Bharatpedia - User contributions [en]

Abitha

2026-05-06T14:38:30Z

MayraBarnett41: new article...

{{Short description|Indian film and television actress|bot=PearBOT 5}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Abitha
| image = Abitha-1.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name = Jenila
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| othername = Janeesha
| spouse = Sunil
| children = 2
| website =
| known_for =
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Abitha''' is an Indian actress who appears in [[Tamil cinema|Tamil language films]] and television serials. She appeared in notable productions including [[Sethu (film)|''Sethu'']] alongside [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]]. She is famous for her role as Archana in the serial ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]'', which aired from 2007 to 2013 in Sun TV starring opposite [[Sanjeev (Tamil actor, born 1975)|Sanjeev]]. She was the winner of [[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal for Best Actress]] twice by [[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]] for ''Thirumathi Selvam'' in the years 2010 and 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.metromasti.com/kollywood/news/Sun-TV-Sun-Kudumbam-Awards-2012-Sun-Kudumbam-Awards-Jan-6-2013/23704 |title=Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal 2012 Winner List |website=metromasti.com}}</ref>

==Career==
As a teenager, Abitha used to go and see the television serial, ''Nancy'' starring [[Sanghavi]], being filmed near her house in [[Thiruvottiyur]]. The director of that serial recognised her and spoke to her parents, roping her in to play the heroine's sister in their next TV serial ''Criminal''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/23/stories/2006112317840200.htm |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=I was thrilled when 'Sethu' was a big hit |date=23 November 2006}}</ref> After doing a couple of serials, she did a low-budget film titled ''[[Golmaal (1998 film)|Golmaal]]'' as the sister of the lead lady and then B-Grade film titled ''Devadasi'' in Malayalam. At that time, director Bala roped her in for a leading role in ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' alongside [[Vikram (actor)|Vikram]], which she signed after [[Keerthi Reddy]] and Rajshri had dropped out.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/98/Mar/news3.htm |title=Tamil Movie News: March edition |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430054302/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/News/98/Mar/news3.htm |archive-date=30 April 2016 |url-status=usurped }}</ref> [[Bala (director)|Bala]] renamed her Abitha from her original name of Jenila for the film, after the character she was portraying. The film opened in December 1999 at a single noon show at a suburban theatre but built up through word-of-mouth publicity and ran for over one hundred days at several cinema halls across [[Chennai]], becoming a critical and commercial success. ''Sethu'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] and secured wins in the Best Film category at [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|the Filmfare Awards]] and the [[Cinema Express Award for Best Film – Tamil|Cinema Express Awards]], while Abitha won critical acclaim for her role of a [[Tamil Brahmin]] girl.<ref name="redwin">{{cite web |author=Warrier, Shobha |date=17 August 2004 |title=Vikram's obsession gets its reward |publisher=[[Rediff]] |accessdate=31 July 2011 |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2004/aug/17vikram.htm}}</ref> After ''Sethu''{{'}}s success, Abitha was flooded with offers but chose to complete her studies and finish her PG in Sociology from [[Annamalai University]]. She revealed that by the time she decided to come back she had lost her contacts in the industry and was thereafter seen in only a couple of insignificant projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article439435.ece |location=Chennai, India |work=The Hindu |title=Grill Mill - Abitha |date=27 May 2010}}</ref>

She appeared alongside veteran actor [[Ramarajan]] in ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]'' before starring in ''[[Poove Pen Poove]]'' alongside newcomer Ishaq Husseini. After the failure of those films she played the role of [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]'s sister in ''[[Arasatchi]]''. Other films in the period, such as ''Pirantha Naal'' with [[Prakash Raj]], ''Kashmir'' with [[Abhinay]] and ''Kandhavel'' with [[Murali (Tamil actor)|Murali]] were not completed and indefinitely shelved.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/ntamil.asp |title=New Tamil films in the making |date=5 August 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030805141304/http://www.chennaionline.com/entertainment/filmplus/ntamil.asp |archive-date=5 August 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category%3D1%26view%3D7-00 |title=Tamil Movies Online ::::: News |accessdate=24 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011030225/http://tamilmovies.com/cgi-bin/news/archives.cgi?category=1&view=7-00 |archivedate=11 October 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/birthday.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040824054915/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/birthday.asp |archivedate=24 August 2004 |title=Location news - Pirantha naal |date=24 August 2004}}</ref> In 2005, she got another breakthrough and signed on to play the lead role in ''[[Kannamma (film)|Kannamma]]'' scripted by [[Karunanidhi]], but to do so she unceremoniously opted out of another film titled ''Ullakadathal''. Subsequently, the producers of that film complained and got her banned by the Producer's Council, leaving her out of both films.<ref>[http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/14007.html Archived copy] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130126120327/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/14007.html|date=26 January 2013}}</ref>
<ref>[http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10549.html Archived copy] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130126061844/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/tamil/article/10549.html|date=26 January 2013}}</ref> Later that year she featured in ''[[Unarchigal (2006 film)|Unarchigal]]'' alongside [[Abbas (actor)|Abbas]] and [[Kunal Singh|Kunal]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/02122005-5.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051205004946/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/02122005-5.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-date=5 December 2005 |title=டோடோவின் ரஃப் நோட்டு — Tamil Kavithai - தமிழ் கவிதைகள் - நூற்று கணக்கில்! |publisher=Cinesouth.com |accessdate=17 August 2019}}</ref>

Abitha was selected the best actress of Sun TV in the first two editions of Sun Kudumbam awards held in the years 2010 and 2012 for her performance as Archana in the show. She also starred in the serial ''Thangamana Purushan.'' She got married in 2009 and continued to work in serials following her marriage.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-11/news-interviews/28186478_1_wedding-bells-sethu-small-screen |work=The Times of India |title=Wedding bells for Abitha |date=11 May 2009 |access-date=12 April 2012 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207064819/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-05-11/news-interviews/28186478_1_wedding-bells-sethu-small-screen |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! Notes
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Ettupatti Rasa]]'' || Ponrasu's daughter || rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || rowspan="4"| Credited as Janeesha
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Golmaal (1998 film)|Golmaal]]'' || Reshma
|-
| 1997 || ''[[Masmaram]]'' || Jasmine|| Malayalam
|-
|rowspan="2"|1999 || ''[[Devadasi (1999 film)|Devadasi]]'' || Mala || [[Malayalam]]
|-
| ''[[Sethu (film)|Sethu]]'' || Abithakuchalambal (Abitha) || rowspan="5"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] || Nominated- [[Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actress]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2001 || ''[[Seerivarum Kaalai]]'' || Kamakshi ||
|-
|''[[Poove Pen Poove]]'' || ||
|-
| 2002 || ''Puthiya Alai'' || ||
|-
|rowspan="2"|2004 || ''[[Arasatchi]]'' || Shwetha Ashok Mehta ||
|-
| ''Aagodella Olledakke'' || || [[Kannada]] ||
|-
| rowspan="2"|2006 || ''[[Unarchigal (2006 film)|Unarchigal]]'' || Amrutha || rowspan="5"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]] ||
|-
| ''[[Suyetchai MLA]]'' || Lakshmi ||
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Nam Naadu (2007 film)|Nam Naadu]]'' || Sathya's wife ||
|-
| 2017 || ''En Kadhal Devathai'' || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Thee Ivan]]'' || ||
|}

== Television ==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Channel !! Language
|-
|1997||''Criminal''|| || [[DD Podhigai|Doordarshan]] || rowspan="3"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|1998||''Gokulam Colony'' ||
|-
|2002|| ''Varam'' || Swarna || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2002{{Endash}}2006 || ''[[Nagamma (TV series)|Nagamma]]'' || || [[Gemini TV]] || [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|-
|2003|| ''Kungumam'' || || Sun TV || Tamil
|-
|2003–2005|| ''Priyanaka'' || || [[ETV (Telugu)|ETV]] || Telugu
|-
|2005|| ''[[Kadamattathu Kathanar (TV series)|Kadamattathu Kathanar]]'' || Unnimaya || [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] || [[Malayalam]]
|-
|2006–2007|| ''Raja Rajeshwari'' || Raja Rajeshwari || rowspan="3"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] || rowspan="15"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|-
|2006–2007|| ''Sorgam'' || Surya
|-
|2007–2013 || ''[[Thirumathi Selvam]]'' || Archana
|-
|2008–2010 || ''Thangamana Purushan'' || Raasi || [[Kalaignar TV]]
|-
|2008 || ''[[Manikoondu]]'' || Special Appearance || [[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|2009 || ''Simran Thirai'' || Shalini || [[Jaya TV]]
|-
|2009–2010 || ''[[Adhiparasakthi]] '' || Renuka Devi || [[Raj TV]]
|-
|2011 || ''[[Thendral]]'' || Archana || rowspan="4"|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013–2014|| ''[[Ponnunjal (TV series)|Ponnunjal]]'' || Nandhini Vishwa
|-
|''[[Muthaaram]]''|| Ranjini Murali
|-
|2019||''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''|| [[Doctor (title)|Dr.]] Shyamala / Shanthi
|-
|2022–2023||''[[Maari (2022 TV series)|Maari]]''<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/new-show-maari-set-to-launch-soon-abitha-set-for-a-comeback-after-3-years/articleshow/92015854.cms |title=New show 'Maari' set to launch soon; Abitha set for a comeback after 3 years |website=[[The Times of India]]|date=5 June 2022 }}</ref>|| Deivanai || rowspan="2"|[[Zee Tamil]]
|-
|2022||''[[DID Super Moms (season 3)|Super Mom Season 3]]''||Contestant
|-
|2025–2026||''[[Chinnanchiru Kiliye]]''||Suguna||[[Zee Tamil]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb name|1414830}}
{{authority control}}

[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:Actresses in Kannada cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]
[[Category:1985 births]]

BookMyShow

2026-05-06T11:59:13Z

MayraBarnett41: done

{{Short description|Indian online ticketing platform}}
{{COI|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Book My Show

| type = [[Privately held company|Private]]
| industry = [[Entertainment]], [[E-commerce]]
| genre = Online ticketing
| founded = {{Start date and age|1999}}
| founder = {{Unbulleted list|Ashish Hemrajani|Rajesh Balpande|Parikshit Dar}}
| hq_location = [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| area_served = India, [[Indonesia]], [[Malaysia]], [[Singapore]], [[Sri Lanka]]
| key_people = Ashish Hemrajani (Founder & [[Chief executive officer|CEO]]), Parikshit Dar (Co-Founder & Director)
| services =
| revenue = {{increase}} [[Indian rupee|Rs.]]1,430 crore (2024)
| net_income = {{increase}} Rs.109 crore (2024)
| owner = Big Tree Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| num_employees =
| website = {{URL|https://in.bookmyshow.com}}
}}

'''BookMyShow''' is an Indian online entertainment ticketing platform headquartered in Mumbai. It is operated by Big Tree Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Rajiv |date=June 29, 2021 |title=Streaming Now: BookMyShow And Its Fight Back |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/take-one-big-story-of-the-day/streaming-now-bookmyshow-and-its-fight-back/68817/1 |access-date= |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> Founded in 1999 as a software service provider for the cinema industry, it launched its consumer-facing ticketing website in 2007.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-04 |title=BookMyShow separates SE Asia Arm |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/bookmyshow-separates-se-asia-arm/articleshow/72358596.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> The platform provides booking services for films, live concerts, theater, and sporting events across India and parts of Southeast Asia.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Sil |first=Debarghya |date=2023-03-01 |title=BookMyShow's FY22 Sales Jump 274% YoY To INR 277 Cr But Fail To Touch Pre-COVID Levels |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/bookmyshows-fy22-sales-jump-274-yoy-to-inr-277-cr-but-fail-to-touch-pre-covid-levels/ |access-date= |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Layak |first=Suman |last2=Seetharaman |first2=G. |date=2016-01-31 |title=Is an online ticketing aggregator, BookMyShow, an ecommerce model like no other? |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/is-an-online-ticketing-aggregator-bookmyshow-an-ecommerce-model-like-no-other/articleshow/50788409.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== History ==

BookMyShow was launched in 2007. From the late 2010s, Book My Show broadened its business beyond cinema ticketing into live entertainment, including large-scale music concerts and festivals. Subsequently, the company began serving as a promoter and ticketing partner for international music events in India, including concerts by artists such as [[Coldplay videography|Coldplay]], [[Ed Sheeran]], [[Justin Bieber]], [[U2]], [[Guns N' Roses]], and [[Travis Scott]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite news |last=Shaw |first=Lucas |date=May 26, 2025 |title=An Indian Entrepreneur Is Luring Ed Sheeran, Travis Scott to Mumbai |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-05-25/ed-sheeran-travis-scott-turn-mumbai-into-the-next-hot-music-market |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250725114215/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-05-25/ed-sheeran-travis-scott-turn-mumbai-into-the-next-hot-music-market |archive-date=2025-07-25 |access-date=2026-01-29 |work=Bloomberg.com |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Tagat |first=Anurag |date=2024-10-08 |title=Coldplay’s India Tour and BookMyShow: Everything You Need to Know |url=https://rollingstoneindia.com/coldplay-india-tour-bookmyshow-controversy-timeline/ |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=Rolling Stone India |language=en-US}}</ref> In 2013, it secured a five-year distribution agreement with [[PVR INOX|PVR Cinemas]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=BookMyShow inks five-year partnership with PVR |url=https://www.techcircle.in/2013/07/15/bookmyshow-inks-five-year-partnership-with-pvr |access-date= |website=Techcircle |language=en}}</ref> and by 2014, the platform served approximately 200 Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-06-18 |title=SAIF values Bookmyshow at Rs 1,000 crore |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/saif-values-bookmyshow-at-rs-1000-crore/articleshow/36733181.cms |access-date= |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kondalamahanty |first=Aditya |date=2018-11-22 |title=BookMyShow Joins Grab Ventures Velocity Program With An Eye On Southeast Asia |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/bookmyshow-joins-grab-ventures-velocity-program-with-an-eye-on-southeast-asia/ |access-date= |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref> During this period, the company was named "Startup of the Year" at the Economic Times Awards for Corporate Excellence.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Abrar |first=Peerzada |last2=Chanchani |first2=Madhav |date=2014-06-18 |title=BookMyShow in Rs 1,000 crore club with new funding |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/bookmyshow-in-rs-1000-crore-club-with-new-funding/articleshow/36729074.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

=== Acquisitions and regional expansion (2013–2023) ===
Expansion into regional and vertical markets was primarily driven by acquisitions. Key purchases included TicketGreen in 2013,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chandran |first=Pradeesh |date=March 8, 2013 |title=BookMyShow.com acquires Chennai-based Ticketgreen.com |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/bookmyshow-com-acquires-chennai-based-ticketgreen-com-113030800285_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref> social media analytics firm Eventifier in 2015,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhanjal |first=Swaraj Singh |date=2015-02-10 |title=BookMyShow acquires Bengaluru-based Eventifier |url=https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/lBitzzfG02PzhF1udLQWEK/BookMyShow-acquires-Bengalurubased-Eventifier.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250427050049/https://www.livemint.com/Consumer/lBitzzfG02PzhF1udLQWEK/BookMyShow-acquires-Bengalurubased-Eventifier.html |archive-date=2025-04-27 |access-date= |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> and the sports engagement platform Fantain in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Prasad |first=Priya |date=10 March 2016 |title=BookMyShow acquires majority stake in Fantain Sports |url=https://www.vccircle.com/bookmyshow-acquires-majority-stake-fantain-sports |access-date= |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> Between 2017 and 2019, the company further diversified its technology stack by acquiring Hyderabad-based MastiTickets,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malik |first=Yuvraj |date=2017-01-25 |title=Bookmyshow.com buys Hyderabad-based MastiTickets |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/mPISjX12qm0w1w2m0IFQbL/Bookmyshowcom-buys-Hyderabadbased-MastiTickets.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231231235205/https://www.livemint.com/Companies/mPISjX12qm0w1w2m0IFQbL/Bookmyshowcom-buys-Hyderabadbased-MastiTickets.html |archive-date=2023-12-31 |access-date= |work=mint |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref> the Pune-based DIY event platform Townscript,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Shankar |first=Shashwati |date=2017-02-14 |title=BookMyShow acquires 75% stake in Townscript |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/bookmyshow-acquires-75-stake-in-townscript/articleshow/57145462.cms |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> the digital media firm nFusion<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Supraja |date=2017-08-01 |title=BookMyShow acquires Nfusion to boost audio entertainment offerings |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/bookmyshow-acquires-nfusion-to-boost-audio-entertainment-offerings/articleshow/59863926.cms |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> and partnering with [[SPI Cinemas]], a regional cinema chain.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Supraja |date=2017-09-12 |title=BookMyShow partners with SPI Cinemas to gain market share in South India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/bookmyshow-partners-with-spi-cinemas-to-gain-market-share-in-south-india/articleshow/60481235.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> During these years, the platform expanded its inventory to include live comedy, theater, and major sports leagues such as the [[Indian Premier League]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |last=Laghate |first=Gaurav |date=2019-03-08 |title=BookMyShow to sell IPL tickets exclusively for four franchises |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/bookmyshow-to-sell-ipl-tickets-exclusively-for-four-franchises/articleshow/68318793.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chettri |first=Diwaskar |date=2010-03-03 |title=BookMyShow To Sell Tickets For IPL 3; What Happened To TicketPro.in? |url=https://www.medianama.com/2010/03/223-bookmyshow-to-sell-tickets-for-ipl-3-what-happened-to-ticketpro-in/ |access-date= |website=MEDIANAMA |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Peermohamed |first=Alnoor |date=2019-11-02 |title=Amazon, BookMyShow ink 5 year deal |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/amazon-bookmyshow-ink-5-year-deal/articleshow/71861021.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In December 2019, the company reorganized its international operations, spinning off its Southeast Asian business into a separate Singapore-based entity. This division, which manages activities in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, and Sri Lanka,<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=BookMyShow has Spun off its Southeast Asia Business into a New Business Entity Headquartered in Singapore |url=https://www.bwdisrupt.com/article/bookmyshow-has-spun-off-its-southeast-asia-business-into-a-new-business-entity-headquartered-in-singapore-179805 |access-date= |website=BW Disrupt |language=en}}</ref> subsequently secured funding from Jungle Ventures to support regional growth.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-03 |title=Jungle Ventures makes undisclosed investment in BookMyShow's Southeast Asia business |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/jungle-ventures-makes-undisclosed-investment-in-bookmyshows-southeast-asia-business/articleshow/72345171.cms?from=mdr |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

In 2023, it partnered with [[Live Nation Entertainment]] to host the [[Lollapalooza]] music festival in Mumbai, marking the festival’s first edition in Asia.<ref name=":4" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thaker|first=Naini|date=January 21, 2023|title=Lollapalooza all set to make its India debut in Mumbai|url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/lifes/with-lollapalooza-mumbai-set-for-a-swirl-of-culture-sound-and-art/82695/1|access-date=2026-01-02|website=Forbes India|language=en}}</ref>

== Controversies ==

=== Coldplay ticket resale concerns (2024–2025) ===
In late 2024, Book My Show received public attention following reports of tickets for [[Coldplay]]’s [[Music of the Spheres World Tour]] in Mumbai appearing on unauthorised third-party resale platforms at higher prices. The matter led to scrutiny by the [[Greater Mumbai Police|Mumbai Police]]’s Economic Offences Wing (EOW), which initiated a preliminary enquiry (PE) and summoned company representatives, including chief executive officer Ashish Hemrajani, as part of the process.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mitra |first=Esha |last2=Stambaugh |first2=Alex |last3=Teele |first3=Rebane |date=2024-10-01 |title=Coldplay tickets for $11,000? Uproar in India after tickets sold out in minutes and resold for outrageously high prices |url=https://www.cnn.com/2024/10/01/asia/coldplay-concert-ticket-india-scalping-intl-hnk |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

In February 2025, the EOW closed the preliminary enquiry, stating that it found no evidence of manipulation or internal irregularities in the sale of tickets for the concert. The EOW also found no evidence of the use of automated ticket-purchasing software (bots) by the platform.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-10-01 |title=BookMyShow under scanner over Coldplay tickets row: all you need to know |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/bookmyshow-under-scanner-over-coldplay-tickets-row-all-you-need-to-know/articleshow/113839220.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2026-01-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Funding ==
The company has raised capital through several venture capital rounds. Key investors have included Accel, SAIF Partners,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Peer |first=Nikita |date=18 June 2014 |title=BookMyShow raises $25M from SAIF Partners and existing investors Accel, Network18 |url=https://www.vccircle.com/bookmyshow-raises-25m-saif-partners-and-existing-investors-accel |access-date= |website=VCCircle |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Stripes (growth equity firm)|Stripes Group]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dhanja |first=Swaraj Singh |date=25 January 2018 |title=BookMyShow in talks with TPG Growth to raise up to $60 million |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/7m7rBmyD6E4J37MNkjUolI/BookMyShow-in-talks-with-TPG-Growth-to-raise-up-to-60-milli.html |work=mint}}</ref> TPG Growth and Jungle Ventures. In 2018, a Series D funding round led by TPG Growth valued the company at approximately $800 million.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Srinivasan |first=Supraja |date=2018-07-19 |title=BookMyShow gets $100 million in Series D funding |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/bookmyshow-gets-100-million-in-series-d-funding/articleshow/65047857.cms |access-date= |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bhalla |first=Kritti |date=2019-12-03 |title=BookMyShow Gets New Investment From Jungle Ventures; Moves SEA Business To Singapore |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/bookmyshow-gets-new-investment-from-jungle-ventures-moves-sea-business-to-singapore/ |access-date= |website=Inc42 Media |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:2007 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Entertainment companies of India]]

Pali Chandra

2026-05-06T09:10:29Z

MayraBarnett41: Done...

{{Short description|Indian choreographer, dance educator and artistic director (born 1967)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=May 2020}}
{{BLP primary sources|date=May 2020}}
{{Autobiography|date=May 2020}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
[[File:Pali Lucknow.jpg|alt=|thumb|361x361px|Pali Chandra - Kathak Lucknow Gharana]]
'''Pali Chandra,''' (born 19 November 1967) is an Indian [[choreographer]], dance educator and artistic director who propagates [[dance education]] through various channels.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review and described Online Engagement|url=https://narthaki.com/info/rev20/rev2475.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=MY JOURNEY FROM DANCER TO PERFORMER TO MENTOR|work=Education UAE Magazine|url=https://www.education-uae.com/my-journey-from-dancer-to-performer-to-mentor/?fbclid=IwAR0y68UL1lLax7MsseYnEYY9JNn5cI8KWp84Fqd53mxUtCd_qT7n_9Z9rZM}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> She has established several studios specialising in ''[[Kathak]]'' training programs in the [[United Kingdom]], [[United Arab Emirates]], [[India]] and [[Switzerland]]. She has directed 14 [[art festival]]s in various continents and is the co-founder for the portal Learn Kathak Online<ref>{{Cite web|title=Learn Kathak Online|url=https://www.learnkathakonline.com/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=MY JOURNEY FROM DANCER TO PERFORMER TO MENTOR|work=Education UAE Magazine|url=https://www.education-uae.com/my-journey-from-dancer-to-performer-to-mentor/?fbclid=IwAR0y68UL1lLax7MsseYnEYY9JNn5cI8KWp84Fqd53mxUtCd_qT7n_9Z9rZM}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> as well as Course Director of Kathak for Natyasutra Online with [[Invis Multimedia]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natyasutra - Insoiration of Pali Chandra|url=https://www.natyasutraonline.com/about-us}}</ref>

Pali is a committee member of the [[Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing]], and a graded member of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Graded Member ICCR|url=https://www.iccr.gov.in/sites/default/files/Referencelist2012.pdf}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Chandra was born and raised in [[Lucknow]], the capital of [[Uttar Pradesh]] to Dwarka Nath Srivastava, a retired senior officer of Reserve Bank Of India and NABARD who was based in Lucknow for most of his life; and Usha Srivasatava, a [[Hindustani classical music]] singer from [[Faizabad]]. She is the sister of Somna Tugnait. Chandra started dancing at the age of six.<ref>{{cite web|title=Born to dance|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/dance/born-to-dance/article3775797.ece|date=2012-08-15|access-date=2015-12-11|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref> She trained under her [[guru]] Vikram Singhe,<ref>{{cite book|title=Kathak, Indian Classical Dance Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZAbMS6ynGJ8C&dq=vikram+singh+dancer&pg=PP1|author=Sunil Kothari|year = 1989|page=32| publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn = 9788170172239|access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], and Kapila Raj,<ref name="apnimaati1">{{cite web|title=Kapila Raj (Sharma) A Legendary Kathak Dancer. - Apni Maati: Personality|url=http://spicmacay.apnimaati.com/2012/03/kapila-raj-sharma-legendary-kathak.html|date=2012-03-03|website=Spicmacay.apnimaati.com|access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> as well as Ram Mohan Mishra for 13 years at Kathak Kendra Lucknow.<ref name="behance1">{{cite web|title=Behance|url=https://www.behance.net/rammohanmaharaj|website=Behance.net|access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref>

She graduated from [[University of Lucknow|Lucknow University]] in 1991 with a Master's degree in [[anthropology]] for her research on the tribal music and dance of the [[Gaddis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=About Gaddi Community of Himachal Pradesh|url=http://www.discoveredindia.com/himachal-pradesh/gaddi-community-himachal-pradesh.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305165813/http://www.discoveredindia.com/himachal-pradesh/gaddi-community-himachal-pradesh.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=5 March 2014|website=Discoveredindia.com|access-date=2015-12-11}}</ref> She also graduated from [[Avadh Girls' Degree College, Lucknow|Avadh Girls' Degree College]] with a [[Bachelor's degree]] in [[arts]], [[economics]], and anthropology. She also went to Loreto Convent.

== Career ==
[[File:Pali Chandra Digital Educator.jpg|thumb|Pali Chandra as a digital dance educator]]
Chandra is a senior member of the British [[Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing]] and a graded member of the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]]. She has designed and executed workshops for institutes such as [[Oxford University]], [[Birmingham University]] and [[University of Bradford|Bradford University]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=I am a keeper of art|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/i-am-a-keeper-of-art/article7451512.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Passing the Torch|work=The National|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/passing-the-torch-1.551268}}</ref>

The first of four [[gurukul]] studios was founded in 2008 in [[Dubai]], where Pali Chandra provides instruction to 550 students learning and performing ''Kathak'' whilst following the ISTD - UK (Imperial Society for Teachers of Dancing - [[United Kingdom]]) syllabus.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kathak goes Global|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/kathak-goes-global/article22365720.ece}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Dance like a dream|work=Khaleej Times|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/general/dance-like-a-dream}}</ref> In 2019, she founded the Swiss International Kathak Festival (of which she is the artistic director),<ref>{{Cite news|title=Die indische Choreografin Pali Chandra bringt die bunte Welt Indiens mitten in den Aargau|work=[[Aargauer Zeitung]]|url=https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/brugg/die-indische-choreografin-pali-chandra-bringt-die-bunte-welt-indiens-mitten-in-den-aargau-135412695|archive-date=13 September 2019|access-date=1 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913222728/https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/brugg/die-indische-choreografin-pali-chandra-bringt-die-bunte-welt-indiens-mitten-in-den-aargau-135412695|url-status=dead}}</ref> organized 11 annual dance festivals called Dancing Divas from 2009 to 2019, and released several productions in the UK, UAE and India.

Under the banner of Pali Peacocks, Chandra has been honored at the House of Commons in London as the Best Art Director for her production ''In the Shadow of the Hills''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Schools presents classic Hindi Tale|work=Harrow Times|url=https://www.harrowtimes.co.uk/news/552226.schools-present-classic-hindi-tale/}}</ref> Her projects have frequently received funding from the Arts Council of England and London Arts Board and other institutions and organizations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Touring details UK - Production|url=http://www.srishti.co.uk/touring/she.html}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The eight forms of She|work=Time of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/The-eight-forms-of-She/articleshow/28102213.cms}}</ref>

=== Activism ===
Pali Chandra was involved in awareness programs for people with [[special needs]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=WHo said the blind cant dance|work=Khaleej Times|url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/wknd/who-said-the-blind-can-t-dance}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

== Productions and choreography ==
{|class="wikitable sortable"
! Title
! Location
! Year
|-
|''Continental Shift''
|[[London]]
|1994
|-
|''Ganges to Thames''
|London
|1996
|-
|''In the Shadow of the Hills''
|London
|1999
|-
|''Kamoshi ki Avaaz''
|London
|2001
|-
|''She''
|[[United Kingdom]]
|2002
|-
|''Gazal in Retrospect''
|London
|2003
|-
|''Rhythm Shift''
|London
|2004
|-
|''Five Elements''
|[[Dubai]]
|2010
|-
|''Sufi Noor''
|Dubai
|2012
|-
|''Across''
|Dubai
|-
|''[[Essence of Life (dance group)|Essence of Life]]''
|[[India]]
|2013
|-
|''Naach - Hundred years of Bollywood''
|Dubai
|2014
|-
|''Zinda''
|Dubai
|
|-
|''Navinayika''
|Dubai
|2015
|-
|''Taal Mala''
|Dubai
|2016
|-
|''Noor ki Baarish''
|Dubai
|2016
|-
|''Soney ki Chidya''
|[[Lebanon]]
|2017
|-
|rowspan=2|''Aamad''
|[[Bangalore]]
|2017
|-
|[[Nehru Centre, London]]
|2018
|-
|''Lasya''
|Dubai
|2018
|-
|''Kahani''
|Dubai
|2019
|-
|''Play with a Cause - Parkinson''
|Dubai
|2019
|-
|-
|''Thaat''
|Bangalore
|2019
|-
|''Tihai''
|Bangalore
|2020
|-
|''Shyam Piya''
|[[Zurich]]
|2019
|-
|rowspan=2|''Repertoire''
|London
|2018
|-
|[[Aargau]]
|2019
|-
|''Dance to Empower''
|Switzerland
|{{TBA}}
|}

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+
! Title
!Issued by
!Country
!Year
|-
|'''Kathak Ambassador'''
|Asian Community Arts & Katha UK
|[[House of Lords]]
London Parliament, England
|''2018''
|-
|'''Best Art Director " Production 'In The Shadow Of The Hills’'''
|[[Millennium Dome]], London
|[[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]], London
England
|2000
|-
|'''Cultural Ambassador'''
|The Indian Consulate, UAE
|[[Dubai]]
|''2016''
|-
|'''Successful Art Business Award'''
|ICS Women's Forum
|Dubai
|''2014''
|-
|'''International Woman of the Excellence Award'''
|Dhwani
|[[Abu Dhabi]]
|''2013''
|-
|'''Gold Medalist Prayag Sangeet Samiti'''
|Prayag Sangeet Samiti
|India
|1990
|-
|'''Lacchu Maharaja Award for Abhinaya'''
|Kadambari Kala Parishad
|India
|1991
|}

== Personal life ==
Pali is married to Vishal Chandra and has twin sons. They live together in [[Schinznach-Bad|Schinznach Bad]] in [[Canton of Aargau|Aargau]], [[Switzerland]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://palichandra.org Official website]
* [https://www.palichandra.org/gurukul Official Gurukul Studios website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210215010439/https://www.palichandra.org/gurukul |date=15 February 2021 }}
* [https://www.learnkathakonline.com/ Online Kathak learning platform] (co-founder)

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chandra, Pali}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female classical dancers]]
[[Category:Kathak dancers]]
[[Category:Indian classical choreographers]]
[[Category:Indian women choreographers]]
[[Category:Artists from Lucknow]]
[[Category:Dancers from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Women artists from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women artists]]

Pannalal Bhattacharya

2026-05-02T15:50:45Z

MayraBarnett41: New...

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{More citations needed|date=January 2026}}
{{Mscn|date=January 2026}}
{{Tone|date=February 2026}} }}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Pannalal Bhattacharya
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1930|1|1}}
| birth_place = [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]], [[Bengal Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1966|3|27|1930|1|1}}
| death_place = [[Calcutta]], [[West Bengal]], India
| alias =
| genre = [[Shyama Sangeet]]
| occupation = Singer
| origin = India
| years_active = 1947–1966
}}

'''Pannalal Bhattacharya''' (1 January 1930 – 27 March 1966) was an Indian singer of [[Music of Bengal|Bengali music]]. Most of the songs he sang were written by [[Ramprasad Sen]] and [[Kamalakanta Bhattacharya (West Bengal)|Kamalakanta Bhattacharya]], both of whom were [[Shakta]] poets of [[Bengal]].<ref>[http://listentoworldmusic.blogspot.com/2011/03/unexplored-side-of-pannalal.html?m=1 The unexplored side of Pannalal Bhattacharyya - Modern Songs versus Devotional Songs] ''listentoworldmusic.blogspot.com''. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</ref> He was the younger brother of Prafulla Bhattacharya, the [[music director]] of the golden age of Bengali songs, and renowned singer [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]. He was eight years younger than his elder brother [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]. He developed a special style of singing, [[Shyama Sangeet]], that continues to be used. He committed suicide at the age of 36. Pannalal Bhattacharya is the evergreen singer of Bengali music industry. Pannalal Bhattacharya is a great Matri Bhakta.

==Early life==
Very little is known about his background. Even the Bengali 'Cąritavidan' does not provide adequate information about his early life or childhood. He was born in [[Bally, Howrah|Bally]], Barendrapara, Howrah and spent most of his life there.

They were Barendra Brahmins. The descendants of this Bhaduri family were King Ganesh and Udayanacharya Bhaduri. 'The Levitating Saint'<ref>{{Cite book |last=Paramhansa |first=Yogananda |title=AUTOBIOGRAPHY OF A YOGI |date=2018 |publisher=THE PHILOSOPHICAL LIBRARY, NEW YORK |isbn= |edition=Reprint |pages=59}}</ref> - Bhaduri Mahasaya- Maharshi Nagendranath's father was Parboti charan Bhaduri. Parboti charan Bhaduri's brother Kalicharan Bhaduri was the father of the renowned sitar and Esraj player Surendranath Bhattacharya. Surendranath was awarded the title of Bhattacharya. So, instead of Bhaduri, Surendranath Bhattacharya used surname 'Bhattacharya'. Three sons of Surendranath Bhattacharya were three legends of the Bengali music world - music director Prafulla Bhattacharya, renowned singer [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]] and Pannalal Bhattacharya.

==Career==
Pannalal started singing in 1947, at the age of 17, with another renowned musician, Sanat Sinha. His elder brother Prafulla Bhattacharya took them both to a program, where none of them were allowed to sing because of the immaturity in their voices. They encountered the same problem at [[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]. They got their first break in Megaphone. At first Pannalal sang modern Bengali songs, until Bishwanath Kumar, a friend of Sanat Sinha signed him for his first hit Shyama sangeet, "Aamar sadh na mitilo aasha na purilo, sokoli phuraye jay ma..." (None of my desires were fulfilled, nor my hopes have come true, O mother...). This rendition is now acclaimed as a classic in Bengal. However, "[[Amar sadh na mitilo|Aamar Sadhna mitilo]]" wasn't Pannalal's first Shyama sangeet record. His earlier and popular songs include "Aamar Mayer Paye Jaba Hoye", "Tui naki Ma Dayamayee", Tui je Kemon Dayamayee", "Sakali Tomari Ichha", "Amay De Ma Pagal Kore", "Muchiye De Ma Aamar a Duti Nayan", "Moneri basona shyama" among others.

Pannalal Bhattacharya learned music from Prafulla Bhattacharya and [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]].

Two songs sung by Pannalal Bhattacharya - 'Bhule Gecho Jadi' and 'Sundar Tumi Bhalobasho' - composed by Prafulla Bhattacharya became very popular. Even today, without these songs sung by Pannalal Bhattacharya, composed by Prafulla Bhattacharya in Shyama Sangeet - 'Jenechei Jeenechei Tara', 'O Ma Kali Chirkaler', 'Kotha Bhabadara', 'Tui Je Kemen Dayamoyi', 'Bhebe Dekh Mon Keu Karo Nai', 'Amay De Ma Pagal Kore' - the motherly devotion of Bengalis will not complete.

Pannalal developed a special style of singing, that with devotion. His distinct voice and a spirit filled with devotion have touched the hearts of countless devotees of Mother Kali across Bengal. He became a great devotee of goddess [[Kali]] and always remained engrossed in her thoughts. Pannalal and his elder brother Dhananjay Bhattacharya, another eminent singer of [[Shyama Sangeet]], wanted to please Kali by offering her their songs.

The innermost realm of devotion was reached by him by singing [[Shyama Sangeet]]. He used to worship the idol of Goddess [[Kali]] installed in his house in Bally, Barendra Para. But even then, Pannalal could never be satisfied with himself or his songs.

This was the reason why he used to cry as a child and call Goddess [[Kali]]. Not only when he sang [[Shyama Sangeet]], but also when he taught his students to sing, he would often express his emotions. His whole body would tremble, he would sweat, and tears would flow from his eyes.

Shibani Bhattacharya Bandyopadhyay, the daughter of his elder brother Prafulla Bhattacharya, portrayed the state that Pannalal Bhattacharya frequently encountered while teaching music -

{{Quote|"Whenever my Choto Kaka was in that state while teaching music, I would get up. I would go and play. My Choto Kaka wouldn't even notice."}}

In the last years, Pannalal looked morose for some unknown reason. It is claimed by some that Dhananjay, received the divine grace of Mother [[Kali]], the Exalted, but Pannalal didn't, and so he committed suicide on 27 March 1966, in his house on Kakulia Road. He died only at a very young age of 36, but he has claimed a paramount position in the hearts of thousands of lakhs of Kali devotees since his first [[Shyama Sangeet]] performance.

==Personal life==
Pannalal was married and cared well for his family until his death in 1966.<ref>[https://www.ndtv.com/bengali/diwali-2019-unknown-interesting-story-of-shyama-sangeet-singer-pannalal-bhattacharya-2123184 কেন মাত্র ৩৬-এই আত্মহত্যা করেছিলেন 'ঘোরতর সংসারী',পান্নালাল ভট্টাচার্য?] (in Bengali) ''NDTV''. Retrieved 4 November 2021.</ref> After his death, his elder brother Dhananjay bore the responsibility of Pannalal's family, along with his own.

==See also==

* [[Dhananjay Bhattacharya]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090721151508/http://www.hummaa.com/music/artist/19662/Pannalal+Bhattacharya Pannalal Bhattacharya]. ''hummaa.com''.

==External links==
*{{IMDb name}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhattacharya, Pannalal}}
[[Category:1930 births]]
[[Category:1966 deaths]]
[[Category:Bengali singers]]
[[Category:Date of birth missing]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing]]
[[Category:Singers from West Bengal]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male singers]]
[[Category:1966 suicides]]
[[Category:Suicides in India]]
[[Category:Male suicides]]

Yanamala Divya

2026-04-29T15:02:48Z

MayraBarnett41: Pg - done

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1984)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Yanamala Divya
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Dadisetti Ramalingeswara Rao]]
| constituency = [[Tuni Assembly constituency|Tuni]]
| party = [[Telugu Desam Party]]
| birth_date = 1984
}}
'''Yanamala Divya''' (born 1984)<ref name=":1" /> is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-01 |title=Tuni MLA orders reconstruction of protection wall at Tandava Bridge |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/tuni-mla-orders-reconstruction-of-protection-wall-at-tandava-bridge-1820730 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref> She is a first-time member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly from the [[Tuni Assembly constituency]] in [[East Godavari district]]. She represents the [[Telugu Desam Party]] and was elected in her debut election in the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Tuni, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Live Updates: Counting underway, TDP's Divya Yanamala leads |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/tuni-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548223-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Divya Yanamala, TDP Candidate from Tuni Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/andhra-pradesh/divya-yanamala-assembly-candidate-s01aed2008a035e2024c001/ |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Divya was born in [[Tuni]] and is a housewife. Her husband is in Indian Revenue Service.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Divya Yanamala(TDP):Constituency- TUNI(EAST GODAVARI) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/AndhraPradesh2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=254 |access-date=2024-06-04 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref> She completed her MBA from [[Osmania University]] in 2012. Earlier, she earned her engineering degree in Electronics and Communication, also from Osmania University, in 2006. She is the daughter of former Andhra Pradesh finance minister and former six time MLA from Tuni, [[Yanamala Rama Krishnudu]].<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u_uy2XBTXXA |title=Kakinada District TDP Politics: Yanamala Divya {{!}} Varupula Satya Prabha {{!}} Inner Report {{!}}ZEE News |date=2025-03-05 |last=Zee Telugu News |access-date=2025-07-04 |via=YouTube}}</ref> She has no criminal cases registered against her and she declared assets worth Rs.9.4 crore in the affidavit submitted to the [[Election Commission of India]] before the 2024 polls.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Divya Yanamala, TDP Candidate from Tuni Assembly Election 2024 Seat: Electoral History & Political Journey, Winning or Losing - News18 Assembly Election 2024 Result News |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/assembly/andhra-pradesh/divya-yanamala-s01aed2008a035e2024c001/ |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.news18.com |language=en}}</ref> Her paternal uncle, Yanamala Krishnudu, who lost the MLA election twice on TDP ticket, quit the party after 40 years as he was denied an MLC ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-25 |title=Yanamala Krishnudu Leaves TD in Lurch in Tuni, Ready to Join YSRC |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/yanamala-krishnudu-leaves-td-in-lurch-in-tuni-ready-to-join-ysrc-891087 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Following in the footsteps of her father, Divya entered politics and in 2023, she was appointed the district incharge.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srinivas |date=2023-02-12 |title=తుని బరిలో Yanamala Divya.. ఆమె ఇచ్చిన ఫస్ట్ హామీ ఏంటో తెలుసా? {{!}} TDP chief Chandrababu has appointed Yanamala Ramakrishnadu daughter Divya |url=https://www.dishadaily.com/andhrapradesh/east-godavari/tdp-chief-chandrababu-has-appointed-yanamala-ramakrishnadu-daughter-divya-187806 |access-date=2025-07-04 |website=www.dishadaily.com |language=te}}</ref> She was nominated for and won the [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Tuni Assembly constituency]] representing [[Telugu Desam Party]]. She polled 97,206 votes and defeated her nearest rival, Dadisetti Raja of [[YSR Congress Party]] by a margin of 15,177 votes.<ref name=":0" /> She was appointed whip in [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Assembly]] on 12 November 2024.<ref name="AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=13 November 2024 |title=AP CM Naidu Appoints Chief Whips, Whips |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173223/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/andhra-pradesh/ap-cm-naidu-appoints-chief-whips-whips-1837719 |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024 |work= |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council">{{cite news |date=12 November 2024 |title=Andhra Pradesh govt names whips for assembly, council |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241113173158/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/vijayawada/andhra-pradesh-government-appoints-new-whips-for-assembly-and-council/articleshow/115227312.cms |archivedate=13 November 2024 |accessdate=13 November 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Divya, Yanamala}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Telugu Desam Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:Women members of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]

Attack in Hooghly

2026-04-24T17:53:40Z

MayraBarnett41: new a pg

{{Short description|1671 Danish attack on Bengali vessels in Hooghly}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Attack in Hughli
| place = [[Hugli-Chuchura]], (modern-day [[West Bengal]], [[India]])
| partof = [[Dano-Mughal War]]
| date = 1671
| coordinates = {{coord|22.90|N|88.39|E|display=inline,title}}
| result = Danish victory
| combatant1 = {{flag|Danish India}}
| combatant2 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} [[Bengal Subah]]
| commander1 = {{flagicon|Danish India}} Unknown
| commander2 = {{flagicon image|Bengal subah flag (Nautical).svg}} Unknown
| units1 =
| units2 =
| strength1 = 6,500 men Multiple ships
| strength2 = 2 ships
| casualties2 = 2 ships destroyed
| casualties3 =
| casualties1 = 1,500 dead{{efn|Lost due to the sinking of a barge on the [[Ganges River]]}}
| image = Dutch settlement at Chunchura on the Hugli river, West Benga Wellcome V0050427.jpg
| caption = A View of Chinsura, the [[Dutch Bengal|Dutch settlement in Bengal]]
| image_size = 300
| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Dano-Mughal War}}
}}
The '''Attack in Hooghly''' ([[Danish language|Danish]]; ''Angrebet i Hooghly'') was a Danish attack on two [[Bengalis|Bengali]] ships during the [[Dano-Mughal War]] in 1671. The Danes succeeded in blowing up the Bengali ships, and violence continued off the coasts of [[Kalingapatnam]] and [[Balasore]].

== Background ==
{{Further|Dano-Mughal War#Late phase (1669-1698)||label1=Late phase (1669-1698)}}
[[File:Danish India 1643-1669.png|left|thumb|Danish trade routes and settlements in India during the isolation from Denmark, 1643-1669]]
In 1642 the [[Danish East India Company]] declared war on the [[Mughal Empire]].{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=448}}{{Sfn|Videnskab|2018|p=}} Because of the [[List of wars between Denmark and Sweden|Dano-Swedish War]]s Denmark did not have the means to send any ships to [[Danish India]], and relations were subsequently cut.{{Sfn|Bredsdorff|2009|p=129}} Relations with [[Denmark]] were reestablished in 1669 together with a new [[Danish East India Company]].{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=457}} At this point the war against [[Bengal]] was approved by the Danish government, yet urged the Danes in India to sue for peace if advantageous.{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=457}}{{Sfn|Andersen|1669|p=}}

In 1672 king [[Christian V of Denmark]] ({{Abbr|r|reign}} 1670–1699) requested compensation for the losses of Danish vessels, though this request was never fulfilled by the Mughals.{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=457}} This, along with other factors, made the Danes increasingly brazen, and the Danes even attacked Bengal itself in 1671.{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=457}}

== Expedition to Bengal ==
In 1672 a Danish force of 6500 men were brought to [[Hooghly district|Hooghly]].{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=764}} 1500 of the men was lost due to the sinking of a [[barge]] on the [[Ganges|Ganges River]].{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=764}} The Danish East India Company sold most of their goods to two local Bengali merchants; Rangsordas and Sonderdas.{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=764}} They sold their goods to them as a compromise not to trade with others for the next couple of months.{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=764}} At Hooghly the Danes noticed two Bengali ships, which were returning from a voyage to [[Ceylon]].{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=764}} The ships were driven towards land near Hooghly, and the Danes subsequently blew the Bengali vessels up.{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=764}}{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=457}}

== Aftermath ==
The renewed violence continued during the following years.{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=457}} In 1673 the Danes took a large Bengali ship of 170 [[cargo]]es near Balasore, and transported it to Tranquebar. This also happened to another ship which was carrying [[Maldivians|Maldivian]] [[cowrie]]s the same year.{{Sfn|Wellen|2015|p=457}}{{Sfn|Coolhaas|2007|p=907}}

== See also ==
* {{Annotated link|Dannemarksnagore}}
* {{Annotated link|Skirmish at Pipli}}
* {{Annotated link|Cattle War}}
* {{Annotated link|Loss of the St. Jacob}}
* {{Annotated link|Dano-Mughal War}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Works cited ==
*{{Cite book |last=Andersen |first=Eskil |url=https://arkivalieronline.rigsarkivet.dk/da/other/index-creator/149/638/19977040 |title=Ostindiske sager (1668 - 1699) |publisher=Danske Kancelli |year=1669 |isbn= |edition= |location=Copenhagen}}
*{{Cite book |last=Bredsdorff |first=Asta |url= |title=The Trials and Travels of Willem Leyel |publisher=[[Museum Tusculanum Press]] |year=2009 |isbn=9788763530231 |edition= |location=Copenhagen}}
*{{Cite book |last=Coolhaas |first=Ed |url=https://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/retroboeken/generalemissiven/#page=777&accessor=toc&source=3 |title=Generale missiven van gouverneurs-generaal en raden aan heren XVII |publisher= |year=2007 |isbn= |edition= |volume=III |location= |pages=763–764 |language=Dutch}}
*{{Cite book |last=Wellen |first=Kathryn |url=https://www.kitlv.nl/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Mughal.pdf |title=The Danish East India Company's War against the Mughal Empire, 1642-1698 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Institute for Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies |year=2015 |isbn= |edition= |location=}}

*{{Cite book |last=Videnskab |url=https://videnskab.dk/kultur-samfund/serampore-var-en-glemt-dansk-koloni-mens-den-var-koloni/ |title=Serampore var en glemt dansk koloni – mens den var koloni |publisher=Videnskab.dk |year=2018 |language=Danish}}

[[Category:Battles involving Denmark|Hooghly]]
[[Category:Battles involving Norway|Hooghly]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Hooghly]]
[[Category:1671 in India]]
[[Category:1670s in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Danish East India Company|Hooghly]]

Mata Sarthal Devi Mandir

2026-04-21T23:59:58Z

MayraBarnett41: Put Up New Biography Basic Info...

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox religious building
| name = Sarthal Mata
| native_name = Ashtdashbhuja Mata
| native_name_lang =
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = India Jammu and Kashmir
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_relief =
| map_caption = Location in J&K
| coordinates =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hinduism]]
| locale =
| location = [[Sarthal]], [[Kishtwar district]]
| deity = [[Goddess Durga]]
| rite =
| sect =
| tradition = Pilgrimage
| festival = Sarthal Yatra
| cercle =
| sector =
| municipality =
| district = [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]]
| territory =
| prefecture =
| state = [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]
| province = [[Jammu Division|Jammu Province]]
| country = [[India]]
| administration =
| consecration_year =
| organisational_status = 
| functional_status = Opened
| heritage_designation = Temple
| ownership =
| governing_body =
| leadership =
| bhattaraka =
| patron =
| website =
| architect =
| architecture_type =
| architecture_style =
| founded_by = Raja Agar Dev
| creator = Maharaja Hari Singh
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| established =
| groundbreaking =
| year_completed = 1936
| construction_cost =
| date_demolished = 
| facade_direction =
| capacity =
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| interior_area =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer =
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer =
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| site_area =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity =
| shrine_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| materials =
| elevation_m = 
| elevation_footnotes =
| nrhp =
| designated =
| added =
| refnum =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Mata Sarthal Devi Mandir''' is a Hindu temple at [[Sarthal]] of [[Kishtwar district]] in India's [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)]] which has an annual pilgrimage known as ''Sarthal Yatra''.

== Overview ==
A Hindu shrine, Sarthal Mata is famous for the annual pilgrimage known as Sarthal Yatra. The idol, considered as re-incarnation of [[Goddess Durga]], was originally carved from stones by locals during the Raja Agar Dev of the [[Kishtwar district|Kishtwar]] period and later, renovated by [[Hari Singh|Maharaja Hari Singh]] in 1936. It is situated at approximately 6000 feet and usually covered with snow during winters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sarthal Devi Yatra – 2021|url=https://kishtwar.nic.in/event/sarthal-devi-yatra/|date=18 July 2021|website=www.kishtwar.nic.in |access-date=5 August 2021}}</ref>

=== History===
According to the local legend, Shri Paul who was the first saint from Kishtwar region, had directed his disciples to worship goddess durga in the form of Mother with 18 Arms. The legend goes on to say that one of the locals was able to invoke goddess in the form of a young girl who pointed towards the eighteen armed idol of goddess. King Agar Dev of Kishtwar is then believed to send his courtiers to make a temple for the idol at an appropriate place. It is said that the Idol became too heavy to be carried beyond its present abode at Sarthal where a Stone Temple was constructed.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://news.statetimes.in/sacred-shrine-of-sarthal-devi/|title=State Times|last=Khajuria|first=G L|website=Statetimes.in|access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref>

=== Management ===
The management of the temple lies with Dharmarth Trust that takes care of the running of the temple. An Inn (Dharamshala) has been constructed next to the temple where pilgrims can stay for the night at nominal payments.

=== Annual Pilgrimage ===
Annual pilgrimage (in the month of July) to the temple is an important event in the local calendar when people from nearby villages throng the temple to receive blessings of the goddess. People bring in tridents (trishul) to the temple. The temple boasts of trident collection that is hundreds of years old. During the Dogra Rule, this pilgrimage was known as "Sarkari Yatra" during which there was a 3-day holiday in entire Doda district for celebration of this yatra. It is considered auspicious to have Mundan (First Hair removal of a baby) at the temple. It has a dedicated vehicular road starting from Hasti (Near Kishtwar) that leads unto the base of temple. The temple is situated on the top of a hillock, and has some difficult stairs to be climbed to reach the top.

=== Sarthal Mata Idol Theft ===
The ancient Asthdash Buja Mata (Mother with 18 arms) black stone Idol of Mata Sarthal Devi was stolen in 1990-1991 from the temple. However, the idol could not be smuggled out of the area and was recovered and reinstalled at the temple. This incident caused anguish amongst the local people.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-kishtwar-hindus-to-boycott-polls-over-theft-of-ancient-idols-1249122 |title=Kishtwar Hindus to boycott polls over theft of ancient idols | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis |website=Dnaindia.com |date=2009-04-20 |access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindutempleguide.org/sarthal-mata-mandir-national-highway-1b-kishtwar-jammu-and-kashmir-182204-india/ |title=SARTHAL MATA MANDIR, National Highway 1B, Kishtwar, Jammu and Kashmir 182204, India « |website=Hindutempleguide.org |date=2014-01-27 |access-date=2016-03-30 |archive-date=10 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410112007/http://www.hindutempleguide.org/sarthal-mata-mandir-national-highway-1b-kishtwar-jammu-and-kashmir-182204-india/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kishtwar.nic.in/tourism.html |title=Tourism |website=Kishtwar.nic.in |date=2001-01-01 |access-date=2016-03-30}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Hindu Temples in Jammu and Kashmir}}

[[Category:Hindu temples in Jammu and Kashmir]]
[[Category:Hindu pilgrimage sites in India]]
[[Category:Durga temples]]

Nalini Shekar

2026-04-19T16:20:35Z

MayraBarnett41: Put Up A Biography First Draft...

{{short description|Indian social activist and entrepreneur (born 1964)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=December 2016}}

'''Nalini Shekar''' (born 1964) is an Indian [[Activism|social activist]] and [[Entrepreneurship|entrepreneur]] who co-founded Hasiru Dala (Green Force), a non-profit helping marginalised waste pickers in [[Bengaluru]], India, become recognised for their work and developing a more sustainable waste management system in the city.<ref name="Soumya 2014">{{Cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/2014/1212/Nalini-Shekar-put-aside-retirement-to-help-India-s-waste-pickers|title=Nalini Shekar put aside retirement to help India's waste pickers|last=Soumya|first=Elizabeth|date=2014-12-12|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]|issn=0882-7729|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref>

== Education and early years ==
Shekar was born and brought up in Bengaluru. She spent 23 years of her life in the [[United States of America]] and [[Maharashtra]].

She worked extensively on the issue of violence against women and children in the United States. She supported the facilitation passage of legislation to support victims of human trafficking in California. For immigrant women affected by domestic violence, Nalini ran a shelter in the past.<ref name="Soumya 2014"/>

She also co-founded Kagad, Kach Kashtakari Panchayat (KKPKP), union of waste pickers in [[Pune]] in 1997.

== [[Hasiru Dala]] ==
Nalini returned to Bengaluru in 2010, intending to retire. But a growing waste issue, and the plight of the waste pickers of the city, led her and a group of activists to form Hasiru Dala.

[[Hasiru Dala]] since its formation, has generated more than 540 new jobs and has helped organise 9,500 waste pickers to work in 175 residential societies and office buildings. The NGO has successfully managed to get these marginalised [[Waste picker|waste pickers]] government recognised occupational identity cards and other loan and health facilities, giving them legitimacy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/They-pick-waste-not-just-for-money-but-environment-too/articleshow/50060742.cms|title=They pick waste not just for money, but environment too |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=2016-12-11}}</ref> In 2015, the NGO also splintered into Hasiru Dala Innovations which has helped in creating new and long lasting livelihood options for the waste pickers. Today, [[Hasiru Dala]] has waste-pickers representing the larger goal in workshops abroad. One of the waste pickers from Bengaluru represented the organisation in a UN conference in Paris. Hasiru Dala is a pioneer in integrating waste workers and [[waste management in India]]

Nalini says that she imagines a future where waste pickers become experienced entrepreneurs, dry waste collectors and managing Bio-gas generators, in every corner of Bengaluru. [[Hasiru Dala]] currently operates in [[Mysore]], [[Mangalore|Managlore]], [[Tumkur]], [[Coorg]], [[Rajahmundry|Rajamudry]], [[Chikkaballapur|Chikkaballapura]], [[Chamarajanagar district|Chamrajnagar]], [[Davanagere|Davangere]], [[Hubli]], [[Dharwad]], Nanjangud, Sira, [[Trichy]], [[Coimbatore]], besides Bangalore.
The organisation has been successful in establishing an inclusive model of waste management in Bangalore which tenders to the needs of residents and ensures that waste does not end up in the landfills<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/sustainability-special/hasiru-dala-is-lifting-waste-pickers-up-from-the-dumps/50337/1 | title=Hasiru Dala is Lifting Waste Pickers up from the Dumps }}</ref>

== Career highlights ==
* Received Bangalore city's [[Kempegowda Award|Kempe Gowda award]] in 2014
* Was awarded prestigious Namma Bengalure Award in 2020
* Received an award from Santa Clara County Human Relations Commission
* Was honoured by San Jose City Government for her work with immigrants
* Received certificate of Honour from Governor of California, [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]] 
*Star award from Asian Community in the [[San Francisco Bay Area]]
She has won many accolades for her work, including the [[Kempegowda Award]] 2015, from
the City of Bangalore. Women of the year “Shining star” award 2016 by CKC group, She was chosen as one of 100 women in India who
make a difference in the society by BBC.Com. She is conferred with “Vasundara Mitra” Award
2016 by Kirloskar Ferrous Industries Limited. Recently she featured in a book “Dream Chasers”
Women Entrepreneurs from the south of Vindyas.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/World/Making-a-difference/2014/1212/Nalini-Shekar-put-aside-retirement-to-help-India-s-waste-pickers|title=Nalini Shekar put aside retirement to help India's waste pickers|date=12 December 2014|accessdate=3 March 2019|newspaper=[[Christian Science Monitor]]}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/living/international-womens-day-2017-how-nalini-shekar-transformed-the-lives-of-bengalurus-rag-pickers-3321530.html|title=International Women's Day 2017: How Nalini Shekar transformed the lives of Bengaluru's rag pickers|website=Firstpost.com|date=8 March 2017 |accessdate=3 March 2019}}
*{{cite web|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/3361-bengaluru-divided-on-stray-dogs-3361|title=Bengaluru and stray dogs: Smitten or bitten? -|date=7 September 2011|website=Bengaluru.citizenmatters.in|accessdate=3 March 2019}}
*{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/swachhbharat2-how-proactive-citizens-are-doing-their-bit-to-change-the-way-india-handles-its-trash/articleshow/54502443.cms|title=SwachhBharat@2: How proactive citizens are doing their bit to change the way India handles its trash|first=Malini|last=Goyal|date=25 September 2016|accessdate=3 March 2019|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/rectify-flaws-in-swm-rules-hasiru-dala/article8545847.ece|title=Rectify flaws in SWM rules: Hasiru Dala|date=2 May 2016|accessdate=3 March 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}
*{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Making-an-enterpise-out-of-picking-waste/articleshow/17188034.cms|title=Making an enterpise out of picking waste |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 March 2019}}
*{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/Burning-waste-piles-keep-fire-dept-busy-control-room-gets-10-calls-a-day/articleshow/52247314.cms|title=Burning waste piles keep fire dept busy; control room gets 10 calls a day |newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=3 March 2019}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/In-Bengaluru-a-fight-between-garbage-warriors-and-garbage-goons/article16072239.ece|title=In Bengaluru, a fight between garbage warriors and garbage goons|first=K. C.|last=Deepika|date=16 October 2016|accessdate=3 March 2019|website=Thehindu.com}}
*{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/solid-waste-tender-trashes-bbmps-own-garbage-norm/articleshow/50527901.cms|title=Solid waste tender trashes BBMP's own garbage norm|first=Nirupama|last=V|date=11 January 2016|accessdate=3 March 2019|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}
*{{cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/intelligent-garbage-collection-and-disposal-ideas-but-all-may-not-be-viable/articleshow/52967054.cms|title=Intelligent garbage collection and disposal ideas, but all may not be viable|first=Nirupama|last=V|date=29 June 2016|accessdate=3 March 2019|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]}}
*{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Leisure/zyTr3bHEPXwB2Xl0L7yHRJ/Bangalore-Bhath--A-life-less-wasted.html|title=Bangalore Bhath - A life less wasted|first=Pavitra|last=Jayaraman|date=6 December 2012|website=Livemint.com|accessdate=3 March 2019}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shekar, Nalini}}
[[Category:1964 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian social workers]]

Indri Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:40:11Z

MayraBarnett41: created basic data v1

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Haryana State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Indri
| type = SLA
| map_image = Indri Assembly constituency map.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| alliance = 
| latest_election_year = 
| region =
| division =
| constituency_no = 20
| established = 
| abolished = 
| mla = [[Ram Kumar Kashyap]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| state = [[Haryana]]
| district = [[Karnal district|Karnal]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Karnal (Lok Sabha constituency)|Karnal]]
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image = Ram Kumar Kashyap.png
| electors = 2,18,617
}}

'''Indri Assembly constituency''' is one of the 90 [[Haryana Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Haryana]] state in [[India]].<ref name=eci1>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=The Election Commission of India |pages=6, 148–157}}</ref>

It is part of [[Karnal district|Karnal]] district. [[Ram Kumar Kashyap]] is the current MLA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indri FINAL Election Result 2024: Ram Kumar Kashyap of BJP Wins by... |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/indri-final-election-result-2024-9079458.html |access-date=2025-09-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indri Assembly constituency Election Result 2024 - Candidates, MLAs, Live Updates & News |url=https://www.elections.in/haryana/assembly-constituencies/indri.html |access-date=2024-10-18 |website=www.elections.in}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=3 | [[Prasanni Devi Dhillon|Parsani Devi Dhillon]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1968]]
|-
| [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|-
| [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| Des Raj
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| rowspan=2 | Lachhman Singh
| {{Full party name with color|Lokdal|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
|-
| [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Janki Devi Maan
| {{Full party name with color|Haryana Vikas Party}}
|-
| [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=2 | Bhimsain Mehta
| {{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|-
| [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| Rakesh Kamboj
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|2008^
|Bhimsain Mehta
|-
| [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2009]]
| Ashok Kashyap
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2014]]
| [[Karan Dev Kamboj]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2019]]
| rowspan=2|[[Ram Kumar Kashyap]]
|-
| [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly Election 2024===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2024 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri<ref>{{cite web|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/AcResultGenOct2024/statewiseS071.htm |title=State wise result |work=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=8 October 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Kumar Kashyap]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=80,465 |percentage=51.39% |change={{increase}}13.38 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kamboj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=65,316 |percentage=41.71% |change={{increase}}29.96 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surender Udana |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,498 |percentage=4.79% |change={{increase}}0.19 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hawa Singh |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=1,483 |percentage=0.95% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kuldeep Singh Mandhan |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=1,187 |percentage=0.76% |change={{decrease}}7.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=428 |percentage=0.27% |change={{decrease}}0.23 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,149 |percentage=9.68% |change= {{increase}}4.47 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,56,577 |percentage=71.59% |change= {{decrease}}0.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 2,18,617 |ref = |change= {{increase}}10.88 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}13.38 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2019 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2019 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri<ref name=results2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11697-haryana-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |title=Haryana Legislative Assembly Election, 2019 - Haryana - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate= 2 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ram Kumar Kashyap]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=54,221 |percentage=38.01% |change={{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kamboj |party=Independent politician |votes=46,790 |percentage=32.80% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Navjot Kashyap |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,776 |percentage=11.76% |change={{decrease}}1.44 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Gurdev Singh |party=Jannayak Janta Party |votes=11,946 |percentage=8.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hawa Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,564 |percentage=4.60% |change={{increase}}1.25 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Pardeep Kamboj |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=1,765 |percentage=1.24% |change={{decrease}}14.34 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Karta Ram |party=Loktanter Suraksha Party |votes=1,722 |percentage=1.21% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=758 |percentage=0.53% |change={{decrease}}0.13 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=718 |percentage=0.50% |change={{decrease}}0.01 }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=7,431 |percentage=5.21% |change= {{decrease}}11.79 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,42,655 |percentage=72.32% |change= {{decrease}}7.24 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,97,250 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.71 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{increase}}5.44 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2014 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2014 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/PartyWiseResultS07.htm?st=S07|title=Haryana Results|access-date=19 October 2014|archive-date=16 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216120445/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS074.htm?ac=4|url-status=dead|website=Election Commission of India, Constituencywise-All Candidates }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Karan Dev Kamboj |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=45,756 |percentage=32.57% |change={{increase}}30.1 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Usha Kashyap |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=21,881 |percentage=15.58% |change={{decrease}}17.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kamboj |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=18,892 |percentage=13.45% |change={{decrease}}9.94 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Sain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,550 |percentage=13.20% |change={{decrease}}11.65 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajiv Kumar Rangeela |party=Independent politician |votes=12,830 |percentage=9.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Baagh Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=7,857 |percentage=5.59% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ami Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=5,893 |percentage=4.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sushil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=4,702 |percentage=3.35% |change={{decrease}}3.42 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ranjeet Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=931 |percentage=0.66% |change={{decrease}}0.06 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=716 |percentage=0.51% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=23,875 |percentage=16.99% |change= {{increase}}8.86 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,40,484 |percentage=79.56% |change= {{increase}}3.53 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,76,573 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.06 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Lok Dal |swing= {{decrease}}0.42 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2009 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2009 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Ashok Kashyap |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=36,886 |percentage=32.99% |change={{increase}}14.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Sain |party=Indian National Congress |votes=27,789 |percentage=24.85% |change={{decrease}}10.53 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh |party=Haryana Janhit Congress (BL) |votes=26,153 |percentage=23.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sunil Kumar |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=7,569 |percentage=6.77% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mohinder Panjokhara |party=Independent politician |votes=5,217 |percentage=4.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharampal Sandilay |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,765 |percentage=2.47% |change={{decrease}}5.26 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,968 |percentage=1.76% |change={{increase}}0.3 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jila Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=803 |percentage=0.72% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=9,097 |percentage=8.14% |change= {{decrease}}8.87 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,11,817 |percentage=76.03% |change= {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,47,068 |ref = |change= {{increase}}1.59 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Lok Dal |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}2.40 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2005 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2005 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016121341/http://www.indian-elections.com/assembly-elections/haryana/partywise-candidate-list1.html#inc |archive-date=16 October 2009 |url-status=dead |title= Winning Candidate List for Haryana State Assembly Elections 2005 |publisher=Indian Elections }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Rakesh Kumar |party=Indian National Congress |votes=40,740 |percentage=35.38% |change={{increase}}19.54 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Sain |party=Independent politician |votes=21,162 |percentage=18.38% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Ashok Kashyap |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=21,134 |percentage=18.36% |change={{decrease}}13.61 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angrej Singh Dhumsi |party=Bharatiya Republican Paksha |votes=14,266 |percentage=12.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mahender Kumar |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=8,901 |percentage=7.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Pal Chhabra |party=Independent politician |votes=4,452 |percentage=3.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=1,683 |percentage=1.46% |change={{decrease}}3.6 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Chand |party=Independent politician |votes=656 |percentage=0.57% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,578 |percentage=17.00% |change= {{increase}}16.13 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=1,15,135 |percentage=79.53% |change= {{increase}}3.56 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,44,768 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.70 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}2.55 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2000 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Sain |party=Independent politician |votes=31,767 |percentage=32.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Krishan |party=Indian National Lok Dal |votes=30,924 |percentage=31.97% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Randeep |party=Indian National Congress |votes=15,325 |percentage=15.84% |change={{decrease}}1.41 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kali Ram |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=6,973 |percentage=7.21% |change={{decrease}}8.98 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=4,892 |percentage=5.06% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Balbir S/O Santosh |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=2,922 |percentage=3.02% |change={{decrease}}10.18 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Zila Singh |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,393 |percentage=1.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravinder Nath Bhartiya |party=Independent politician |votes=1,072 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=843 |percentage=0.87% |change= {{decrease}}3.50 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,735 |percentage=75.98% |change= {{increase}}0.38 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,27,328 |ref = |change= {{decrease}}0.54 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}11.21 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1996 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1996 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Sain |party=Independent politician |votes=20,930 |percentage=21.63% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=16,698 |percentage=17.25% |change={{increase}}2.12 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dalbir |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=15,663 |percentage=16.19% |change={{increase}}4.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Angrej Singh |party=Samata Party |votes=14,109 |percentage=14.58% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=12,773 |percentage=13.20% |change={{decrease}}5.62 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surinder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=8,994 |percentage=9.29% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman |party=Janata Dal |votes=2,188 |percentage=2.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Bhagwan |party=All India Indira Congress (Tiwari) |votes=1,332 |percentage=1.38% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,232 |percentage=4.37% |change= {{increase}}3.76 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=96,772 |percentage=78.66% |change= {{increase}}5.69 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,28,013 |ref = |change= {{increase}}20.99 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Haryana Vikas Party |swing= {{increase}}2.81 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1991 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1991 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Janki Devi |party=Haryana Vikas Party |votes=13,917 |percentage=18.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bhim Sain |party=Independent politician |votes=13,461 |percentage=18.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsani Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,193 |percentage=15.13% |change={{decrease}}12.07 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Parkash |party=Janata Party |votes=10,940 |percentage=14.79% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mai Lal |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=8,546 |percentage=11.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Krishan S/O Hari Swroop |party=Independent politician |votes=6,290 |percentage=8.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nathi Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=3,266 |percentage=4.42% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Bal Kishan S/O Jai Narain |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=2,469 |percentage=3.34% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nafe Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,336 |percentage=1.81% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sarjeet Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=693 |percentage=0.94% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=456 |percentage=0.62% |change= {{decrease}}27.41 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=73,970 |percentage=73.59% |change= {{decrease}}4.15 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 1,05,808 |ref = |change= {{increase}}13.54 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Haryana Vikas Party |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{decrease}}36.41 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1987 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman |party=Lokdal |votes=38,114 |percentage=55.23% |change={{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=18,771 |percentage=27.20% |change={{decrease}}11.68 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mai Lal |party=Independent politician |votes=6,908 |percentage=10.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Navin Parkash |party=Independent politician |votes=3,501 |percentage=5.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dharam Singh |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=681 |percentage=0.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Janardhan |party=Independent politician |votes=628 |percentage=0.91% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=19,343 |percentage=28.03% |change= {{increase}}18.51 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=69,013 |percentage=75.06% |change= {{increase}}5.17 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 93,189 |ref = |change= {{increase}}22.58 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Lokdal |swing= {{increase}}6.83 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1982 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lachhman |party=Lokdal |votes=25,345 |percentage=48.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Indian National Congress |votes=20,359 |percentage=38.88% |change={{increase}}8.9 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=3,057 |percentage=5.84% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,053 |percentage=2.01% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Om Prakash |party=Janata Party |votes=897 |percentage=1.71% |change={{decrease}}65.8 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sadhu Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=382 |percentage=0.73% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Joginder Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=350 |percentage=0.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ravi Datt |party=Independent politician |votes=330 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=4,986 |percentage=9.52% |change= {{decrease}}28.01 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=52,368 |percentage=70.20% |change= {{decrease}}1.73 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,020 |ref = |change= {{increase}}19.28 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Lokdal |loser=Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}19.12 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1977 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Janata Party |votes=30,386 |percentage=67.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Surjit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=13,493 |percentage=29.98% |change={{decrease}}17.39 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sat Pal |party=Independent politician |votes=793 |percentage=1.76% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ram Sarup Giri |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=334 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=16,893 |percentage=37.53% |change= {{increase}}34.99 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=45,006 |percentage=71.59% |change= {{decrease}}4.81 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 63,732 |ref = |change= {{increase}}2.69 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}20.15 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1972 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsani Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=22,174 |percentage=47.37% |change={{increase}}12.2 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes=20,982 |percentage=44.82% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Basheshar Dass |party=Independent politician |votes=1,845 |percentage=3.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mangat Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=1,519 |percentage=3.24% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Jai Ram Sarup |party=Independent politician |votes=293 |percentage=0.63% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,192 |percentage=2.55% |change= {{decrease}}6.49 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=46,813 |percentage=77.63% |change= {{increase}}17.83 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 62,064 |ref = |change= {{increase}}15.89 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{increase}}12.20 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1968 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1968 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsani Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=10,846 |percentage=35.16% |change={{decrease}}11.76 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Des Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=8,060 |percentage=26.13% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mool Chand |party=Vishal Haryana Party |votes=5,413 |percentage=17.55% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ved Pal |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=4,472 |percentage=14.50% |change={{decrease}}1.69 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ajit Kumar Singh |party=Swatantra Party |votes=2,054 |percentage=6.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,786 |percentage=9.03% |change= {{decrease}}21.70 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=30,845 |percentage=59.32% |change= {{decrease}}12.66 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,554 |ref = |change= {{increase}}3.51 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= {{decrease}}11.76 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Haryana Legislative Assembly election]]: Indri}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Parsani Devi |party=Indian National Congress |votes=17,056 |percentage=46.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=5,885 |percentage=16.19% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=4,969 |percentage=13.67% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Kishan |party=Independent politician |votes=3,325 |percentage=9.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=B. Singh |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=3,286 |percentage=9.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Singh |party=Republican Party of India |votes=1,705 |percentage=4.69% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=125 |percentage=0.34% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=11,171 |percentage=30.73% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=36,351 |percentage=75.39% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 51,738 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Haryana Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Karnal district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Haryana constituencies}}

{{coord|29.89|77.05|display=title}}

[[Category:Karnal district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Haryana]]
[[Category:Politics of Haryana]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Haryana]]

Karwan Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T02:12:57Z

MayraBarnett41: created the details first draft

{{Short description|Constituency of the Telangana legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Karwan
| map_image = Legislative Assembly constituencies of Telangana (64-Karwan highlighted).png
| map_caption = Location of Karwan Assembly constituency within Telangana
| type = SLA
| state = [[Telangana]]
| district = [[Hyderabad district, India|Hyderabad]]
| division =
| loksabha_cons = [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency|Hyderabad]]
| constituency_no = 64
| established = {{Start date and age|df=yes|p=y|1951}}
| reservation = None 
| abolished =
| mla = [[Kausar Mohiuddin]]
| incumbent_image =
| party = [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]]
| electors = 2,87,626
}}

'''Karwan Assembly constituency''' is a constituency of [[Telangana Legislative Assembly]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/karwan-records-one-of-the-highest-nominations-in-city/article25650204.ece|title=Karwan records one of the highest nominations in city}}</ref> It is one of 15 constituencies in the capital city of [[Hyderabad]]. It is part of [[Hyderabad Lok Sabha constituency]].

Kausar Mohiuddin of [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMIM]] is representing the constituency. It is one of the seven Assembly constituencies won by All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140602200105/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/MIM-Rigged-Polls-in-Karwan-Says-BJP/2014/05/05/article2206892.ece MIM Rigged Polls in Karwan, Says BJP]</ref>

==Extent of the constituency==
The Assembly Constituency presently comprises the following neighbourhoods:

{{srn}}
{|class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers static-row-header-hash"
!Neighbourhood
|-
| [[Karwan]]
|-
| [[Tolichowki]]
|-
| MD Lane
|-
| Jiyaguda
|-
| Bheem Nagar
|-
| [[Langar Houz]]
|-
| Tallagadda
|-
| '''[[Golconda]]'''
|-
| Dargah Nagar
|-
| Shah Hatim Nagar
|-
| [[Nanalnagar|Nanal Nagar]]
|-
| [[Mehdipatnam]] (part)
|-
| Salar Jung Colony
|-
| [[Kakatiya Nagar|Kakatiya Nagar Colony]]
|-
| Hira Khana
|-
| ''Hakeempet''
|-
| Badabazar
|-
| Resham Bagh
|-
| Katora House
|-
| [[Gudimalkapur]] (part)
|-
| Mustaidpura
|-
| Badabanda
|-
| Sabzimandi
|-
| Ghirra (part)
|-
|}

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Duration
! Member
! colspan="2" | Political party
|-
! colspan=4| [[Hyderabad State]]
|-
| 1952–57
| Narendra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
! colspan=4| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|-
| 1978–83
| Shiv Lal
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| 1983–85
| Baqer Agha
| {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| 1985–89
| rowspan=3|[[Baddam Bal Reddy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 1989–94
|-
| 1994–99
|-
| 1999–03
| [[Syed Sajjad]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=4}}
|-
| 2003–04
| rowspan=3|[[Afsar Khan (politician)|Mohd. Muqtada Khan]]
|-
| 2004–09
|-
| 2009–14
|-
! colspan=4| [[Telangana]]
|-
| 2014–18
| rowspan=3|[[Kausar Mohiuddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|rowspan=3}}
|-
| 2018- 2023
|-
| 2023- incumbent
|}

==Election results==
===2023===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2023 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Karwan}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kausar Mohiuddin]]
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|votes = 83,388
|percentage = 47.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amar Singh
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 41,402
|percentage = 23.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Aindala Krishnaiah
|party = Bharat Rashtra Samithi
|votes = 29,194
|percentage = 16.60
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Osman Bin Mohammed Al Hajir
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18,160
|percentage = 10.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 896
|percentage = 0.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 41,986
|percentage = 23.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,75,836
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Telangana Legislative Assembly election]]: Karwan<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34791/239 Karwan 2018 results]</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = [[Kausar Mohiuddin]]
| votes = 87,586
| percentage = 52.88
| change = -1.0
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Amar Singh
| votes = 37,417
| percentage = 22.59
| change = -7.8
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = T. Jeevan Singh
| votes = 24,699
| percentage = 14.91
| change = +8.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = Osman Bin Mohammed Al Hajri
| votes = 11,231
| percentage = 6.78
| change = +2.7
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = None of the above
| candidate = [[None of the Above]]
| votes = 938
| percentage = 0.57
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 50,169
| percentage = 30.5
| change = +6.9
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,65,626
| percentage = 52.68
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Telangana Legislative Assembly election, 2014 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Telangana Legislative Assembly election|Telangana Assembly Elections, 2014]]: Karwan}}<ref>[http://www.indiavotes.com/ac/details/61/34791/239 Karwan 2014 results]</ref>
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| candidate = [[Kausar Mohiuddin]]
| votes = 86,391
| percentage = 54.2%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| candidate = Baddam Bal Reddy
| votes = 48,614
| percentage = 30.5%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Telangana Rashtra Samithi
| candidate = T. Jeevan Singh
| votes = 10,760
| percentage = 6.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
| party = Indian National Congress
| candidate = T. Roop Singh
| votes = 6,512
| percentage = 4.1%
| change =
}}
{{Election box majority
| votes = 37,777
| percentage = 23.6%
| change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
| votes = 1,60,129
| percentage = 55.7%
| change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
| winner = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
| swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
* [[Karwan]]
* [[List of constituencies of Telangana Legislative Assembly]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Telangana}}
{{coord|17.378|78.437|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Telangana]]
[[Category:Hyderabad district, India]]
[[Category:Politics of Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]

Bhoj Raj Seth

2026-04-14T02:21:14Z

MayraBarnett41: new new data

{{Short description|Indian academic (1907-1979)}}
{{distinguish|Bhoj Raj}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox academic
| name = Bhoj Raj Seth
| image =
| alt =
| caption = Portrait of Seth
| birth_place =Bhura, [[Panjab]], [[Delhi]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1907|08|27}}
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1979|12|12|1907|08|27}}
| death_place =
| occupation = {{hlist|professor emeritus|lecturer|writer|vice chancellor}}
| education = *[[University of London]] (PhD)
* [[Indian Institute of Technology]] (DSc)
| alma_mater = {{hlist|[[IIT Kharagpur]] (1937)|[[university of London]] (1934)|[[University of Delhi]] (1939)}}
| employer = [[IIT Delhi]]
| years_active =
| boards = 
| spouse =
| partner =
| children = [[Kiran Seth]] (son)
| awards =
| website =
| thesis_title = Finite Strain in Elastic Problems
| thesis_url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/91361
| thesis_year = 1935
| school_tradition =
| doctoral_advisor = [[Louis Napoleon George Filon]]
| academic_advisors =
| influences =
| era = [[Contemporary philosophy]]
| discipline = 
| sub_discipline = 
| workplaces = [[IIT Kharagpur]]
| doctoral_students =
| notable_students =
| main_interests = Elasticity, Plasticity, Fluid Mechanics
}}

'''Bhoj Raj Seth''' (27 August 1907 – 12 December 1979{{sfn|Bertram|2021|p=104}}), known by his initials '''B. R. Seth''', was an Indian professor of engineering and the father of [[Kiran Seth]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Speaker: Dr. Kiran Seth| url= https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/events-archives.php| work= Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar| quote= ...He was born on 27th April, 1949. His father, Bhojraj Seth, was a mathematician and the first professor at the IIT Kharagpur.| access-date= 26 January 2024| archive-date= 29 September 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230929003345/https://www.iitbbs.ac.in/events-archives.php| url-status= live}}</ref> He was the first vice chancellor of [[Dibrugarh University]] and served in 1966.{{sfn|Mukherji|2022|p=104}} He also worked in [[IIT Kharagpur|Indian Institute of Technology]] in Kharagpur.{{sfn|Mukherji|2022|p=105}}

== Life and career ==
Seth was born in Bhura, [[Panjab]], [[Delhi]].{{sfn|Mukherji|2022|p=104}}{{refn|group=note|Bhutan has been cited by sources as the birth place of Seth but the correct name is Bhure, a city in [[India]].}} In 1927, he got his bachelor's degree in mathematics. He had his MA degree in the same course from the [[University of Delhi]] in 1929.{{sfn|Mukherji|2022|p= 103}} Seth became an applied mathematics lecturer at [[IIT Kharagpur]].{{sfn|Nambudiripad|2017|p=1-10}}<ref>{{cite web| work= IIT Kharagpur| title= Bhoj Raj Seth| url= https://www.insa.ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1234567/125/BM14_8909.pdf| access-date= 26 January 2024| archive-date= 24 January 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240124200335/http://www.insa.ndl.iitkgp.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1234567/125/BM14_8909.pdf| url-status= dead}}</ref>

The [[Finite strain theory#Seth Hill family of generalized strain tensors|Seth–Hill family of generalized strain tensors]] is named after him and [[Rodney Hill]]. Seth was the editor of the ''Journal of Science and Engineering Research'' of IIT.<ref>Journal of Science and Engineering Research. (1964). India: Indian Institute of Technology.</ref> He died on 12 December 1979.{{sfn|Mukherji|2022|p=109}}

== Fellowships ==
In 1936, Seth became a fellow of the [[Indian Academy of Sciences]].<ref>{{cite web| title= Bhoj Raj Seth {{!}} Fellow| url= https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1936013| work= Indian Academy of Sciences| access-date= 15 January 2024| archive-date= 22 September 2023| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230922013904/https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1936013| url-status= live}}</ref> He was also a fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]].{{sfn|INSA|1990| p= 143}}

== Selected publications ==
* {{Cite journal|last= Seth| first= B.R|date= 1939| title= Two Dimensional Potential Problems Connected with Rectilinear Boundaries| location= India| journal= Allahabad Law Journal Press|ref=none}}<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Poritsky |first=H. |date=July 1942 |title=Review: B. R. Seth, Two-Dimensional Potential Problems Connected with Rectilinear Boundaries |url=https://projecteuclid.org/journals/bulletin-of-the-american-mathematical-society/volume-48/issue-7/Review--B-R-Seth-Two-Dimensional-Potential-Problems-Connected/bams/1183504439.full |journal=Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society |volume=48 |issue=7 |pages=510 |doi=10.1090/S0002-9904-1942-07700-7 |issn=0002-9904}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Seth |first=Bhoj Raj |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-E3AAAAMAAJ |title=Two Dimensional Potential Problems Connected with Rectilinear Boundaries |date=1939 |publisher=Allahabad law journal Press |language=en}}</ref>
* Seth, B. R. (1963). Fifty Years of Science in India: Progress of Mathematics. India: [[Indian Science Congress Association]].
* {{Cite journal|last= Seth| first= B.R| date= 1970| title= Aelotropic Yield Condition: Transition Problems of Aelotropic Yield and Creep Rupture| journal= International Centre for Mechanical Sciences| volume= 47| publisher= Springer| location= Vienna|doi= 10.1007/978-3-7091-2818-3_2|ref=none}}
* Seth, B. (1972). Creep Transition in Cylinders: Course Held at the Department for Mechanics of Deformable Bodies June – July 1972. Austria: Springer Vienna.<ref>{{cite book |last=Seth |first=Bhoi Raj |date=1972 |title=Creep Transition in Cylinders |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-7091-2955-5 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-7091-2955-5|isbn=978-3-211-81170-2 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* Seth, B. R. (1975). Transition Problems of Aelotropic Yield and Creep Rupture: Course Held at the Department for Mechanics of Deformable Bodies, September - October 1970. Austria: Springer Vienna. {{Isbn|9783211810798}}

== Awards and honors ==
Seth was a recipient of the Leonard Euler Gold Medal of the [[Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Union]] in 1958 and the [[Dr. B. C. Roy Award]] in 1977.<ref>{{cite book| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ko3xAAAAMAAJ| title= Gaṇita Bhāratī| date= 1979| location= India| publisher= Indian Society for History of Mathematics| access-date= 26 January 2024| archive-date= 26 January 2024| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240126120543/https://www.google.com.ng/books/edition/Ga%E1%B9%87ita_Bh%C4%81rat%C4%AB/ko3xAAAAMAAJ?hl=en| url-status= live}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Dibrugarh University#Vice Chancellors|Order of Vice Chancellors of Dibrugarh University]]

== References ==
=== Notes ===
{{reflist|group=note}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite book| last= Mukherji| first= P.|date= 2022| title= Notable Modern Indian Mathematicians and Statisticians: During the 19th and 20th Centuries of Bengal| location= South Korea| publisher= Springer Nature Singapore|isbn= 9789811961328}}
* {{Cite book|last= Nambudiripad| first= K.|date= 2017| title= Advanced Mechanics of Solids| location= India|publisher=Alpha Science International Limited|isbn= 9781783324231}}
* {{Cite book| last= Bertram|first=A.|date= 2021| title= Elasticity and Plasticity of Large Deformations: Including Gradient Materials| location= Germany| publisher= Springer International Publishing| isbn= 9783030723286}}
* {{Cite book|author= INSA|title= Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy| date= 1990| location= India}}
{{Refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | last=Altenbach | first=Holm | title=Kontinuumsmechanik: Einführung in die materialunabhängigen und materialabhängigen Gleichungen | publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg | publication-place=Berlin, Heidelberg | date=2018 | isbn=978-3-662-57504-8 | language=de}}
* {{cite book | last=Chattopadhyay | first=Anjana | title=Biographical dictionary of Indian scientists: from ancient to contemporary | publisher=Rupa & Co | publication-place=New Delhi | date=2002 | isbn=978-81-7167-669-9}}

== External links ==
* [https://insaindia.res.in/old_website/detail.php?id=N61-0740 Profile of Bhoj Raj Seth on the old website] of [[Indian National Science Academy]]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=q71UAAAAYAAJ Actes du congrès international des mathématiciens, 1970]

{{Authority control}}
{{Dibrugarh University}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seth, Raj Bhoj}}
[[Category:1907 births]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian Academy of Sciences]]
[[Category:20th-century English mathematicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Dr. B. C. Roy Award winners]]

Shakliar Warjri

2026-04-11T18:04:49Z

MayraBarnett41:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Shakliar Warjri
| country = [[India]]
| assembly1 = [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| office = [[Second Conrad Sangma ministry|Cabinet Minister]], [[Government of Meghalaya]]
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor = [[Phagu Chauhan]]
| 1blankname = Chief Minister
| 1namedata = [[Conrad Sangma]]
| subterm = '''Cabinet'''
| suboffice = [[Second Conrad Sangma ministry]]
| 2blankname = Ministry and Departments
| 2namedata =
* Sports and Youth Affairs
* Labour
* Registration and Stamps
| term_start = 7 March 2023
| term_end = 16 September 2025
| constituency1 = [[Mawthadraishan Assembly constituency|Mawthadraishan]]
| term_start1 = 2023
| predecessor1 = Brolding Nongsiej
| office1 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] for [[Mawthadraishan Assembly constituency|Mawthadraishan]]
| party = [[Hill State People's Democratic Party|HSPDP]]
| occupation = Politician
}}
'''Shakliar Warjri''' is an Indian politician from [[Hill State People's Democratic Party]] (HSPDP). He is member of the [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]] from [[Mawthadraishan Assembly constituency|Mawthadraishan]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-02 |title=Mawthadraishan Election Result 2023 LIVE Updates and Highlights: HSPDP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/elections/mawthadraishan-election-result-2023-live-updates-and-highlights-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-7193989.html |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghalaya Assembly Election Result: UDP Bags Mawphlang, Mawsynram, Mairang Assembly Seats |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/live-nongthymmai-mawphlang-nongkrem-mawsynram-shella-pynursla-sohra-mawkynrew-mairang-mawthadraishan-meghalaya-election-result-2023-live-updates-round-wise-counting-of-votes-list-of-winners-5921481/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref>

== 2023 Meghalaya Assembly Election ==
He successfully contested the election on the HSPDP ticket.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-27 |title=Pangniang re-elected HSPDP president |url=https://theshillongtimes.com/2021/12/28/pangniang-re-elected-hspdp-president/ |access-date=2023-02-15 |website=The Shillong Times |language=en-US}}</ref> He was one of two successful HSPDP candidates.{{fact|date=September 2024}}

He pledged support to [[Conrad Sangma]] led government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hasnat |first=Karishma |date=2023-03-05 |title=Drama in Meghalaya over formation of govt by NPP-led alliance, featuring politics, tea & ethnicity |url=https://theprint.in/politics/drama-in-meghalaya-over-formation-of-govt-by-npp-led-alliance-featuring-politics-tea-ethnicity/1419454/ |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> He was appointed as a Cabinet Minister in [[Second Conrad Sangma ministry]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Hindu Bureau |first= |date=2023-03-07 |title=Conrad Sangma takes oath as Meghalaya CM for second term, Cabinet sworn in |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/conrad-sangma-takes-oath-as-meghalaya-cm-for-second-term-cabinet-sworn-in/article66590273.ece |access-date=2023-03-08 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Warjri, Shakliar}}
[[Category:Meghalaya MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Abdul Ghafoor (politician, born 1918)

2026-04-06T02:28:49Z

MayraBarnett41: new a info...

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Abdul Ghafoor
| image = Abdul Ghafoor portrait.jpg
| image_size = 150
| office = 13th [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]
| term_start = 2 July 1973
| term_end = 11 April 1975
| predecessor = [[Kedar Pandey]]
| successor = [[Jagannath Mishra]]
| office1 = Minister for Works and Housing
| term1 = 31 December 1984 – 25 September 1985
| prime_minister1 = [[Rajiv Gandhi]]
| office2 = [[Minister of Housing and Urban Affairs|Minister of Urban Development]]
| term_start2 = 25 September 1985
| term_end2 = 22 October 1986
| prime_minister2 = Rajiv Gandhi
| successor2 = [[Mohsina Kidwai]]
| office3 = Chairman of [[Bihar Legislative Council]]
| term_start3 = 5 June 1972
| term_end3 = 1 July 1973
| birth_date = {{birth year|1918}}
| birth_place = [[Gopalganj District, India|Sareya Akhteryar]], [[Bihar and Orissa Province]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2004|7|10|1918|df=yes}}
| death_place = [[Patna]], Bihar, India
}}
'''Abdul Ghafoor''' (1918 – 10 July 2004) was an Indian independence activist and politician who served as the 13th [[Chief Minister of Bihar]]<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=53828 Paswan's Muslim CM issue impractical: Cong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921224221/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=53828 |date=21 September 2012 }}, ExpressIndia.com, accessed March 2009</ref> from 2 July 1973 to 11 April 1975;<ref>[http://cm.bih.nic.in/formercm-bihar.htm Chief Minister list] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319084817/http://cm.bih.nic.in/formercm-bihar.htm |date=19 March 2011 }}, cm.bih.nic.in, accessed March 2009</ref> and served as cabinet minister in [[Rajiv Gandhi]]'s government. He participated actively in freedom struggles and served jail terms.

==Early life and education==
He was born in a small village of [[Gopalganj District, India|Gopalganj District]], Sareya Akhteryar, in a humble farm family. Having completed his initial education from the district, he moved to Patna and subsequently to Aligarh for higher education. He completed his MA and Law at [[Aligarh Muslim University]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Biographical Sketch of Member of 12th Lok Sabha|url=http://loksabhaph.nic.in/writereaddata/biodata_1_12/3021.htm|access-date=2020-12-16|website=loksabhaph.nic.in}}</ref>

Ghafoor was a part of the Young Turks of Bihar Congress during the independence movement along with [[Bindeshwari Dubey]], [[Bhagwat Jha Azad]], [[Chandrashekhar Singh]], [[Satyendra Narayan Sinha]], [[Kedar Pandey]] all future chief ministers and [[Sitaram Kesri]], future national president of Indian National Congress.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

== Political career ==
Abdul Ghafoor was Chief Minister of Bihar from 2 July 1973 to 11 April 1975.<ref name="Ghafoor Reference1">{{cite news |title=EX-Bihar CM Abdul Ghafoor passes away |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/exbihar-cm-abdul-ghafoor-passes-away_167386.html |access-date=22 February 2021 |publisher=ZeeNews |date=10 July 2004 |language=en}}</ref> He was also minister for urban development in Rajiv Gandhi Cabinet in 1984. He was elected to Lok Sabha thrice in years 1984, 1991 and 1996 on [[Indian_National_Congress|Congress]] and [[Samata Party]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-14 |title=Samata Party to move Delhi HC against Thackeray faction's 'flaming torch' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/samata-party-to-move-delhi-hc-against-thackeray-faction-s-flaming-torch-101665771404653.html |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> tickets from [[Siwan_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)|Siwan]] and [[Gopalganj_(Lok_Sabha_constituency)|Gopalganj]] Parliamentary constituencies respectively. He was also a former chairman of the Bihar Legislative Council. He became member of state legislature for first time in the year 1952.<ref name="Ghafoor Reference1" />

He died in [[Patna]] on 10 July 2004.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} His political legacy is being carried forward by Asif Ghafoor, his grandson. Asif Ghafoor is member of AICC and general secretary of Bihar Pradesh Congress Committee, contested the 2010 and 2020 Bihar Assembly election from Barauli and Gopalganj constituency in Gopalganj district of Bihar as Indian National Congress nominee.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==See also==
*[[List of chief ministers of Bihar]]
*[[Abdul Ghafoor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before=[[Kedar Pandey]]
| title=[[Chief Minister of Bihar]]
| years=1973–1975
| after=[[Jagannath Mishra]]
}}
{{s-end}}

{{Chief Ministers of Bihar}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghafoor, Abdul}}
[[Category:1918 births]]
[[Category:2004 deaths]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1972–1977]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Chief ministers of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politicians from Patna]]
[[Category:People from Gopalganj district, India]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Bihar]]
[[Category:India MPs 1984–1989]]
[[Category:India MPs 1991–1996]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:Chief ministers from Indian National Congress]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Bihar]]
[[Category:Samata Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Siwan district]]
[[Category:Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress (U) politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 1962–1967]]
[[Category:Indian independence activists from Bihar]]

Shiva Ayyadurai

2026-03-31T22:04:27Z

MayraBarnett41: New - done

{{Short description|American engineer, conspiracy theorist, and entrepreneur}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Shiva Ayyadurai
| image = File:Shiva Ayyadurai Portrait.jpg
| caption = Ayyadurai in 2024
| birth_name = Vellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva
| birth_date = {{nowrap|{{birth date and age|1963|12|2}}}}
| birth_place = [[Bombay]], India
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]] (before 2020, 2023–present)
| otherparty = [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] (2020–2023)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| partner = [[Fran Drescher]] (2014–2016)
| education = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] ([[Bachelor of Science|BS]], [[Master of Science|MS]], [[Master of Engineering|MEng]], [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| website = {{URL|vashiva.com}}
| module = {{Infobox scientist
|embed = yes
|fields = [[Systems biology]] [[Computer science]] [[Scientific visualization]]
|doctoral_advisor = Forbes Dewey
|academic_advisors = [[Robert S. Langer]]}}
}}

'''V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai''' (born '''Vellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva'''<ref name="mittech"/> on December 2, 1963) is an American [[engineer]], [[entrepreneur]], and [[anti-vaccine]] activist. He has become known for promoting [[conspiracy theories]], [[pseudoscience]], and unfounded medical claims.<ref>
*{{cite news|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2021/08/04/vaccine-mandates-disempowerment/|first=Alan|last=Levinovitz|date=August 4, 2021|title=People want control over their health care. Vaccine mandates disempower them.|access-date=October 16, 2021}}
*{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=Bruce Y.|title=Coronavirus: Here Are 10 Misconceptions Being Spread|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/brucelee/2020/02/02/coronavirus-here-are-10-misconceptions-being-spread/|access-date=September 25, 2021|website=Forbes|language=en}}
*{{Cite web|last=Breland|first=Ali|title=Wellness influencers are spreading QAnon conspiracies about the coronavirus.|url=https://www.motherjones.com/politics/2020/04/wellness-qanon-coronavirus/|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=Mother Jones|language=en-US}}
*{{Cite web|title=These Are The Fake Experts Pushing Pseudoscience And Conspiracy Theories About The Coronavirus Pandemic|url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/coronavirus-spin-doctors|access-date=January 26, 2021|website=BuzzFeed News|date=May 21, 2020 |language=en}}
*{{Cite news|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/gop-election-truthers-tap-a-failed-politician-and-conspiracy-theorist-for-sham-audit|title=GOP Election Truthers Tap a Failed Politician and Conspiracy Theorist for Sham Audit|first=Kelly|last=Weill|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=September 8, 2021|via=www.thedailybeast.com}}</ref> Ayyadurai holds four degrees from the [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT), including a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in [[biological engineering]], and is a [[Fulbright]] grant recipient.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Trafton|first=Anne|date=September 17, 2007|title=East Meets West: Armed with 4 MIT Degrees, Shiva Ayyadurai Embarks on New Adventure|work=MIT Tech Talk|publisher=MIT|url=https://news.mit.edu/2007/east-west-0917|access-date=November 10, 2016|quote=In the 26 years since he first arrived at MIT as a freshman, V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai has earned four MIT degrees and started two multimillion dollar companies. This fall, he will use his most recent degree, a Ph.D. in computational systems biology, and a Fulbright Scholarship to explore one of his lifelong interests: the intersection of Eastern and Western medicine.}}</ref>

In a 2011 article published by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'',<ref name="techland" /> Ayyadurai claimed to have invented email as a teenager; in August 1982, he registered the copyright on an email application he had written, asserting in his copyright filing, "I, personally, feel EMAIL is as sophisticated as any electronic mail system on the market today."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wed |first=May 22nd 2019 10:35am-Mike Masnick |date=2019-05-22 |title=Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email |url=https://www.techdirt.com/2019/05/22/laying-out-all-evidence-shiva-ayyadurai-did-not-invent-email/ |access-date=2025-05-22 |website=Techdirt |language=en-US}}</ref> Historians strongly dispute this account because email was already in use in the early 1970s. Ayyadurai sued [[Gawker Media]] and [[Techdirt]] for [[defamation]] for disputing his account of inventing email; both lawsuits were settled out of court. Ayyadurai and Techdirt agreed to Techdirt's articles remaining online with a link to Ayyadurai's rebuttal on his own website.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wed|first=May 22, 2019, 10:35am-Mike Masnick|title=Laying Out All The Evidence: Shiva Ayyadurai Did Not Invent Email|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190518/23370542236/laying-out-all-evidence-shiva-ayyadurai-did-not-invent-email.shtml|access-date=December 15, 2021|website=Techdirt.|date=May 22, 2019 }}</ref>

Ayyadurai also attracted attention for two reports: the first questioning the working conditions of India's largest scientific agency; the second questioning the safety of [[genetically modified food]], such as [[soybean]]s. During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Ayyadurai became known for a social media [[COVID-19 disinformation]] campaign, spreading conspiracy theories about the cause of COVID-19, promoting [[unfounded COVID-19 treatments]], and campaigning to fire [[Anthony Fauci]] for allegedly being a [[deep state]] actor.

Ayyadurai garnered 3.39% of the vote as an [[independent candidate]] in the [[2018 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts]], and ran for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] nomination in the [[2020 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts]] but lost to Kevin O'Connor in the primary.<ref name="WBUR">{{cite news |title=O'Connor Projected To Win GOP Senate Primary Over Ayyadurai |url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2020/09/01/oconner-projected-to-win-gop-senate-primary-over-ayyadurai |access-date=September 2, 2020 |publisher=WBUR}}</ref> After the election, he promoted false claims of [[election fraud]].<ref name="mass_fact_check" />

In [[2024 United States presidential election|2024]], Ayyadurai launched a campaign for [[president of the United States]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shiva Ayyadurai announces 2024 U.S.Presidential bid |url=https://www.newindiaabroad.com/english/people/shiva-ayyadurai-announces-2024-uspresidential-bid |access-date=2024-11-05 |website=New India Abroad |language=en}}</ref> However, because he is not a [[Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)|natural-born American citizen]], he is ineligible to serve as president.

== Early life and education ==
Shiva Ayyadurai was born Vellayappa Ayyadurai Shiva in 1963, in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), India.<ref name="mittech"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://vashiva.com/yes-a-darkie-invented-email-get-over-it/|title=Yes, A "Darkie" Invented Email. Get Over It. - V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, Inventor of Email|date=June 30, 2016|language=en-US|access-date=August 13, 2016}}</ref><ref name="lokvani">{{cite web|url=http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=4379|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012133528/http://www.lokvani.com/lokvani/article.php?article_id=4379|url-status=usurped|archive-date=October 12, 2007|title=Lokvani Talks to Dr. Shiva Ayyadurai|last=Saigal|first=Ranjani|date=November 3, 2007|publisher=lokvani.com|access-date=December 22, 2012}}</ref> He grew up in the Muhavur village in [[Rajapalayam]], [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402130800/http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Its-very-difficult-to-compare-an-employer-with-30082015101051 |archive-date= April 2, 2019|url=http://epaperbeta.timesofindia.com/Article.aspx?eid=31807&articlexml=Its-very-difficult-to-compare-an-employer-with-30082015101051|title= It's very difficult to compare an employer with an inventor: Shiva Ayyadurai |work=The Times of India|access-date=August 25, 2018|url-status=dead |date=August 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-tamilnadu/be-job-providers-and-not-job-seekers/article4958821.ece|title= Be job providers and not job seekers |work=The Hindu|date=July 27, 2013|access-date=August 25, 2018}}</ref> At the age of seven, he left with his family to live in the United States.<ref name="timmons"/> He was raised in [[Livingston, New Jersey]].<ref>[[David Wildstein|Wildstein, David]]. [https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/judge-will-decide-if-ayyadurai-can-remain-on-n-j-ballot-for-president/ "Judge will decide if Ayyadurai can remain on N.J. ballot for president"], ''[[New Jersey Globe]]'', August 1, 2024. Accessed January 7, 2026. "Ayyadurai grew up in Livingston and attended high school with former Gov. Chris Christie."</ref>

In 1978, as a 14-year-old high school student, Ayyadurai attended a summer program at the [[Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences]] of [[New York University]] (NYU) to study [[computer programming]]. While a student at [[Livingston High School (New Jersey)|Livingston High School]] in New Jersey, Ayyadurai volunteered at the [[University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey]] (UMDNJ) where his mother worked.<ref name="demise">{{Cite news|last1=Mullin|first1=Joe|last2=Farivar|first2=Cyrus|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/01/lawyer-for-inventor-of-e-mail-sends-threat-letter-over-social-media-posts/|title=History by lawsuit: After Gawker's demise, the "inventor of e-mail" targets Techdirt|newspaper=[[Ars Technica]]|date=June 13, 2017|access-date=October 17, 2021}}</ref> While there Leslie Michelson<ref name="techland" /> asked him to set up an electronic messaging system for 100 users at the medical school.<ref>{{cite news|last=Paxton|first=Patrick B.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/omblog/post/origins-of-e-mail-my-mea-culpa/2012/03/01/gIQAiOD5kR_blog.html|title=Origins of e-mail: My mea culpa|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=March 1, 2012|access-date=October 16, 2021}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |last=Garlin |first=Caleb |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/06/noam-chomsky-email/ |title=Who Invented Email? Just Ask ... Noam Chomsky |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=June 16, 2012 |access-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref> In 1982, he registered the [[copyright]] for the [[source code]] and user documentation of the [[FORTRAN]] [[Computer program|program]] called EMAIL.<ref name="demise"/><ref name="SmithsonianStatement">{{Cite press release |url=http://americanhistory.si.edu/news/pressrelease.cfm?key=29&newskey=1465 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427014952/http://americanhistory.si.edu/news/pressrelease.cfm?key=29&newskey=1465 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 27, 2012 |title=Statement from the National Museum of American History: Collection of Materials from V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai|date=February 23, 2012|access-date=February 19, 2013|publisher=National Museum of American History |quote="Exchanging messages through computer systems, what most people call 'email', predates the work of Ayyadurai."}}</ref>

Ayyadurai's [[undergraduate degree]] from MIT was in [[electrical engineering]] and [[computer science]]; he took a [[master's degree]] in visual studies from the [[MIT Media Lab]]oratory on [[scientific visualization]]; concurrently, he completed another master's degree in mechanical engineering, also from MIT; and in 2007, he obtained a PhD in biological engineering from MIT in [[systems biology]], with his [[thesis]] focusing on modeling the whole cell by integrating molecular pathway models.<ref name=east>{{cite web|url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2007/east-west-0917.html|access-date=June 9, 2012|title=East meets West|date=September 17, 2007|work=MIT News|first=Anne|last=Trafton|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis|title=DSpace@MIT: Scalable computational architecture for integrating biological pathway models|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|year=2007|first=Shiva|last=Ayyadurai|hdl = 1721.1/42384|type=Thesis}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|first1=VA Shiva|last1=Ayyadurai|first2=C. Forbes Jr. |last2=Dewey |journal=Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering |date=March 2011|volume=4|issue=1|pages=28–45|doi=10.1007/s12195-010-0143-x|title=CytoSolve: A Scalable Computational Method for Dynamic Integration of Multiple Molecular Pathway Models|pmid=21423324|pmc=3032229}}</ref> In 2007, he was awarded a Fulbright U.S. Student Program grant to study the integration of [[Siddha medicine|Siddha]], a system of [[traditional medicine]] developed in [[South India]], with modern systems biology.<ref name=siddha>{{cite web|url=http://us.fulbrightonline.org/component/filter/?view=filter|title=V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, MIT, Biology, India, 2007, "Pathways to Siddha and Systems Biology"|website=Fulbright U.S. Student Program|access-date=March 8, 2017|archive-date=May 16, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516072539/http://us.fulbrightonline.org/component/filter/?view=filter|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=east/>

==Early career==
===Millennium Cybernetics===
In 1994, Ayyadurai founded a company called Millennium Cybernetics, which produces [[email management]] software originally called Xiva and now called EchoMail.<ref name="mittech">{{Cite news|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/s/400629/dr-e-mail-will-see-you-now/|title=Dr. Email Will See You Now|last=Shapley|first=Deborah|date=January 1, 2000|work=MIT Technology Review|access-date=August 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000511125636/http://www.techreview.com/articles/jan00/shapley.htm|archive-date=May 11, 2000|url-status=dead}}</ref> The software analyzes incoming email messages to organizations before either replying automatically or forwarding it to the most relevant department. By 2001, customers included [[Kmart (United States)|Kmart]], [[American Express]], and [[Calvin Klein]], as well as more than thirty [[U.S. senator]]s to help handle constituent email. EchoMail competed with more established [[customer relationship management]] software that had an email component.<ref name="mittech"/><ref name="bulkeley">{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1005776873756157960|title=Echomail provides an answer for the avalanche of e-mail|author=William Bulkeley|date=November 15, 2011|access-date=November 8, 2016|newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

===CSIR India===
In 2009, Ayyadurai was hired by India's [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR), India's largest science agency, by its director general, [[Samir K. Brahmachari]]. CSIR was mandated to create a new company, CSIR Tech, that would establish businesses using the research conducted by the country's many publicly owned laboratories. Ayyadurai reported that he had spent months trying to create a business plan for CSIR Tech, but received no response from Brahmachari. Ayyadurai then distributed a draft plan, which was not authorized by CSIR, to the agency's scientists that requested feedback and criticized management. His job offer was subsequently withdrawn five months after the position was offered.<ref name="timmons">{{cite news|last=Timmons|first=Heather|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/28/business/global/28return.html|title=Some Indians Find It Tough to Go Home Again|date=November 27, 2009|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=June 11, 2012}}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{cite journal|title=Report row ousts top Indian scientist |journal=Nature | date=November 9, 2009 |doi=10.1038/462152a |last1=Jayaraman |first1=K. S.|volume=462|issue=7270 |page=152 |pmid=19907467 |s2cid=205050749 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Brahmachari said that "the offer was withdrawn as [Ayyadurai] did not accept the [[terms and conditions]] and demanded unreasonable compensation." In its report, ''[[The New York Times]]'' said that "going public with such accusations is highly unusual. Mr. Ayyadurai circulated his paper not just to the agency's scientists but to journalists, and wrote about his situation to [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Manmohan Singh]]." In that letter, Ayyadurai said his report was intended to explore institutional barriers to CSIR's entrepreneurial mandate. He said that CSIR scientists reported that "they work in a [[medieval]], [[feudalism|feudal]] environment" that required a "major overhaul". The letter was co-authored by a colleague, Deepak Sardana. [[Pushpa Mittra Bhargava|Pushpa Bhargava]], founding director of the CSIR's Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology in Hyderabad, endorsed the letter, calling Ayyadurai's sacking the worst of many cases he had seen of "vindictiveness in the CSIR" and accused CSIR administration of being "impervious to healthy and fair criticism". The incident was seen as an example of the difficulty some Indian [[expatriate]] professionals may encounter returning home after growing accustomed to the more direct management style of the U.S.<ref name="timmons"/><ref name="Nature"/>

===Genetically modified food===
In 2015, Ayyadurai published a paper that applied systems biology, which uses [[mathematical model]]ing, to predict the chemical composition of genetically modified (GM) soybeans, and whether or not they were [[substantial equivalence|substantially equivalent]] to unmodified soybeans.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_round_up/2950586/gmo_and_glyphosate_wars_rage.html |author=Oliver Tickell |title=GMO and glyphosate wars rage|publisher=The Ecologist |date=July 16, 2015 |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> The paper claimed that GM soybeans have lower levels of the [[antioxidant]] [[glutathione]] and higher levels of [[carcinogen]]ic [[formaldehyde]], making the modified soybean substantially different, contrary to previous safety assessments.<ref>{{cite news|author=Vishwanath Kulkarni |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/safety-assessments-of-gmos-are-nonexistent/article7674558.ece |title=Safety assessments of GMOs are non-existent |newspaper=The Hindu Business Line |date=September 21, 2015 |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Shortly after publication, Ayyadurai embarked on a speaking tour of the U.S. At the [[National Press Club (United States)|National Press Club]], he said that genetic modification had "fundamentally modified the metabolic system of the soy", disrupting the "beautiful way of detoxifying [formaldehyde]" present in non-GM soy.<ref>Ayyadurai, V.A. Shiva. (2015) "[https://www.facebook.com/va.shiva.ayyadurai/videos/vb.212669305456262/963543970368788/?type=2&theater Systems Biology reveals GMO testing is flawed]", ''Facebook''. Retrieved August 26, 2018.</ref>

The [[European Food Safety Agency]] evaluated the paper and determined that "the author's conclusions are not supported" due to the lack of information on the input into the model, the fact that the model was not validated and because no measurements of soybeans were made to establish whether GM soy actually contained elevated levels of formaldehyde.<ref>{{cite journal|author=European Food Safety Authority |title=EFSA scientific advice to EC on new scientific information in relation to the risk assessment of genetically modified organisms |journal=EFSA Supporting Publications |volume=12 |issue=11 |date=November 3, 2015 |doi=10.2903/sp.efsa.2015.EN-885 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Plant scientist [[Kevin Folta]] noted that there was "no evidence ever published ... that shows a difference in formaldehyde between GM and non-GM varieties".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.geneticliteracyproject.org/2015/07/21/kevin-folta-debunks-pay-for-play-paper-supposedly-finding-formaldehyde-in-gmos/|title=Kevin Folta debunks pay for play paper finding formaldehyde in GMOs|publisher=Genetic Literacy Project |date=July 21, 2015 |first=Kevin |last=Folta |author-link=Kevin Folta|access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> Ayyadurai later cited the study as evidence of a lack of safety standards for GM foods and bet [[Monsanto]] a $10 million building if they could prove that they were safe. Monsanto did not take up the challenge but stated that GM food did indeed undergo safety assessments that "are more rigorous and thorough than assessments of any other food crop in history".<ref>{{cite web|author=Tanya Lewis|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/scientist-bets-millions-that-gmos-unsafe-2015-11 |title=Scientist bets millions that GMOs unsafe |website=Business Insider |date=November 12, 2015 |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref> In 2016, Ayyadurai promised to donate $10 million to [[Hillary Clinton]]'s [[Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign|presidential campaign]] if she could disprove his research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://patch.com/new-jersey/montclair/nj-scientist-gives-hillary-clinton-10-million-gmo-challenge-0 |title=NJ Scientist Gives Hillary Clinton a $10 Million GMO Challenge |publisher=Patch |date=February 1, 2016 |access-date=November 9, 2016}}</ref>

== Political career ==
On March 17, 2017, Ayyadurai filed as a [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidate in the [[2018 United States Senate election in Massachusetts]], running against incumbent [[Elizabeth Warren]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/03/man-who-claims-he-invented-e-mail-is-now-running-for-us-senate/ |title=Man who claims he invented e-mail is now running for US Senate |last=Farivar |first=Cyrus |date=March 29, 2017|work=Ars Technica|access-date=March 30, 2017 |language=en-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.boston.com/news/politics/2017/02/28/cambridge-man-who-says-he-invented-email-says-he-will-challenge-elizabeth-warren-in-2018|title=Cambridge man who says he invented email says he will challenge Elizabeth Warren in 2018 |last=DeCosta-Klip |first=Nik |date=February 28, 2017 |work=The Boston Globe |access-date=March 17, 2017 }}</ref> He ran as an independent and placed third with 3.4% of the votes.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Young |first=Shannon |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2018/11/2018_massachusetts_election_elizabeth_warren_defeats_geoff_diehl_us_senate.html |title=2018 Massachusetts election: Elizabeth Warren defeats US Senate challengers Geoff Diehl, Shiva Ayyadurai in re-election fight, shifts focus to possible 2020 bid |date=January 29, 2019 |work=[[Masslive]] |access-date=October 17, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2018/11/06/us/elections/results-massachusetts-elections.html |title=Massachusetts Election Results |work=The New York Times |date=November 6, 2018 |access-date=November 11, 2018|language=en}}</ref>

Ayyadurai said that Senator Warren was at the top of a U.S. "neo–[[caste]] system" composed of "academics, career politicians and lawyer/lobbyists", a "spineless clan" who never expect to be challenged. He said he would take a science and engineering perspective on problem solving, focusing on immigration, education and innovation. He called for secure borders and an end to [[Sanctuary city|sanctuary cities]], support for more choices in [[public education]], and for more scrutiny of "[[pay-to-play]]" science research.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2017/05/08/republican-entrepreneur-waging-2018-bid-against.html |title=Republican entrepreneur waging 2018 bid against Elizabeth Warren |last=Young |first=Shannon |date=May 8, 2017 |website=Boston Business Journal |access-date=May 21, 2017}}</ref> Ayyadurai has accused Warren of voting in favor of the [[Farmer Assurance Provision]] and against a GM labeling bill sponsored by Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] of [[Vermont]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://shiva4senate.com/press-conference-elizabeth-warren-marty-walsh-collusion/ |title=Press Conference: Elizabeth Warren + Marty Walsh Collusion - Shiva For Senate in Massachusetts|date=October 25, 2017}}</ref> However, the Act was reportedly passed to avoid a [[government shutdown]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/monsanto-protection-act/|title=Monsanto Protection Act|website=Snopes.com|date=September 13, 2013 }}</ref> and Warren petitioned the [[Food and Drug Administration]] for "regulations to ensure that the labeling of GMO products is fair, standardized and transparent".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2013/09/elizabeth-warren-joins-gmo-labeling-fray-096928 |title=Warren joins GMO labeling fray |first=Jenny |last=Hopkinson |website=POLITICO|date=September 17, 2013 }}</ref>

In August 2017, Ayyadurai spoke at the [[Boston Free Speech rally]], a gathering whose speaker line-up included [[right-wing extremist]]s, and which drew large counter-protests.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/14/senate-candidate-plans-address-free-speech-rally-common/CzFnJ4c4u1wOjojtdeLUzM/story.html |title=US Senate candidate plans to address 'free speech' rally on Common |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=August 14, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/17/speakers-list-for-boston-free-speech-rally-include-right-wing-extremist/6xWnzHZwrjq8svoRbPN1NP/story.html |title=Speakers list for 'free speech' rally includes right-wing extremists |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> Ayyadurai later disputed how the event was characterized, tweeting that the "establishment" wanted to block attendance and media coverage and sought a "[[race war|Race War]] to divide us".<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.realclearpolitics.com/video/2017/08/19/gop_senate_candidate_shiva_ayyadurais_speech_at_boston_free_speech_rally.html|title=GOP Senate Candidate Shiva Ayyadurai Called For Peace And Love At Boston 'Free Speech Rally' |last=Harris|first=Tim|date=August 19, 2017 |website=www.realclearpolitics.com |access-date=August 25, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/18/us/demonstration-race-free-speech-boston-charlottesville.html |title=Protesters Flood Streets, and Trump Offers a Measure of Praise |first1=Katharine Q. |last1=Seelye |first2=Alan |last2=Blinder |last3=Bidgood |first3=Jess |date=August 18, 2017|work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=August 25, 2017 |language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In April 2018, the city of [[Cambridge, Massachusetts|Cambridge]] threatened Ayyadurai with daily [[fine (penalty)|fines]] for an alleged zoning code violation if he did not remove a banner on his campaign bus. The banner featured his campaign slogan, "Only a real Indian can defeat a fake Indian", together with a digitally altered image depicting Warren in a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] headdress, a reference to her claim to be of part [[Cherokee]] descent.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/real-indian-running-against-elizabeth-warren-shiva-ayyadurai-sues-signs-calling-her-fake-indian/|title="Real Indian" running against Sen. Elizabeth Warren defends sign calling her "Fake Indian" |first=Christina |last=Capatides |date=April 24, 2018 |work=[[CBS News]] |access-date=April 24, 2018}}</ref> The city reversed its position the following month and Ayyadurai, in turn, dropped a lawsuit alleging that his free speech rights had been violated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/may/17/cambridge-rescinds-order-remove-anti-warren-fake-i/|title=Cambridge rescinds order to remove anti-Warren 'fake Indian' campaign signs|last=Richardson|first=Valerie|date=May 17, 2018|work=The Washington Times|access-date=May 19, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> During the campaign, Ayyadurai appeared on a livestream with [[Matthew Colligan]], a [[white supremacist]] known for his participation in the [[2017 Unite the Right rally]]. Colligan requested that Ayyadurai bless a small statue of [[Pepe the Frog#Kek|Kek]], the green frog that came to prominence as a symbol of the [[alt-right]] during the [[2016 United States presidential election]]. Ayyadurai obliged and described Colligan as "one of our greatest supporters".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kaplan |first1=Juliana |last2=Fisher |first2=Alyssa |title=These 9 Candidates Have Ties To White Nationalists Or Nazis — And They're All Republicans |url=https://forward.com/news/national/405237/these-9-republicans-have-ties-to-white-nationalists-or-nazis/ |work=The Forward |date=July 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Minkowitz |first1=Donna |title=Election 2018 Is Off to the Racists |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/election-2018-is-off-to-the-racists/ |work=[[The Nation]] |date=April 18, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Holt |first1=Jared |title=Massachusetts Senate Candidate Meets Alt-Right Troll And Blesses 'Kek'|url=https://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/massachusetts-senate-candidate-meets-alt-right-troll-and-blesses-kek/ |work=[[Right Wing Watch]] |date=February 5, 2018}}</ref> Ayyadurai also sold pins promoting his campaign that featured a brown-skinned variant of the "[[Pepe the Frog#Groyper|Groyper]]", the namesake and mascot for [[White nationalism|white nationalist]] group [[Groypers]] which Colligan is affiliated with.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Holt|first=Jared|date=May 24, 2018 |title=In Latest Nod To The Fringe, Shiva Ayyadurai Is Hawking 'Groyper' Campaign Pins |url=https://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/in-latest-nod-to-the-fringe-shiva-ayyadurai-is-hawking-groyper-campaign-pins/ |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=Right Wing Watch |language=en-US}}</ref> Ayyadurai also tweeted on one occasion (and separately retweeted another tweet including) the hashtag "#WWG1WGA", a slogan associated with the [[QAnon]] conspiracy theory.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaplan |first=Alex |title=Here are the QAnon supporters running for Congress in 2020 |url=https://www.mediamatters.org/qanon-conspiracy-theory/here-are-qanon-supporters-running-congress-2020 |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=Media Matters for America |date=January 7, 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Holt |first=Jared |date=July 23, 2018 |title=Massachusetts Senate Candidate Shiva Ayyadurai Spreads 'QAnon' Conspiracy Theory |url=https://www.rightwingwatch.org/post/massachusetts-senate-candidate-shiva-ayyadurai-spreads-qanon-conspiracy-theory/ |access-date=August 22, 2022 |website=Right Wing Watch |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ayyadurai ran unsuccessfully for the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] nomination in the [[2020 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|2020 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2020/01/29/meet-year-old-who-asking-legislature-let-her-vote-this-year-presidential-primary/jRGO7IBieu5c9vGeSHm1LK/story.html|title=Meet the 17-year-old who is asking the Legislature to let her vote in this year's presidential primary - The Boston Globe|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US|access-date=February 10, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2018/10/17/shiva-ayyadurai-provocative-candidate-who-represents-our-bizarre-political-climate/o2bh5D3wkie8qqvjYRUHYI/story.html|title=Shiva Ayyadurai: the candidate who represents our bizarre political climate - The Boston Globe|website=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US|access-date=February 10, 2020}}</ref> By August 2020, Ayyadurai's campaign had spent $1.4 million, including $1.05 million of Ayyadurai's own funds.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Staff |first1=Brian MacQuarrie Globe |last2=August 25 |first2=Updated |title=In the bluest of states, a pair of Republican candidates face off in Senate primary - The Boston Globe |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/08/25/metro/bluest-states-pair-republican-candidates-face-off-senate-primary/ |access-date=February 1, 2021 |work=BostonGlobe.com |date=August 25, 2020}}</ref> After Kevin J. O'Conner won 158,590 votes to Ayyadurai's 104,782, Ayyadurai alleged that over one million ballots had been destroyed and that the state had committed election fraud. He alleged that ballot images had to be preserved for 22 months and were now missing. However, MIT political science professor [[Charles Stewart III|Charles Stewart]] stated that federal law only requires that physical ballots be stored. Harvard law professor Nicholas Stephanopoulos disputed Ayyadurai's allegation of fraud and a spokesperson for the state accused him of spreading misinformation. Fact checkers at [[Reuters]] and the [[Associated Press]] labelled the allegations as false.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Joffe-Block |first1=Jude |title=Massachusetts primary ballots were not destroyed |url=https://apnews.com/article/fact-checking-afs:Content:9472752830|access-date=November 17, 2020 |work=AP NEWS |date=September 28, 2020}}</ref><ref name="mass_fact_check">{{cite news |title=Fact check: Massachusetts election officials have not destroyed ballots or committed election fraud|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN26N29I/ |access-date=November 17, 2020|work=Reuters |date=October 2, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> On February 1, 2021, Ayyadurai was suspended from [[Twitter]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 5, 2021|title=Twitter account of failed U.S. Senate candidate is suspended|url=https://apnews.com/article/senate-elections-elizabeth-warren-elections-ca43aabf3d6a7e405db7e4fef80e10b2|access-date=September 25, 2021|website=AP NEWS|language=en}}</ref> On February 3, he filed a lawsuit against [[Massachusetts]] politician [[William F. Galvin|William Galvin]] and other Massachusetts election officials, alleging that they were responsible for Twitter's suspending him. On August 10, Ayyadurai dropped the lawsuit<ref>{{Cite news|date=February 5, 2021|title=Twitter Account of Failed U.S. Senate Candidate Is Suspended|work=[[US News]]|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/best-states/massachusetts/articles/2021-02-05/twitter-account-of-failed-us-senate-candidate-is-suspended|access-date=August 30, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Volokh|first=Eugene|date=August 11, 2021|title=Shiva Ayyadurai Lawsuit Against Massachusetts Officials Dropped|url=https://reason.com/volokh/2021/08/10/ayyadurai-lawsuit-against-massachusetts-officials-dropped/|access-date=August 30, 2021|website=[[Reason.com]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Masnick|first=Mike|date=August 12, 2021|title=Shiva Ayyadurai Drops His Potentially Interesting Lawsuit About Massachusetts Officials Complaining To Twitter About Tweets|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20210812/11424747347/shiva-ayyadurai-drops-his-potentially-interesting-lawsuit-about-massachusetts-officials-complaining-to-twitter-about-tweets.shtml|access-date=August 30, 2021|website=[[Techdirt]]}}</ref> along with an October 2020 suit against Galvin.<ref>{{Cite web|date=October 20, 2020|title=Ayyadurai v. Galvin (1:20-cv-11889)|url=https://www.courtlistener.com/docket/18554596/ayyadurai-v-galvin/|access-date=August 30, 2021|website=[[Court Listener]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Masnick|first=Mike|date=November 2, 2020|title=Shiva Ayyadurai's Lawsuit Against A Massachusetts Official Actually Raises An Interesting 1st Amendment Question About Election Disinformation|work=Techdirt|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20201101/16264445627/shiva-ayyadurais-lawsuit-against-massachusetts-official-actually-raises-interesting-1st-amendment-question-about-election.shtml|access-date=August 30, 2021}}</ref>

[[File:Lindell Ayyadurai Cybersymposium.jpg|thumb|Mike Lindell introduces Ayyadurai at Lindell's "Cyber Symposium"]]
He announced a run for the [[2022 Massachusetts gubernatorial election]] in December 2021, but never filed for the primary.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kuznitz |first=Alison |date=December 3, 2021 |title=Shiva Ayyadurai, an MIT lecturer who's spoken out against COVID vaccines, is running for governor |work=[[Masslive]] |url=https://www.masslive.com/politics/2021/12/shiva-ayyadurai-an-mit-lecturer-whos-spoken-out-against-covid-vaccines-is-running-for-governor.html |url-status=live |access-date=December 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203171546/https://www.masslive.com/politics/2021/12/shiva-ayyadurai-an-mit-lecturer-whos-spoken-out-against-covid-vaccines-is-running-for-governor.html |archive-date=December 3, 2021}}</ref>

He intended to run in the [[2024 United States presidential election]] as an independent.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.com/us/nikki-haley-shiva-ayyadurai-vivek-ramaswamy-hirsh-vardhan-four-indian-americans-to-enter-2024-us-presidential-election-race-6203164/ |title=Nikki Haley To Shiva Ayyadurai: The 4 Indian-Americans To Enter 2024 US Presidential Election Race |date=August 3, 2023 |work=[[India.com]] |accessdate=November 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/P40012015/?cycle=2024&election_full=true|title=Ayyadurai, Shiva Dr., Candidate for President|website=Federal Election Commission|date=January 2019 |access-date=October 21, 2024}}</ref> Ayyadurai, who is not a [[Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)|natural-born citizen]] of the United States, is constitutionally ineligible to serve as president and was excluded from ballots.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fox |first1=Joey |title=Ayyadurai, born in India, deemed ineligible for N.J. presidential ballot |url=https://newjerseyglobe.com/presidential-election/ayyadurai-born-in-india-deemed-ineligible-for-n-j-presidential-ballot/ |work=[[David_Wildstein#New_Jersey_Globe|New Jersey Globe]] |date=August 6, 2024}}</ref> He simultaneously intended to run to be a US Senator from Massachusetts<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aol.com/massachusetts-voter-guide-elizabeth-warren-141018463.html|website=AOL|title=Massachusetts Voter Guide: Elizabeth Warren and John Deaton compete for US Senate|first=Kinga |last=Borondy|date=September 13, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fec.gov/data/candidate/S8MA00268/?cycle=2024&election_full=true|title=Ayyadurai, Shiva Dr., Candidate for Senate|website=Federal Election Commission|date=January 2017 |access-date=October 21, 2024}}</ref> but was not on the ballot.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://electionstats.state.ma.us/elections/search/year_from:2024/year_to:2024/office_id:6 | title=PD43+ » Search Elections }}</ref>

On January 27, 2026, Ayyadurai again filed to run in the [[2026 United States Senate election in Massachusetts|2026 U.S. Senate election in Massachusetts]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Form 1 for Shiva 4 Senate |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/C00936542/1935750/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=docquery.fec.gov}}</ref> He filed to run for president in the [[2028 United States presidential election|2028 U.S. presidential election]] three days later.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Form 3P for Shiva 4 President |url=https://docquery.fec.gov/cgi-bin/forms/C00842112/1938269/ |access-date=2026-03-15 |website=docquery.fec.gov}}</ref>

===COVID-19 misinformation===
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Ayyadurai used [[social media]] to spread various [[conspiracy theories]] and [[misinformation]] about the pandemic. In January 2020, he claimed that COVID-19 was patented by the [[Pirbright Institute]], but the patent he referenced relates to ''[[avian coronavirus]]'', which infects birds, not [[SARS-CoV-2]], the virus responsible for the pandemic.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Funke|first1=Daniel|last2=Kertscher|first2=Tom|title=Fact-checking hoaxes and conspiracies about the coronavirus |url=https://www.politifact.com/article/2020/jan/24/fact-checking-hoaxes-and-conspiracies-about-corona/ |access-date=April 8, 2020 |work=PolitiFact |date=January 24, 2020}}</ref> Ayyadurai defined COVID-19 as "an overactive dysfunctional immune system that overreacts and that's what causes damage to the body", and claimed that vitamin C could be used to treat it.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Broderick |first1=Ryan |title=A YouTube Video Accusing Dr. Anthony Fauci Of Being Part Of The Deep State Has Been Viewed Over 6 Million Times In A Week |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanhatesthis/youtube-anthony-fauci-deep-state-coronavirus |access-date=June 22, 2020 |work=Buzzfeed News |date=April 15, 2020}}</ref>

He alleged that COVID-19 was spread by the "[[deep state]]" and accused [[Anthony Fauci]], director of the [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]], of being a "Deep State Plant". Ayyadurai called for Fauci to be fired<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goforth |first1=Claire |title=Why Dr. Fauci has become conspiracy theorists' coronavirus scapegoat |url=https://www.dailydot.com/debug/coronavirus-conspiracy-theorists-fire-fauci-shiva-ayyadurai/ |access-date=April 8, 2020 |work=The Daily Dot |date=April 6, 2020}}</ref> and his supporters lobbied for Fauci to be replaced by Ayyadurai.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Merlan |first1=Anna |title=The Coronavirus Truthers Don't Believe in Public Health |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/the-coronavirus-truthers-dont-believe-in-public-health/ |access-date=April 23, 2020 |work=Vice |date=April 22, 2020 |language=en}}</ref>

In March 2020, Ayyadurai published an open letter to then-[[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Donald Trump]], writing that a national lockdown was unnecessary and advocated that [[Megavitamin therapy|large doses of vitamins]] could prevent and cure COVID-19.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Charlie |title=Republican Senate hopeful Shiva Ayyadurai calls for firing of U.S. pandemic-control czar Dr. Anthony Fauci |url=https://www.straight.com/news/republican-senate-hopeful-shiva-ayyadurai-calls-for-firing-of-us-pandemic-control-czar-dr |access-date=April 8, 2020 |work=The Georgia Straight |date=April 5, 2020 |language=en}}</ref> In April 2020, ''[[Politico]]'' and ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'' reported that [[QAnon]] supporter DeAnna Lorraine recommended that Ayyadurai be included in COVID-19 discussions at Donald Trump's [[White House]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/13/anti-vaccine-activists-fire-fauci-furor-185001|title=How a pair of anti-vaccine activists sparked a #FireFauci furor|last=Nguyen|first=Tina|website=POLITICO|date=April 13, 2020 |language=en|access-date=April 15, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Levin |first1=Bess |title=Of Course the Anthony Fauci Attackers Are Anti-Vaxxer Conspiracy Theorists |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2020/04/fire-fauci-anti-vaxxers |website=vanityfair.com |date=April 14, 2020 |access-date=April 15, 2020}}</ref>

=== Election misinformation ===
Ayyadurai has continued to spread misinformation since about the 2020 presidential election. At [[Mike Lindell#Attempts to overturn 2020 presidential election|Mike Lindell's Cyber Symposium]] in August 2021, he claimed there were "serious issues" in the election process involving voting machines able to "multiply a vote by a factor" and that states were illegally not "saving ballot images".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayyadurai|first=Dr Shiva|date=August 18, 2021|title=Steve Bannon Interviews Dr.SHIVA at Mike Lindell's Cyber Symposium.|url=https://vashiva.com/steve-bannon-interviews-dr-shiva-at-mike-lindells-cyber-symposium/|access-date=September 25, 2021|website=VASHIVA|language=en-US}}</ref> In fact, not all states are legally required to store ballot images.<ref>{{Cite news|date=October 2, 2020|title=Fact check: Massachusetts election officials have not destroyed ballots or committed election fraud|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-factcheck-election-ballot-massachuset-idUSKBN26N2AF|access-date=October 6, 2021}}</ref> In August 2021, he was hired by the Arizona Senate—as part of the controversial [[2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit]]—to "review signatures on the envelopes of 1.9 million early ballots sent to [Maricopa] county".<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Anglen|first1=Robert|last2=Fifield|first2=Jen|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/elections/2021/09/03/shiva-ayyadurai-hired-ballot-review-maricopa-county-election-audit/5697839001/|title=Senate hires conspiracy theorist and anti-vaccine activist for further review of ballots|work=[[The Arizona Republic]]|date=September 3, 2021|access-date=October 17, 2021}}</ref> In late September, he remotely attended the Arizona state senate presentation of the review's findings where he questioned the validity of some signatures on mail ballot envelopes, and criticized and gave a presentation filled with misrepresentations about the county's signature verification process.<ref>{{cite news|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/sep/24/arizona-audit-trump-lost-votes-biden-us-politics-live-updates|access-date=October 20, 2021|title=Biden will make 'case-by-case' decision on executive privilege over Capitol riot records – as it happened|date=October 25, 2021|first1=Lois|last1=Beckett|first2=Joan E|last2=Greve|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062958/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2021/sep/24/arizona-audit-trump-lost-votes-biden-us-politics-live-updates|archive-date=October 19, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="nyt_az">{{Cite news|last1=Healy|first1=Jack|last2=Wines|first2=Michael|last3=Corasaniti|first3=Nick|date=September 24, 2021|title=Republican Review of Arizona Vote Fails to Show Stolen Election|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/24/us/arizona-election-review-trump-biden.html|access-date=September 25, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>

==EMAIL invention controversy==
Ayyadurai is notable for his widely disputed claim of being the "inventor of [[email]]".<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rajan |first1=Nadangopal |title=The inventor of email is still alive, insists India-born scientist|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/the-inventor-of-email-is-still-alive-says-india-born-scientist/ |access-date=July 5, 2018 |work=The Indian Express |quote='CORRECTION: THE INVENTOR OF EMAIL IS STILL ALIVE,' screams an e-mail not from the deceased Ray Tomlinson, but Dr VA Shiva Ayyadurai.}}</ref> His claim is based on an electronic mail [[software]] called EMAIL, an implementation of interoffice email system, which he wrote as a 14-year-old student at [[Livingston High School (New Jersey)|Livingston High School]], [[New Jersey]], in 1979.<ref name=SmithsonianStatement/><ref name=chomsky-idgns/>{{refn|group=note|Some sources claim 1978, the year Ayyadurai was introduced to computing and programming through [[New York University]]'s Courant Institute summer program.<ref name="SmithsonianStatement" />}} Initial reports that repeated Ayyadurai's assertion—from organizations such as ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and the [[Smithsonian Institution]]—were followed by public retractions.<ref name=SmithsonianStatement/><ref name=washingtonpost>{{cite news|last=Kolawole|first=Emi|title=Smithsonian acquires documents from inventor of 'EMAIL' program|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-innovations/va-shivaayyadurai-inventor-of-e-mail-honored-by-smithsonian/2012/02/17/gIQA8gQhKR_story.html|access-date=June 11, 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=February 17, 2012|quote="incorrectly referred to V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai as the inventor of electronic messaging"}}</ref> These corrections were triggered by objections from historians and [[ARPANET]] pioneers who cited the fact the [[history of email]] dated back to the early 1970s.<ref name="demise"/> Ayyadurai started a campaign in 2011 in which he rebranded himself as the "Inventor of Email"; according to a paper published in ''[[Information & Culture]]'', he "provoked a dramatic succession of exaggerated claims, credulous reporters, retractions, and accusations that a cabal of industry insiders and corrupt [[Wikipedia editors]] are colluding to hide the truth."<ref name="uni_tx_15" />{{rp|151}}

A November 2011 ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' Techland interview by Doug Aamoth, entitled "The Man Who Invented Email", argued that EMAIL represented the birth of email "as we currently know it". In that interview, Ayyadurai recalled that Les Michelson, the former particle scientist at [[Brookhaven National Labs]] who assigned Ayyadurai the project, had the idea of creating an electronic mail system that uses the header conventions of a hardcopy memorandum. Ayyadurai recalled Michelson as saying: "Your job is to convert that into an electronic format. Nobody's done that before."<ref name=techland>{{cite news|last=Aamoth|first=Doug|title=The Man Who Invented Email|url=https://techland.time.com/2011/11/15/the-man-who-invented-email/|access-date=June 11, 2012|newspaper=Time Magazine: Techland|date=November 15, 2011}}</ref>

In February 2012, the Smithsonian [[National Museum of American History]] announced that Ayyadurai had donated "a trove of documents and code" related to EMAIL. Initially, the museum—inaccurately—cited the program as one of the first to include the now common "subject and body fields, inboxes, outboxes, cc, bcc, attachments, and others. He based these elements directly off of the interoffice mail memos the doctors had been using for years, in hopes of convincing people to actually use the newfangled technology."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.smithsonianmag.com/aroundthemall/2012/02/a-piece-of-email-history-comes-to-the-american-history-museum/|title=A Piece of Email History Comes to the American History Museum|date=February 22, 2012|access-date=June 11, 2012|first=Joseph|last=Stromberg|publisher=[[Smithsonian Institution]]}}</ref>

Ayyadurai's claims drew editorial clarifications and corrections, as well as criticism from industry observers. In a followup to its acquisition announcement, the Smithsonian stated that it was not claiming that Ayyadurai had invented email, but rather that the materials were historically notable for other reasons related to trends in computer education and the role of computers in medicine.<ref name="SmithsonianStatement"/> The Smithsonian statement distinguished Ayyadurai's achievement by noting that historians in the field, "have largely focused on the use of large networked computers, especially those linked to the ARPANET in the early 1970s". The statement observed that Ayyadurai's approach instead "focused on communications between linked computer terminals in an ordinary office situation".<ref name="SmithsonianStatement"/> ''The Washington Post'' also followed up with a correction of errors in its earlier report on the Smithsonian acquisition, stating that it incorrectly referred to Ayyadurai as the inventor of electronic messaging; the 'bcc', 'cc', 'to' and 'from' fields existed previously; Ayyadurai had not been honored as the "inventor of email".<ref name="washingtonpost"/>

Writing for ''[[Gizmodo]]'', [[Sam Biddle]] argued that email was developed a decade before EMAIL, beginning with [[Ray Tomlinson]]'s sending the first text letter between two [[ARPANET]]-connected computers in 1971.<ref>i.e. the first ''network'' email using the "@" syntax; email between users on the same mainframe was already common.</ref> Biddle quoted Tomlinson: "[We] had most of the headers needed to deliver the message (to:, cc:, etc.) as well as identifying the sender (from:) and when the message was sent (date:) and what the message was about." Biddle allowed for the possibility that Ayyadurai may have coined the term "EMAIL" and used the header terms without being aware of earlier work, but maintained that the historical record isn't definitive on either point. Biddle wrote that "laying claim to the name of a product that's the generic term for a universal technology gives you acres of weasel room. But creating a type of airplane named AIRPLANE doesn't make you [[Wilbur Wright]]."<ref name="giz120305">{{cite news |first=Sam |last=Biddle |work=[[Gizmodo]] |title=Corruption, Lies, and Death Threats: The Crazy Story of the Man Who Pretended to Invent Email|url=https://gizmodo.com/5888702/corruption-lies-and-death-threats-the-crazy-story-of-the-man-who-pretended-to-invent-email |date=March 5, 2012 |access-date=March 5, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306204240/http://gizmodo.com/5888702/corruption-lies-and-death-threats-the-crazy-story-of-the-man-who-pretended-to-invent-email|archive-date=March 6, 2012}}</ref>

Thomas Haigh, a historian of information technology at the [[University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee]], wrote that "Ayyadurai is, to the best of my knowledge, the only person to have claimed for him or herself the title 'inventor of email'." Haigh argued that while EMAIL was impressive for a teenager's work, it contained no features that were not present on previous electronic mail systems and had no obvious influence on later systems. "The most striking thing about Ayyadurai's claim to have invented electronic mail is how late it comes. Somehow it took him thirty years to alert the world to [his] greatest achievement".<ref name=SIGCIS-Haigh>{{cite web|title=Did V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai Invent Email?|url=http://www.sigcis.org/ayyadurai|publisher=SIGCIS: Special Interest Group Computers, Information and Society|access-date=June 9, 2012|date=April 17, 2012|first=Thomas|last=Haigh}}</ref> Haigh wrote that by 1980, "electronic mail had been in use at MIT for 15 years, [[Xerox]] had built a modern, mouse-driven graphical email system for office communication, Compuserve was selling email access to the public, and email had for many years been the most popular application on what was soon to become the Internet."<ref name="Haigh12">{{cite journal|last1=Haigh|first1=Thomas|title=Seven Lessons from Bad History|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery]]|journal=Communications of the ACM|date=1 September 2012a|volume=55|issue=9|page=26|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/2330667.2330676|access-date=October 16, 2021|doi=10.1145/2330667.2330676|s2cid=26634393|url-access=subscription}}</ref>{{rp|27}} Haigh wrote that Ayyadurai had created "[[infographic]]" outlines for his view of history and published the assembled documents under various [[domain names]] that he had registered to support his claim.<ref name="Haigh12" />{{rp|26–27}} Through his infographics, wrote Haigh, Ayyadurai presented his claims that he "designed and deployed the first version of electronic [mail] system" in 1980, although electronic mail as an [[Executable|executable program]] was used under the name "Electronic Mail System" before.<ref name="Haigh12" />{{rp|27}}

David Crocker, a member of the ARPANET research community, writing in the ''Post'', said, "The reports incorrectly credited [EMAIL's] author, a 14-year-old in the late 1970s, as the 'inventor' of email, long after it had become an established service on the ARPANET."<ref name=DavidCrockerWaPo>{{cite news|last=Crocker|first=David|title=A history of e-mail: Collaboration, innovation and the birth of a system|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/on-innovations/a-history-of-e-mail-collaboration-innovation-and-the-birth-of-a-system/2012/03/19/gIQAOeFEPS_story.html|access-date=June 10, 2012|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 20, 2012}}</ref> Another computer historian, Marc Weber, a curator at the [[Computer History Museum]], said that by 1978, "nearly all the features we're familiar with today had appeared on one system or another over the previous dozen years", including [[emoticon]]s, [[mailing list]]s, and [[spam mail]].<ref name=BostonMag/>

After the controversy unfolded, MIT disassociated itself from Ayyadurai's EMAIL Lab and funding was dropped. MIT also revoked Ayyadurai's contract to lecture at the bioengineering department.<ref name="BostonMag"/>

Ayyadurai characterized the earlier work of Tomlinson, [[Tom Van Vleck]] and others as [[text messaging]], rather than an electronic version of an interoffice mail system.<ref name=techland/><ref name=BostonMag>{{cite news|last=Nanos|first=Janelle|title=Return to Sender|url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/2012/05/shiva-ayyaduri-email-us-postal-service/|access-date=June 11, 2012|newspaper=Boston Magazine|date=June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180307102703/https://www.bostonmagazine.com/2012/05/30/shiva-ayyaduri-email-us-postal-service/|archive-date=March 7, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Responding to his critics on his personal website,<ref name=giz120305/><ref name=BostonMag/> Ayyadurai described EMAIL as "the first of its kind—a fully integrated, database-driven, electronic translation of the interoffice paper mail system derived from the ordinary office situation." He maintained that EMAIL was the first electronic mail system to integrate an easy-to-use [[user interface]], a [[word processor]], a [[relational database]], and a modular inter-communications protocol "integrated together in one single and holistic platform to ensure high-reliability and user-friendliness network-wide."<ref name=AyyaduraiResponse>{{cite web|last=Ayyadurai|first=VA Shiva|title=EMAIL (UMDNJ, 1978)|url=http://www.inventorofemail.com/va-shiva-personal-statement-inventor-of-email.asp|work=The Inventor of Email: innovation any time, any place, by anybody|access-date=June 8, 2012}}</ref> Ayyadurai presented a [[press release]] on his webpage asserting that his undergraduate professor [[Noam Chomsky]], of MIT's Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, also supported his claims.<ref name=chomsky-idgns>{{cite web|url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2503255/enterprise-applications/noam-chomsky-disputes-email-history.html|first=Joab|last=Jackson|title=Noam Chomsky disputes email history|date=June 12, 2012|publisher=Computerworld/IDGNS|access-date=November 9, 2016|archive-date=November 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106145120/https://www.computerworld.com/article/2503255/enterprise-applications/noam-chomsky-disputes-email-history.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0"/>

According to various historians, Ayyadurai honed his claims appeal to those with particular political leanings by arguing that his achievements are overlooked due to "[[racism]], [[Opposition to immigration|anti-immigrant prejudice]], historians in the pay of big business, and a belief that only elite and well-funded institutions can create innovations."<ref name="uni_tx_15">{{cite journal|journal= Information & Culture: A Journal of History|publisher=[[University of Texas Press]]|volume=50|year=2015|number=2|first1=Thomas|last1=Haigh|first2=Andrew L.|last2=Russell|first3=William H.|last3=Dutton|doi=10.7560/IC50201|url=https://tomandmaria.com/tom2/Writing/HistoriesOfTheInternetDRAFT.pdf|title= Histories of the Internet: Introducing a Special Issue of Information & Culture|pages=143–159|s2cid=143477277 }}</ref>{{rp|152}} In March 2016, Ayyadurai complained about [[Raytheon]], where Tomlinson worked on ARPANET. After Tomlinson's death, Ayyadurai told ''[[The Hindu]]'' that he believed that news outlets retracted their stories about him because, "Raytheon advertises in publications like the ''[[Huffington Post]]'' and [[CNN]]" and that if he were "a white guy and had a copyright for email, I would have my photo on every stamp in the world."<ref name="the-hindu-raymond">{{cite news|newspaper=The Hindu |date=March 7, 2016 |title=Not everybody loves Raymond|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/who-invented-email-ray-tomlinson-or-shiva-ayyadurai/article8323987.ece}}</ref> The day after Tomlinson's death, Ayyadurai tweeted: "I'm the low-caste, dark-skinned, Indian, who DID invent #email. Not Raytheon, who profits for war & death. Their mascot Tomlinson dies a liar".<ref name="tweet-2016-03-06">{{cite web|last=Ayyadurai|first=VA Shiva|title=Tweet from @va_shiva, March 6, 2016|url=https://twitter.com/va_shiva/status/706670699713335297}}</ref>

=== ''Gawker'' ===
In May 2016, Ayyadurai filed suit against [[Gawker Media]] for $35 million, alleging that their website ''Gawker'' published "false and [[defamation|defamatory]] statements", causing "substantial damage to Dr. Ayyadurai's personal and professional reputation and career". The filing also named writer Sam Biddle, executive editor John Cook, and Gawker founder and CEO [[Nick Denton]]. Gawker Media responded that, "These claims to have invented email have been repeatedly debunked by the Smithsonian Institute{{sic}}, Gizmodo, the ''Washington Post'' and others."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/news/2016/05/10/cambridge-man-who-claims-he-invented-email-sues.html|title=Cambridge man who claims he invented email sues Gawker for $35M - Boston Business Journal|last=Harris|first=David L.|date=May 10, 2016|website=Boston Business Journal|access-date=May 16, 2016}}</ref><ref>[https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/2829697/Gov-Uscourts-Mad-180248-1-0.pdf ''Shiva Ayyadurai v. Gawker Media, et al.''., Complaint] (D. Mass, filed May 10, 2016)</ref>

In November 2016, the by-then-bankrupt Gawker Media [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] the lawsuit with Ayyadurai for $750,000 as part of a broader settlement with wrestler [[Hulk Hogan]] and journalist Ashley Terrill, all of whom were represented by attorney [[Charles Harder]].<ref name=gizsettle>{{Cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/internet-pioneers-slam-750-000-settlement-for-the-man-1788503950|title=Internet Pioneers Slam $750,000 Settlement for the 'Man Who Invented Email'|author=Mario Aguilar}}</ref> In a statement, Ayyadurai said that "history will reflect that this settlement is a victory for truth".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/03/business/media/gawker-hulk-hogan-settlement.html|title=Gawker and Hulk Hogan Reach $31 Million Settlement|last=Ember|first=Sydney|date=November 2, 2016 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |issn=0362-4331|access-date=November 4, 2016}}</ref> Biddle denounced the settlement and said he fully stood by his reporting.<ref name=giz1788495465>{{cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/gawker-media-will-settle-with-hulk-hogan-and-other-liti-1788495465 | title=Gawker Media Will Settle With Hulk Hogan and Other Litigants for $32 Million |author=J.K. Trotter |work=Gizmodo |date=November 2, 2016 |access-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mattdrange/2016/11/02/gawker-media-close-to-reaching-settlement-with-hulk-hogan/|title=Gawker Reaches Settlement With Hulk Hogan For $31 Million|last=Mac|first=Ryan|date=November 2, 2016|newspaper=Forbes|access-date=November 3, 2016}}</ref> Denton wrote that "we expected to prevail" in the Ayyadurai and Terrill lawsuits, "but all-out legal war with" billionaire [[Peter Thiel]], who financially backed Harder, was untenable in terms of cost, time and human toll.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nickdenton.org/a-hard-peace-e161e19bfaf|title=A hard peace|last=Denton|first=Nick|date=November 2, 2016|newspaper=nickdenton.com: Being myself|access-date=November 7, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502211504/https://nickdenton.org/a-hard-peace-e161e19bfaf|archive-date=May 2, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Katie Hafner]], the author of several books on Internet history—including one on the development of ARPANET email—said, "This situation is both bizarre and appalling in that here we are simply trying to get the record straight, and [Ayyadurai has] managed to make money off claims that appear to be misleading."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://gizmodo.com/internet-pioneers-slam-750-000-settlement-for-the-man-1788503950|title=Internet Pioneers Slam $750,000 Settlement for the 'Man Who Invented Email'|last=Aguilar|first=Mario|newspaper=Gizmodo|language=en-US|access-date=November 10, 2016}}</ref>

=== Techdirt ===
In January 2017, Ayyadurai, again represented by Harder, filed a $15 million libel lawsuit on similar grounds against [[Techdirt]] founder Mike Masnick and two other parties for a series of articles published beginning in September 2014.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/proclaimed-inventor-email-files-defamation-lawsuit-techdirts-michael-masnick-961008|title=Self-Proclaimed Inventor of Email Files Defamation Lawsuit Against Techdirt's Mike Masnick|last=Gardner|first=Eriq|date=January 5, 2017|newspaper=The Hollywood Reporter|access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2017/01/05/email-inventor-techdirt/|title='Inventor of Email' Slaps Tech Site With $15M Libel Suit for Mocking His Claim|last=Roberts|first=Jeff John|date=January 5, 2017|website=Fortune|access-date=January 7, 2017}}</ref><ref>[https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3252883/Techdirt-Emaillawsuit.pdf ''Shiva Ayyadurai v. Floor64 Inc et al.''., Complaint] (D. Mass, filed January 4, 2017)</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20170111/11440836465/techdirts-first-amendment-fight-life.shtml|title=Techdirt's First Amendment Fight For Its Life|last=Masnick|first=Mike|date=January 11, 2017|newspaper=Techdirt|access-date=January 16, 2017}}</ref> In February, Masnick, represented by the firm Prince Lobel, filed two [[Motion (legal)#To dismiss|motions to dismiss]]. One motion argued that the articles were constitutionally protected opinion and written about a [[public figure]] without [[actual malice]]. The second motion asked for dismissal under [[Strategic lawsuit against public participation#California|California's anti-SLAPP law]] that compensates defendants for some legal expenses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.co.uk/tech-policy/2017/02/techdirt-lawyers-ask-judge-to-throw-out-defamation-suit-over-inventor-of-e-mail/|title=Techdirt lawyers ask judge to throw out suit over 'Inventor of E-mail' |last=Mullin|first=Joe|date=February 18, 2017|newspaper=Ars Technica UK|access-date=February 20, 2017|language=en-us}}</ref><ref>[https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3468184/13-Main.pdf Memorandum of Floor64, Inc. and Michael Masnick in support of motion to dismiss pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(B)(5) and 12(B)(6)] (D. Mass, filed February 17, 2017)</ref><ref>[https://assets.documentcloud.org/documents/3468242/Techdirt-Memo-in-Support-of-Special-MN-to-Strike.pdf Memorandum of defendants Floor64, Inc. and Michael Masnick in support of their special motion to strike plaintiff's complaint pursuant to the California Anti-SLAPP law] (D. Mass, filed February 17, 2017)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=An Internet Veteran's Guide to Not Being Scared of Technology |author=Kashmir Hill |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=July 29, 2023|access-date=July 31, 2023 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/29/technology/mike-masnick-techdirt-internet-future.html |quote=A man who claimed to have “invented email” had sued Techdirt for $15 million over its blog posts questioning those claims. The suit garnered significant media attention; it’s not among the examples in the Wikipedia article on the Streisand effect, but it really should be. }}</ref>

In September 2017, United States District Judge [[F. Dennis Saylor IV|F. Dennis Saylor]] dismissed the defamation claims against Techdirt, but declined to strike the complaint under the anti-SLAPP law. In his ruling, Saylor wrote that definitions of "email" vary widely. Therefore, "whether plaintiff's claim to have invented e-mail is 'fake' depends upon the operative definition of 'e-mail.' Because the definition does not have a single, objectively correct answer, the claim is incapable of being proved true or false."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archive.org/download/gov.uscourts.mad.185980/gov.uscourts.mad.185980.48.0.pdf|title=Memorandum and Order on Defendants' Motion to Dismiss and to Strike|last=Saylor IV|first=F. Dennis|date=August 6, 2017|website=United States District Court, District of Massachusetts}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/09/1st-amendment-wins-in-self-proclaimed-e-mail-inventors-techdirt-libel-suit/|title=1st Amendment wins in self-proclaimed e-mail inventor's Techdirt libel suit|last=Kravets|first=David|date=September 7, 2017|work=Ars Technica|access-date=September 9, 2017|language=en-us}}</ref>

The two parties filed cross-[[appeal]]s with the [[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit|U.S. Court of Appeals for the First Circuit]] but settled out of court in May 2019, with each side agreeing to pay their own legal costs and Techdirt's articles to remain online with an added link to a rebuttal on Ayyadurai's website.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Farivar |first1=Cyrus |title=Defamation lawsuit brought by self-proclaimed email 'inventor' settles|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/defamation-lawsuit-brought-self-proclaimed-email-inventor-settles-n1007196 |access-date=June 5, 2019 |work=NBC News |date=May 17, 2019 |url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190529140115/https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/defamation-lawsuit-brought-self-proclaimed-email-inventor-settles-n1007196 |archive-date=May 29, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/joint-press-statement-on-behalf-of-dr-shiva-ayyadurai-and-techdirt-michael-masnick-and-leigh-beadon-300849406.html|title=Joint Press Statement On Behalf Of Dr. Shiva Ayyadurai And Techdirt, Michael Masnick, And Leigh Beadon|last=Harder LLP|date=May 14, 2019|website=PR Newswire|language=en|access-date=June 5, 2019}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Beginning in 2014, Ayyadurai was romantically connected with actress [[Fran Drescher]]. On September 7, 2014, Ayyadurai and Drescher participated in a ceremony at Drescher's beach house. Both tweeted that they had gotten married,<ref>{{cite tweet |first=Fran |last=Drescher |date=September 7, 2014|title=Surprise!!!!! We got married!|user=frandrescher|number=508781239877128194}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet |author=VA Shiva Ayyadurai |date=September 7, 2014 |title=I married my warrior princess @frandrescher who my mom in Gods great Heaven sent. Be The Light - Know the Truth - Find Your Way |user=va_shiva |number=508833431661182976 |url=https://twitter.com/va_shiva/status/508833431661182976 |url-status=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140909023638/https://twitter.com/va_shiva/status/508833431661182976 |archivedate=September 9, 2014 }}</ref> and the event was widely reported as such.<ref name="LATimesMarriage">{{cite news|last1=Saad|first1=Nardine|title=Fran Drescher of 'The Nanny' marries Shiva Ayyadurai|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-fran-drescher-married-wedding-shiva-ayyadurai-20140908-story.html|work=Los Angeles Times |date=September 8, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.people.com/article/fran-drescher-marries-shiva-ayyadura|title = Fran Drescher Marries Shiva Ayyadurai|last = Gabrielle|first = Olya|date = September 9, 2014|work = People}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = Fran Drescher Marries Boyfriend Shiva Ayyadurai, aka the Inventor of Email?!|url = http://www.eonline.com/news/576704/fran-drescher-marries-boyfriend-shiva-ayyadurai-aka-the-inventor-of-email|access-date = July 8, 2015|date = September 7, 2014|website = E!|last = Vulpo|first = Mike}}</ref> Ayyadurai later said it was not "a formal wedding or marriage", but a celebration of their "friendship in a spiritual ceremony with close friends and her family".<ref>{{cite web|title = Interview with Dr. V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, The Inventor of Email and Systems Scientist|url = http://tamilnadu.com/entertainment/personalities/interview-with-dr-v-a-shiva-ayyadurai-the-inventor-of-email-and-systems-scientist.html|website = Tamil Nadu|date = November 25, 2014|last = Kumar|first = Vipin|access-date = July 8, 2015|archive-date = August 16, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200816035503/http://tamilnadu.com//|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title = About Dr. V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai - V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai, Inventor of Email|url = http://vashiva.com/about-va-shiva-ayyadurai/|access-date = July 9, 2015|website = VA Shiva|publisher = V.A. Shiva Ayyadurai}}</ref> The couple split up in September 2016.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://komonews.com/news/entertainment/actress-fran-drescher-splits-from-husband|title=Actress Fran Drescher splits from husband|date=September 4, 2016|work=[[KOMO-TV|Komonews.com]]|agency=World Entertainment News Network|access-date=October 1, 2016|archive-date=August 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802133540/http://komonews.com/error|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Books==
* {{cite book |author=V. A. Shiva |year=1997 |title=The Internet Publicity Guide: How to Maximize Your Marketing and Promotion in Cyberspace |url=https://archive.org/details/internetpublicit0000shiv |location=New York |publisher=Allworth Press |url-access=registration |isbn=978-1880559604}}
* {{cite book |author=V. A. Shiva Ayyadurai |year=2017 |title=All-American Indian: This Fight Is Your Fight—The Battle to Save America from the Elites Who Think They Know Better |publisher=General Interactive, LLC |isbn=978-0998504926}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Scholia}}
* {{Official website|http://vashiva.com/}}
* [http://inventorofemail.com/Shiva-Ayyadurai.asp Ayyadurai's response] to [[Techdirt]]
* [https://www.techdirt.com/articles/20190518/23370542236/laying-out-all-evidence-shiva-ayyadurai-did-not-invent-email.shtml Techdirt's response to Ayyadurai]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ayyadurai, Shiva}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American engineers]]
[[Category:21st-century American engineers]]
[[Category:American conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:American people of Indian Tamil descent]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Essex County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Businesspeople in the software industry]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2018 United States Senate elections]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2020 United States Senate elections]]
[[Category:Candidates in the 2024 United States presidential election]]
[[Category:COVID-19 conspiracy theorists]]
[[Category:Engineers from New Jersey]]
[[Category:Indian emigrants to the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Livingston High School (New Jersey) alumni]]
[[Category:MIT School of Engineering alumni]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Republicans]]
[[Category:People from Livingston, New Jersey]]
[[Category:People from Virudhunagar district]]
[[Category:Politicians from Essex County, New Jersey]]
[[Category:Scientists from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Siddha medicine]]

Dilwale (2015 film)

2026-03-26T21:40:12Z

MayraBarnett41:

{{Short description|2015 rom com action film directed by Rohit Shetty}}
{{about|the 2015 film|the 1994 film|Dilwale (1994 film)}}
{{redirect-distinguish|Janam Janam|Janam (disambiguation){{!}}Janam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Dilwale
| image = Dilwale.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Rohit Shetty]]
| producer = {{ubl|[[Gauri Khan]]|[[Rohit Shetty]]}}
| screenplay = Yunus Sajawal {{infobox | decat = yes | child = yes | label1 = Dialogues by
| data1 = [[Sajid-Farhad]]
}}
| story = [[K. Subash]]
| starring = {{ubl|[[Shah Rukh Khan]]<ref>{{Cite news |last=Subhash K. Jha |date=22 November 2015 |title=Kajol takes hubby's name for the first time |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151122/entertainment-bollywood/article/kajol-takes-hubby%E2%80%99s-name-first-time |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123173911/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/151122/entertainment-bollywood/article/kajol-takes-hubby%E2%80%99s-name-first-time |archive-date=23 November 2015 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |quote=But now Dilwale carries Kajol's name after Shah Rukh's, apparently by mutual consent.}}</ref>|[[Kajol]]||[[Varun Dhawan]]|[[Kriti Sanon]]|[[Vinod Khanna]]|[[Boman Irani]]|[[Pankaj Tripathi]]|[[Mukesh Tiwari]]}}
| music = {{ubl|'''Score:''' [[Amar Mohile]]|'''Songs:''' [[Pritam]]}}
| cinematography = Dudley
| editing = Bunty Nagi
| studio = {{ubl|[[Red Chillies Entertainment]]|Rohit Shetty Productions}}
| distributor = [[UTV Motion Pictures]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|12|18}}
| runtime = 154 minutes<ref name="bbfc" />
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|165 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shahrukh-Kajol's 'Dilwale' earns Rs 15 cr even before its release |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/content/495174/shahrukh-kajols-dilwale-earns-rs.html |access-date=27 December 2021 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> 
| gross = {{Estimation}} {{INR|376.85 crore}}<ref name="BOI">{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=Dilwale Box Office |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/dilwale-2/box-office/ |access-date=18 October 2022 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Dilwale''''' ({{Translation|''Big-hearted''}}) is a 2015 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic film| romantic]] [[action drama film]] directed by [[Rohit Shetty]], who co-produced the film with [[Gauri Khan]] under [[Red Chillies Entertainment]] and Rohit Shetty Productions. The film stars [[Shah Rukh Khan]], [[Kajol]], [[Varun Dhawan]], and [[Kriti Sanon]], alongside [[Pankaj Tripathi]], [[Mukesh Tiwari]], [[Varun Sharma]], [[Boman Irani]], [[Vinod Khanna]], [[Kabir Bedi]] and [[Johnny Lever]].<ref>[http://www.ibtimes.co.in/when-heropanti-actress-kriti-sanon-picked-shah-rukh-khan-over-akshay-kumar-622992 When 'Heropanti' Actress Kriti Sanon Picked Shah Rukh Khan over Akshay Kumar]. Ibtimes.co.in (10 February 2015). Retrieved on 13 July 2015.</ref><ref name="dnaindia1">[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kajol-to-be-the-leading-lady-in-shah-rukh-khan-rohit-shetty-s-dilwale-2061727 Kajol to be the leading lady in Shah Rukh Khan-Rohit Shetty's 'Dilwale' – Daily News & Analysis]. Dnaindia.com (17 February 2015). Retrieved on 13 July 2015</ref> The film marks the final appearance of Vinod Khanna, before his death on 27 April 2017.

''Dilwale'' was released theatrically worldwide on 18 December 2015, a week prior to the [[Christmas]] period. The film became a commercial success, earning over {{INRConvert|376.85|c|year=2015|mode=historical}} worldwide and becoming the [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|thirteenth highest-grossing Indian film overseas]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 November 2015 |title='Dilwale' song 'Gerua' featuring SRK-Kajol becomes an instant hit |url=http://www.filmymonkey.com/bollywood/2015/11/19/dilwale-song-gerua-featuring-srk-kajol-becomes-an-instant-hit/ |access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="indianexpress" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2023 |title=Dilwale is the worst Bollywood film of 2015 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khans-dilwale-named-worst-film-at-golden-kela-awards/}}</ref> At the [[61st Filmfare Awards]], ''Dilwale'' received 5 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Khan) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Kajol). The film marks the seventh collaboration between Khan and Kajol since last seen together in [[My Name Is Khan]] (2010) and the first collaboration between Varun Dhawan and Kriti Sanon.<ref name="ibtimes" />

== Plot ==
'''2015:''' Veer Bakshi and Raj Bakshi are brothers working as [[car tuner]]s in [[Panaji]]. Veer helps Ishita and damages the [[car]] of a customer in the process. To discipline him, Raj makes Veer fix the car at night. Veer falls asleep while fixing the car and wakes up to find that the car's [[Vehicle audio|sound system]] has been stolen. Veer soon gets into a tussle with "King", a [[drug baron]], whose henchmen threatened Ishita, and he is injured and gets admitted to the [[hospital]]. Raj learns about this and thrashes the gang members, with the help of his friends Shakti and Anwar. Raj burns their stash and reveals himself as "Kaali". King suspects Raj to be Kaali due to the tussle between King and Veer. However, Raj's humbleness convinces King that he is harmless and makes a deal to fix their car in exchange for their safety and protection.

'''2000''': In [[Sofia]], Kaali and Veer are sons of Randhir Bakshi, a [[crime boss]]. Kaali comes across Meera during one of their chases with Randhir's rival Dev Narayan Malik. Kaali falls in love with her and the two begin to spend time with each other. During a shipment delivery to Randhir, Kaali gets attacked by Dev's henchmen and Meera reveals herself as Malik's daughter. Meera spares Kaali's life as it was her birthday. Kaali confronts Meera, chases her car and saves her life when she almost falls off a cliff. Overcome by remorse, Meera declares her love for Kaali, who eventually forgives her. Kaali and Meera reveal their relationship to Randhir and Dev, who agree to meet each other. However, Dev tries to kill Kaali and his father in a shootout. Dev and Randhir end up [[shooting]] each other to death. Meera sees Kaali holding a gun next to Dev and assumes that Kaali has betrayed her, where she shoots him. Kaali survives and is convinced by Shakti and Anwar to forget about the past and start a new life with his brother Veer, while Meera also starts a new life.

'''2015:''' Veer discovers that his friend Siddhu was the thief who stole the car's parts and had been giving them to his boss Oscar, but spares him as Siddhu reveals that he did this for his girlfriend Jenny. Veer proposes to Ishita. Raj learns about their relationship and decides to meet Ishita's sister, who is actually Meera. Upon meeting Raj, Meera immediately forbids Ishita from meeting Veer again. Veer and Ishita try to figure out why their siblings dislike each other so much, so Veer and Siddhu try to confront Shakti (Siddhu's brother) and Anwar. Veer and Ishita scheme together to rekindle Raj and Meera's relationship. Raj's lieutenant Mani steals one of King's cars and brings it to the shop. Veer, Mani and Siddhu discover drugs in the car's [[decklid]] and burn them.

Upon realising Ishita loves Veer deeply, Meera issues an ultimatum that Veer must move in with Meera in order to marry Ishita, leaving Raj in the process. Enraged, Veer proceeds to storm out and Meera reveals to Veer that Raj is actually Randhir's adopted son and not Veer's biological brother. Raj confirms this and embraces Veer. Raj confronts Meera for trying to ruin his relationship with his brother, where he reveals that he never betrayed her. Malik's right hand man Raghav meets Meera and confirms Raj's innocence. Meera takes Ishita to Raj's house, declaring that Veer can live with Raj and Ishita after marriage and Meera apologises to Raj.

At Siddhu and Jenny's wedding in a [[church (building)|church]], King finds his car, which is being used as a wedding car, and brings Mani, Oscar and Veer, demanding to know about his drugs. King loses his temper after learning what happened and a fight ensues in which Raj reveals himself as Kaali and thrashes King. King tries to kill Raj, but Meera takes the bullet and King is beaten up by Raj's friends. Meera is admitted to the hospital, where she recovers and reunites with Raj.

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Shah Rukh Khan]] as Raj "Kaali" Bakshi, Randhir's son, Veer's brother, Meera's lover
* [[Kajol]] as Meera Malik, Dev's daughter, Ishita's sister, Kaali's lover
* [[Varun Dhawan]] as Veer Bakshi, Randhir's son, Kaali's brother, Ishita's lover
**Mitansh Lulla as Young Veer
* [[Kriti Sanon]] as Ishita Malik, Dev’s daughter, Meera's sister, Veer's lover
**Stuti Dixit as Young Ishita
* [[Boman Irani]] as King, a mob boss
* [[Vinod Khanna]] as Randhir Bakshi, Kaali and Veer's father
* [[Kabir Bedi]] as Dev Malik, Meera and Ishita's father
* [[Varun Sharma]] as Siddharth "Sidhu" Saigal, Veer's best friend
* [[Johnny Lever]] as Mani Tirupathi
* [[Mukesh Tiwari]] as Shakti Saigal, Sidhu's brother, Kaali’s right-hand man
* [[Pankaj Tripathi]] as Anwar Ali Mirza, Kaali’s right-hand man
* [[Chetna Pande]] as Jenny D'Costa, Sidhu's girlfriend (Voice dubbed by Deeksha Singh)
* [[Sanjay Mishra (actor)|Sanjay Mishra]] as Oscar D'Costa
* [[Nawab Shah (actor)|Nawab Shah]] as Raghav Shankar, Malik's henchman
* Pradeep Kabra as Joshua
}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
In January 2015, Rohit Shetty announced a project with [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in the lead which would be their second collaboration after the 2013 film ''[[Chennai Express]]''. Shetty stated that he would start filming in March 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2015 |title=Shah Rukh Khan And Kajol Will Start Shooting in March |url=https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-kajol-start-shooting-march-023050096.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210201743/https://in.movies.yahoo.com/news/shah-rukh-khan-kajol-start-shooting-march-023050096.html |archive-date=10 February 2015 |publisher=[[Yahoo! Movies]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-kriti-sanon-chooses-shah-rukh-khan-over-akshay-kumar-2059480 Kriti Sanon chooses Shah Rukh Khan over Akshay Kumar – Daily News & Analysis]. Dnaindia.com (9 February 2015). Retrieved on 13 July 2015.</ref> Shetty paired actress [[Kajol]] with Khan, making it the seventh time they were cast opposite each other. He also signed actor [[Varun Dhawan]] who was reportedly playing Khan's brother, while actress [[Kriti Sanon]] was signed opposite him and [[Kajol]]'s sister.<ref>Baker, Steven. (8 February 2015) [http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/bollywood/news/a627486/rohit-shetty-remains-coy-over-shah-rukh-khans-next-leading-actress.html Rohit Shetty remains coy over Shah Rukh Khan's next leading actress – Digital Spy]. Digitalspy.co.uk. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] began on 20 March 2015 with Dhawan in [[Goa]].<ref name="dilwale">{{Cite news |last=Basu |first=Mohar |date=20 March 2015 |title=Varun Dhawan, Kriti Sanon begin shooting for SRK-Kajol starrer 'Dilwale' |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Varun-Dhawan-Kriti-Sanon-begin-shooting-for-SRK-Kajol-starrer-Dilwale/articleshow/46631527.cms |access-date=21 March 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name="dil2">{{Cite web |date=14 March 2015 |title=Rohit Shetty's Dilwale to star Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol, Varun Dhawan and Kriti Sanon |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/5172936/Rohit-Shettys-Dilwale-to-star-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Kajol-Varun-Dhawan-and-Kriti-Sanon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315221656/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/5172936/Rohit-Shettys-Dilwale-to-star-Shah-Rukh-Khan-Kajol-Varun-Dhawan-and-Kriti-Sanon |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=19 March 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> Khan and Kajol first joined the crew for filming in [[Bulgaria]] in June 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2015 |title=Shah Rukh Khan starts shooting for 'Dilwale' in Bulgaria, shares picture with Kajol on Twitter |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-shares-picture-with-kajol-and-rohit-shetty-from-dilwale-sets/ |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Later that month, the first song from the film was shot with Dhawan and Kriti Sanon, in Bulgaria.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 June 2015 |title=Varun Dhawan, Kriti Sanon shooting 'Dilwale' song in Bulgaria |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/varun-dhawan-kriti-sanon-shooting-dilwale-song-in-bulgaria/ |access-date=22 December 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The schedule there was wrapped up by late July.<ref>{{Cite web |title=SRK wraps 'Dilwale' shooting in Bulgaria – The Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/SRK-wraps-Dilwale-shooting-in-Bulgaria/articleshow/48296674.cms |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> In August 2015, a romantic song featuring the lead pair was shot in [[Iceland]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2015 |title=Inside Pics: Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol on Dilwale sets in Iceland : Bollywood, News – India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/inside-pics-shah-rukh-khan-kajol-on-dilwale-sets-in-iceland-bollywood-291022-2015-08-31 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref> The entire team then left for [[Hyderabad]] in early September to shoot what was touted to be the final schedule of filming.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2015 |title='Dilwale' Team Shooting Their Final Schedule in Hyderabad |url=http://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/dilwale-team-shooting-their-final-schedule-in-hyderabad/ |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=Koimoi}}</ref> However, the work in Hyderabad was completed by late October, and filming officially came to an end with a brief schedule in Goa, the same location where it was started.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Team Dilwale is Done With Hyderabad. Next Stop, Goa |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/team-dilwale-is-done-with-hyderabad-next-stop-goa-1237306 |access-date=21 December 2015 |publisher=NDTVMovies.com}}</ref> In December, after the promotions had commenced, another song was shot in haste. It featured all four lead actors and had to be played simultaneously with the end-credits.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2015 |title=SRK, Kajol, Varun and Kriti shoot for 'Dilwale' song |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/srk-kajol-varun-and-kriti-shoot-for-dilwale-song/16761189 |access-date=22 December 2015 |website=mid-day}}</ref>

== Release ==
===Theatrical===
''Dilwale'' was released in the [[United Arab Emirates]] a day before its worldwide release on 18 December 2015. The film was released in around 3100 screens in India.<ref name="boxofficeindia.com">{{Cite web |title=Dilwale First Day Territorial Breakdown – Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1662#.VnZNlk8bu1s |access-date=20 December 2015 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

On 14 December 2015, in the United Kingdom, the film received a 12A classification from the [[British Board of Film Classification]] for "moderate violence". The film's UK distributor chose to remove thirteen seconds to obtain this rating (the excised material being scenes involving stronger violence than possible for a 12A rating). An uncut [[15 (British Board of Film Classification)|15-rated]] version is available.<ref name="bbfc">{{Cite web |date=14 December 2015 |title=''DILWALE'' (12A) (CUT) |url=http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dilwale-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222123919/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/dilwale-film |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=14 December 2015 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]]}}</ref>

===Home media===
The satellite rights of the film were sold to [[Sony Pictures Networks]] as part of a deal worth {{INRConvert|2.2|b|year=2015|mode=historical}}.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 November 2015 |title=TV rights of SRK's 'Dilwale' sold for Rs 60 crore? |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/tv-rights-of-srks-dilwale-sold-for-rs-60-crore/16697175 |access-date=22 December 2015 |website=mid-day}}</ref>

==Reception==
===Box office===
''Dilwale'' made around {{INRConvert|130|c|lk=c|year=2015|mode=historical}} worldwide in its opening weekend, the third highest of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WORLDWIDE Dilwale 130 Crore Bajirao Mastani 90 Crore |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1669#.VnpI4U80q1s |access-date=23 December 2015 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

====India====
The film, releasing alongside [[Bajirao Mastani (film)|''Bajirao Mastani'']], opened number one at the box office, and collected {{INRConvert|210|m|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in India on its opening day, the third highest of the year after ''[[Prem Ratan Dhan Payo]]'' and ''[[Bajrangi Bhaijaan]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 December 2015 |title=Dilwale Vs Bajirao: It's Rs 21cr for SRK, only Rs 12cr for Ranveer |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dilwale-vs-bajirao-mastani-bo-report-it-s-rs-21cr-for-shah-rukh-khan-only-rs-12cr-for-ranveer/story-2evmAp8PBEpWxtUG8VCY4O.html |access-date=22 December 2015 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> The film showed a little drop on its second day, and earned nearly {{INRConvert|200|m|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2015 |title=Dilwale box office collection: SRK-Kajol film crosses Rs 40-crore mark on Saturday |url=http://m.ibtimes.co.in/dilwale-two-day-box-office-collection-shah-rukh-khan-kajols-film-crosses-rs-40-crore-mark-660249 |access-date=21 December 2015 |publisher=International Business Times, India Edition}}</ref> On its first Sunday, ''Dilwale'' took in approximately {{INRConvert|230|m|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett, bringing the three-day nett to an estimated {{INRConvert|640|m|year=2015|mode=historical}}.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=Dilwale And Bajirao Mastani Weekend Estimates |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1668 |publisher=Box Office India}}</ref> ''Dilwale'' had a first week of {{INRConvert|970|m|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in the domestic market.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale Has Good First Week – Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1678#.Vn11KE80q1s |access-date=25 December 2015 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

The film earned around {{INRConvert|210|m|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in its second weekend.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale Second Saturday Business – Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1686#.VoElxE80q1s |access-date=28 December 2015 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> It grossed little over {{INRConvert|310|m|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett in week two, taking its business to {{INRConvert|1.27|b|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale at 127 Crore in Two Weeks |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1700#.VoZsAU80q1s |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film made around {{INRConvert|110|m|year=2015|mode=historical}} nett more in the third week.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Business Comes Down For Christmas Releases After Holiday Period – Box Office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1711#.Vo9_dE80q1s |access-date=8 January 2016 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

Khan expressed disappointment with the film's domestic performance in India.<ref name="indianexpress">{{Cite web |date=13 January 2016 |title=Shah Rukh Khan disappointed with his film Dilwale's box office performance |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/shah-rukh-khan-disappointed-with-dilwales-box-office-performance/ |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=indianexpress.com}}</ref> Kajol was also reportedly disappointed, with reports claiming that she regretted turning down the lead role in a [[Sujoy Ghosh]] film in favour of ''Dilwale''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2016 |title=Dilwale: After Shah Rukh Khan, Kajol is disappointed with the film's box office performance |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/dilwale-after-shah-rukh-khan-kajol-is-disappointed-with-the-films-box-office-performance-305196-2016-01-23 |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=indiatoday.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kajol and Varun Dhawan regret being a part of 'Dilwale'? |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Kajol-and-Varun-Dhawan-regret-being-a-part-of-Dilwale/articleshow/50807371.cms |access-date=28 June 2016 |website=timesofindia.com}}</ref>

====Other territories ====
''Dilwale'' had the highest opening of 2015 abroad and the second highest ever, with a weekend gross of around {{$}}8.5 million. The film also set an all-time record opening in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf region]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=Dilwale Top in Overseas 2015 – All Time Record in Gulf |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1667#.VneG0080q1t |publisher=[[Box Office India]]}}</ref> In [[Pakistan]], the film earned {{INRConvert|65|m|year=2015|mode=historical}} in its first three days.<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 December 2015 |title=Dilwale performing better than Bajirao Mastani at Pakistani box office |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/dilwale-performing-better-than-bajirao-mastani-at-pakistani-box-office/ |access-date=23 December 2015 |work=The Indian Express}}</ref> The film collected {{INR}}9.13 crore in ''Pakistan'' in the first week.<ref name="bollywoodhungama">{{Cite web |date=19 December 2015 |title=Box Office: Worldwide Collections of Dilwale |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/box-office-worldwide-collections-of-dilwale/ |access-date=31 October 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> The film went on to earn over $13 million overseas in the first week, again the highest of the year.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale Is Huge in Overseas Markets – Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1680#.Vn11h080q1s |access-date=25 December 2015 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

''Dilwale'' grossed another $3.75 million in the second weekend, for an overall $16.75 million in ten days.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale Heads For 20 Million Plus in Overseas – Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1690#.VoEm8U80q1s |access-date=28 December 2015 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> After two weeks, the film's earnings abroad were more than $20.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale Crosses 20 Million in Overseas Markets – Box Office India |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1701#.VodoSU80q1s |access-date=2 January 2016 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film had grossed around $23.3 million outside India as of 12 January 2016 to become the highest-grossing film starring [[Shah Rukh Khan]] in overseas markets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Ten Shahrukh Khan Grossers in Overseas – Dilwale Number One |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1731#.VpYZjU80q1s |access-date=13 January 2016 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref>

''Dilwale'' sales reached more than $25 million following openings in new markets such as Germany, [[Netherlands]] and [[Indonesia]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=15 January 2016 |title=Dilwale v/s Bajirao Mastani: Who won the final round of the worldwide box office battle? |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-dilwale-vs-bajirao-mastani-who-won-the-final-round-of-the-worldwide-box-office-battle-2166236 |access-date=16 January 2016 |website=[[Daily News & Analysis]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Overseas Top Ten 2015 – Xmas Releases Give $40 Million |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1747#.Vp3uKk80q1s |access-date=19 January 2016 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale Overseas Collections And Records |url=http://boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1732#.VpYb0080q1s |access-date=13 January 2016 |website=boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film went on to earn approximately $26.6 million ([[Indian rupee|INR]] 1756.5 million)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale Complete Overseas Collections |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/report-details.php?articleid=2373}}</ref> by February 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale v Bajirao Mastani Worldwide Comparison – Box Office India |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/art_detail.php?articalid=1808#.VsXyK0A0q1s |access-date=18 February 2016 |website=www.boxofficeindia.com}}</ref> The film's final overseas gross was US$30.2 million<ref name="ibtimes">{{Cite news |last=Hooli |first=Shekhar |date=1 May 2017 |title=Baahubali 2 overseas box office collection: Rajamouli's film beats Chennai Express, Kabali's lifetime record in 1st weekend |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/baahubali-2-overseas-box-office-collection-rajamoulis-film-beats-chennai-express-kabalis-725036 |work=[[International Business Times]] |language=en}}</ref> ({{INR}}194{{nbsp}}crore),<ref name="exchange15">{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Exchange Rates (64.2 INR per USD) |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2076.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215024949/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//fields/2076.html |archive-date=15 February 2015 |access-date=16 November 2017 |website=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]}}</ref> the highest ever for a Shah Rukh Khan film, and making it the twelfth [[List of highest-grossing Indian films in overseas markets|highest-grossing Indian film overseas]].<ref name="ibtimes" />

===Critical response===
''Dilwale'' received mixed reviews from critics. On [[Rotten Tomatoes]], it has a 20% approval rating based on 15 critical reviews.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=Dilwale - Rotten Tomatoes |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dilwale_2015 |access-date=27 December 2023 |website=www.rottentomatoes.com |language=en}}</ref>

[[Taran Adarsh]] from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' gave the film 4/5 stars, saying, "On the whole, ''Dilwale'' is akin to a mouthwatering meal that satiates the craving of those who relish masalathons, besides being an absolute treat for SRK-Kajol fans. An unadulterated crowd-pleaser, ''Dilwale'' delivers what you expect from a Rohit Shetty film: King-sized entertainment. Go for it!".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dilwale Review – Bollywood Hungama |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/3351280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150328094103/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/3351280 |archive-date=28 March 2015 |access-date=20 December 2015 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> [[Komal Nahta]] in his review of the film said, "''Dilwale'' is a masala entertainer from the start till the end."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=DILWALE |url=https://komalsreviews.wordpress.com/2015/12/18/dilwale/ |access-date=20 December 2015 |website=Komal Nahta's Blog}}</ref> Rachit Gupta from ''[[Filmfare]]'' gave it 4/5 stars and added, "''Dilwale'' is the quintessential popcorn flick. It's colorful, bright and entertaining. It smartly keeps its play on the SRK-Kajol chemistry (watch out for the brilliant ending). It has fantastic music. Decent laughs too. Definitely worth a dekho."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Movie Review: Dilwale |url=http://www.filmfare.com/reviews/movie-review-dilwale-11596.html |access-date=20 December 2015 |website=filmfare.com}}</ref> Sarita A Tanwar of [[Daily News and Analysis|''DNA'']] gave the film 3/5 stars, saying "''Dilwale'' is flawed, but it's right for those who believe that love does conquer it all, actually."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title='Dilwale' review: Flawed movie survives because of Shah Rukh Khan and Kajol |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-dilwale-review-flawed-movie-survives-because-of-shah-rukh-khan-and-kajol-2157179 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=Daily News & Analysis |language=en-US}}</ref>

Ananya Bhattacharya of ''[[India Today]]'' also rated the film 3/5 and concluded, "''Dilwale'' is immensely enjoyable despite an oh-my-god-this-is-so-predictable story. Keep your brains out of the picture, and you have an out-and-out entertainer which fits perfectly in the mould of a guilty pleasure. Go indulge!"<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=Dilwale movie review: Shah Rukh and Kajol's old wine in old bottle is intoxicating! : Reviews, News – India Today |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/dilwale-movie-review-277861-2015-12-18 |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref> Shubha Shetty-Saha of ''[[Mid-Day]]'' gave the film 3 stars as well and said, "Watch this for the chemistry between SRK and Kajol which refuses to simmer down even after all these years."<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title='Dilwale' – Movie Review |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/dilwale---movie-review/16784187 |access-date=20 December 2015 |website=mid-day}}</ref> Meena Iyer from ''[[The Times of India]]'' gave the film 3/5 stars, criticising the plot, and stated, "''Dilwale'' leans heavily on Shah Rukh's mega-stardom, Varun's effervescence, breathtaking locales (Iceland and Bulgaria), orchestrated car chases and over-the-top situations, which have you chuckling."<ref>{{Cite news |title=Dilwale Movie Review, Trailer, & Show timings at Times of India |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/Dilwale/movie-review/50229987.cms |access-date=20 December 2015 |work=The Times of India}}</ref>

''[[NDTV]]'' felt that the film's plot "went in circles" and that while Kajol was great, the film overall failed to appeal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 December 2015 |title=Dilwale Movie Review – NDTV Movies |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/dilwale-movie-review-1214 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221101627/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie-reviews/dilwale-movie-review-1214 |archive-date=21 December 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015}}</ref> ''[[The Economic Times]]'' gave the film 2.5/5 stars and felt that it "lacked soul and freshness" and stated that it would only appeal to fans of Khan and Kajol.<ref>{{Cite news |title='Dilwale' review: The film lacks soul and freshness |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/dilwale-review-the-film-lacks-soul-and-freshness/articleshow/50229669.cms |access-date=21 December 2015 |work=[[The Economic Times]]}}</ref> [[Rajeev Masand]] of ''[[IBN Live]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 and said, "The real problem with ''Dilwale'' is the sheer artificiality of the enterprise. From the rainbow-hued sets and the touched-up landscapes in the Gerua song, to many moments of comedic and emotional payoff, so much of it just feels fake."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Dilwale' review: Real problem with the film is sheer artificiality of the enterprise |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/movies/dilwale-review-real-problem-with-the-film-is-sheer-artificiality-of-the-enterprise-1178780.html |access-date=22 December 2015 |website=IBNLive}}</ref> [[Namrata Joshi]] of ''[[The Hindu]]'' commented, "With ''Dilwale'', Rohit Shetty goes hopelessly wrong despite much that he had at his disposal, including a power-packed cast and producer". Joshi also felt that the attempt to repackage Khan and Kajol had backfired.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 December 2015 |title=Dilwale: Heart attack |url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/dilwale-review-heart-attack/article8004464.ece |access-date=21 December 2015 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> Rohit Vats of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film a 1.5/5 rating and called the plot "highly predictable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=Dilwale review: Cars topple, dons fly, Shetty laughs, viewers cry |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/dilwale-review-shah-rukh-khan-is-a-charismatic-don/story-8X7Ib2Ae6UsUtC1m47Zs2L.html |access-date=21 December 2015 |website=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> [[Anupama Chopra]] of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' gave the film 2 out of 5 stars and said, "Even in the context of Shetty's oeuvre, Dilwale is a low. It made me nostalgic for ''[[Chennai Express]]''...Rohit and leading man Shah Rukh Khan have clearly positioned Dilwale as a masala entertainer. Which means that we must not expect logic, coherence, characters or depth."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chopra |first=Anupama |date=19 December 2015 |title=Dilwale review by Anupama Chopra: This is just recycled mediocrity |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/dilwale-review-by-anupama-chopra-this-is-just-recycled-mediocrity/story-yKK2JEX3UvFrejYOrX6XqI.html#:~:text=Even%20in%20the%20context%20of,Dilwale%20as%20a%20masala%20entertainer. |publisher=Hindustan Times}}{{Rating|1.5|5}}</ref> Raja Sen of [[Rediff]] gave the film 1 out of 5 stars and said, "Budget and access. These have long been Shetty's favoured Lego blocks, and they have never been more visible than in Dilwale, where the greatest on screen pair in modern Hindi cinema are reduced to insignificance."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sen |first=Raja |date=18 December 2015 |title=Review: Dilwale is an absolute dud |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-dilwale-is-an-absolute-dud/20151218.htm#:~:text='The%20contents%20are%20not%20merely,Raja%20Sen%20says%20about%20Dilwale.&text=These%20have%20long%20been%20Shetty's,cinema%20are%20reduced%20to%20insignificance. |publisher=Rediff}}{{Rating|2|5}}</ref>

===Accolades===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
|-
| rowspan=5| [[61st Filmfare Awards]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
| [[Shah Rukh Khan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| [[Kajol]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| [[Pritam chakraborty|Pritam]]
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] – "Gerua"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| [[Arijit Singh]] – "Gerua"
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=5| [[8th Mirchi Music Awards]]
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| "[[Gerua]]"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| [[Arijit Singh]] – "Gerua"
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
| [[Pritam]] – "Gerua"
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Mirchi Music Award for Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year|Upcoming Male Vocalist of The Year]]
| [[Amit Mishra (singer)|Amit Mishra]] – "Manma Emotion Jaage"
| {{nom}}
|-
| Best Song Engineer (Recording & Mixing)
| Ashwin Kulkarni, Kaushik Das, [[Nikhil Paul George]], Julian Mascarenhas, Emon Goswami, Milena Dobreva & [[Eric Pillai]] – "Gerua"
| {{nom}}
|-
|}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Dilwale
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 4 December 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 29:36
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Phantom (2015 film)|Phantom]]
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = [[Kaalakaandi]]
| next_year = 2018
}}

{{Music ratings
| rev1 = [[Bollywood Hungama]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=link |url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/3351280 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151023020952/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/3351280 |archive-date=23 October 2015 |access-date=14 February 2016 |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
| rev2 = India West
| rev2Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=link |url=http://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/dilwale-music-review-a-seamless-blend-of-classical-and-contemporary/article_790d09e0-a28d-11e5-b62a-0bb63a4dd8ac.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019053012/https://www.indiawest.com/entertainment/bollywood/dilwale-music-review-a-seamless-blend-of-classical-and-contemporary/article_790d09e0-a28d-11e5-b62a-0bb63a4dd8ac.html |archive-date=19 October 2019 |access-date=14 February 2016 |publisher=indiawest.com}}</ref>
| rev3 = [[The Times of India]]
| rev3Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 December 2015 |title=link |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-reviews/Music-Review-Dilwale/articleshow/50122872.cms |access-date=14 February 2016 |work=The Times of India |publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref>
| rev4 = Bollywood Life
| rev4Score = {{Rating|3.5|5}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2015 |title=link |url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/dilwale-music-review-pritam-serves-some-pleasant-and-foot-tapping-songs-for-this-shah-rukh-khan-kajol-and-varun-dhawans-december-bonanza/ |access-date=14 February 2016 |publisher=bollywoodlife.com}}</ref>
}}

The songs featured in the film as are composed by [[Pritam Chakraborty|Pritam]], with lyrics written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].
[[Amar Mohile]] composed the [[film score]].

Vocals for Khan were provided by [[Arijit Singh]].

A track titled "Gerua" was released on 18 November 2015 as the first single prior to the soundtrack album's release. The second single to be released was "Manma Emotion Jaage" which was released on 26 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2015 |title=Watch Dilwale first song: Shah Rukh Khan romances Kajol in Gerua |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/dilwale-first-song-watch-shah-rukh-khan-romance-kajol-in-gerua/story-jVCgnNsa6TLdqC0TqeRRMP.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Dilwale first song released: Filled with SRK-Kajol's magic and sizzling chemistry |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/Dilwale-song-Gerua-Interesting-facts/photostory/49846326.cms |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The album features seven tracks and was released on 4 December 2015 by [[Sony Music India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title='Dilwale' songs up for pre-orders exclusively on iTunes; Shah Rukh Khan joins Apple Music Connect |url=http://www.bgr.in/news/dilwale-songs-up-for-pre-orders-exclusively-on-itunes-shah-rukh-khan-joins-apple-music-connect/}}</ref> [[Sony Music India]] acquired the music rights of the film for a record {{INRConvert|190|m|year=2015|mode=historical}}.<ref name=":0" />

The song "Gerua" also had different versions. An [[Arabic]] version called "Telagena" was released on 11 December 2015<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2015 |title=Telagena (Gerua – Arabic Version) [From "Dilwale"] – Single by Adel Ebrahim, Pritam & Antara Mitra on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/telagena-gerua-arabic-version/1063266871 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=iTunes}}</ref> while a [[Malay language|Malay]] version entitled "Warna Cinta" featuring vocals from [[Aliff Aziz]] and Kilafairy was released later on 18 December 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 December 2015 |title=Warna Cinta (Gerua – Malay Version) [From "Dilwale"] – Single by Pritam, Aliff Aziz and Kilafairy on iTunes |url=https://music.apple.com/my/album/warna-cinta-gerua-malay-version-from-dilwale-single/1064858136 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=iTunes}}</ref>
{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = [[Gerua]]
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Antara Mitra]]
| length1 = 05:45
| title2 = Manma Emotion Jaage
| extra2 = [[Amit Mishra (Singer)|Amit Mishra]], [[Anushka Manchanda]], Antara Mitra
| length2 = 03:29
| title3 = Janam Janam
| extra3 = Arijit Singh, Antara Mitra
| length3 = 03:58
| title4 = Tukur Tukur
| extra4 = Arijit Singh, [[Neha Kakkar]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Siddharth Mahadevan]], [[Kanika Kapoor]]
| length4 = 04:07
| title5 = Daayre
| extra5 = Arijit Singh
| length5 = 04:50
| title6 = Premika
| extra6 = [[Benny Dayal]], Kanika Kapoor
| length6 = 03:45
| title7 = Theme of Dilwale (DJ Chetas)
| extra7 = Arijit Singh
| length7 = 03:42
| total_length = 29:36
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|4535650|Dilwale}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|dilwale_2015|Dilwale}}
* {{Mojo title|diwale}}

{{Rohit Shetty}}
{{Red Chillies Entertainment}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dilwale}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2015 Indian films]]
[[Category:2015 action comedy films]]
[[Category:2015 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic action films]]
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Pritam]]
[[Category:Films directed by Rohit Shetty]]
[[Category:Films shot in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Films shot in Goa]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Iceland]]
[[Category:UTV Motion Pictures films]]
[[Category:Red Chillies Entertainment films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic action films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language action comedy films]]

History of Bikaner

2026-03-24T03:20:08Z

MayraBarnett41: added info

{{Short description|History of Indian city}}
{{About|the natural and historical region|the state during the British Raj|Bikaner State}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}

The region of [[Bikaner]], stretching across north-western state of [[Rajasthan]] in [[India]], was earlier known as '''[[Jangladesh]]'''. It included the present-day districts of [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]], [[Churu District|Churu]], [[Ganganagar District|Ganganagar]], and [[Hanumangarh District|Hanumangarh]].
It is bounded on the south by [[Marwar]] and [[Jaisalmer state|Jaisalmer]] regions, on the east by [[Ajmer-Merwara]] region.

[[Bikaner state]] was a [[princely state]] that was founded in the 16th century as Mughal Jagirdar in this region under Mughal empire. After becoming a [[British protectorate]] in 1818, it persisted until shortly after India's Independence in 1947.

{| class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: 250px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;"
|-
| colspan="2" style="margin-left: inherit; background:#FFC0CB; text-align:center; font-size: medium;" |'''History of Bikaner'''
|- align="center"
| colspan="2" | <div style="position:relative; margin: 0 0 0 0; border-collapse: collapse; border="1" cellpadding="0">
[[File:India Bikaner Junagarh Fort.jpg|250px|Junagarh Fort]]</div>
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Location'''
| North-western [[Rajasthan]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''19th-century [[flag]]'''
| [[File:Flag of Bikaner.svg|50px]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''State established:'''
| 1488
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''[[Language]]'''
| [[Rajasthani language]]-
*[[Bagri language|Bagri]] in the Northern, North-western, Central and eastern region
* Marwari in the Southern region bordering Marwar
|-
|
|
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
|'''[[Dynasty|Dynasties]]'''
|[[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]]s (1488–1949)
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
| '''Historical [[Capital city|capitals]]'''
| [[Bikaner]]
|- style="vertical-align: top;"

|}

Prior to the mid-15th century, the region that is now Bikaner was a barren wilderness called [[Jangladesh]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/destinations/bikaner/bikaneroverview.htm
|title=Bikaner
|access-date=2007-09-08
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819181354/http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/destinations/bikaner/bikaneroverview.htm
|archive-date=2007-08-19
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> [[Rao Bika]] established the city of Bikaner in 1488. He was the son of [[Rao Jodha]] of the Rathor Rajput clan, the founder of [[Jodhpur]] and conquered the largely arid area in the north of Rajasthan.
Provoked by a stray comment by his father, [[Rao Bika|Bika]] left Marwar (Jodhpur) with his uncle [[Rao Kandhal|Kandhmal]] to create his own kingdom. During his journey, [[Rao Bika|Bika]] stopped at [[Deshnoke|Deshnok]] where he consulted Goddess [[Karni Mata]] for her blessings and get prophesied that he would be successful. Encouraged by her support, [[Rao Bika|Bika]] took advantage of the internal rivalries of the [[Jat people]] to carve out his own territory in the "[[Jangladesh]]" region of [[Rajasthan]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kothiyal|first=Tanuja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be-7CwAAQBAJ&dq=rao+bika+jats&pg=PA78|title=Nomadic Narratives: A History of Mobility and Identity in the Great Indian|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2016|isbn=9781107080317|pages=78}}</ref>

Though it was in the [[Thar Desert]], [[Bikaner]] was considered an [[oasis]] on the trade route between [[Central Asia]] and the [[Gujarat]] coast as it had adequate spring water. Bika's name was attached to the city he built and to the state of Bikaner ("the settlement of Bika") that he established. Bika built a fort in 1478, which is now in ruins, and a hundred years later a new fort was built about 1.5 km from the city centre, known as the Junagarh Fort.<ref name="Ring">{{Cite book|last=Ring|first=Trudy|author2=Robert M. Salkin|author3=Sharon La Boda|title= International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania|work=Bikaner|page= 129|access-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLRxJEU49EC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA132|publisher= Taylor & Francis|year=1996|isbn=1-884964-04-4}}</ref><ref name="Ward">{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Philip|title= Northern India, Rajasthan, Agra, Delhi: a travel guide|work=Junagarh Fort|pages=116–119|access-date=2009-12-07|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KubCD2jHjEsC&q=Junagarh+Fort&pg=PA116|publisher= Pelican Publishing Company|year= 1989|isbn=0-88289-753-5}}</ref><ref name="history">{{cite web|url=http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_historyn.htm |title=History |access-date=2009-12-07 |publisher=National Informatics centre, Bikaner district |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091212013613/http://bikaner.nic.in/matter_historyn.htm |archive-date=12 December 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Around a century after Rao Bika founded Bikaner, the state's fortunes flourished under the sixth Raja, Rai Singhji, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the [[Mughal Empire]]'s rule in the country, Raja Rai Singh accepted the [[suzerainty]] of the Mughals and held a high rank as an army general at the court of the Emperor [[Akbar]] and his son the Emperor [[Jahangir]]. Rai Singh's successful military exploits, which involved winning half of [[Mewar|Mewar kingdom]] for the Empire, won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors.{{Citation needed|date=August 2020}} He was given the [[jagir]]s (lands) of Gujarat and [[Burhanpur]]. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Chintamani Durg (Junagarh fort) on a plain which has an average elevation of {{convert|760|ft|m}}. He was an expert in arts and architecture, and the knowledge he acquired during his visits abroad is amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built at the Junagarh fort.<ref name=Ring/><ref name=history/><ref name=Juna>{{cite web|url=http://www.realbikaner.com/palace/junagarh/index.html|title=Junagarh Fort, Bikaner|access-date=2009-12-07|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416053153/http://www.realbikaner.com/palace/junagarh/index.html|archive-date=2009-04-16}}</ref>

Maharaja Karan Singh, who ruled from 1631 to 1669, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. [[Anup Singh of Bikaner|Anup Singh]], who ruled from 1669 to 1698, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the [[Zenana]] quarter, a royal dwelling for women and children. He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal. Maharaja Gaj Singh, who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon palace).

During the 18th century, there was an internecine war between the rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other [[Thakur (Indian title)|thakurs]], which was put down by British troops in the 19th century.<ref name=history/>

Following Maharaja Gaj Singh, Maharaja Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and lavishly decorated the audience hall (see illustration) with glass and lively paintwork. Under a [[subsidiary alliance|treaty of paramountcy]] signed in 1818, during Maharaja Surat Singh's reign, Bikaner came under the [[suzerainty]] of the British, after which the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily in refurbishing Junagarh fort.<ref name="Ring p.133">Ring p.133</ref>
{{multiple image
| align = right
| image1 = Lalgarh palace bikaner.jpg
| width1 = 230
| alt1 =
| caption1 =
| image2 = Imperial War Cabinet HU81394.png
| width2 = 200
| alt2 =
| caption2 =
| footer = Left: [[Lalgarh Palace]], built ([[Indo-Saracenic]] style) for Maharaja [[Ganga Singh]] and named after his father, presently a heritage hotel and also a residence of the [[Bikaner (princely state)|Bikaner]] Royal Family. Right: Ganga Singh as a member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]] at [[No. 10 Downing Street]], 1917.
}}

[[Dungar Singh]], who reigned from 1872 to 1887, built the Badal Mahal, the 'weather palace', so named in view of a painting of clouds and falling rain, a rare event in arid Bikaner.

[[General (United Kingdom)|General]] [[Maharaja]] [[Ganga Singh]], who ruled from 1887 to 1943, was the best-known of the Rajasthan princes and was a favourite of the British [[Viceroy of India|Viceroys of India]]. He was appointed a [[Knight Commander]] of the [[Order of the Star of India]], served as a member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]], represented India at the Imperial Conferences during the [[World War I|First World War]] and the [[British Empire]] at the [[Versailles Peace Conference]]. His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audiences in the Ganga Mahal and a [[durbar (court)|durbar]] hall for formal functions. He also built the Ganga Niwas Palace, which has towers at the entrance patio. This palace was designed by [[Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob]], the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner. He named the building [[Lalgarh Palace]] in honour of his father and moved his main residence there from [[Junagarh Fort]] in 1902. The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee (in 1938) as Bikaner's ruler is now a museum.<ref name=history/><ref name="Ring p.133"/><ref name="Ring p.132">Ring p.132</ref>

Ganga Singh's son, [[Lieutenant-General (United Kingdom)|Lieutenant-General]] [[Sadul Singh of Bikaner|Sir Sadul Singh]], the [[Yuvaraja]] of [[Bikaner (princely state)|Bikaner]], succeeded his father as [[Maharaja]] in 1943, but [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] his state to the [[Dominion of India|Union of India]] in 1949. Maharaja Sadul Singh died in 1950, being succeeded in the [[title]] by his son, [[Karni Singh]] (1924-1988).<ref name=Ward/> The Royal Family still lives in a suite in Lalgarh Palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel.<ref name=history/><ref name="Ring p.133"/>

==The rise of Rao Bika==
About 1465 [[Rao Bika]], a [[Rathore dynasty|Rathore]] Rajput, and an elder son of [[Rao Jodha]], king of Marwar, provoked by a stray comment by his father, left Marwar (Jodhpur) with a small contingent of Rathore and [[Rajpurohit]] warriors (500 soldier and 100 cavalrymen) to create his own kingdom. He was accompanied by his uncle, Rawat Kandhal, his brother [[Rao Bida]] and his chief advisor Vikramji Rajpurohit, who provided politico-strategic advice.

Encouraged by the mystic [[Karni Mata]], whom he had met early in his travels, he took advantage of the internal rivalries of the [[Jat]] clans so that by 1485 he was able to establish his own territory and build a small fort called Rati Ghati at the city which still bears his name. In 1488 he began the building of the city itself. In the beginning, the neighboring Bhati chiefs were suspicious of the new growing power in their vicinity. [[Karni Mata]], who had become the ''kuladevi'' of Rao Bika brought the rivalry between the Rathore & Bhatis to an end by inspiring Rao Shekha – the powerful Bhati chief of Pugal, to give the hand of his daughter in marriage to Rao Bika. This consolidated Rao Bika's power in the region and proved to be a milestone in the history of the state.

Upon Rao Jodha's death in 1488 Rao Bika stormed [[Mehrangarh Fort]],<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 47">Beny & Matheson. Page 47.</ref> an event that was to lead to 200 years of intermittent wars between Marwar and Bikaner.

Remains of the original small fortress Rao Bika built can still be seen around the walled city, near Lakshminath ji temple. The royal family of Bikaner lived there, till Raja Rai Singh Ji built a new fort called "Chintamani" (now Junagarh) between 1589 and 1594 AD.

According to legend Bika [[Lunkaran]] consulted a holy man called Jas Nathji, who foretold that Bika's line would reign for 450 years. While Bika was pleased with this prediction, his brother Gharsiji when he heard of the prediction thought a longer period of power should have been prophesied. He confronted the holy man while he was in a deep trance and roused him by thrusting burning incense under his nose.<ref name="Beny & Matheson. Page 47"/> Jas Nathji told him 'All right take 50 years more or less but of trial and tribulation'.<ref name="Crump and Toh. Page 193">{{harvnb|Crump|Toh|1996|pp=193}}</ref>

Rao Bika died in 1504. His successors benefited from the weak rule of Suraj Mal of Marwar and the disruption caused by [[Babur]]'s invasion of India to consolidate and extend their possessions<ref>Martinelli & Michell. Page 218</ref> until by the 17th century all the Jat clans (including the powerful [[Godara]] clan) had accepted the suzerainty of the rulers of Bikaner.<ref>Cf. Dayaldas ri Khyat, part 2, pages 4-5</ref>

One of the most successful earlier rulers was Jaitasi Singh (1526–41) until he was killed by the forces of Rao Maldev of Marwar. He was succeeded by his son Kalyan Mal (1541–74) who under pressure from the Marwar forces retreated to the Punjab where he joined with Sher Shah Suri who expelled the Mughal ruler [[Humayun]] in 1540. With Sher Shah Suri's support, Kalyan Mal was able by 1545 to recover his lost territories from Rao Maldev, causing death of Kishandas Ji Rajpurohit in action, whose son has been provided with jagiri of Kishnasar in [[Nokha, Bikaner|Nokha]] Tehsil in Bikaner, which has given rise to Kanot Rajpurohit clan as a major warlords in upcoming battles, and winning 12 villages as a gift jagiri from the state including Hiyadesar, Desalsar, Rasisar,<ref>Dayaldas ri khyat:Page 89 prishth 69</ref> Dheerdesar, Aadsar, Kalyanpura, Sawai bari, Kotri,<ref>Dayaldas ri khyat:Volume 11, Page 77 Vinod Part 2</ref> Hirajsar, Saajansar, Deha, Kuntalsar.

==Mughal era==
[[File:Raja Karan Singh of Bikaner, Auranzeb's ally and enemy.jpg|thumb|Raja Karan Singh of Bikaner, Auranzeb's ally and enemy]]
The return of Humayun to power meant that Bikaner due to its involvement with Sher Shah Suri came into conflict with the Mughals again. However Kalyan Mal by using all the advantages of the harsh desert environment around Bikaner was able to defeat any invading Mughal army.<ref name="Crump and Toh. Page 193"/> The coming of [[Akbar]] to power saw the Mughal empire turn to diplomacy instead of force to bring the individual Rajput states into the empire.
As a result, Raja Rai Singh, the sixth ruler of Bikaner was among the first Rajput Chiefs to make an alliance with the Mughal Empire. As a result, during the reign of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Akbar]] the rulers of Bikaner were esteemed among the most loyal adherents of the empire and held high ranks as Mansabdars of special order in the imperial court. They served as military commanders in various Mughal campaigns all over the Indiasub-continent.

==Early and middle 19th century==
By the middle of the 19th century, the years of internal strife together with the financial and military demands put on Bikaner by the British had put the kingdom in debt. A sharp turnaround in the fortunes of the kingdom occurred in 1842 when Maharaja Ratan Singh took advantage of a shortage of pack animals to supply Bikaner's renowned camels at considerable profit to the British for their Afghan expedition. The turnaround was such that by 1844 he was able to reduce the dues on goods passing through Bikaner. He also gave assistance in both Sikh campaigns to the British.

==Ganga Singh==
[[File:Ganga Singh of Bikaner 1914.jpg|thumb|[[Ganga Singh]] with his son in 1914]]
The reign of Maharaja Ganga Singh was notable for great socio-political and economic development in every sphere of life, namely, education, health, sanitation, water supply, power generation and electricity, irrigation, post and telegraph, roads and railways, trade and commerce, etc.

Drought is a common occurrence, and the region faced the most severe [[famine]] in 1899–1900 which was so severely felt that by 1901 it reduced the population to 584,627, a decrease of 30%.

When [[Maharaja Ganga Singh]] died in 1943, he was succeeded by Maharaja [[Sadul Singh]].
he was the colonel of the Regiment of 2nd lancers.

==Accession to India==
With the departure of the British in 1947, the [[subsidiary alliance]] of 1818 came to an end and Bikaner was left as an independent state, with the choice falling to Maharaja Sadul Singh of acceding to one of the new [[dominion]]s, [[Dominion of India|India]] or [[Dominion of Pakistan|Pakistan]]. In the event, Sadul Singh was one of the first rulers of a princely state to sign an [[Instrument of Accession]], on 7 August 1947, choosing India. Bikaner became part of the state of Rajputana, which was later renamed Rajasthan.

==House of Rathore at Bikaner==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Name
! Reign Began
! Reign Ended
|-
! 1
| [[Rao Bika]]
| 1472
| 1504
|-
! 2
| [[Rao Narayan Singh]]
| 1504
| 1505
|-
! 3
| [[Rao Luna Karana]] ''Lon-Karan''
| 1505
| 1526
|-
! 4
| [[Rao Jait Singh]] ''Jetasi''
| 1526
| 1541
|-
|-
! 5
| [[Rao Kalyan Mal]] – ''Acknowledged the suzerainty of Emperor [[Akbar]] at [[Nagaur]] in November 1570''
| 1541
| 1574
|-
|-
! 6
| [[Rao Rai Singh]] ''Rai Rai Singh'' – ''Important General in the Mughal army Similar to Raja Man Singh I of Amber.''
| 1574
| 1612
|-
|-
! 7
| [[Rai Dalpat Singh]] ''Dalip''
| 1612
| 1613
|-
|-
! 8
| [[Rai Surat Singh Bhuratiya]]
| 1613
| 1631
|-
|-
! 9
| [[Rao Karan Singh]] ''Jangalpat Badhshah'' – ''Deposed by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] for dereliction of duty at [[Attock]], 11 January 1667. Exiled to his betel gardens at Karanpura, in the Deccan''
| 1631
| 1667
|-
|-
! 10
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Anup Singh]] – ''To be the first to be granted the title 'Maharaja' by Emperor [[Aurangzeb]]''. ''Served in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] campaign at [[Salher]] in 1672, [[Bijapur, Karnataka|Bijapur]] in 1675, and the siege of [[Golconda]] in 1687. He was administrator of [[Aurangabad, Maharashtra|Aurangabad]] 1677–1678, ''Hakim'' of [[Adoni]], 1678, [[Imtiazgarh]], [[Adoni]] 1689–1693, and of Nusratabad, Sukkar 1693–1698. ''
| 1669
| 1698
|-
|-
! 11
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Sarup Singh]] – ''He died from [[smallpox]], at [[Adoni]], in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], 15 December 1700.''
| 1698
| 1700
|-
|-
! 12
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Sujan Singh]] – ''Ordered to attend Emperor [[Aurangzeb]] in the [[Deccan Plateau|Deccan]], where he remained for ten years. Faced invasions from [[Maharaja Abhai Singh]] of [[Jodhpur]] and [[Maharaja Bakht Singh]] of [[Nagaur]], but successfully repulsed both.''
| 1700
| 1735
|-
|-
! 13
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Zorawar Singh]]
| 1735
| 1746
|-
|-
! 14
| ''Maharaja'' [[Gaj Singh of Bikaner|Rao Gaj Singh]] – '' the first of his line granted permission to mint his own coinage by Emperor [[Alamgir II]]''
| 1746
| 1787
|-
! 15
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Rai Singh II]] ''Raj Singh''
| 1787
| 1787
|-
! 16
| ''Maharaja'' [[Rao Pratap Singh]] – ''Reigned under the Regency of his uncle Surat Singh who poisoned him to assume the throne''
| 1787
| 1787
|-
|-
! 17
| ''Maharaja'' [[Surat Singh of Bikaner|Rao Surat Singh]] – ''He incurred huge debts due to his military adventures which had reduced his state to near anarchy. Entered the protection of the [[East India Company]] with a [[subsidiary alliance]] on 9 March 1818.''
| 1787
| 1828
|-
|-
! 18
| ''Narendra Maharaja'' [[Rao Ratan Singh]] – ''received the hereditary title of Narendra Maharaja from Emperor [[Akbar Shah II]] and assisted the British by furnishing them with supplies during the [[First Afghan War]] of 1841. ''
| 1828
| 1851
|-
|-
! 19
| ''Narendra Maharaja'' [[Rao Sardar Singh]] – ''Assisted the British during the [[Indian Mutiny|Indian Uprising of 1857]] and served in person during many of the battles. Removed the name of the Mughal Emperor from his coinage, replacing the words with "Aurang Arya Hind wa Queen Victoria". ''
| 1851
| 1872
|-
|-
! 20
| ''Narendra Maharaja'' [[Dungar Singh|Rao Dungar Singh]] – ''Assisted the British during the [[Second Afghan War]].''
| 1872
| 1887
|-
|-
! 21
| '''General''' ''Narendra Maharaja Sir'' [[Ganga Singh|Rao Ganga Singh]] – ''served in the [[World War I|First World War]] in France and [[Flanders]] 1914–1915. Member of the [[Imperial War Cabinet]] and served the British Royal Family in many other official capacities. Signed the [[Treaty of Versailles]] on behalf of India on 28 June 1919. Indian representative at the Imperial Conferences and at the [[League of Nations]].''
| 1887
| 1943
|-
! 22
| '''Lieutenant-General''' ''Narendra Maharaja Sir'' [[Sadul Singh of Bikaner|Rao Sadul Singh]] – ''Signed the instrument of accession to the [[Dominion of India]] on 7 August 1947. Merged his state into the present state of [[Rajasthan]], India on 30 March 1949.''
| 1943
| 1950
|-
! 23
| [[Maharaja Karni Singh|Rao Karni Singh]] – ''Member of Parliament ([[Lok Sabha]]) for [[Bikaner]], 1952–1977. On 28 December 1971, India amended its Constitution to remove the position of the rulers of princely states and their right to receive privy-purse payments, thus making him the last ruler of Bikaner.''
| 1950
| 1971
|}

==Head of House of Rathore clan in Bikaner==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=2 | Name
! Assumed Headship of family
! Died
|-
|-
! 1
| [[Maharaja Karni Singh]]
| 1971
| 1988
|-
|-
! 2
| [[Maharaja Narendra Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Narendra Singh]]
| 1988
| 2003
|-
|-
! 3
| [[Maharaja Ravi Raj Singh of Bikaner|Maharaja Ravi Raj Singh]]
| 2003
| 2022

|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{EB1911|wstitle=Bikanir |volume=3 |page=929}}
*{{cite book|author1=Beny, Roland |author2=Matheson, Sylvia A. | title=Rajasthan – Land of Kings| year = 1984| publisher=Frederick Muller| location=London| isbn = 0-584-95061-6| page = 200 pages}}
*{{cite book|last1=Crump|first1=Vivien|last2=Toh|first2=Irene| title= Rajasthan| location=London| publisher=Everyman Guides|year=1996| type = hardback| isbn = 1-85715-887-3| page = 400 pages}}
*{{cite book|author1=Martinelli, Antonio |author2=Michell, George | title=The Palaces of Rajasthan| year = 2005| publisher=Frances Lincoln| location=London| isbn = 978-0-7112-2505-3| page = 271 pages}}

{{Historical regions of North India}}

[[Category:History of Bikaner| ]]
[[Category:Princely states of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:States and territories established in the 15th century]]

Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre

2026-03-23T14:41:52Z

MayraBarnett41: Adding...

{{EngvarB|date=February 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre
| native_name = Swamiji Bhavan
| native_name_lang =
| former_names = Swami Vivekananda's ancestral house
| alternate_names =
| status = Active
| image = Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House & Cultural Centre Door - Kolkata 2011-10-22 6073.JPG
| image_alt = Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House & Cultural Centre Door
| image_size = 240px
| caption = Entrance to the Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre
| pushpin_map = India
| pushpin_map_alt =
| map_caption =
| altitude =
| building_type = [[Heritage centre|Heritage place]], museum
| architectural_style =
| structural_system =
| cost =
| ren_cost =
| client =
| owner = [[Ramakrishna Mission]]
| current_tenants =
| landlord =
| address = 105 Vivekananda Road
| location_town = Kolkata
| location_country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|display=inline, title|22|35|10.8|N|88|22|2.5|E}}
| groundbreaking_date =
| construction_start_date = 26 September 2004
| completion_date =
| opened_date =
| inauguration_date = 26 September 2004
| renovation_date = 2004
| height =
| architectural =
| tip =
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| observatory =
| other_dimensions =
| floor_count =
| floor_area =
| seating_type =
| seating_capacity =
| elevator_count =
| architect =
| architecture_firm =
| structural_engineer =
| services_engineer =
| civil_engineer =
| other_designers =
| quantity_surveyor =
| main_contractor =
| awards =
| designations =
| ren_architect =
| ren_firm =
| ren_str_engineer =
| ren_serv_engineer =
| ren_civ_engineer =
| ren_oth_designers =
| ren_qty_surveyor =
| ren_awards =
| parking =
| embedded =
| references =
}}
'''Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre''' is a museum and cultural centre. It is located at 105 Vivekananda Road, [[Kolkata]], India.<ref name="Ancestral House of Swami Vivekananda">{{cite web|title=Ancestral House of Swami Vivekananda|url=http://www.indfy.com/west-bengal/kolkata/tourist-places-to-visit/ancestral-house-swami-vivekananda.html|publisher=Indfy|access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> In this house, [[Swami Vivekananda]] (then called Narendranath Datta) was born on 12 January 1863.<ref name="Rajagopal1999">{{cite book|author=Chattopadhyay Rajagopal|title=Swami Vivekananda in India: A Corrective Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EtcoeaQIQdAC&pg=PA28|access-date=13 January 2013|date=1 January 1999|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-1586-5|pages=28–}}</ref> The house remained Vivekananda's home throughout his childhood and early youth.<ref name="Badrinath2006">{{cite book|author=Chaturvedi Badrinath|title=Swami Vivekananda: The Living Vedanta|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo1X96E0JPAC&pg=PA2|access-date=12 January 2013|date=1 June 2006|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-306209-7|pages=2–}}</ref><ref name="BM Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda’s Ancestral House and Cultural Centre, Swamiji’s House">{{cite web|title=Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre, Swamiji's House|url=http://belurmath.org/centres/display_centre.php?centre_id=SVH|publisher=BM Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda’s Ancestral House and Cultural Centre, Swamiji’s House|access-date=12 January 2013|archive-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210073034/http://belurmath.org/centres/display_centre.php?centre_id=SVH|url-status=dead}}</ref> The cultural centre was inaugurated by the President of India [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]].<ref name="Datta Ancestral Home - Birthplace of Vivekananda"/>

== History ==

After the death of his father ([[Vishwanath Datta]]) in 1884, Narendranath's aunt, who was living with them in that house, claimed full possession of the property. She filed a lawsuit against Narendranath's mother (Bhuvaneswari Devi) and her family.<ref name="Badrinath2006" /> Vivekananda won the case in the lower court, but the case was appealed to a higher court.<ref name="RanaAgrawal2005">{{cite book|author1=Bhawan Singh Rana|author2=Mīnā Agravāla Meena Agrawal|title=The Immortal Philosopher Of India Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7juXq-QBb7QC&pg=PA41|access-date=12 January 2013|year=2005|publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd.|isbn=978-81-288-1001-5|pages=41–}}</ref> The case continued for many years in higher courts. It concluded only a few days before Vivekananda's death in 1902. According to the final ruling in the case, Vivekananda was awarded full legal possession of his ancestral house.

== Renovation ==
Over time, the ancestral house of Vivekananda became dilapidated. In 1962, [[Ramakrishna Mission]] authorities decided to acquire the property and turn it into a museum. In May 1999, the Ramakrishna Mission acquired the land and the adjacent plot through the [[Government of West Bengal]]. A committee was set up for this project. The committee managed to amass a fund of {{INRConvert|200|m}} from Central Government, State Government, and public donations of which {{INRConvert|99|m}} were granted by the Central Government.<ref name="Datta Ancestral Home - Birthplace of Vivekananda">{{cite web|title=Datta Ancestral Home - Birthplace of Vivekananda|url=http://www.vivekananda.net/HistoricalPreservation/PressInformationBureau.html|publisher=Press Information Bureau (Government of India)|access-date=12 January 2013}}</ref> In 2004, after renovation, the house was turned into a museum and cultural centre.<ref name="Ancestral House of Swami Vivekananda" />

Currently, Vivekananda's ancestral home is spread over 22,000 square feet<ref name="Times of India Travel">{{cite news |title=Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/travel/things-to-do/Swami-Vivekanandas-Ancestral-House-and-Cultural-Centre/ps47800473.cms |access-date=10 May 2020 |work=Times of India Travel}}</ref> and houses a museum, a research centre, a memorial shrine, a library, an English centre, a computer training centre, and a charitable dispensary. Seminars and conventions are also regularly organised here.<ref name="BM Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda’s Ancestral House and Cultural Centre, Swamiji’s House" /> There is a [[Lingam|Shiva Lingam]] located at the premises.<ref name="Times of India Travel" />

== Gallery ==

<gallery>
File:Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House & Cultural Centre - Kolkata 2011-10-22 6264.JPG|Ancestral house of Vivekananda, now a museum and cultural centre
File:Bidhan Sarani - Kolkata 2011-10-22 6262.JPG|Bidhan Sarani, road in front of the house
File:Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House & Cultural Centre Signage - Kolkata 2011-10-22 6265.JPG|Sign in front of the museum
File:3_Gour_Mohan_Mukherjee_Street_-_Kolkata_2011-10-22_6178.jpg|Swami Vivekananda's birthplace
File:Ramakrishna Mission Swami Vivekananda's Ancestral House and Cultural Centre (birthplace of Swami Vivekananda; now a museum and cultural centre, inaugurated by the President of India A. P. J. Abdul Kalam) at Gourmohan Mukherjee Street.jpg|Statue of Swami Vivekananda adjacent to the house
</gallery>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Swami Vivekananda}}

[[Category:Swami Vivekananda]]
[[Category:Ramakrishna Mission]]
[[Category:Museums in Kolkata]]

Dungarpur Mews

2026-03-21T18:25:49Z

MayraBarnett41: done!

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2024}}{{Use Indian English|date=November 2024}}

{{Short description|Museum in Dungarpur, Rajasthan, India}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Dungarpur Mews
| image = Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum 51.jpg
| location = [[Udai Bilas Palace]], [[Dungarpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| construction_start_date =
| completion_date =
| opening_date =
| architect =
| operator =
| owner = [[Harshvardhan Singh Dungarpur|Harshvardhan Singh]]
| references =
| building_type = [[Museum]]
| architectural =
}}
The '''Dungarpur Mews''' is an [[List of automotive museums|automobile museum]] in [[Dungarpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]].

== Background ==
Located within the [[Udai Bilas Palace]] complex,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dungarpur Mews Car Museum |url=https://www.overdrive.in/news-cars-auto/features/dungarpur-mews-car-museum/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=Overdrive |language=en}}</ref> the building was originally used as a stable and for grain storage.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dungarpur Mews, Rajasthan, India |url=https://detour-roadtrips.com/home/detour-pit-stop-64-dungarpur-mews-india |access-date=2024-11-25 |website=Detour |language=en-US}}</ref> It was later converted into an automobile museum by [[Harshvardhan Singh Dungarpur|Harshvardhan Singh]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /> At the end of the museum, there is a car bar.<ref name=":1" />

== Collection ==
The museum has more than 40 vehicles.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=2023-12-08 |title=Dungarpur Mews: A Place To Discover The World Of Automobilia |url=https://magazine.derivaz-ives.com/dungarpur-mews-a-place-to-discover-the-world-of-automobilia/ |access-date=2024-11-24 |website=deRivaz & Ives |language=en}}</ref> Its collection includes:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

* A 1947 [[Packard Clipper]] Deluxe
* A 1939 [[Fiat]] 7-seater saloon
* A 1942 [[Willys MB]] Jeep
* A 1952 [[Willys]] CJ-3A
* A 1950 [[Cadillac Series 62]] convertible
* A [[Standard Vanguard]]
* A 1949 [[Standard Flying Fourteen]]
* A 1966 [[Volkswagen Beetle]]
* A 1975 [[Land Rover]]
* A 1937 [[Steyr 120 Super, Steyr 125 Super, Steyr 220|Steyr 220]] cabriolet
* A 1983 [[Mazda 929]] Coupe
* A 1984 [[Jaguar XJS]] Coupe
* A 1984 [[Mercedes-Benz R107 and C107|Mercedes 380 SL]]
* A 1984 [[Mazda RX-7]]
* A 1988 [[Honda Accord]]
* A 1990 [[BMW 750il|BMW 730iL]]
* A 1995 [[BMW]] 740i

The museum also houses a collection of motorcycles, including:<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" />

* A 1959 [[BMW]] R26
* A 1976 [[BMW R45]]
* A 1962 [[Royal Enfield Bullet]]
* A 1984 [[Royal Enfield Bullet]]
* A Rajdoot Bobby

Besides these, it houses a 1910 [[Marshall, Sons & Co.|Marshall]] [[steam engine]] [[road roller]] and a scaled-down model of the DH-5 aircraft.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":3" /> It also features posters, paintings, art installations, radiator grilles, mascots, and lamps.<ref name=":3" /> The museum also displays old horse carriages, a few British-made [[Cannon|cannons]], and two 19th-century double-carriage [[Cannon|cannons]].<ref name=":1" />

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum 58.jpg|Dungarpur Mews in Udai Bilas Palace
File:Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum 4.jpg|Dungarpur Mews in Udai Bilas Palace
File:Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum 8.jpg|Dungarpur Mews in Udai Bilas Palace
File:Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum 46.jpg|BMW R65
File:Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum.jpg|Yezdi at Dungarpur Mews
File:Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum 25.jpg|Dungarpur Mews
File:Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum 24.jpg|Dungarpur Mews
File:Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum 38.jpg|Vintage cars at Dungarpur Mews
File:Dungarpur Mews Vintage Car Museum 55.jpg|Cannon at Dungarpur Mews
</gallery>

== External links ==

* [https://udaibilaspalace.com/ Udai Bilas Palace]

== References ==
<references />

{{coord|23.8369|73.7233|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Automotive museums]]
[[Category:Automotive museums in India]]
[[Category:Scale model collections]]
[[Category:Museums in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Museums in India]]

Andaman Islands

2026-03-16T23:30:30Z

MayraBarnett41: enhance page for clarity and improved wording for consistency

{{Short description|Indian archipelago in the Bay of Bengal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Verification|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox islands
| name = Andaman Islands
| native_name = 
| sobriquet = 
| image_name =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| image_alt =
| image_map = Andaman Islands.PNG
| image_map_caption = Location in the Indian Ocean
| location = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|12|30|N|92|45|E|region:IN_type:isle|display=inline,title}}
| archipelago = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| total_islands = 572
| major_islands = [[North Andaman Island]], [[Little Andaman]], [[Middle Andaman Island]], [[South Andaman Island]]
| area_km2 = 6,408
| area_footnotes =
| rank =
| length_km = 
| length_footnotes =
| width_km = 
| width_footnotes =
| coastline_km = 
| coastline_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 732
| elevation_footnotes =
| highest_mount = [[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]]
| country = India
| country_admin_divisions_title = Union territory
| country_admin_divisions = [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
| country_admin_divisions_title_1 =
| country_admin_divisions_1 =
| country_admin_divisions_title_2 =
| country_admin_divisions_2 =
| country_capital = [[Port Blair]]
| country_largest_city =
| country_largest_city_population =
| country_leader_title =
| country_leader_name =
| country1 = Myanmar
| country1_admin_divisions_title = Administrative region
| country1_admin_divisions = [[Yangon Region]]
| country1_admin_divisions_title_1 =
| country1_admin_divisions_1 =
| country1_capital_type =
| country1_capital = [[Yangon]]
| demonym =
| population = [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_ani.html 343,125]
| population_as_of = 2011
| density_km2 = 48
| density_footnotes =
| ethnic_groups = [[Bamar people|Bamar]] [[Indo-Aryans|Indic]] [[Dravidians|Dravidian]] [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] [[Onge]] [[Sentinelese]] [[Great Andamanese]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| timezone1_DST = {{nowrap|not observed}}
| utc_offset1_DST = +5:30
| website = {{URL|http://www.andaman.nic.in}}
| additional_info =
}}
[[File:Andaman nicobar 76.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|{{center|Detailed map of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}]]
The '''Andaman Islands''' ({{IPAc-en|'|æ|n|d|@|m|@|n}}) are an [[archipelago]], made up of 200 islands, in the northeastern [[Indian Ocean]] about {{cvt|130|km}} southwest off the coasts of [[Myanmar]]'s [[Ayeyarwady Region]]. Together with the [[Nicobar Islands]] to their south, the Andamans serve as a [[maritime boundary]] between the [[Bay of Bengal]] to the west and the [[Andaman Sea]] to the east. Most of the islands are part of the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a [[Union Territory]] of [[India]], while the [[Coco Islands]] and [[Preparis Island]] are part of the [[Yangon Region]] of [[Myanmar]].

The Andaman Islands are home to the [[Andamanese peoples|Andamanese]], a group of indigenous people made up of a number of [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[tribe]]s, including the [[Jarawas (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]] and [[Sentinelese]].<ref name="trained_news.au">{{cite news |title=Police face-off with Sentinelese tribe as they struggle to recover slain missionary's body |url=https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/police-faceoff-with-sentinelese-tribe-as-they-struggle-to-recover-slain-missionarys-body/news-story/a88d3780059939a5e11ebcfb556327ac |access-date=26 November 2018 |work=News.com.au |date=26 November 2018 |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126034539/https://www.news.com.au/travel/travel-updates/incidents/police-faceoff-with-sentinelese-tribe-as-they-struggle-to-recover-slain-missionarys-body/news-story/a88d3780059939a5e11ebcfb556327ac |url-status=live }}</ref> While some of the islands can be visited with permits, entry to others, including [[North Sentinel Island]], is banned by law. The Sentinelese are generally hostile to visitors and have had [[uncontacted peoples|little contact]] with any other peoples, and the [[Indian Government]] and [[Indian Coast Guard|Coast Guard]] prohibit approaches within {{convert|3|nmi|km}} from the island to protect the natives' right to privacy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andaman.gov.in/web/guest/indigenous-tribes|title=Andaman & Nicobar|website=The Internet Archive|publisher=A&N Administration|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611075752/http://www.and.nic.in/archives/andaman/tribes.php|archive-date=11 June 2016|url-status=dead|access-date=13 February 2017}}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Distribution of different Andamanese peoples, languages, and dialects at the time of British contact compared to the present day.png|thumb|The distributions of different Andamanese peoples, languages, and dialects at the time of British contact compared to the present-day]]

===Etymology===
In the 13th century, the name of Andaman appears in Late [[Middle Chinese]] as ''ʔˠanH dɑ mˠan'' ({{lang|zh|晏陀蠻}}, pronounced ''yàntuómán'' in modern [[Mandarin Chinese]]) in the book ''[[Zhu Fan Zhi]]'' by [[Zhao Rukuo]].<ref name="ZhuFanZhi">{{cite book |title=Chau Ju-kua: His Work on the Chinese And Arab Trade in the Twelfth And Thirteenth Centuries, Entitled Chu-fan-chï |translator= Friedrich Hirth |translator2= William Woodville Rockhill |url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924023289345 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924023289345/page/n162 147] | year=1911 | publisher= St. Petersburg, Printing office of the Imperial academy of sciences | quote=When sailing from lan-wu-li to si-lan, if the wind is not fair, ships maybe driven to a place called Yen-to-man. This is a group of two islands in the middle of the sea, one of them being large, the other small; the latter is quite uninhabited. ... The natives on it are of a colour resembling black lacquer; they eat men alive, so that sailors dare not anchor on this coast. }}</ref> In Chapter 38 of the book, ''Countries in the Sea'', Zhao Rukuo specifies that going from Lambri ([[Sumatra]]) to Ceylon, an unfavourable wind makes ships drift towards the Andaman Islands.<ref name="ZhuFanZhi" /><ref>{{cite book
| title=Ser Marco Polo : notes and addenda to Sir Henry Yule's edition, containing the results of recent research and discovery
| author1=Cordier, Henri
| author2=Yule, Henry
| year=1920
| publisher=London: John Murray
| language=en
| url=https://archive.org/details/sermarcopolonote00cord
| page = [https://archive.org/details/sermarcopolonote00cord/page/109 109]
}}</ref>{{Better source needed|date=April 2019}} In the 15th century, Andaman was recorded as "Andeman Mountain" (安得蠻山, pronounced ''āndémán shān'' in modern Mandarin Chinese) during the [[voyages of Zheng He]] in the [[Mao Kun map]] of the [[Wu Bei Zhi]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Wu Bei Zhi Map 17 |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7821rm.gct00058/?sp=17 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=1 August 2019 |archive-date=21 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221105843/https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7821rm.gct00058/?sp=17 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Early inhabitants===
The oldest archaeological evidence for the habitation of the islands dates to the [[1st millennium BC]]. Genetic evidence suggests that the indigenous [[Andamanese peoples]] share a common origin, and that the islands were settled sometime after 26,000 years ago, possibly at the end of the [[Last Glacial Period]], when sea levels were much lower, reducing the distance between the Andaman Islands and the Asian mainland,<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Chaubey |first1=Gyaneshwer |last2=Endicott |first2=Phillip |date=June 2013 |title=The Andaman Islanders in a Regional Genetic Context: Reexamining the Evidence for an Early Peopling of the Archipelago from South Asia |url=https://bioone.org/journals/human-biology/volume-85/issue-1_2f_3/027.085.0307/The-Andaman-Islanders-in-a-Regional-Genetic-Context--Reexamining/10.3378/027.085.0307.full |journal=Human Biology |volume=85 |issue=1/3 |pages=153–172 |doi=10.3378/027.085.0307 |pmid=24297224 |issn=0018-7143|url-access=subscription }}</ref> with genetic estimates suggesting that the two main linguistic groups diverged around 16,000 years ago.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sitalaximi |first1=T. |last2=Varghese |first2=N. |last3=Kashyap |first3=V.K. |date=February 2023 |title=Genetic differentiation of Andaman Islanders and their relatedness to Nicobar Islanders |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2773044123000074 |journal=Human Gene |language=en |volume=35 |article-number=201148 |doi=10.1016/j.humgen.2023.201148|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Andamanese peoples are a genetically distinct group highly divergent from other Asians.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mondal |first1=Mayukh |last2=Casals |first2=Ferran |last3=Xu |first3=Tina |last4=Dall'Olio |first4=Giovanni M |last5=Pybus |first5=Marc |last6=Netea |first6=Mihai G |last7=Comas |first7=David |last8=Laayouni |first8=Hafid |last9=Li |first9=Qibin |last10=Majumder |first10=Partha P |last11=Bertranpetit |first11=Jaume |date=September 2016 |title=Genomic analysis of Andamanese provides insights into ancient human migration into Asia and adaptation |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ng.3621 |journal=Nature Genetics |language=en |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=1066–1070 |doi=10.1038/ng.3621 |pmid=27455350 |hdl=10230/34401 |issn=1061-4036|hdl-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Jinam |first1=Timothy A. |last2=Phipps |first2=Maude E. |last3=Aghakhanian |first3=Farhang |last4=Majumder |first4=Partha P. |last5=Datar |first5=Francisco |last6=Stoneking |first6=Mark |last7=Sawai |first7=Hiromi |last8=Nishida |first8=Nao |last9=Tokunaga |first9=Katsushi |last10=Kawamura |first10=Shoji |last11=Omoto |first11=Keiichi |last12=Saitou |first12=Naruya |date=August 2017 |title=Discerning the Origins of the Negritos, First Sundaland People: Deep Divergence and Archaic Admixture |url=http://academic.oup.com/gbe/article/9/8/2013/3952725/Discerning-the-Origins-of-the-Negritos-First |journal=Genome Biology and Evolution |language=en |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=2013–2022 |doi=10.1093/gbe/evx118 |issn=1759-6653 |pmc=5597900 |pmid=28854687}}</ref>[[File:The Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal were said to be inhabited by wolf-headed people.jpg|thumb|left|The Andaman Islands in the Bay of Bengal were said to be inhabited by [[Cynocephaly#High and late medieval travel literature|wolf-headed people]], who were depicted in a "book of wonders" produced in Paris in the early 15th century.]]

===Chola empire===
[[Rajendra Chola I|Rajendra I]] took over the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/children/happy-in-havelock/article18376630.ece|title=Happy in Havelock|last=Krishnan|first=Madhuvanti S.|date=4 May 2017|work=The Hindu|access-date=4 November 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=22 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222085712/https://www.thehindu.com/children/happy-in-havelock/article18376630.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> He used the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as a strategic naval base to launch an expedition against the [[Srivijaya|Sriwijaya Empire]]. The [[Chola dynasty|Cholas]] called the island Ma-Nakkavaram ("great open/naked land"), found in the [[Thanjavur]] inscription of 1050 [[Common Era|CE]]. European traveller [[Marco Polo]] (12th–13th century) also referred to this island as 'Necuverann' and a corrupted form of the Tamil name Nakkavaram would have led to the modern name Nicobar during the British colonial period.<ref name="goi1908">{{Cite book |author=Government of India|year=1908|title=The Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Local Gazetteer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rrwBAAAAYAAJ|publisher=Superintendent of Government Printing, Calcutta|quote=''... In the great Tanjore inscription of 1050 CE, the Andamans are mentioned under a translated name along with the Nicobars, as '''Nakkavaram''' or land of the naked people.''}}</ref>

===British colonial era===
In 1789, the [[Bengal Presidency]] established a naval base and [[penal colony]] on [[Chatham Island (Andaman)|Chatham Island]] in the southeast bay of [[South Andaman Island|Great Andaman]]. The settlement is now known as [[Port Blair]] (after the [[Bombay Marine]] lieutenant [[Archibald Blair]] who founded it). After two years, the colony was moved to the northeast part of Great Andaman and was named Port Cornwallis after Admiral [[William Cornwallis]]. However, there was much disease and death in the penal colony and the government ceased operating it in May 1796.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|pp=957–958}}<ref name="olivierblaise">{{Cite web | title=Andaman Islands, India | author=Blaise, Olivier | publisher=PictureTank | url=http://www.picturetank.com/___/series/ff5d5b4d962b08bc130471b877292c58/en/Andaman_Isl.,_India_(1).html | access-date=16 November 2008 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715083143/http://www.picturetank.com/___/series/ff5d5b4d962b08bc130471b877292c58/en/Andaman_Isl.,_India_(1).html | archive-date=15 July 2011 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

In 1824, Port Cornwallis was the rendezvous of the fleet carrying the army to the [[First Burmese War]].{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=958}} In the 1830s and 1840s, shipwrecked crews who landed on the Andamans were often attacked and killed by the natives and the islands had a reputation for [[Human cannibalism|cannibalism]]. The loss of the ''Runnymede'' and the ''Briton'' in 1844 during the same storm, while transporting goods and passengers between India and Australia, and the continuous attacks launched by the natives, which the survivors fought off, alarmed the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]].<ref>Kingston, W.H.G. (1873) ''Shipwrecks and Disasters at Sea''. George Routledge and Sons, London.</ref> In 1855, the government proposed another settlement on the islands, including a [[Cellular Jail|convict establishment]], but the [[Indian Rebellion of 1857]] forced a delay in its construction. However, because the rebellion led to the British holding a large number of prisoners, it made the new Andaman settlement and prison urgently necessary. Construction began in November 1857 at Port Blair using inmates' labour, avoiding the vicinity of a salt swamp that seemed to have been the source of many of the earlier problems at Port Cornwallis.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

The [[Battle of Aberdeen (Andaman Islands)|Battle of Aberdeen]] was fought on 17 May 1859 between the [[Great Andamanese]] tribe and the British. Today, a memorial stands in Andaman water sports complex as a tribute to the people who died in the battle. Fearful of British intentions and with help from an escaped convict from [[Cellular Jail]], the Great Andamanese attacked the British settlement, but they were outnumbered and soon suffered heavy casualties. Later, it was identified that an escaped convict named [[Dudhnath Tewari]] had changed sides and informed the British about the tribe's plans.<ref name="Rapidiq">{{cite web|url=https://rapidiq.wordpress.com/2012/04/08/the-rise-and-the-fall-of-the-great-andamanese/|title=The Rise and Fall of the Great Andamanese|work=Confessions of a Linguist!|date=8 April 2012|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-date=17 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217192515/http://rapidiq.wordpress.com/2012/04/08/the-rise-and-the-fall-of-the-great-andamanese/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="One India">{{cite web|url=http://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/17/who-are-heroes-of-battle-of-aberdeen-1179405748.html|title=Who are heroes of Battle of Aberdeen?|work=oneindia.com|date=17 May 2007|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709165627/http://www.oneindia.com/2007/05/17/who-are-heroes-of-battle-of-aberdeen-1179405748.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Andaman Sheekha">{{cite web|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2012/05/16/tribute-at-the-memorial-of-battle-of-aberdeen-today/|title=Tribute at the Memorial of "Battle of Aberdeen" Today|author=sanjib|work=andamansheekha.com|date=15 May 2012|access-date=16 January 2015|archive-date=10 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710012822/http://www.andamansheekha.com/2012/05/16/tribute-at-the-memorial-of-battle-of-aberdeen-today/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1867, the [[Merchant ship|merchantman]] ''Nineveh'' was [[Shipwrecking|wrecked]] on the reef of North Sentinel Island. The 86 survivors reached the beach in the ship's boats. On the third day, they were attacked with iron-tipped spears by naked islanders. One person from the ship escaped in a boat and the others were later rescued by a [[Royal Navy|British Royal Navy]] ship.<ref name="Goodheart">{{cite news | url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-28578579_ITM | work=American Scholar | title=The Last Island of the Savages | date=22 September 2000 | access-date=14 June 2009 | archive-date=22 May 2015 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20150522060225/https://www.questia.com/ | url-status=live }}</ref>

For some time, sickness and mortality were high, but [[Land reclamation|swamp reclamation]] and extensive forest clearance continued. The Andaman colony became notorious with the murder of the Viceroy [[Richard Southwell Bourke, 6th Earl of Mayo]], on a visit to the settlement (8 February 1872), by a [[Pashtun people|Pathan]] from [[Afghanistan]], [[Sher Ali Afridi]]. In the same year, the two island groups Andaman and [[Nicobar Islands|Nicobar]], were united under a chief commissioner residing at Port Blair.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=958}}

[[File:Port Blair 1872 Ross Island Penal HQ.jpg|thumb|right|The Ross Island prison headquarters, 1872]]
[[File:Great Andamanese women - 1876.jpg|thumb|Great Andamanese women, children, and one man, 1876]]
From the time of its development in 1858 under the direction of James Pattison Walker, and in response to the mutiny and rebellion of the previous year, the settlement was first and foremost a repository for [[political prisoner]]s. The Cellular Jail at Port Blair, when completed in 1910, included 698 cells designed for solitary confinement; each cell measured {{convert|4.5|by|2.7|m|ft|0|abbr=on}} with a single ventilation window {{convert|3|m|ft|0}} above the floor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tyagi |first=Ditriksha |date=2024-09-20 |title=The Cellular Jail, Andaman and Nicobar Islands |url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/case-studies/a13032-the-cellular-jail-andaman-and-nicobar-islands-2/ |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=RTF {{!}} Rethinking The Future |language=en-US}}</ref>

The Indians imprisoned here referred to the island and its prison as ''Kala Pani'' ("black water"),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |title=History of Andaman Cellular Jail |publisher=Andamancellularjail.org |access-date=14 May 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209031136/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/History.htm |archive-date= 9 February 2010 }}</ref> named for [[Kala pani (taboo)|''kala pani'']], the Hindu proscription against travelling across the open sea. Incarceration on the Andamans thus threatened prisoners with the loss of their [[Caste system in India|caste]], and resultant social exclusion;<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bashford |first1=Alison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z72MP1zc4KgC&pg=PA37 |title=Isolation: Places and Practices of Exclusion |last2=Strange |first2=Carolyn |date=2004-06-04 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-203-40522-2 |language=en}}</ref> a 1996 film set on the island took that term as its title, ''[[Kaalapani (1996 film)|Kaalapani]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://imdb.com/title/tt0255289/ |title=Kala Pani (1996) |date=12 April 1996 |publisher=Imdb.com |access-date=14 May 2010 |archive-date=12 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112003713/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0255289/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The number of prisoners who died in this camp is estimated to be in the thousands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.andamancellularjail.org/ListOfRevolutionaries.htm |title=Andaman Islands Political Prisoners |publisher=Andamancellularjail.org |access-date=14 May 2010 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906201654/http://www.andamancellularjail.org/ListOfRevolutionaries.htm |archive-date= 6 September 2010 }}</ref> Many more died of harsh treatment and the strenuous living and working conditions in this camp.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122107881100.htm |title=Opinion / News Analysis: Hundred years of the Andamans Cellular Jail |date= 21 December 2005|access-date=14 May 2010 |location=Chennai, India| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100511175419/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/21/stories/2005122107881100.htm| archive-date= 11 May 2010 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] | url-status= dead}}</ref>

The Viper Chain Gang Jail on [[Viper Island]] was reserved for extraordinarily troublesome prisoners and was also the site of hangings. In the 20th century, it became a convenient place to house prominent members of India's independence movement.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=13 April 2023 |orig-date=13 April 2023 is from HTTP Last-Modified header; webpage says "Feb 25" with no year specified anywhere |title=Discover the dark history of Viper Island : Where punishment was harsh and retribution was swift |url=https://www.exploreandaman.co.in/islands/dark-history-of-viper-island-andaman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016195141/https://www.exploreandaman.co.in/islands/dark-history-of-viper-island-andaman |archive-date=2023-10-16 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=ExploreAndaman |publisher=Explore Andaman |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jail at Viper Island |url=https://www.mountainedge.in/Jail-at-viper-island-andman.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231016195237/https://www.mountainedge.in/Jail-at-viper-island-andman.php |archive-date=2023-10-16 |access-date=2023-10-16 |website=Mountain Edge Tours and Holidays Pvt. Ltd.}}</ref>

===Japanese occupation===
[[File:Andaman ross is.jpg|thumb|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island in 2004]]
[[File:Andaman.jpg|thumb|Andaman Islands]]
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands were [[Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands|occupied by Japan]] during [[World War II]].<ref>{{cite web|first=Klemen|last=L|url=https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/andaman.html|title=The capture of the Andaman Islands, March 1942|date=1999–2000|work=Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942|access-date=30 March 2021|archive-date=26 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210726181150/https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/andaman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The islands were nominally put under the authority of the [[Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind]] (Provisional Government of Free India) headed by [[Subhas Chandra Bose]], who visited the islands during the war, and renamed them as [[Shahid|Shaheed]] (Martyr) & Swaraj (Self-rule). On 30 December 1943, during the Japanese occupation, Bose, who was allied with the Japanese, first raised the flag of Indian independence. General [[A. D. Loganathan|Loganathan]], of the [[Indian National Army]], was Governor of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, which had been annexed to the Provisional Government. According to Werner Gruhl: "Before leaving the islands, the Japanese rounded up and [[Japanese war crimes|executed 750 innocents]]."<ref>Gruhl, Werner (2007) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102 Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209011823/https://books.google.com/books?id=ow5Wlmu9MPQC&pg=PA102 |date=9 December 2015 }}'', Transaction Publishers. {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0352-8}}. p. 102.</ref>

===Post-World War II===
At the close of World War II, the British government announced its intention to shut down the penal settlement. The government proposed to employ former inmates in an initiative to develop the island's fisheries, timber, and agricultural resources. In exchange, inmates would be granted return passage to the Indian mainland, or the right to settle on the islands. [[James Howard Williams|J H Williams]], one of the Bombay Burma Company's senior officials, was dispatched to perform a timber survey of the islands using convict labor. He recorded his findings in 'The Spotted Deer' (published in 1957 by [[Rupert Hart-Davis]]).

The penal colony was eventually closed on 15 August 1947 when India [[Indian Independence Act 1947|gained independence]]. It has since served as a museum to the [[Indian independence movement|independence movement]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/cellular-jail-india-integral-country-fight-freedom-independence-british-colony-andaman-and-nicobar-a7883691.html|title=How India's Cellular Jail was integral in the country's fight for freedom|date=11 August 2017|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=10 November 2019|archive-date=10 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110125549/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/long_reads/cellular-jail-india-integral-country-fight-freedom-independence-british-colony-andaman-and-nicobar-a7883691.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Most of the Andaman Islands became part of the [[India|Republic of India]] in 1950 and was declared as a [[union territory]] of the nation in 1956, while the [[Preparis|Preparis Island]] and [[Coco Islands]] became part of the [[Yangon Region]] of [[Myanmar]] in 1948.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Planning Commission of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development Report|publisher=Academic Foundation|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7188-652-4|edition=illustrated|series=State Development Report series|access-date=12 March 2011|archive-date=9 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209011823/https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Late 20th Century – 21st century===
====Outside visits====
In April 1998, American photographer John S. Callahan organised the first surfing project in the Andamans, starting from [[Phuket Province|Phuket]] in Thailand with the assistance of Southeast Asia Liveaboards (SEAL), a UK owned dive charter company.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} With a crew of international professional surfers, they crossed the Andaman Sea on the yacht ''Crescent'' and cleared formalities in Port Blair. The group proceeded to Little Andaman Island, where they spent ten days surfing several spots for the first time, including Jarawa Point near Hut Bay and the long right reef point at the southwest tip of the island, named Kumari Point. The resulting article in ''Surfer Magazine'', "Quest for Fire" by journalist Sam George, put the Andaman Islands on the surfing map for the first time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.surfermag.com/magazine/archivedissues/quest-for-fire |title=Surfer Explores The Andaman Islands |publisher=Surfer Magazine |website=Surfermag.com |date=22 July 2010 |access-date=28 December 2011 |archive-date=19 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819112026/http://www.surfermag.com/magazine/archivedissues/quest-for-fire/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Footage of the waves of the Andaman Islands also appeared in the film ''Thicker than Water'', shot by [[documentary film]]maker [[Jack Johnson (musician)|Jack Johnson]].{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}} Callahan went on to make several more surfing projects in the Andamans, including a trip to the Nicobar Islands in 1999.{{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}

In November 2018, [[John Allen Chau]], an American [[missionary]], traveled illegally with the help of local fishermen to the [[North Sentinel Island]] off the Andaman Islands chain group on several occasions, despite a travel ban to the island. He is reported to have been killed.<ref name="cnn.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/25/asia/missionary-john-chau-north-sentinel-island-sentinelese/index.html|title=Indian authorities struggle to retrieve US missionary feared killed on remote island|date=25 November 2018|work=CNN|access-date=25 November 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125131356/https://www.cnn.com/2018/11/25/asia/missionary-john-chau-north-sentinel-island-sentinelese/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Despite some relaxation introduced earlier in 2018 to the stringent visit permit system for the islands, North Sentinel Island was still highly protected from outside contact. Special permission to allow researchers and anthropologists to visit could be sought.<ref name="3tier 2018 toi">{{Cite news|last1=Jain|first1=Bharti |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-national-defied-3-tier-curbs-caution-to-reach-island/articleshow/66758172.cms|title=US National Defied 3-tier Curbs & Caution to Reach Island |date=23 November 2018 |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=31 October 2021 |language=en |archive-date=26 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126001420/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/us-national-defied-3-tier-curbs-caution-to-reach-island/articleshow/66758172.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> Chau had no special clearance and knew that his visit was illegal.<ref name="3tier 2018 toi"/><ref name="cnn.com"/>

Although a less restrictive system of approval to visit some of the islands now applies, with non-Indian nationals no longer required to obtain pre-approval with a Restricted Area Permit (RAP), foreign visitors must still show their passport at Immigration at Port Blair Airport and Seaport for verification. Citizens of Afghanistan, China and Pakistan, or other foreign nationals whose origin is any of these countries, {{em|are}} still required to obtain a RAP to visit Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Similarly, citizens of [[Myanmar]] who wish to visit [[Mayabunder]] or [[Diglipur]] must also apply for a RAP. In these cases, the permits must be pre-approved prior to arrival in Port Blair.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Andaman and Nicobar Police |title=For Foreign Tourists |url=https://police.andaman.gov.in/index.php/en/2013-10-13-13-21-25/foreigners/for-foreign-tourist.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002164810/http://police.andaman.gov.in/index.php/en/2013-10-13-13-21-25/foreigners/for-foreign-tourist.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2018 |website=police.andaman.gov.in |access-date=30 October 2021 |date=29 June 2018 |quote=... no RAP is required by foreigners to visit these islands, till 31.12.2022 }}</ref>

====Natural disasters====
On 26 December 2004, the coast of the Andaman Islands was devastated by a {{convert|10|m|ft|0|adj=mid|-high}} tsunami following the [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]], which is the longest recorded earthquake, lasting for between 500 and 600 seconds.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Guinness Book of World Records 2014|last=Glenday|first=Craig|publisher=The Jim Pattison Group|year=2013|isbn=978-1-908843-15-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/015 015]|url=https://archive.org/details/guinnessworldrec0000unse_r3e7/page/015}}</ref> Strong oral tradition in the area warned of the importance of moving inland after a quake and is credited with saving many lives.<ref name="folklore">{{cite news |last1=Bhaumik |first1=Subir |title=Tsunami folklore 'saved islanders' |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4181855.stm |access-date=1 June 2024 |agency=BBC News |date=20 January 2005}}</ref> In the aftermath, more than 2,000 people were confirmed dead and more than 4,000 children were orphaned or had lost one parent. At least 40,000 residents were rendered homeless and were moved to relief camps.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sumatra-Andaman Islands Earthquake and Tsunami of December 26, 2004|year=2007|publisher=ASCE, Technical Council on Lifeline Earthquake Engineering|location=Reston, VA|isbn=9780784409510|url=http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511|editor1=Strand, Carl|editor2=Masek, John|access-date=12 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024115815/http://www.asce.org/Product.aspx?id=2147486137&productid=5511|archive-date=24 October 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 11 August 2009, a magnitude 7 earthquake struck near the Andaman Islands, causing a tsunami warning to go into effect. On 30 March 2010, a magnitude 6.9 earthquake struck near the Andaman Islands.

==Geography and geology==
The Andaman Archipelago is an oceanic continuation of the Burmese [[Chin Hills|Arakan Yoma range]] in the north and of the [[List of islands of Indonesia|Indonesian Archipelago]] in the south. It has 325 islands which cover an area of {{convert|6408|km2|0|abbr=on}},<ref name="Planning Commission Report"/> with the [[Andaman Sea]] to the east between the islands and the coast of Burma.<ref name="olivierblaise" /> [[North Andaman Island]] is {{convert|285|km}} south of Burma, although a few smaller Burmese islands are closer, including the three Coco Islands.

The [[Ten Degree Channel]] separates the Andamans from the [[Nicobar Islands]] to the south. The highest point is located in North Andaman Island ([[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]] at {{convert|732|m|abbr=on}}).<ref name="Planning Commission Report">{{cite book|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development Report|series=State Development Report series|author=Planning Commission of India|edition=illustrated|publisher=Academic Foundation|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7188-652-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=9 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209011823/https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC|url-status=live}}</ref>{{rp|33}}

The geology of the Andaman islands consists essentially of [[Late Jurassic]] to [[Early Eocene]] [[ophiolite]]s and [[sedimentary rock]]s ([[argillite|argillaceous]] and algal [[limestone]]s), deformed by numerous deep [[fault (geology)|faults]] and [[thrust fault|thrust]]s with [[ultramafic]] [[igneous]] [[intrusion (geology)|intrusion]]s.<ref name="tsu"/> There are at least 11 [[mud volcano]]es on the islands.<ref name="tsu">Chakrabarti, P.; Nag, A.; Dutta, S. B.; Dasgupta, S. and Gupta, N. (2006) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=5gEBfvCBclUC&pg=PA42 S & T Input: Earthquake and Tsunami Effects...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209011823/https://books.google.com/books?id=5gEBfvCBclUC&pg=PA42 |date=9 December 2015 }}'', page 43. Chapter 5 in S. M. Ramasamy et al. (eds.), ''Geomatics in Tsunami'', New India Publishing. {{ISBN|81-89422-31-6}}</ref> There are two volcanic islands, [[Narcondam Island]] and [[Barren Island (Andaman Islands)|Barren Island]], which have produced [[basalt]] and [[andesite]]. Barren Island is the only active volcano in the [[Indian sub-continent]], with the latest eruption reported in December 2022, leading to the potential for [[geotourism]].<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.andamantourism.gov.in/capital.php| title=Andaman Tourism – Science Centre| access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=260010| title=Global Volcanism Program – Barren Island| access-date=1 May 2023}}</ref>

==Climate==
The climate is typical of tropical islands of similar latitude. It is always warm, but with sea breezes. Rainfall is irregular, usually dry during the north-east monsoons, and very wet during the south-west monsoons.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911|p=956}}

==Flora==
[[File:Shaheed Island, Andamans, Tropical forest.jpg|thumb|Tropical forest, Shaheed Dweep, ([[Neil Island]])]]
[[File:Havelock Island, Mangrove trees in tropical sea, Andaman Islands.jpg|thumb|Mangrove trees on the beach, Havelock Island]]

The Middle Andamans harbour mostly moist [[deciduous forests]]. North Andamans is characterised by the wet evergreen type, with plenty of woody climbers.{{Citation needed|date=October 2023}}

The natural vegetation of the Andamans is tropical forest, with [[mangrove]]s on the coast. The rainforests are similar in composition to those of the west coast of Burma. Most of the forests are evergreen, but there are areas of deciduous forest on North Andaman, [[Middle Andaman Island|Middle Andaman]], [[Baratang]] and parts of [[South Andaman Island]]. The South Andaman forests have a profuse growth of [[epiphytic]] vegetation, mostly ferns and orchids.

The Andaman forests are largely unspoiled, despite logging and the demands of the fast-growing population driven by immigration from the Indian mainland. There are protected areas on [[Little Andaman Island|Little Andaman]], [[Narcondam Island|Narcondam]], North Andaman and South Andaman, but these are mainly aimed at preserving the coast and the marine wildlife rather than the rainforests.<ref>{{WWF ecoregion|id=im0101 |name=Andaman Islands rain forests|access-date=28 December 2011}}</ref> Threats to wildlife come from introduced species including rats, dogs, cats and the elephants of [[Interview Island]] and North Andaman.

Scientists discovered a new species of green algae species in the Andaman archipelago, naming it ''Acetabularia jalakanyakae''. "Jalakanyaka" is a Sanskrit word that means "mermaid".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/mermaid-plant-india-andamans-archipelago-b1903845.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817145707/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/mermaid-plant-india-andamans-archipelago-b1903845.html |archive-date=2021-08-17 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=Indian scientists discover new 'mermaid' plant species in Andamans archipelago|date=17 August 2021|website=The Independent}}</ref>

===Timber===
[[File:Timber.JPG|thumb|upright=1|right|Stilt houses in an Andamanese timber operation]]
Andaman forests contain 200 or more timber producing species of trees, out of which about 30 varieties are considered to be commercial. Major commercial timber species are Gurjan (''[[Dipterocarpus]]'' spp.) and [[Padauk]] (''[[Pterocarpus dalbergioides]]''). The following ornamental woods are noted for their pronounced grain formation:
* Marble wood (''[[Diospyros|Diospyros marmorata]]'')
* Andaman Padauk (''[[Pterocarpus dalbergioides]]'')
* Silver grey (a special formation of wood in white [[utkarsh]])
* Chooi (''[[Sageraea|Sageraea elliptica]]'')
* Kokko (''[[Albizzia lebbeck]]'')

Padauk wood is sturdier than teak and is widely used for furniture making.

There are [[burr wood]] and [[buttress root]] formations in Andaman Padauk. The largest piece of buttress known from Andaman was a dining table of {{convert|13|x|7|ft|abbr=on}}. The largest piece of burr wood was made into a dining table for eight.

The [[Rudraksha]] (''Elaeocarps sphaericus'') and aromatic Dhoop-resin trees also are found here.

==Fauna==
[[File:The Coral Reef at the Andaman Islands.jpg|thumb|The coral reef at Havelock in Andaman]]

The Andaman Islands are home to a number of animals, many of them endemic. Andaman & Nicobar islands are home to 10% of all Indian fauna species.<ref name="Singh">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/andaman-nicobar-islands-home-to-a-tenth-of-indias-fauna-species/article25592134.ece|title=Andaman & Nicobar Islands: home to a tenth of India's fauna species|last=Singh|first=Shiv Sahay|date=25 November 2018|work=The Hindu|access-date=10 November 2019|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=18 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191218190850/https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/andaman-nicobar-islands-home-to-a-tenth-of-indias-fauna-species/article25592134.ece|url-status=live}}</ref> The islands are only 0.25% of the country's geographical area, but has 11,009 species, according to a publication by the [[Zoological Survey of India]].<ref name="Singh"/>

===Mammals===
The island's endemic mammals include
* [[Andaman spiny shrew]] (''Crocidura hispida'')
* [[Andaman shrew]] (''Crocidura andamanensis'')
* [[Jenkins's shrew]] (''Crocidura jenkinsi'')
* [[Andaman horseshoe bat]] (''Rhinolophus cognatus'')
* [[Andaman rat]] (''Rattus stoicus'')

The [[banded pig]] (''Sus scrofa vittatus''), also known as the Andaman wild boar and once thought to be an endemic subspecies,<ref name="SrinivasuluSrinivasulu2012">{{Cite book | title = South Asian Mammals: Their Diversity, Distribution, and Status | last1 = Srinivasulu | first1 = C. | last2 = Srinivasulu | first2 = B. | publisher = Springer | year = 2012 | page = 353 | isbn = 9781461434498}}</ref> is protected by the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 (Sch I). The [[spotted deer]] (''Axis axis''), the [[Indian muntjac]] (''Muntiacus muntjak'') and the [[sambar deer|sambar]] (''Rusa unicolor'') were all introduced to the Andaman islands, though the sambar did not survive.

[[Interview Island]] (the largest wildlife sanctuary in the territory) in Middle Andaman holds a population of feral [[Asian elephant|elephants]], which were brought in for forest work by a timber company and released when the company went bankrupt. This population has been subject to research studies.

===Birds===
Endemic or near endemic birds include
* ''[[Spilornis elgini]]'', a serpent-eagle
* ''[[Rallina canningi]]'', a crake (endemic; data-deficient per IUCN 2000)
* ''[[Columba palumboides]]'', a wood-pigeon
* ''[[Macropygia rufipennis]]'', a cuckoo dove
* ''[[Centropus andamanensis]]'', a subspecies of brown coucal (endemic)
* ''[[Otus balli]]'', a scops owl
* ''[[Ninox affinis]]'', a hawk-owl
* ''[[Rhyticeros narcondami]]'', the Narcondam hornbill
* ''[[Dryocopus hodgei]]'', a woodpecker
* ''[[Dicrurus andamanensis]]'', a drongo
* ''[[Dendrocitta bayleyii]]'', a treepie
* ''[[Sturnus erythropygius]]'', the white-headed starling
* ''[[Collocalia affinis]]'', the plume-toed swiftlet
* ''[[Aerodramus fuciphagus]]'', the edible-nest swiftlet
The islands' many [[cave]]s, such as those at [[Chalis Ek Caves|Chalis Ek]] are nesting grounds for the edible-nest [[swiftlet]], whose nests are prized in China for [[bird's nest soup]].<ref name="soup">Sankaran, R. (1998), ''[http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_birds8.pdf The impact of nest collection on the Edible-nest Swiftlet in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704194845/http://www.traffic.org/species-reports/traffic_species_birds8.pdf |date=4 July 2010 }}''. Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore, India.</ref>

===Reptiles and amphibians===
The islands also have a number of endemic [[reptile]]s, [[toad]]s and [[frog]]s, such as the [[Andaman cobra]] (''Naja sagittifera''), South Andaman krait (''[[Bungarus andamanensis]]'') and Andaman water monitor (''Varanus salvator andamanensis'').

There is a sanctuary {{convert|45|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} from [[Havelock Island]] for [[saltwater crocodile]]s. Over the past 25 years there have been 24 crocodile attacks with four fatalities, including the death of American tourist Lauren Failla. The government has been criticised for failing to inform tourists of the crocodile sanctuary and danger, while simultaneously promoting tourism.<ref>{{cite news|author=Sacks, Ethan|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/nj-woman-killed-crocodile-attack-snorkeling-indian-coast-article-1.445025|title=NJ woman killed by crocodile attack while snorkeling off Indian coast|newspaper=NY Daily News|date=6 May 2010|access-date=26 April 2017|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426151615/http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/nj-woman-killed-crocodile-attack-snorkeling-indian-coast-article-1.445025|url-status=live}}</ref> Crocodiles are not only found within the sanctuary, but throughout the island chain in varying densities. They are habitat restricted, so the population is stable but not large. Populations occur throughout available mangrove habitat on all major islands, including a few creeks on Havelock. The species uses the ocean as a means of travel between different rivers and estuaries, thus they are not as commonly observed in open ocean. It is best to avoid swimming near mangrove areas or the mouths of creeks; swimming in the open ocean should be safe, but it is best to have a spotter around.

==Demographics==
[[File:The von Eickstedts in the Andamans 1926.jpg|thumb|The von Eickstedts in the Andamans 1926]]
[[File:Andamanese Onge.png|thumb|An Andamanese family on the [[Great Andaman]] island in 2006]]
{{As of|2011}}, the population of the Andaman was 343,125,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/ut_andaman.php |access-date=3 July 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619045535/http://www.india.gov.in/knowindia/ut_andaman.php|publisher=india.gov.in|title=Andaman & Nicobar Islands |archive-date=19 June 2010 }}</ref> having grown from 50,000 in 1960. The bulk of the population originates from immigrants who came to the island since the colonial times, mainly of [[Bengali people|Bengali]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]], [[Telugu people|Telugu]],<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/telugu-culture-flourishing-in-andamans/article6136317.ece | title='Telugu culture flourishing in Andamans' | work=The Hindu | date=21 June 2014 }}</ref> [[Tamil people|Tamil]], [[Malayalam people|Malayalam]] backgrounds.<ref name="distadmin">{{cite web|url=http://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm |title=Andaman & Nicobar Islands at a glance |publisher=Andamandt.nic.in |access-date=14 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213201339/http://andamandt.nic.in/profile.htm |archive-date=13 December 2011 }}</ref>
[[File:Jarwa Tribes Andaman.jpg|thumb|left|Tribes of Andaman]]

A small minority of the population are the [[Andamanese people|Andamanese]] — the [[indigenous peoples|aboriginal inhabitants]] ([[adivasi]]) of the islands. When they first came into sustained contact with outside groups in the 1850s, there were an estimated 7,000 Andamanese, divided into the [[Great Andamanese]], [[Jarawa (Andaman Islands)|Jarawa]], [[Jangil]] (or ''Rutland Jarawa''), [[Onge people|Onge]], and the [[Sentinelese people|Sentinelese]]. The Great Andamanese formed 10 tribes of 5,000 people total. As the numbers of settlers from the mainland increased (at first mostly prisoners and involuntary [[indentured labour]]ers, later purposely recruited farmers), the Andamanese suffered a population decline due to the introduction of outside [[infectious diseases]], land encroachment from settlers and conflict.

The Andaman Islands are home to the [[Sentinelese people]], an [[uncontacted people|uncontacted tribe]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Everything We Know About The Isolated Sentinelese People Of North Sentinel Island |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kionasmith/2018/11/30/everything-we-know-about-the-isolated-sentinelese-people-of-north-sentinel-island/ |work=Forbes |date=30 November 2018}}</ref>

Due to their isolated island location, the Andaman people have mostly avoided contact with the outside world. Their languages are a great reflection of this, with distinct linguistics that have strong [[Morphology (linguistics)|morphological features]] – root words, prefix, suffixes – with very little relation to surrounding geographic regions.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Endicott |first1=Phillip |last2=Gilbert |first2=M. Thomas P. |last3=Stringer |first3=Chris |last4=Lalueza-Fox |first4=Carles |last5=Willerslev |first5=Eske |last6=Hansen |first6=Anders J. |last7=Cooper |first7=Alan |date=January 2003 |title=The Genetic Origins of the Andaman Islanders |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/345487 |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=178–184 |doi=10.1086/345487 |pmid=12478481 |issn=0002-9297|pmc=378623 }}</ref>

Figures from the end of the 20th century estimate there remain only approximately 400–450 ethnic Andamanese still on the island, and as few as 50 speakers. The Jangil are extinct. Most of the Great Andamanese tribes are extinct, and the survivors, now just 52, speak mostly [[Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Malekar |first=Anosh |date=April 2010 |title=The case for a linguistic survey |work=InfoChange News & Features |publication-place=India |url=http://infochangeindia.org/Media/Languages-of-India/The-case-for-a-linguistic-survey.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927215058/http://infochangeindia.org/Media/Languages-of-India/The-case-for-a-linguistic-survey.html |archive-date=27 September 2011}}</ref> The Onge are reduced to less than 100 people. Only the Jarawa and Sentinelese still maintain a steadfast independence and refuse most attempts at contact; their numbers are uncertain but estimated to be in the low hundreds.

The indigenous languages are collectively referred to as the [[Andamanese languages]], but they make up at least two independent families, and the dozen or so attested languages are either extinct or endangered.

==Religion==
Most of the tribal people in Andaman and Nicobar Islands believe in a religion that can be described as a form of [[monotheism|monotheistic]] [[animism]]. The tribal people of these islands believe that [[Puluga]] is the only deity and is responsible for everything happening on Earth.<ref>{{cite book|author=Radcliffe-Brown, A. R.|title=The Andaman Islanders|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|date=14 November 2013|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-107-62556-3|page=161|access-date=15 November 2015|archive-date=26 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426152135/https://books.google.com/books?id=iRJaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161|url-status=live}}</ref> The faith of the Andamanese teaches that Puluga resides on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands' [[Saddle Peak (Andaman Islands)|Saddle Peak]]. People try to avoid any action that might displease Puluga. People belonging to this religion believe in the presence of souls, ghosts, and spirits. They put a lot of emphasis on dreams. They let dreams decide different courses of action in their lives.<ref>{{Cite web|title = People of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|url = http://www.webindia123.com/territories/andaman/people/intro.htm|website = Webindia123.com|access-date = 31 January 2016|archive-date = 1 June 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160601155012/http://www.webindia123.com/Territories/ANDAMAN/People/intro.htm|url-status = live}}</ref>

Andamanese mythology held that human males emerged from split bamboo, whereas women were fashioned from clay.<ref>Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald. The Andaman Islanders: A study in social anthropology. 2nd printing (enlarged). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933 [1906]. p. 192</ref> One version found by [[Alfred Reginald Radcliffe-Brown]] held that the first man died and went to heaven, a pleasurable world, but this blissful period ended due to breaking a food taboo, specifically eating the forbidden vegetables in the Puluga's garden.<ref>Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald. The Andaman Islanders: A study in social anthropology. 2nd printing (enlarged). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933 [1906]. p. 220</ref> Thus catastrophe ensued, and eventually the people grew overpopulated and didn't follow Puluga's laws. Hence, there was a [[Great Flood]] that left four survivors, who lost their fire.<ref>Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred Reginald. The Andaman Islanders: A study in social anthropology. 2nd printing (enlarged). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1933 [1906]. p. 216</ref><ref>Witzel, Michael E.J. (2012). The Origin of The World's Mythologies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 309–312</ref>

Other religions practiced in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are, in order of size, Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, [[Sikhism]], Buddhism, [[Jainism]] and [[Baháʼí Faith]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Population by religious communities|publisher=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=21 September 2016|archive-date=6 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106014425/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bahai.org/national-communities/andaman-and-nicobar-islands|title=Baháʼí Community of Andaman and Nicobar Islands|last=Baháʼí|website=Baháʼí Community|access-date=17 August 2017|archive-date=17 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170817163632/http://www.bahai.org/national-communities/andaman-and-nicobar-islands|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Government==
[[File:Aberdeen Bazar, Port Blair.JPG|thumb|The capital city of the Andaman Islands, Port Blair]]
[[Port Blair]] is the chief community on the islands, and the administrative centre of the Union Territory. The Andaman Islands form a single administrative district within the Union Territory, the [[Andaman district]] (the Nicobar Islands were separated and established as the new [[Nicobar district]] in 1974).

==Transportation==
The only commercial airport is [[Veer Savarkar International Airport]] in Port Blair. The airport is under the control of the [[Indian Navy]]. Prior to 2016 only daylight operations were allowed; since 2016 night flights have also operated.<ref>{{cite news|editor1=Roy, Sanjib Kumar|editor2=Sheekha, Andaman|title=Maiden night flight arrives in Isles|url=http://www.andamansheekha.com/2016/01/21/maiden-night-flight-arrives-in-isles-goair-flight-with-155-tourists-lands-at-vsi-airport-to-operate-chartered-flight-between-bengaluru-port-blair/|access-date=21 January 2016|work=Andaman Sheekha|date=21 January 2016|archive-date=2 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002092304/http://www.andamansheekha.com/2016/01/21/maiden-night-flight-arrives-in-isles-goair-flight-with-155-tourists-lands-at-vsi-airport-to-operate-chartered-flight-between-bengaluru-port-blair/|url-status=live}}</ref> A small airstrip, about {{convert|1000|m|ft}} long, is located near the eastern shore of North Andaman near [[Diglipur]].{{cn|date=February 2025}}

There are also ships from Chennai, Visakhapatnam and Kolkata.{{cn|date=February 2025}}

==Cultural references==

=== Literature ===
The islands are prominently featured in [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] 1890 mystery ''[[The Sign of the Four]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |title=LitCharts |url=https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-sign-of-the-four/summary |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=LitCharts |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chatterjee |first=Arup K. |journal=Shima: The International Journal of Research into Island Cultures |title=The Science of the Andamans and the Sign of the Four: The distorted racial hierarchy of British imperial anthropology |date=11 February 2019|volume=14 |issue=2 |doi=10.21463/SHIMA.14.2.14 |s2cid=224924041 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The magistrate in [[Lady Gregory]]'s play ''[[Spreading the News]]'' had formerly served in the islands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gregory |first=Lady |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RkE2AQAAMAAJ |title=Spreading the News |date=1909 |publisher=Putnam |language=en}}</ref>

[[M. M. Kaye]]'s 1985 novel ''Death in the Andamans''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kaye |first=M. M. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IADkCgAAQBAJ |title=Death in the Andamans |date=2015-12-01 |publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-250-08926-7 |language=en}}</ref> and [[Marianne Wiggins]]' 1989 novel ''John Dollar'' are set in the islands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wiggins |first=Marianne |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LC7HfgbTFaQC |title=John Dollar |date=1990 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0-06-091655-8 |language=en}}</ref> The latter begins with an expedition from Burma to celebrate King George's birthday, but turns into a grim survival story after an earthquake and tsunami.

A principal character in the novel ''[[Six Suspects (novel)|Six Suspects]]'' by [[Vikas Swarup]] is from the Andaman Islands.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sawhney |first=Hirsh |date=2008-10-17 |title=Delhi underbelly |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/oct/18/vikas-swarup |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |quote="In the end, Vicky Rai's murder is pinned on an innocent tribesman from the Andaman Islands, and a stream of encores await. All fail to pack a punch. Swarup has attempted an ambitious, complex project that required more cooking time, fewer plot lines and liberation from the desire to write a "great Indian novel"."}}</ref> The main protagonist of [[William Boyd (writer)|William Boyd's]] 2018 novel ''Love is Blind'', spends time in the Andaman Islands at the turn of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite news |title=William Boyd's new novel is a moreish romp |url=https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2018/09/27/william-boyds-new-novel-is-a-moreish-romp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210005058/https://www.economist.com/books-and-arts/2018/09/27/william-boyds-new-novel-is-a-moreish-romp |archive-date=2018-12-10 |access-date=2025-02-15 |newspaper=The Economist |issn=0013-0613}}</ref> The Andaman Islands in the period before, during and just after the Second World War are the setting for Uzma Aslan Khan's ''The Miraculous True History of Nomi Ali''.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Becker |first=Alida |date=2022-12-04 |title=The Best Historical Fiction of 2022 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/12/04/books/review/the-best-historical-fiction-of-2022.html |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |quote="Set in a British penal colony in the remote Andaman Islands just before and during World War II, Uzma Aslam Khan’s THE MIRACULOUS TRUE HISTORY OF NOMI ALI is a suspenseful, thought-provoking challenge to simple assumptions about enemies and friends, loyalty and betrayal. A young girl called Nomi Ali, the daughter of a prisoner whose entire family must share his incarceration, is only one of the many characters whose histories are entangled here."}}</ref>

=== Film and television ===
[[Priyadarshan]]'s 1996 film ''[[Kaalapani]]'' (Malayalam; ''[[Sirai Chaalai]]'' in Tamil) depicts the Indian freedom struggle and the lives of prisoners in the [[Cellular Jail]] in Port Blair.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1995-06-15 |title=Kaala Paani, a Malayalam film banks on lavish budget, freedom movement and multilingual cast |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/19950615-kaala-paani-a-malayalam-film-banks-on-lavish-budget-freedom-movement-and-multilingual-cast-806763-1995-06-14 |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

In 2023, Andaman islands were featured in a Netflix series named Kaala Paani based on a fictional disease outbreak in 2027.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Mitra |first=Shilajit |date=2023-10-18 |title='Kaala Paani' series review: Ambitious survival drama reaches the shore |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/kaala-paani-series-review-ambitious-survival-drama-reaches-the-shore/article67433338.ece |access-date=2025-02-15 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==

* [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[List of endemic birds of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[List of reptiles and amphibians of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[List of mammals of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
* [[List of trees of the Andaman Islands]]
* [[Lists of islands]]

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{Reflist}}

'''Sources'''
* {{EB1911|wstitle=Andaman Islands|volume=1|pages=955–958}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304034922/http://www.andamantravelagent.com/about-andaman History & Culture. The Andaman Islands with destination quide]
* {{cite web |first= Klemen |last= L |date= 2000 |title= Forgotten Campaign: The Dutch East Indies Campaign 1941–1942 |url= https://warfare.gq/dutcheastindies/index.html |access-date= 30 March 2021 |archive-date= 26 July 2011 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110726053035/http://www.dutcheastindies.webs.com/index.html |url-status= dead }}
* {{cite book|author=India Home Dept|title=The Andaman Islands: With Notes on Barren Island|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E0xFAAAAYAAJ|year=1859|publisher=C.B. Lewis, Baptist Mission Press}}
* {{cite book|author=Suresh Vaidya|title=Islands of the Marigold Sun|year=1960|publisher=Robert Hale}}
* {{cite book|author=Raleigh Trevelyan|author-link=Raleigh Trevelyan|title=The Golden Oriole: Childhood, Family and Friends in India|year=1987|publisher=Secker & Warburg}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20181213232827/http://www.and.nic.in/ Official Andaman and Nicobar Tourism Website]
* {{citation|last=Sorenson|first=E. Richard|title=Sensuality and Consciousness:Psychosexual Transformation in the Eastern Andaman|journal=Anthropology of Consciousness|volume=4|issue=4|year=1993|doi=10.1525/ac.1993.4.4.1|pages=1–9}}
* {{citation|last=Sen|first=Satadru|title=Savage Bodies, Civilized Pleasures: M. V. Portman and the Andamanese|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=36|issue=2|year=2009|doi=10.1111/j.1548-1425.2009.01140.x |pages=364–379}}

{{Andaman and Nicobar Islands}}
{{ecoregions of India}}
{{Portal bar|Islands|India}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Andaman]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of India]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes of Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Maritime Southeast Asia]]
[[Category:Volcanoes of India]]
[[Category:Pleistocene volcanoes]]
[[Category:Pleistocene Asia]]
[[Category:Lands inhabited by indigenous peoples]]

ELCOT IT Park Trichy

2026-03-16T03:04:27Z

MayraBarnett41: stub

{{short description|Tech Park in Trichy, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}

{{Infobox building
| name = ELCOT IT Park, Trichy
| native_name =
| alternate_names =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| location = ELCOT SEZ, Navalpattu, [[Tiruchirappalli]]-620006, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|10.735314|78.766194}}
| highest_prev =
| highest_next =
| construction_start_date = 21, October 2009
| completion_date = 2010
| inauguration_date = 9, December 2010
| building_type = Information Technology Park
| antenna_spire =
| roof =
| top_floor =
| floor_count = 2
| elevator_count = 5 (1 service Lift)
| architectural_style =
| cost = {{INR convert|60.08|c}}
| floor_area = {{convert|59,960|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
| grounds_area = {{convert|2|acre|m2|abbr=on}}
| main_contractor = [[MARG Limited]]
| architect =
| structural_engineer =
| developer =
| owner = [[ELCOT]]
| operator =
| references =
}}
{{coord|10.735314|78.766194|display=title}}

'''ELCOT IT Park Trichy''' is an [[information technology]] (IT) park in the city of [[Tiruchirappalli]], [[India]]. It was set up in 2010 as part of an effort to foster the growth of information technology in various cities of [[Tamil Nadu]] by [[Electronics Corporation of Tamil Nadu]] (ELCOT).

== Location ==
ELCOT IT Park Trichy is located on 2 acres of land at [[ELCOT]] SEZ in [[Navalpattu]] which is {{convert|15|km}} from [[Tiruchirappalli Junction railway station]] and {{convert|9|km}} from [[Tiruchirappalli International Airport]]. The IT Park is connected to the Trichy-Pudukottai [[National Highway 336 (India)|NH-336]] by a {{convert|4.7|km}} long 4-lane road laid at a cost of {{INR convert|6.1|c}}.<ref>{{Cite news|title=A well laid road remains underutilised|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/a-well-laid-road-remains-underutilised/article24662937.ece|last=R.|first=Krishnamoorthy|date=August 11, 2018|access-date=December 23, 2020|url-status=live|work=[[The Hindu]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109025547/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/a-well-laid-road-remains-underutilised/article24662937.ece|archive-date=9 November 2020}}</ref>

==ELCOT IT Building ==
The [[ELCOT]] IT Building, situated on two acres of land, was built by [[MARG Limited]] at the cost of {{INR convert|60|c}}. It is a 2-storey building with total floor capacity of {{convert|59,960|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}. The building offers complete power backup, a communication network, general maintenance, access control, fire safety, and ample parking space.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://it.tn.gov.in/en/Elcot_IT_Buildings/Trichy-Navalpattu|title=ELCOT IT Building, Trichy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201223185007/https://it.tn.gov.in/en/Elcot_IT_Buildings/Trichy-Navalpattu|archive-date=2020-12-23}}</ref> Currently the entire floor space is occupied by various companies including, [[Vuram]], V.Dart Technologies, GI Tech Gaming, and more, where 1535 employees are working,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elcot.in/special-economic-zone/tiruchy-sez|title=ELCOT Trichy-SEZ|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811214220/https://elcot.in/special-economic-zone/tiruchy-sez|archive-date=2020-08-11}}</ref> as listed below.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/navalpattu-it-park-to-get-additional-built-up-space/article26367972.ece|title=Construction of additional built-up space at Navalpattu IT Park to start soon|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 February 2019|last1=Krishnamoorthy|first1=R.}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ELCOT IT building space allotment
|-
! Name of Company !! Space Allotted (sq. ft.)
|-
| M/s. i Link Systems Pvt. Ltd., || 6668
|-
| M/s. Scientific Publishing Company || 30250
|-
| M/s Vuram Technology Solutions Pvt. Ltd. || 5976
|-
| M/s Vdart Technologies || 3643
|-
| Tamil Nadu Disaster Recovery Centre || 5963
|-
| M/s. GI Tech Gaming co.India Pvt.Ltd. || 4919
|-
| M.s. VR Della IT Services P.Ltd. || 2541
|}

==ELCOT IT Park==
[[File:ELCOT IT Park.jpg|thumb|ELCOT IT Park]]
The IT Park comprises total land of {{convert|147.61|acre|m2|abbr=on}}. Out of which {{convert|123.23|acre|m2|abbr=on}} falls under [[Special Economic Zone]] and the rest {{convert|24.28|acre|m2|abbr=on}} are non-SEZ lands. Approval for SEZ is effective from 26 July 2007. The TNEB has been provided with 10 acres of land to set up a 110 kV substation.<ref>{{cite news |author=Staff Reporter |title=Tiruchi IT Park works all set to begin |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Tiruchi-IT-Park-works-all-set-to-begin/article16881954.ece |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=The Hindu |agency=The Hindu |date=17 September 2009 |language=en-IN}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|+ ELCOT Land allotment
|-
! Name of Company !! Land Allotted (acres)
|-
| M/s. Sutherland || 10
|-
| M/s. WNS Global Services (p) Ltd. || 5
|-
| M/s. Zylog Systems Limited || 5
|-
| M/s. Unlimited Innovations India Pvt. Ltd. || 5
|-
| M/s. Assyst International Pvt. Ltd || 3
|-
| M/s. I Link Multitech Solutions Pvt Ltd. || 2
|-
| M/s. HCL Infosystems Ltd. || 2 (Non-SEZ)
|-
| M/s. Vdart Technologies. || 2
|-
| M/s. M/s. Health Plan Systems (India) Pvt. Ltd. || 2
|}

==Expansion==
Due to an overwhelming response and requests from various stakeholders for more building space since the existing one has been completely occupied, Tamil Nadu Government has decided to construct one more IT Building next to the existing one. Tenders for the construction were called by Public Works Department during August 2020 at a cost of {{INR convert|42.26|c}}.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Aug 25 |first1=Deepak Karthik / TNN / |title=PWD floats tender for phase II of Trichy Elcot IT park {{!}} Trichy News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/trichy/pwd-floats-tender-for-phase-ii-of-trichy-elcot-it-park/articleshow/77730560.cms |access-date=23 December 2020 |work=The Times of India |agency=The Times of India |date=25 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> The new building will be a 4-storey building with total floor space {{convert|1,13,000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} of which {{convert|62,000|sqft|m2|abbr=on}} is office space. The civil work was started in December 2020 and is estimated to be completed in 18 months.
== See also==
* [[ELCOT IT Park, Salem]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Tiruchirappalli]]
[[Category:Science parks in India]]
[[Category:Software technology parks in India]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Tamil Nadu]]

Reena Baba Saheb Kangale

2026-03-15T04:08:06Z

MayraBarnett41: Adding...

{{short description|Indian civil servant}}
{{orphan|date=February 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Reena Baba Saheb Kangale
| image = Reena Baba Saheb Kangale IAS.jpg
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = 
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1978|03|08}}
| birth_place = [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]
| other_names =
| occupation = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS Officer]]
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Reena Baba Saheb Kangale''' (born 8 March 1978) is an [[Indian civil servant]] serving as the [[Chief Electoral Officer (India)|Chief Electoral Officer]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] since January 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=In a first, all polling booths in Raipur (North) Assembly constituency managed by women: EC |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly/in-a-first-all-polling-booths-in-raipur-north-assembly-constituency-managed-by-women-ec/article67545383.ece |website=Thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]]|language=en-IN |date=17 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Reena Kangale Makes History as Chhattisgarh's First Female Chief Electoral Officer for the 2023 Assembly Election Voting |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election/reena-kangale-makes-history-as-chhattisgarh-first-female-chief-electoral-officer-for-the-2023-assembly-election-voting-10112217 |website=jagran.com |publisher=[[Dainik Jagran]]|language=en |date=6 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ahead of LS polls, CEO addresses returning officers |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/ceo-addresses-returning-officers-ahead-of-ls-polls/articleshow/107867753.cms |website=Timesofindia |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=21 February 2024}}</ref>

She is an Indian [[Indian Administrative Service|Administrative Officer]] of the 2003, Chhattisgarh Cadre.<ref>{{cite web |title=3 'communal' posts by BJP taken down in Chhattisgarh after EC rap |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/3-communal-posts-by-bjp-taken-down-in-chhattisgarh-after-ec-rap-9350688/ |website=Indianexpress.com |publisher=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |date=25 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Unaccounted cash, illicit liquor, valuables worth more than ₹38.34 crore seized since October 9 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly/unaccounted-cash-illicit-liquor-valuables-worth-more-than-3834-crore-seized-since-october-9/article67479835.ece |website=Thehindu.com |publisher=[[The Hindu]] |language=en-IN |date=31 October 2023}}</ref>

Kangale is also the [[Joint secretary to the Government of India]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kangale Reena Babasaheb IAS has been empanelled to the grade of Joint Secretary in Government of India |url=https://www.witnessinthecorridors.com/BureaDetails.aspx?id=46880#:~:text=Kangale%20Reena%20Babasaheb%20IAS%20officer,Secretary%20in%20Government%20of%20India. |website=Witness In The Corridors |language=en}}</ref>

She has worked on multiple governmental positions, including Secretary of [[Ministry of Women and Child Development|Women and Child Development]], Secretary of [[Schedule Caste|SC]], [[Schedule Tribe|ST]], and [[Other Backward Class|OBC]] Development, Director of [[Mining geology|Mining and Geology]] for the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]], as well as District Collector in significant mining, forested, and [[India tribal belt|tribal-dominated districts]] such as [[Dantewada]], [[Durg]], and [[Korba district|Korba]] in [[Chhattisgarh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Reena Kangale Makes History as Chhattisgarh's First Female Chief Electoral Officer for the 2023 Assembly Election Voting |url=https://www.thedailyjagran.com/elections/chhattisgarh-assembly-election/reena-kangale-makes-history-as-chhattisgarh-first-female-chief-electoral-officer-for-the-2023-assembly-election-voting-10112217 |website=Jagran |language=en |date=6 November 2023}}</ref> As the Chief Electoral Officer, she is responsible for supervising electoral processes in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Sandeep |title=IAS Reena Baba Kangale Biography in Hindi: CG पहली महिला CEO: पुलिस कमिश्नर की IAS बेटी कराएंगी बस्तर में चुनाव, पहली बार 10 MI-17 हेलिकॉप्टर मिलेंगे |url=https://npg.news/bureaucrats/ias-reena-baba-kangale-biography-in-hindi-cg-pahali-mahila-ceo-police-commissioner-ki-ias-beti-karayengi-bastar-me-chunav-pahali-bar-10-mi-17-helicopters-milenge-1252459 |website=npg |language=hi |date=1 November 2023}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Kangale was born on 8 March 1978, in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]]. Her father served as an [[IPS officer]]. She obtained her [[L.L.B]] from [[Dr. B. R. Ambedkar National Law University]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Sandeep |title=IAS Reena Baba Kangale Biography in Hindi: CG पहली महिला CEO: पुलिस कमिश्नर की IAS बेटी कराएंगी बस्तर में चुनाव, पहली बार 10 MI-17 हेलिकॉप्टर मिलेंगे |url=http://npg.news/bureaucrats/ias-reena-baba-kangale-biography-in-hindi-cg-pahali-mahila-ceo-police-commissioner-ki-ias-beti-karayengi-bastar-me-chunav-pahali-bar-10-mi-17-helicopters-milenge-1252459 |website=npg.news |language=hi |date=1 November 2023}}</ref><ref name="b1">{{cite web |title=IAS Reena Kangale {{!}} Reena Babasaheb Kangale {{!}} Chief Electoral officer Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.brutimes.com/news/politics/meet-ias-reena-baba-kangale-the-first-woman-ceo-of-chhattisgarh |website=Bru Times News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IAS Reena Babasaheb Kangale Biography: जानें IAS अफसर रीना बाबासाहेब कंगाले के बारे में... |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMoYSB3BOzI |website=Youtube |publisher=News |date=2 July 2024}}</ref>

== Career ==
Kangale became an [[IAS officer]] in 2003 in the Chhattisgarh Cadre. She successfully spearheaded the Parliamentary Elections of 2024 with a record of one of the highest voter turnouts of 72.80% overall with a 1.31% increase from last parliamentary elections of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=3 Lok Sabha seats in Chhattisgarh record 76.24 pc turnout in Phase-II |url=https://thefederal.com/category/elections-2024//3-lok-sabha-seats-in-chhattisgarh-record-7624-pc-turnout-in-phase-ii-119757 |website=thefederal.com |language=en |date=27 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CIVIL LIST OF IAS OFFICERS 2024 |url=https://gad.cg.gov.in/ias/view_preview.aspx?fn=CL/2024/01/0383 |website=Gad.cg.gov.in}}</ref>

In 2023, Reena Kangale facilitated polling in 102 villages significantly impacted by Naxal activities inside the [[Bastar division]]. The vote has occurred for the first time in National Elections since [[Independence of India|independence]], attributed to the normalization of the situation and confidence-building measures.<ref>{{cite web |title=Special Security Arrangements Planned in Chhattisgarh's Naxal-Infested Bastar for LS Polls |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/en/!state/special-security-arrangements-planned-in-chhattisgarhs-naxal-infested-bastar-for-ls-polls-enn24031704479 |website=ETV Bharat News |publisher=[[ETV Network]] |language=en |date=17 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/elDK4ogj4V.pdf |website=elections24.eci.gov.in}}</ref>

During the [[2023 elections in India|Assembly Elections of 2023]] showcasing her leadership history was created when first time in elections all polling booths were completely managed by women in an assembly segment. In [[Raipur City North Assembly constituency]], 201 booths were fully managed by 1046 women.<ref>{{cite web |title=EC conducts SVEEP rally in Bastar ahead of LS polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/ec-conducts-sveep-rally-in-bastar-ahead-of-ls-polls/articleshow/109116107.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes |publisher=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Chhattisgarh Elections 2023: Historic first for India as women lead entire poll process in Raipur North |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/chhattisgarh-elections-2023-historic-first-for-india-as-women-lead-entire-poll-process-in-raipur-north/3309376/ |website=Financialexpress |language=en |date=17 November 2023}}</ref>

As a result of her efforts in the [[2024 Indian general election]], 100% voter turnout was achieved in numerous polling sites within the state that had [[PVTG]] enrollment. The [[Governor of Chhattisgarh]] and the [[Election Commission of India]] commended her efforts to promote voting among [[PVTG]]s with booth-level officials.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Service |first1=Statesman News |title=Chhattisgarh's PVTGs excel: Record voter turnout a lesson in democratic participation |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/chhattisgarhs-pvtgs-excel-record-voter-turnout-a-lesson-in-democratic-participation-1503356869.html/amp |website=thestatesman.com |publisher=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |date=23 October 2024}}</ref>

In March 2025, Reena Baba Saheb Kangale has been appointed to the position of [[Joint secretary to the Government of India]].<ref name="b1"/>

== Awards and recognition ==
Best Performing State Award for Election Management 2024 for overall conduct of free, fair, inclusive and participative elections in Chhattisgarh.<ref>{{cite web |title=State's 2 IAS officers to be feted by EC |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/ias-officers-to-be-honored-by-election-commission-for-outstanding-efforts-in-assembly-elections/articleshow/106972622.cms |website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=भारत निर्वाचन आयोग ने की अवॉर्ड की घोषणा: बेस्ट परफॉर्मिंग स्टेट में CEO रीना बाबासाहेब कंगाले, बेस्ट इलेक्शन मैनेजमेंट कैटेगरी में विनीत नंदनवार होंगे सम्मानित |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/chhattisgarh/raipur/news/ceo-reena-babasaheb-kangale-will-be-honored-in-the-best-performing-state-vineet-nandanwar-will-be-honored-in-the-best-election-management-category-132460841.html |website=Bhaskar.com |publisher=[[Dainik Bhaskar]] |language=hi |date=18 January 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kangale, Reena}}
[[Category:Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Nagpur]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women civil servants]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian civil servants]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]

Cyrtodactylus jaintiaensis

2026-03-13T17:03:26Z

MayraBarnett41: creating!

{{Short description|Species of lizard}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| status =
| taxon = Cyrtodactylus jaintiaensis
| authority = Agarwal, Mahony, Giri, Chaitanya, & [[Aaron Matthew Bauer|Bauer]], 2018
| synonyms =
}}

'''''Cyrtodactylus jaintiaensis''''' is a species of [[gecko]] endemic to [[India]].<ref>{{NRDB species |genus=Cyrtodactylus |species= jaintiaensis |accessdate=30 April 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q63951944}}

[[Category:Cyrtodactylus]]
[[Category:Reptiles described in 2018]]
[[Category:Endemic reptiles of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Aaron M. Bauer]]
{{Cyrtodactylus-stub}}

Reduced to Ashes (book)

2026-03-13T05:09:05Z

MayraBarnett41: Expanded article with relevant info

{{Short description|Book by Ram Narayan Kumar}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Reduced To Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab
| title_orig =
| image = ReducedToAshesBookColor.jpg
| caption = Cover page.
| author = Ram Narayan Kumar, Amreek Singh Muktsar, Ashok Agrwaal, Jaskaran Kaur
| cover_artist = SIMRIK
| country = INDIA
| language = English
| series =
| subject =
| genre = research
| publisher = RETHINK BOOKS
| english_release_date =
| media_type = Print [HARDCOVER]
| pages = 634
| isbn = 978-93-94737-86-0
| preceded_by =
| followed_by =
| pub_date = June, 6, 2023
}}
'''''Reduced To Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab''''' is the report of the Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab (CCDP), authored by Ram Narayan Kumar, Amreek Singh, Ashok Agrwaal and Jaskaran Kaur. The report focuses on human rights violations committed by the [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]] during its operations to suppress the [[Punjab insurgency]] in India, from 1984 to 1994. The author Ram Narayan Kumar claims that the issue of [[Khalistan]] was used by the State to divert attention from real issues of democracy, constitutional safeguard and citizens' rights.<ref name="RNKumar_Human_Wrongs">{{cite web |url=http://www.countercurrents.org/hr-kumar290603.htm |title=Human Wrongs |author=Ram Narayan Kumar And Tanu Thomas K |work=[[The Times Of India]] |date=29 June 2003 |access-date=2009-12-20 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512081620/http://www.countercurrents.org/hr-kumar290603.htm |archive-date=May 12, 2008}}</ref>

==Content==

The book is organized into 7 chapters, each containing further subsections and finishing in 634 pages with the authors giving their conclusion and suggestions. The book starts by giving a chronology of events and a detailed information into [[Jaswant Singh Khalra]] case. The following chapters look into details of missing [[Sikh]]s and discrepancies of law and its deliberate misuse. It also presents the [[organizational structure]] of Punjab police. The book contains over 500 testimonies by the families of the victims, and describes 672 cases of alleged illegal executions by the police in the [[Amritsar district]].<ref name="RNKumar_Human_Wrongs"/>

:Contents
:Preface
:Introduction
:NHRC Chronology
:Chapter 1: Jaswant Singh Khalra: A Martyr for Human Rights
:Chapter 2: Impunity by All Means
:Chapter 3: Rights and the Dead Ends of Law
:Chapter 4: Methodology
:Chapter 5: Analysis of Case Summaries
:Chapter 6: Summaries of Cases of Illegal Cremations included in CBI Lists
:Chapter 7: Endnote: Reflections and Recommendations
:Appendices

==Reviews==

[[Khushwant Singh]], a well-known English columnist in leading National Newspapers in India, is said to have gone volte-face on his views after reading this research work,<ref name="KSreview">{{cite news | last = Singh |first = Khushwant | title = K. P. S. Gill you have questions to answer| publisher = The Hindustan Times| date = 2003-06-20}}</ref><ref name="ChangingKS">{{Cite news | last1 = Singh | first1 = Baldev | title = Changing Interpretation of Khushwant Singh| newspaper = Sikh Spectrum Quarterly| issue=15| date = February 2004| url = http://www.sikhspectrum.com/052004/khushwant_7.htm | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040603084447/http://www.sikhspectrum.com/052004/khushwant_7.htm | url-status = usurped | archive-date = June 3, 2004 }}</ref> in his own words out of his review of the book he remarks "It is spine-chilling.... Well, Mr Gill, it is not rubbish; you and the Punjab police have quite a few awkward questions to answer."<ref name="KSreview"/> The Punjab Police chief [[Kanwar Pal Singh Gill|K. P. S. Gill]], one of the accused in the book, had earlier dismissed the book by calling it "rubbish" in his comment to Khushwant Singh's query.<ref name="KSreview"/> However, later several police officials were charged with murder, and found guilty of kidnapping <ref name=amnesty>{{cite web|publisher=Amnesty International|title=A mockery of justice: The case concerning the "disappearance" of human rights defender Jaswant Singh Khalra severely undermined|url=http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200071998?open&of=ENG-IND|date=July 20, 1999|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017113415/http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGASA200071998?open&of=ENG-IND|archive-date=October 17, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/09/27/india11792.htm|title=Other Screams of Terror|publisher=Human Rights Watch|author=Meenakshi Ganguly|date=27 September 2005 }}</ref><ref name=ensaaf>{{cite web|url=http://www.ensaaf.org/news/pr2005-11-18.php|title=Punjab Cops Convicted of 1995 Murder of Activist Khalra|publisher=Ensaaf|access-date=2007-12-28|archive-date=2006-11-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061123135906/http://www.ensaaf.org/news/pr2005-11-18.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>

A. J. Philip, Senior Associate Editor of [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], accused [[Central Bureau of Investigation|CBI]] of not doing their jobs honestly and praised the authors of the book for taking the responsibility and doing what CBI failed to do.<ref name="PhilipReview">{{Cite news | last = Philip | first = A. J. | title = They did what CBI did not| work = The Tribune| date = 2003-06-01 | url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030601/spectrum/book1.htm }}</ref> He wrote, "The CBI did such a shoddy job investigating the illegal cremations that truth remained hidden under mounds of illegible paperwork. It is against this backdrop that the painstaking effort of four intrepid researchers Ram Narayan Kumar, Amrik Singh, Ashok Agrwaal and Jaskaran Kaur of the Committee for Coordination on Disappearances in Punjab should be seen and commended.".<ref name=PhilipReview/>

[[Columbia Law School]] Professor Peter Rosenblum wrote for preface "The careful analysis by the authors allows the reader to "pierce through the thick veils of ideology, intrigue and ‘state security’ that obscure our understanding of the campaign to pacify Punjab."<ref name=RDA>{{cite book | last =Kumar | first =Ram |author2=Singh, Amrik |author3=Agrwaal, Ashok |author4=Kaur, Jaskaran | title =Reduced To Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab| publisher =[[South Asia Forum for Human Rights]]| year =2003 |place=Kathamandu (Nepal)| isbn=99933-53-57-4}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/ReducedToAshes-TheInsurgencyAndHumanRightsInPunjab/mode/2up Download the book in PDF format]

[[Category:2003 non-fiction books|Reduced to Ashes book]]
[[Category:Khalistan movement]]

Shivleni Caves

2026-03-12T18:48:32Z

MayraBarnett41: Refined content and updated sections

{{short description|Rock-cut cave monuments in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox protected area
| name = Shivleni Caves
| alt_name = Jogai Mandap
| image = Shivleni Ambajogai.jpg
| image_caption = Inner view of Shivleni
| map = India Maharashtra
| relief = 1
| label=Shivleni, Ambajogai(beed)
| coordinates = {{coord|18.739166|76.3862987|region:IN|format=dms}}
| nearest_city = [[Ambajogai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
}}

The '''Shivleni Caves''' (Shiva leni; Jogai Mandap; Hattikhana) in [[Ambajogai]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]] are [[rock cut architecture|rock-cut]] cave monuments<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.europeana.eu/portal/record/92037/_http___www_bl_uk_onlinegallery_onlineex_apac_photocoll_g_zoomify62930_html.html |title= Shivleni - jogai Cave Temple, Ambajogi|accessdate=23 Jan 2015}}</ref> which date in King [[Udayaditya]] (reigned c. 1060–1087) from [[Paramara dynasty]] of Malwa. Total excavations were hewn out of rock cut and carved deep inside the hill. The caves include sculptures of Hindu deities like Shiva, Saptamatrukas and Ganesha.

[[File:Frontside of Shivleni.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.10 |Frontside view of Shivleni]]

The site is listed in "[[List of State Protected Monuments in Maharashtra]]" as a protected monument in the care of the Department of Archaeology of Maharashtra,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0001000s4u00450000.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123161715/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/g/019pho0001000s4u00450000.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 January 2015|title=General view of the Jogai Mandir Cave Temple, Ambajogi|accessdate=23 Jan 2015}}</ref> under the Maharashtra Ancient Monuments and Archeological Sites and Remains Act, 1960. The Shivleni Caves have also been an [[Archaeological Survey of India]] Heritage Site.

==Description==
Shivleni Caves are situated hardly half a kilometer to the north-west of Yogeshvari Temple, along the banks of the Jayvanti river. The caves are square in shape and are carved deep inside the hill. The entrance is on the southern side of the hill. Inside Mandap (pavilion) has an 8.36 sq m. court-yard in front and the roof of Mandap is supported by four pillars.

==Interiors==
In the centre of the courtyard there is an elegantly carved Nandi Mandap measuring 9.14 × 9.14 meters. In the center of this Mandap there is an image of Nandi. The inside of the cave is impressive; one hall is supported by thirty-two pillars and adorned with sculptures of Shiva and Ganesha.

An account of this structure can be found in the book ''The Cave Temples of India'' by James Fergusson and James Burgess (1880).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Cave Temples of India |first1=James |last1=Fergusson |first2=James |last2=Burgess |date=1880 |publisher=Allen |location=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft/page/425 425] |url=https://archive.org/details/cavetemplesofind00ferguoft}}</ref>

==History and inscription==
An inscription found here dated Saka 1066 records the grant for the maintenance of these caves by the king [[Udayaditya]] who is referenced as "Mahamandaleshvar".<ref>{{Cite web | title=The Gazetteers Department - Bhir | url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Beed/places_ambejogai.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230004248/http://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in:80/english/gazetteer/Beed/places_ambejogai.html | access-date=2025-01-01 | archive-date=2012-12-30}}</ref> According to the inscription, villages of Sailu, Kumbhephal, Javalganv and a few others were granted to the Shiva temple. This inscription has been relocated to the Tahsildar's office at Ambajogai for safe custody and preservation. It is widely believed that this sacred site was established in commemoration of the epic clash between Yogeshwari and Dhantasura. As a lasting tribute to that momentous battle, intricate carvings of elephants adorn the surroundings of Shiva, adding a rich and symbolic touch to the spiritual ambience of the area. This story can be found in the book ''Dhantasura War of justice against the Gods'' by Jayanth Dev (2023).<ref>{{cite book |title=Dhantasura: War of Justice against the Gods |first1=Jayanth |last1=Dev |date=2023 |location=India|url=https://www.amazon.in/Dhantasura-Justice-against-Mythological-Historical/dp/B0C1NLR493l}}</ref>

==Local beliefs==
A local story claims that the monument is the wedding court of the ''jogaidevi (Yogeshwari, form of Amba),'' whose temple is situated nearby. It is said that the wedding was planned to take place in this ''mandap'' but could not take place for supernatural reasons, and the elephants and everything inside it turned to stone, hence the name 'Jogai Mandap'.

There is also a local belief that there is a tunnel in this ''Shivleni'' leading to Parli Vaijanath, around 25 Km away, that was closed by the authorities.

==Protection==
The monument is now a state protected monument under the Maharashtra Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1960.

== See also ==
{{commons category}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Hindu temples in Maharashtra}}

[[Category:Archaeological sites in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Caves of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Beed district]]
[[Category:Caves containing pictograms in India]]
[[Category:Rock-cut architecture of India]]
[[Category:Cultural history of Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Former populated places in India]]
[[Category:Shiva temples in India]]
[[Category:Hindu cave temples in India]]
[[Category:Hindu temples in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Beed district]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Maharashtra]]

Kadathanadu

2026-03-11T17:05:44Z

MayraBarnett41: formatting fix

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}

'''Kadathanadu''' ({{IPA|ml|kɐɖɐt̪ːɐnaːɖə̆|lang}}), also rendered '''Kadathanad''', '''Katattanad''', and, academically, '''Kaṭattanāṭǔ'''; alternately known as '''[[Vatakara]]''' or '''Badagara''', was a [[Realm|kingdom]] in [[North Malabar]] just north of the [[Korapuzha|Korappuzha River]], ruled by the [[Porlathiri]] dynasty after their dispossession from their native realm of [[Calicut]] and [[Polanad]]. Its ruler was known as [[Vazhunnavar]], often rendered 'Boyanore', until 1750, whereupon their prior titulature of Raja was resumed.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mole |first=Gregory T. |date=2015-06-23 |title=Mahé and the Politics of Empire: Trade, Conquest, and Revolution on the Malabar Coast |url=http://journals.openedition.org/lrf/1294 |journal=La Révolution française |issue=8 |doi=10.4000/lrf.1294 |issn=2105-2557}}</ref>

[[File:Kerala in the Late Middle Ages.jpg|thumb|Kerala in the Late Middle Ages]]

The establishment of the kingdom dates to the flight of the [[Porlathiri]], fleeing the [[Zamorin|Zamorin's conquest of Calicut]], to seek asylum in [[Kolathiri]] territory; where a chance lakeside encounter led to a Kolathiri prince of the Southern Regency scandalously espousing the Porlathiri heiress, who traditionally would only have [[hypergamy|hypergamously]] contracted [[sambandham]] with a [[Nambudiri|Nambudiripad Brahmin.]] The dynamics of the marriage led to significant carveouts from the Southern Regency, with the hereditary governance matrilineally vested in the line of the [[Porlathiri]] princess and her Kolathiri groom.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rao |first=M.S.A. |date=July 1982 |title=Book Reviews : BALAKRISHNAN AND R. LEELA DEVI, Mannathu Padmanabhan and the Revival of Nairs in Kerala, New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1982, pp. 122, Rs 60 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001946468201900309 |journal=The Indian Economic & Social History Review |volume=19 |issue=3–4 |pages=397–398 |doi=10.1177/001946468201900309 |issn=0019-4646|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

==Geographical location==
Geographically, Kadathanadu is situated to the south of [[Thalassery]] and north of [[Koyilandy]] on the Malabar coast, beside the historical Kottakkal river. The area roughly six kilometers from [[Vatakara]] is known as Kadathanadu. The place is now part of [[Puduppanam]] in Vatakara.

Kadathanadu is also the site of the famous [[Hinduism|Hindu]] [[Lokanarkavu]] temple.

==History==
The erstwhile princely state of Kadathanadu was ruled by Rajas of Kadathanadu, who were of [[Nair]] origin and was feudatories to the [[Kolathiri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hasan|first=Mohibbul|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hkbJ6xA1_jEC&q=Nair+principalities&pg=PA372|title=History of Tipu Sultan|date=2005|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-57-2|language=en}}</ref> Around 1750, the ruler of Kadathanadu had adopted the title of Raja, with the explicit consent of the Kolathiri. Harivihar is the 150-year-old residence of the Kadathanadu royal family. Legend has it that the sons of the Kadathanadu rulers were sent to [[Kozhikode|Calicut]] to be educated in institutions set up by the [[Zamorin]] of Calicut, and hence a city house was built for the young princes.

During [[Malayalam Era]] 965, corresponding to 1789–90, [[Tipu Sultan]] crossed over to Malabar with his army. A small army of 2000 Kadathanadu Nairs resisted the invasion from a fortress in [[Kuttippuram|Kuttipuram]] near [[Nadapuram]] for a few weeks.
This land, whose Sanskrit name is Ghatolkachakshiti, mainly included parts of the present Vadakara taluk. The king of Katthannad was addressed as Vazhunnor.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Feudal states of Kerala}}
{{Malabar}}

[[Category:Kingdoms of Kerala]]
[[Category:History of Kozhikode district]]

2009 Indian general election in Jharkhand

2026-03-11T06:44:54Z

MayraBarnett41: minor add details and corrected details for clarity

{{Short description|none}}
{{For|Assembly election|2009 Jharkhand Legislative Assembly election}}{{Unreferenced|date=March 2026}}{{Infobox election
| election_name = Indian general election in Jharkhand, 2009
| country = India
| type = parliamentary
| ongoing = no
| previous_election = Indian general election, 2004 (Jharkhand)
| previous_year = 2004
| next_election = Indian general election, 2014 (Jharkhand)
| next_year = 2014
| election_date = April–May 2009
| seats_for_election = 14 seats
| turnout = 50.98%
| image1 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Arjun Munda - Ranchi 2011-11-29 9195.JPG|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=09|oTop=0}}
| leaders_seat1 = [[Jamshedpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Jamshedpur]] (won)
| leader1 = [[Arjun Munda]]
| colour1 = FF9933
| party1 = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| alliance1 = National Democratic Alliance (India)
| last_election1 = 1
| seats1 = 8
| seat_change1 = {{gain}} 7
| percentage1 = 28.74%
| image2 = {{CSS image crop|Image=Shibu Soren.jpg|bSize=100|cWidth=100|cHeight=120|oLeft=0|oTop=0}}
| leader2 = [[Shibu Soren]]
| party2 = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
| colour2 = 00BFFF
| alliance2 = United Progressive Alliance
| leaders_seat2 = [[Dumka (Lok Sabha constituency)|Dumka]] (won)
| last_election2 = 12
| seats2 = 3
| seat_change2 = {{loss}} 9
| percentage2 = 26.72%
| map_image = Jharkhand in India.png
| map_size = 200px
| map_caption = [[Jharkhand]]
| title = [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]]
| posttitle = Prime Minister after election
| before_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| before_party = Indian National Congress
| after_election = [[Manmohan Singh]]
| after_party = Indian National Congress
}}

The [[2009 Indian general election]] in [[Jharkhand]] was held for 14 seats in the state.

==Parties and alliances==
===[[National Democratic Alliance]]===
{|class="wikitable " width="50%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|[[File:BJP flag.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Lotus flower symbol.svg|50px]]
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|12
|-
|{{party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
|[[Janata Dal (United)]]
|[[File:Janata Dal (United) Flag.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Arrow.svg|50px]]
|[[Nitish Kumar]]
|2
|-
! colspan=5| Total
! 14
|}

===[[United Progressive Alliance]]===
{|class="wikitable " width="50%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[File:Indian National Congress Flag.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Hand INC.svg|50px]]
|[[Sonia Gandhi]]
|9
|-
|{{party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|[[File:Jharkhand Mukti Morcha flag.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Bow And Arrow.svg|50px]]
|[[Shibu Soren]]
|5 + 3 {{efn|Friendly Contest on [[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]],
[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]] and [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]] between [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]].}}
|-
! colspan=5| Total
! 14 + 3 {{efn|Friendly Contest on [[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]],
[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]] and [[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]] between [[Indian National Congress|INC]] and [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]].}}
|}

===Other Parties===
{|class="wikitable " width="50%" style="text-align:center"
!colspan="2"|Party
!Flag
!Symbol
!Leader
!Seats contested
|-
|{{party color cell|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]]
|
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Comb.png|50px]]
|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|14
|-
|{{party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|[[File:RJD Flag.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Hurricane Lamp.png|50px]]
|[[Lalu Prasad Yadav]]
|6
|-
|{{party color cell|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
|[[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|[[File:Blank.svg|75px]]
|[[File:Indian Election Symbol Banana.svg|50px]]
|[[Sudesh Mahato]]
|6
|}
==List of Candidates==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="line-height:20px;text-align:center;"
|-
! colspan="2" rowspan="2" |Constituency
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| colspan="3" bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}" |
|-
!colspan="3"|[[National Democratic Alliance|'''NDA''']]
!colspan="3"|[[United Progressive Alliance|'''UPA''']]
!colspan="3"|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|'''JVM(P)''']]
|-
!1
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Devidhan Besra]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| [[Hemlal Murmu]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| [[Som Marandi]]
|-
!2
|[[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sunil Soren]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| [[Shibu Soren]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| Ramesh Hembrom
|-
!rowspan="2"|3
|rowspan="2"|[[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Nishikant Dubey]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| [[Durga Soren]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"| [[Pradeep Yadav (Indian politician)|Pradeep Yadav]]
|-
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Furqan Ansari]]
|-
!4
|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| Arun Kumar Yadav
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Dhiraj Prasad Sahu
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| K. P. Sharma
|-
!rowspan="2"|5
|rowspan="2"|[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Laxman Swarnkar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| Bishnu Prasad Bhaiya
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|rowspan=2}}
| rowspan="2"|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|-
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Tilakdhari Singh]]
|-
!6
|[[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| Teklal Mahto
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| Saba Ahmad
|-
!7
|[[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Pashupati Nath Singh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Chandrashekhar Dubey]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| Phul Chand Mandal
|-
!8
|[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Ram Tahal Choudhary
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| Akhtar Ansari
|-
!9
|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Arjun Munda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| [[Suman Mahato]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| Arvind Kumar Singh
|-
!10
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| Barkuwar Gagrai
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Bagun Sumbroi
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| Mangal Singh Bobonga
|-
!11
|[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Karia Munda]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| Neil Tirkey
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| Theodore Kiro
|-
!12
|[[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Sudarshan Bhagat]]
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Rameshwar Oraon]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| Bahura Ekka
|-
!13
|[[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamau]]
|{{Party name with colour|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Radha Krishna Kishore]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| [[Kameshwar Baitha]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| Prabhat Kumar
|-
!rowspan="2"|14
|rowspan="2"|[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| Shivlal Mahto
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|rowspan=2}}
|rowspan="2"| Braj Kishore Jaiswal
|-
|{{Party name with colour|Indian National Congress}}
| [[Saurabh Narain Singh]]
|-

|}

== Results ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" | Alliance/ Party
! colspan="3" | Popular vote
! colspan="3" | Seats
|-
! Votes
! %
! ±[[Percentage point|pp]]
! Contested
! Won
! '''+/−'''
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|National Democratic Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#fef3e8"|[[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]
| {{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
| [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| 25,15,265
| 27.53
| {{decrease}} 5.48
| 12
| 8
| {{increase}} 7
|-
| {{Party color cell|Janata Dal (United)}}
| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]]
| 1,10,912
| 1.21
| {{decrease}} 2.59
| 2
| 0
| {{Steady}}
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#fef3e8" | Total
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 26,26,177
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 28.74
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 14
! style="background:#fef3e8" | 8
! style="background:#fef3e8" | {{Steady}}
|-
|rowspan="3" {{Party color cell|United Progressive Alliance}}
!rowspan="3" style="background:#E5F8FF"|[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
| 13,72,639
| 15.02
| {{decrease}} 6.42
| 6 + 3
| 1
| {{decrease}} 5
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
| 10,68,935
| 11.70
| {{decrease}} 4.58
| 5 + 3
| 2
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
! colspan="2"style="background:#E5F8FF" | Total
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 24,41,574
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 26.72
!style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 11 + 6
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | 3
! style="background:#E5F8FF" | {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)|JVM(P)]]
| 9,57,084
| 10.48
| ''New''
| 14
| 1
| {{increase}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
| colspan="3"|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
| 4,86,870
| 5.33
| {{increase}} 1.82
| 6
| 0
| {{decrease}} 2
|-
| {{Party color cell|Bahujan Samaj Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]]
| 3,21,571
| 3.52
| {{increase}} 1.18
| 14
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)L]]
| 2,54,455
| 2.79
| {{increase}} 0.63
| 6
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|All Jharkhand Students Union}}
| colspan="3"|[[All Jharkhand Students Union|AJSU]]
| 2,00,523
| 2.19
| {{increase}} 0.50
| 6
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jharkhand Party}}
| colspan="3"|[[Jharkhand Party|JKP]]
| 1,25,900
| 1.38
| {{increase}} 0.77
| 7
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]
| 1,06,051
| 1.16
| {{decrease}} 2.64
| 3
| 0
| {{decrease}} 1
|-
| {{Party color cell|Marxist Co-ordination Committee}}
| colspan="3"|[[Marxist Co-ordination Committee|MCO]]
| 91,489
| 1.00
| {{decrease}} 0.58
| 2
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
| 49,407
| 0.54
| {{increase}} 0.14
| 2
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Jharkhand Party (Naren)}}
| colspan="3"|[[Jharkhand Party (Naren)|JKP(N)]]
| 43,293
| 0.47
| ''New''
| 5
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Other}}
| colspan="3" | [[2009 Indian general election in Jharkhand#Others|Others]]
| 4,15,325
| 4.55
| {{steady}}
| 53
| 0
| {{steady}}
|-
| {{Party color cell|Independent (politician)}}
| colspan="3" | [[Independent (politician)|IND]]
| 10,16,099
| 11.12
| {{increase}} 4.23
| 100
| 2
| {{increase}} 2
|-
! colspan="4" | Total
! 91,35,818
! 100%
! -
! 249
! 14
! -
|}

== List of Elected MPs==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!colspan="2" rowspan="2"|Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner-up
! colspan="2" |Margin
|-
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
! data-sort-type=number | Votes
! data-sort-type=number | %
!Candidate
! colspan="2" |Party
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
!data-sort-type=number | Votes
!data-sort-type=number | %
|-
!1
|[[Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency|Rajmahal]]
|[[Devidhan Besra]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|168,357
|26.12
|[[Hemlal Murmu]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|159,374
|24.73
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8,983
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.39

|-
!2
|[[Dumka Lok Sabha constituency|Dumka]]
|[[Shibu Soren]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|208,518
|33.52
|[[Sunil Soren]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|189,706
|30.50
|style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} ; color:white;"|18,812
|style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} ; color:white;"|3.02

|-
!3
|[[Godda Lok Sabha constituency|Godda]]
|[[Nishikant Dubey]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|189,526
|23.76
|[[Furkan Ansari]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|183,119
|22.96
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|6,407
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|0.80

|-
!4
|[[Chatra Lok Sabha constituency|Chatra]]
|[[Inder Singh Namdhari]]
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|108,336
|22.86
|[[Dhiraj Prasad Sahu]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|92,158
|19.44
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|16,178
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|3.42

|-
!5
|[[Kodarma Lok Sabha constituency|Kodarma]]
|[[Babulal Marandi]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha|JVM(P)]]
|199,462
|25.55
|[[Raj Kumar Yadav (politician)|Raj Kumar Yadav]]
|{{Party color cell|Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation}}
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation|CPI(ML)]]
|150,942
|19.34
|style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha}} ; color:black;"|48,520
|style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha}} ; color:black;"|6.21

|-
!6
|[[Giridih Lok Sabha constituency|Giridih]]
|[[Ravindra Kumar Pandey]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|233,435
|37.70
|[[Tek Lal Mahto]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|138,697
|22.40
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|94,738
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|15.30

|-
!7
|[[Dhanbad Lok Sabha constituency|Dhanbad]]
|[[Pashupati Nath Singh]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|260,521
|32.03
|[[Chandrashekhar Dubey]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|202,474
|24.89
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|58,047
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|7.14

|-
!8
|[[Ranchi Lok Sabha constituency|Ranchi]]
|[[Subodh Kant Sahay]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|310,499
|42.88
|[[Ram Tahal Choudhary]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|297,149
|41.04
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|13,350
|style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}} ; color:white;"|1.84

|-
!9
|[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|[[Arjun Munda]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|319,620
|45.30
|[[Suman Mahato]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|199,957
|28.34
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|119,663
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|16.96

|-
!10
|[[Singhbhum Lok Sabha constituency|Singhbhum]]
|[[Madhu Kora]]
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Independent politician|IND]]
|256,827
|44.29
|Barkuwar Gagrai
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|167,154
|28.82
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|89,673
|style="background:{{party color|Independent politician}} ; color:black;"|15.47

|-
!11
|[[Khunti Lok Sabha constituency|Khunti]]
|[[Karia Munda]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|210,214
|41.19
|Neil Tirkey
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|130,039
|25.48
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|80,175
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|15.71

|-
!12
|[[Lohardaga Lok Sabha constituency|Lohardaga]]
|[[Sudarshan Bhagat]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|144,628
|27.69
|[[Chamra Linda]]
|{{Party color cell|Independent politician}}
|[[Independent politician|IND]]
|136,345
|26.10
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|8,283
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|1.59

|-
!13
|[[Palamu Lok Sabha constituency|Palamau]]
|[[Kameshwar Baitha]]
|{{Party color cell|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|JMM]]
|167,995
|25.80
|[[Ghuran Ram]]
|{{Party color cell|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|[[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]]
|144,457
|22.18
|style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} ; color:white;"|23,538
|style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}} ; color:white;"|3.62

|-
!14
|[[Hazaribagh Lok Sabha constituency|Hazaribagh]]
|[[Yashwant Sinha]]
|{{Party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|scope="row" style="text-align: center;" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
|219,810
|31.81
|[[Saurabh Narain Singh]]
|{{Party color cell|Indian National Congress}}
|[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|179,646
|26.00
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|40,164
|style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}} ; color:white;"|5.81
|-
|}

===Bye-election===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="3" |Constituency
! colspan="5" |Winner
! colspan="5" |Runner Up
! rowspan="2" |Margin
|-
! No.
! Name
! Date
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
! Candidate
! colspan="2" | Party
! Votes
! %
|-

!rowspan=2 |9
|rowspan=2 |[[Jamshedpur Lok Sabha constituency|Jamshedpur]]
|rowspan=2 |2011
|[[Dr. Ajoy Kumar]]
|{{Party name with colour|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}
|276,582
|37.38
|Dineshanand Goswami
|{{Party name with colour|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|120,856
|16.33
|style="background:{{party color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}};Color:black;"|155,726
|-
!colspan=12 |The 2011 Jamshedpur Lok Sabha by-poll was held because the sitting MP, Arjun Munda, resigned from his seat to become Chief Minister of Jharkhand 
|-
|}

== Assembly Segment wise lead ==
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=2|Party
!Assembly segments
!Position in Assembly (as of 2009 election)
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}"|
! [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|39
|18
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}"|
! [[Indian National Congress]]
|11
|14
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}"|
! [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]]
|8
|18
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)}}"|
! [[Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)]]
|6
|11
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}"|
! [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
|3
|5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|All Jharkhand Students Union}}"|
! [[All Jharkhand Students Union]]
|1
|5
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation}}"|
! [[Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) Liberation]]
|2
|1
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Bahujan Samaj Party}}"|
! [[Bahujan Samaj Party]]
|2
|0
|-
|bgcolor="{{party color|Janata Dal (United)}}"|
! [[Janata Dal (United)]]
|1
|2
|-
|bgcolor=#FAF8FA|
! Others
|8
|7
|-
!colspan=2|Total
!colspan=2|81
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Jharkhand elections}}

[[Category:Indian general elections in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2009 Indian general election by state or union territory|Jharkhand]]
[[Category:2000s in Jharkhand]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

Naam Iruvar (1947 film)

2026-03-06T03:44:05Z

MayraBarnett41: Put Up Some Info W/ Refs...

{{short description|1947 film by A. V. Meiyappan}}
{{About||the 1985 film|Naam Iruvar (1985 film)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Naam Iruvar 1947 poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[A. V. Meiyappan]]
| writer = [[P. Neelakantan|Pa. Neelakantan]]<ref name="movie" />
| based_on = {{Based on|''Thyaga Ullam''|Pa. Neelakantan}}
| producer = A. V. Meiyappan
| starring = [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] T. A. Jayalakshmi
| cinematography = T. Muthusamy
| editing = [[M. V. Raman]]
| music = [[R. Sudarsanam]]
| studio = [[AVM Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1947|1|12|ref1={{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=64}}}}
| runtime = 153 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Naam Iruvar''''' ({{langx|en|We Two|italic=yes}}) is a 1947 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed and produced by [[A. V. Meiyappan]]. It is based on the play ''Thyaga Ullam'' written by [[P. Neelakantan|Pa. Neelakantan]]. The film stars T. R. Mahalingam and T. A. Jayalakshmi. It was released on 12 January 1947 and became a success.

== Plot ==
{{more plot|date=November 2021}}
Sukumar, the son of a black-marketeer, falls in the company of evil friends and invests his money in making a film in accordance with their advice. However, the film never sees the light of the day and leaves Sukumar heavy in debt. He is eventually questioned by financiers and when he fails to pay them, is dragged to court. How he is rescued from his perilous situation forms the climax of the story. At the end of the film, Sukumar becomes a nationalist and a Gandhian.<ref name="Nam_Iruvar" />

== Cast ==
{{Col-begin|width=60%}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Male cast<ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Naam Iruvar |type=motion picture |language=Tamil |publisher=[[AVM Productions]] |year=1947 |time=0:50 to 2:24 |time-caption=Opening credits, from}}</ref>
* [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] as Sukumar
* [[B. R. Panthulu]] as Jayakumar
* [[K. Sarangapani]] as Ramasamy Pillai
* [[T. R. Ramachandran]] as Gnanodhayam
* [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] as Shanmugam Pillai
* [[T. K. Ramachandran]] as Viswam
* V. K. Karthikeyan as Hanumantha Rao
* S. P. Chellappa as Rahim
* N. C. Menon as Police Sub Inspector
* S. L. Narayanan as Muniyan
* R. Viswanathan as Kamatchiya Pillai
* C. Natarajan as Periyanna Pillai
* Janardhanan as Seenu Pillai
* V. S. Srinivasan as Accountant
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Female cast<ref name="movie" />
* T. A. Jayalakshmi as Kannamma
* [[Kumari Kamala|Baby Kamala]] as Kamala
* [[K. R. Chellam]] as Ambujam
* A. S. Jaya as Leela
* Chitti as Thripuasundara Devi
* D. Lakshmi Bai as Mohini
* M. R. Visalatchi as Miss Susheela
{{col-end}}

== Production ==
Based on a play ''Thyaga Ullam'' written by Pa. Neelakantan,<ref name="kumari_kamala" /> which itself was based on the story of the 1936 film ''[[Iru Sahodarargal]]'',<ref name="Nam_Iruvar">{{Cite web |last=Crow |first=Jonathan |title=Nam Iruvar (1947) |url=https://www.allmovie.com/movie/nam-iruvar-v254140 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201022075723/https://www.allmovie.com/movie/nam-iruvar-v254140 |archive-date=22 October 2020 |access-date=22 October 2020 |website=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref>{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=64}} ''Naam Iruvar'' was directed and produced by A.V. Meiyappan. The film released in January, a few months before India's independence after six months of shooting and was a "thundering success".{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=64}}<ref name="blo">{{Cite news |date=15 August 2007 |title=From Naam Iruvar to Sivaji |work=[[Business Line]] |url=http://www.blonnet.com/2007/08/15/stories/2007081552860200.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2008-04-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521170549/http://www.blonnet.com/2007/08/15/stories/2007081552860200.htm |archive-date=21 May 2008}}</ref> The story begins with a [[Subramania Bharati]] anniversary and ends with [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi]]'s 77th birthday celebrations. A notable feature of the movie were its songs which were written by Indian nationalist Subramaniya Bharati<ref name="Bharati">{{Cite web |title=Landamarks in Tamil cinema |url=http://www.indiafilm.com/lm.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410001605/http://www.indiafilm.com/lm.htm |archive-date=10 April 2008 |access-date=2008-05-14 |website=indiafilm.com}}</ref> and sung by [[D. K. Pattammal]].{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=64}}<ref name="kumari_kamala">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |date=7 January 2002 |title=She danced her way to stardom |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/she-danced-her-way-to-stardom/article28367871.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201022080236/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/she-danced-her-way-to-stardom/article28367871.ece |archive-date=22 October 2020 |author-link=Randor Guy}}</ref>

The film is remembered for the dance performances of [[Kumari Kamala|Baby Kamala]].<ref name="kumari_kamala" /> It is also remembered as the first film produced under the banner of [[AVM Productions]].{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=66}} Following the success of the film, AVM moved his studio from [[Karaikudi]] to [[Kodambakkam]] in [[Chennai]].{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=66}}<ref name="The Hindu_bio">{{Cite news |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=28 July 2006 |title=AVM, the adventurer |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/28/stories/2006072802680100.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=2008-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523110401/http://www.hindu.com/fr/2006/07/28/stories/2006072802680100.htm |archive-date=23 May 2008}}</ref> ''Nam Iruvar'' was also the last film directed by A. V. Meiyappan and extensively portrayed the hopes and aspirations of a nation on the brink of independence.

[[S. V. Sahasranamam]] who acted and directed the play was initially considered for the leading role. but couldn't take up the film due to other commitments hence he was replaced by T. R. Mahalingam.{{Sfn|Dhananjayan|2014|page=65}} The film also marked the debut of [[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] who appeared in the role of an evil old man at the age of 21.<ref>{{Cite news |date=25 December 2002 |title=V. K. Ramasamy died |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/12/25/stories/2002122504390500.htm |url-status=dead |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030513181846/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/2002/12/25/stories/2002122504390500.htm |archive-date=13 May 2003}}</ref> The film, primarily in black-and-white, was released with a few sequences in colour.<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 August 1947 |title=We Two |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/page/indiandailymail19470829-1.1.4 |access-date=19 March 2025 |work=Indian Daily Mail |pages=4 |via=[[National Library Board]]}}</ref>

== Songs ==
Music was composed by R. Sudarasanam and lyrics were written by [[Subramania Bharati|Mahakavi Bharathiar]], K. P. Kamatchi, V. S. Veeranatha Konar and M. Raghavan.<ref name="movie" /> The song "Aaduvome" was written by Subramaniya Bharathi while other two songs were written by K. P. Kamatchisundaram. Historian [[Randor Guy]] wrote that the film was remembered for "The scintillating song and dance numbers, ‘Aaaduvomey…..’ and ‘Vetri Ettum’, performed by ‘Baby’ Kamala".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Guy |first=Randor |author-link=Randor Guy |date=30 November 2007 |title=Naam Iruvar 1947 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/naam-iruvar-1947/article3024059.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170408231004/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-cinemaplus/naam-iruvar-1947/article3024059.ece |archive-date=8 April 2017 |access-date=9 June 2015 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! Song !! Singer !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| "Vetri Ettu Dhikkum Etta" || rowspan=2|D. K. Pattammal ||rowspan=5|Subramania Bharati || 04:13
|-
| "Aaduvome Pallu Paaduvome" || 04:53
|-
| "Vaazhiya Sendhamizhar Vaazhiya Natramizhar" || Devanarayanan, T. S. Bhagavathi ||
|-
| "Viduthalai Viduthalai Viduthalai" || [[T. R. Mahalingam (actor)|T. R. Mahalingam]] || 01:33
|-
| "Solai Malar Oliyo" || rowspan=3|T. R. Mahalingam, T. S. Bhagavathi || 03:16
|-
| "Iga Vaazhvinile Aaanandham" || rowspan=10|K. P. Kamatchisundaram || 02:46
|-
| "Jega Meedhile Mei Kaadhalthaane"|| 02:08
|-
| "Vasandham Tharum Maalai" || rowspan=3|T. S. Bagavathi || 02:35
|-
| "Udal Aaviyum Pol" || 02:55
|-
| "Maalai Neramidhe Kola Kuyil Koovudhe" || 01:59
|-
| "Amudhinai Vishamendru" || Devanarayanan || 02:05
|-
| "Devaamudha Mozhiyaale" || T. R. Mahalingam || 02:10
|-
| "Karunaamoorthi Gaandhi Mahaathmaa"|| rowspan=2|[[M. S. Rajeswari]] || 02:01
|-
| "Mahaan, Gaandhiye Mahaane"|| 03:27
|-
| "Thagamai Seyr Amuthinai" || P. G. Venkatesan || 01:37
|-
| "Kodaiyile Ilaipaatrikolla" || T. R. Mahalingam || Vallalar Ramalinga Adigal Arudpa || 04:55
|}

== Reception ==
The reviewer for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' called the film "an interesting social drama well acted with the additional attraction of a few songs of the great Bharathi rendered by Mahalingam. Baby Kamala is responsible for some good dance numbers."<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 February 1947 |title=We Two |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=FwBFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4026%2C3291214 |access-date=11 April 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=8 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Randor Guy wrote that the concept "had nothing to do with the freedom movement, but it had everything to do with perceptively capturing the spirit of the times, making it a hit".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Muthiah |first=S. |author-link=S. Muthiah |date=30 January 2006 |title=The innovative film-maker |work=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-innovative-filmmaker/article3186485.ece |url-status=dead |access-date=9 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427233928/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/the-innovative-filmmaker/article3186485.ece |archive-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Cite book |last=Dhananjayan |first=G. |title=Pride of Tamil Cinema: 1931–2013 |title-link=Pride of Tamil Cinema |publisher=Blue Ocean Publishers |year=2014 |oclc=898765509 |author-link=G. Dhananjayan}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{AVM Productions}}

[[Category:1947 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1947 drama films]]
[[Category:1947 films]]
[[Category:1947 Indian films]]
[[Category:AVM Productions films]]
[[Category:Films partially in color]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. Sudarsanam]]
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films based on plays]]
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Maachis

2026-03-03T23:38:09Z

MayraBarnett41: general adjust structure also per standard format

{{short description|1996 film directed by Gulzar}}
{{AI-generated|date=November 2025}}

{{EngvarB|date=April 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Maachis
| native_name =
| image = Maachis poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| starring = [[Chandrachur Singh]] [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] [[Om Puri]] [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]
| director = [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]
| producer = R. V. Pandit
| writer = Gulzar
| cinematography = [[Manmohan Singh (film director)|Manmohan Singh]]
| editing = M. Ravi & Sadanand Shetty
| distributor = [[Eros Entertainment]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|1996|10|25}}
| runtime = 168 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| music = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| budget = {{INR|20 million|link=yes}}<ref name="Maachis budget and BO">{{cite news|url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=2742 |title=Maachis Budget and Box Office |work=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=29 June 2021}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|63.6 million|link=yes}}<ref name="Maachis budget and BO" />
}}

'''''Maachis''''' ({{Translation|Matchsticks}}) is a 1996 Indian Hindi-language [[Historical drama|period]] [[political thriller]] film written and directed by [[Gulzar]]. The film stars [[Chandrachur Singh]], [[Om Puri]], [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]], and [[Jimmy Sheirgill]]. The film is set against the backdrop of the [[Punjab insurgency|Sikh insurgency]] in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] during the 1980s. The plot delves into the personal and political turmoil faced by individuals caught in violence and explores themes of state repression, [[Vengeance (concept)|vengeance]], and the [[radicalization]] of youth.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 February 2021 |title=Maachis: Still lit, after all these years |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lifestyle/art-culture/maachis-still-lit-after-all-these-years-101613123668591.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

The film was released on 25 October 1996. ''Maachis'' received critical acclaim for its direction, story, screenplay, dialogue, and music. The film emerged as a commercial success at the box-office, grossing ₹6.19 crore against a production budget of ₹2 crore.

At the [[44th National Film Awards]], ''Maachis'' won 2 awards – [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]] and [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Tabu). At the [[42nd Filmfare Awards]], the film received 10 nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]], [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]] (Gulzar), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Tabu), and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]] (Puri), and won 4 awards, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]] (Chandrachur) and [[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award|R. D. Burman Award]] (Bhardwaj).

== Plot ==
The story is set during the mid-to-late 1980s in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], India, a period marked by violent [[insurgency]] triggered by [[Operation Blue Star]], the assassination of Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]], and the subsequent [[1984 Sikh Massacre]]. The narrative unfolds through a series of intense flashbacks.

Jaswant Singh Randhawa and his sister, Veerendar "Veeran," live peacefully with their elderly mother, Biji, in a rural village. Kripal Singh, Jaswant’s childhood friend and Veeran’s fiancé, lives nearby with his grandfather. Their tranquil existence is shattered when Assistant Commissioner of Police Khurana and Inspector Vohra arrive in search of Jimmy, who is accused of attempting to murder a member of the [[Indian Parliament]], Kedar Nath.

When interrogated, Jaswant plays a prank by leading the police to his puppy, Jimmy. Infuriated by his defiance, Khurana and Vohra take Jaswant into custody. Kripal desperately searches for Jaswant, visiting several police stations but finding no trace of him. After 15 days, Jaswant returns home, severely beaten and scarred from brutal police torture, all for a harmless prank.

Kripal, outraged by the police brutality, seeks help through legal channels but finds no justice. Frustrated, he decides to track down his cousin Jeetay, who is connected to militant groups. Kripal’s search leads him to a highway restaurant (dhabha), where he encounters Sanatan, a militant who had planted a bomb on a bus. Kripal asks for Sanatan's help, and Sanatan reluctantly agrees, allowing Kripal to travel with him, a "Commander," and other militants in a truck loaded with bombs.

Once they arrive at the militant hideout, Kripal explains his situation. The Commander reveals that he killed Jeetay for being a police informant. Despite Kripal’s plea for assistance, the Commander rebukes him, stating that they are not professional killers and that if Kripal wants justice, he must take matters into his own hands by killing Khurana by himself.

Kripal gradually earns the trust and respect of the militant group. Sanatan explains that Kripal's fight is not about nationalism or religion, but about defending fundamental civil rights and resisting a corrupt system that victimizes the innocent and devalues ordinary citizens. It is revealed that Sanatan himself is a survivor of the communal violence during the [[Partition of India]] in 1947 and lost most of his family in the 1984 anti-Sikh riots. He asserts that the ruling class manipulates society by dividing it along religious lines for political gain.

Kripal trains with the group and plans the assassination of Khurana. After a year of preparation, he successfully kills Khurana in a crowded marketplace. Horrified by his actions, Kripal visits Jaswant and Veeran one last time before going into hiding, but both are appalled at what he has done. When Kripal returns to the hideout, he finds it deserted. After staying undercover for a while, he is contacted by a group member who signals that he should prepare for a move. The Commander escorts him to a new hiding place in [[Himachal Pradesh]] and informs him that the police have connected him to Khurana’s murder, tracing it back to the incident involving Jaswant.

As Kripal settles into life on the run, he realizes there is no returning to normalcy. He finds solace in the militant group, which is preparing for a new mission and awaiting the arrival of a missile specialist. Kripal briefly considers applying for a local job, but Sanatan warns him that he is now branded a high-profile terrorist by the media, a convenient target for police looking for promotions. One of the group members, Kuldip, narrowly escapes a police encounter while transporting explosives and is left shaken. Desperate to escape, he begs Sanatan for permission to return home, promising to emigrate to [[Canada]]. Reluctantly, Sanatan agrees. However, unbeknownst to the group, Kuldip is killed by a bomb hidden in his backpack as he heads home.

Kripal also learns that one of his comrades, Jaimal Singh, is the same Jimmy the police had been hunting all along. Soon after, the group's awaited missile specialist arrives, and to Kripal's shock, it is none other than his fiancée, Veerendar "Veeran" Kaur. The two finally speak privately, and Kripal is devastated to learn that after Khurana's assassination, Jaswant was taken in for questioning, brutally beaten, and ultimately driven to commit suicide while in jail. Their mother died shortly after hearing the news, leaving Veeran alone. Subjected to daily harassment by Inspector Vohra, Veeran decided to follow Kripal’s path and reunite with him in the militant cause. As they spend more time together, Kripal and Veeran begin to rekindle their relationship.

Veeran quickly becomes an integral part of the group, bringing a sense of normalcy and the simple pleasures of daily life to the otherwise hardened outlaws. She forms close friendships with the group members, particularly Sanatan and Wazir. The group's next mission is to assassinate MP Kedar Nath, who survived Jimmy's previous assassination attempt, during his visit to a local Sikh shrine. In the midst of their stay together, Kripal and Veeran decide to marry in secret. Unbeknownst to Kripal, Veeran quietly takes his [[cyanide]] pill, a last-resort measure carried by each member in case of capture.

While scouting the Sikh shrine for surveillance, Kripal unexpectedly spots Inspector Vohra, overseeing security for Kedar Nath's visit. Kripal tracks Vohra to his residence but is caught in the act of attempting to kill him and arrested. One of the group's members witnesses Kripal entering Vohra's residence. Based on the fact that Kripal did not take his cyanide pill, Sanatan becomes convinced that Kripal has betrayed them to the police. He accuses Veeran of helping Kripal and orders her to be placed under house arrest. On the day of the mission, Sanatan orders the group to proceed and instructs Wazir to kill Veeran. However, Veeran manages to escape and slain Wazir.

Meanwhile, Jaimal and Sanatan begin the mission. Jaimal is killed as he stops Kedar Nath's motorcade on a bridge, but Sanatan succeeds in firing the missile and blowing up Kedar Nath's car. Now, on the run, Sanathan is hunted not by the police but by Veeran herself. In a final confrontation deep in the woods, Veeran kills Sanatan.

Veeran, still unrecognized as part of the militant group, visits Kripal in prison. During a seemingly innocent embrace, she discreetly passes him the cyanide pill. The film concludes with Kripal lying peacefully dead in his prison cell, having taken the cyanide. At the same time, Veeran is shown sitting upright in the back of a moving pickup tractor, blood streaming from her nose, indicating that she has taken the cyanide pill, too.

== Cast ==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]] as Virender Kaur a.k.a. Veeran
* [[Chandrachur Singh]] as Kripal Singh a.k.a. Pali
* [[Om Puri]] as Sanatan
* [[Kulbhushan Kharbanda]] as Commander
* [[Kanwaljit Singh (actor)|Kanwaljit Singh]] as Inspector Vohra
* [[S M Zaheer]] as Khurana
* [[Raj Zutshi]] as Jaswant Singh Randhawa a.k.a. Jassi
*Banwari Taneja as Kripal Singh's Grandfather
* [[Jimmy Sheirgill]] as Jaimal Singh a.k.a. Jimmy<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/jimmy-sheirgill-debut-film-maachis-first-of-many-5881851/|title=First of Many: Jimmy Sheirgill revisits Maachis|date=4 September 2019}}</ref>
* [[Ravi Gossain]] as Kuldeep
* Suneel Sinha as Wazir Singh a.k.a. Wazira
* Amrik Gill as Nanoo
* [[Naseeruddin Shah]] as Cameo in open credits
{{colend}}

== Release ==
''Maachis'' was originally scheduled to be released on October 18, 1996, but its release was delayed by a week to 25 October 1996.

== Controversy ==
Maachis was banned in [[Malaysia]] by the censor board on grounds that "it may hurt religious sentiments."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Malaysia bans Hindi film Machis |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/sep/10mach.htm |access-date=2022-05-02 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

Part of the song "Chhod Aaye Hum" is inspired, without credits, by the Oscar-winner composer [[Nicola Piovani]]'s main theme of the Italian film [[Caro diario]], directed by [[Nanni Moretti]].

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col"| Category
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)
! scope="col"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="11"| [[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="11"| [[42nd Filmfare Awards|23 February 1997]]
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
| ''Maachis''
| {{nom}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="11"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/award.htm |title=Nominations for the 42nd annual Filmfare awards are |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970428133635/http://www.filmfare.com/award.htm |archive-date=28 April 1997 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/winner.htm |title=Winners of 42nd annual Filmfare awards |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970428134706/http://www.filmfare.com/winner.htm |archive-date=28 April 1997 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.filmfare.com/site/apr97/win.htm |title=The Winners |work=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19970428134237/http://www.filmfare.com/site/apr97/win.htm |archive-date=28 April 1997 |agency=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
| rowspan="3"| {{sort|Gulzar|[[Gulzar]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Tabu|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
| {{sort|Puri|[[Om Puri]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Chandrachur Singh]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Bhardwaj|[[Vishal Bhardwaj]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare R. D. Burman Award|R. D. Burman Award]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
| {{sort|Gulzar|[[Gulzar]]}} (for "Chappa Chappa")
| {{nom}}
|-
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
| {{sort|Hariharan|[[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]}} and {{sort|Wadkar|[[Suresh Wadkar]]}} (for "Chappa Chappa")
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[National Film Awards]]
| rowspan="2"| [[44th National Film Awards|15 July 1997]]
| [[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
| Producer: {{sort|Pandit|[[R. V. Pandit]]}} Director: {{sort|Gulzar|[[Gulzar]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf |title=44th National Film Awards |publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-date=25 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725232620/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/73_44thNfacatalogue.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
| {{sort|Tabu|[[Tabu (actress)|Tabu]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="4"| 1997
| [[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Gulzar|[[Gulzar]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award96.html |title=Screen Award winners for the year 1996 are |work=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen India]] |access-date=29 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040107074111/http://www.screenindia.com/screenawards/award96.html |archive-date=7 January 2004 |agency=[[Indian Express Limited]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Dialogue|Best Dialogue]]
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Screen Award for Best Male Debut|Best Male Debut]]
| {{sort|Singh|[[Chandrachur Singh]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
| Best Sound Recording
| {{sort|Singh|Narinder Singh}}
| {{won}}
|-
|}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Maachis
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| cover =
| alt = Maachis Audio CD
| released = 8 June 1996
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = {{duration|m=43|s=55}}
| label = PAN Music
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Sanshodhan]]
| prev_year = 1996
| next_title = [[Tunnu Ki Tina]]
| next_year = 1997
}}

The score and soundtrack for ''Maachis'' were composed by [[Vishal Bhardwaj]], with lyrics written by [[Gulzar]]. The soundtrack album includes several background score pieces from the film, complementing its intense narrative and themes.<ref>{{cite web |author=Planet Bollywood |title=Music Review: Maachis |url=http://www.planetbollywood.com/music/maachis.html |access-date=2 May 2014}}</ref>

The song "Chhod Aaye Hum" marked the debut of singer [[KK (singer)|KK]] as a playback singer in Hindi cinema.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Watch KK sing Chhod Aaye Hum from Maachis, leave Gulzar in awe |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/music/watch-kk-sing-chhod-aaye-hum-from-maachis-as-gulzar-sits-and-listens-101654182739937.html |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 43:55
| all_lyrics = [[Gulzar (lyricist)|Gulzar]]
| all_music = [[Vishal Bhardwaj]]
| title1 = Chhod Aaye Hum
| extra1 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]], [[Suresh Wadkar]], Vinod Sehgal & [[KK (singer)|KK]]
| length1 = 05:15
| title2 = Tum Gaye
| extra2 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Sanjeev Abhyankar]]
| length2 = 04:54
| title3 = Yaad Na Aaye
| extra3 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length3 = 06:29
| title4 = Aey Hawaa
| extra4 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length4 = 06:29
| title5 = Pani Pani Re
| extra5 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length5 = 05:09
| title6 = Tum Gaye (Film Version)
| extra6 = [[Hariharan (singer)|Hariharan]]
| length6 = 04:55
| title7 = Bhej Kahaar
| extra7 = Lata Mangeshkar
| length7 = 03:25
| title8 = Chappa Chappa
| extra8 = Hariharan, Suresh Wadkar
| length8 = 04:27
| title9 = Maachis Theme Opening
| extra9 = Vishal Bhardwaj
| length9 = 01:49
| title10 = Maachis Theme Closing
| extra10 = Vishal Bhardwaj
| length10 = 02:57
}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=0116950|title=Maachis}}

{{National Film Award Wholesome Entertainment}}
{{Gulzar}}

[[Category:1996 films]]
[[Category:1996 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actress National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films about massacres of Sikhs]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vishal Bhardwaj]]
[[Category:Films directed by Gulzar]]
[[Category:Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Fiction about the insurgency in Punjab]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of police departments in India]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Punjab Police (India)]]
[[Category:Films about religious violence in India]]

Aksharathettu (film)

2026-03-03T20:54:12Z

MayraBarnett41: new details...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{More citations needed|date=October 2020}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Aksharathettu
| image =

| caption =
| director = [[I. V. Sasi]]
| producer =
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvasi]] Sudha [[Jagathy Sreekumar]] [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] [[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]] [[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]] [[Jagannatha Varma]] [[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]
| music = [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]
| editing = [[K. Narayanan]]
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1989|2|24}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Aksharathettu''''' is a 1989 [[Malayalam]] film directed by [[I. V. Sasi]],<ref>{{cite news |title=ഐ.വി. ശശി സംവിധാനം ചെയ്ത ചിത്രങ്ങൾ |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/movies/movie-news/2017/10/24/i-v-sasi-movie-list.html |access-date=26 October 2020 |publisher=[[Manorama Online]] |date=24 October 2017}}</ref> starring [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]], [[Jagathy Sreekumar]], [[Urvashi (actress)|Urvasi]] and Sudha, often cited as the first solo hit of actor Suresh Gopi. Aksharathettu is the second film after Aa Raathri declared Distribute Share open<ref>{{cite news |title=Suresh Gopi in Kala Bazaar |url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/suresh-gopi-in-kala-bazaar-tamil-news-27687 |access-date=26 October 2020 |work=India Glitz |date=12 December 2006}}</ref>

The movie is a remake of the American film ''[[Fatal Attraction]]'', starring [[Michael Douglas]] and [[Glenn Close]].<ref>{{cite news |title=വെള്ളിത്തിരയിലെ അവിഹിതം |url=https://malayalam.news18.com/news/film/celebrated-extra-marital-affairs-in-malayalam-movie-42303.html |access-date=26 October 2020 |publisher=[[News18 Kerala]] |date=27 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kattakayam |first1=Jiby J |title=How Kerala will remember IV Sasi's films |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/jibber-jabber/how-will-kerala-remember-iv-sasis-malayalam-films/ |access-date=26 October 2020 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=25 October 2017}}</ref> The film was remade in Telugu language by I.V.Sasi himself as ''Manchivaru Maavaru'', starring [[Dr. Rajasekhar]], [[Jeevitha]] and Leena Nair.

==Plot==

The film features the story of three bank employees and their wives. Bank manager Prakash is an ideal husband, while his wife Sumati is emotional and complaining. They have a perfect family with a smart boy, a terraced house and a Maruti car. Accountant James is a womanizer and his wife Elsi is fed up with his activities. Cashier Gowthaman is struggling to adjust with his [[North Indian]], Hindi-speaking wife Ambika as he has to take care of all the household chores and look after their baby. There is a tangential story line involving a suspicious husband named Thankappan and Radha, a servant in Prakash's home.

Then enters Renuka Menon, a beautiful widow who arrives at the bank to open an account and gets charmed by the handsome Prakash. Sumati leaves for her parents' house to celebrate her father's birthday, while Prakash is busy with a visit by the regional manager at the bank. That night after the party, it rains heavily. Prakash's car gets stuck in the middle of the road. Prakash tries to open the bonnet of the car. Renuka comes in her car, gives a lift and arrives at Renuka's house. Prakash has a fever. Renuka gives an alcoholic beverage for Prakash, who is shivering due to fever and the cold. Renuka has sexy videos for Prakash. Prakash goes to bed feeling tired, but Renuka enters and has sex with Prakash. Next day, Prakash goes away telling Renuka that it is wrong for him as he has a family and he never wants any type of relationship with Renuka. But Renuka is deeply in love with Prakash, so she goes to the bank daily to meet Prakash, but Prakash hides. Then Renuka tries to keep calling Prakash, who tries to disconnect the call. Prakash gets tense finally seeing Renuka come to his house and gives a saree and chocolate to his Sumati and son. Sumati asks Prakash the reason, for which Prakash tells her he accidentally committed a sin.

Sumati gets angry and leave the house without hearing the full story circumstances. Sumati's mother tells Sumati that her father committed more sin, so Prakash needs to be forgiven for having an accidental sin. Thus Sumati comes back and again starts life with Prakash. Now Renuka gets more angry and kills all the pet animals of Prakash's house when they all go for a picnic. Sumati goes to Renuka and tells her if she plays again, she will be cut into pieces. Now Renuka tries kidnap Prakash's son, who escapes somehow. Sumati, in the process of finding the son, meets with an accident as her car hit a lorry. For this, Prakash goes to Renuka's house, has a fight and finally beats the mad-minded Renuka. Sumati is discharged from hospital. Next night, rain again falls heavily. A gate turning noise is heard, Sumati opens the door, now Renuka attack Sumati and tries to kill her, leading to a fight. Finally, the son hits Renuka head with a stone and kills her. Thus ends the story.

==Cast==

*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Prakash
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvasi]] as Sumathi Prakash
*Sudha Swarnalakshmi as Renuka Nair
*[[Jagathy Sreekumar]] as Gouthaman
*Jayarekha as Chitra
*[[Mukesh (actor)|Mukesh]] as James
*[[Lizy (actress)|Lizy]] as Elsy James
*[[Kuthiravattom Pappu]] as Thankappan
*[[Janardhanan (actor)|Janardhanan]]
*[[Jagannatha Varma]]
*[[Kaviyoor Ponnamma]]

==Soundtrack==

The film contains a hit song, "Hridayam Kondezhuthiya Kavitha", composed by [[Shyam (composer)|Shyam]]. Lyrics were by Sreekumaran Thampi.<ref>{{cite news |last1=പ്രസന്നന്‍ |first1=പ്രശോഭ് |title=അനുഭൂതി തഴുകിയ പാട്ടുകള്‍ |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/entertainment/i-v-sasi-songs |access-date=26 October 2020 |publisher=[[Asianet News]] |date=24 October 2017}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0353169|Akshrathettu}}

{{I. V. Sasi}}

[[Category:1989 films]]
[[Category:1989 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films directed by I. V. Sasi]]
[[Category:1989 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian remakes of American films]]

Mogudu (film)

2026-03-03T17:49:34Z

MayraBarnett41: minor update

{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mogudu
| image = Poster Mogudu.jpg
| caption = Movie Poster
| director = [[Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi|Krishna Vamsi]]
| producer = Nallamalapu Bujji
| story = Krishna Vamsi Dawood/Sheik Dawood G
| screenplay = Krishna Vamsi
| starring = [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]] [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]]
| music = Babu Shankar<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/71865.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011083856/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/71865.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=11 October 2011 |title='Mogudu' audio on Oct. 11 - Telugu Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date= |accessdate=2011-10-20}}</ref>
| cinematography = Srikanth Naroj
| editing = Gautham Raju
| studio = [[Sri Lakshmi Narasimha Productions]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|11|4|ref1=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/71644.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111002124455/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/telugu/article/71644.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 October 2011 |title=Mogudu to release on October 21 - Telugu Movie News |website=IndiaGlitz |date= |accessdate=2011-10-20}}</ref>}}
| runtime = 159 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Mogudu''''' ({{translation|Husband}}) is a 2011 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama (film and television)|drama film]] produced by Nallamalapu Srinivas (Bujji) on Lakshmi Narasimha Productions banner and directed by [[Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi|Krishna Vamsi]]. It stars [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]] and [[Taapsee Pannu]] with [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]] and [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] in supporting roles with music composed by Babu Shankar as his debut.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/krishnavamsis-mogudu/20110912.htm|title=First Look: Krishnavamsi's Mogudu|author=Radhika Rajamani|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=12 September 2011|archive-date=30 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930075127/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/krishnavamsis-mogudu/20110912.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film recorded as ''utter flop'' at box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with/20111103.htm|title='Mogudu is inspired from my personal experiences'|author=Radhika Rajamani|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=3 November 2011|archive-date=4 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104193550/http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-south-interview-with/20111103.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The film is all about how a man truly becomes husband when he understands his wife and wins her love.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/news/2011/krishna-vamsi-mogudu-real-life-031111.html|title=Krishna Vamsi takes a leaf from real life incident for Mogudu|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=3 November 2011|archive-date=12 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012013039/http://entertainment.oneindia.in/telugu/news/2011/krishna-vamsi-mogudu-real-life-031111.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The film released on 4 November 2011.

==Plot==
Bujji ([[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]]) is the only son of wealthy and influential farmer Anjaneya Prasad ([[Rajendra Prasad (actor)|Rajendra Prasad]]). The family is well knit together and has strong values and attachments. Bujji comes across Raja Rajeshwari ([[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]]) in unexpected circumstances and falls in love with her. Raja is the daughter of a powerful politician Chamundeshwari ([[Roja Selvamani|Roja]]) and Shankar Rao ([[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]]). The families agree to the marriage and everything seems to go smoothly.

After the marriage, Prasad asks Raja to grab the gowri devi idol and get in to the car which Raja's maternal grandmother refused to due to some bad omens may happen. But Chamundeshwari's assumption of Bujji might break it off with Raja creates a fight between the families. Prasad's second son-in-law grabs the idol. Seeing this, Chamundeshwari slaps him. In shock, Prasad slaps Chamundeshwari. In return, Chamundeshwari Slaps him with her slipper leaving everyone in shock. But Bujji enters the scenario and slaps Chamundeshwari where Raja slaps him for beating her mother. Raja, starts to cry and throws her [[Mangala sutra]] on Bujji's face leaving everyone astonished.

The next day, Raja's Maternal Uncle ([[Ahuti Prasad ]]) visits their house and gets to know what happened. He goes to Bujji's house and forces him to sign for the divorce. though Bujji refuses, he was forced to sign. Raja after seeing the divorce papers in police station leaves her heartbroken and she signs and leaves the place.

To heal from the trauma, they both go to [[Mauritius]] as they booked their honeymoon tickets in advance before their wedding, but they bump into each other .Into this scenario comes Jo ([[Shraddha Das]]), who is madly in love with Bujji. But Raja starts to be jealous. Thinking they might hook up, Raja spoils every date of them. One day while Jo was trying to seduce him, Raja was eavesdropping, but she fails to hear their conversation as Bujji can see her hiding near the bushes and runs away thinking that Bujji will chase her. Which leads to Jo proposing to him, but he denies and says that he still loves her.

The next day, Raja enters Bujji's hotel room and they argue about what happened during their wedding. Raja says that she was in a state of shock which was a reason to snap her wedding chain, But Bujji observes blood in Raja's mouth and she says that she drank a poison that is used to kill sharks, leading her to faint. But she survives. Jo, gets happy after seeing them reunite but she cries because she couldn't get reciprocation from Bujji. Bujji consoles her by saying that she will find a better guy and they leave to India. Before Bujji arrives, Chamundeshwari creates a fuss at Bujji's house and says that Raja went missing and she thinks that Bujji might elope with her. But after checking his house, she understands and leaves.

Few minutes later, Bujji and Raja arrive but the family denies her and forces Bujji to kick her out of the house. Bujji feeling bad drops her at her home and gets the audacity to beat their henchmen .After reaching home, Bujji convinces the family and they move on. Chamundeshwari arranges second marriage for Raja because she gets to know about their reuniting in Mauritius. But Bujji arrives and tells the groom and his family to get out, leading Chamundeshwari's henchmen to attack on him. Raja tries to stop but her brother slaps her leading her to fall down. Bujji after seeing his wife being abused, fights back.

Chamundeshwari sees Raja's Mangala sutra on her neck and she forces Raja to remove the chain but Raja slaps her mother and denies to remove it. At the same time, Bujji's family arrive at the scene and the latter and his family Apologies to Raja's family, and they apologies back too.

The movie ends with Raja and Bujji reconcile.

==Cast==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Tottempudi Gopichand|Gopichand]] as Ramprasad "Bujji"
* [[Taapsee Pannu|Taapsee]] as Raja Rajeshwari "Raji"
* [[Shraddha Das]] as Jo
* [[Gadde Rajendra Prasad|Rajendra Prasad]] as Anjaneya Prasad
* [[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Chamundeshwari
* [[Naresh (actor)|Naresh]] as Shankar Rao
* [[Ahuti Prasad]]
* [[Venu Madhav (actor)|Venu Madhav]] as Venu Babu
* [[Krishnudu]]
* [[Praveen (actor)|Praveen]]
* [[Narsing Yadav]]
* Maharshi Raghava as Lawyer Sridhar
* [[Harsha Vardhan]] as Dr. Sagar
* Geethanjali
* Lakshmi Bhargavi as Sarada
* Jaya Lakshmi as Dr. Gauthami
* Ramya Nittala as Bhagamati
* Sarayu
* [[Mast Ali]]
{{colend}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Mogudu
| type = film
| artist = Babu Shankar
| cover =
| released = 12 October 2011
| recorded = 2011
| genre = Soundtrack
| length = 37:14
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = Babu Shankar
}}

Music was composed by Babu Shankar. Music was released on [[Aditya Music]]. The audio was launched at Rock Heights, Hyderabad, for which several film stars attended. D. Suresh Babu unveiled the logo of the film. Rajendra Prasad released the first look trailer of the flick. NTR unveiled the audio CD and presented the first album to V. V. Vinayak.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/mogudu-audio-launch-news-news-lkmooyeeacb.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013114716/http://www.sify.com/movies/mogudu-audio-launch-news-news-lkmooyeeacb.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2011-10-13|title=Mogudu audio launch|website=[[Sify]]|accessdate=2011-10-12}}</ref><ref>To Watch https://sunmoonmovies.blogspot.com/2011/11/mogudu-2011.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425232553/http://sunmoonmovies.blogspot.com/2011/11/mogudu-2011.html |date=25 April 2012 }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| collapsed =
| headline =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 37:14
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics =
| all_music =
| title1 = Kavali Kavali
| lyrics1 = [[Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry]]
| extra1 = Madhumitha, Babu Shankar
| length1 = 5:31

| title2 = Bachelor Boys
| lyrics2 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra2 = [[Benny Dayal]], Babu Shankar
| length2 = 3:58

| title3 = Choosthunna
| lyrics3 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length3 = 4:29

| title4 = Aakalakalala
| lyrics4 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra4 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]], [[Chinmayi Sripada|Chinmayi]]
| length4 = 4:21

| title5 = Eppudu Nee Roopamlo
| lyrics5 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra5 = Karthik
| length5 = 4:40

| title6 = Nuvvante Naku
| lyrics6 = [[Ramajogayya Sastry]]
| extra6 = [[Sunitha Sarathy]]
| length6 = 4:34

| title7 = Ettantee Mogudu
| lyrics7 = [[Suddala Ashok Teja]]
| extra7 = [[Geetha Madhuri]]
| length7 = 4:56

| title8 = Choosthunna
| note8= Fusion Mix
| lyrics8 = Sirivennela Sitarama Sastry
| extra8 = Karthik
| length8 = 4:29
}}

==Critical reception==
''[[Oneindia.in]]'' stated "''Mogudu'' is a film that shows the values of a joint family, friendship, responsibility, love, and affection etc. Krishna Vamsi succeeds partly in his mission. The trademark Krishna Vamsi style and magic is missing in the film. The movie may appeal family audience. ''Mogudu'' is a mixed bag and the fans of Krishna Vamsi will not be fully satisfied with it".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmibeat.com/telugu/reviews/2011/mogudu-movie-review-041111.html|title=Mogudu - Movie Review|publisher=[[Oneindia.in]]|access-date=4 November 2011}}</ref> ''[[Rediff]]'' which gave a two stars said "Krishnavamsi's fascination for the family and for tradition is given full play in the film. The decibel levels are high: everyone is either shouting, screaming or hitting everyone else. Dialogues are tacky and it's all just one big high-voltage melodrama. On the whole, a disappointing film.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mogudu/20111104.htm|title=Review: Mogudu is a let down|author=Radhika Rajamani|publisher=Rediff|accessdate=November 4, 2011|archive-date=7 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107010911/http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-mogudu/20111104.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> [[NDTV]] said "The film is just an above average fare. It is a disappointment for the director's ardent fans who expect much from his films. However praised the lead performances, saying "Gopi Chand looks stylish in his designer wear. He is good in action sequences and shows his talent as a performer. But, it is Rajendra Prasad who steals the show with his stellar performance".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-mogudu-is-an-average-story/199591-62-127.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108231301/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/telugu-review-mogudu-is-an-average-story/199591-62-127.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 November 2011|title=Telugu Review: 'Mogudu' is an average story|publisher=CNN-IBN|accessdate=5 Nov 2011}}</ref>

Deepa Garimella of fullhyd.com praised the film's screenplay and the casting but said that the movie is a "disappointing, unfulfilling anecdote of a newly-wed husband and a wife dealing with an unpleasant family fracas", rating it 5 out of 10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Mogudu Review|url=http://www.fullhyderabad.com/profile/movies/4574/2/mogudu-movie-review#tabs|publisher=fullhyd.com|author=Deepa Garimella|date=6 November 2011|access-date=9 November 2011|archive-date=8 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108055319/http://www.fullhyderabad.com/profile/movies/4574/2/mogudu-movie-review#tabs|url-status=live}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=2093185|title=Mogudu}}

{{Pasupuleti Krishna Vamsi}}

[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:2011 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2011 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Krishna Vamsi]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:Films about marriage]]
[[Category:2011 romantic drama films]]

IFFI Best Web Series (OTT) Award

2026-03-01T07:45:40Z

MayraBarnett41: created new stub first draft

{{Short description|Annual film festival award in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2024}}
{{Infobox award
| name = IFFI Best Web Series (OTT) Award
| awarded_for = Outstanding webseries of a high aesthetic and technical standard and educational and culture value
| sponsor = [[International Film Festival of India]]
| firstawarded = {{Start date and age|2023||}}
| lastawarded = 2024
| holder_label = Most recent winner
| holder = ''[[Bandish Bandits]]'' (Season 2) by [[Anand Tiwari]]
| award1_type = Total awarded
| award1_winner = 3
| award2_type = First winner
| award2_winner = ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat Season 2]]''
}}
The '''IFFI Best Web Series (OTT) Award''' (officially known as the '''Silver Peacock for the Best Web Series''') is an honor presented annually at the [[International Film Festival of India]]<ref name="iffiaw:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2024/film/news/iffi-goa-2024-winners-toxic-1236226082/ |title= Lithuanian Drama 'Toxic' Wins Top Prize at 55th International Film Festival of India |author= Naman Ramachandran, Patrick Frater |work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date= 28 November 2024 |access-date=29 November 2024 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/entertainment/tvfs-panchayat-s2-wins-best-web-series-ott-at-iffi-article-12732090.html|title=Best Web Series|website=moneycontrol.com}}</ref> since the [[54th International Film Festival of India|54th IFFI 2023]] for the best web series.<ref name="hindu:iffi">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/iffi-2024-lithuanian-drama-toxic-wins-golden-peacock-vikrant-massey-adjudged-indian-film-personality-of-the-year/article68923311.ece |title= IFFI 2024: Lithuanian drama 'Toxic' wins Golden Peacock; Vikrant Massey adjudged Indian film personality of the year |date=28 November 2024|access-date=28 November 2024 |website= [[The Hindu]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uditvani.in/new-delhi-2/best-web-series-award-the-five-finalists-competing-at-iffi-2024/|title=Best Web Series Award: The Five Finalists Competing at IFFI 2024|first=Udit|last=Vani|date=16 November 2024}}</ref>

==Recipients ==
===IFFI Best Web Series (OTT) Award (2023 – present)===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+List of Silver Peacock award recipients, showing the year, film(s) and language(s)
! scope="col" |Year
! scope="col" |Recipient(s)
! scope="col" |Work(s)
! scope="col" |Language(s)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" style="text-align:center;" |{{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|-
| [[54th International Film Festival of India|2023 {{small|(54th)}}]]
! scope="row" |Deepak Kumar Mishra
| ''[[Panchayat (TV series)|Panchayat Season 2]]''
| [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|<ref name=awards:iexp>{{Cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iffi-2023-persian-movie-endless-borders-wins-best-film-award-9046008/ |title=IFFI 2023: Endless Borders wins Best Film award; Michael Douglas receives Satyajit Ray Lifetime Achievement Award|date= 28 November 2023|website= The Indian Express}}</ref>
|-
| [[55th International Film Festival of India|2024 {{small|(55th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Nipun Dharmadhikari]]
| Lampan
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|<ref name="iffiaw:variety"/>
|-
| [[56th International Film Festival of India|2025 {{small|(56th)}}]]
! scope="row" |[[Anand Tiwari]]
| ''[[Bandish Bandits]]'' (Season 2)
| Hindi
| <ref name="awards56:variety">{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2025/film/festivals/transgender-vietnamese-drama-skin-of-youth-iffi-top-prize-1236594980/ |title= Transgender Vietnamese Drama ‘Skin of Youth’ Wins Top Prize at International Film Festival of India |author= Naman Ramachandran, Udita Jhunjhunwala |work= [[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date= 28 November 2025 |access-date=30 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]

{{International Film Festival of India|state=collapsed}}
{{IFFI Best Web Series OTT Award}}
[[Category:Lists of Indian award winners]]
[[Category:International Film Festival of India]]
[[Category:Indian film festivals]]
[[Category:Festivals in Goa]]
[[Category:Indian OTT Awards]]
[[Category:Web series awards]]

Sumathi Murthy

2026-03-01T05:48:37Z

MayraBarnett41: Started

{{short description|Indian classic vocalist and civil rights activist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Sumathi Murthy
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 
| birth_place =
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Musician, composer, LGBT rights activist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works =
}}
'''Rumi Harish''' (earlier known as '''Sumathi Murthy''') is an Indian [[Hindustani classical music|Hindustani classical vocalist]], composer, artist, writer and LGBT right activist<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Queer-movement-has-to-look-beyond-LGBT-rights/articleshow/49512554.cms |title='Queer movement has to look beyond LGBT rights' |last=Devi |first=Arun}}</ref> based in [[Bangalore]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://bangalore.afindia.org/khayal-and-thumris-by-sumathi-murthy/ |title=Khayal and Thumris by Sumathi Murthy |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=15 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215073050/https://bangalore.afindia.org/khayal-and-thumris-by-sumathi-murthy/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> He hails from the [[Agra gharana]] of singing.<ref name="deccan" /> He identifies as a queer transgender man.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anien |first=Tina Sara |date=28 July 2023 |title=Jottings from a trans man’s life |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/jottings-from-a-trans-man-s-life-1241547.html |access-date=1 March 2026 |work=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref>

==Music career==
He started performing from the age of 12 years.<ref name="pink">{{Cite web |url=http://pink-pages.co.in/interviews/hindustani-music%E2%80%99s-lesbian-melodies/ |title=Pink Pages}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://pink-pages.co.in/interviews/hindustani-music%E2%80%99s-lesbian-melodies/|title=Sumathi Murthy: Hindustani Music's Lesbian Melodies - Pink Pages|date=2010-10-11|work=Pink Pages|access-date=2018-03-21|language=en-US}}</ref> He received her training in music from [[Pandit Ramarao Naik]] for 17 years.<ref name="deccan">{{Cite news |url=http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F283892%2Fan-evening-vocal-delight.html |title=An evening of vocal delight |newspaper=Deccan Herald |year=2012 |access-date=19 November 2016 |archive-date=19 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161119181918/http://m.deccanherald.com/articles.php?name=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Fcontent%2F283892%2Fan-evening-vocal-delight.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

He has been involved in a project called Sakhiri with Dr. Floy which consisted of a multi media show of mixing genders, electronics, visual images, poetry and music. He worked as a composer, singer and lyric writer in this project.<ref name="pink"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/books-and-art/310317/still-we-rise-of-women-and-art.html|title=Still we rise: Of women and art|date=2017-03-31|work=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=2018-03-21|language=en}}</ref>

==Queer activism==
In 2006, he identified as queer and formed a support group for female-born queer people named LesBiT.<ref name="pink" /><ref name=":0" /> He and [[Sunil Menon|Sunil Mohan]] have been doing an oral history project to share the stories of queer people. They have collectively written the book ''Towards Gender Inclusivity'' which focuses on female-born gender and sexual minorities in south India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-freedom-takes-many-forms-1874767 |title=Freedom takes many forms |last=Velayanikal |first=Malavika}}</ref> Harish and Ekta have also helped write Sunil Mohan's memoir, ''Your Stick Will Not Break my Strength''.

Harish was also featured in the documentary Breaking Free, which talked about the LGBTQ community and the impact of the controversial Section 377 of the [[Indian Penal Code]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.india.com/showbiz/breaking-free-trailer-sridhar-rangayans-lgbt-documentary-against-section-377-615239/|title=Breaking Free trailer: Sridhar Rangayan's LGBT documentary against Section 377|last=Parande|first=Shweta|date=2015-10-09|website=India News, Breaking News, Entertainment News {{!}} India.com|language=en|access-date=2020-02-13}}</ref>

==Publications==
* ''Towards Gender Inclusivity: A Study on Contemporary Concerns around Gender'' (with Sunil Mohan)
* Sunil Mohan, as told to Rumi Harish and Ekta'', Your Stick Will Not Break My Strength'' (2025 Zubaan)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murthy, Sumathi}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian women classical musicians]]
[[Category:Queer women]]
[[Category:Indian queer people]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Bengaluru]]

Ishaan Bhatnagar

2026-02-23T02:16:37Z

MayraBarnett41: created new article added tags

{{Short description|Indian badminton player (born 2002)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox badminton player
| name = Ishaan Bhatnagar
| image = Ishaan Bhatnagar (IND) 2022.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Bhatnagar at the [[2022 Taipei Open]]
| birth_name =
| country = India
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|2002|02|02}}
| birth_place = [[Raipur]], [[Chhattisgarh]], India
| residence =
| height = 5 ft 10 in
| weight =
| years_active =
| handedness = Right
| event = Men's & mixed doubles
| highest_ranking = 42 (MD with [[Sai Pratheek K.]] 22 November 2022) 18 (XD with [[Tanisha Crasto]] 3 January 2023)
| date_of_highest_ranking =
| current_ranking = 188 (MD with K. Sai Pratheek), 60 (XD with Tanisha Crasto)
| date_of_current_ranking = 26 September 2023
| medal_templates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[badminton]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{IND}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|Asia Mixed Team Championships]] }}
{{MedalBronze | [[2023 Badminton Asia Mixed Team Championships|2023 Dubai]] | Mixed team }}
| bwfbadminton_id = 72267
| bwf_id = 8E431C93-D5E1-4EEB-9C06-02FB79CADFE5
}}

'''Ishaan Bhatnagar''' (born 2 February 2002) is an Indian [[badminton]] player.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ishaan Bhatnagar biography |url=https://bwf.tournamentsoftware.com/player-profile/8e431c93-d5e1-4eeb-9c06-02fb79cadfe5/biography |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |access-date=16 November 2022 |via=Tournamentsoftware.com}}</ref>

==Achievements==
===World Tour (1 title)===
The BWF World Tour, which was announced on 19 March 2017 and implemented in 2018,<ref>{{cite web |last=Alleyne |first=Gayle |title=BWF Launches New Events Structure |url=http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |publisher=[[Badminton World Federation]] |date=19 March 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201164159/http://bwfbadminton.com/news-single/2017/03/19/bwf-launches-new-event-structure/ |archive-date=1 December 2017}}</ref> is a series of elite badminton tournaments sanctioned by the [[Badminton World Federation]] (BWF). The BWF World Tours are divided into levels of World Tour Finals, Super 1000, Super 750, Super 500, Super 300 (part of the BWF World Tour), and the BWF Tour Super 100.<ref>{{cite web |last=Sukumar |first=Dev |title=Action-Packed Season Ahead! |url=http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |publisher=Badminton World Federation |date=10 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113162925/http://bwfworldtour.com/news-single/2018/01/10/action-packed-season-ahead/ |archive-date=13 January 2018}}</ref>

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Level
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|-
| align="center" | [[2022 Syed Modi International#Finals 5|2022]]
| align="left" | [[Syed Modi International Badminton Championships|Syed Modi International]]
| align="left" | Super 300
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[T. Hema Nagendra Babu]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srivedya Gurazada]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–12
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold01}} '''Winner'''
|}

===International Challenge / Series (6 titles, 3 runners-up)===
''Men's doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Ukraine International (badminton)|Ukraine International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Pratheek K.]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Junaidi Arif]] {{flagicon|MAS}} [[Muhammad Haikal]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 21–19, 15–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D5D5D5"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Polish International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Sai Pratheek K.
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Rory Easton]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Zach Russ]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 27–25
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2022 (II)
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Sai Pratheek K.
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Krishna Prasad Garaga]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan Goud Panjala]]
| align="left" | 17–21, 21–15, 23–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[India International Challenge|India International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sai Pratheek K.]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Gayatri Gopichand]]
| align="left" | 21–16, 21–19
| style="text-align:left; background:white"| {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2021
| align="left" | [[Scottish Open (badminton)|Scottish Open]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Tanisha Crasto
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Callum Hemming]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Jessica Pugh]]
| align="left" | 15–21, 17–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | [[Iran Fajr International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Srinidhi Narayanan]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Emre Sönmez]] {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Yasemen Bektaş]]
| align="left" | 16–21, 21–17, 21–14
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025
| align="left" | [[Uganda International]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} Srinidhi Narayanan
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Dhruv Rawat]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[K. Maneesha]]
| align="left" | 21–18, 9–3 retired
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2025 (II)
| align="left" | India International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Aradhana Balachandra]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sathwik Reddy Kanapuram]] {{flagicon|IND}} [[Reshika Uthayasooriyan]]
| align="left" | 20–22, 8–21
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|- style="background:#D8CEF6"
| align="center" | 2026
| align="left" | Uganda International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Shruti Mishra]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Nithin H.V.]] {{flagicon|IND}} Srinidhi Narayanan
| align="left" | 13–21, 21–19, 1–0 (retired)
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{gold1}} '''Winner'''
|}
: {{Color box|#D8CEF6|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Challenge]] tournament
: {{Color box|#D5D5D5|border=darkgray}} [[BWF International Series]] tournament
: {{Color box|#E9E9E9|border=darkgray}} [[BWF Future Series]] tournament

===Junior International (2 runners-up)===
''Boys' doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#C6D4E1"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | Bulgarian Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Vishnu Vardhan Goud Panjala]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|ENG}} [[William Jones (badminton)|William Jones]] {{flagicon|ENG}} [[Brandon Zhi Hao Yap]]
| align="left" | 21–19, 21–18
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}

''Mixed doubles''
{| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 90%;"
! Year
! Tournament
! Partner
! Opponent
! Score
! Result
|- style="background:#AE9C45"
| align="center" | 2019
| align="left" | India Junior International
| align="left" | {{flagicon|IND}} [[Tanisha Crasto]]
| align="left" | {{flagicon|THA}} [[Benyapa Aimsaard]] {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchapol Makkasasithorn]]
| align="left" | 12–21, 22–20, 20–22
| style="text-align:left; background:white" | {{silver2}} '''Runner-up'''
|}
: {{Color box|#AE9C45|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Grand Prix tournament
: {{Color box|#C6D4E1|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Challenge tournament
: {{Color box|#BDB8AD|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior International Series tournament
: {{Color box|#EBE7E0|border=darkgray}} BWF Junior Future Series tournament

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{BWF|8E431C93-D5E1-4EEB-9C06-02FB79CADFE5}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhatnagar, Ishaan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:2002 births]]
[[Category:Indian male badminton players]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian sportsmen]]
{{India-badminton-bio-stub}}

List of Indus Valley Civilisation sites

2026-02-18T16:04:46Z

MayraBarnett41: added info

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}

The [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] (IVC), also known as the Harappan Civilisation, was a major early civilisation, existing from 3300–1300 BCE in the northwest [[Indian subcontinent]], around the [[Indus River]] plains. It covered much of modern-day eastern-[[Pakistan]] and northwestern [[India]], as well as possessing at least one trading colony in northeast [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[[Henri-Paul Francfort]], ''Fouilles de Shortughai'', Recherches sur L'Asie Centrale Protohistorique, Paris, pl. 75, no. 7</ref>
Over 1000 [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] sites have been discovered.{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=39}} Only 40 sites on the [[Indus valley]] were known in the pre-[[Partition of India|Partition]] era<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&q=40&pg=PA12| title = History of India|isbn = 978-81-7335-498-4|last1 = Malik|first1 = Dr Malti| publisher = New Saraswati House India Pvt}}</ref> by [[Archaeological Survey of India|archaeologists]].

The most widely known Indus Valley sites are [[Mohenjo-daro]] and [[Harappa]]; Mohenjo-daro is located in modern-day [[Sindh]], while Harappa is in [[Punjab, Pakistan|West Punjab]].<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/world-history/world-history-beginnings/ancient-india/a/the-indus-river-valley-civilizations | title=Indus River Valley civilizations (Article) }}</ref> More than 90% of the [[Indus script|inscribed objects and seals]] that were discovered were found at ancient urban centres along the Indus river in Pakistan, mainly in Harappa and Mohenjo-daro.<ref>[[Iravatham Mahadevan]], 1977, [https://archive.org/details/masi77indusscripttextsconcordancestablesiravathammahadevanalt_443_h ''The Indus Script: Text, Concordance and Tables''], pp. 6-7</ref><ref>[[Upinder Singh]], 2008, [https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&pg=PA169 ''A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India From the Stone Age to the 12th Century''], p. 169</ref> More than 50 IVC burial sites have been found, including at [[Rakhigarhi]] (first site with [[genetic testing]]), [[Mohenjo-Daro]], [[Harappa]], [[Farmana]], [[Kalibangan]], [[Lothal]], [[Dholavira]], [[Mehrgarh]], [[Banawali]], [[Alamgirpur]] and [[Chanhudaro]] .<ref name="korj1">Astha Dibyopama, Yong Jun Kim, Chang Seok Oh, Dong Hoon Shin, Vasant Shinde, 2015,[https://e-aba.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/0107KJPA/kjpa-28-1.pdf], Korean Journal of Physical Anthropology, Vol. 28, No. 1, pp. 1-9.</ref>

==List of Indus Valley sites ==
{{Incomplete list|date=July 2016}}

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Indus Valley Civilisation discoveries
|-
!Year
! Site
! District
! Province/state
! Country
! Image
! Excavations/findings
|-
|
|[[Alamgirpur]]
|[[Meerut District]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|Impression of cloth on trough
|-
|
|[[Allahdino]]
|[[Karachi district]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|[[Floor tiles]] of a house have been discovered at this site<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.106828|quote=kalibangan tiles.|title=Indian History|year=1930|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|isbn=978-1-259-06323-7|language=en}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Amri, Sindh]]
|[[Dadu District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Remains of a rhinoceros

|-
|
|[[Babar Kot]]
|[[Saurashtra (region)|Saurashtra]], [[Rajula]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|A stone fortification wall,<ref name=singh>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=222|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=babar+kot&pg=PA222}}</ref> plant remains of millets and gram<ref name=singh/><ref name=history>{{cite book|editor-last=Agnihotri|editor-first=V.K.|title=Indian History|year=1981|publisher=Allied Publishers|location=Mumbai|pages=A–82|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MazdaWXQFuQC&q=babar+kot&pg=SL1-PA82|isbn=978-81-8424-568-4}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Balu, Haryana]]
|[[Kaithal district|Kaithal]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Earliest evidence of garlic.<ref name=singh1>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|pages=137, 157|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=Balu}}</ref> Several plant remains were found here include various types of barley, wheat, rice, horse gram, green gram, multiple types of a pea, sesamum, melon, watermelon, grapes, dates, garlic, etc. (Saraswat and Pokharia - 2001-2)<ref name=singh/> which is comparable to a nearby IVC site Kunal, Haryana revealed remains of rice (probably wild)

|-
|1974<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Indus Valley Civilization - Major Sites years |url=https://byjus.com/free-ias-prep/major-sites-indus-valley-civilization/}}</ref>
|[[Banawali]]
|[[Fatehabad District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Excavated in 1973 by RS Bisht.
Located alongside the Saraswati River.
This area contains evidence of both pre-Harappan and Harappan culture as well as high-quality barley. Found terracotta figure of a plough
|-
|
|[[Bargaon (archaeological site)|Bargaon]]
|[[Saharanpur District]]<ref>Archaeological Survey of India Publication:Indian Archaeology 1963-64 A Review
[http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201963-64%20A%20Review.pdf]</ref>
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Baror]]
|[[Sri Ganganagar district]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[India]]
|
|Human skeleton, ornaments, a five-meter-long and three-meter clay oven, a pitcher filled with 8,000 pearls<ref name="Baror near Ramsinghpur">{{cite news|title=Baror near Ramsinghpur|work=Rajasthan patrika newspaper |date=19 June 2006 }}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Bet Dwarka]]
|[[Devbhoomi Dwarka district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Late Harappan seal, inscribed jar, the mould of coppersmith, a copper fishhook<ref name=xbd>{{cite journal |last1= Rao |first1= S. R. |last2= Gaur|first2=A. S. |date= July 1992 |title= Excavations at Bet Dwarka|url=http://drs.nio.org/drs/bitstream/2264/3085/2/J_Mar_Archaeol_3_42.pdf?origin=publication_detail|journal= Marine Archaeology|publisher= Marine Archaeological Centre, Goa|volume=3 |pages=42–|access-date=1 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=cs>{{cite journal |last=Gaur |first=A. S. |date=25 February 2004 |title=A unique Late Bronze Age copper fish-hook from Bet Dwarka Island, Gujarat, west coast of India: Evidence on the advance fishing technology in ancient India |url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb252004/512.pdf |journal=Current Science |publisher=IISc |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=512–514 |access-date=1 January 2015 |archive-date=4 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104035659/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb252004/512.pdf }}</ref>
|-
|
|[[Bhagatrav]]
|[[Bharuch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Bhirrana]]
|[[Fatehabad District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Graffiti of a dancing girl on pottery, which resembles a dancing girl statue found at Mohenjo-Daro
|-
|1931<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=List of Archaeological Sites of Indus Valley Civilisation |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-archaeological-sites-of-indus-valley-civilisation-1467110274-1}}</ref>
|[[Chanhudaro]]
|[[Nawabshah District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Excavated in 1931 by NG Majumdar.
Located in Sindh, Pakistan, on the banks of the Indus River. Only Indus site without a citadel.
Excavated items include bronze statues of bullock carts and ekkas as well as a small jar that appears to be a kink well.
Bead making factory, use of [[lipstick]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Indus Valley Civilization|url=http://www.osmanian.com/2011/06/indus-valley-harappan-civilization.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620201957/http://www.osmanian.com/2011/06/indus-valley-harappan-civilization.html|archive-date=20 June 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|
|Chapuwala
|[[Cholistan Desert|Cholistan]]
|[[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Unexcavated 9.6 hectares<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1899/2/1899_v2.pdf|title=Hidden agenda testing models of the social and political organisation of the Indus Valley tradition}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Daimabad]]
|[[Ahmadnagar District]]
|[[Maharashtra]]
|[[India]]
|[[File:Coach driver Indus 01.jpg|100px|bronze sculpture]]
|A sculpture of a bronze chariot, 45 cm long and 16 cm wide, yoked to two oxen, driven by a man 16 cm high standing in it; and three other bronze sculptures.<ref>{{cite book |first=M.K. |last=Dhavalikar |chapter=35. Daimabad Bronzes |chapter-url=http://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/121/1218186467.pdf |via=rhinoresourcecenter.com |title=Harappan civilization: a recent perspective |year=1993 |publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies and Oxford & IBH Publishing Company |editor-first=Gregory L. |editor-last=Possehl |isbn=978-81-204-0779-4 |hdl=2027/heb.03098.0001.001}}</ref> Southernmost IVC site in India, Late Harappan Phase
|-
|
|[[Desalpur]] in [[Nakhtrana Taluka]],
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Massive stone fortification, Harappan pottery, three script-bearing seals; one of steatite, one of copper and one of terracotta<ref name="asi1">{{Cite journal|editor=Ghosh, A.|title=Explorations, and excavations: Gujarat: 19. Excavation at Desalpur (Gunthli), District Kutch |journal=Indian Archaeology 1963-64, A Review|year=1967|series=Indian Archaeology|issue=1963–64|pages= 10–12|url=http://www.asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201963-64%20A%20Review.pdf|access-date=19 July 2012}}</ref>
|-
|1985<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Dholavira]]
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|[[File:DHOLAVIRA SITE (24).jpg|100px|Water reservoir, Dholavira]]
|Excavated in 1967–1968 by JP Joshi.
Located in the Gujarati district of Kachchh on the banks of the Luni River.
Here are traces of a stadium, a special water management system, and the Harappan inscription.
Figure of chariot tied to a pair of bullocks and driven by a nude human, Water harvesting and number of reservoirs, use of rocks for constructions, wooden "signboard" with Indus characters found in a gatehouse

|-
|
|[[Farmana]]
|[[Rohtak District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Largest burial site of IVC, with 65 burials, found in India

|-
|
|[[Ganeriwala|Ganweriwala]]
|
|[[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Equidistant from both Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, it is near a dry bed of the former Ghaggar River. It is a site of almost the same size as Mahenjo-daro. It may have been the third major centre in the IVC, as it is near the copper-rich mines in Rajasthan

|-
|
|[[Gola Dhoro]]
|[[kutch district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Production of shell bangles, semi-precious beads, etc.

|-
|1921<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Harappa]]
|[[Sahiwal District]]
|[[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[File:Harappan small figures.jpg|100px|Miniature votive images or toy models from Harappa, ca. 2500. Hand-modeled terra-cotta figurines with polychromy]]
|Excavated in 1921–1923 by Daya Ram Sahni.
Located in Punjab's Montgomery district on the banks of the Ravi River (Pakistan).<ref name=":1"/>
Excavations have been done at Cemetery-37 and Stone Dancing Natraja.
The first town to be thoroughly excavated and examined is a major Indus Valley Civilisation settlement with granaries, coffin burials, and a plethora of artefacts

|-
|
|[[Firoz Shah palace complex#Indus Valley civilization mound|Hisar mound inside Firoz Shah Palace]]
|[[Hisar District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
| Unexcavated site

|-
|
|[[Hulas]]
|[[Saharanpur District]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|Juni Kuran
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Fortified citadel, lower town, public gathering area<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263580655 |author=Gaur, A. S. |author2=K. H. Vora |author3=Sundaresh |author4=R. Manimurali |author5=S. Jayakumar |title=Was the Rann of Kachchh navigable during the Harappan times (Mid-Holocene)? An archaeological perspective |date=2013 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Jognakhera]]
|[[Kurukshetra]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Copper smelting furnaces with copper slag and pot shards<ref name=times>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Indus-Valley-site-ravaged-by-floods/articleshow/6153199.cms | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811093449/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-11/india/28284466_1_furnaces-site-floods | archive-date=2011-08-11 | first=Vijay | last=Sabharwal | work=[[The Times of India]] | title=Indus Valley site ravaged by floods | url-status=live | date=2010-07-11}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Kanjetar and Kaj|Kaj]]
|[[Gir Somnath District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
| Ceramic artefacts, including bowls. Ancient port.<ref name="Farooqui Gaur Prasad 2013 pp. 2631–2647">{{cite journal | last1=Farooqui | first1=Anjum | last2=Gaur | first2=A.S. | last3=Prasad | first3=Vandana | title=Climate, vegetation and ecology during Harappan period: excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj, mid-Saurashtra coast, Gujarat | journal=Journal of Archaeological Science | publisher=Elsevier BV | volume=40 | issue=6 | year=2013 | issn=0305-4403 | doi=10.1016/j.jas.2013.02.005 | pages=2631–2647| bibcode=2013JArSc..40.2631F }}</ref><ref name="Gaur Sundaresh Abhayan Joglekar"/>

|-
|
|[[Kanjetar and Kaj|Kanjetar]]
|[[Gir Somnath District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
| Single phase Harapppan site<ref name="Farooqui Gaur Prasad 2013 pp. 2631–2647"/><ref name="Gaur Sundaresh Abhayan Joglekar">{{cite web | last=Gaur | first=A.S. | author2=Sundaresh | last3=Abhayan | first3=G.S. | last4=Joglekar | first4=P.P. | title=Excavations at Kanjetar and Kaj on the Saurashtra Coast, Gujarat | website=AGRIS: International Information System for the Agricultural Science and Technology | url=http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=AV2012095098 | access-date=2017-05-28 | archive-date=13 June 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234339/http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=AV2012095098 }}</ref>

|-
|1953<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Kalibangan]]
|[[Hanumangarh District]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[India]]
|
|Excavated in 1961 by BB Lal.
Located alongside the Ghaggar River. There has been evidence of a ploughed field, a wooden furrow, seven fire altars, camel bones, and two different kinds of burials (rectangular and circular graves).
Baked/burnt bangles, fire altars,{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} small circular pits containing large urns and accompanied by pottery, bones of camel

|-
|
|[[Karanpura]] near [[Bhadra, Rajasthan|Bhadra]] city
|[[Hanumangarh district]]
|[[Rajasthan]]
|[[India]]
|[[File:Westernmound.jpg|100px|Wesern mound called citadel]]
| Skeleton of child, terracotta like pottery, bangles, seals similar to other Harappan sites <ref name="seals found at Karanpura">{{cite news|url=http://m.bhaskar.com/article/referer/521/t/240/MAT-RAJ-OTH-c-194-161415-NOR.html?1722|title=seals found at Karanpura|website=dainik bhaskar Hindi newspaper|access-date=22 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923091700/http://m.bhaskar.com/article/referer/521/t/240/MAT-RAJ-OTH-c-194-161415-NOR.html?1722|archive-date=23 September 2015}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Khirasara]]
|[[Kutch district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
| Warehouse, industrial area, gold, copper, semi-precious stone, shell objects, and weight hoards

|-
|
|[[Kerala-no-dhoro]] or Padri
|[[Saurashtra (state)|Saurashtra]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Salt production centre, by evaporating sea water{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=221}}

|-
|
|[[Kot Bala]] (also, Balakot)
|[[Lasbela District]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Earliest evidence of [[Industrial furnace|furnace]], seaport

|-
|
|[[Kot Diji]]
|[[Khairpur District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Kotada Bhadli]]
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Fortification bastion few houses foundations<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SHIRVALKAR|first=PRABODH|title=A Preliminary Report of Excavations at Kotada Bhadli, Gujarat: 2010-11|date=2012|journal=Bulletin of the Deccan College Research Institute|volume=72/73|pages=55–68|jstor=43610688}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Kunal, Haryana]]
|[[Fatehabad District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Earliest pre-Harappan site, Copper smelting.{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=68,80,82,105,113}}

|-
|
|[[Kuntasi]]
|[[Rajkot District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Small port
|-
|
|[[Lakhan-Jo-Daro|Lakhan-jo-daro]]
|[[Sukkur District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Major unexcavated site (greater than 300 hectares)

|-
|1922<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Larkana]]
|[[Larkana District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Loteshwar]]
|[[Patan District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Ancient archaeological site{{sfn|McIntosh|2008|p=62,74,412}}

|-
|1953<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Lothal]]
|[[Ahmedabad District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|[[File:The drainage system at Lothal 2.JPG|100px]]
|1931; excavated by NG Majumdar. Excavated in 1931 by NG Majumdar.
Located in Sindh, Pakistan, on the banks of the Indus River.
Bead making factory, dockyard, button seal, fire altars, painted jar, earliest cultivation of rice (1800 BC)

|-
|
|[[Manda, Jammu]]
|[[Jammu District]]
|[[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu & Kashmir]]
|[[India]]
|
|Northernmost Harappan site in Himalayan foothills<ref>India Archaeology 1976-77, A Review. Archaeological Survey of India.Page 19.</ref>

|-
|
|[[Malwan]]
|[[Surat District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Southernmost Harappan site in India<ref>{{cite book|last=Singh|first=Upinder|title=A history of ancient and early medieval India: from the Stone Age to the 12th century|year=2008|publisher=Pearson Education|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-317-1120-0|page=137|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H3lUIIYxWkEC&q=malwan}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Mandi, Uttar Pradesh, India|Mandi]]
|[[Muzaffarnagar district]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Mehrgarh]]
|[[Kachi District]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
| [[Pakistan]]
|
|Earliest agricultural community (7000-5000 BC)

|-
|
|[[Mitathal]]
|[[Bhiwani District]]
|[[Haryana]]
| [[India]]
|
|
|-
|1922<ref name=":1"/>
|[[Mohenjo-Daro]]
|[[Larkana District]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|[[File:Mohenjodaro Sindh.jpeg|100px]]
|Excavated in 1922 by RD Bannerji.
Located in Sindh's Larkana district on the banks of the Indus River (Pakistan).
The site's unique features are the Assembly Hall, Collegiate Building, and Great Bath.
An excavated artefact includes a piece of woven cotton and the seal of Pashupati Mahadeva, or proto-Shiva.
[[Great Bath]] (the biggest bath ghat), Great granary, Bronze dancing girl, Bearded man, terracotta toys, Bull seal, Pashupati seal, three cylindrical seals of the Mesopotamian type, a piece of woven cloth
|-
|
|Morodharo
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
| Fortified settlement. Mature and late Harappan phases of civilisation found. Harappan jar shards, burial cairns, boundary stones to mark graves found. Closely resembles Dholavira and has evidence of being an ancient seaport.
|-
|
|Nageshwar
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Shell working site<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harappa.com/content/nageswara-mature-harappan-shell-working-site-gulf-kutch-gujarat|title=Nageswara: a Mature Harappan Shell Working Site on the Gulf of Kutch, Gujarat|website=harappa.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref>

|-
|
|Navinal
| [[Kutch district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|India
|
|<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315796119 |last1=Joglekar |first1=Pramod |last2=Gopan |first2=Aswathy |last3=Chase |first3=Brad |last4=Ajithprasad |first4=P |last5=Patel |first5=Ambika |last6=Rawat |first6=Yadubirsingh |last7=Gadekar |first7=Charusmita |last8=Sharma |first8=Bhanu |last9=Kumar |first9=Ajit |last10=Uesugi |first10=Akinori |last11=Gs |first11=Abhayan |last12=Sukumaran |first12=Prabhin |last13=Rajesh |first13=S.V. |title=Fish Otoliths from Navinal, Kachchh, Gujarat: Identification of Taxa and Its Implications |journal=Heritage: Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies in Archaeology |volume=4 |date=2016 |pages=218–227 |via=[[ResearchGate]]}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Nausharo]] near [[Dadhar]]
| [[Kachi District]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|Ongar
|[[Hyderabad, Sindh|Hyderabad]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Pabumath]]
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|A large building complex, unicorn seal, shell bangles, beads, copper bangles, needles, antimony rods, steatite micro beads; pottery include large and medium size jars, beaker, dishes, dish-on-stand, perforated jars etc.; fine red pottery with black painted designs etc.<ref name=asi3>{{cite journal|publisher=Government of India, Archaeological Survey of India|editor-first=Debala|editor-last=Mittra|title=Indian Archaeology 1980-81 A Review|journal=Indian Archaeology 1980-81 a Review|year=1983|page=14|location=Calcutta |url=http://asi.nic.in/nmma_reviews/Indian%20Archaeology%201980-81%20A%20Review.pdf}}</ref>

|-
|
|Pathani Damb
|[[Makran]]
|[[Balochistan, Pakistan|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|At 100 hectares, this has the potential to be another city<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.harappa.com/answers/what-have-been-most-interesting-findings-about-harappan-civilization-during-last-two-decades|title=What have been the most interesting findings about the Harappan Civilisation during the last two decades?|website=harappa.com|language=en|access-date=2018-08-16}}</ref>

|-
|
|[[Pir Shah Jurio]]
|[[Karachi]]
|[[Sindh]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Pirak]]
|[[Sibi]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rakhigarhi]]
|[[Hisar District]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|Terracotta wheels, toys, figurines, pottery. Large site, partially excavated

|-
|
|[[Rangpur, Gujarat|Rangpur]]
|[[Ahmedabad District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Seaport

|-
|
|[[Rehman Dheri]]
|[[Dera Ismail Khan]]
|[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rojdi]]
|[[Rajkot District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Rupar]]
|[[Rupnagar District]]
|[[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Sanauli]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_sanauli.asp |title=Archaeological Survey of India |access-date=28 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510215204/http://asi.nic.in/asi_exca_2007_sanauli.asp |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref>
|[[Baghpat District]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|Burial site with 125 burials found, copper antenna sword with a hilt and first time chariots were discovered

|-
|
|[[Sheri Khan Tarakai]]
|[[Bannu District]]
|[[Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Pottery, lithic artefact

|-
|
|[[Shikarpur, Gujarat]]<ref>Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Maharaja Sayyajirao University, Baroda. Excavations at Shikarpur, Gujarat 2008-2009.{{cite web |url=http://www.harappa.com/goladhoro/Shikarpur-2008-2009.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921233909/http://www.harappa.com/goladhoro/Shikarpur-2008-2009.pdf |archive-date=21 September 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Food habit details of Harappans

|-
|
|[[Shortugai]]
|[[Darqad District]]
|[[Takhar Province]]
|[[Afghanistan]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Siswal]]
|[[Hisar (district)]]
|[[Haryana]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|
|[[Sokhta Koh]]
|[[Makran]]
|[[Balochistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Pottery

|-
|
|[[Sothi]] near [[Baraut]]
|[[Bagpat district]]
|[[Uttar Pradesh]]
|[[India]]
|
|
|-
|1964<ref name=":0"/>
|[[Surkotada]]
|[[Kutch District]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Excavated in 1972 by JP Joshi.
Located between the Sabarmati and Bhogavo rivers.
Here, there is proof of a horse burial, an oval grave, and a pit burial.
Bones of a horse (only site)

|-
|
|[[Sutkagan Dor]]
|[[Makran]]
|[[Baluchistan (Pakistan)|Balochistan]]
|[[Pakistan]]
|
|Bangles of clay, westernmost-known site of IVC<ref>{{cite book|last=Possehl|first=Gregory L.|title=The Indus Civilization: A Contemporary perspective|year=2003|publisher=Vistaar Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7829-291-5|pages=79–80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmAuAsi4ePIC&q=Sutkagan|edition=[3rd printing].}}</ref>

|-
|
| [[Tigrana, Bhiwani|Tigrana]]
| [[Bhiwani district]]
| [[Haryana]]
| [[India]]
|
| Houses, pottery, terracotta, seals with script, semi-precious stones, evidence of crop cultivation and anima; domestication.<ref name=tig1>[https://www.jagran.com/haryana/hisar-harappan-period-evidence-found-in-tigdana-of-bhiwani-many-revelations-in-research-jagran-special-22064156.html भिवानी में मिले हड़प्पा काल के साक्ष्य, तिगड़ाना में होती थी खेती, शोध में हुए कई खुलासे, देखें तस्वीरें], Dainik Jargan, 29 September 2021.</ref>

|-
|
|[[Vejalka]]
|[[Botad district]]
|[[Gujarat]]
|[[India]]
|
|Pottery

|}

==Context of IVC sites and cultures ==

Wider context of the IVC includes the following:

* [[Meluhha]]
** [[Indus–Mesopotamia relations]]
** [[Meluhha#Conflict with the Akkadians and Neo-Sumerians|Conflict with the Akkadians and Neo-Sumerians]]
* [[List of inventions and discoveries of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
** [[Hydraulic engineering of the Indus Valley Civilization]]
** [[Sanitation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
* [[Periodisation of the Indus Valley Civilisation]]
** [[Pottery in the Indian subcontinent]]
** [[Bara culture]], subtype of Late-Harappan Phase
** [[Cemetery H culture]] (2000-1400 BC), early Indo-Aryan pottery at IVC sites later evolved into [[Painted Grey Ware culture]] of [[Vedic period]]
** [[Black and red ware]], belonging to [[Neolithic]] and Early-Harappan phases
** [[Siswal#Sothi|Sothi-Siswal culture]], subtype of Early-Harappan Phase

== See also ==

*[[Timeline of Pakistani history]]
* [[Timeline of Indian history]]
* [[List of archaeological sites by country]]
* [[World Heritage Sites by country]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

=== Bibliography ===

* {{cite book |first=Jane R. |last=McIntosh |title=The Ancient Indus Valley: New Perspectives |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |location=Santa Barbara, California |isbn=978-1-57607-907-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AJO2A-CbccC }}

[[Category:Indus Valley Civilisation sites| ]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Asia]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Afghanistan]]
[[Category:India history-related lists|Indus Valley Civilisation sites]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Haryana]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Sindh]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Punjab, Pakistan]]

K. P. Kandan

2026-02-14T21:49:48Z

MayraBarnett41: Updated article with clearer structure

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{use Indian English|date=May 2017}}

'''K. P. Kandan''' (born 30 November 1963) is an Indian politician and was a member of the [[Fourteenth Assembly of Tamil Nadu|14th Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sholinganallur (State Assembly Constituency)|Sholinganallur constituency]]. He represented the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK) party.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of MLAs from Tamil Nadu 2011 |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |access-date=2017-04-26 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320103427/http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/member_list.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 }}</ref>

The [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|elections of 2016]] resulted in his constituency being won by [[S. Aravind Ramesh]] of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]].<ref>{{cite web |title=15th Assembly Members |publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/15thassembly/members/001_050.html |access-date=2017-04-26}}</ref> Kandan was one of thirteen AIADMK MLAs in the Greater [[Chennai]] area who were deselected by the party, apparently in an attempt to thwart a potential anti-incumbency backlash from the electorate following the [[2015 South Indian floods|recent flooding]]. It was felt that fresh faces would put some distance between the past and the present.<ref>{{cite news |work=Deccan Chronicle |title=MLAs in flood-hit areas denied tickets |first=C. S. |last=Kotteswaran |date=5 April 2016 |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/politics/050416/mlas-in-flood-hit-areas-denied-tickets.html |access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref>

In September 2016, Kandan was put forward as an AIADMK candidate for the Chennai Corporation elections.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Hindu |title=AIADMK all set to field new faces |date=27 September 2016 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/AIADMK-all-set-to-field-new-faces/article15001027.ece |access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Kandan was born in [[Chennai]] on 30 November 1963. He is married.<ref>{{cite web |title=Thiru. K.P. Kandan (AIADMK) |url=http://www.assembly.tn.gov.in/members/profile/027.htm |publisher=Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu |access-date=2017-05-05}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (2011-2016)|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kandan, K. P.}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Charles McCann

2026-02-12T22:43:07Z

MayraBarnett41: formatting fix

{{Short description|Indian born New Zealand botanist, biologist and naturalist (1899–1980)}}
{{Other people}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox person
|name=Charles McCann
|birth_place=[[Castle Rock, Karnataka]]
|image=Charles mccann.jpg
|image_caption=Charles McCann in 1939
}}

'''Yule Mervyn Charles McCann''' (4 December 1899 – 29 November 1980) was a [[natural history|naturalist]] in [[India]] and New Zealand. He wrote a popular book on the trees of India and edited a major regional flora apart from publishing many of his other observations, mainly in the journal of the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS) that he was associated with. He contributed to studies of New Zealand's whales, seals, skinks and geckos.

==Early life==
Born at [[Castle Rock, Karnataka|Castle Rock]] in India, his exposure to the wilderness during his childhood in the forests of the Goa area shaped his lifelong interest in natural history:<ref name=obit>{{cite journal|authorlink=Humayun Abdulali|author=Abdulali, H| year=1980|title=Obituary: Charles McCann (1899-1980)|journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. |volume=77|issue=3| pages=494–496}}</ref>
{{cquote|Some of the grandest tropical forest surrounded the area and the fauna abounded with wildlife, from elephants to flies, so much so that doors had to be closed at sundown for fear of dangerous intruders—even the [[King Cobra]], though rare, occurred in the area. Such an environment seems to have influenced my future as a student of nature! My parents informed me that I was the bane of their existence for I froze on to everything that moved. All attempts at shaping my ends had no avail. From ''misdirected'' babyhood onwards the ''kink'' increased out of all proportion (according to some, I was just daft!)}}

He studied at St. Mary's High school at Mazagaon in Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]) and worked for a while under Father [[Ethelbert Blatter]] at St. Xavier's College as a laboratory assistant and curator. During 1916-1920 he worked under Blatter on botany. He briefly worked with the Bombay city police and then joined the [[Bombay Natural History Society]] (BNHS) as a collector for the Mammal Survey. He worked on the survey around 1921–22 in the [[Palni Hills]] and also in the [[Indus delta]] areas.<ref name=obit/>

==Career==
[[File:Charles McCann.jpg|thumb|left|Collecting in the Palni Hills {{circa}}1921]]
McCann became the Assistant Curator and served as editor of the Journal of the BNHS. He was involved in the development of the Natural History galleries of the Prince of Wales Museum of Bombay. He was a prolific writer and published 200 articles and papers in the Journal of the BNHS, covering plants, birds, mammals and insects. He was also a fellow of the [[Linnean Society of London]].<ref name=obit/>

In 1946 he resigned his post at the BNHS and migrated to New Zealand. The executive committee of the Bombay Natural History Society noted:<ref name=obit/>
{{cquote|The merit of his scientific work is evidenced in his many contributions to the journal of the Society. He is one of the outstanding botanists in India and his monograph on Grasses, which he wrote jointly with the late Fr. Blatter and which was published under the aegis of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|Imperial Council of Agricultural Research]], will remain for many years the standard work on the subject. Equally outstanding in merit are his various revisions of the genera and species of Indian plants which the Society was privileged to publish. McCann also contributed various authoritative papers on Indian Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians. The study of nature was his absorbing passion and his main recreation… His resignation is a great loss to the Society.}}

In [[New Zealand]] he joined the Dominion Museum (now [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]]) at Wellington as a Vertebrate Zoologist. He became interested in the whale and seal collections as well as deep-sea fishes.<ref name=obit/> He also made significant contributions to New Zealand herpetology.<ref name="RAM2014">{{cite Q|Q58629015}}</ref>

The BNHS instituted the Charles McCann Vertebrate Fieldwork Fund in his memory to promote field research.<ref name=obit/>

== Family ==
McCann married Eleanor Mary Allen (b. 1906) and they had three children Carlyle (“Carl”) Ethelbert McCann (1928–1995), Trevor Ian McCann (1930–2006) and Marie Dolores McCann (1934–2005). After the death of Eleanor in 1956 he married Muriel Florence
Mottershead and they had a son Robbie McCann.<ref name="RAM2014" />

== Publications ==
A partial list of publications.

;Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society
* (1930) Nidification of Storks. JBNHS. 34(2):579-581.
* (1931) Courtship of the Scarlet Minivet (''Pericrocotus speciosus''). JBNHS. 34(4):1061-1062.
* (1931) Notes on the Whistling School Boy or Malabar Whistling Thrush (''Myiophoneus horsfieldi'', Vigors). JBNHS. 35(1):202-204.
* (1932) Notes on the nesting habits of the Red-vented Bulbul (''Molpastes cafer''). JBNHS. 35(3):680-681.
* (1936) The Short-eared Owl ''Asio flammeus'' (Pontopp.) out at sea. JBNHS. 38(3):623-624.
* (1940) A note on the Alpine Swift (''Micropus melba bakeri'' Hartert). JBNHS. 42(1):198-199.
* Hughes, A R & McCann, C (1939) On the road to Gersoppa and back. JBNHS. 41:446.
* (1932) Nestling of the Indian Pied Kingfisher (''[[Ceryle rudis]]'') attacked by larvae of parasitic fly. JBNHS. 35(4):897-898.
* (1933) The Brown Hawk-owl (''[[Ninox scutulata]]'' Raffles) feeding on bats. JBNHS. 36(4):1002-1003.
* (1937) Curious behaviour of the Jungle Crow (''[[Corvus macrorhynchus]]'') and the White-backed Vulture (''Gyps bengalensis''). JBNHS. 39(4):864.
* (1937) The distribution of the White-eared Bulbul (''Molpastes leucogenys leucotis'' (Gould)) in the swamps near the Vaitarna River. JBNHS. 39(4):864-865.
* (1937) The breeding of the Little Green Bittern (''[[Butorides striatus|Butorides striatus javanicus]]'') in Salsette Island. JBNHS. 39(4):869-870.
* (1939) The Flamingo (''[[Phoenicopterus ruber|Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum]]'' Temm.). JBNHS. 41(1):12-38.
* (1941) Vultures and palms. JBNHS. 42(2):439-440.
* (1941) Curious nesting site of the Red-wattled Lapwing (''Lobivanellus indicus indicus'' Bodd.). JBNHS. 42(2):439-440.
* (1947) Flamingoes in Kutch-a comment. JBNHS. 47(1):164-166.
* (1954) Birds associating natural phenomena with food supply. JBNHS. 52(2-3):607-609.
* (1955) Has the Cuckoo a protrusible ovipositor? JBNHS. 52(4):931-932.
* (1942) A 'busman's' holiday in the Abu Hills. JBNHS. 43(2):206-217.
* (1941) Two naturalists visit Karwar, North Kanara. JBNHS. 42(3):602-610.
* (1943) The rains come to the Abu hills. JBNHS. 43(4):641-647.
* On the Breeding Habits of some Myriapoda. JBNHS. 26: 303–4.
* A note on the Habits of the Large-scaled Earth Snake (''Silybura macrolepis'') JBNHS 29: 1062–3.
* Occurrence of the worm-like Batrachian ''Ichthyophis monochrous'' at Khandala, Poona District. JBNHS 31: 1039.
* The Study of Plant Life—(3 parts) Vols. JBNHS 32: 692–703 (2 plates & 5 text-figures) and JBNHS 33: 35–46, 262–278.
* Notes on the Flowering of ''[[Strobilanthes callosus]]'' JBNHS 34: 264–65.
* Notes on some wild species of Aroids JBNHS 34: 518–21.
* On the Fertilization of the Flowers of the Sausage-Tree (''[[Kigelia pinnata]]'') by Bats JBNHS 35: 467–71.
* Notes on Indian Batrachians (10 plates, 2 text-figures) JBNHS 36: 152–80.
* Notes on the Flying Fox (''[[Pteropus giganteus]]'') JBNHS 37: 143–49.
* Notes on the Common Land Crab (''Paratelphusa guerini'') of Salsette. JBNHS 39: 531.
* The Flamingo (''Phoenicopterus ruber antiquorum'' Temm.) (7 plates) JBNHS 41: 21–38.
* A Reptile and Amphibian Miscellany. 2 parts. (15 plates 3 text-figures) JBNHS 41: 742–64; JBNHS 42: 45–64.
* Two naturalists visit Karwar, N. Kanara (1 plate) JBNHS 42: 602–10.
* The Rains come to the Abu Hills. (with a plate) JBNHS 43: 641–47.
With Blatter, REV. E., S. J. Ph.D., F.I.S.
* Revision of the Flora of the Bombay Presidency—16 parts Vols. JBNHS 32–36.
* Two new Species of Grasses from Panchgani (Satara District) JBNHS 32: 357–58.
* Some new species of Plants from the Western Ghats. JBNHS 32: 733–36.
* A New ''Ceropegia'' from the Western Ghats. JBNHS 34: 936.
* Another new ''Ceropegia'' from the Western Ghats. JBNHS 35: 409.

;Books
* (1959) 100 Beautiful trees of India
{{botanist|McCann|McCann}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [https://archive.org/details/BombayGrasses Blatter, E; Charles McCann (1935) Bombay grasses. ICAR, Delhi.]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McCann, Charles}}
[[Category:20th-century British naturalists]]
[[Category:1899 births]]
[[Category:1980 deaths]]
[[Category:Naturalists from British India]]
[[Category:British emigrants to New Zealand]]
[[Category:People associated with the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]]
[[Category:20th-century naturalists]]
[[Category:Members of the Bombay Natural History Society]]
[[Category:British people in British India]]

Srinivas Maddula

2026-02-05T07:48:02Z

MayraBarnett41: Stub

{{short description|Indian Navy Admiral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox military person
| honorific_prefix = [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| name = Srinivas Maddula
| honorific_suffix = [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| image = File:Srinivas Maddula.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| nickname =
| birth_name =
| allegiance = {{IND}}
| branch = {{navy|India}}
| serviceyears = 1993 – present
| rank = [[File:British Royal Navy (sleeves) OF-7.svg|20px]] [[File:12-Indian Navy-RADM.svg|20px]] [[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]]
| servicenumber =
| unit =
| commands = {{ship|INS|Trikand|F51}} {{ship|INS|Ganga|F22}} {{ship|INS|Godavari|F20}} {{ship|INS|Nipat|K86}} INFAC T-80
| battles =
| battles_label =
| awards = [[File:Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|20px]] [[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
| alma_mater = [[Indian Naval Academy]]
| spouse = 
| relations =
| laterwork =
| signature =
| website =
| memorials =
| module =
}}
[[Rear admiral (India)|Rear Admiral]] '''Srinivas Maddula''', [[Vishisht Seva Medal|VSM]] is a serving Flag officer in the [[Indian Navy]]. He currently serves as the [[Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence)]].

==Early life and education==
R Adm Maddula grew up in Kolkata and [[Hyderabad]] and was schooled at the [[St. Xavier's Collegiate School]] and [[The Hyderabad Public School, Begumpet]] (HPS) respectively. He was part of the batch of 1989 at HPS. He then joined and graduated from the [[National Defence Academy (India)|National Defence Academy, Khadakvasla]].

==Naval career==
R Adm Maddula was commissioned into the [[Indian Navy]] in Jan 1994. In June 1998, the [[Fast attack craft]] (FAC) T-80 was commissioned at Mumbai. It was built in collaboration with [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] and [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]. As a young lieutenant, Maddula was the [[ship commissioning|commissioning]] [[commanding officer]] of the FAC.<ref name="T-80">{{cite web |title=Rediff On The NeT: Navy to acquire three sophisticated Russian vessels |url=https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/jun/24ins.htm |website=m.rediff.com |access-date=8 September 2024 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908120327/https://m.rediff.com/news/1998/jun/24ins.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

R Adm Maddula attended the [[Marine_Corps_University#Marine_Corps_Command_and_Staff_College_(CSC)|United States Marine Corps Command and Staff College]] at Quantico, USA where he completed the staff course. He commanded the [[Vidyut-class missile boat]] {{ship|INS|Nipat|K86}}, part of the [[22nd Missile Vessel Squadron]] (Killer squadron). He later commanded the [[lead ship]] of [[Godavari-class frigate|the Godavari class]] of [[guided-missile frigate]]s {{ship|INS|Godavari|F20}}, and her [[sister ship]] {{ship|INS|Ganga|F22}}.<ref name="FOST">{{cite web |title=Southern Naval Command |url=https://x.com/IN_HQSNC/status/1829896148662047024 |website=x.com |access-date=8 September 2024 |archive-date=7 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240907061058/https://x.com/IN_HQSNC/status/1829896148662047024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

R Adm Maddula attended the [[Naval War College, Goa]], following which he tenanted the billet of Principal Director, Network Centric Operations at the Naval Headquarters, New Delhi. He was then appointed commanding officer of the [[Talwar-class frigate|Talwar-class]] [[stealth ship|stealth]] [[guided-missile frigate]] {{ship|INS|Trikand|F51}}. Under his command, ''Trikand'' participated in [[United_States_Africa_Command#Cutlass_Express|Exercise Cutlass Express]] in early 2019. The exercise is conducted in the Western Indian Ocean by the [[United States Naval Forces Europe and Africa]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Singh |first1=Harmeet |title=INS Trikand Participates In Exercise Cutlass Express 2019 |url=https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/ins-trikand-participates-in-exercise-cutlass-express-2019/ |website=ADU - Aviation Defence Universe |access-date=8 September 2024 |date=8 February 2019 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424194254/https://www.aviation-defence-universe.com/ins-trikand-participates-in-exercise-cutlass-express-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Naval Exercise |url=https://www.raksha-anirveda.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/raksha-anirveda-april19.pdf |website=raksha-anirveda.com |access-date=8 September 2024}}</ref> Maddula also commanded the Indian Navy's shore establishment [[INS Kadamba]] at Karwar.<ref>{{cite web |title=R Adm Srinivas Maddula Took Over as The 26th Flag Officer Sea Training Fost on 30 August 2024. |url=https://indiannavy.gov.in/content/r-adm-srinivas-maddula-took-over-26th-flag-officer-sea-training-fost-30-august-2024 |website=indiannavy.gov.in |access-date=23 September 2025}}</ref>

Promoted to the rank of [[Commodore (India)|Commodore]], the officer moved to naval headquarters as Commodore (Intelligence). In this appointed, he headed the [[Directorate of Naval Intelligence (India)|Directorate of Naval Intelligence]], under the [[Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Assistant Chief of the Naval Staff]] (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence). In April 2024, he represented India at the Maritime Security Conference at Bahrain. The conference was organised by the [[Combined Maritime Forces]], Bahrain.<ref>{{cite web |title=NEWSLETTER APRIL 2024 {{!}} EUNAVFOR |url=https://eunavfor.eu/newsletter/newsletter-april-2024 |website=eunavfor.eu |access-date=8 September 2024 |archive-date=8 September 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908120330/https://eunavfor.eu/newsletter/newsletter-april-2024 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Flag rank===
R Adm Maddula was promoted to flag rank in August 2024 and was appointed [[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]] (FOST) at Kochi. The FOST functions under the operational and administrative jurisdiction of [[Flag Officer Commanding-in-Chief Southern Naval Command]]. As FOST, his charter included the conduct of the operational sea training of all ships and submarines of the [[Indian Navy]] and the [[Indian Coast Guard]]. It includes enhancing crew proficiency in all aspects, including safe navigation practices, damage control and firefighting drills, weapon firings as well as seamanship training.<ref name="FOST" /> The Flag Officer too over the role of the Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence) in November 2025. In his current job the Flag officer is responsible for foreign cooperation, intelligence, and diplomatic outreach. As a recognition of his distinguished service during his naval career, he was awarded the [[Vishisht Seva Medal]] on 26 January 2026.<ref>{{cite web |title=77th REPUBLIC DAY PRESIDENT APPROVES DISTINGUISHED SERVICE AND GALLANTRY AWARDS TO INDIAN NAVY PERSONNEL |url=https://www.pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2218584&reg=3&lang=1 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=27 January 2026}}</ref>

==Awards and decorations==
{| style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
||{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=Vishisht_Seva_Medal_ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Samanya_Seva_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Operation_Parakram_medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Sainya_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_Videsh_Seva_Medal_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=75yearmedal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 50th Anniversary Independence medal.svg|width=106}}
|{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND_30_Years_Long_Service_Ribbon.svg|width=106}}
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 20YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}} {{Ribbon devices|number=0|type=award-star|ribbon=IND 9YearsServiceMedalRibbon.svg|width=106}}
|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"
|-
|[[Vishisht Seva Medal]]
|[[Samanya Seva Medal]]
|[[Operation Parakram Medal]]
|[[Sainya Seva Medal]]
|-
|[[Videsh Seva Medal]]
|[[75th Independence Anniversary Medal (India)|75th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[50th Independence Anniversary Medal]]
|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|30 Years Long Service Medal]]
|-
|colspan=2|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|20 Years Long Service Medal]]
|colspan=2|[[Indian military decorations#Long service awards|9 Years Long Service Medal]]
|}

==See also==
* [[Flag Officer Sea Training (India)|Flag Officer Sea Training]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-bef
| before = [[Nirbhay Bapna]]
}}
{{s-ttl
| title = [[Assistant Chief of Naval Staff (Foreign Cooperation and Intelligence)]]
| years = Nov 2025 - Present
}}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maddula, Srinivas}}
[[Category:Indian Navy rear admirals]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Flag Officers Sea Training]]
[[Category:Naval War College, Goa alumni]]
[[Category:Marine Corps University alumni]]
[[Category:National Defence Academy (India) alumni]]

H. L. Kapur

2026-02-05T04:25:50Z

MayraBarnett41: updated

{{Short description|Indian politician (1923–2020)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2017}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Air Vice Marshal]] [[Padma Shri]]
| name = Harkrishan Lal Kapur
| native_name = हरकिशन लाल कपूर
| honorific_suffix = [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal|PVSM]], [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal|AVSM]]
| image =
| image_size =
| caption = Harkrishan Lal Kapur
| office = 10th [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]]
| term_start = 16 November 1985
| term_end = 3 August 1988
| predecessor = Mohan M.K. Wali, IAS
| successor = [[Romesh Bhandari]], IFS
| president = [[Zail Singh]] [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start1 = 3 January 1985
| term_end1 = 14 November 1985
| nominator1 = [[Zail Singh]]
| appointed1 = [[Ramaswamy Venkataraman]]
|constituency1 =[[List of nominated members of the Rajya Sabha|Nominated]]
| predecessor1 =
| successor1 =
| office2= 2nd [[Handball Federation of India|President of Handball Federation of India]]
| 1blankname2 = Secretary General
| 1namedata2 = M. L. Khan
| term_start2 = 1976
| term_end2 = 1985
| predecessor2 = Laxmi Chhabla
| successor2 = Dr. [[Roshan Lal Anand]]
| office3 = 23rd & 24th [[Services Sports Control Board|President of Services Sports Control Board]]
| term_start3 = March 1976
| term_end3 = June 1979
| 1blankname3 = Secretary
| 1namedata3 = Lieutenant Colonel Darshan Singh Wing Commander Sak Durrani
| predecessor3 = Major General [[Srinivas Kumar Sinha]]
| successor3 = Air Vice-Marshal Prem Pal Singh
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=y|1923|12|10}}
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]] {{small|(now in [[Haryana]], [[India]])}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|2020|02|14|1923|12|10}}
| death_place = [[Dehradun]], [[Uttarakhand]], [[India]]
| death_cause =
| nationality = [[India]]n
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| otherparty =
| height =
| spouse =
| children =
| education =
| parents = Dr. Ram Chand Kapur {{small|(father)}}
| alma_mater = [[Forman Christian College|Forman Christian College, Lahore]]
| occupation = Military Service
| profession = Politician, Sports administrator
| known_for =
| allegiance = {{flag|British India}} (1943–1947) {{flag|India}} (1947 – 1979)
| branch = {{air force|British India}} (1943–1947) {{air force|India}} (1947–1979)
| serviceyears = 11 Jan 1943 – 30 Jun 1979
| rank = [[File:India-AirForce-OF-7-collected.svg|30px]] [[Air Vice Marshal|Air Vice Marshal of the Indian Air Force]]
| military_blank1 = [[Service number]]
| military_data1 = 2165 ADM
| unit =
| commands =
| battles =
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Padma Shri]] {{small|(1983)}}
* [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]] {{small|(1979)}}
* [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]] {{small|(1974)}}
}}
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| blank1 = Religion
| data1 = [[Hinduism]]
| footnotes = }}

'''Harkrishan Lal Kapur''' (10 December 1923 – 14 February 2020) was a former [[Air Vice Marshal]] of [[Indian Air Force]] and a member of the [[Indian National Congress]] who served as 11th [[List of lieutenant governors of Delhi|Lieutenant Governor of Delhi]] from 16 November 1985 to 3 August 1988.<ref>{{cite web|title=Former Lieutenant Governors |url=https://lg.delhi.gov.in/former-lieutenant-governor |date=24 July 2020 |work=www.lg.delhi.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

==Early life and education==
Kapur was born to civil surgeon Rai Bahadur Dr. Ram Chand Kapur on 10 December 1923 at [[Rohtak]]. He graduated from [[Forman Christian College]], [[Lahore]] in 1942.<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Vice Marshal Harkrishan Lal Kapur |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/2165 |date=24 July 2020 |work=www.bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

==Military service==
He was commissioned in [[Royal Indian Air Force]] on 11 January 1943. He retired as [[Air Vice Marshal]] after 37 years of service on 30 June 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=Air Vice Marshal Harkrishan Lal Kapur |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/Database/2165 |date=24 July 2020 |work=www.bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

==Politics==
Kapur joined [[Indian National Congress]] after retirement from Indian Air Force. He was nominated for [[Rajya Sabha]] in 1985. He took oath on 3 January 1985 but resigned on 14 November 1985 to become Lieutenant Governor of Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alphabetical List Of Former Members Of Rajya Sabha Since 1952 |url=http://164.100.47.5/Newmembers/alphabeticallist_all_terms.aspx |date=24 July 2020 |work=www.rajyasabha.nic.in |access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

==Sports administration==
Kapur was also active in sports administration along with his service in Air Force. He served as President of [[Services Sports Control Board]] from March 1976 to June 1979.<ref>{{cite web|title=Past President |url=http://sscbindia.in/president.html |date=24 July 2020 |work=www.sscbindia.in |access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref> He also served as President of [[Handball Federation of India]] from 1976 to 1985.<ref>{{cite web|title=HFI Presidents |url=https://indiahandball.wordpress.com/history/ |date=24 July 2020 |work=www.indiahandball.wordpress.com |access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

==Awards==
Kapur was awarded the [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award by [[Government of India]] in 1983.<ref>{{cite web |title=Padma Awards Directory (1954-2013) |url=https://www.webcitation.org/mainframe.php |pages=62 |publisher=www.webcitation.org |accessdate=14 August 2013 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/mainframe.php }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|--
! colspan=2 width="350px" | Decoration
! width="100px" | Country
! width="100px" | Year
|-
| [[File:Padma Shri Ribbon.svg|centre|50px]]
| style="width:8em;"|'''[[Padma Shri]]'''
| {{Flag|India}}
| 1983
|-
| [[File:Param Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|centre|50px]]
| style="width:8em;"|'''[[Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]'''
| {{Flag|India}}
| 1979
|-
| [[File:Ati Vishisht Seva Medal ribbon.svg|50px]]
| style="width:8em;"|'''[[Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]'''
| {{Flag|India}}
| 1974
|}

==Death==
Kapur died at the age of 96 years on 14 February 2020 after prolonged illness at [[Dehradun]] where he was residing with his daughter at her house on Rajpura Road. His cremation took place in the same evening with full honour at Lakhibagh Ghat.<ref>{{cite web|title=दिल्ली के पूर्व उप राज्यपाल एचकेएल कपूर का निधन, लंबे समय से थे बीमार |url=https://www.jagran.com/uttarakhand/dehradun-city-former-deputy-governor-of-delhi-hkl-kapoor-passed-away-20033089.html |date=15 February 2020 |work=www.jagran.com |access-date=24 July 2020}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/pre_member/1952_2003/k.pdf Biodata from Rajya Sabha Website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kapur, H.L.}}

[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:2020 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in civil service]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Ati Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Param Vishisht Seva Medal]]
[[Category:Indian sports executives and administrators]]
[[Category:Handball administrators]]
[[Category:Politicians from British India]]
[[Category:Indian Air Force officers]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Delhi]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians]]

{{India-mil-bio-stub}}
{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-handball-bio-stub}}

Kaveri Dimar

2026-02-03T21:55:49Z

MayraBarnett41: created new post w/ infobox

{{short description|Indian canoeist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport|Women's [[sprint canoe]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Canoeing Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2022 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships|2022 Rayong]]|C-4 200 m}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Kaveri Dimar''' (also spelled '''Kaveri Dhimar''') is an Indian [[canoeist]], who won a bronze medal at the [[2022 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships]].<ref name="TOIAsiaBronze">{{cite news |first=Ramendra |last=Singh |title=MP rower Kaveri Dhimar wins bronze in Asian championship |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhopal/mp-rower-kaveri-dhimar-wins-bronze-in-asian-championship/articleshow/90467346.cms |date=27 March 2022 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>

==Early life==
Dimar was born in a fisherman's family in Mandi village, [[Sehore]], [[Madhya Pradesh]], the fifth of nine siblings. As she grew up, she would accompany her father and elder sisters when they went fishing.<ref name="BridgeLife">{{cite news |first=Abhijit |last=Nair |title=Daughter of a fisherman, Kaveri Dhimar wins 7 gold medals at Senior National Canoeing Championships |work=The Bridge |url=https://thebridge.in/our-picks/daughter-fisherman-kaveri-dhimar-7-gold-national-championships-26316 |date=14 November 2021 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> The [[Khandwa]] district Sports Officer, Joseph Baxla, spotted her talent as a promising swimmer in 2016, and she was admitted to the Madhya Pradesh Water Sports Academy in 2017. She later turned to canoeing as a sport.<ref name="NIELife">{{cite news |first=Anuraag |last=Singh |title=Boat to canoe, MP fisherman’s daughter living her Olympic dream |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2021/jan/11/boat-to-canoe-mp-fishermans-daughter-living-her-olympic-dream-2248319.html |date=11 January 2021 |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref> She studies at the [[Lovely Professional University]].<ref name="lpunews">{{cite web|url=https://happenings.lpu.in/lpu-students-won-12-medals-in-national-canoeing-championship/ |title=LPU Students won 12 Medals in National Canoeing Championship |first=Raunak |last=Raj |date=11 November 2021 |publisher=[[Lovely Professional University]] |access-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>

==Career==
Dimar has won 15 gold, two silver and a bronze across various solo and team events in India's National Canoe Championships over the period 2020–2022. She teamed up with [[Namita Chandel]], Anjali Bashishth and Shivani Verma to win the bronze medal in the C-4 200m event at the 2022 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships in [[Rayong]].<ref name="TOIAsiaBronze" />

==Achievements==
* 3 x gold medals, C-4 (1000m, 200m) and C-2 (500m) events, National Canoe Sprint Championship, [[Bhopal]], 2020<ref name="ikca30th">{{cite web |url=https://www.ikca.in/30th_women_final_results_.pdf |title= 30th National Kayaking and Canoeing Sprint Senior Men and Women Championship|author= |date=16 January 2020 |publisher=Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703072332/https://www.ikca.in/30th_women_final_results_.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>
* 7 x gold medals, C-4 (200m), C-2 (1000m, 500m, 200m) and C-1 (5000m, 1000m, 500m), National Canoe Sprint Championship, [[Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur]], 2021<ref name="ikca31st">{{cite web |url=https://www.ikca.in/Result_-_31st_National_Canoe_Sprint_Senior_Men_%26_Women_Championship_24-27_October_2021_at_Bilaspur_Himachal_Pradesh.pdf |title=31st National Kayaking and Canoeing Sprint Senior Men and Women Championship |author= |date=27 October 2021 |publisher=Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703073834/https://www.ikca.in/Result_-_31st_National_Canoe_Sprint_Senior_Men_%26_Women_Championship_24-27_October_2021_at_Bilaspur_Himachal_Pradesh.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 5 x gold medals, C-4 (500m), C-2 (1000m), C-1 (5000m, 1000m, 500m); 2 x Silver medals - C-2 (200m, 200m Mixed); Bronze medal – C-4 (200m), National Canoe Sprint Championship, Bhopal, 2022<ref name="ikca32nd">{{cite web |url=https://www.ikca.in/32nd_Canoe_Sprint_Result_.pdf |title= 32nd National Kayaking and Canoeing Sprint Senior Men and Women Championship|author= |date=13 March 2022 |publisher=Indian Kayaking and Canoeing Association |access-date=3 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703074608/https://www.ikca.in/32nd_Canoe_Sprint_Result_.pdf |archive-date=3 July 2022}}</ref>
* Bronze medal, C-4 (200m), [[2022 Asian Canoe Sprint Championships|Asian Canoe Sprint Championships]], [[Rayong]], 2022.<ref name="TOIAsiaBronze" />

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dimar, Kaveri}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Indian female canoeists]]
[[Category:Sportswomen from Madhya Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Sehore district]]
[[Category:Canoeists at the 2022 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games competitors for India]]

{{India-sport-bio-stub}}
{{Asia-canoe-bio-stub}}

IndusInd Capital

2026-01-31T16:19:38Z

MayraBarnett41: created a article nd citations

{{Short description|Indian Financial Services company}}
{{Update|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox company
| name = IndusInd Capital
| logo =
| former_name = Reliance Capital & Finance Trust Limited (1986 - 1995) Reliance Capital Limited (1995 - 2025)
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| predecessor =
| foundation = {{Start date and age|1986|03|05|df=yes}}
| location = [[DAKC]], [[Navi Mumbai]], India
| founder = [[Dhirubhai Ambani]]
| key_people = Shri Arun Tiwari (Chairman)
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| products = {{ubl|[[Asset management]]|[[Mutual funds]]|[[Life insurance]]|[[General insurance]]|[[Commercial finance]]|[[Stock broking]]|[[Wealth management]]|[[Private equity]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|24443|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials">{{cite web |last1=Com |first1=Moneycontrol |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/finance-investments/reliancecapital/RC |title=Reliance Capital Ltd. Financial Statements |website=moneycontrol.com |access-date=11 April 2020 |archive-date=11 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200511025435/https://www.moneycontrol.com/india/stockpricequote/finance-investments/reliancecapital/RC |url-status=live }}</ref>
| operating_income = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|477|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials"/>
| net_income = {{increase}}{{INRConvert|432|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials"/>
| assets = {{up}}{{INRConvert|74986|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials"/>
| equity = {{up}}{{INRConvert|-11127|c}} (2024)<ref name="Financials"/>
| num_employees = 18,360 (2021)<ref name="Financials"/>
| subsid = [[IndusInd Nippon Life Insurance]] [[IndusInd General Insurance]] Reliance Commercial Finance [[IndusInd Securities]] Reliance Asset Reconstruction [[National Pension System]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reliancecapital.co.in/|title=Welcome to Reliance Capital|website=reliancecapital.co.in|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=30 August 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830041016/https://www.reliancecapital.co.in/|url-status=live}}</ref>
| parent = IndusInd International Holdings Ltd ([[Hinduja Group]])
| homepage = {{url|www.reliancecapital.co.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''IndusInd Capital Limited''' (formerly ''Reliance Capital'') is an Indian [[financial services]] company.<ref name="times rel">{{cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-capital-q4-net-at-rs-417-crore/articleshow/58401480.cms |title=Reliance Capital Q4 Results: Reliance Capital Q4 net at Rs 417 crore - Times of India |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428055822/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-capital-q4-net-at-rs-417-crore/articleshow/58401480.cms |archive-date=28 April 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="bus stan rel">{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/reliance-capital-q4-net-at-rs-417-crore-117042701057_1.html|title=Reliance Capital Q4 net at Rs 417 crore|date=27 April 2017|work=Business Standard|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411164410/https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/reliance-capital-q4-net-at-rs-417-crore-117042701057_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

It has businesses in [[asset management]], [[mutual funds]], [[life insurance]] and [[general insurance]], [[commercial finance]], home finance, [[stock broking]], [[wealth management]] services, distribution of financial products, [[private equity]], asset reconstruction, proprietary investments and other activities in financial services.

==History==
IndusInd Capital was incorporated in 1986 at [[Ahmedabad]] in [[Gujarat]] as ''Reliance Capital & Finance Trust Limited''. After its name was changed to Reliance Capital (RC) on January 5, 1995, it obtained its registration as a non-banking company (NBFC) in December 1998.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bseindia.com/downloads/ipo/2009720142048Rel%20cap%20INFORMATION%20MEMORANDUM%20-%20862%20crore%20-%20final.pdf|title=Reliance Capital NBFC|publisher=BSE|date=12 May 2009|accessdate=4 July 2014|archive-date=23 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221317/http://www.bseindia.com/downloads/ipo/2009720142048Rel%20cap%20INFORMATION%20MEMORANDUM%20-%20862%20crore%20-%20final.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Having shifted its registered office to Jamnagar in Gujarat, Reliance Capital finally moved to [[Mumbai]] in [[Maharashtra]] four years later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.reliancecapital.co.in/about_chistory.html|title=Reliance Capital Board |publisher=Reliance Capital|date=12 May 2011 |accessdate=4 July 2014}}</ref> In 2006, it merged with Reliance Capital Ventures, increasing its shareholder base from 0.15 million to 1.3 million.

RC entered the capital market with a maiden public issue in 1990 and in subsequent years further tapped the capital market through rights issue and public issues. Initially listed on the [[Ahmedabad Stock Exchange|Ahmedabad]] and Mumbai Stock Exchanges, its equity shares are listed on the latter and on the [[National Stock Exchange of India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/reliance-capital-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13189.cms|title=Reliance Capital History|work=The Economic Times|date=12 May 2011|accessdate=4 July 2014|archive-date=3 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703222829/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/reliance-capital-ltd/infocompanyhistory/companyid-13189.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2019, auditors of [[PwC]] resigned claiming that they were not allowed to carry on their audits if Reliance prevented it from exercising independent judgment in making a report to the members of the company.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/anil-ambani-reliance-capital-auditor-pwc-resigns/articleshow/69750766.cms|title=The auditor to Anil Ambani firm Reliance Capital says it wasn't allowed to do its job|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-06-17}}</ref> Although RC denied any wrongdoing, auditors revealed that the recoverable amount of {{INR}}7083 crore was in fact misappropriated intercorporate deposits from other Reliance firms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/anil-ambani-owned-rel-infra-auditor-says-money-missing/articleshow/69819256.cms|title=Anil Ambani company Reliance Infra's auditors reveal all, say there is missing money on balance sheet|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-06-17|archive-date=5 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705170650/https://www.businessinsider.in/anil-ambani-owned-rel-infra-auditor-says-money-missing/articleshow/69819256.cms|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The Indian firm had [[Anil Ambani]] as its promoter and chairman until November 2021, when the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) superseded the RC board in view of [[Default (finance)|payment defaults]] and serious governance issues.

In December 2025, nine months after being sold to the [[Hinduja Group]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Reliance Capital finally comes under Hinduja fold |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/reliance-capital-finally-comes-under-hinduja-fold-9893410/ |access-date=8 July 2025 |work=The Indian Express |date=19 March 2025 |language=en |archive-date=8 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708214426/https://indianexpress.com/article/business/reliance-capital-finally-comes-under-hinduja-fold-9893410/ |url-status=live }}</ref> the company changed its name to IndusInd Capital Limited.

== Operations ==
Reliance Capital's prominent businesses are as follows:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/stocks/company-overview/1866-reliance-capital|title=Reliance Capital Rating|work=Business Standard|date=12 July 2014|accessdate=14 July 2014|archive-date=15 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715002937/http://www.business-standard.com/stocks/company-overview/1866-reliance-capital|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Reliance General Insurance===
{{Infobox company
| name = Reliance General Insurance Company Limited
| logo = File:Reliance General Insurance.jpg
| type = [[Private company|Private]]
| foundation = 2001
| location = [[Mumbai]], [[India]]
| industry = [[Insurance]]
| products = [[General insurance|General]], [[Vehicle insurance|vehicle]], [[Health insurance|health]], [[Travel insurance|travel]], and [[home insurance]]
| key_people = Rakesh Jain, Executive Director and CEO
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| parent = Reliance Capital
| homepage = {{url|https://www.reliancegeneral.co.in}}
}}

{{main|Reliance General Insurance}}

[[Reliance General Insurance]] Company Limited is an Indian [[insurance company]], part of Reliance Capital Ltd. The firm has a 7.3% market share in the private sector and has the largest agency channel, with over 24,500 agents. The CEO and Executive Director is Rakesh Jain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/market/reliance-general-insurance-ipo-inches-ahead-files-draft-papers-with-sebi/807599/|title=Reliance General Insurance IPO inches ahead; company files draft papers with IRDA|date=14 August 2017|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411164408/https://www.financialexpress.com/market/reliance-general-insurance-ipo-inches-ahead-files-draft-papers-with-sebi/807599/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The company has strengthened and diversified its distribution network by forging partnerships with major banks. Reliance General Insurance is an active participant in various government crop insurance schemes, including the Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna, and has insured over 3 million farmers under this financial inclusion initiative. The total gross written premium (GWP) for the year which ended 31 March 2017, was {{INRconvert|40.07|b}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-general-insurance-eyes-acquisition/articleshow/58613282.cms|title=Reliance General Insurance: Reliance General Insurance eyes acquisition – Times of India|website=The Times of India|date=10 May 2017|archive-date=11 January 2019|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111020939/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/reliance-general-insurance-eyes-acquisition/articleshow/58613282.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/reliance-general-insurance-logs-rs-4007-cr-premium-in-fy17/644390/|title=Reliance General Insurance logs Rs 4,007 cr premium in FY17|date=27 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411164405/https://www.financialexpress.com/money/reliance-general-insurance-logs-rs-4007-cr-premium-in-fy17/644390/|url-status=live}}</ref> Reliance General Insurance (RGI) offers insurance for auto, health, home, property, travel, marine, commercial and other specialty products.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/news/40536462_1_reliance-general-insurance-gross-written-premium-april-june-period |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130720075827/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-07-12/news/40536462_1_reliance-general-insurance-gross-written-premium-april-june-period |url-status=dead |archive-date=20 July 2013 |title=Reliance General Q1 gross written premium up 25% at Rs 706 crore |work=The Economic Times|accessdate=2013-07-30}}</ref>

===Reliance Commercial Finance===

Reliance Commercial Finance is among the leading lenders in the Indian non-banking finance sector. The CEO and Executive Director of the company is Devang Mody.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/reliance-commercial-finance-appoints-devang-mody-as-ceo/articleshow/57628320.cms|title=Reliance Commercial Finance appoints Devang Mody as CEO|date=14 March 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=5 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105055437/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/reliance-commercial-finance-appoints-devang-mody-as-ceo/articleshow/57628320.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The company has an operational presence of over 44 locations in India and an AUM of 16759 Cr. as in March 2017. Reliance Commercial Finance offers a wide range of products which include business expansion loans, property loans, vehicle loans, construction equipment loans, infrastructure, microfinance and agriculture loans. The company had a loan book at ₹124.36 billion (US$2.1 billion) as on 31 March 2017, with over 268,278 customers (including microfinance) across India.<ref name="times rel"/><ref name="bus stan rel"/>

===Reliance Home Finance Limited===

Ravindra Sudhalkar is the CEO and Executive Director of the company.<ref>{{cite web|last1=India|first1=Press Trust of|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ravindra-sudhalkar-is-reliance-home-finance-s-new-ceo-116100300575_1.html|title=Ravindra Sudhalkar is Reliance Home Finance's new CEO|agency=Press Trust of India|date=3 October 2016|work=Business Standard|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411164408/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/ravindra-sudhalkar-is-reliance-home-finance-s-new-ceo-116100300575_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

Reliance Home Finance Limited (RHF), a 100% subsidiary of Reliance Capital, provides home loans, LAP, construction finance, and affordable housing loans. The company has over 1,750 distributors serving over 33,300 customers across 90 locations, through a [[hub and spoke]] model, across the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/reliance-home-finance-net-doubles-in-fy17/article9664473.ece|title=Reliance Home Finance net doubles in FY17|website=@businessline|date=26 April 2017|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411164405/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/reliance-home-finance-net-doubles-in-fy17/article9664473.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://businessworld.in/article/-Our-Focus-Is-To-Manage-The-Customer-s-Entire-Journey-Right-From-Awareness-To-Purchase-/14-05-2017-118129|title='Our Focus Is To Manage The Customer's Entire Journey Right From Awareness To Purchase'|first=Aniruddha|last=Bose|website=BW Businessworld|access-date=1 June 2017|archive-date=23 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170523072200/http://www.businessworld.in/article/-Our-Focus-Is-To-Manage-The-Customer-s-Entire-Journey-Right-From-Awareness-To-Purchase-/14-05-2017-118129/|url-status=live}}</ref>

The company filed for [[Initial public offering|IPO]] in 2017 and the shares got listed on [[National Stock Exchange of India|National Stock Exchange of India Limited]] and BSE Limited in the same year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/reliance-home-finance-debuts-at-rs-107-on-nse/story-rEHjQyYkwM0BYlFn1Y4JSL.html|title=Reliance Home Finance debuts at Rs 107 on NSE|date=2017-09-22|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2020-01-08|archive-date=13 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113170337/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/reliance-home-finance-debuts-at-rs-107-on-nse/story-rEHjQyYkwM0BYlFn1Y4JSL.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The stock price recorded a fall of more than 95% within 2 years of its [[IPO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/reliance-home-finance-share-price-falls-to-all-time-low-4744691.html|title=Reliance Home Finance share price falls to all-time low|website=Moneycontrol|date=19 December 2019|access-date=2020-01-08|archive-date=19 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219103559/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/markets/reliance-home-finance-share-price-falls-to-all-time-low-4744691.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Reliance Securities===
[[Reliance Securities]], the broking and distribution arm of Reliance Capital, is one of India's leading retail broking houses. B Gopkumar is the Chief Executive Officer and Executive Director of its broking and distribution business.<ref>{{cite web|last1=India|first1=Press Trust of|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/relcap-names-gopkumar-as-ceo-of-broking-distribution-biz-115061100619_1.html|title=RelCap names Gopkumar as CEO of broking, distribution biz|agency=Press Trust of India|date=11 June 2015|work=Business Standard|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=11 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411164407/https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/relcap-names-gopkumar-as-ceo-of-broking-distribution-biz-115061100619_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/reliance-capital-names-gopkumar-as-ceo-of-broking-distribution-business/articleshow/47628762.cms|title=Reliance Capital names Gopkumar as CEO of broking, distribution business|date=11 June 2015|work=The Economic Times|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=13 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190413204441/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/reliance-capital-names-gopkumar-as-ceo-of-broking-distribution-business/articleshow/47628762.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

The distribution business has approximately 80 branches across India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsec.co.in/about-us |title=Archived copy |website=www.rsec.co.in |access-date=13 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927194116/http://www.rsec.co.in/about-us |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://rmoney.rsec.co.in/|title=Reliance Money Solutions|website=rmoney.rsec.co.in|access-date=30 May 2017|archive-date=8 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208005318/https://rmoney.rsec.co.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Reliance Asset Reconstruction===
Reliance Asset Reconstruction is an asset reconstruction company, the principal sponsor/shareholder of which is [[Reliance Group]] (through Reliance Capital). The AUM as on 31 March 2017, stands at Rs. 1,829 crore (previous year: Rs. 1488 crore).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reliancecapital.co.in/Reliance-Asset-Reconstruction.aspx|title=Asset Reconstruction-Reliance Capital|website=reliancecapital.co.in}}</ref>

=== Reliance Health Insurance ===
Ravi Vishwanath is the CEO and Executive Director of Reliance Health Insurance.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/reliance-health-insurance-gets-final-nod-from-irdai/article25137192.ece|title=Reliance Health Insurance gets final nod from IRDAI|website=@businessline|date=5 October 2018|language=en|access-date=2019-05-28|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171840/https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/reliance-health-insurance-gets-final-nod-from-irdai/article25137192.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>

Reliance Health Insurance is a Standalone [[Health Insurance]] Company promoted solely by Reliance Capital It was established on 7 May 2017. The company is headquartered in [[Mumbai, Maharashtra]] and has started operations on 10 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/reliance-health-insurance-gets-final-nod-from-irdai-to-start-operations/articleshow/66082743.cms|title=Reliance Health Insurance gets final nod from Irdai to start operations|date=2018-10-05|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2019-05-28|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520202013/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/banking/finance/insure/reliance-health-insurance-gets-final-nod-from-irdai-to-start-operations/articleshow/66082743.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reliancehealthinsurance.com/|title=Reliance Health Insurance|access-date=16 May 2019|archive-date=26 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926020026/https://www.reliancehealthinsurance.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Major deals==
In 2011, Reliance Capital sold 26% stake in its life insurance business, Reliance Life Insurance, to [[Nippon Life]] Insurance (Nissay), amongst the world's largest life insurers, with an AUM of over $600 billion. The transaction was completed at Rs. 3,082 crore for a 26 per cent stake, valuing Reliance Life Insurance at $2.6 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reliancecapital.co.in/pdf/MEDIA_RELEASE_Deal_Closure_Final_Rel_Logo.pdf |title=Reliance Life Nippon Life |publisher=Reliance Capital |date=9 October 2011 |accessdate=15 July 2014 |archive-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083833/http://www.reliancecapital.co.in/pdf/MEDIA_RELEASE_Deal_Closure_Final_Rel_Logo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704893604576200042961691836 |title=Reliance Life Nippon Life |work=The Wall Street Journal |date=9 October 2011 |accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref>

In 2012, Nippon Life Insurance bought 26% stake in Reliance Capital Asset Management for Rs. 1,450 crore.

Reports indicate that Reliance Capital is also planning to sell a 26% stake in its general insurance business, Reliance General Insurance, at an appropriate time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/reliance-capital-says-no-to-stake-sale-in-nonlife-business/article5344124.ece |title=Reliance General stake sale |work=Business Line |date=12 November 2013 |accessdate=1 April 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407082629/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/banking/reliance-capital-says-no-to-stake-sale-in-nonlife-business/article5344124.ece |archivedate=7 April 2014}}</ref> India's leading financial daily ''Economic Times'' wrote, "Since Reliance General Insurance is one of the leading players with 8.4 per cent market share, the proposed stake sale is expected to generate handsome capital gains for Reliance Capital... Besides de-leveraging the balance sheet, the ongoing restructuring should also help Reliance Capital conserve capital and generate better return ratios."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-03-24/news/48524030_1_reliance-capital-reliance-general-insurance-stake-sale |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331011008/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-03-24/news/48524030_1_reliance-capital-reliance-general-insurance-stake-sale |url-status=dead |archive-date=31 March 2014 |title=Reliance General stake sale |work=Business Line |date=24 March 2014 |accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref>

Reliance Capital in July 2014 announced the merger of its global film and media services business with Prime Focus to create an entity with a combined turnover of over Rs 1,800 crore.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rel-capital-announces-media-arm-mergerprime-focus_1117920.html|title=Rel Cap announces media arm merger with Prime Focus|publisher=Moneycontrol.com|date=24 March 2014|accessdate=15 July 2014|archive-date=17 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717020046/http://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/rel-capital-announces-media-arm-mergerprime-focus_1117920.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2017, it sold its 1% share in [[Paytm]] to China's [[Alibaba Group]] for Rs 275 crore, making a profit of 2,600%.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/reliance-cap-sells-paytm-stake-for-rs-275-crore/articleshow/57509820.cms |title=Reliance Capital pockets a 2650% return from Paytm investment |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=8 March 2017 |last1=Ganguly |first1=Payal |archive-date=7 March 2017 |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307092729/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/money/reliance-cap-sells-paytm-stake-for-rs-275-crore/articleshow/57509820.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

In September 2019, it sold 21.54% stake in Reliance Nippon Life Asset Management to [[Nippon Life|Nippon Life Insurance Company]] alongside completely exiting its entire stake in wholly owned subsidiaries Reliance Capital Trustee Co and Reliance Capital AIF Trustee Company.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Reliance Capital stake sale: Reliance Capital completes 21.54% stake sale in RNAM|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/reliance-capital-completes-21-54-stake-sale-in-rnam/articleshow/71346225.cms|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=28 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928201355/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/markets/stocks/news/reliance-capital-completes-21-54-stake-sale-in-rnam/articleshow/71346225.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Nippon Life]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{official}}

{{Reliance Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group}}
{{Insurance in India}}
[[Category:Financial services companies of India]]
[[Category:Reliance Group]]
[[Category:Financial services companies based in Mumbai]]
[[Category:Financial services companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1986]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the National Stock Exchange of India]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Asset management companies]]
[[Category:2025 mergers and acquisitions]]

DRDO AEW&CS

2026-01-29T16:08:09Z

MayraBarnett41: Expanded content with additional details

{{short description|Airborne early warning and control aircraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}

{{Infobox aircraft
| name = NETRA AEW&CS
| image = DrdoNetra.jpg
| alt = A DRDO Netra in flight, deploying [[Flare (countermeasure)|flares]]
| image_caption = A DRDO Netra in flight, deploying [[Flare (countermeasure)|flares]]
| aircraft_type = *[[Airborne early warning and control]]
*[[Surveillance]], Tracking, Identification & [[Classification]] of Airborne and Sea surface targets, [[Ballistic Missile]] detection<ref name="newindianexpress">{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/11/drdo-hands-over-second-netra-early-warning-system-to-iaf-2032231.html|title= DRDO hands over second 'Netra' early warning system to IAF|date= 11 September 2019|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>
| national_origin = India
| manufacturers =
| designer = [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] [[National Aerospace Laboratories]]
| primary_user = [[Indian Air Force]]
| more_users =
| number_built = Mk 1:
*3 on [[Embraer R-99]]<ref name="livefistdefence">{{cite web|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2018/02/indian-air-force-wants-home-grown-awacs-to-double-as-tanker.html|title=Indian Air Force Wants Home-Grown AWACS To Double As Tanker|date=28 February 2018 |publisher=LIVE FIST DEFENCE}}</ref>
| introduction = 14 February 2017
| first_flight =
| developed_from =
| manufacturer =
| retired =
| status = In service
| produced = 2011-present
| variants =
}}

The '''DRDO Airborne Early Warning and Control System''' ('''AEW&CS''') is a project of [[India]]'s [[Defence Research and Development Organisation]] to develop an [[airborne early warning and control]] system for the [[Indian Air Force]]. It is also referred to as '''NETRA''' Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AEW&CS).

== Development ==
In 2003, the [[Indian Air Force]] (IAF) and DRDO carried out a joint study of the system-level requirements and feasibility of development for an Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) system.<ref name=":0">{{cite press release | title = Development of Airborne Early Warning and Control System | publisher = Press Information Bureau, [[Government of India|GoI]] | date = 11 December 2003 | url = http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=123 | access-date = 25 July 2008 }}</ref> The Government then approved the project for the development of the AEW&C system by DRDO. Primary responsibility for the project was with [[Centre for Airborne Systems]] (CABS), which led the design, system integration and testing of the system. [[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment]] (LRDE) was responsible for the design of the radar array. The [[Defence Electronics Application Laboratory]] (DEAL), based in [[Dehradun]], was responsible for the Data Link and Communication Systems for AEW&CS.

The DRDO AEW&CS programme, worth {{INRConvert|1800|c|lk=on|year=2008}}, aims to deliver three radar-equipped surveillance aircraft to the [[Indian Air Force]]. The aircraft platform selected was the [[Embraer]] [[ERJ 145]]. As per a contract signed in 2008, Three ERJ 145 were procured from Embraer at a cost of US$210 Million, including the contracted modifications to the airframe including features like in-flight refueling system, SATCOM capability, increased electrical and cooling capacities, and multiple aerodynamic and structural changes.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=AEW&CS Project – IDP Sentinel |url=http://idp.justthe80.com/air-force-projects/force-multipliers/aew-cs-project#TOC-Delivery-Schedule-and-Progress |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423174529/http://idp.justthe80.com/air-force-projects/force-multipliers/aew-cs-project#TOC-Delivery-Schedule-and-Progress |archive-date=23 April 2012 |access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref> The project goal was to deploy these AEW&C aircraft by 2013.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Brazilian-jets-to-serve-as-eye-in-the-sky-for-IAF/article15207179.ece | title= Brazilian jets to serve as eye in the sky for IAF | date=20 April 2008 | first=Ravi | last=Sharma | newspaper=The Hindu | access-date=11 September 2019 }}</ref> India's sole previous effort to develop an AEW&C system was the [[Airborne Surveillance Platform]], but the programme, codenamed ''Airavat'', was ended after the only test-bed crashed. The AEW&C project aimed to supplement the larger and more capable [[EL/W-2090]] AWACS acquired by the IAF from [[Israel]]. Three EL/W-2090 systems have been ordered, with follow-on orders of 3 more expected in 2010.<ref name=":1">[https://www.india-defence.com/reports/3805 More Phalcons to be ordered]</ref> Apart from providing the IAF with a cheaper and hence, more flexible AEW&C platform as a backup to its more capable EL/W-2090 class systems, the DRDO AEW&C project aimed to develop the domestic ability to design and operationalise airborne surveillance platforms.

The first round of modifications to the first EMB-145 fuselage for India's early warning aircraft were made in March 2011 in preparation for integration with the Indian-designed antenna.

In June 2010, it was reported that the Active Array Antenna Unit (AAAU), developed by DRDO's [[Centre for Airborne Systems]] (CABS), was to be integrated into the modified EMB-145 aircraft. First test flight of the system was expected in early 2011.<ref name="aviationweek1">[http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/06/01/awx_06_01_2010_p0-230912.xml Embraer Develops Complementary Platforms For Indian Systems]</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=India defence |date=12 September 2010 |title=AWACS Developed by DRDO to Roll Out in January 2011; Flight Tests in 2011 |url=https://www.india-defence.com/reports-4515 |access-date=12 September 2010 |publisher=india defence}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100916101327/http://sify.com/finance/embraer-aircraft-with-indian-warning-system-to-fly-by-2011-news-default-kjmpObeaejj.html Embraer aircraft with Indian warning system to fly by 2011]</ref><ref>[https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_india-developing-unmanned-combat-air-vehicle_1436844 India developing unmanned combat air vehicle – India – DNA]</ref><ref>[http://www.brahmand.com/news/India-to-roll-out-indigenous-AEW-aircraft-by-2012/6018/1/10.html India to roll out indigenous AEW aircraft by 2012 – Brahmand.com]</ref>
[[File:DRDO_AEW&CS.jpg|alt=DRDO AEW&CS|thumb|DRDO AEW&CS]]
The first modified fuselage platform was handed over to DRDO by Embraer in February 2011. Ground and flight tests of the aircraft were to be followed by installation of radar and other equipment.<ref>[http://www.embraer.com/en-US/ImprensaEventos/Press-releases/noticias/Pages/EMB-145-AEWC-INDIANO.aspx Embraer unveils the new EM 145 AEW&C platform developed for the Indian government]</ref> The first fully modified EMB-145i Aircraft with the antenna and its electronic payload made its maiden flight on 6 December 2011 at Embraer facilities at [[São José dos Campos|Sao Jose dos Campos]] in [[Brazil]] with about 1000 Mission System Components provided by CABS, DRDO. These included the critical item – AESA ([[Active electronically scanned array|Active Electronically Scanned Array]]) Radar Antenna developed by DRDO and certified from ANAC, International FAR Certification Agency at Sao Jose dos Campos in Brazil. Some of the sensitive advanced systems were replaced with dummy equipment of equivalent size and weight. These were to be integrated later in India following flight certification. A two-year certification period is expected. DRDO is expected to receive the next two aircraft platforms to start integration by mid-2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=AEW&CS Project – IDP Sentinel |url=http://idp.justthe80.com/air-force-projects/force-multipliers/aew-cs-project#TOC-Maiden-Flight-of-First-AEW-C-Embrae |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423174529/http://idp.justthe80.com/air-force-projects/force-multipliers/aew-cs-project#TOC-Maiden-Flight-of-First-AEW-C-Embrae |archive-date=23 April 2012 |access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-05-16 |title=India's prying plane's first flight in Brazil |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2011/Nov/20/indias-prying-planes-first-flight-in-brazil-311881.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=M. (ak) |first=Anantha Krishnan |date=2011-11-20 |title=Tarmak007 -- A bold blog on Indian defence: EMB-145 I: India's prying plane's first flight likely on Dec 7 in Brazil |url=https://tarmak007.blogspot.com/2011/11/indias-prying-plane-set-to-fly-in.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |website=Tarmak007 -- A bold blog on Indian defence}}</ref>

Maiden flight of the second fully modified aircraft for the Indian Airborne Early Warning and Control System (AEW&C) was held at 1930 IST on 4 April 2012 at the San Jose dos Campos in Brazil. The necessary mission systems and components including the dummy AAAU (Active Antenna Array Unit) are successfully fitted onboard Embraer EMB 145I aircraft.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=17672 :: Bharat-Rakshak.com – Indian Military News Headlines ::] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220130227/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NEWS/newsrf.php?newsid=17672|date=20 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://livefist.blogspot.in/2012/04/first-look-maiden-flight-of-indias-2nd.html Livefist: FIRST LOOK: Maiden flight of the India's 2nd Indigenous AEW&C]</ref>

As reported in March 2015, the completion timeline of the project was shifted to December 2015 after multiple delays.<ref name=":2" />

By 2017, the project cost for 3 aircraft was revised to {{INRConvert|2425|c|lk=|year=2017}}.<ref name=":8">{{Cite news |date=2017-10-03 |title=Stalled AWACS deals hit Air Force |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/stalled-awacs-deals-hit-air-force/articleshow/60917651.cms |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

=== Workshare ===
The responsibility between various DRDO laboratories is split as follows:

#[[Electronics and Radar Development Establishment|Electronics and Radar Development Establishment (LRDE)]] – Primary radar
#[[Defence Electronics Application Laboratory|Defence Electronics Application Laboratory (DEAL)]] – Communication Systems and Data Link
#[[Defence Avionics Research Establishment|Defence Avionics Research Establishment (DARE)]] – Self Protection suite, Electronic Support Measurement EW
#[[Defence Electronics Research Laboratory|Defence Electronics Research Laboratory (DLRL)]] – Communication Support Measures
#[[Centre for Airborne Systems|Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS)]] – IFF & Overall Programme Management, integration and development of the data handling system, displays, mission computers et al.

Various Indian private sector firms are involved in the programme. [[National Aerospace Laboratories]] (NAL) of [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] (CSIR) contributed to the aerodynamic studies of the antenna array, and flight modelling of the entire AEW&CS platform.

== Further development ==
=== Netra Mk 1A (EMB145) ===
As of 6 February 2024, sources reporting to various media and newspapers said that the Defence Acquisition Council of [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Ministry of Defence (MoD)]] will take up the acceptance of necessity for the six Mark-1A aircraft next week, which will entail mounting [[active electronically scanned array]] antenna-based radars, electronic and signal intelligence systems on [[Brazil|Brazilian]] [[Embraer]] jets, at a cost of around {{INRConvert|9000|c|year=2024}}. These six [[Airborne early warning and control|AEW&C]] aircraft will be based on [[Embraer ERJ family#Military models|Embraer-145]] and have 240° radar coverage.<ref name=":3" /> But there will be better software and more advanced technologies like new [[gallium nitride]]-based TR (transmit/receive) modules for the radars. This variant will also inherit some of the technologies from Mark 2.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news |date=2024-02-06 |title=As Pakistan, China fly ahead, India guns for 12 more 'eyes in sky' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/as-pakistan-china-fly-ahead-india-guns-for-12-more-eyes-in-sky/articleshow/107438817.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-02-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> DRDO will purchase the aircraft from Embraer and all the modifications will be carried out by the [[Centre for Airborne Systems|Centre for Air Borne Systems]] in India. The Defence Acquisition Council is to clear the acquisition soon as of October 2024.<ref name=":7" />

Since the 145 ERJ platform is no longer manufactured, DRDO and IAF are scouting their availability in secondary markets, while Embraer has also offered [[Embraer Legacy 450/500 and Praetor 500/600#Praetor 500/600|Praetor 600]] aircraft for the same role.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2023-09-22 |title=IAF plans for six more 'Netra' early warning aircraft |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/iaf-plans-for-six-more-netra-early-warning-aircraft/articleshow/103846316.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-01-12 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sipinski |first=Dominik |date=26 September 2023 |title=Indian Air Force scouts for used E145s for AEW conversion |url=https://www.ch-aviation.com/news/132295-indian-air-force-scouts-for-used-e145s-for-aew-conversion |access-date=2024-01-23 |website=ch-aviation |language=en}}</ref>

The Defence Acquisition Council finally cleared the acceptance of necessity (AoN) for the AEW&CS project on 20 March 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=20 March 2025 |title=DAC clears capital acquisition proposals worth over Rs 54,000 crore to enhance defence capabilities |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleasePage.aspx?PRID=2113268 |access-date=20 March 2025 |work=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-03-21 |title=Modernisation proposals worth Rs 54,000 crore get ministry of defence's initial nod |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/modernisation-proposals-worth-rs-54000-crore-get-ministry-of-defences-initial-nod/articleshow/119278163.cms |access-date=2025-03-21 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Reportedly, the Air Force plans to replace the existing Netra AEW&CS by upgraded variants.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |last1=Philip |first1=Snehesh Alex |last2=ThePrint |date=2025-03-20 |title=Defence ministry clears key 'eye in the sky' project to catch up with Pakistan |url=https://theprint.in/defence/defence-ministry-clears-key-eye-in-the-sky-project-to-catch-up-with-pakistan/2557708/?amp |access-date=2025-03-21 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> The Defence Acquisition Council is also expected to clear the procurement of the six aircraft from Embraer of Brazil in the last week of June 2025.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-10 |title=IAF to acquire more teeth through AWACS and mid-air refuellers |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/iaf-to-acquire-more-teeth-through-awacs-and-mid-air-refuellers-101749518913095.html |access-date=2025-06-10 |work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-09 |title=Government likely to clear new 3 air defence missile regiments for army |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/government-likely-to-clear-new-air-defence-missile-regiments-for-army-2738235-2025-06-09 |access-date=2025-06-10 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> The acquisition was approved<ref name=":15">{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Shishir |date=2026-01-01 |title=Jets, mid-air refuellers, missiles: Indian Air Force to augment arsenal with vital acquisitions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-air-force-to-augment-arsenal-with-vital-acquisitions-101767229838373.html |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> during the meeting on 29 December 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-26 |title=Major Defence Purchases On Cards: DAC Likely To Approve Rs 80,000-Crore Procurement Proposals |url=https://www.ndtvprofit.com/business/major-defence-purchases-on-cards-dac-likely-to-approve-rs-80000-crore-procurement-proposals |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=NDTV Profit |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2025-12-26 |title=Defence Acquisition Council clears extension of emergency procurement powers |url=https://www.indiasentinels.com/defence-ministry/mod/defence-acquisition-council-clears-extension-of-emergency-procurement-powers-7136 |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=www.indiasentinels.com}}</ref> The defence ministry will now release a [[request for proposal]] to purchase six Embraer jets. The radar, with a 270° coverage, will be equipped with a better [[Electronic warfare|electronic warfare suite]] and [[network-centric warfare]] capabilities.<ref name=":15" />

=== Netra Mk 2 (Airbus A321) ===
{{Excerpt|DRDO Netra Mk2|Development}}

=== 360° azimuth variant ===
On 29 March 2015, the Defence Acquisition Council approved the development of 2 AEW&C. The radar, mounted on an [[Airbus A330]] airfame, would have a range of 400 km with 360° azimuth. The project, referred to as AWACS-India, would cost {{INRConvert|5113|c|lk=|year=2015}}. This woud be followed by an additional order of 6 units of the same design while the project is midway. Once the contract is signed, 80 months (6-7 years) will be required for the delivery of first aircraft. Airbus was the only contender to provide airframe for the design & development while A330 will undergo some structural and electrical changes for the project. For this project, the funding will be divided in 80:20 ratio between IAF and DRDO.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Singh |first=Rahul |date=2015-03-28 |title=Govt okays Rs 5,113 crore project for next-gen airborne warning system |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/govt-okays-rs-5-113-crore-project-for-next-gen-airborne-warning-system/story-Ux5YPahIsyMWeM2Ukx41EK.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=Hindustan Times |issn=}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news |last=Pandit |first=Rajat |date=2015-03-29 |title=India to build two next-generation AWACS for Rs 5,113 crore |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-build-two-next-generation-awacs-for-rs-5113-crore/articleshow/46731662.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

As of February 2017, the deal was not signed while the cost of 6 additional AWACS would be {{INRConvert|20000|c|lk=|year=2017}}. The cost negotiations for the first contract would begin after the latter is cleared.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-02-12 |title=India to make 6 more AWACS on Airbus platform |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/india-to-make-6-more-awacs-on-airbus-platform-117021200554_1.html |access-date=2025-01-21 |work=Business Standard}}</ref>

The mission systems, including the 10 metre radar dome, would weigh 20 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-22 |title=India revives Netra Mk-II AWACS after Airbus cost dispute {{!}} Shephard |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/air-warfare/india-revives-netra-mk-ii-awacs-after-airbus-cost-dispute/ |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en}}</ref>

On 19 July 2024, IAF issued an [[Request for information|RFI]] to procure six AEW&CS and their respective ground support elements. The elements of the aircraft system would include a primary radar, [[Electronic Surveillance Measures]] (ESM), Communication Support Measures (CSM), [[Command and control|command & control]] (C2), [[battle management]] system and [[Network-centric warfare|networking]] through [[Data link|data links]], [[Identification friend or foe|IFF]] and [[Electronic warfare|self-protection electronic warfare suite]]. The primary radar is slated to have a 360° azimuth. The jet engine aircraft is to have 8-hour endurance with [[aerial refueling]] capabilities, cruise altitude of over {{Convert|40000|ft|m|abbr=on}}, cruise speed of above [[Mach number|Mach]] 0.7 and a range of flying altitude from {{Convert|500|ft|m|abbr=on}} to {{Convert|65000|ft|m|abbr=on}}. It should be able to track large bodied aircraft to slow [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|unmanned aerial vehicles]] having a low radar cross section at ranges above {{Convert|550|km|mi|abbr=on}}. Vendors may either offer aircraft already customised as an AEW&CS or any aircraft meeting the requirements laid out by IAF including a pre-owned aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-29 |title=Defence Ministry issues request for information to procure 6 Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems for IAF |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/defence-ministry-issues-request-for-information-to-procure-6-airborne-early-warning-and-control-systems-for-iaf-641675 |access-date=2024-09-29 |website=The Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last=Peri |first=Dinakar |date=2024-10-06 |title=IAF looking at 12 early warning aircraft under two different programmes |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-looking-at-12-early-warning-aircraft-under-two-different-programmes/article68725847.ece#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=17282678384749&csi=1&referrer=https://www.google.com&ampshare=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-looking-at-12-early-warning-aircraft-under-two-different-programmes/article68725847.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241007021825/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/iaf-looking-at-12-early-warning-aircraft-under-two-different-programmes/article68725847.ece#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17282678384749&csi=1&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fiaf-looking-at-12-early-warning-aircraft-under-two-different-programmes%2Farticle68725847.ece |archive-date=2024-10-07 |access-date=2024-10-07 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 5 January 2026, IAF issued another RFI to procure six AEW&CS with their associated ground equipment. The systems are meant to provide long-range radar detection with instruments requirements similar to those laid out in the 2024 RFI. However, the aircraft specifications were upgraded to 10-hour endurance or [[aerial refueling]] capabilities with a [[service ceiling]] of {{Convert|45000|ft|m|abbr=on}} and capable of operating from airfields located at an altitude of {{Convert|10000|ft|m|abbr=on}}. The advanced mission suite is expected to include a 360° azimuth radar capable of detecting small, slow-moving targets as well as [[hypersonic weapons]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-07 |title=IAF to acquire 6 early warning aircraft |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/india/iaf-to-acquire-6-early-warning-aircraft/ |access-date=2026-01-07 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref>

== Variants (specifications) ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Designation
!Detection range
!Instrumented range
!Radar coverage
!Platform
!Notable features
!Status
!Ref.
|-
|Netra Mk 1
|250–375+ km
(depends on [[Radar cross section|RCS]])
|450–500 km
|240°
|[[Embraer R-99|Embraer ERJ-145-I]]
|
* [[Identification of friend or foe]] (IFF), satellite datalinks, [[Missile approach warning system|missile‑warning receivers]] and [[Aerial refueling|air‑to‑air refueling]] for extended missions.
|3 in service
|<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=IAF considering induction of six additional Netra early-warning aircraft |url=https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/iaf-considering-induction-of-six-additional-netra-early-warning-aircraft-123092200234_1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240803064156/https://www.business-standard.com/india-news/iaf-considering-induction-of-six-additional-netra-early-warning-aircraft-123092200234_1.html |archive-date=3 August 2024 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.business-standard.com |language=en-US |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Netra: The {{Sic|Indigeneous|hide=y}} Airborne Early Warning & Control System |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_April_2021.pdf |publisher=DRDO |work=Technology Focus |page=8 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004162558/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/sites/default/files/technology-focus-documrnt/TF_April_2021.pdf |archive-date=2024-10-04 |url-status=dead |access-date=2025-12-02}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-12 |title=Indian Air Force receives second indigenous AEW&C system |url=https://www.janes.com/osint-insights/defence-news/indian-air-force-receives-second-indigenous-aewc-system |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=Janes.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=As Jets Flew To Balakot, Eye In The Sky 'Netra' Was Operational Brain |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/iaf-strikes-flying-in-indian-airspace-eye-in-the-sky-netra-guided-mirage-2000-jets-to-balakot-1999729 |access-date=2025-06-08 |website=www.ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Netra Mk 1A
|450 km
|N/A
|240–270°
|[[Embraer ERJ family#Specifications|Embraer ERJ family]]
|
* Enhanced mission suite, upgraded sensors, better human‑machine interface and tighter integration into IAF systems.
* Better detection of low‑observability aircraft like drones and stealth jets
|6 planned
|<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=2025-07-17 |title=IAF to get six desi eyes in the sky that can track China, Pakistan activity from hundreds of km away |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/new-updates/iaf-to-get-six-desi-eyes-in-the-sky-that-can-track-china-pakistan-activity-from-hundreds-of-km-away/articleshow/122635631.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-21 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":15" />
|-
|Netra Mk 2
|500+ km
|N/A
|300–360°
|[[Airbus A321#Specifications|Airbus A321]]
|
* Improved all‑round situational awareness, including drone and low‑RCS aerial threats
|6 cleared
|<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last=Pubby |first=Manu |date=2025-07-17 |title=Indigenous Awacs gets go-ahead, to be developed by DRDO |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/indigenous-awacs-gets-go-ahead-to-be-developed-by-drdo/articleshow/122590361.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-07-17 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref name=":14" />
|}

== Design ==

=== Netra Mark 1 ===
[[File:ILA Berlin 2012 PD 027.JPG|thumb|ILA Berlin Air Show 2012, Model of DRDO AEW&CS]]
Two radiating planar arrays assembled back-to-back and mounted on top of the fuselage in an active antenna array unit (AAAU) will provide 240° coverage like [[Erieye]]. The AAAU is configured to compactly house 10 × 2 antenna array panels, 160 transmit receive 10 × 2 antenna array panels, 160 transmit receive multi-modules (TRMMs) dividers, beam forming units, beam control units, power supply units and related electronic devices including cables and connectors. This has been achieved through an innovative and iterative process to arrive at the AAAU with minimal dimensions and optimum mass properties. A unique feature of this Indian TRMM design is that eight trans-receive modules are combined compactly to form a single TRMM, thus facilitating high density installation of 160 of them in the AAAU to power the surveillance radar.<ref>http://publications.drdo.gov.in/gsdl/collect/defences/index/assoc/HASHef00/d0ae05fa.dir/doc.pdf{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Additionally, the aircraft has other mission capabilities like identification friend or foe (IFF), electronic and communication support measures, C-band line-of-sight and Ku-band SATCOM datalinks, etc., similar to those on the AWACS and CAEW systems. The important modes of operation of the primary radar system are the surface surveillance and the air surveillance. The sensor has the abilities to search, track-while-scan, priority tracking, high performance tracking, etc. In priority tracking, the targets will be placed in full track mode even if these cross the primary surveillance area. In high performance tracking, additional measurements will be made to improve the tracking accuracy. Utilising active aperture technology, the radar provides a fast-beam agile system that can operate in several modes concurrently. Inter-operability with AWACS, other AEW&C aircraft, fighters and ground-exploitation stations is ensured using the data-links with voice and data channels. The aircraft cabin houses five operator work stations to adequately meet requirements of the operational mission tasks.

An air-to-air refuelling system enables extended operations at times of need. The endurance of the platform aircraft is about nine hours with one air-to-air refuelling. The system will have 5-crew operator configuration with an arrangement of up to 7 crew resting at any given time.<ref name=":3" />

== Capabilities ==
[[File:Exercise Vayu Shakti 2019 09.jpg|thumb|DRDO AEW&CS at ''Exercise Vayu Shakti 2019''|left]]
The AEW&CS aircraft has an [[active electronically scanned array]] (AESA) primary radar with IFF. The system will also have ESM (Electronic Support Measures) and CSM (Communications Support Measures) ability. Datalinks to network the AEW&CS with fighters, and ground-based control systems will also be provided, as will be the SATCOM (Satellite Communication System). The aircraft will also have a comprehensive self-defence suite. The avionics suite will be linked via a datahandling system, controlled by Mission computers.

DRDO's public overview of the AEW&CS aircraft stated:<ref name=":4">[http://www.drdo.com/dpi/aero-mag-drdo.pdf DRDO article on the AEW & C]</ref>

* The Radar will have an extended range mode against fighter aircraft, and will consist of two back to back AESA arrays, with an additional dedicated IFF array.
* The ESM system will be able to track sources with a directional accuracy of 2 deg. RMS and a frequency accuracy of 1 MHz.
* The ESM system will have complete 360-degree coverage in azimuth and have a database of up to 3000 emitters against which threats will be scanned.
* Communication Support Measure system will analyse and record intercepted communications both inflight and post flight.
* Self Protection Suite will have a passive Missile Approach Warning System, a Radar Warning Receiver and countermeasures dispensers. The SPS will be integrated with the ESM and CSM suite.
* The aircraft will support Inflight refuelling.
* The aircraft will have SATCOM, and datalinks to pass on ESM, CSM and radar data to ground stations and datalinks to pass on target information to fighters. More than 40 other aircraft will be datalinked together by the AEW&C aircraft.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_533.shtml |title=ACIG Article on the AEWACS |access-date=24 May 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603231909/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_533.shtml |archive-date=3 June 2008 |url-status=usurped }}</ref>

== Delivery ==
[[File:NetraAwacs.jpg|thumb|A Netra AEW&CS flying in formation with two [[Sukhoi Su-30MKI]]s of IAF]]Embraer Defence and Security, on 16 August 2012 delivered the first EMB 145 Airborne Early Warning and Control (AEW&C) class of aircraft to the Government of India, in a ceremony held at Embraer's headquarters in [[São José dos Campos Airport|São José dos Campos]], [[Brazil]]. The delivery follows successful completion of ground and flight tests of the aircraft which met operational targets established by both Embraer and Centre for Airborne Systems (CABS) of Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO). Later on the aircraft will be delivered to the Indian Air Force after integration of missions systems of DRDO by CABS in India.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2012 |title=India receives first EMB 145 AEW&C aircraft from Embraer |url=https://www.airforce-technology.com/news/newsindia-emb-145-aewc-embraer/ |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=Airforce Technology |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=First AEW&C aircraft delivered to India – DB – Digital Battlespace – Shephard Media |url=https://www.shephardmedia.com/news/digital-battlespace/first-aewc-aircraft-delivered-india/ |access-date=12 September 2019 |website=www.shephardmedia.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="india defupdate20122">{{cite web |last=Eshel |first=Tamir |date=16 August 2012 |title=India Receives First EMB-145 AEW&C Aircraft |url=http://defense-update.com/20120816_emb145aew_india.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120817234436/http://defense-update.com/20120816_emb145aew_india.html |archive-date=17 August 2012 |publisher=Defense Update}}</ref>

The first fully modified aircraft for India's Airborne Early Warning and Control System landed on Indian soil at [[Centre for Airborne Systems]] (CABS) Bangalore, a DRDO laboratory at 22:10 hours at HAL airport, Wednesday night at 22 August 2012. The acceptance of the aircraft was completed over a period of 15 days at Embraer Facilities in Brazil, by a joint team from CABS, [[Centre for Military Airworthiness and Certification]] (CEMILAC), Directorate General of Aeronautical Quality Assurance (DGAQA) and Indian Air Force (IAF).

The aircraft ferried with several mission system external components of DRDO including the (AESA radar) Active Electronically scanned Array Antenna with passive electronics fitted on the aircraft. The arrival of this aircraft marks the beginning of another phase of journey leading to the next major milestone of integration of the DRDO developed mission system, which will be followed by development flight trials in India beginning of 2013. It may be noted that this is the first aircraft delivered by M/s Embraer for which the contract was signed in 2008. The next aircraft is expected to arrive in December 2012.[[File:DRDO AEW&C Embraer ERJ 145.JPG|thumb|Netra AEW&C in Aero India 2017|alt=|left]]On 14 February 2017, the first aircraft was delivered to the Indian Air Force at the [[Aero India]] event in the presence of the then [[Indian defense minister|Indian Defense Minister]] [[Manohar Parrikar]]. By October 2017, it received [[Initial operating capability|initial operational clearance]] and was undergoing operational test runs at [[Bathinda Air Force Station]]. As for others, the second aircraft was awaiting [[Full operating capability|final]] [[Initial operating capability|operational]] clearance will be arrange while the third would be retained by DRDO for R&D work.<ref name=":8" />

IAF took delivery of the second NETRA AEW&C on 11 September 2019 and deployed it at [[Bathinda Airport#Bhisiana Air Force Station|Bathinda Air Base]] in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2019/sep/11/drdo-hands-over-second-netra-early-warning-system-to-iaf-2032231.html|title=DRDO hands over second 'Netra' early warning system to IAF|website=The New Indian Express|date=11 September 2019 |access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref> The third Embraer platform was meant to remain with DRDO but now they are looking at the option of selling the aircraft to a foreign customer as a major diplomatic gesture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livefistdefence.com/2018/02/indian-air-force-wants-home-grown-awacs-to-double-as-tanker.html|title=Indian Air Force Wants Home-Grown AWACS To Double As Tanker|last=Aroor|first=Shiv|website=Livefist|date=28 February 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

The third NETRA AEW&C completed flight trials and acceptance trials in 2023 after integrating with all mission systems in initial operational clearance configuration, including [[Software-defined radio|SDRs]], and an indigenous [[Electronic support measures|ESM]]/[[Radar warning receiver|RWR]]. As of 2023-24, it has been delivered to IAF by the DRDO in the identical configuration as the two AEW&Cs before it.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2025 |title=2023-24 Annual Report |url=https://mod.gov.in/sites/default/files/AR_2023-24-new-23-9-2025.pdf |access-date=10 October 2025 |website=Ministry of Defence, Government of India}}</ref>

As of January 2025, three aircraft have been delivered in [[Initial operating capability|initial operational clearance]] (IOC) configuration and the [[Full operating capability|final operational clearance]] (FOC) is in advanced stage.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NETRA {{!}} Defence Research and Development Organisation - DRDO, Ministry of Defence, Government of India |url=https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/en/offerings/products/netra |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260103082920/https://www.drdo.gov.in/drdo/en/offerings/products/netra |archive-date=2026-01-03 |access-date=2026-01-03 |website=www.drdo.gov.in|quote=Final Operational Clearance (FOC) is in advanced stage and is likely to be completed.}}</ref>

In January 2026, it was reported that the AEW&CS received FOC clearance. This implies the system meeting all the Air Staff Qualitative Requirements (ASQR) set for the programme and is combat mission-ready for high-intensity conflicts.<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2026-01-28 |title=Explained: How DRDO’s NETRA AEW&C Combat Clearance Strengthens India’s Border Surveillance and Air Dominance |url=https://indianmasterminds.com/news/indian-air-force-clears-drdo-netra-aewc-system-for-full-combat-deployment-180376/ |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=indianmasterminds.com}}</ref>

== Operational history ==
{{See also|2019 Balakot airstrike}}
The first combat usage of the Netra AEW&C by the IAF was on 26 February 2019, during the [[2019 Balakot airstrike|Balakot airstrike]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2020/02/26/balakot-attack-mirage-2000-wasnt-only-star-unarmed-iaf-jets-also-played-role.html|title=Balakot attack: Mirage 2000 wasn't only star, unarmed IAF jets also played role|date=26 February 2020|access-date=20 September 2020|website=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]}}</ref> Indonesia has requested a systems demonstration.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.militer.or.id/1630/indonesia-gets-in-line-for-indias-new-aewc-jet/|title=Indonesia Gets in Line For India's New AEW&C Jet|last=Raditya|first=Rendy|date=13 February 2017|website=Militer.or.id|language=en-US|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref>

In January 2026, it was reported that the AEW&CS received [[Full operating capability|final operational clearance]] (FOC) from the Air Force.<ref name=":16" />

== Operators ==
;{{flagu|India}}
*{{Air force|IND}} : 3 in service<ref>{{cite book| url=https://www.iiss.org/publications/the-military-balance/the-military-balance-2023| title=The Military Balance 2023| author1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| author-link1=International Institute for Strategic Studies| date=15 February 2023| publisher=[[Routledge]]| location=[[London]]| pages= 251| isbn=9781032508955}}</ref>
**[[Bathinda Airport#Bhisiana Air Force Station|Bhisiana Air Force Station]], [[Bathinda, Punjab]]
***[[No. 200 Squadron IAF|No. 200 Squadron]]

== See also ==
=== Related aircraft ===
* [[Embraer ERJ 145 family]]
* [[Embraer R-99]]
* [[Dassault Falcon 7X|Dassault Falcon 8X ARCHANGE]]
* [[GlobalEye|Saab GlobalEye]]
* [[Raytheon Sentinel]]
* [[Shaanxi KJ-2000]]
* [[Gulfstream G550|Gulfstream G550 CAEW Eitam]]
* [[Embraer Legacy 450/500 and Praetor 500/600]]

=== Future development ===
* [[ DRDO Netra MkII]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO)}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:DRDO AEWandCS}}
[[Category:Military radars of India]]
[[Category:Post–Cold War military equipment of India]]

List of accolades received by Paradesi (2013 film)

2026-01-16T14:31:00Z

MayraBarnett41: Put Up Initial Entry And Citations...

{{Short description|none}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=May 2017}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:List of accolades received by ''Paradesi'' (2013 film)}}
{| class="infobox" style="width: 22em; text-align: left; font-size: 90%; vertical-align: middle;"
|+ List of accolades received by ''Paradesi''
| colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | [[File:Atharvaa 61st Filmfare Awards South.jpg|centre|214px|alt=A picture of Atharvaa as he looks at the camera]] Atharvaa's performance in ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' garnered him several awards and nominations
|-
| colspan=3 |
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;"
! colspan="3" style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center;"| Accolades
|- style="background:#d9e8ff; text-align:center; text-align:center;"
|| '''Award'''
| style="background:#cec; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Won'''
| style="background:#fcd; text-size:0.9em; width:50px;"| '''Nominated'''
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|{{won|6}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[BFI London Film Festival]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|8}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Chennai International Film Festival]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|{{won|6}}
|{{nom|6}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|9}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[National Film Awards]]
|{{won|1}}
|{{nom|1}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|4}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|{{won|2}}
|{{nom|5}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
|{{won|3}}
|{{nom|3}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Techofes]] Awards
|{{won|5}}
|{{nom|5}}
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|
;[[Vijay Awards]]
|{{won|4}}
|{{nom|11}}
|}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"|
;Total number of awards and nominations{{efn|Awards in certain categories do not have prior nominations and only winners are announced by the jury. For simplification and to avoid errors, each award in this list has been presumed to have had a prior nomination.}}
|-
|{{won|'''Totals'''}}
|{{won|'''37'''}}
|{{nom|'''59'''}}
|- style="background:#d9e8ff;"
| colspan="3" style="font-size: smaller; text-align:center;" | [[#References|References]]
|}
''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]'' ({{translation|Vagabond}}) is a 2013 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[historical drama|period drama]] film written, produced and directed by [[Bala (director)|Bala]].<ref name="PRR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-paradesi-is-exceptional/20130315.htm |title=Review: Paradesi is exceptional |last=Saraswathi |first=S. |date=15 March 2013 |work=[[Rediff.com]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520084512/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-review-paradesi-is-exceptional/20130315.htm |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref><ref name="IBTimesParadesi">{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039paradesi039-box-office-collection-bala039s-movie-earns-4-86-crore-in-opening-weekend-448213 |title='Paradesi' Box Office Collection: Bala's Movie Earns ₹4.86 Crore in Opening Weekend |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=20 March 2013 |work=[[International Business Times]] |access-date=20 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520090803/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/039paradesi039-box-office-collection-bala039s-movie-earns-4-86-crore-in-opening-weekend-448213 |archive-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> The film features [[Atharvaa]] and [[Vedhika]] in the lead roles, with [[Sai Dhanshika]], Uday Karthik, [[Riythvika]] and [[J. D.- Jerry|Jerry]] in supporting roles.<ref name="PCNNR">{{Cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/paradesi-review-its-a-master-class-in-great-filmmaking-596974.html |title=Paradesi review: It's a master class in great filmmaking |last=Ganapathy |first=Ramesh |date=16 March 2013 |publisher=[[News18]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520085658/http://www.news18.com/news/india/paradesi-review-its-a-master-class-in-great-filmmaking-596974.html |archive-date=20 May 2017 |access-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> The soundtrack and score were composed by [[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]. The cinematography was handled by [[Chezhiyan]], while [[Kishore Te]] and L. V. K. Das were in charge of the editing.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/paradesi/movie-review/19002399.cms |title=Paradesi Movie Review |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=20 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170725182616/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movie-reviews/paradesi/movie-review/19002399.cms |archive-date=25 July 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Based on Paul Harris Daniel's 1969 novel ''[[Red Tea]]'',<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/d18UfRE8Ocn1aGhnFrItUN/Film-Review--Paradesi.html |title=Film Review Paradesi |last=Ramnath |first=Nandini |date=15 March 2013 |work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |access-date=20 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520092920/http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/d18UfRE8Ocn1aGhnFrItUN/Film-Review--Paradesi.html |archive-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> the film's story revolves around Raasa (Atharvaa), an unemployed villager who is misled into [[Debt bondage|bonded labour]] at a tea plantation after being promised generous accommodation and wages by its supervisor (Jerry).<ref name="PRR" /><ref name="PCNNR" />

''Paradesi'' was made on a budget of [[Indian rupee sign|₹]]400 million{{efn|The average exchange rate in 2013 was 60.936 Indian rupees ({{INR}}) per 1 US dollar (US$).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |title=Yearly Average Currency Exchange Rates Translating foreign currency into U.S. dollars |publisher=[[Internal Revenue Service]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170521112855/https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/yearly-average-currency-exchange-rates |archive-date=21 May 2017 |access-date=21 May 2017}}</ref>}} and was released on 15 March 2013 to critical acclaim,<ref name="IBTimesParadesi" /><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bala039s-039paradesi039-critics-review-a-must-watch-movie-trailer-446867 |title=Bala's 'Paradesi' Critics Review: A Must-Watch Movie [Trailer] |work=International Business Times |access-date=20 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520091410/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/bala039s-039paradesi039-critics-review-a-must-watch-movie-trailer-446867 |archive-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> but failed at the box office.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/despite-the-indie-hits-star-power-rules-kollywood-1338477.html |title=Despite the indie hits, star power rules Kollywood |last=Pillai |first=Sreedhar |date=14 January 2014 |work=Firstpost |access-date=20 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520091052/http://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/despite-the-indie-hits-star-power-rules-kollywood-1338477.html |archive-date=20 May 2017}}</ref> The film won 37 awards from 59 nominations; its direction, performances of the cast members, music, cinematography, and costumes have received the most attention from award groups.

At the [[60th National Film Awards]], Poornima Ramasamy won for [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]. ''Paradesi'' led the [[61st Filmfare Awards South]] with nine nominations including [[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film]] (Bala) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress]] (Vedhika).<ref name="FFNL">{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638-1.html |title=61st Idea Filmfare Awards (South) Nomination list |date=8 July 2014 |website=[[Filmfare]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519161200/http://www.filmfare.com/features/61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-nomination-list-6638.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> It went on to win for [[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director]] (Bala), [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor]] (Atharvaa) and [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress]] (Dhanshika). At the [[8th Vijay Awards]], the film received eleven nominations including those for [[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]] and [[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]], and won four, [[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]], [[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]], [[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Make Up Artistes]] and [[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]. ''Paradesi'' was nominated for eight awards at the [[BFI London Film Festival]] and won for Best Cinematography and Best Costume Designer. It garnered five nominations at the [[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards]] ceremony and won two awards, Best Director and a Special Appreciation. Among other wins, the film received six [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] and [[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]] each, five [[Techofes]] Awards, four [[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]], three [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]] and a [[Chennai International Film Festival]] award.

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
!scope="col"| Award
!scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
!scope="col"| Category
!scope="col"| Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
!scope="col"--| Result
!scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6"|[[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]]
|rowspan="6"|8 January 2014
|Best Film
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2014-jan-08/vikatan-awards-2013/90894.html |title=ஆனந்த விகடன் விருதுகள் 2013 – 1 |date=8 January 2014 |website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |language=Tamil |trans-title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2013 – 1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519152615/http://www.vikatan.com/anandavikatan/2014-jan-08/vikatan-awards-2013/90894.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2013.html |title=Ananda Vikatan Awards 2013 Winners |website=Ananda Vikatan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519154858/http://www.vikatan.com/cinema/vikatanawards//winners-list-2013.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017 }}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Atharvaa]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Supporting Actress
|[[Sai Dhanshika]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Chezhiyan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Costume Designer
|{{sort|Ramasamy|Poornima Ramasamy}} and Perumal Selvam
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="8"|[[BFI London Film Festival]]
|rowspan="8"|13{{ndash}}18 October 2013
|Best Film
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="8" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://southscope.in/london-international-filmmakers-film-festival-nominates-director-balas-paradesi-vagabond/ |title=London international filmmakers film festival nominates director Bala's "Paradesi" (Vagabond) in eight categories |last=Pyarilal |first=Vasanth |date=21 August 2013 |website=[[South Scope]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703090314/http://southscope.in/london-international-filmmakers-film-festival-nominates-director-balas-paradesi-vagabond/ |archive-date=3 July 2017 |access-date=26 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/tamil-film-paradesi-wins-awards-at-london-film-festival-1.1246234 |title=Tamil film 'Paradesi' wins awards at London film festival |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |date=23 October 2013 |work=[[Gulf News]] |access-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519175353/http://gulfnews.com/life-style/celebrity/tamil-film-paradesi-wins-awards-at-london-film-festival-1.1246234 |archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Best Foreign Language Feature Film
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director of a Foreign Film
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Director of a Foreign Feature Film
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Lead Actor
|[[Atharvaa]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Cinematography
|[[Chezhiyan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Costume Designer
|{{sort|Ramasamy|Poornima Ramaswamy}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="1"|[[Chennai International Film Festival]]
|rowspan="1"|[[11th Chennai International Film Festival|19 December 2013]]
|Special Jury Award
|[[Atharvaa]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/offbeat-films-earn-laurels-at-ciff/article5479609.ece |title=Offbeat films earn laurels at CIFF |date=20 December 2013 |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519173430/http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/offbeat-films-earn-laurels-at-ciff/article5479609.ece |archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="6"|[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]
|rowspan="6"|16 February 2014
|Best Director
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/feb/17/Director-Atlee-Tapsee-Among-Recipients-of-Edison-Award-576520.html |title=Director Atlee, Tapsee Among Recipients of Edison Award |date=17 February 2014 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |access-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519163624/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2014/feb/17/Director-Atlee-Tapsee-Among-Recipients-of-Edison-Award-576520.html |archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/annual-edison-awards-presented-imagegallery-0-kollywood-ocsk2Odiaaisi.html |title=Annual Edison Awards presented |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519162718/http://www.sify.com/movies/annual-edison-awards-presented-imagegallery-0-kollywood-ocsk2Odiaaisi.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=23 |title=Edison Awards 2014 |access-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519163119/http://www.edisonawards.in/pages/pompous-occasion-details.php?id=23 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |publisher=[[Edison Awards (India)|Edison Awards]]}}</ref>
|-
|Extreme Performance – Male
|[[Atharvaa]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Extreme Performance – Female
|[[Vedhika]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Character Award – Female
|[[Sai Dhanshika]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Chezhiyan]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Costume Designer
|{{sort|Ramasamy|Poornima Ramasamy}}
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="9"|[[Filmfare Awards South]]
|rowspan="9"|[[61st Filmfare Awards South|12 July 2014]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Film – Tamil|Best Film – Tamil]]
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9" | <ref name="FFNL" /> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712-1.html |title=Winners of 61st Idea Filmfare Awards South |date=13 July 2014 |website=Filmfare |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519161743/http://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-61st-idea-filmfare-awards-south-6712.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
||[[Filmfare Award for Best Director – Tamil|Best Director – Tamil]]
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actor – Tamil|Best Actor – Tamil]]
|[[Atharvaa]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil|Best Actress – Tamil]]
|[[Vedhika]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor – Tamil|Best Supporting Actor – Tamil]]
|[[J. D.- Jerry|Jerry]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Tamil|Best Supporting Actress – Tamil]]
|[[Sai Dhanshika]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Tamil|Best Music Director – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist – Tamil|Best Lyricist – Tamil]]
|[[Vairamuthu]] for "Sengaade"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil|Best Female Playback Singer – Tamil]]
|{{sort|Srinivasan|[[Vandana Srinivasan]]}} for "Avatha Paiyaa"
|{{nom}}
|-
!scope="row"|[[National Film Awards]]
|[[60th National Film Awards|3 May 2013]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|{{sort|Ramasamy|Poornima Ramaswamy}}
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="1" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf |title=60th National Film Awards for 2012 |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |page=6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519160238/http://dff.nic.in/FeaturedFilm_60th_NATIONAL_FILM_AWARDS_2012_Announced.pdf |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="4"|[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]]
|rowspan="4"|27 April 2014
|Best Film
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ntff.no/news/Tamilar%20Awards%202014 |title=Tamilar Awards 2014: Winners and finalists announced! |publisher=[[Norway Tamil Film Festival Awards]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519164651/http://www.ntff.no/news/Tamilar%20Awards%202014 |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Atharvaa]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer
|[[Chezhiyan]]
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5"|[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]
|rowspan="5"|[[3rd South Indian International Movie Awards|12{{ndash}}13 September 2014]]
|Best Film – Tamil
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |title=SIIMA Awards: 2013 Winners |publisher=[[South Indian International Movie Awards]] |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519165255/http://siima.in/2014/winners.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-tamil-nominations-suriya-dhanush-kamal-haasan-feature-best-actor-category-list-604883 |title=SIIMA Awards 2014 Tamil Movie Nominations: Suriya, Dhanush, Kamal Haasan Feature in Best Actor Category [List] |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=20 July 2014 |work=International Business Times |access-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519165301/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/siima-2014-tamil-nominations-suriya-dhanush-kamal-haasan-feature-best-actor-category-list-604883 |archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Best Director – Tamil
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Cinematographer – Tamil
|[[Chezhiyan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Actress in a Supporting Role – Tamil
|[[Sai Dhanshika]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Film – Special Appreciation
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="3" | [[Tamil Nadu State Film Awards]]
| rowspan="3" | 13 July 2017
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Editor|Best Editor]]
| {{sort|Das|L. V. K. Das}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="3" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |title=Tamil Nadu announces the State Film Awards for six consecutive years in surprise move. Here's the complete list of winners |date=14 July 2017 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |access-date=21 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040608/http://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/tamil-nadu-announces-the-state-film-awards-for-six-consecutive-years-in-surprise-movie-heres-the-complete-list-of-winners-4750350/ |archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |title=TN Govt. announces Tamil Film Awards for six years |date=14 July 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 July 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721040708/http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/tn-govt-announces-tamil-film-awards-for-six-years/article19273078.ece |archive-date=21 July 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
| {{sort|Balachandar|C. S. Balachandar}}
| {{won}}
|-
| [[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Female Dubbing Artist|Best Female Dubbing Artist]]
| Divya
| {{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="5"|[[Techofes]] Awards
|rowspan="5"|13 February 2014
|Best Director
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="5" | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/paradesi-sweeps-techofes14-awards-news-tamil-ocojNigaeagsi.html |title='Paradesi' sweeps Techofes'14 Awards |date=14 February 2014 |website=[[Sify]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519175848/http://www.sify.com/movies/paradesi-sweeps-techofes14-awards-news-tamil-ocojNigaeagsi.html |archive-date=19 May 2017 |access-date=19 May 2017}}</ref>
|-
|Best Actor
|[[Atharvaa]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Actress
|[[Vedhika]]
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Music Director
|{{sort|Kumar|[[G. V. Prakash Kumar]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Editor
|{{sort|Te|[[Kishore Te]]}}
|{{won}}
|-
!scope="row" rowspan="11"|[[Vijay Awards]]
|rowspan="11"|[[8th Vijay Awards|5 July 2014]]
|[[Vijay Award for Best Film|Best Film]]
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{nom}}
|style="text-align:center;" rowspan="11" | <ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 |title=Vijay Awards: Ajith's 'Arrambam', Kamal Haasan, Sivakarthikeyan Bag Awards [Winners List] |last=Seshagiri |first=Sangeetha |date=6 July 2014 |work=International Business Times |access-date=19 May 2017 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170519170623/http://www.ibtimes.co.in/vijay-awards-ajiths-arrambam-kamal-haasan-sivakarthikeyan-bag-awards-winners-list-603771 |archive-date=19 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite episode |title=8th Vijay Awards |series=Vijay Awards |network=[[Star Vijay]] |date=5 July 2014 |location=[[Chennai]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Director|Best Director]]
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|[[Atharvaa]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|[[Vedhika]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|[[Sai Dhanshika]]
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Cinematographer|Best Cinematographer]]
|[[Chezhiyan]]
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Art Director|Best Art Director]]
|{{sort|Balachandar|C. S. Balachandar}}
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|{{sort|Srinivasan|[[Vandana Srinivasan]]}} for "Avatha Paiyaa"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Make Up Artistes|Best Make Up Artistes]]
|Dasarathan
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Best Costume Designer|Best Costume Designer]]
|{{sort|Ramasamy|Poornima Ramasamy}} and Perumal Selvam
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Vijay Award for Favourite Director|Favourite Director]]
|[[Bala (director)|Bala]]
|{{nom}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of Tamil films of 2013]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2542406/awards?ref_=tt_awd Accolades for ''Paradesi'' (2013 film)] at the [[Internet Movie Database]]
{{featured list}}

[[Category:Lists of accolades by Indian film|Paradesi (2013 film)]]

Basanagouda Turvihal

2025-12-06T07:40:10Z

MayraBarnett41:

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1965)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
'''Basanagouda Turvihal''' (born 1965) is an Indian politician from [[Karnataka]]. He is a member of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly from [[Maski Assembly constituency]] which is reserved for ST community in [[Raichur district]] representing [[Indian National Congress]]. He won the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basan Gouda Turvihal in Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023 |url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2023/karnataka/basan-gouda-turvihal-maski-candidate-s10a059c007/ |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-05-13 |title=Maski Election Result 2023 Live: Inc Candidate Basan Gouda Turvihal Wins From Maski |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/maski-election-result-2023-live-updates-constituency-vote-counting-result-winner-loser-name-bjp-congress-jds-karnataka-assembly-election-result-1601778 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=14 May 2023 |title=Three first-time MLAs enter Assembly from Yadgir and Raichur districts |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524210701/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/karnataka-assembly/three-first-time-mlas-enter-assembly-from-yadgir-and-raichur-districts/article66850376.ece |archivedate=24 May 2023 |accessdate=20 January 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref>

He was appointed chairman for Khadi and Village Industries Board on 26 January 2024.<ref name="Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=27 January 2024 |title=Karnataka: 34 MLAs made chiefs of boards, Shanti Nagar MLA gets BDA |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120155042/https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2024/Jan/27/karnataka-34-mlas-made-chiefs-of-boards-shanti-nagar-mla-gets-bda |archive-date=20 January 2025 |access-date=20 January 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Turvihal is from [[Maski]], Raichur district Karnataka. His father Somalingappa is a farmer. He studied SSLC at Sri Vasavi High School, [[Sindhanur]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basan Gouda Turvihal(Indian National Congress(INC)):Constituency- MASKI (ST)(RAICHUR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate: |url=https://www.myneta.info/Karnataka2023/candidate.php?candidate_id=7554 |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Turvihal won from [[Maski Assembly constituency]] representing [[Indian National Congress]] in the [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]]. He polled 79,566 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Pratapagouda Patil]] of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]], by a margin of 13,053 votes.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2023-05-13 |title=Maski Constituency Election Results: Assembly seat details, MLAs, candidates & more |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/karnataka/constituency/maski-assembly-constituency-election-results-assembly-seat-details-mlas-candidates/articleshow/99739786.cms |access-date=2024-08-06 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Turvihal lost the [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018 Karntaka Legislative Assembly election]] on Bharatiya Janata Party ticket to [[Pratapagouda Patil|Pratapgouda Patil]] of Congress, by a slender margin of 200 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=R, DHNS |first=Gururaja B. |title=Maski Assembly bypoll likely to go down to the wire |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/maski-assembly-bypoll-likely-to-go-down-to-the-wire-974323.html |access-date=2024-08-06 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> Later he joined [[Indian National Congress]]<ref name="BJP’s Turvihal joins Congress ahead of bypoll in Maski">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=BJP’s Turvihal joins Congress ahead of bypoll in Maski |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2020/Nov/09/bjps-turvihal-joins-congress-ahead-of-bypoll-in-maski-2221249.html |access-date=22 April 2025 |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=9 November 2020 |archive-date= |language=en}}</ref> while his opponent switched to BJP. However, Turvihal won the 2021 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by election defeating the same opponent, Patil.<ref name="Karnataka bypolls: BJP wins Belagavi, Basavakalyan; Congress takes Maski">{{cite news |date=3 May 2021 |title=Karnataka bypolls: BJP wins Belagavi, Basavakalyan; Congress takes Maski |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-bypolls-results-basavakalyan-maski-belgaum-7298917/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250419061153/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/karnataka-bypolls-results-basavakalyan-maski-belgaum-7298917/ |archive-date=19 April 2025 |access-date=19 April 2025 |publisher=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name="Karnataka bypolls: In Maski, loss of prestige for the ruling BJP">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |title=Karnataka bypolls: In Maski, loss of prestige for the ruling BJP |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-bypolls-in-maski-loss-of-prestige-for-the-ruling-bjp/article34467961.ece |access-date=22 April 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |date=2 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422115138/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/karnataka-bypolls-in-maski-loss-of-prestige-for-the-ruling-bjp/article34467961.ece |archive-date=22 April 2025 |language=en-IN}}</ref> Then, he retained the seat in the 2023 election.<ref name=":0" />

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Basanagouda, Turvihal}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka MLAs 2023–2028]]
[[Category:People from Raichur district]]
[[Category:Kannada people]]

2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open

2025-11-28T18:12:26Z

MayraBarnett41: new stub...

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2018}}
{{TennisEventInfo|2006|Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open|
| date=13-19 February
| edition=4th
| category=[[WTA Tier III tournaments|Tier III]]
| draw=32S / 16D
| prize_money=$175,000
| surface=Hard / outdoor
| location=[[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]], India
| champs={{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo]]
| champd={{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]]
| after_name = Sony Ericsson International
| before_name = AP Tourism Hyderabad Open
| main_name = WTA Indian Open
}}

The '''2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open''' was a [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] women's [[tennis]] tournament played on outdoor [[hard court]]s in [[Bangalore|Bangalore, Karnataka]], India from 13 February until 19 February 2006. It was the fourth edition of the [[Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open|tournament]] and part of the [[WTA Tier III tournaments|Tier III]] category of the [[2006 WTA Tour]]. Third-seeded [[Mara Santangelo]] won the singles title.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.itftennis.com/en/tournament/bangalore/ind/2006/w-t3-ind-01a-2006/draws-and-results/ |title=ITF – tournament draws | publisher=International Tennis Federation (ITF) }}</ref>

==Finals==
===Singles===
{{main|2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open – Singles}}
{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Mara Santangelo]] defeated {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Jelena Kostanić]], 3–6, 7-6(7–5), 6–3
* It was Santangelo's only WTA singles title of her career.

===Doubles===
{{main|2006 Sony Ericsson Bangalore Open – Doubles}}
{{flagicon|RSA}} [[Liezel Huber]] / {{flagicon|IND}} [[Sania Mirza]] defeated {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Anastasia Rodionova]] / {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Elena Vesnina]], 6–3, 6–3

==Entrants==
===Seeds===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Player
! Nationality
! Seeding
|-
| [[Sania Mirza]]
| {{flag|IND}}
| 1
|-
| [[Shahar Pe'er]]
| {{flag|ISR}}
| 2
|-
| [[Mara Santangelo]]
| {{flag|ITA}}
| 3
|-
| [[Sybille Bammer]]
| {{flag|AUT}}
| 4
|-
| [[Aiko Nakamura]]
| {{flag|JPN}}
| 5
|-
| [[Jelena Kostanić]]
| {{flag|CRO}}
| 6
|-
| [[Elena Vesnina]]
| {{flag|RUS}}
| 7
|-
| [[Emma Laine]]
| {{flag|FIN}}
| 8
|}

===Other entrants===
The following players received entry from the qualifying draw:
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Katarína Kachlíková]]
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Daniela Kix]]
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Alla Kudryavtseva]]
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Tatiana Poutchek]]

The following players received wildcards into the main draw
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Ankita Bhambri]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Rushmi Chakravarthi]]
* {{flagicon|IND}} [[Isha Lakhani]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://wtafiles.blob.core.windows.net/pdf/draws/archive/2006/1033.pdf ITF tournament edition details]

{{2006 WTA Tour}}

[[Category:2006 in Indian tennis]]
[[Category:2007 WTA Tour]]
[[Category:Bangalore Open]]
[[Category:February 2006 sports events in India]]

Vivek Sonar

2025-11-03T03:21:18Z

MayraBarnett41: Pg - done

{{short description|Indian flautist and composer (born 1976)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1976|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Jalgaon]], [[Maharashtra]], India
| death_date = {{Death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}}
| instrument = [[Bansuri]]
| genre = [[Hindustani classical music]], [[film score]]
| occupation = Musician
| years_active = 1997–present
| label =
| website = http://www.viveksonar.com/
}}

'''Vivek Sonar''' (born 1 June 1976) is an Indian flautist and composer. He is a disciple of flautist [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/date-with-bansuri/article23767266.ece|title=Date with bansuri |publisher=thehindu.com|date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

==Early life==

Vivek Sonar was born in [[Chalisgaon]], [[Jalgaon]]. He learned basic [[vocal music]] from his father and later switched to the [[bansuri]] as his instrument.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.viveksonar.com/about.html|website=viveksonar.com|title=About Vivek Sonar|date=|accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref>

==Career==

Sonar started playing the flute as a hobby at age 8, and started learning formally at age 15. He graduated from [[Pune University]] in [[Commerce]] in 1996 and started working with the ''[[Indian Express]]''. In 1997, he started flute lessons with [[Hariprasad Chaurasia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://meetkalakar.com/Artist/67-Vivek-Sonar|website=meetkalakar.com|title=Vivek Sonar - Flautist|date=|accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref> He subsequently quit his job to become a musician. He graduated in music from the [[Gandharva Mahavidyalaya|Akhil Bharatiya Gandharv Mahavidhyalaya]].

Sonar founded the first annual [[music festival]], [[Bansuri Utsav]], dedicated to the bansuri.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gurukulpratishthan.org/initiatives.html|website=gurukulpratishthan.org|title=Bansuri Utsav|date=|accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref> The festival also stages his flute symphony where more than 50 flautists perform compositions created by him.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/music/gurukul-prathishthan-s-bansuri-utsav-to-start-in-mumbai/story-K0VW619d6CVQhumLX0qlvM.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|title=Gurukul Prathishthan's Bansuri Utsav to start in Mumbai|date=November 19, 2011}}</ref> The festival also gives an award to musicians who have contributed to Indian classical music.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/eighty-flautists-take-to-the-stage-together/articleshow/66179646.cms?from=mdr|title= Eighty flautists take to the stage together|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knowyourstar.com/pandit-hariprasad-chaurasia/|website=knowyourstar.com|title=Pandit Hariprasad Chaurasia|date=|accessdate=2016-11-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/pune/kalanubhava-sangeet-mahotsav-paid-tribute-to-pt-sangameshwar-gurav/articleshow/64076508.cms|title=Kalanubhava Sangeet Mahotsav paid tribute to Pt. Sangameshwar Gurav|publisher=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|date=8 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/playing-in-symphony/article18196284.ece|title=Playing in symphony |publisher=thehindu.com|date=23 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dnasyndication.com/dna_photogallery_editorial_images/pid=DNMUM486817&filename=Bhawani_Shankar_Vivek_Sonar|title= Bhawani Shankar And Vivek Sonar|publisher=dnasyndication.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonar, Vivek}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Indian flautists]]

Industries in Cherthala

2025-11-02T08:53:15Z

MayraBarnett41: created basic entry needs work

{{Short description|Industries in Cherthala, Kerala, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
The following are some of the '''industries in [[Cherthala]]''', [[Kerala]], [[India]].

==Industries==
===Coir Industry===
Cherthala has a rich tradition in coir production, owing to its proximity to coconut groves. The coir industry involves processing the husk of coconuts to create versatile products like mats, rugs, ropes, and geotextiles.
[[Coir]] is the traditional and most widespread industrial produce in Cherthala. The coir industry is run under both the private and [[cooperative]] sectors. Politically well-organised coir workers and the availability of raw coir fibre are the primary resources of the coir industry in Cherthala. The big export houses have mechanised their plants with automated coir [[Loom|looms]]. They weave tons of coir carpets, door mats and [[jute]] items every month for exports. Carpets and mats are displayed in the showrooms along [[NH 66]].
=== Handicrafts and Cottage Industries ===
Cherthala is also known for its thriving handicrafts and cottage industries. Skilled artisans and weavers produce many traditional and contemporary products, including handwoven textiles, woodcraft, and pottery.
=== Agro-Based Industries ===
The region's fertile land and agricultural resources have increased agro-based industries. These industries include food processing, spices production, and agrochemicals. Cherthala's agro-based sectors contribute to the local community's value addition and employment generation.
=== Tourism and Hospitality ===
Cherthala's scenic backwaters, lush landscapes, and historical sites have made it a popular tourist destination. The tourism and hospitality industry in Cherthala encompasses hotels, resorts, homestays, and related services.
===Seafood Industries===
[[File:aroorseafood.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A seafood export processing plant at Aroor. The cold-storage shipment containers are seen in the front of the plant.]]
The coastal inland area of Cherthala is closely interlocked with the [[Kerala backwaters]] and [[Vembanad]] lake. This eco-system is utilized for large-scale [[Prawn]] and Shrimp farming as an alternative in the low-lying paddy fields. Secondly the [[Cochin]] fishing harbour and port is just 15 km away from [[Aroor]]. The abundance of marine wealth and logistical advantages has helped the seafood export to grow especially around Aroor, [[Chandiroor]], [[Ezhupunna]], [[Thuravoor, Cherthala|Thuravoor]], [[Arookutty]]. [[Shrimp]], [[Squid]], [[Cuttle fish]] and other fin fishes are some of the raw marine wealth processed and exported. There are many marine food processing units in these places which provide employment to large number of people. The raw seafood catch is also purchased by large seafood export firms from all parts of [[Kerala]], [[South Karnataka]], [[Odisha]], [[Tamil Nadu]] etc., processed and preserved in cold storages and then trans-shipped through Cochin port.
=== Construction and Building Materials ===
Cherthala's growing urbanisation has spurred the demand for construction materials. The town hosts industries related to brick-making, cement products, and building materials, supporting the construction sector's needs.
=== Textiles and Garments ===
Textile manufacturing, including the production of garments and fabrics, is another significant industry in Cherthala. Local textile units produce a range of products catering to domestic markets.
=== Rubber and Rubber Products ===
Cherthala's proximity to rubber plantations has led to the growth of rubber-related industries. Manufacturing rubber products such as tires, footwear, and industrial goods is a notable segment of the local industrial landscape.
=== Chemical and Allied Industries ===
The chemical and allied industries encompass a range of activities, including manufacturing chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and industrial gases. These industries contribute to both local consumption and exports.
===Breweries===
United Spirits Ltd (Mc-Dowell distillery), established by the UB Group, is a major industry in the town and it is established on the bank of Vembanadu lake in Varanadu, Cherthala. [[United Breweries Group]], Varanad manufactures Beer in the brand name Kingfisher.
===Industrial area===
The industrial areas at [[Aroor]] and Maithara have many small and medium scale industrial units. The [[KELTRON|Kerala State Electronics Development Corporation Limited]] has a control and instrumentation division running in Aroor.<ref>[http://keltron.org/Manu_ce/KCA/KCA_index.php Keltron Controls] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619044426/http://keltron.org/Manu_ce/KCA/KCA_index.php |date=2010-06-19 }}</ref>
=== Information Technology (IT) and Services ===
With the global surge in technology, Cherthala has also ventured into the IT and services sector. The town's IT companies provide software development, IT consulting, and related services, contributing to the growth of the knowledge-based economy. An IT Info park complex and associated township is coming up near Pallippuram, 8 km North of Cherthala Town.<ref>[http://www.infoparkkochi.com/whatsnew.php InfoPark Cherthala]</ref>
===IGC Pallipuram===
The Industrial area named Industrial Growth Centre Pallipuran A associated with KSIDC township has been established near Pallippuram, 9 km North of Cherthala Town.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Economy of Alappuzha district]]

O Saathi

2025-10-30T13:48:48Z

MayraBarnett41: basic refined details to improve readability additionally and corrected details per standard format

{{short description|2018 Ballad song performed by Arko}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox song
| name = O Saathi
| cover =
| type = Song
| artist = [[Atif Aslam]]
| album = [[Baaghi 2]]
| released = 9 March 2018
| studio = AMV Studios
| genre = [[Filmi]], [[Romance film|Romantic]]
| length = 4:12
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| writer = [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]
| producer = [[Sajid Nadiadwala]]
| prev_title = Sehmi Hai Dhadkan
| prev_year = 2018
| next_title = Selfish
| next_year = 2018
}}

"'''O Saathi'''" ({{Translation|'''O my friend'''}}) is a song from the 2018 [[Bollywood]] film ''[[Baaghi 2]]''. Pakistani singer [[Atif Aslam]] sang the song written and composed by [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baaghi 2 : O Saathi Song Review Tiger Shroff Disha Patani {{!}} D STAR NEWS|url=https://dstarnews.com/baaghi-2-o-saathi-song-review-tiger-shroff-disha-patani/|website=dstarnews.com|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=O Saathi|url=https://www.wikilistia.com/o-saathi/|language=en-US|access-date=2 May 2020|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515183131/https://www.wikilistia.com/o-saathi/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Release ==
The music video was released on 9 March 2018 by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on [[YouTube]]. It has received over 250 million views on YouTube as of October 2022.<ref name=":0">{{Citation|title=O Saathi Video Song {{!}} Baaghi 2 {{!}} Tiger Shroff {{!}} Disha Patani {{!}} Arko {{!}} Ahmed Khan {{!}} Sajid Nadiadwala| date=2 April 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OX-h7MtkeOI|language=en|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref> Lyrical video has received over 470 million views as of October 2022.<ref>{{Citation|title=O Saathi Lyrical Video {{!}} Baaghi 2 {{!}} Tiger Shroff {{!}} Disha Patani {{!}} Arko {{!}} Ahmed Khan Sajid Nadiadwala| date=14 March 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YuXLN23ZGQo|language=en|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

== Music video ==
The song's music video features [[Tiger Shroff]] and [[Disha Patani]]. Set in a college, it shows Tiger pursuing the very shy Disha in every possible way. Whenever she sees him, she stops her work, showing how they fall in love.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baaghi 2 O Saathi song is all about Tiger Shroff and Disha Patani's college romance|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/baaghi-2-new-song-o-saathi-tiger-shroff-disha-patani-1185384-2018-03-09 |date=9 March 2018 |website=India Today|language=en |access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

== Credits and personnel ==
* Song – O Saathi
* Singer – [[Atif Aslam]]
* Music & Lyrics – [[Arko Pravo Mukherjee|Arko]]
* Additional Vocals – [[Payal Dev]]
* Programming & Arrangement – Aditya Dev
* Guitars – Krishna Pradhan
* Flutes – Tejas Vinchurkar
* Musicians Recorded by – Rahul Sharma at AMV Studios
* Vocals recorded at Siena Studios
* Dubai Mix – Aditya Dev
* Master – [[Eric Pillai]]
* Label: [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<ref name=":0" />

'''Note:''' [[Atif Aslam]]'s name was removed from the credits of the song due to ban on [[Pakistani]] artists.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Baaghi 2' Team Removes Atif Aslam's Name From Credits For 'O Saathi'|url=https://reviewit.pk/baaghi-2-team-removes-atif-aslams-name-from-credits-for-o-saathi/|website=Reviewit.pk|date=29 March 2018 |language=en-US|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian music company removes Atif Aslam's name from his latest song|url=https://www.somethinghaute.com/bollywood-refuses-to-give-atif-aslam-credit-for-o-saathi/|date=9 March 2018|website=Something Haute|language=en-US|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Atif Aslam's Latest Song 'O Saathi' Creates an Uproar in India!|url=https://www.brandsynario.com/atif-aslams-latest-song-o-saathi-creates-an-uproar-in-india/|last=Sulaiman|first=Ghazala|date=22 March 2018|website=Brandsynario|language=en-US|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
!No.
!Award
!Category
!Result
|-
|1
|[[11th Mirchi Music Awards]]
|Listeners' Choice Song of the Year<ref>{{Cite web|title=Listener's Choice Song of the year Archives|url=http://www.mirchimusicawards.com/category/bollywood2015/2018/nominations-2018/listeners-choice-song-of-the-year-nominations-2018/|website=Music Mirchi Awards|language=en-US|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
|{{won}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links==

{{Baaghi}}
{{T-Series}}

[[Category:Atif Aslam songs]]
[[Category:Songs in Hindi]]
[[Category:2018 songs]]
[[Category:Indian songs]]
[[Category:Songs written for films]]
[[Category:Songs written by Arko Pravo Mukherjee]]

Battle of Hisar Firoza

2025-10-28T01:11:43Z

MayraBarnett41: new a post...

{{more citations needed|date=October 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Battle of Hisar Firoza
| image =
| caption =
| partof = Campaigns of [[Babur]]
| place = [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| date = 26 February 1526
| result = Mughal victory
| combatant1 = [[Timurid dynasty|Timurids]]
| combatant2 = [[Delhi Sultanate]]
| commander1 = [[Babur]]<ref name=Rickard /> [[Humayun]]
| commander2 = Hamid Khan
| strength1 = Unknown but fewer
| strength2 = Unknown but more
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = Unknown
}}

The '''Battle of Hisar Firoza''' took place in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], in the state of [[Haryana]], [[India]] between [[Zahir-ud-din Muhammad Babur]] and Hamid Khan on 26 February 1526. Babur<ref name="Rickard" /> with his son [[Humayun]] clashed against the [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghans]] under the command of Hamid Khan. It was the first battle of Humayun and he was only eighteen years old back then. Humayun had a significant victory against Hamid Khan in the battle of Hisar Firoza.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=https://hisar.gov.in/history/ |website=Government of Haryana’s Portal |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

== Background ==
Babur started conquering India around 1524–1526. [[Lodi dynasty]], belonging to the [[Pashtun tribe]] (Afghan), was ruling the [[Delhi Sultanate]] at that time. Hisar was a very significant tactical focal point for [[Ibrahim Lodi]] who was the last [[sultan]] of Delhi sultanate from the Lodi dynasty. Prior to the [[First Battle of Panipat]], Babur was marching towards [[Panipat]] to fight Ibrahim Lodi in 1526. But when Babur got to the [[Ghaggar-Hakra River]], he was informed that Hamid Khan was leading his troops from [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex|Hisar Firoza]] towards him. Learning the news, Babur sent his son Humayun with an adequate number of soldiers to fight Hamid Khan.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mukherjee |first1=Siddhartha |title=Wars of Humayun |website=Farbound.net |date=21 August 2017 |url=https://farbound.net/wars-of-humayun/ |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mohan |first1=Lalit |title=Hisar: Hub of Haryana's history |journal=The Tribune |date=21 December 2002 |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20021221/windows/slice.htm |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

== Battle ==
Sultan Ibrahim Lodi sent a second army led by Hamid Khan from Hisar Firoza, which is 100 miles to the north-west of [[Delhi]], to weaken Babur's battle plan for Panipat. Babur went with Humayun to fight the army led by Hamid Khan on 26 February. When Humayun's army arrived near the position, Humayun sent off around 100 to 150 of his soldiers ahead of him. Hamid's army started fighting these soldiers and suddenly Humayun attacked with the rest of his army. Hamid Khan's soldiers became puzzled, they started fleeing the [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_hisar-firuza.html#:~:text=The%20battle%20of%20Hisar%2DFiruza,he%20advanced%20south%20towards%20Ambala. battlefield]. Humayun's soldiers caught around 150 men of Hamid and 7-8 [[elephants]]. They beheaded almost half of the arrestees. It was Humayun's first battle as well as his first victory.<ref name=Rickard>{{cite journal |last1=Rickard |first1=J |title=Battle of Hisar-Firuza |website=Historyofwar.org |date=15 May 2010 |url=http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_hisar-firuza.html |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

== Aftermath ==
On 2 March, the winning news came to Babur's camp. Babur rewarded the messenger a [[horse]] from the royal stable. Prince Humayun came back to the camp 5 March with around 100 of the captured soldiers and the elephants. The captured men were shot dead afterwards by Babur's [[matchlock]] men. Babur awarded the [[throne]] of Hisar to prince Humayun after his decisive win against Hamid Khan in the battle of Hisar Firoza. With the victory, Humayun made Babur's battle of Panipat easier. Ibrahim Lodi was lost in the first battle of Panipat to Babur and was killed in 1526. With the victory of the Panipat, Babur established the [[Mughal Empire]] in India.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jaiswal |first1=Anuradha |title=A brief summary of mistakes made by Humayun |url=http://www.rncollegehajipur.in/rn/uploads/products/HUMAYUN%20by%20Dr.%20Anuradh%20Jaiswal.pdf |website=Rncollegehajipur.in |access-date=31 August 2021}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Babur]]
* [[Delhi Sultanate]]
* [[First Battle of Panipat]]
* [[Humayun]]
* [[Ibrahim Lodhi]]
* [[Lodi dynasty]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1526 in India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1526]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire|Hisar]]
[[Category:16th century in the Mughal Empire]]
[[Category:Battles involving the Delhi Sultanate]]

Chetana (theatre group)

2025-10-22T11:37:43Z

MayraBarnett41: stub

{{Short description|Indian theatre group}}
{{Multiple issues|{{one source|date=November 2016}}{{primary sources|date=November 2016}}}}

{{Infobox theatre group
| name = Chetana
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption = Chetana's Logo designed by '''Salil Banerjee''' and '''Subimal Roy'''
| formed = {{Start date|1972|11|22}}
| disbanded =
| genre =
| location = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| members =
| artistic_director = Arun Mukherjee, [[Suman Mukhopadhyay]], [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]]
| notable =
| homepage = 
}}
'''Chetana''' ({{langx|bn|চেতনা}}) is an [[Indian theatre]] group based on [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]]. It was founded on November 22, 1972 by Arun Mukherjee.

==History==
On November 22, 1972, Arun Mukherjee, along with his colleagues, formed Chetana. It has produced approximately 30 full length plays and 15 short plays. Its major productions include: Mareech Sambad, Jagannath, Tista Parer brittanta, Mephisto.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://grouptheatre.wordpress.com/2010/02/12/chetana/ |title=Chetana |date =February 12, 2010 |website=Group Theatre Research Journal| publisher =Prasanta Dhar}}</ref>

Chetana has performed in Europe, North America, Bangladesh, and many major cities in India. On its European tours in 2004, it participated in the [[Ibsen Stage Festival]] in Oslo; it has also performed in London.

==Plays==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List Of Plays Produced by Chetana
! Year of Production
! Plays
!Director
!Actor(s)/Actress(es)
|
|
|-
|2025
|'''MEGHE DHAKA GHATAK''' (written by [[Jeet Satragni]] )
To celebrate the centenary of the filmmaker-philosopher [[Ritwik Kumar Ghatak]]
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]]
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]] (RITWIK GHATAK) [[Nibedita Mukhopadhyay]] (SUROMA GHATAK) and Others
|
|
|-
|2024
|'''HIJIBIJI BAHINI''' (written by [[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]] )
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]]
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]] [[Nibedita Mukhopadhyay]] and young talents of CHETANA
|
|
|-
|2023
|'''MAHATMA BONAAM GANDHI''' (written by Ajit Dalvi . translated by [[Arun Mukhopadhyay]] )
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]]
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]](Harilal Gandhi) [[Nibedita Mukhopadhyay]] (Kasurba)[[Anirban Chakrabarti]] (Gandhiji) and Others
|
|
|-
|2022
|'''GOPAL URE and Co.''' (written by [[Ujjwal Chattopadhyay]])
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]]
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]] [[Nibedita Mukhopadhyay]] and Others
|
|
|-
|2020
|Kusum Kusum
|
|
|-
|2020
|Girgiti
|
|
|-
| 2019
|'''RANI CREUSA'''(written by [[Bratya Basu]])
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]]
|[[Nibedita Mukhopadhyay]], [[Saheb Chatterjee]]
|-
|2018
|'''Don — Taake Bhalo Laage'''
modified version of '''Dukhi Mukhi Joddha'''
|[[Sujan Mukhopadhyay]]
|[[Suman Mukhopadhyay]](Don),[[Nibedita Mukhopadhyay]] (Dulcinea)
|-
|2017
|Magan rajar pala
|
|
|-
| 2016 || [[Ghashiram Kotwal]]
|
|
|-
| 2012 || [[Marich Sambad]] (Revived)
|
|
|-
| 2012 || '''Jagannath''' (Revived)
|
|
|-
| 2012 || '''Ela Ebong Bimala'''
|
|
|-
| 2011 || '''Apni Kondike''' (Revived)
|
|
|-
| 2010 || '''Mrityu Sambad'''
|
|
|-
| 2009 || [[Chirakumar sabha]]
|
|
|-
| 2009 || '''Manush kimba Kolbalish'''
|
|
|-
| 2007 || '''Putul Nacher Itikotha'''
|
|
|-
| 2005 || '''Apni Kondike'''
|
|
|-
| 2004 || '''Chalachitto Chanchari''' (Revived)
|
|
|-
| 2005 || [[Kangal Malsat]]
|
|
|-
| 2004 || '''Ganashatru'''
|
|
|-
| 2004 || '''Falguni, Suchana Parba'''
|
|
|-
| 2003 || '''Nirnoye'''
|
|
|-
| 2003 || '''Samay Asamayer Britanto'''
|
|
|-
| 2002 || '''Jagannath''' (Revived)
|
|
|-
| 2002 || '''Wrong Number'''
|
|
|-
| 2002 || '''KhotaKhot'''
|
|
|-
| 2002 || '''Mephisto'''
|
|
|-
| 2002 || '''Kalantak Lal Fita'''
|
|
|-
| 2000 || '''Chalachitto Chanchari'''
|
|
|-
| 2000 || '''Tista Parer Brittanto'''
|
|
|-
| 2000 || '''Jaysa ka Taysa'''
|
|
|-
| 1999 || '''Maa'''
|
|
|-
| 1998 || '''Haraner Natjamai'''
|
|
|-
| 1997 || '''Gantobyo'''
|
|
|-
| 1977 || '''Ulki'''
|
|
|-
| 1996 || '''Bagh'''
|
|
|-
| 1996 || '''Jagannath (Hindi)'''
|
|
|-
| 1995 || '''Vul Rasta'''
|
|
|-
| 1994 || '''Dukhi Mukhi Joddha'''
|
|
|-
| 1993 || '''End Game'''
|
|
|-
| 1992 || '''Notir Kotha'''
|
|
|-
| 1992 || '''Coriolanus'''
|
|
|-
| 1990 || '''Horipodo Horibol'''
|
|
|-
| 1990 || '''Daain'''
|
|
|-
| 1989 || '''Kabeer (based on Kabira Khada Bazaar Mein)'''
|
|
|-
| 1988 || '''Jeshtho Putra'''
|
|
|-
| 1986 || '''Valo Manusher Pala''' (Revived)
|
|
|-
| 1985 || '''Roshan'''
|
|
|-
| 1984 || '''Vuter Bore'''
|
|
|-
| 1982 || '''Maa'''
|
|
|-
| 1982 || '''Tomader Juddho Tomra Koro'''
|
|
|-
| 1982 || '''Kshetu Bagdi O Gopal Kahar'''
|
|
|-
| 1980 || '''Somadhan'''
|
|
|-
| 1977 || '''Oppenheimer'''
|
|
|-
| 1977 || '''Ulki'''
|
|
|-
| 1977 || '''Jagannath'''
|
|
|-
| 1975 || '''Ramjatra'''
|
|
|-
| 1974 || '''Spartacus'''
|
|
|-
| 1974 || '''Valo Manusher Pala'''
|
|
|-
| 1973 || [[Marich Sambad]]
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Bengali Theatre}}

[[Category:Bengali theatre groups]]
[[Category:1972 establishments in West Bengal]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 1972]]
[[Category:Theatre company production histories]]

Wives of Duryodhana

2025-10-21T16:41:43Z

MayraBarnett41: Stub

{{Short description|Wife of Duryodhana, an antagonist of the epic Mahabharata}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2020}}

In the Hindu epic ''[[Mahabharata]]'', [[Duryodhana]]—the principal antagonist—is married to several princesses, though the epic provides little detail about them, not even mentioning any name. The mother of his son [[Lakshmana (Mahabharata)|Lakshmana]] appears in prominence, who in her brief appearance in the ''[[Stri Parva]]'', mourns the death of her husband Duryodhana and her son.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last1=Buitenen |first1=Johannes Adrianus Bernardus |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p9SzCuLIlQ0C&q=fitzgerald+indologist+mahabharata |title=The Mahabharata, Volume 7: Book 11: The Book of the Women Book 12: The Book of Peace, Part 1 |last2=Fitzgerald |first2=James L. |date=1973 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-25250-6 |language=en}}</ref> Elsewhere, in the ''[[Shanti Parva]]'', his marriage with an unnamed princess of [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]—daughter of King Chitrangada—is narrated, whom Duryodhana abducted from her [[svayamvara]] (a self-choice ceremony for selecting a husband), with the assistance of his close friend [[Karna]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Sharma |first=Arvind |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnCxH85Vra4C&dq=duryodhana+wives&pg=PA298 |title=Essays on the Mahābhārata |date=2007 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishe |isbn=978-81-208-2738-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Squarcini |first=Federico |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KMI1DgAAQBAJ&dq=kalinga+duryodhana&pg=PA119 |title=Boundaries, Dynamics and Construction of Traditions in South Asia |date=2011-12-15 |publisher=Anthem Press |isbn=978-1-84331-397-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Bryant |first=Edwin Francis |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HVDqCkW1WpUC&dq=kalinga+duryodhana&pg=PA64 |title=Krishna: A Sourcebook |date=2007 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-803400-1 |language=en}}</ref> In the ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'', a princess of [[Kāśi|Kashi Kingdom]] is mentioned as his bride.

The number of Duryodhana's wives is not clearly specified. Some variations of the ''Mahabharata'' introduce additional details about Duryodhana's wives. In the Southern Recension and [[Gita Press|Gita Press translation of the epic]], it is mentioned that his chief wife is the princess of Kashi, the daughter of King Kashiraja, who is noted for welcoming [[Draupadi]] when she first arrives in [[Hastinapura]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mahabharata - Southern Recension - Kumbhaghonam Edition - Sanskrit Documents |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/mirrors/mahabharata/mahabharata-sarit.html |access-date=2025-03-23 |website=sanskritdocuments.org |pages=Chapter 227, Adi Parva |quote=''Duryodhanasya mahiṣī Kāśirājasutā tadā. Dhṛtarāṣṭrasya putrāṇāṃ vadhūbhiḥ sahitā tadā. Pāñcālīṃ pratijagrāha sādhvīṃ śriyam ivāparām. Pūjayām āsa pūjārhāṃ Śacīdevīm ivāgatām.''}}</ref>

Because of the sparse information about Duryodhana’s wives in the ''Mahabharata'', later playwrights and storytellers expanded on their stories. In the play ''[[Urubhanga]]'' by [[Bhasa]] (c 200-300 CE), Duryodhana is depicted as having two wives—'''Malavi and Pauravi.'''<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmar |first=Arjunsinh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKjO1f3mDv0C&dq=duryodhana+wives&pg=PA35 |title=Critical Perspectives on the Mahābhārata |date=2002 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-273-7 |language=en}}</ref> The ''Venisamhara'', a Sanskrit play by [[Bhatta Narayana]] (c. 11th century), was the first to introduce '''Bhanumati''' as Duryodhana's wife, in which she is the sole wife of Duryodhana. This version has since gained popularity and Bhanumati is often assumed to be Duryodhana’s wife in popular tradition.<ref name=":0" />{{sfn|Chakravarti|2007}}

== Contextual Background: Duryodhana and the ''Mahabharata'' ==
Duryodhana is a central character in the ''[[Mahābhārata]]''. The ''Mahābhārata'' (c. 400 BCE - 400 CE) is one of the two major [[Sanskrit epics]] of ancient India, traditionally attributed to [[Vyasa]]. Comprising approximately 100,000 verses, it is the longest epic poem in world literature.<ref>Brockington, J. (1998). ''The Sanskrit Epics''. Brill, p. 23.</ref> The epic primarily deals with the succession conflict between the [[Pandavas]] and the [[Kauravas]], whom Duryodhana leads, culminating in the great [[Kurukshetra War|war of Kurukshetra]].<ref>Hiltebeitel, A. (2001). ''Rethinking the Mahābhārata''. University of Chicago Press, p. 17.</ref>

The text has multiple recensions, broadly categorized into the ''Northern Recension'' and the ''Southern Recension''.<ref>Sukthankar, V. S. (1933). ''On the Meaning of the Mahābhārata''. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, p. xii.</ref> These versions differ in length, theological content, and certain narrative elements, with the Southern Recension often including additional devotional aspects.<ref>Rocher, L. (1986). ''The Puranas''. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, p. 91.</ref>

To establish a standardized version, the ''Critical Edition (CE)'' was compiled at the [[Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute]], Pune, under the guidance of Vishnu S. Sukthankar. Completed in 1966, the CE collates nearly 1,259 manuscripts to reconstruct the core text while identifying later interpolations.<ref>Sukthankar, V. S. (1944). ''The Mahābhārata: Critical Edition Prolegomena''. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, p. xxv.</ref>

==In the ''Mahabharata''==
In the ''[[Mahabharata]]'', [[Duryodhana]], the eldest Kaurava prince, is described as having multiple wives, though the epic does not elaborate on most of them.<ref name=":0" /> During the ''[[Ghoshayatra Parva|Ghosha Yatra]]'' episode, Duryodhana embarks on a cattle inspection expedition near Dwaitavana intending to mock the exiled [[Pandavas]], accompanied by his brothers, ministers, soldiers, and their wives. The wives, though unnamed, partake in this royal outing, showing their opulence and grandeur of the Kuru household. However, Duryodhana, is captured along with his wives by [[Gandharvas]]. [[Arjuna]] and the Pandavas intervene and rescue Duryodhana, his brothers, and their wives.

In most parvas (books) of the epic (in all recensions), Duryodhana's chief wife is referred to as ''Lakṣmaṇamātā''—mother of Duryodhana's son, [[Lakshmana Kumara|Lakshmana]]—and her identity remains ambiguous. During the [[Kurukshetra War]], she is referred to by Duryodhana in a moment of lament after his defeat. In ''[[Shalya Parva]]'', Section 64, as he lies mortally wounded on the battlefield, Duryodhana expresses deep anguish over the fate of his grieving wife, saying, “Without doubt, the beautiful and large-eyed mother of Lakshmana, made sonless and husbandless, will soon meet with her death!”<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-08-17 |title=Section 64 [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc825900.html |access-date=2025-03-24 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

The most notable mention of Duryodhana's wife occur in the ''[[Stri Parva]]'', where [[Gandhari (Mahabharata)|Gandhari]], Duryodhana’s mother, grieves over the death of her son and grandson Lakshmana. She describes her daughter-in-law in vivid detail while addressing Krishna:<ref name=":6" />

{{blockquote|text=Behold, again, this sight that is more painful than the death of my son, the sight of these fair ladies weeping by the side of the slain heroes! Behold, O Krishna, the mother of Lakshmana, that lady of large hips, with her tresses dishevelled, that dear spouse of Duryodhana, resembling a sacrificial altar of gold. Without a doubt, this damsel of great intelligence, while her mighty-armed lord was formerly alive, used to sport within the embrace of her lord's handsome arms! Why, indeed, does not this heart of mine break into a hundred fragments at the sight of my son and grandson slain in battle? Alas, that faultless lady now smells (the head of) her son covered with blood. Now, again, that lady of fair thighs is gently rubbing Duryodhana's body with her fair hand. At one time she is sorrowing for her lord and at another for her son. At one time she looketh on her lord, at another on her son. Behold, O Madhava, striking her head with her hands, she falls upon the breast of her heroic spouse, the king of the Kurus. Possessed of complexion like that of the filaments of the lotus, she still looketh beautiful like a lotus. The unfortunate princess now rubbeth the face of her son and now that of her lord.|title=''Gandhari''|source=Translated by Kisari Mohan Ganguli<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 11: Stri Parva: Stri-vilapa-parva: Section 17|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m11/m11016.htm|access-date=2020-11-03|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}</ref>}}
=== Kalinga Princess ===
{{Infobox character
| series =
| image = Wife of Duryodhana.jpg
| caption = An illustration of Duryodhana's wife
| info-hdr = Information
| name = Princess of Kalinga
| affiliation = [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru queen]]
| home = [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]] (by birth) [[Hastinapur]] (by marriage)
| children = [[Lakshmana Kumara]] (son) ?<ref name=gandhari>[[Gandhari (character)|Gandhari]]. ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m11/m11017.htm The Mahabharta]: Book 11: [[Stri Parva]]'', [[Kisari Mohan Ganguli|K. M. Ganguli]], tr. Retrieved 5 October 2017.</ref>
| family = Chitrangada (father)<ref name="narada">[[Narada]]. ''[http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12a004.htm The Mahabharata]: Book 12: [[Shanti Parva]]'', K. M. Ganguli, tr. Retrieved 5 October 2017.</ref>
| spouse = [[Duryodhana]]
}}
One of Duryodhana’s wives, mentioned in all major recensions of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' (including the ''Northern Chaturdhara'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 12: Santi Parva: Rajadharmanusasana Parva: Section IV |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m12/m12a004.htm |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref> ''Southern Kumbakonam''<ref>{{Cite web |title=mahAbhArata - parva 12. shAntiparva - Mahabharata - Southern Recension - Kumbhaghonam Edition - Sanskrit Documents |url=https://sanskritdocuments.org/mirrors/mahabharata/mbhK/mahabharata-k-12-itx.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=sanskritdocuments.org}}</ref> and the ''Critical Edition''<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vWhBAgAAQBAJ&q=bibek+debroy+shanti+parva |title=The Mahabharata: Volume 8 |date=2015-06-01 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-93-5118-567-3 |language=en}}</ref>), is the princess of [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]], the daughter of King Chitrangada. Her story appears in the ''Shanti Parva'', where the sage [[Narada]] narrates her [[swayamvara]] (self-choice ceremony). Although her name is not mentioned in the text, she is described as ''varavarṇinī'' (a woman of exceptional beauty).{{sfn|Chakravarti|2007}}

The svayamvara was held in Rajapura, the capital of Kalinga, attracting several illustrious kings and warriors, such as [[Shishupala]], [[Jarasandha]], [[Bhishmaka]], [[Rukmi]], and others. As per the custom, the princess, described as ''kanchana-aṅginī'' (adorned in golden attire), entered the arena with a garland, accompanied by her ''dhātrī'' (nursemaid) and bodyguards. As she was introduced to the assembled kings and their lineages, she passed by Duryodhana, thereby rejecting him. Duryodhana, described as intoxicated by his prode, refused to accept the rejection. Enraged and captivated by her beauty, he abducted her, assisted by [[Karna]]. As Duryodhana abducted the princess, the kings present at the svayamvara pursued him. Karna engaged them in battle and defeated them single-handedly. Upon returning to [[Hastinapura]], Duryodhana justified his act by citing the example of his great-grandfather [[Bhishma]], who had similarly abducted the princesses of Kashi. Eventually, the princess consented to the marriage and became Duryodhana’s wife.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Anonymous|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ygA2240G74kC&q=Narada+said%2C+%27Having+thus+obtained+weapons+from+him+of+Bhrigu%27s+race%2C+Karna+began+to+pass+his+days+in+great+joy%2C+in+the+company+of+Duryodhana%2C+O+bull+of+Bharata%27s+race.&pg=PT7783|title=The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa (Complete)|publisher=Library of Alexandria|isbn=978-1-4655-2637-3|language=en}}</ref>

=== Kashi Princess ===
The ''Southern Kumbakonam'' edition of the ''[[Mahabharata]]'' mentions an additional wife of Duryodhana in detail, alongside the Kalinga princess. Her presence is noted a verse in the ''[[Adi Parva]]'' (Chapter 227) during [[Draupadi|Draupadi’s]] arrival at [[Hastinapura]] after her marriage to the [[Pandavas]]. This wife is identified as the princess of [[Kashi kingdom]], and is called ''Kāśirājasutā'' (lit. daughter of King of Kashi). Along with the other daughters-in-law of Dhritarashtra, she welcomed Draupadi with great honour, comparing her to the divine goddess [[Lakshmi|Śrī]]. The use of the term ''mahiṣī'' for her indicates her high status within Duryodhana’s household as the chief queen.<ref name=":1" /> The [[Gita Press]] version also mentions her.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gita Press Gorakhpur |first=Ramnarayan Dutt Shastri |url=https://archive.org/details/mahabharata-volume-1_202301/page/n1429/mode/2up?view=theater |title=Mahabharata Volume 1 |pages=1430}}</ref>

In the ''[[Bhishma Parva]]'' (including that of the ''Northern Recension''), it is referenced in a conversation that Karna helped Duryodhana in obtaining the Kashi princess as his bride as well, though the description of event appears to be identical to that of Kalinga princess.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mahabharata, Book 6: Bhishma Parva: Bhagavat-Gita Parva: Section CXXIV |url=https://sacred-texts.com/hin/m06/m06124.htm |access-date=2025-05-23 |website=sacred-texts.com}}</ref>
==Secondary adaptations==
Because of the sparse information about Duryodhana’s wives in the Mahabharata, later playwrights and storytellers expanded on their stories.<ref name=":0" />

=== Malavi and Pauravi ===
''[[Urubhanga]]'' by [[Bhāsa]] (c. 1st - 2nd century CE) is one of the earliest attempts to evoke ''karuna rasa'' (pathos) for [[Duryodhana]], and as part of this transformation, Bhāsa expands the marital details of his life by creating his wives, Malavi and Pauravi, and a young son, Durjaya, for the narrative. Malavi and Pauravi arrive at the battlefield in a disheveled state, with unkempt hair and unveiled faces. The sight of them in such a state pains Duryodhana more than his physical injury, and he laments that while he barely felt the blow from Bhima’s mace earlier, the sight of his distressed wives now intensifies his suffering. He tries to console Malavi by reminding her of his status as a warrior who has died fighting bravely and asks why she is crying, calling her a warrior queen. Malavi responds that while she may be a warrior’s wife, she is first and foremost a woman and his wife, and so she must mourn. Duryodhana then turns to Pauravi and advises her to take pride in his glory, insisting that wives of such warriors should not grieve his death.<ref name=":0" /> In response, Pauravi expresses her intent to sacrifice herself in this manner, stating that instead of crying, she would rather follow her husband in death.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parmar |first=Arjunsinh K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XKjO1f3mDv0C&dq=duryodhana+malavi&pg=PA35 |title=Critical Perspectives on the Mahābhārata |date=2002 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-273-7 |language=en}}</ref> Critics note that the portrayal of Duryodhana’s wives in ''Urubhanga'' reflects the customs and societal norms of their time.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-07-05 |title=Status of Women in the Ūrubhaṅga [Part 13] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/essay/dasarupaka-critical-study/d/doc628632.html |access-date=2025-03-25 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

===Bhanumati===
{{distinguish|Bhanumati (Yadava princess)}}
[[Bhatta Narayana]] (c. 11th century CE) created Bhanumati as Duryodhana's sole wife. David L. Gitomer, a scholar of Hinduism, observes that the character of Bhanumati, despite not appearing in any accessible Sanskrit version of the ''Mahabharata''—where none of Duryodhana's wives are named—has become a firmly established figure in popular retellings of the epic. He highlights that many Indians, especially in South India, and even Sanskrit scholars, instinctively name Bhanumati as Duryodhana’s wife when asked. This, he suggests, is due to the way certain elements from later plays and adaptations, including the figure of Bhanumati, have become so deeply embedded in collective memory that they seem “naturally correct” and reappear in vernacular versions of the ''Mahabharata''.<ref name=":0" /> According to Bishnupada Chakravarti, in modern times, Bhanumati has come to be identified as the Kalinga princess from the original epic.{{sfn|Chakravarti|2007}}

==== ''Venisamhara'' ====
''Venisamhara'', a Sanskrit play by Bhatta Narayana, introduced the name Bhanumati as Duryodhana’s wife, portraying her as his sole spouse. Gitomer notes that Bhatta Narayana invents Bhanumati as Duryodhana’s wife to depict an ineffective, inappropriate passion between them, a parallel to the hidden passion between [[Bhima]] and [[Draupadi]].<ref name=":0" /> Ratnamayidevi Dikshiti argues that since Duryodhana’s wife is barely mentioned in the ''Mahabharata'', Bhanumati reflects Bhatta Narayana’s imagination and embodies a passive, dutiful ideal of womanhood. Her loyalty to Duryodhana shapes her morality, aligning her values entirely with his. While devoted, she is also portrayed as mean-spirited, and her shallow adherence to rituals is evident when Duryodhana easily distracts her with playful teasing.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |last=Dikshit |first=Ratnamayidevi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_djAAAAMAAJ |title=Women in Sanskrit Dramas |date=1964 |publisher=Mehar Chand Lachhman Das |language=en}}</ref>

In the play, Bhanumati plays a significant role in the first and second acts. Although Bhanumati does not appear on stage in this act, it is mentioned that Bhanumati insulted Draupadi by sarcastically commenting on her disheveled hair, which [[Draupadi]] had left untied as a sign of her unresolved humiliation from the dice game.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Kale |first=M. R. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-19SSedqbv8C&dq=Dramaturgy+in+the+Venisamhara&pg=PR23 |title=Venisamhara of Bhatta Narayana |date=1998 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-0587-3 |language=sa}}</ref>

Bhanumati’s role gains prominence in Act II, where she appears troubled by a disturbing dream. Seated with her maid and friend, she resolves to perform religious rites to dispel the ill omens. Duryodhana enters, overhears her concern, and reassures her by emphasizing his strength and that of his brothers. While Bhanumati expresses trust in his protection, she remains intent on fulfilling her religious duties. Their conversation is interrupted by a commotion backstage. Frightened, Bhanumati clings to Duryodhana, who calms her, explaining it is only a storm. At her friend’s suggestion, they move to a safer spot, where Bhanumati feels thigh pain. Duryodhana expresses concern, playfully noting the wind has enhanced her beauty. As they rest, the chamberlain rushes in, reporting that the flag on Duryodhana’s chariot has broken. Bhanumati suggests performing a Vedic ritual to counter the bad omen, and Duryodhana reluctantly agrees. Shortly after, Duryodhana's sister, [[Dushala|Duhsala]], and her mother-in-law arrive in distress, warning Duryodhana of [[Arjuna]]’s vow to kill [[Jayadratha]]. Duryodhana dismisses their fears, mocking Arjuna’s threat. However, Bhanumati tactfully reminds him of the seriousness of the vow.<ref name=":4" />

==== Other accounts ====
A Tamil folktale depicts a moment that highlights trust between Karna, Duryodhana, and Bhanumati. One evening, when Duryodhana is occupied with duties, he asks Karna to keep Bhanumati entertained. To pass the time, they play a game of dice, which soon becomes intense as Karna starts winning. Unexpectedly, Duryodhana returns early. Seeing him enter, Bhanumati rises respectfully, but Karna, unaware of Duryodhana’s arrival, misinterprets her action, thinking she is leaving out of frustration. In an attempt to stop her, Karna pulls her shawl, causing her pearl ornaments to scatter and her veil to slip, leaving her partially exposed. Bhanumati freezes, terrified of how her husband might react. Karna, realizing Duryodhana is watching, stands in shame and dread, expecting anger and accusations. But Duryodhana surprises them both by calmly asking his wife, “Should I collect the pearls, or would you like me to string them as well?” Karna and Bhanumati stare at him in shock, ashamed of how they have misjudged him.<ref>{{cite thesis |last=Acharya |first=Kambalur Venkatesa |title=Mahabharata and Variations |degree=Ph.D. |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/93789 |location=Karnatak University |year=2016 |hdl=10603/93789 |quote=Chapter 3}}</ref>{{sfn|Menon|2006}}

In [[Indonesia]], local adaptations of the ''Mahabharata'' further reimagine Bhanumati’s origin, in which she is the daughter of King [[Shalya]], making her a cousin of Pandavas—[[Nakula]] and [[Sahadeva]]. This version introduces a new aspect—Bhanumati initially desires to marry Arjuna but agrees to wed Duryodhana due to her father’s wishes. This familial connection with Shalya is sometimes cited as the reason for his reluctant support of the Kaurava side during the Kurukshetra War.{{sfn|Pattanaik|2010}}

Bhanumati, as the name of Duryodhana's wife, appears in the mediaeval-era scripture ''[[Skanda Purana]]''. However, G. V. Tagare points out that there seems to be some ambiguity regarding her identity. He observes that the name [[Bhanumati (Yadava princess)|Bhanumati]] already appears in the ''[[Harivamsa]]'', an appendix to the ''Mahabharata'', where she is described as the daughter of Bhanu, a [[Yadava]] leader, and is said to have married [[Sahadeva]], one of the Pandavas, rather than Duryodhana. Tagare further notes that the authors of Skanda Purana change that, making her the daughter of [[Balarama]] (Duryodhana's teacher and a Yadava chief), who got her married to Duryodhana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2021-01-13 |title=Dhṛtarāṣṭra's Pilgrimage to Hāṭakeśvara Kṣetra [Chapter 72] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-skanda-purana/d/doc493436.html |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>

Modern writers have also adapted Bhanumati's character. [[Shivaji Sawant]]’s novel ''Mritunjaya'', which centres on the life of Karna, retells Bhanumati's abduction from her svayamvara, identifying her as the princess of Kalinga from the ''Mahabharta''. In this retelling, Bhanumati has a devoted maid named Supriya, who accompanies her during her abduction by Duryodhana and Karna. As Bhanumati eventually accepts Duryodhana as her husband, Supriya, following her mistress's path, chooses Karna as her spouse.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bhattacharya |first=Pradip |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qO41AAAAMAAJ&q=shivaji+sawant+bhanumati |title=Shivaji Sawant's "Mrityunjaya": A Critique |date=1991 |publisher=Writers Workshop |isbn=978-81-7189-196-2 |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Arvind|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnCxH85Vra4C&q=duryodhana+wife&pg=PA298|title=Essays on the Mahābhārata|date=2007|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|isbn=978-81-208-2738-7|language=en}}
* {{Cite web|title=The Mahabharata, Book 11: Stri Parva: Stri-vilapa-parva: Section 17|url=https://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/m11/m11016.htm|access-date=2020-11-03|website=www.sacred-texts.com}}
* {{Cite book|last=Chakravarti|first=Bishnupada|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ivQ6CwAAQBAJ&q=Bhanumati&pg=PT105|title=Penguin Companion to the Mahabharata|date=2007-11-13|publisher=Penguin UK|isbn=978-93-5214-170-8|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Pattanaik|first=Devdutt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gzN2_fu0mIYC&q=Bhanumati&pg=PA221|title=Jaya: An Illustrated Retelling of the Mahabharata|date=2010|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-310425-4|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Menon|first=Ramesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5GgCZqN_hAgC&q=duryodhana+wife&pg=PA540|title=The Mahabharata: A Modern Rendering|date=2006-07-20|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-84565-1|language=en}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Wikiquote}}{{Mahabharata}}
[[Category:Characters in the Mahabharata]]