന്നതെന്തിന്)is considered as the first feminist critical study book in [[Malayalam]] language. She received many awards including the Kuttippuzha Endowment Award from [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]], [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award]] and the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State film Award]].

==Biography==
P. Geetha was born in [[Angadipuram]], [[Malappuram district]] to P.S. Padmini and P. C. Parameswaran.<ref name="KL">{{Cite web |last= |date=2018-07-20 |title=ഗീത |url=https://keralaliterature.com/malayalam-writers-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4/ |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Keralaliterature.com |language=ml}}</ref> She has served as a Malayalam teacher at Madappally Government College, Malappuram Government College, and Pattambi Sree Neelakantha Sanskrit College.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

Her husband P. Pavithran is an activist, literary critic and Malayalam teacher at Kalady Sanskrit University.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" /> They have two children, Aparna Prashanthi and Atul P.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" /> She currently lives in her house in Angadipuram, Malappuram.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2017-03-18 |title=ആണുങ്ങളെ ബഹുമാനിക്കുന്നില്ലെന്ന് പറഞ്ഞ് അസഭ്യ വര്‍ഷം, സദാചാര പൊലീസുകാരെക്കൊണ്ട് പൊറുതി മുട്ടിയെന്ന് ഡോ. പി ഗീത, കേരളം ഉണരേണ്ട സമയമായെന്ന് ഹരിഗോവിന്ദന്‍ |url=https://www.samakalikamalayalam.com/news/kerala/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%86-%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF-%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8Dzwj%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82-%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF-%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D-1514.html |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=Samakalika Malayalam |publisher=[[The New Indian Express]] |language=ml}}</ref>

==Activism==
Geetha writes and speaks continuously in feminist and other social issues. She have faced various forms of humiliation from society because of her stances. She filed a police complaint against the people around her who are continuously making obscene remarks, saying that she is not performing her daughter's wedding and does not know how to respect men.<ref name=":0" />

==Contributions==
Geetha, who began writing in [[Mathrubhumi]]'s children's literature section and the ''Nava tharangam'' in 1973, became notable in feminist criticism in the nineties.<ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{Cite web |date=2023-05-04 |title=ഡോ. പി. ഗീതയുടെ രചനാജീവിതത്തിന് അരനൂറ്റാണ്ട് |url=https://newspaper.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/news/malappuram-1.8531880 |access-date=2025-08-31 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |language=ml}}</ref> Her critical study book in Malayalam titled ''Kannadikal Udaykkunnatgenthunu'' is considered as the first feminist critical study book in [[Malayalam]].<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

Geetha received a doctorate from [[University of Calicut]] for her research on the topic of 'Feminist Approach in Modern Malayalam Poetry'.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" /> Along with her feminist writings, she has published a novel titled ''Ammakkallu'', with the main character [[Gandhari]], and three collections of stories.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

==Books published==
*{{Cite book |title=Sthree Vimochanamenneal Manushya Vimochanam |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789393052179 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Women's liberation means human liberation.}}
*{{Cite book |title=Devabhoothikal Manjupovath |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789387828643 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=The gods have disappeared.}} A study book that explores how women's realities and perceptions are recorded.
*{{Cite book |title=Cinemayude Kayyettangal |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789393052148 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Cinema's encroachments.}}
*{{Cite book |title=Malayalathinte Vellithira |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789387828650 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Silver screen of Malayalam.}} A study book that explores how women have appeared on the Malayalam silver screen, using some popular films as examples.
*{{Cite book |title=Aan Tachukal |publisher=Eye books |year=2020 |isbn=9780000148995 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Male creations.}} A comprehensive study of [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair|M. T.]]'s screenplays from a feminist perspective.
*{{Cite book |title=Aaryamakilumanaryakilum |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789393052087 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=}} Literary criticism
*{{Cite book |title=1921 Charithra Vartgamanangal |publisher=Current |year=2015 |isbn=9789387828636 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=1921 Historical perspectives.}} This is a historical study that reclaims the lives of women who were ignored and excluded in the history of the 1921 Malabar Rebellion.
*{{Cite book |title=Athirthikalile Ashareerikal |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789393052094 |language=Malayalam |trans-title= Voices at the borders}}
*{{Cite book |title=Irikkano Marikkano |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789393052100 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=To sit or die?}} Criticism.
*{{Cite book|title= Pranayam Laingikatha Adhikaram |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789393052100 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Love, sex, power}} Criticism.
*{{Cite book |title=Kathakaliymmamar |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9780000145345 |language=Malayalam |trans-title= Mothers in Kathakali}}
*{{Cite book |title=Seethayile Seetha |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |year=2023 |isbn=9788176386357 |language=Malayalam |trans-title= [[Seetha]] in Seetha}}
*{{Cite book |title=K R Gouri yammayum Keralavum |publisher=Current Books |year=2023 |isbn=9789386429865 |language=Malayalam |trans-title= [[K. R. Gowri Amma]] and Kerala}}
*{{Cite book |title=Atheetha Sakshyangal |publisher=Current Books |year=2020 |isbn=9789386429957 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Transcendental Testimonies}} This book is a frank account of queer lives in Kerala.
*{{Cite book |title=Mararude Ezhuthile Ammavazhikal |publisher=Marar Sahitya Prakasan |year=2017 |isbn=9780000123565 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=The motherly things in Marar's writings}}
*{{Cite book |title=Ezhuthammamar |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |year=2014 |isbn=9788176389419 |language=Malayalam |trans-title= Mothers in literature}}
*{{Cite book |title=Theeyezhthukal |publisher=[[Kerala Bhasha Institute]] |year=2016 |isbn=9788120039124 |language=Malayalam |trans-title= Fire writings}}
*{{Cite book |title=Pettunovum Eettupunyavum |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789393052094 |language=Malayalam |trans-title= }}
*{{Cite book |title=Kannadikal Udaykkunnathenthinu |publisher=[[Current Books (Malayalam)|Current Books]] |year=1997 |isbn= |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Why breaking mirrors}}
*{{Cite book |title=Penkalangal |publisher=[[Current Books (Malayalam)|Current Books]] |year=2010 |isbn= |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Girls' periods}}
*{{Cite book |title=Adhunika Malayala Kavithayile Sthreepaksha Sameepanangal |publisher=Calicut University: Department of Malayalam - Kerala Studies, 1995.; Lipi Publications, Kozhikode, 2002 |year=1995 |isbn= |language=Malayalam |trans-title=Feminist approaches in modern Malayalam poetry}}
*{{Cite book |title=Sthreevaadathinte Kerala Parisaram |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789393052117 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=The Kerala context of feminism}}
*{{Cite book |title=Ammakkallu |publisher=Eye books |year=2023 |isbn=9789387828353 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=}} A novel based on the epic [[Mahabharata]].
*{{Cite book |title=Geethayude Sampoornna Kathakal |publisher=Eye books |year=2019 |isbn=9789387828384 |language=Malayalam |trans-title=}} Short story collection.

==Awards and honors==
In 1998, Her critical study ''Kannadikal Udaykkunnathenthunu'' received the Kuttippuzha Endowment Award from [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi|Kerala Sahithya Akademi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi Awards |url=https://keralasahityaakademi.org/wp-content/themes/ksa/images/award-1963-2013.pdf |publisher=[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi]] |access-date=2025-08-31 |archive-date=2025-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251003055314/https://keralasahityaakademi.org/wp-content/themes/ksa/images/award-1963-2013.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2024, she received the first K. Saraswathi Amma Award, instituted by WINGS (Women's Integration and Growth Through Sports) Kerala, for feminist studies, for her criticism work ''Aan Thachukal'' (meaning: male creations) on [[M.T. Vasudevan Nair]]'s scripts.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-06-29 |title=P. Geetha wins first ever K. Saraswathi Amma Award |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/p-geetha-wins-first-ever-k-saraswathi-amma-award/article68348783.ece |access-date=2025-08-31 |work=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=2024-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240630120034/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/p-geetha-wins-first-ever-k-saraswathi-amma-award/article68348783.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> She has also received many awards including the Thayattu Award for the best poetic literary criticism in 1998, the Lalithambika Antharjanam Memorial Award for the best young critic, the [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards|Kerala Film Critics Award]], the Samskarika Keralam Award, the [[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State film Award]], the [[Muthukulam Parvathy Amma Award]], the C.N. Ahmed Moulavi Award, and the P.K.D. Memorial Literary Award.<ref name="Mathrubhumi" />

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Geetha, P}}
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:Women writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian feminist writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]

2015 Malabar Premier League

2025-10-19T12:10:07Z

Mazzulah Peel: Put Up First Details Initial Version!

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox football league season
|competition=[[Malabar Premier League]]
|season=2015
|winners= MSP Delta Force (1st title)
|relegated=
|league topscorer=
|best goalkeeper=
|biggest home win=
|biggest away win=
|highest scoring=
|matches=15
|total goals=55
|longest wins=
|longest unbeaten=
|longest winless=
|longest losses=
|highest attendance=
|lowest attendance=
|average attendance=
|prevseason=
|nextseason=
|updated= 1 August 2015
}}

The '''2015 Malabar Premier League season''' was the first season of the [[Malabar Premier League]], the [[North American professional sports league organization|franchise]] [[association football|football]] league for the [[Malabar region]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. The league kicked off on 7 April.<ref name=HinduLaunch>{{cite news|title=Malabar Premier League to be launched in Malappuram|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/malabar-premier-league-to-be-launched-in-malappuram/article6953851.ece|accessdate=21 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=3 March 2015}}</ref>

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! TEAM
! Location
! Sponsors
|-
| Basco Blasters
| [[Othukkungal]]
| AJFAN Dates & Nuts
|-
| Ernad Stallions
| [[Manjeri]]
| Royal Travels
|-
| MSP Delta Force
| [[Malappuram]]
| Shifa Al-Jaseera
|-
| Spartans Tirur
| [[Tirur]]
| Theyyampattil Furniture
|-
| Soccer Sultans
| [[Areekode]]
| Gokulam Group
|-
| Super Fighters
| [[Malappuram]]
| Malayil Group
|-
| Titans
| [[Mampad]]
| Prince Group
|-
| Valluvanadu Warriors
| [[Mankada]]
| P. T. Group
|}

==Matches==
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Basco Blasters
| score = 1-3
| team2 = Super Fighters
| goals1 = Hameem Jamal A. K. {{goal|14}}
| goals2 = Bharathan K. K. {{goal|74}} <br> Mohammed Rafi N. B. {{goal|86}} <br> Mousoof Nisan M. A. {{goal|90+1}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|11}}
| stadium = [[Kottappadi Football Stadium, Malappuram|Kottappadi Football Stadium]]
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = MSP Delta Force
| score = 1-1
| team2 = Valluvanadu Warriors
| goals1 = Jimshad U. {{goal|2}}
| goals2 = Anantha Murali V. {{goal|29}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|12}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Titans
| score = 3-2
| team2 = Spartans
| goals1 = Afsal {{goal|29}} <br> Nasrudheen {{goal|73}} {{goal|81}} <br> Shafeeq {{sent off|0|78}}
| goals2 = Shameem M. {{goal|51}} <br> Abdul Jaleel C. {{goal|90+1}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|13}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Ernad Stallions
| score = 4-3
| team2 = Soccer Sultans
| goals1 = Salman K. {{goal|7}} <br> [[VP Suhair]] {{goal|12}} {{goal|24}} <br> Usman Ashik {{goal|46}} <br> Hashim Malik {{sent off|0|60}}
| goals2 = Mohamed Shafi Odakkal {{goal|36}} {{goal|81}} <br> Ahamed Mallick K. {{goal|90}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|14}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Basco Blasters
| score = 2-1
| team2 = Valluvanadu Warriors
| goals1 =
| goals2 =
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|15}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = MSP Delta Force
| score = 2-4
| team2 = Super Fighters
| goals1 = Firos Kalathingal {{goal|10}} {{goal|59}}
| goals2 = Sajeer H. H. {{goal|20}} <br> Midhun Welet {{goal|22}} <br> Akhiljith A. S. {{goal|51}} {{goal|72}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|16}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Titans
| score = 1-2
| team2 = Soccer Sultans
| goals1 = Nasrudheen {{goal|75}}
| goals2 = Sabith K. {{goal|10}} <br> Abdul Basim Nalakath {{goal|59}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|18}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Ernad Stallions
| score = 3-1
| team2 = Spartans
| goals1 = Javeed O. K. {{goal|41}} <br> Hafsal {{goal|68}} <br> Hajmal {{goal|81}}
| goals2 = Shameem M. {{goal|25}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|19}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Super Fighters
| score = 2-1
| team2 = Valluvanadu Warriors
| goals1 = NP Pradeep {{goal|67}} <br> {{goal|71}}
| goals2 = Munavar K. {{goal|73}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|20}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Basco Blasters
| score = 1-3
| team2 = MSP Delta Force
| goals1 = Abdul Rahman C. A. {{goal|40}}
| goals2 = Firos Kalathingal {{goal|12}} <br> Imshad U. {{goal|20}} <br> Shihad {{goal|73}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|21}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Soccer Sultans
| score = 0-1
| team2 = Spartans
| goals1 = Danish Mekkuth {{sent off|0|81}}
| goals2 = Abdul Basith {{goal|82}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|22}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Ernad Stallions
| score = 4-0
| team2 = Titans
| goals1 = Usman Ashik {{goal|50}} {{goal|54}} {{goal|82}} <br> Hafsal {{goal|61}}
| goals2 = Mahsoom C. T. {{sent off|0|79}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|23}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}

'''Semi-finals'''
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = Super Fighters
| score = 1-1
| team2 = Spartans
| aet = yes
| penaltyscore = 4-2
| goals1 = R. Kannan {{goal|90+3}}
| goals2 = Jimmi George {{goal|8}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|25}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| report =
| team1 = Ernad Stallions
| score = 2-2
| team2 = MSP Delta Force
| aet = yes
| penaltyscore = 3-4
| goals1 = [[V P Suhair]] {{goal|40}} <br> Salman K. {{goal|74}}
| goals2 = Shihad Nelliparamban {{goal|56}} <br> Firos Kalathingal {{goal|75}}
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|26}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}

'''Final'''
{{Football box collapsible
| event =
| team1 = MSP Delta Force
| score = 3-0
| team2 = Super Fighters
| goals1 = Jipson Justus {{goal|73}} <br> Mahin P. Hussain {{goal|78}} <br> Gani Ahamed Nigam {{goal|85}}
| goals2 =
| date = {{Start date|df=yes|2015|04|28}}
| stadium = Kottappadi Football Stadium
}}
<ref name=MPLMatches>{{cite web|title=Malabar Premier League Schedule 2015 Season|url=http://mplfootball.com/schedule|website=MPL-Malabar Premier League|access-date=7 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711202037/http://mplfootball.com/schedule|archive-date=11 July 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150322215340/http://www.mplfootball.com/ Official website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125818/http://footballnewsindia.in/malabar-premier-league-kickoff-april-7/ Malabar Premier League to kickoff on April 11].

{{2014–15 in Indian football}}

[[Category:Malabar Premier League]]
[[Category:2014–15 in Indian football leagues|Mara]]

Times Ascent

2025-10-13T15:26:46Z

Mazzulah Peel: further refine section for consistency further and updated info

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2019}}
{{Primary sources|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| name = Times Ascent
| image = Times_Ascent.jpg
| type = Weekly [[Supplement (publishing)|Supplement]]<br>published on Wednesdays
| format = [[Broadsheet]]
| founded =
| owners = [[Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.]]
| publisher = Bennett, Coleman & Co Ltd.
| editor = Dhaval Jaiswal
| language = [[Indian English|English]]
| political_position =
| headquarters = [[Mumbai]]
| circulation =
| website = [http://timesascent.com/ Times Ascent]
}}

'''Times Ascent''' is a weekly supplement of The [[Times of India]] newspaper published on Wednesdays, that is focused on human resource development, employment and job opportunities.<ref name="autogenerated">{{cite web |url=http://www.itopc.org/travel-requisite/newspapers/times-of-india.html |title=The Times Of India |publisher=Indian Tour Operators Promotion Council |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130415033653/http://www.itopc.org/travel-requisite/newspapers/times-of-india.html |archivedate=2013-04-15 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhavesads.com/times-of-india/times-ascent-ad-rates|title = Book Times of India Times Ascent Ads Online for Newspaper at Lowest Rates}}</ref> Times Ascent has 10 editions in [[Mumbai]], [[Pune]], [[Hyderabad]], [[Lucknow]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Chennai]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Delhi]] and [[Nagpur]].

==Content==
The Times Ascent [http://timesascent.com website] was launched in January 2007.<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=http://www.reviewstream.com/reviews/?p=68217 |title=Times Ascent|publisher=Reviewstream}}</ref> The website, is an extension of the print version. In the print version, the font of the headline is Myriad Roman, and that of the strapline and the main copy is Pointer OS Display Roman. The various sections of editorial content on the portal are as follows:

* '''‘Gyan Gurus’''' are regular columnists who are industry watchers and experts
* '''Thought Pool''' is a section written by student journalists
* '''Ask the Expert''' Questions are addressed to various experts on [[human resources]] and allied fields
* '''Live chat sessions''' are regularly scheduled on the website
* '''Books Section''' is where visitors can also recommend and read reviews of leading management books

Beyond the editorial content, the readers have access to research oriented content
* executive education options
* Corporate Social Responsibility activities of various organizations
* white papers

The editorial covers future and current trends, and news features, for job seekers and HR professionals. The features are about the changing paradigm of work, the personal fulfillment that the employee seeks, the emotional engagement the employer expects, and the empowerment for both.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://timesascent.in Official Website]
* [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/us Times Of India]

[[Category:The Times of India]]
[[Category:Human resource management publications]]
[[Category:Publications with year of establishment missing]]

{{India-newspaper-stub}}

The Khalsa Advocate

2025-10-03T12:09:38Z

Mazzulah Peel: New

{{Short description|Weekly Sikh newspaper}}
{{italic title}}
{{Infobox newspaper
| motto = The Monthly English Organ of the Sikhs (original)
| image = Front page of the first issue of The Khalsa Advocate, a weekly Sikh newspaper published by the Chief Khalsa Diwan, 20 September 1903 issue.jpg
| caption = Front page of the first issue, 20 September 1903
| type = [[Weekly newspaper]]
| founder = [[Jodh Singh]]
| publisher = Chief Khalsa Diwan
| founded = 20 September 1903 (first issue)
| language = [[English language|English]]
| ceased_publication = 1923
| relaunched = Relaunched as ''The Khalsa Te Khalsa Advocate'' (in Punjabi) in 1923 onwards
}}
{{Sikh literature}}

'''''The Khalsa Advocate''''' was a [[Sikhs|Sikh]] newspaper in [[English language|English]] founded in 1903 by the [[Chief Khalsa Diwan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Khalsa Advocate |url=https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/thekhalsaadvocate-35202683/ |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=JSTOR}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Chief Khalsa Diwan - History |url=https://www.chiefkhalsadiwan.com/history |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=Chief Khalsa Diwan}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Barrier |first=Norman Gerald |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism |publisher=Patiala Punjabi University |year=2004 |isbn=817380530X |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |edition=2nd |volume=4: S–Z |pages=161–166 |chapter=Sikh Journalism}}</ref> It was one of the most prominent and influential Sikh periodicals prior to 1920.<ref name=":022">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Master Tara Singh in Indian History: Colonialism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Sikh Identity |date=March 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199089840 |edition=Online |pages= |chapter=2 - Colonial Rule and the Sikhs: (1849–1919) |quote=The most important Sikh periodicals were the ''Khālsā Akhbār'' in Punjabi and the ''Khalsa'' in English, both of which were brought out from Lahore. The ''Nirguṇiārā'' and the ''Khālsā Samāchār'' in Punjabi and the ''Khalsa Advocate'' in English were published from Amritsar.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Barrier |first=Norman Gerald |title=Religious Controversy in British India: Dialogues in South Asian Languages |date=3 January 1992 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780791408285 |editor-last=Jones |editor-first=Kenneth W. |edition=Illustrated |series=SUNY Series in Religious Studies |pages=226 |quote=Also important in focusing the issues and personalities involved in Sikh pamphleteering are articles and correspondence in the three primary Sikh newspapers prior to 1920, ''The Khalsa Akhbar'' (Punjabi, c. 1889–1905), the ''Khalsa Samachar'' (Punjabi, 1899 to the present), and the ''Khalsa Advocate'' (1903–23, then becoming the Punjabi ''Khalsa Te Khalsa Advocate'').}}</ref>

== History ==

=== Background ===
By the turn of the 20th century, English-language journals had become popular amongst the literate Sikhs of the Punjab.<ref name=":2" /> In 1899, an English newspaper titled simply as ''The Khalsa'' was founded by Bhagat Lakshman Singh.<ref name=":2" /> The Khalsa had a lifespan of two years, after which its production ceased.<ref name=":2" /> However, the paper had an impact on showing the resoluteness of the Sikhs to reach a [[Western world|Western]] audience, such as the British and Punjabis who did not know how to read their ethnic language.<ref name=":2" />

=== Establishment and work ===
The newspaper was launched in 1903 as a monthly newspaper that acted as the official mouthpiece of the Chief Khalsa Diwan.<ref name=":0" /> It was founded by a group of Sikhs led by [[Jodh Singh]].<ref name=":2" /> Its purpose was to provide a medium of expression for Sikh feelings and aspirations.<ref name=":0" /> It led the deliberations on Sikh issues of the time.<ref name=":2" /> It was published out of Amritsar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The Khalsa Advocate (July 27, 1923) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.35195200 |access-date=14 June 2024 |website=JSTOR}}</ref> The newspaper was the foremost of the Sikh newspapers published in English of the era and had a circulation of around 1,000.<ref name=":2" />

The newspaper supported the [[Akali movement|Gurdwara Reform movement]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite book |last=Grewal |first=J. S. |title=Master Tara Singh in Indian History: Colonialism, Nationalism, and the Politics of Sikh Identity |date=March 2018 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199089840 |edition=Online |pages= |chapter=}}</ref> In the summertime of 1906, the newspaper advocated that it was a necessity that the administration of the Golden Temple and other gurdwaras be changed so social evils could be extinguished from their premises.<ref name=":02" /> It supported an idea of the appointment of a manager (''sarbrah'') of the Golden Temple that was elected by the wider Sikh community (''[[panth]]''), not personally appointed by the government.<ref name=":02" /> In the 9 June 1917 issue of the newspaper, it complained about the corruption and mismanagement widespread in the Golden Temple.<ref name=":02" />

The newspaper was a supporter of Punjabi being used as the language of instruction and that the decision over the script used should be left for the parents to decide.<ref name=":02" />

The newspaper was a supporter of the [[Women's empowerment|empowerment]] of [[Women in Sikhism|women]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Kaur |first=Ramandeep |date=May 2019 |title=Position of women in Punjab as Reflected in Khalsa Advocate Newspaper (1903-1947) |url=http://www.socialresearchfoundation.com/upoadreserchpapers/5/290/2002190716011st%20ramandeep%20kaur.pdf |journal=Remarking An Analisation |volume=4 |issue=2 (Part 1) |pages=326–29 |eissn=2455-0817}}</ref><ref>Singh, Joginder. “Women's Education and Sikh Reformers: A Study of Sikh Newspapers and Periodicals in the Early 20th Century.” ''Proceedings of the Indian History Congress'', vol. 61, 2000, pp. 939–44. ''JSTOR'', <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/44148169</nowiki>. Accessed 18 June 2024.</ref> It spoke out against the practice of [[Dowry system in India|dowry]], child marriage, domestic violence, polygamy, marriage mismatch, lavish weddings, and observing ''[[purdah]]''.<ref name=":4" /> It promoted the acceptance of widow remarriage.<ref name=":4" /> The periodical stigmatized prostitution.<ref name=":4" />

After 1923, the newspaper was continued in Punjabi rather than English under the title ''The Khalsa Te Khalsa Advocate''.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

The newspaper often published writings by Vir Singh and also covers the activities of all the institutions, schools, and colleges run by the Chief Khalsa Diwan.'''<ref name=":0" />'''

==== Taglines ====
The newspaper used multiple [[tagline]]s throughout its existence, they are as follows:<ref name=":1" />

* "The Monthly English Organ of the Sikhs."<ref name=":1" />
* "The Only English Weekly of the Sikhs."<ref name=":1" />
* "An English Weekly of the Sikhs"<ref name=":1" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [https://www.jstor.org/site/south-asia-open-archives/saoa/thekhalsaadvocate-35202683/ Issues preserved and available for online viewing by SAOA (South Asia Open Archives)]
* [http://ddsnext.crl.edu/titles/34387 Issues preserved and available for online viewing by the South Asia Materials Project (SAMP)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalsa Advocate, The}}
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1903]]
[[Category:1903 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Defunct English-language newspapers published in India]]

The Calcutta Swimming Club

2025-09-23T19:27:22Z

Mazzulah Peel: fix structure for consistency and cleaned formatting to improve readability

#REDIRECT [[Calcutta Swimming Club]]

{{Redirect category shell|
{{R from move}}
}}

Payagpur Assembly constituency

2025-08-08T05:28:43Z

Mazzulah Peel: Creating - done

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Payagpur
| map_image = 287-Payagpur.svg
| mla = [[Subhash Tripathi]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2017
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Bahraich district|Bahraich]]
| reservation = None
| type = SLA
| electors = 3,90,097
| constituency_no = 287
}}
'''Payagpur''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Payagpur and other parts of [[Bhairach tehsil]] as well as parts of [[Kaiserganj tehsil]], both in [[Bahraich district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref><ref name="ceomap">{{cite web | title=District/Assembly Map of Uttar Pradesh | url=https://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/images/u2.pdf | year=2012 |publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Uttar Pradesh |access-date=24 June 2025 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725185743/https://ceouttarpradesh.nic.in/images/u2.pdf |archive-date=25 July 2013}}</ref> It is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Kaiserganj Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 287 amongst 403 constituencies.

As of 2022, this seat is represented by [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Subhash Tripathi]] who won the [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]], defeating [[Samajwadi Party]] candidate '''Mukesh Srivastava''' by a margin of 41,541 votes.<ref name="election2022"/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Mukesh Srivastava]]<ref name="election2012">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3262-uttar-pradesh-2012/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2012 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>
|rowspan=2|[[Subhash Tripathi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]<ref name="election2022"/>
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payagpur<ref name="election2022">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2022 |title=Uttar Pradesh General Legislative Election 2022|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/|website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Subhash Tripathi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:110162}}
|percentage = 47.77
|change = -1.82
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mukesh Srivastava
|votes = {{formatnum:98106}}
|percentage = 42.54
|change = +13.1
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Geeta
|votes = {{formatnum:11232}}
|percentage = 4.87
|change = -9.25
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Raise Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:3586}}
|percentage = 1.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rana Shivam Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2957}}
|percentage = 1.28
|change = -0.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2322}}
|percentage = 1.01
|change = -0.4
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:12056}}
|percentage = 5.23
|change = -14.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:230613}}
|percentage = 59.12
|change = +2.32
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Payagpur<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Subhash Tripathi]]
|votes = {{formatnum:102254}}
|percentage = 49.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Mukesh Srivastava Alias Gyanendera Pratap
|votes = {{formatnum:60713}}
|percentage = 29.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohd. Mushraf
|votes = {{formatnum:29122}}
|percentage = 14.12
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhagat Ram
|votes = {{formatnum:4239}}
|percentage = 2.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Shahi Party (Secular)
|candidate = Aswani Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2284}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2871}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:41541}}
|percentage = 20.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:206193}}
|percentage = 56.8
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
*[[Bahraich district]]
*[[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|27.40|81.78|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Bahraich district]]

S. Anil

2025-08-01T23:29:46Z

Mazzulah Peel: Done - done

{{short description|Indian film director}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Anil Kumar
| image =
| caption =
| birthname =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Douthyam Anil
| yearsactive = 1986 – present
| spouse =
| homepage =
| occupation = {{hlist|Film director|screenwriter}}
}}

'''S. Anil Kumar''', also known as '''Douthyam Anil''' and '''Anil Vakkam''', is an Indian film director who works in [[Malayalam film]]s. He is known for his action films.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.worldmalayalilive.com/entertainment/09082022-doutyam-anilum-mohanlalum-onnikkunnu-bharath-rtatna/|title=33 വർഷങ്ങൾക്ക് ശേഷം മോഹൻലാലും ദൗത്യം അനിലും വീണ്ടും ഒന്നിക്കുന്നു|date=9 August 2022 |publisher=worldmalayalilive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalam.filmibeat.com/news/mohanlal-joining-hand-with-douthyam-anil-again-021619.html|title=ദൗത്യം അനില്‍ ലാല്‍ ചിത്രം തുടങ്ങുന്നു|publisher=filmibeat}}</ref> He is best known for directing the action-adventure film ''[[Douthyam]]'' (1989).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.malayalachalachithram.com/movieslist.php?d=1802|title=List of Malayalam Movies directed by Anil Vakkom|publisher=malayalachalachithram}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://malayalasangeetham.info/displayProfile.php?category=director&artist=Anil%20Vakkom|title=Anil Vakkom|publisher=malayalasangeetham}}</ref>

==Career==
He made his debut as a director in 1986 with ''Adiverukal'', starring [[Mohanlal]]. His other films with [[Mohanlal]] are ''Douthyam'' and ''Sooryagayathri''. Another of Anil's Mohanlal films, ''Brahmaa'', was dropped after the first schedule. The same film was later remade by [[I. V. Sasi]] as ''[[The City (1994 film)|The City]]'' with [[Suresh Gopi]].{{Citation needed|date= March 2023}}

==Filmography==
=== As director===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Writer !! Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[Adiverukal]]'' || Peruvanthanam Sukumaran ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 1989 || ''[[Douthyam]]'' || ||
|-
|| ''[[Adavilo Abhimanyudu]]'' || Ashok ||Telugu film
|-
| 1992 || ''[[Soorya Gayathri]]'' || [[John Paul Puthusery]] ||
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Gangothri (film)|Gangothri]]'' || Shaji Pandavath ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|0030061}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anil, P.}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kerala]]
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]