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K. Sindhu

2026-05-07T04:11:39Z

MaynardPerkin72: creating new post

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1989)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

'''K. Sindhu''' (born 1989) is an Indian politician from [[Tamil Nadu]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=K.Sindu, GUDIYATTAM (SC) constituency, TVK, Tamilnadu Assembly Election 2026: Profile & Affidavit |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/candidates/Tamilnadu2026/k-sindu-1083/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref> She is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly]] from Gudiyatham Assembly constituency which is reserved for Scheduled Caste community in [[Vellore district]] representing the [[Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=K. Sindhu - Election 2026 |url=https://election.dailythanthi.com/candidate/1006-k-sindhu |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=election.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref>

Sindhu is from Vellore, Tamil Nadu. She is a postgraduate and runs Sindhi Music and Dance Academy.<ref name=":0" />

Sindhu became an MLA winning the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Gudiyatham Assembly constituency]] representing the Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam. She polled 82,858 votes and defeated her nearest rival, K. B. Pradap of the [[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam]], by a margin of 10,097 votes.<ref>https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2026/candidateswise-S2246.htm</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-05 |title=Gudiyatham Assembly Election Results 2026 Live Updates: TVK's K.Sindu leads with 7,140-vote margin |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/tamil-nadu/gudiyatham-assembly-election-results-2026-live-updates-aiadmks-g-paritha-purushothaman-and-tvks-k-sindhu-are-contesting-for-this-seat-among-others/liveblog/130700646.cms |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gudiyattam Election Results 2026 LIVE: Gudiyattam Assembly Election Results, Winner, Runner-Up & Vote Share – Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/gudiyattam-assembly-elections-tn-46/ |access-date=2026-05-05 |website=www.oneindia.com |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sindhu, K.}}
[[Category:1989 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamilaga Vettri Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Women members of the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women politicians]]
[[Category:People from Vellore]]

{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

Om Bheem Bush

2026-05-06T00:20:20Z

MaynardPerkin72: New New Data!

{{Short description|2024 Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Om Bheem Bush poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Sree Harsha Konuganti
| writer = Sree Harsha Konuganti
| producer = Sunil Balusu
| starring = {{ubl|[[Sree Vishnu]] [[Priyadarshi (actor)|Priyadarshi]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/interview-om-bheem-bush-is-a-buddy-comedy-with-a-tinge-of-fantasy-and-horror-says-actor-priyadarshi/ | title=INTERVIEW: 'Om Bheem Bush' is a buddy comedy with a tinge of fantasy and horror, says actor Priyadarshi | website=southfirst.com | date=18 March 2024 | access-date=22 March 2024 | archive-date=22 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322103618/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/interview-om-bheem-bush-is-a-buddy-comedy-with-a-tinge-of-fantasy-and-horror-says-actor-priyadarshi/ | url-status=live }}</ref> [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] [[Srikanth Iyengar]] [[Preity Mukhundhan]] [[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]]}}
| cinematography = [[Raj Thota]]
| editing = Vijay Vardhan Kavuri
| music = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| studio = V Celluloid VR Global Media
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2024|03|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 142 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/om-bheem-bush-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwmtm1 | title=Om Bheem Bush | website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | access-date=22 March 2024 | archive-date=22 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322103759/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/om-bheem-bush-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwmtm1 | url-status=live }}</ref>
| country = India
| language = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| budget =
| gross = {{INRConvert|19|c}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekhar |first=Vineela |date=29 March 2024 |title=Om Bheem Bush 7th Day Collection: Sree Vishnu starrer collects Rs 8.4 crore in its first week |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/tollywood/om-bheem-bush-7th-day-collection-sree-vishnu-starrer-collects-rs-84-crore-in-its-first-week-868823 |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=[[The Hans India]] |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330075013/https://www.thehansindia.com/amp/cinema/tollywood/om-bheem-bush-7th-day-collection-sree-vishnu-starrer-collects-rs-84-crore-in-its-first-week-868823 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
'''''Om Bheem Bush''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[horror comedy film]] written and directed by Sree Harsha Konuganti and produced by Sunil Balusu under the banner V Celluloid. The film features [[Sree Vishnu]] in a [[dual role]], alongside [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]], [[Rahul Ramakrishna]], [[Srikanth Iyengar]], [[Preity Mukhundhan]], and [[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]] in the lead roles. Music is composed by [[Sunny M.R.|Sunny M.R]] and cinematography by [[Raj Thota]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The film released theatrical on 22 March 2024 and was successful at the box office.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/19/om-bheem-bush-clears-censorship-formalities | title=Om Bheem Bush clears censorship formalities | website=[[Cinema Express]] | date=19 March 2024 | access-date=22 March 2024 | archive-date=22 March 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322093643/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/19/om-bheem-bush-clears-censorship-formalities | url-status=live }}</ref>

== Plot ==

In the village of Bhairavapuram, friends Krish, Vinay, and Madhav explore the haunted Sampangi Mahal seeking hidden treasure. They encounter the ghost of Sampangi, a noblewoman cursed to guard the palace's secrets. Facing perilous challenges, they uncover the tragic history behind Sampangi's plight. Through courage and friendship, they confront the ghost and find the treasure, discovering the true riches of redemption. Emerging from the ordeal, they leave with a profound understanding of love, loyalty and thought.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |title=Om Bheem Bush Movie Review : A Spirited Blend of Humour, Drama and Supernatural in Telugu Cinema |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/om-bheem-bush/movie-review/108707484.cms |access-date=2024-03-22 |work=[[The Times of India]] |issn= |archive-date=22 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322110906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movie-reviews/om-bheem-bush/movie-review/108707484.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Sree Vishnu]] in a [[dual role]] as
** Krishnakanth "Krish" Gundagani
** Madhana Manoharudu
* [[Priyadarshi Pulikonda|Priyadarshi]] as Vinay Gummadi
* [[Rahul Ramakrishna]] as Madhav Relangi
* [[Preity Mukhundhan]] as Jalaja
* [[Ayesha Khan (Indian actress)|Ayesha Khan]] as Ratthalu
* [[Kamakshi Bhaskarla]] as Neha Sharma
* [[Srikanth Iyengar]] as Principal Ranjith Vinukonda
* [[Adithya Menon]] as Sarpanch
* [[Surya Sreenivas]] as Madhana Manoharudu
* Racha Ravi as Amavasa
* Manish Kumar as Sampangi
* [[Priya Vadlamani]] in an item number in "Bang Bros"
}}

== Production ==
[[Principal photography]] commenced in late December 2022 and included a 15-day filming schedule in [[Hyderabad]], which was followed by 20 days filming schedule in [[Pune]] and [[Kerala]].{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The film marks the second collaboration between Sree Vishnu, Priyadarshi and Rahul Ramakrishna, after ''[[Brochevarevarura]]'' (2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brochevarevarura trio again - idlebrain.com |url=https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/broche-trio-again.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |website=idlebrain.com |archive-date=28 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228124724/https://www.idlebrain.com/news/today/broche-trio-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Om Bheem Bush
| type = film
| artist = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| released = {{Start date|2024|03|07}}
| studio = Chordfather Productions
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| language = Telugu
| label = [[Aditya Music]]
| producer = [[Sunny M.R.]]
| prev_title = [[3 Roses (TV series)|3 Roses]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Kahan Shuru Kahan Khatam]]
| next_year = 2024
| chronology = Sunny M.R.
| misc = {{external music video
| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|_fW8FnZmzAPs|Om Bheem Bush Full Songs Jukebox}}
}}
}}

The film [[Film score|background score]] and [[music]] was composed by [[Sunny M.R.]] [[Aditya Music]] acquired the audio rights.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/om-bheem-bush/lm6VjZDCyC0_ | title=Om Bheem Bush - All Songs |website=[[JioSaavn]]| date=7 March 2024 }}</ref> The song "Bang Bros" was released on 7 March 2024 and captures the predicaments of navigating youth and romance.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-03-07 |title='Bang Bros' song from Om Bheem Bush out |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/07/bang-bros-song-from-om-bheem-bush-out |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511095030/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/telugu/news/2024/Mar/07/bang-bros-song-from-om-bheem-bush-out |url-status=live }}</ref> This was followed by the second single titled "The Wedding Song", which was released on 17 March 2024. It communicates the rituals of traditional Indian weddings in a musical manner.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}} The third single named "Dil Dhadke" combines romance and excitement and was released on 22 March 2024, coinciding with the film's theatrical release date. The remaining songs were released as part of the official jukebox on 24 March 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2024 |title=Om Bheem Bush Full Songs Jukebox {{!}} Sree Vishnu, Rahul Ramakrishna, Priyadarshi {{!}} Sunny M.R. |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fW8FnZmzAPs |access-date= |website=youtube.com |publisher=[[Aditya Music]]}}</ref>

Paul Nicodemus of ''[[The Times of India]]'' wrote that "Sunny MR’s music score harmonises with the film’s thematic currents, accentuating the emotional depth of the characters".<ref name=":0" /> On the other hand, Prakash Pecheti of ''South First'' stated that "The music in ''Om Bheem Bush'', composed by Sunny MR, is not so exhilarating. The songs quickly fade from memory once they conclude".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pecheti |first=Prakash |date=2024-03-22 |title=Om Bheem Bush review: The hit trio of 'Brochevarevarura' falls short in replicating pure humour |url=https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/om-bheem-bush-telugu-movie-review/ |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=The South First |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325133843/https://thesouthfirst.com/entertainment/om-bheem-bush-telugu-movie-review/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Bang Bros
| length1 = 3:02
| lyrics1 = Lakshmi Priyanka
| extra1 = Aditya Iyenger, Dinker Kalvala, Vivek Hariharan, Rutvik Talashilkar, [[Sunny M.R.]]
| title2 = The Wedding Song
| length2 = 3:22
| lyrics2 = [[Krishna Kanth]]
| extra2 = [[Kapil Kapilan]]
| title3 = Dil Dhadke
| length3 = 3:03
| lyrics3 = Krishna Kanth
| extra3 = Krishna Tejasvi, Sunny M.R.
| title4 = Anuvanuvuu
| length4 = 3:34
| lyrics4 = Krishna Kanth
| extra4 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title5 = Aparichitha
| length5 = 4:17
| lyrics5 = [[Vinayak Sasikumar]]
| extra5 = [[Sithara Krishnakumar]]
| title6 = Neeli Moha Megham
| length6 = 3:56
| lyrics6 = Krishna Kanth
| extra6 = Anjana Balakrishnan
| title7 = Thaalajaalane
| length7 = 3:46
| lyrics7 = Krishna Kanth
| extra7 = Harjot Kaur
| title8 = Ule Ule
| length8 = 1:47
| lyrics8 = Lakshmi Priyanka
| extra8 = [[Ram Miriyala]]
| title9 = Oka Kalalaa
| length9 = 4:02
| lyrics9 = Krishna Kanth
| extra9 = Sunny M.R.<ref>{{Citation |title=Om Bheem Bush |date=2024-03-26 |url=https://open.spotify.com/album/5Bf9d0EGx9J7m0xHA9Q3Tr |access-date=2024-04-14 |language=en |archive-date=11 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240511095114/https://open.spotify.com/album/5Bf9d0EGx9J7m0xHA9Q3Tr |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}

== Release ==
''Om Bheem Bush'' was theatrically released on 22 March 2024, while the film premiered in the [[United States]] a day prior.{{Citation needed|date=May 2026}} The film received an A certification from the [[Central Board of Film Certification]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-19 |title='Om Bheem Bush' has crisp runtime! |url=https://telugucinema.com/news/om-bheem-bush-has-crisp-runtime |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=Telugu Cinema |language=en-US |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325164050/https://telugucinema.com/news/om-bheem-bush-has-crisp-runtime |url-status=live }}</ref> whereas the [[British Board of Film Classification]] rated it "12A" and stated that ''Dreamz Entertainment Limited'', the official overseas distributor of the film, cut a scene depicting [[substance misuse]] to achieve said rating.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Om Bheem Bush (12A) |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/om-bheem-bush-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwmtm1 |access-date=28 March 2024 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |language=en |archive-date=30 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240330164338/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/om-bheem-bush-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdiwmtm1 |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Home media ===
The film's streaming rights were acquired by [[Amazon Prime Video]], and the film started streaming from 12 April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Om Bheem Bush box office collection day 3 - Sree Vishu's film enters profit zone in its first weekend |url=https://www.ottplay.com/news/om-bheem-bush-box-office-collection-day-3-sree-vishus-film-enters-profit-zone-in-its-first-weekend-details-inside/4c0e2b91c0323 |access-date=2024-03-25 |website=OTTPlay |language=en |archive-date=25 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325164049/https://www.ottplay.com/news/om-bheem-bush-box-office-collection-day-3-sree-vishus-film-enters-profit-zone-in-its-first-weekend-details-inside/4c0e2b91c0323 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Reception ==
''[[The Indian Express]]'' gave the film 2/5 stars and stated that "The film relies heavily on the camaraderie and improvised dialogues among Vishnu, Rahul, and Darshi. What unfolds is a delightful comedy, where every line is delivered with a punch".<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/om-bheem-bush-movie-review-this-sree-vishnu-comedy-is-a-paisa-vasool-entertainer-9228273/| title=Om Bheem Bush movie review: This Sree Vishnu comedy is a 'paisa vasool' entertainer| website=[[The Indian Express]]| date=22 March 2024| access-date=22 March 2024| archive-date=22 March 2024| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322092030/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/om-bheem-bush-movie-review-this-sree-vishnu-comedy-is-a-paisa-vasool-entertainer-9228273/| url-status=live}}</ref>

Bvs Prakash of ''[[Deccan Chronicle]]'' gave the film 1.5/5 stars and stated that he "Agreed that it is meant to tickle the funny bones of the audience and the makers kept claiming that there is ‘no logic, only magic’ but it is bereft of any magic".<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/om-bheem-bush-a-whacky-ghost-story-that-assaults-your-senses-886099 | title=Om Bheem Bush: A whacky ghost story that assaults your senses|website=[[Deccan Chronicle]] | date=22 March 2024}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|31435642}}
* [https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/om_bheem_bush ''Om Bheem Bush''] at [[Rotten Tomatoes]]

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Jahaj Kothi Zonal Museum

2026-05-05T09:34:50Z

MaynardPerkin72: creating a details

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Short description|Museum in Haryana, India}}
{{Infobox museum
| name = Jahaj Kothi Museum
| image = Fort_of_Firoz_Shah_Tughlaq_at_Hisar.jpg
| map_type = India Haryana#India
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|29.166306|75.720587|display=inline}}
| established =
| dissolved =
| collection =
| location = [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex]], [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]]
| type = Museum
| visitors =
| director =
| curator =
| publictransit = Hisar bus stand, [[Hisar Airport]], [[Hisar Junction railway station]]
| website = {{url|1=http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5262}}
}}
[[File:James Skinner CB (1778 – 1841) , 19th century.jpg|right|250px|thumb|[[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|James Skinner]] CB (1778–1841), 19th century. Probably from Thomas Metcalfe's book dated 1843.]]

The '''Jahaj Kothi Museum''' in [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]], [[India]], originally an 18th-century Jain temple which was also the residence of [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]] ({{circa|1756}} – 22 August 1802) and [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|James Skinner]] ({{circa|1778}} – 1841), is located inside the [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex]] which lies in front of [[Hisar Bus Stand]].<ref name=HT-JK1>[http://haryanatourism.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=5262 Jahaj Kothi museum]</ref>

==History==
''Jahaj Kothi Museum'' is a later era building located inside [[Firoz Shah Palace Complex]] and maintained by [[Archaeological Survey of India]]. It is called the {{lang|hi|jahaj}}, Hindi for the ''ship'' as its shape resembles a ship. It was originally a Jain temple which was later used as residence by the Irish mercenary adventurer [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]] ({{circa|1756}} – 22 August 1802).

George's father was a poor Catholic tenant farmer near Roscrea who died when George was a child. Originally [[Impressment|press-ganged]] at [[Youghal]], where he worked as a labourer on the docks, Thomas deserted from the British Navy in [[Madras]] in 1781. Still illiterate, he led a group of [[Pindari]]s north to [[Delhi]] by 1787, where he took service under [[Begum Samru]] of [[Sardhana]]. Supplanted in her favour by a Frenchman, he transferred his allegiance to Appa Rao, a [[Maratha|Mahratta]] chieftain.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} He carved out an independent kingdom in the districts of Rohtak and Hissar and made [[Hansi]] as his capital.<ref name=gaz/> During his short period of rule, he established a mint in Hansi and released rupees of his own kingdom. His area of control included area from [[Ghaggar]] to [[Beri, Jhajjar|Beri]] in south and from Meham to Baharda in west. He rebuilt Hansi, which was in ruined state and built defensive walls and fortifications.<ref name=gaz/>

In 1796 AD, George rebuilt ''Jahaj Kothi'' at [[Hisar (city)|Hisar]], [[Haryana]] which was his residence. He ruled the area independently up to 1801, when he was driven out by Sikh-Maratha-French confederacy.<ref name=gaz>{{cite web|title=Haryana District Gazetteers|url=http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|website=Gazetteer of India, Haryana|publisher=Haryana Gazetteers organisation, Revenue Department, Haryana|accessdate=8 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140501213030/http://revenueharyana.gov.in/html/gazeteers/gazetteer_india_hisar.pdf|archive-date=1 May 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was finally defeated and captured by Scindia's army under General [[Pierre Cuillier-Perron]]. He died on his way down the Ganges on 22 August 1802.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}}

After George's defeat, this was taken over by [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|James Skinner]] ({{circa|1778}} – 1841) who also used this as his residence. It lies near the locality called {{lang|hi|jahaj pul}} or "{{lang|hi|jahaj}} bridge" which still exists in the form of a ramp road to its east between this building and auto market. [[Archaeological Survey of India]] use this as its site office and maintains a small museum inside.<ref name=HT-JK1/><ref name=JK2>[http://hisar.gov.in/historyhisar.aspx Hisar district history]</ref><ref name=JK3>[http://araxus.org/hisar-i_firuza_6.html Araxus books - Hisar-i-firuz]</ref>

[[Colonel (United Kingdom)|Colonel]] [[James Skinner (East India Company officer)|James Skinner]] [[Companion in The Most Honourable Order of the Bath|CB]] (1778 – 4 December 1841) was an [[Anglo-Indian]] military adventurer in [[India]], who became known as {{lang|hi|Sikandar Sahib}} later in life, and is most known for two cavalry regiments he raised for the British, later known as [[Skinner's Horse|1st Skinner's Horse]] and [[3rd Skinner's Horse]] (formerly 2nd Skinner's Horse) at [[Hansi]] in 1803, which still are a part of the [[Indian Army]]<ref>[http://www.national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/iconic/page9.shtml Colonel James Skinner CB] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218033415/http://national-army-museum.ac.uk/exhibitions/shortVisits/iconic/page9.shtml |date=18 December 2010 }} ''[[National Army Museum]]'' ([[British Army]]).</ref>

In 2009, it was notified as a protected monument and subsequently upgraded into a regional archaeological museum.<ref name=upgr1>[https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/haryana/an-irishmans-rebellion-against-the-british-set-in-brick/ An Irishman’s rebellion against the British, set in brick], THe Tribune, 9 Aug 2025.</ref>

== Building material ==
Built in 18th century, the building is constructed of burnt [[Mudbrick|mud and clay bricks]] and [[Mortar (masonry)|mortar]] made of [[Lime mortar|lime]], [[sand]], and [[Mortar (masonry)#Ancient mortar|surkhi]].<ref name=harArch1>[http://archaeologyharyana.nic.in/arc3.html Dept of Archaeology Haryana]</ref> Surkhi is made by grinding to powder burnt bricks, brick-bats or burnt clay, used as a substitute for sand for concrete and mortar, has almost the same function as of sand but it also imparts some strength and [[Hydraulic lime|hydraulicity]].

==Departments and collections==
This zonal museum, maintained by the [[Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums]],<ref name=HarArch1>[http://archaeologyharyana.nic.in/ Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums]</ref> houses 193 artefacts,<ref name=upgr1/> which includes he following:

* [[Indus Valley Civilisation|Indus-Saravati Valley Civilisation]] artifacts excavated from western Haryana.<ref name=upgr1/>
** [[Rakhigarhi]] (4600 BCE to 1900 BCE):<ref name=upgr1/>
** [[Kunal, Haryana|Kunal]] (5000 BCE - 2800 BCE): symbolic motifs such as peacocks.<ref name=upgr1/>
** [[Banawali]] (2500 BCE - 1450 BCE): terracotta figures, painted pottery, and Horned Deity pot.<ref name=upgr1/>

* [[Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty]] (8th to 11th centuries CE): sculptures of deities such as [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Surya]] and [[Mahishasura Mardini]] as well as the architectural fragments from ancient temples destroyed by [[Islamic invasion of India]].<ref name=upgr1/>

* [[Jain]] artifacts

* [[George Thomas (soldier)|George Thomas]]'s inscription stone in English and [[Persian language|Persian]] who had renovated this Jain temple to use as his residence.<ref name=HT-JK1/><ref name=JK2/><ref name=JK3/>

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:James Skinner tomb (St James, Delhi).JPG|Marble slab of Skinner's tomb in [[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]] or [[Skinner's Church]], [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]], [[Delhi]]

File:St. James' Church, Delhi, India.jpg|[[St. James' Church, Delhi|St. James' Church]] or [[Skinner's Church]], [[Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)|Kashmiri Gate]], [[Delhi]]

File:Skinner's Horse party, in a folio from 'Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi’, an album by Thomas Metcalfe, 1843.jpg|[[Skinner's Horse]] party.Folio from 'Reminiscences of Imperial Delhi’, an album by [[Sir Thomas Theophilus Metcalfe, 4th Baronet|Sir Thomas Metcalfe]], 1843.

File:A Khattri nobleman, in {{lang|ar-Latn|Kitab-i tasrih al-aqvam}} by Col. James Skinner, aka Sikandar (1778-1841).jpg|A [[Khatri]] nobleman, in {{lang|ar-Latn|Kitab-i tasrih al-aqvam}} by Col. James Skinner

File:Portrait of Ranjit Singh, Maharaja of the Punjab, 1830.jpg|A folio of {{lang|ar-Latn|Tazkirat al-umara}} by James Skinner, 1830, depicting Portrait of Maharaja [[Ranjit Singh]] of the Punjab.
</gallery>

==See also==
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}

* [[History_of_Haryana#Museum|List of Museums in Haryana]]

* [[Khwaja Khizr Tomb]] at Sonipat
* [[Haryana State Museum]] at Panchkula
* [[Pranpir Badshah tomb]], Panchyat Bhawan in Hisar Govt College ground
* [[Haryana Rural Antique Museum]] at HAU Hisar
* [[Rakhigarhi Indus Valley Civilisation Museum]] near Hisar
* [[Asigarh Fort]]
* [[Sheikhpura Kothi]] near Hansi
* [[Dharohar Museum]] at Kurukshetra University
* [[Kurukshetra Panorama and Science Centre]] at Kurukshetra
* [[Shrikrishna Museum]] at Kurukshetra
* [[Rewari Railway Heritage Museum]] at Rewari railway station
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

===Works cited===
* {{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Thomas, George |volume=26 |page=866}}

{{Haryana}}
[[Category:Museums in Hisar]]

Test Vehicle Abort Mission-2

2026-05-04T17:30:57Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up some post needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Short description|Planned Indian spaceflight test}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2026}}

{{Infobox spaceflight
| name = Test Vehicle Abort Mission-2
| names_list = Test Vehicle Abort Mission-2 TV-D2
| image = File:TVD1-Brochure elements 23.png
| image_caption = Simulated TV-D model
| programme = [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme|IHSP]]
| previous_mission = [[TV-D1]]
| next_mission = [[TV-D3]]
| suborbital_apogee =
| image_size = 70px
| mission_type = In-flight abort test
| operator = [[ISRO]]
| manufacturer = [[Hindustan Aeronautics Limited]]
| mission_duration = ~20 minutes
| launch_mass =
| landing_mass =
| dry_mass =
| dimensions = Length: 34.954 m Diameter: 2.1 m (stage) , 4.05 m (CES)
| spacecraft_type = [[Gaganyaan]] [[Boilerplate (spacecraft)|boilerplate]]
| launch_date = Q4 2026
| launch_rocket = Gaganyaan Abort Test Booster (modified [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] L40 stage)
| launch_site = [[First Launch Pad]] [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre]]
| landing_date =
| landing_site = [[Bay of Bengal]]
| insignia =
| insignia_caption =
| insignia_size =
}}

'''Test Vehicle Abort Mission-2''' ('''TV-D2''') will be a high altitude abort test of the [[Gaganyaan]] program, planned to be held in late-2026. India is the fourth country, after Russia, the United States, and China, to have previously tested this technology.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 May 2022 |title=Mission Gaganyaan: Better safe than starry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/mission-gaganyaan-better-safe-than-starry/articleshow/91648613.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302194310/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/et-commentary/mission-gaganyaan-better-safe-than-starry/articleshow/91648613.cms |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref>

== Background ==
In April 2022, it was proposed that demonstration missions for in-flight aborts of the Gaganyaan crew capsule should be tested with a depressurized crew module. <ref>{{Cite news |date=29 April 2022 |title=Gaganyaan: First uncrewed mission to have unpressurised crew module |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-first-uncrewed-mission-to-have-unpressurised-crew-module/articleshow/91188895.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011222632/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/gaganyaan-first-uncrewed-mission-to-have-unpressurised-crew-module/articleshow/91188895.cms |archive-date=11 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> On 10 August 2022 [[ISRO]] performed a successful static test of the Crew Escape System (CES). On 21st October 2023, ISRO conducted the [[Test Vehicle Abort Mission-1|TV-D1]] as the first development flight for the [[Gaganyaan]] program.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=First Crew Module for Gaganyaan test flight takes shape |url=https://www.isro.gov.in/First_Crew_Module_Gaganyaan_test_flight_TV_D1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231007054126/https://www.isro.gov.in/First_Crew_Module_Gaganyaan_test_flight_TV_D1.html |archive-date=7 October 2023 |access-date=8 October 2023 |website=www.isro.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=TV-D1 Flight Test |url=https://twitter.com/isro/status/1714208678675628360?s=20 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231020033840/https://twitter.com/isro/status/1714208678675628360?s=20 |archive-date=20 October 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |website=X (formerly Twitter) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=28 April 2022 |title=First Gaganyaan uncrewed module to be injected in 170x408km orbit; indicates human spaceflight profile |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-gaganyaan-uncrewed-module-to-be-injected-in-170x408km-orbit-indicates-human-spaceflight-profile/articleshow/91159842.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302195137/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/first-gaganyaan-uncrewed-module-to-be-injected-in-170x408km-orbit-indicates-human-spaceflight-profile/articleshow/91159842.cms |archive-date=2 March 2023 |access-date=21 October 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

The TV-D2 test flight is scheduled to launch in Q4 2026. The crew escape mechanism will use low and high altitude escape motors, while the crew module control systems will mimic the crew seat, suspension, and uprighting systems. The mission will be uncrewed and used to test flight abort parameters. The Crew Escape System (CES) in-flight abort system will be used at Mach 1.4. The L40 stage will be shut down at Mach 1.9 and the Crew module will commence an abort at Mach 1.6,followed by vehicle Reaction Control Systems firing to reorientation, parachute deployment as in nominal re-entry mission leading to safe CM touchdown and recovery.<ref name=":1" /> Like TV-D1, TV-D2 will use a modified [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle#Liquid boosters|L40 stage]] from [[Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle|GSLV]] as its booster rocket. <ref name=":1">[https://www.isro.gov.in/media_isro/pdf/AnnualReport/Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf Annual_Report_2025_26_Eng_29042026_Rev.pdf]</ref>The Booster and boilerplate module have been built by May 2026. [[Gaganyaan-1]], the first orbital test flight, is planned to take after this flight.

== Mission objectives ==

* Flight demonstration and evaluation of the test vehicle subsystems
* Flight demonstration and evaluation of the CES, including various separation systems
* Crew Module characteristics and demonstration of deceleration systems at higher altitude and its recovery

== See also ==

* [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]
* [[Launch escape system]]
* [[Little Joe II Qualification Test Vehicle]]
* [[Ascent Abort-2]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Test Vehicle Abort Mission}}
[[Category:Gaganyaan]]
[[Category:Test spaceflights]]
[[Category:2026 in spaceflight]]
[[Category:2026 in India]]
[[Category:Flight abort]]

Siddharth Mridul

2026-04-24T21:00:52Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up initial stub first draft...

{{short description|7th Chief Justice of Manipur High Court}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Siddharth Mridul
| office1 = [[List of former chief justices of the high courts of India#Manipur High Court|7th Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]]
| term_start1 = 20 October 2023
| term_end1 = 21 November 2024
| appointer1 = [[Droupadi Murmu]]
| nominator1 = [[D. Y. Chandrachud]]
| predecessor1 = {{ubl|[[P. V. Sanjay Kumar]]|[[M. V. Muralidaran]] ''(acting)''}}
| successor1 = [[D. Krishnakumar]]
| office2 = [[Judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]]
| appointer2 = [[Pratibha Patil]]
| nominator2 = [[K. G. Balakrishnan]]
| term_start2 = 13 March 2008
| term_end2 = 19 October 2023
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1962|11|22|df=y}}
| honorific_prefix = Hon'ble Chief Justice (Retd.)
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts|B.A]] and [[LL.B]]
| relations = [[Sandhya Mridul]] (sister)
| parents = Pushp Raj Mridul
| alma_mater = [[Hindu College, Delhi]], [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]]
}}
'''Siddharth Mridul''' (born 22 November 1962) is a retired Indian judge, who has served as [[Chief Justice]] of [[Manipur High Court]] from 2023 to 2024. He is a former [[judge]] of [[Delhi High Court]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice Siddharth Mridul {{!}} Welcome To Delhi High Court |url=https://www.delhihighcourt.nic.in/web/index.php/Judges/justice-siddharth-mridul |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.delhihighcourt.nic.in}}</ref>

== Early life ==
He was born on 22 November 1962 to Justice P. R. Mridul.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile : P. R. Mridul |url=https://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/jshowpuisne.php?bhcpar=amdldGlkPTE5NyZwYWdlbm89MQ== |website=Bombay High Court}}</ref> His father Pushp Raj Mridul was additional judge of [[Bombay High Court]] and actress [[Sandhya Mridul]] is his sister.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumni Justice Siddharth Mridul and sister Sandhya |url=https://alumni.du.ac.in/archives/ezine5/content/6%20Nostalgia/nos%20011%20Recall%20DU%20fosters%20sibling%20togetherness%20%20Remembering%20their%20dad,%20too%20The%20late%20%20Justice%20Pushp%20Raj%20Mridul.pdf}}</ref> He did his schooling from Army Public School and graduation from [[Hindu College, Delhi]] in 1983. He completed his [[LL.B]] from [[Faculty of Law, University of Delhi]] in 1986 and enrolled as advocate with [[Bar Council of Delhi]] on 24 July 1986.

== Career ==
He started practising as advocate in [[Delhi High Court]] and also appeared in various other high courts such as [[Bombay High Court|Bombay]], [[Karnataka High Court|Karnataka]], and [[Rajasthan High Court|Rajasthan]] as well as before various tribunals.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sucheta |date=2023-10-18 |title=President appoints Justice Siddharth Mridul as the 7th Chief Justice of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2023/10/18/president-appoints-justice-siddharth-mridul-new-cj-maniour-hc-legal-news/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

He was appointed as Standing Counsel for Union of India in 2004 and as Senior Panel Counsel in February 2006. He was designated as Senior Advocate in May 2006. He was elected as member of the [[Bar Council of Delhi]] for two terms 1992-1998 and 1998-2003 and served as the Honorary Secretary to the Bar Council of Delhi from 1994 to 1997 and as the Vice Chairman from 1998 to 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=High Court of manipur at Imphal |url=https://hcmimphal.nic.in/cjudges_old.html |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=hcmimphal.nic.in}}</ref>

He was appointed as Additional Judge of the [[Delhi High Court]] on 13 March 2008 and became Permanent Judge on 26 May 2009.

In July 2023, Supreme court collegium recommended his appointment as Chief Justice of Manipur High Court.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rajagopal |first=Krishnadas |date=2023-07-06 |title=Supreme Court Collegium proposes new Chief Justices to seven High Courts; focusses on seniority, regional and women representation in higher judiciary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/supreme-court-collegium-proposes-new-chief-justices-to-seven-high-courts/article67048108.ece |access-date=2026-04-19 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In October 2023 government cleared this recommendation<ref>{{Cite web |last=Leaflet |first=The |date=2023-10-09 |title=Justice Siddharth Mridul to be Chief Justice of Manipur soon, Union government tells SC |url=https://theleaflet.in/high-courts/justice-siddharth-mridul-to-be-chief-justice-of-manipur-soon-union-government-tells-sc |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=The Leaflet |language=en}}</ref> and he was appointed as the Chief Justice of [[Manipur High Court]] on 20 October 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Makhdoomi |first=Basit Amin |date=2023-10-20 |title=Justice Siddharth Mridul Takes Oath As Chief Justice Of Manipur High Court |url=https://www.livelaw.in/high-court/manipur-high-court/manipur-high-court-chief-justice-siddharth-mridul-takes-oath-240648 |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=www.livelaw.in |language=en}}</ref> He retired on 21 November 2024 after serving 13 months as chief justice of Manipur High Court.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sucheta |date=2024-11-21 |title=7th Chief Justice of Manipur High Court, Justice Siddharth Mridul, retires after a tenure of 13 months |url=https://www.scconline.com/blog/post/2024/11/21/chief-justice-manipur-hc-siddharth-mridul-retires-legal-news/ |access-date=2026-04-19 |website=SCC Times |language=en-US}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{Cite news |date=28 February 2021 |title=Delhi HC Justice Siddharth Mridul nominated as member of governing council of NLU |work=ANI |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/delhi-hc-justice-siddharth-mridul-nominated-as-member-of-governing-council-of-nlu20210228095546 |access-date=28 February 2021}}

[[Category:Indian judges]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni]]

{{India-law-bio-stub}}

Jagat Farm market

2026-04-24T05:47:47Z

MaynardPerkin72: creating a post

{{notability|1=Places|date=July 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jagat Farm
| named_for =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name = Marketplace
| nickname =
| image_skyline = Jagat Farm Greater Noida.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Jagat Farm market, Feb. 2022
| pushpin_map = India Uttar Pradesh
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Uttar Pradesh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28|28|51|N|77|29|57|E|display=inline,title}}
| native_name =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Gautam Buddha Nagar district|Gautam Buddha Nagar]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| government_type =
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 =
| governing_body = [[Greater Noida Industrial Development Authority]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 201308
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jagat Farm''' is a [[marketplace]] in southmost [[Gamma I, Greater Noida|Gamma I]], [[Greater Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India,<ref>{{Cite web|author=Meenakshi Sinha|date=Dec 7, 2021|title=Gr Noida plans foot bridge, walkways to decongest Jagat Farm area {{!}} Noida News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/noida/gr-noida-plans-foot-bridge-walkways-to-decongest-jagat-farm-area/articleshow/88132868.cms|access-date=2022-02-17|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Bordered by Surajpur-Kansa road to the west<ref>{{Cite web|last=Reporter|first=Community|title=GNIDA planning to ease traffic congestion at Jagat Farm|url=https://www.cityspidey.com/news/15730/gnida-planning-to-ease-traffic-congestion-at-jagat-farm|access-date=2022-02-17|website=www.cityspidey.com|language=en-GB}}</ref> and Beta I to the south, it is one of the busiest marketplaces in Greater Noida. this market place consist of big franchises like Burger King, Dominos, Apple store, Hp Store, Lenovo Store with a lot of local stores for street food, clothes, footwear and many more. Jagat Farm Market is one of the best market place in Gr Noida. Nearest Metro Station is Alpha 1.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-06|title=Noida police on lookout for two Nigerian nationals detained for staging a fight|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-police-on-lookout-for-two-nigerian-nationals-detained-for-staging-a-fight/story-gGulNF2181sy4NERMjhE9O.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> that serves several [[shopping plaza]]s<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-22|title=Stalker stabs woman to death in Greater Noida mall, tries to kill himself on being cornered|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi-news/stalker-stabs-woman-in-greater-noida-mall-tries-to-kill-himself-when-cornered/story-kIelLVBgBWGGdp9I3eu85N.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-11|title=Greater Noida shopkeeper fights three armed men, wards off robbery|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/noida/greater-noida-shopkeeper-fights-three-armed-men-wards-off-robbery/story-ReQhQOZsh0D4mrKRu9IhdN.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> It is also one of the top destinations for African-origin students in the city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-30|title=Attacks on African students in Greater Noida: We are used to this treatment, say Nigerians, Kenyans|url=https://www.firstpost.com/india/attacks-on-african-students-in-greater-noida-we-are-used-to-this-treatment-say-nigerians-kenyans-3359210.html|access-date=2022-02-17|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Retail markets in India]]
[[Category:Gautam Buddha Nagar district]]

{{UttarPradesh-stub}}

Subedar Das

2026-04-21T13:23:24Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up basic data initial version...

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Subedar Das
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 14 November 2025
| term_end =
| constituency = [[Makhdumpur Assembly constituency|Makhdumpur]]
| predecessor = [[Satish Kumar (Bihar politician)|Satish Kumar]]
| successor =
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Subedar Das''' is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]]. He was elected as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]], representing the Makhdumpur constituency. He is a member of the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=SUBEDAR DAS (Winner) MAKHDUMPUR (SC) (JAHANABAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate|url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2025/candidate.php?candidate_id=1943|access-date=2025-11-16|website=myneta.info}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Full list of winners of Bihar assembly elections 2025|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/full-list-of-winners-of-bihar-assembly-elections-2025-final-results-bjp-jdu-rjd-who-won-101763128525881.html|date=2025-11-15|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Makhdumpur Election Result 2025 Highlights: Subedar Das of RJD Wins|url=https://www.news18.com/elections/makhdumpur-election-result-2025-live-updates-highlights-assembly-seat-winner-leading-mla-margin-9706235.html|date=2025-11-16|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[News18]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Makhdumpur (sc) (Bihar) Assembly Election Results 2025: Subedar Das of RJD Wins|url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/makhdumpur-bihar-assembly-election-results-2025-live-winner-runner-up-candidates-10363673/|date=2025-11-14|access-date=2025-11-16|publisher=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Das, Subedar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2025–2030]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

S. Murugesan (AIADMK politician)

2026-04-21T02:52:59Z

MaynardPerkin72: New New Entry!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = S. Murugesan
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office = [[Member of parliament, Lok Sabha|Member]] of the [[India Parliament]] for [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]]
| term_start = 10 March 1998
| term_end = 16 May 2004
| constituency = [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi]]
| term =
| occupation = Political and Social Worker
| predecessor =
| successor =
| party = [[File:AIADMK OfficialFlag Vector.svg|20px]] [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| spouse = [[M. Vasanthi]]
| parents =
| children = 4
| alma_mater =
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source =
}}
'''S. Murugesan''' is an Indian politician and former [[Parliament of India|Member of Parliament]] elected from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected to the [[Lok Sabha]] from [[Tenkasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Tenkasi constituency]] as an [[Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1998|1998]], and [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 1999|1999]] elections.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1998/Vol_I_LS_98.pdf Volume I, 1998 Indian general election, 12th Lok Sabha]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1999/Vol_I_LS_99.pdf, Volume I, 1999 Indian general election, 13th Lok Sabha]</ref> His wife, [[M. Vasanthi|Vasanthi Murugesan]] was elected from the same constituency in [[Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2014|2014]] election as [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate.<ref>{{cite web|title=GENERAL ELECTION TO LOK SABHA TRENDS & RESULT 2014|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2237.htm?ac=37|publisher=ELECTION COMMISSION OF INDIA|accessdate=22 May 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522195942/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS2237.htm?ac=37|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Elections Contested==
=== Lok Sabha Elections ===
{|class="sortable wikitable"style="font-size: 85%"
|-
!Elections
!Constituency
!Party
!Result
!Vote percentage
!Opposition Candidate
!Opposition Party
!Opposition vote percentage
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]|||[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Won}}||41.84||[[M. Arunachalam (politician)|M. Arunachalam]]||[[Tamil Maanila Congress|TMC(M)]]||26.77
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]|||[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Won}}||35.88||S. Arumugam||[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]||35.74
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]|||[[Tenkasi Lok Sabha constituency|Tenkasi]]||[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]||{{Lost}}||31.71||[[M. Appadurai]]||[[Communist Party of India|CPI]]||48.87
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Murugesan, S.}}
[[Category:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 1998–1999]]
[[Category:India MPs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:People from Tirunelveli district]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{AIADMK-politician-stub}}

Ram Surat Rai

2026-04-20T09:29:12Z

MaynardPerkin72: New A Article!

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ram Surat Kumar
| image =
| caption =
| office = Minister of Revenue [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start = 16 November 2020
| term_end = 9 August 2022
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor = [[Ramnarayan Mandal]]
| office1 = Minister of Law [[Government of Bihar]]
| term_start1 = 16 November 2020
| term_end1 = 9 February 2021
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Bihar|Chief Minister]]
| 1namedata1 = [[Nitish Kumar]]
| predecessor1 = [[Narendra Narayan Yadav]]
| successor1 = [[Pramod Kumar]]
| office2 = Member of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start2 = 2020
| term_end2 = 2025
| constituency2 = [[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai]]
| predecessor2 = Surendra Kumar
| successor2 = [[Rama Nishad]]
| term_start3 = 2010
| term_end3 = 2015
| constituency3 = [[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai]]
| predecessor3 = Surendra Kumar
| successor3 = Surendra Kumar
| birth_place =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1972|12|10|df=yes}}<ref>{{cite web |title=बिहार विधान सभा सचिवालय - सप्तदश बिहार विधान सभा मे माननीय सदस्यों की जन्म तिथि एवं टर्मवार सूची |url=https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |website=Bihar Vidhan Sabha |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427090929/https://vidhansabha.bih.nic.in/pdf/priority%20List.pdf |archive-date=27 April 2023 |url-status=live |language=Hindi}}</ref>
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| other_party =
| alma_mater =
| profession = Politician
| education =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
''' Ram Surat Kumar ''' is an Indian politician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/NjY2Mw==/MTM=/OQ==/Mw==/QUM= |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=affidavit.eci.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurai (Bihar) Elections Results 2020 LIVE: Constituency Details, List of Candidates, Last Winner and more |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-results-2020/aurai |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=NDTV.com |language=en}}</ref> He is a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] from [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ram Surat Kumar BJP Candidate 2020 विधानसभा चुनाव परिणाम Aurai |url=https://www.amarujala.com/election/vidhan-sabha-elections/bihar/candidates/2020-aurai-ram-surat-kumar-bjp |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=Amar Ujala |language=hi}}</ref> He was elected as a member of the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Aurai, Bihar Assembly constituency|Aurai (Vidhan Sabha constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-10 |title=Aurai Election Result 2020 Live Updates: Ram Surat Kumar of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/aurai-election-result-2020-live-updates-aurai-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3061985.html |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=राम सूरत कुमार, Bharatiya Janata Party प्रत्याशी Ram Surat Kumar, Bharatiya Janata Party Candidate From Aurai, Delhi Assembly Elections 2020, बिहार विधानसभा चुनाव २०२० |url=https://hindi.news18.com//assembly-election-2020/bihar-chunav/ram-surat-kumar-s04a089c01-bharatiya-janata-party-profile/ |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=News18 India |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | date=2021-03-13 |title=Watch: Ruckus in Bihar Assembly as Tejashwi Seeks Removal of Ram Surat Rai Over Alleged Liquor Trade |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/watch-ruckus-in-bihar-assembly-as-tejashwi-seeks-removal-of-ram-surat-rai-over-alleged-liquor-trade-4488929/ |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=India News, Breaking News India.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aurai Election Result 2020: Aurai Assembly Election 2020 Results Aurai Vidhan Sabha MLA Result |url=https://www.business-standard.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-2020/aurai-election-results-18_2802.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418103339/https://www.business-standard.com/elections/bihar-assembly-election-2020/aurai-election-results-18_2802.html |archive-date=2022-04-18 |url-status=dead |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=www.business-standard.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Live |first=A. B. P. |title=Aurai Assembly Election Results 2020 Live Updates, Aurai Assembly Election Latest News & Updates |url=https://news.abplive.com/bihar-election/live-election-result-bihar-aurai-assembly-election-result-2020-89.html |access-date=2021-09-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> He was denied ticket in 2025 Bihar assembly election.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, Ram Surat}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Muzaffarpur district]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Bihar]]

{{Bihar-BJP-politician-stub}}

Bangalore City Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T20:22:19Z

MaynardPerkin72: Made a place

{{Short description|Former constituency of the Indian parliament in Karnataka}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Bangalore City
| map_image =
| state = [[Mysore State]]
| established = 1957
| abolished = 1967
| reservation = None
}}
'''Bangalore City Lok Sabha constituency''' was a former [[Lok Sabha]] constituency in [[Mysore State]] in southern [[India]].

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''Till 1957 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
| [[1957 Indian general election|1957]]<ref name="GE1957V1">{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1957 : To the Second Lok Sabha Volume-I |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4112-general-election-1957-vol-i-ii/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320181548/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date=11 July 2015 |work=Election Commission of India |page=5}}</ref>
|[[Keshava Iyengar]]
| {{Full party name with colour|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1962 Indian general election|1962]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report On General Elections, 1962 To The Third Lok Sabha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/4113-general-election-1962-vol-i-ii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718185518/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=30 April 2014 |publisher=Election Commission of India |format=PDF}}</ref>
|[[Kengal Hanumanthaiah]]
|-
|colspan=4|{{center|''After 1967: Constituency Abolished''}}
|-
|}

==Election results==

===General election 1957===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1957 Indian general election]]: Bangalore City<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1957 to the Second Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=104|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-date=8 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008104728/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1957/Vol_I_57_LS.pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Keshava Iyengar
|votes = 89,611
|percentage = 58.26
|change = +11.09
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Haridranath Chattopadhyaya
|votes = 46,948
|percentage = 30.52
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh
|candidate = M. A. Venkat Rao
|votes = 17,248
|percentage = 11.21
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 42,663
|percentage = 27.74
|change = -5.50
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 153,807
|percentage = 43.33
|change = -2.07
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General election 1962===
{{Election box begin | title=[[1962 Indian general election]]: Bangalore City<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|title=Statistical report on general elections, 1962 to the Third Lok Sabha|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|page=146|access-date=30 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141008202517/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/LS_1962/Vol_I_LS_62.pdf|archive-date=8 October 2014}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[K. Hanumanthaiya]]
|votes = 1,18,028
|percentage = 55.23
|change = -3.03
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Swatantra Party|candidate=V. S. Natarajan|votes=57,489|percentage=26.90|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Communist Party of India|candidate=[[M. S. Krishnan (trade unionist)|M. S. Krishnan]]|votes=25,880|percentage=12.11|change=N/A}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh|candidate=M. A. Venkat Rao|votes=12,309|percentage=5.76|change=-5.45}}
{{Election box margin of victory|
|votes = 60,539
|percentage = 28.33
|change = +0.59
}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=219,276|percentage=55.83|change=+12.50}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Bangalore North Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bangalore South Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bangalore Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[Bangalore Rural Lok Sabha constituency]]
* [[List of former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka}}
{{coords|12.967389|77.587959|display=title}}

[[Category:Former constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
[[Category:1977 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Constituencies disestablished in 1977]]
[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Karnataka]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Urban district]]
[[Category:Bengaluru Rural district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1957]]
[[Category:1957 establishments in India]]

{{India-election-stub}}

Dehra Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:39:29Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up a article

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Himachal Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{Expand list|date=June 2025}} {{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Dehra
| type= SLA
| constituency_no = 10
| map_image = 10-Dehra constituency.svg
| mla = [[Kamlesh Thakur]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress ]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly bye-elections|2024]]
| state = [[Himachal Pradesh]]
| district = [[Kangra district|Kangra]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency|Hamirpur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:85263}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14751-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2012 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=22 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|1}}
}}
'''Dehra (Vidhan Sabha or Assembly constituency & AC No.10)''' is one of the 68 assembly constituencies of [[Himachal Pradesh]], a state in northern India. The town, municipality, and tehsil of [[Dera Gopipur|Dehhra]] are part of this constituency. The assembly constituency is a part of the [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>[http://www.elections.in/himachal-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/dehra.html Sitting and previous MLAs from Dehra Assembly constituency]</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| V. Bhushan
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
|[[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
| [[Ravinder Singh Ravi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
|rowspan="2" |[[Hoshyar Singh]]<ref name=election2017/>
|{{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|-
|[[2024 elections in India|2024]]★
|[[Kamlesh Thakur]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|}
★By election

== Election results ==
===2024 by-election===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2024 elections in India#Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly by-election 2024]]: Dehra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Kamlesh Thakur]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 32,737
|percentage = 57.94%
|change = {{up}}26.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Hoshyar Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 23,338
|percentage = 41.30%
|change = {{up}}13.68
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate = Sulekha Chaudhary
|votes = 171
|percentage = 0.30%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 150
|percentage = 0.27%
|change = {{down}}0.51
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate = Arun Ankesh Syal
|votes = 67
|percentage = 0.12%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party =Independent
|candidate =Adv. Sanjay Sharma
|votes = 43
|percentage = 0.08%
|change =''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 9,399
|percentage = 16.63%
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 56,506
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Independent
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2022 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dehra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hoshyar Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=22,997 |percentage=37.96% |change= {{down}}5.64}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Dr. Rajesh Sharma |party=Indian National Congress |votes=19,120 |percentage=31.56% |change={{increase}}16.63 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ramesh Chand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=16,730 |percentage=27.62% |change={{decrease}}8.93 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Varun Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=560 |percentage=0.92% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manish Kumar |party=Aam Aadmi Party |votes=483 |percentage=0.80% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nota |party=None of the above |votes=472 |percentage=0.78% |change={{decrease}}0.85 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harbans Singh |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=213 |percentage=0.35% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,877 |percentage=6.40% |change= {{decrease}}0.65 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=60,575 |percentage=71.04% |change= {{decrease}}1.51 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 85,263 |ref = |change= {{increase}}11.42 }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{decrease}}5.63 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2017 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dehra<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3815-himachal-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |title=Himachal Pradesh General Legislative Election 2017 |author=Election Commission of India |access-date=8 July 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Hoshyar Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=24,206 |percentage=43.60% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravinder Singh Ravi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=20,292 |percentage=36.55% |change={{decrease}}15.36 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Viplove Thakur]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,289 |percentage=14.93% |change={{decrease}}1.28 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=903 |percentage=1.63% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Manohar Lal Sharma |party=Bhartiya Himachal Jan Vikas Party |votes=393 |percentage=0.71% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Sudesh Choudhary |party=Independent politician |votes=337 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,914 |percentage=7.05% |change= {{decrease}}25.40 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=55,519 |percentage=72.55% |change= {{increase}}5.63 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 76,522 |ref = |change= {{increase}}8.66 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= {{decrease}}8.31 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 2012 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dehra}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Ravinder Singh Ravi]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=24,463 |percentage=51.91% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yog Raj |party=Independent politician |votes=9,170 |percentage=19.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajinder Singh Rana |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,639 |percentage=16.21% |change={{decrease}}16.00 }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hari Om |party=Bahujan Samaj Party |votes=1,603 |percentage=3.40% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Harpal Singh Jaswal |party=Independent politician |votes=838 |percentage=1.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajesh Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=689 |percentage=1.46% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Onkar Chand Thakur |party=Independent politician |votes=387 |percentage=0.82% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Vijay Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=361 |percentage=0.77% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Satish Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=360 |percentage=0.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Raj Kumar |party=Trinamool Congress |votes=326 |percentage=0.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ashwani Kumar |party=Independent politician |votes=288 |percentage=0.61% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=15,293 |percentage=32.45% |change= {{increase}}29.89 }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=47,130 |percentage=66.92% |change= {{increase}}13.02 }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 70,424 |ref = |change= {{increase}}183.73 }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= {{increase}}17.13 }}
{{Election box end}}

===Assembly Election 1967 ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Dehra<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Himachal Pradesh |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117081612/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Himachal%20Pradesh%201967.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=V. Bhushan |party=Independent politician |votes=4,653 |percentage=34.78% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Ram |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,310 |percentage=32.21% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=G. Ram |party=Independent politician |votes=2,902 |percentage=21.69% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,038 |percentage=7.76% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Ram |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes=477 |percentage=3.57% |change= ''New''}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=343 |percentage=2.56% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,380 |percentage=57.38% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,821 |ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Kangra district]]
* [[Hamirpur, Himachal Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Himachal Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/74-himachal-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh|state=expanded}}
{{Himachal Pradesh elections|state=collapsed}}

{{coord|31.58|76.71|display=title}}

[[Category:Kangra district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Politics of Himachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Himachal Pradesh]]

Satyashraya

2026-04-15T11:14:14Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up first data with sources...

{{Short description| Western Chalukya Emperor from 997 to 1008}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox royalty
| succession = Western Chalukya King
| image = Carving details of the outer wall of Brahma Jinalaya.jpg
| caption = Carving details of the outer wall of the Brahma Jinalaya ([[Jain]] Basadi), commissioned by Satyashraya and his general Nagadeva.
| reign = 997–1008
| predecessor = [[Tailapa II]]
| successor = [[Vikramaditya V]]
| death_date = 1008
| father = [[Tailapa II]]
| religion = [[Jainism]]<ref>Desai, pp.168.</ref><ref>Upadhye, p.198.</ref>
| spouse =
| issue =
| house = [[Chalukya dynasty]]
}}
{{Chalukyas|Kalyani}}
{{Campaignbox Campaigns of Satyashraya}}

'''Satyashraya''' ({{IAST3|Satyāśraya}}; died 1008),<ref name="sen2">{{Cite book |last=Sen |first=Sailendra |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |publisher=Primus Books |year=2013 |isbn=978-9-38060-734-4 |pages=52–53}}</ref> also known as '''Sattiga''' or '''Irivabedanga''', was a king of the [[Western Chalukya Empire]]. During a time of consolidation of the empire in the early 11th century, Satyashraya was involved in [[Chola–Chalukya Wars|several battles]] with the [[Chola dynasty]] of [[Thanjavur]], the [[Paramara dynasty]] and [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Chedi Kingdom]] of central India, and the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukyas of Gujarat]]. The results of these wars were mixed, with victories and defeats.<ref name="parama">Kamath (1980). p.101</ref> Even as a prince, during the rule of his father [[Tailapa II]], Satyashraya had established himself as an ambitious warrior.<ref name="able">Sastri(1955), p.164</ref> Satyashraya patronised the great [[Kannada]] poet [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]] (one among the "three gems" or ''ratnatraya'' of classical Kannada literature) who compared his patron favourably to the [[Pandava]] prince [[Bhima]] (of the epic [[Mahabharatha]]) for his strength and valor in his epic poem ''Sahasabhimavijaya'' (''lit'', "Daring Bhima", the epic also known as ''Gadayuddha'').<ref name="gada">Narasimhacharya (1988), p.18</ref><ref name="sahasa">Sastri (1955), p.356</ref><ref name="bhima">Kamath (1980) p.101</ref> Satyashraya held such titles as ''Akalavarsha'', ''Akalankacharita'' and ''Sahasabhima''.<ref name="guj"/>

== Battles in the North==
During the reign of Satyashraya, the Paramaras and Chedi rulers of central India (also known as the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]) appear to have regained control over territories they had lost to the Satyashraya's father Tailapa II (on account of his victories over [[Vakpati Munja|Munja]] in c. 996). Satyashraya however subdued the [[Shilahara]] King [[Aparajita]] of the northern [[Konkan]] and made him a [[vassal]]. There was rebellion against the [[Chalukyas of Lata|Lata Chalukya]] chief Barapa in the Gujarat province of the Western Chalukya empire. Barapa had been ousted by [[Mularaja]] from the [[Chaulukya dynasty|Chaulukya]] family. Satyashraya led an expedition to Gujarat, defeated Mularaja and reinstated Goggiraja, son of Barapa. Thus, he consolidated his control over that region.<ref name="guj">Kamath (1980), p.102</ref>

==Wars with the Cholas==
During the early 11th century, the Chola dynasty of Thanjavur were on the ascendant. The Chola influence in the eastern Deccan ruled by the Chalukyas of Vengi (the [[Eastern Chalukyas]]) was on the rise. With the help of the Cholas, Saktivarman had defeated Jata-Choda Bhima and gained control of the Vengi kingdom. The rise of Chola influence in the east was unacceptable to the Western Chalukyas. Around c.1006 - 1007, a general of Satyashraya named Bayalnambi burnt the forts at Dhanyakataka (or Dharanikota) and Yanamandala.<ref>{{cite book|author= Dr. Balakrishnan Raja Gopal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ|title=
The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris|publisher=|year=1981 |language=en|page=98|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> With these victories, Satyashraya was able to establish himself temporarily at Chebrolu in the modern [[Guntur district]].<ref name="guntur">Sastri (1955), p.165</ref>

But these early victories were temporary. The Chola King Rajaraja I mounted a two pronged counter-attack. A large Chola army led by prince [[Rajendra Chola]] invaded and captured Donur in the [[Bijapur]] region, [[Banavasi]], parts of the [[Raichur]] [[Doab]] (called Iditurainnadu), Unkal near modern [[Hubli]], and [[Kudalasangama]] in modern [[Bagalkot district]]. However, Satyashraya at last reconquered these territories after defeating Rajendra Chola according to Hottur inscriptions which have also been noted by historians Suryanath Kamath <ref>{{cite book| author=Suryanath U. Kamath| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a-1uzgEACAAJ|title= A Concise History of Karnataka (from Pre-historic Times to the Present)|publisher= Archana Prakashana |year=1980 |language=en|page=107|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> and R.C. Mujamdar.<ref>{{cite book|author=R C Majumdar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yAKAQAAIAAJ|title= The History and Culture of the Indian People: The struggle for empire |publisher= G.Allen & Unwin |year= 1951|language=en|page=165|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> Emperor Satyashraya defeated Rajendra Chola in Chebrolu and captured it.<ref>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/details/bmshri.karnatakathrough0000unse|title=Karnataka Through The Ages|publisher= The Government Of Mysore|year=1968|language=en|page=315|accessdate=20 January 2025}}</ref>

An inscription dated 1005 AD found at Yelesirur (Dharwad district) says that Satyashraya was in Shriparvata (Srisailam in Kurnool) in connection with the campaign against the Cholas and had enlisted the help of Eastern Chalukyas of Vengi in his wars against the Cholas.<ref>{{cite book| author=Electronic Journals (Compilation)| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UAEeAQAAIAAJ|title= The Proceedings of The Indian History Congress Tenth Session|publisher= Bombay University and Bombay Historical Society |year=1947|language=en|pages=243–244|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> Satyashraya fought against Raja Raja Chola in the latter's third campaign. Satyashraya retaliated by invading the Vengi country in 1006 AD and placed Saktivarman on the throne of Vengi.<ref>{{cite book| author=S. Srikanta Sastri| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIxygEACAAJ|title= Sources of Karnataka History|publisher= Vellala Publishing House |year=2018|language=en|page=XVII|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> In 1007 AD, he defeated Rajendra Chola in the [[Battle of Tavareyaghatta]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ|title= The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris |publisher= Prasaranga, Karnatak University |year= 1981|language=en|page=98|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>
Satyashraya annexed Andhra province from Cholas after raids of Rajendra Chola into the Chalukya territories and Satyashraya repulsed Rajendra Chola and reconquered Andhra Province.<ref>{{cite book| author=S. Srikanta Sastri| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-sIxygEACAAJ|title= Sources of Karnataka History|publisher= Vellala Publishing House |year=2018|language=en|page=139|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>

According to the historians Sastri and Sen, Satyashraya thereafter invested a great deal of effort in successfully freeing his kingdom from the Chola hold.<ref name="guntur"/><ref name="sen">Sen (1999), p.383</ref><ref name="ratta">Chopra, Ravindran and Subrahmanian (2003), p.103</ref> According to historian Kamath, that Satyashraya was able to free his kingdom from the Cholas entirely, though at the cost of the life of his brother prince Dasavarman, is testified to by the Hottur inscription.<ref name="guj"/>

However, according to historian Balakrishnan Raja Gopal, the statement in the Chola records regarding their conquest of Rattapadi is an exaggeration.<ref>{{cite book|author=Balakrishnan Raja Gopal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wktuAAAAMAAJ|title= The Chalukyas of Kalyana and the Kalachuris |publisher= Prasaranga, Karnatak University |year= 1981|language=en|page=91|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> Further, the inscription of the Western Chalukyas in Guntur dated S. 928 (''Paraabhava'' - V.R.ii. Guntur 84: 145 of 1897) sufficiently disposes off the Chola claim to having conquered the whole Rattapadi 7 1/2 lakh territory with Raja Raja Chola failing in his attempt in spite of a bold bid for conquest.<ref>{{cite book|author=Robert Sewell|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nS1sQgAACAAJ|title=The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (collected Till 1923) and Outlines of Political History |publisher= The Diocesan Press|year=1932 |language=en|page=58|accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>

==Culture==
Satyashraya continued the royal support of [[Jainism]] followed the precedent of his father, [[Tailapa II]]. During his reign, several Jain texts were composed, and Jain temples and basadis were constructed.<ref>Upadhye, A.N., ''On the meaning of Yapaniya'', ''Srikanthika'', p.197-198.</ref><ref>Desai, P.B., ''Jainism in South India'' (JISI), pp.167–169.</ref> He and his general, Nagadeva, commissioned numerous basadis, and Attimabbe also contributed significantly, commissioning many basadis. The "Brahma Jinalaya" was completed during his time. Inscriptions indicate that [[Attimabbe]] was responsible for building 1,501 Jain basadis in the region, and in recognition of her patronage, Satyashraya conferred upon her the title ''"Danachinatamani"''. He patronized Jain writers such as [[Ranna (Kannada poet)|Ranna]], who composed the "[[Ajitha Purana]]" and "Gadhayuddha". Historical evidence suggests that Jainism remained a prominent religion in the court, with Digambara Jainism holding significant influence. Many Jain monks flourished during this period, and the ''Mula Sangha'', ''Darvila Sangha'', and ''Yapaniya Sangha'' were active in the region. These sources suggest that the ruling dynasty were likely adherents of the Jain faith.<ref>Upadhye, A.N., ''On the meaning of Yapaniya'', ''Srikanthika'', p.198.</ref><ref>Desai, P.B., ''Jainism in South India'' (JISI), pp.167–168.</ref>

==See also==
[[Chola–Chalukya Wars]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|1}}

==References==
*{{cite book |last1= Chopra|first1= P.N.|last2= Ravindran|first2= T.K.|last3=Subrahmanian|first3= N|title= History of South India (Ancient, Medieval and Modern) Part 1|orig-year=2003|year=2003|publisher= Chand Publications|location=New Delhi|isbn= 81-219-0153-7}}
* {{cite book |last= Kamath|first= Suryanath U.|title= A concise history of Karnataka : from pre-historic times to the present|orig-year=1980|year= 2001|publisher= Jupiter books|location= Bangalore|oclc= 7796041 |lccn= 80905179}}
*{{cite book|last= Narasimhacharya|first= R|title= History of Kannada Literature|orig-year= 1988|year= 1988|publisher= Penguin Books|location= New Delhi|isbn= 81-206-0303-6|url-access= registration|url= https://archive.org/details/historyofkannada0000nara}}
* {{cite book |last=Desai |first=P. B. |title=Jainism in South India and Some Jaina Epigraphs |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.6891 |year=1957 |publisher=Published by the author |pages=167–168 }}
*{{cite book |last= Sastri|first= Nilakanta K.A.|title= A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar|orig-year=1955|year=2002|publisher= Indian Branch, Oxford University Press|location= New Delhi|isbn= 0-19-560686-8}}
*{{cite book |last= Sen|first= Sailendra Nath |title= Ancient Indian History and Civilization |orig-year=1999|year=1999|publisher= New Age Publishers|isbn=81-224-1198-3}}

[[Category:10th-century births]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]
[[Category:10th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:11th-century Indian monarchs]]
[[Category:Western Chalukya kings]]
[[Category:Year of death unknown]]

Sheikh Amjad Hossain

2026-04-12T11:50:14Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up some stub from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sk. Amjad Hossain
| birth_date = {{birth date|1978|8|25}}
| birth_place = Pandua, Hooghly district, West Bengal, India
| occupation = Politician; teacher
| party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
| office = Member of the West Bengal Legislative Assembly
| constituency = Pandua
| term_start = 2011
| term_end = 2021
| alma_mater = Burdwan University (BA Hons, 2000); BEd (2005)
| known_for = Two‑term MLA from Pandua
}}

'''Sk. Amjad Hossain''' (born 25 August 1978)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sk. Amjad Hossain, CPI-M MLA from Pandua - Our Neta |url=https://ourneta.com/neta/sk-amjad-hossain/ |access-date=2025-05-06 |language=en}}</ref> is an Indian politician from [[West Bengal]]. He is a former two time member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Pandua Assembly constituency]] in [[Hooghly district]]. He was elected in the [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Complete List of West Bengal Assembly Elections 2016 Winners |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/complete-list-of-west-bengal-assembly-elections-2016-winners-1245300.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2021-04-07 |title=West Bengal Assembly election 2021, Pandua profile: CPM's Amjad Hossain currently represents the constituency |url=https://www.firstpost.com/politics/west-bengal-assembly-election-2021-pandua-profile-cpms-amjad-hossain-currently-represents-the-constituency-9367921.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Hossain is from [[Pandua (community development block)|Pandua]], Hooghly district, West Bengal. He is the son of late Mahammed Hossain. He completed his BEd in 2005. Earlier, he did his BA (Honours) in 2000 at a college affiliated with [[Burdwan University]]. He is a teacher.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016 |title=Sk. Amjad Hossain (Communist Party of India (Marxist)(CPI(M))): Constituency- Pandua (Hooghly) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://myneta.info/westbengal2016/candidate.php?candidate_id=1592 |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=myneta.info}}</ref>

== Career ==
Hossain was first elected as an MLA winning the [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] representing the Communist Party of India (Marxist) from Pandua Assembly constituency.<ref name=":0" /> He polled 84,832 votes and beat his closest opponent, [[Nargis Begum]] of the [[All India Trinamool Congress]], by a margin of 704 votes.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Pandua Assembly Constituency Election Result - Legislative Assembly Constituency |url=https://resultuniversity.com/election/pandua-west-bengal-assembly-constituency |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=resultuniversity.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 May 2021 |title=West Bengal Election: Pandua Assembly Constituency 2022 |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/pandua-701390466 |access-date=6 May 2025 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He retained the seat for the Communist Party winning the 2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election where he polled 91,489 votes and defeated his nearest rival, [[Syed Rahim Nabi]] of the All India Trinamool Congress, by a margin of 1,392 votes.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Pandua Election Results 2021 LIVE, Vote Counting, Leading, Trailing , Winners West bengal Pandua Constituency Election News LIVE |url=https://news.abplive.com/elections/west-bengal-election-results-2021/wb-pandua-constituency-192.html?noHeader=true |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=news.abplive.com |language=en}}</ref> However, he lost the next election in the [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] from Pandua, which was won by [[Ratna De (Nag)]] of the All India Trinamool Congress. Contesting again on the Communist Party ticket, Hossain managed 41,474 votes and could finish only third behind Partha Sharma of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. Ratna de polled 102,874 votes while Sharma got 71,016 votes.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Pandua Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Dr Ratna De Nag of TMC wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/pandua-election-result-2021-live-updates-pandua-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695663.html |access-date=2025-05-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hossain, Sk. Amjad}}
[[Category:1978 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India (Marxist) politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hooghly district]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]

Rongpa

2026-04-05T07:45:29Z

MaynardPerkin72: New A Details

{{Short description|Community in Himalaya}}
{{about|the Tibetan people from Garhwal|the Sikkimese people|Lepcha people}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Rongpa
| flag =
| image = Bimla Badwal.jpg
| image_caption = A Rongpa woman from [[Uttarakhand]] in traditional clothing
| population =
| region1 = {{IND}}
| pop1 =
| langs = [[Rongpa language|Rongpa]]
| religions =
| related_groups =
}}
[[File:OpenSpeaks-rnp-Bimla-Badwal K.S. Badwal-Nostalgic Past.webm|thumb|Conversation between two [[Rongpo language#Marcha|Marcha-Rongpo]] speakers]]

The '''Rongpa''' (also known as '''Bhotiya''') are an Indigenous people from the trans-Himalayan region of [[India]]. They are one of the oldest native tribe of the upper [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] belt, close to the [[Tibet]]-[[Garhwal division|Garhwal]] border. It was once believed that the Rongpa community had been wiped out. Their native language is [[Rongpa language|Rongpa]], a [[West Himalayish languages|West Himalayish language]].

== Etymology ==
Anthropological evidence suggests that the word "Rongpa" translates to "valley people".<ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 9| issue = 3| pages = 6| last = Parker| first = Anne| title = The Meanings of'Sherpa': An Evolving Social Category| journal = HIMALAYA, the Journal of the Association for Nepal and Himalayan Studies| date = 1989}}</ref> An alternative translation proposes that 'Rong' refers to a rigid valley, while 'pa' refers to the commuters.{{clarify|can’t be the right word|date=October 2021}} While the Rongpa<ref>{{cite encyclopedia
| last = Nishi 西
| first = Yoshio 義郎
| author-link = Yoshio Nishi
| editor1-first = 孝 Takashi
| editor1-last = 亀井 Kamei
| editor2-first = 六郎 Rokurō
| editor2-last = 河野 Kōno
| editor3-first = 栄一 Eichi
| editor3-last = 千野 Chino
| encyclopedia = 三省堂言語学大辞典 The Sanseido Encyclopaedia of Linguistics
| title = ランパ語
| trans-title = Rangpa
| language = Japanese
| year = 1992h
| publisher = 三省堂 Sanseido Press
| volume = 4
| location = Tokyo
| isbn = 4385152128
| pages = 722b–730a
}}</ref> have their own distinct history, tradition, and customs, they are similar to the [[Garhwali people]].

== History ==
According to the late Hayat Singh Pal, a recognized influence in Rongpa culture, the people of these valleys are Suryavansi, Chandravansi, [[Rajput]]s and [[Thakar (tribe)|Thakars]], as described in ancient texts. Marchha, Tolchha, and Jadhs are the three sub-groups of the bhotiya (Rongpa)community in Uttarakhand. The Marchha inhabit the [[Niti Valley|Niti]] and [[Mana Pass|Mana]] valleys the Tolcha the Niti valley and before 1962 war, Jadhs resided in the [[Nelang|Nelong]] and Jadung valleys in the [[Uttarkashi]] district of Garhwal.

The Jadh sub-group, in particular, are among the warrior clans(Kshatriya), as they were the ruler of the Gartang Garh,<ref>{{Cite news| title = गढ़वाल के 52 गढ़, इनके बारे में सब कुछ जानिए ...अपने इतिहास से जुड़कर गर्व कीजिए| work = Rajya Samiksha| location = Uttarakhand| date = 2019-11-23}}</ref><ref>[https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23005926 Where the Sun Rises When Shadows Fall: The North-east] Published by India International Centre Issue Stable</ref> one of the 52 {{transliteration|hi|garh}} (forts) of the [[Garhwal Kingdom]]. Jadhs now reside in the Bagori, Ganeshpur and Veerpur villages of Uttarkashi. These villages have a diverse population consisting of upper caste Jadhs, Fias (alleged lower caste), [[Koli people|Kolis]] (weavers of [[Himachal Pradesh]]), [[Kham]]pas (natives of Tibet), Nepalis, and Garhwali's. Dialect of Jadhs is almost similar to the dialect spoken in villages of [[Kinnaur district]] (like Kanam, Nesang, [[Poo, India|Poo]], etc.) of Himachal Pradesh probably due to geographical proximity and cultural ties that still continues. The written and official language of this community is [[Hindi]]. All the sub-groups of Rongpas speaks a completely different dialect.{{clarify||date=October 2021|reason=different from one another? Or distinctive and different from standard Hindu?}}

== Culture ==
The Rongpa community practices strict [[Hinduism]]. Hindu Gods and Goddesses are worshipped by the community, in hopes of gaining protection for their families and villages. However, the people of this community mainly worship Lord [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]] and [[Pandava]]s, apart from their ''Isht devs'' and ''devis''.

Rongpas historically preferred to marry within their own community, though recently inter-community marriage has become common.
[[File:Bhotiya language and culture.webm|thumb|200px |Short oral history of Rongpa language and culture by native speaker]]

=== Attire ===
The traditional dress worn by the people of Bhotia is made with layers of wool, designed to provide warmth during the cold winters. Women traditionally wear a woolen skirt, shirt, waistcoat, or overcoat. They usually adorn their necks, ears, and noses with beads and rings of gold or silver. The men typically wear trousers over which they layer a loose gown tied to the waist with a cloth, called a patta. They may also don a woollen cap.

==See also==
*[[Bhotiya]]
*[[Jad people]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Tibetan people]]

Hindmotor flag railway station

2026-04-04T18:59:35Z

MaynardPerkin72: creating a data

{{Short description|Railway station in West Bengal, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Hindmotor
| other_name =
| style = Kolkata Suburban Railway
| type = [[File:Indian_Railways_Suburban_Railway_Logo.svg|30px]] [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]] station
| image =
| address = RG Nagar Road, Deshbandhu Park, [[Hind Motor]], [[Uttarpara Kotrung]], [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]]
| country = India
| coordinates = {{Coord|22.683994|88.341902|type:railwaystation_region:IN|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| map_type = India West Bengal#India
| map_dot_label = Hind Motor
| map_size = 300
| map_caption = Location in West Bengal##Location in India
| elevation = {{convert|9|m|ft}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| line = [[Kolkata Suburban Railway]]
| platform = 3
| tracks = 3
| other =
| accessible =
| bicycle = No
| depth =
| levels =
| parking = No
| structure = Standard (on-ground station)
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = HMZ<ref name="Indian railway codes">{{cite web |title=Indian railway codes |url=http://www.icf.indianrailways.gov.in/PB/pass/stations.html |publisher=Indian Railways |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone|Eastern Railway]]
| division = {{rwd|Howrah}}
}}
| status = Operational
| closed =
| former =
| opened =
| rebuilt =
| electrified = yes
| passengers =
| mpassengers =
| pass_system =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Kolkata Suburban Railway|line=Eastern|left=Uttarpara|right=Konnagar|to-left=Howrah Junction|to-right=Bandel Junction|type=[[Howrah–Bardhaman main line|Main line]]}}
| route_map = {{Howrah–Bardhaman main line}}
| map_state = collapsed
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-custom = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|frame-align=center|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|zoom=14|type=point|marker=rail}}
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Hindmotor railway station''' is a small railway station in [[Hooghly district]], [[West Bengal]]. Its code is '''HMZ'''.<ref name="Indian railway codes" /> It serves [[Hind Motor]] area.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/dungarpur-dnrp/161| title=HMZ/Hind Motor| website=India Rail Info}}</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Cops-on-alert-at-all-station/articleshow/49838590.cms Cops on alert at all station]</ref><ref>[http://erail.in/KolkataSubUrbanTrains.htm Kolkata Suburban Railway Timetable]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Railway stations in West Bengal}}
{{Kolkata Suburban Railway, Eastern}}

[[Category:Howrah railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Hooghly district]]
[[Category:Kolkata Suburban Railway stations]]

{{WestBengal-railstation-stub}}

Sonowal Kachari people

2026-04-03T23:12:06Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up first post v1

{{Short description|Ethnic group of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=August 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Sonowal Kachari people
| image =
| caption =
| population = 235,881<ref>Sonowal, Ripunjoy. (2014). Some Folklore Medicines of the Sonowal Kachari tribe of Upper Assam, North East India. Scholars Academic Journal of Biosciences. 2. 541-543.</ref>
| popplace = Predominantly in Upper Assam;
| languages = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| religions = [[Ekasarana Dharma]]<ref name="censusindia.gov.in">"Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</ref>
|
| related_groups = {{hlist |Other [[Bodo–Kachari people]]s}}
| footnotes =
| native_name_lang =
}}

The '''Sonowal Kachari''' are one of the [[indigenous peoples]] of the state of [[Assam]] in [[Northeast India]]. They are of [[Tibeto-Burman]] origin, and are closely associated with the other [[ethnic groups]] of Assam, which are commonly referred to as [[Bodo-Kachari peoples|Kachari]]. Today, they are predominantly inhabitants of [[Dhemaji district|Dhemaji]], [[Lakhimpur district|North Lakhimpur]], [[Tinsukia district|Tinsukia]] and [[Dibrugarh district|Dibrugarh]] districts of Assam, along with pocket populations in [[Jorhat district|Jorhat]], [[Sivasagar|Sivsagar]], [[Golaghat district|Golaghat]] district of Assam and in the state of [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. The headquarters of the Sonowal Kachari Autonomous Council is at [[Dibrugarh]].

==Etymology==
The name Sonowal comes from the word 'Son' ({{langx|as|Xon}}) which means gold in Assamese.<ref group=web name="HT"/>The traditional occupation of the Sonowal kacharis was [[gold panning]], that is extracting gold from the riverbeds.<ref group=web name="HT">{{cite news |last1=Karmakar |first1=Rahul |title=Sarbananda Sonowal, ‘national hero’ who struck gold for BJP in Assam |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/sarbananda-sonowal-national-hero-who-struck-gold-for-bjp-in-assam/story-D1cCrjyxwUDJFsqSbJrvwJ.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=19 May 2016 |language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Baruah|Choudhury|1999}} The Kacharis those were appointed as gold-washers by the [[Ahom kingdom|Ahom kings]] were organised into [[Sonowal Khel]]. These Kacharis came to be known as Sonowal Kacharis.<ref>"The Kacharis were, therefore, proficient in extracting gold by washing sands of the rivers. When they became subjects of the Ahom kingdom, they were, therefore, appointed as gold-washers and organized into a Sonowal Khel. These Kacharis came to be known as Sonowol Kacharis."{{harv|Dutta|1985|p=33}}</ref>

==History==

As per the book ''Ahomar Din'', the ancestors of Sonowal Kacharis arrived from [[Lower Assam]] with the army of the Koch King Nara Narayan and Gohain Kamal in the 16th century and settled in [[Sadiya]] over time.<ref>Borborua, Hiteswar, "Ahomor Din",p. 455</ref> Most of these Sonowal Kacharis migrated from ''Sadiya'' during the early 19th century and resided in the forested area between the ''[[Dihing|Buri Dihing]]'' and ''Dibru'' rivers of Matak territories.{{sfn|Prinsep|1838|p=676}} The Sonowals share certain place-name traditions, such as Halali and [[Dimapur]], with the Dimasa community. These locations are referenced in Sonowal ''Haidang geet'' (traditional songs)<ref>''Halali o Hemali o Dimapuroloi kiman dur o''</ref>, while Dimasa oral traditions similarly recount a migration from the Nilachal Hills to Halali before finally settling in Dimapur.<ref>Allen, B.C, "Gazetter of Cachar",1905,p.19</ref> ''Haidang geet'' also recall Sonowals mixing with hill tribes like ''[[Nyishi people|Daflas]]'', ''[[Mishing people|Mishing]]'' and ''[[Adi people|Abor]]'', forming a clan system before finally settling in Sadiya.

==Festivals==
===Khring Khring Baitho Puja===
[[Khring Khring Baitho Puja]] or Baithow Puja or Khring Khring Baithaw Puja is a traditional religious festival celebrated by the Sonowal Kachari people. Khring Khring Baitho Puja is an agricultural religious festival of the Sonowal Kachari people and marks the beginning of their traditional New Year. The festival is observed at a traditional temple known as the Baitho Than and is accompanied by devotional songs called Haidang. Celebrated annually, the festival is primarily agrarian in nature. It is observed on the second Sunday of the Shukla Paksha of Phaguna month of Assamese calender and continues over several days, beginning with Deo Namawa on Sunday, followed by Mul Puja on Monday, Bihu Namawa on Tuesday, and Baghdeo Puja on Wednesday.

==Notable people==


* [[Pradan Baruah]], Indian politician, former member of Assam Legislative.
* [[Jogesh Das]], prominent writer, recipient of [[Sahitya Akademi Award|Sahitya Academi Award]]
* [[Jogendra Nath Hazarika]], chief minister of Assam (1979)
* [[Lohit Sonowal]], inspector of Commando Battalion of [[Assam Police]], awarded the [[Kirti Chakra]] military decoration
* [[Sarbananda Sonowal]], politician and former chief minister of [[Assam]] (-2021)

== See also ==
* [[Thengal-Kachari|Thengal Kacharis]]
* [[Sonowal Khel]]
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}
===Printed sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation|last=Dutta |first=Sristidhar |title=The Mataks and their Kingdom |publisher=Chugh Publications |place=Allahabad |year=1985}}
* {{cite book |last1=Baruah |first1=Amlan |last2=Choudhury |first2=S. B. Roy |title=Assam State Gazetteer |year=1999 |publisher=Government of Assam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xy5uAAAAMAAJ&q=sonowal+kachari+gold+panning|language=en}}
{{refend}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Prinsep
|first=James
|journal=Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
|title= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
|year=1838
|volume=7
|publisher=Asiatic Society of Bengal
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gjczAQAAMAAJ
|language=en
}}

===Internet===
{{reflist|group=web}}

[[Category:Tribes of Assam]]
[[Category:Social groups of Assam]]
[[Category:Bodo-Kachari]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Northeast India]]
[[Category:Tribes of Arunachal Pradesh]]

Lower Maleri Formation

2026-03-26T07:53:31Z

MaynardPerkin72: new a article.

{{short description|Geologic formation in India}}
{{see also|Upper Maleri Formation}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox rockunit
| name = Lower Maleri Formation
| image =
| caption =
| type = [[Geological formation]]
| age = [[Carnian|Late Carnian]]–[[Norian|early Norian]]
| period = Norian
| prilithology =
| otherlithology =
| namedfor =
| namedby =
| region = [[Andhra Pradesh]] & [[Telangana]]
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|19.2|N|79.7|E|display=inline,title}}
| paleocoordinates = {{coord|36.4|S|38.2|E|display=inline}}
| unitof = [[Gondwana Group]]
| subunits =
| underlies = [[Upper Maleri Formation]]
| overlies = [[Basement (geology)|Basement]]
| thickness =
| extent = [[Pranhita–Godavari Basin]]
| area =
| map = {{Location map+ | India
| relief = 1
| width = 250
| float = center
| places =
{{Location map~ | India
| lat_deg = 19.2
| lon_deg = 79.7
| mark = Pink ff0080 pog.svg
| marksize = 12
}}
}}
| map_caption =
}}

The '''Lower Maleri Formation''' is a [[sedimentary]] [[geological formation|rock formation]] found in [[Andhra Pradesh]] and [[Telangana]], [[India]]. It is the lowermost member of the [[Pranhita–Godavari Basin]]. It is of late [[Carnian]] to early [[Norian]] age ([[Upper Triassic]]), and is notable for its [[fossil]]s of early [[archosaur]]s.<ref name="triassicdistribution">Weishampel et al., 2004, pp.525–527</ref>

== Vertebrate fauna ==
cf. ''[[Angistorhinus]]'' and cf. ''[[Typothorax]]'' have also been recovered from it.<ref name=Indiansaupo>Novas et al, 2011</ref><ref name=TSKetal07>Kutty et al., 2007</ref>

{| class="wikitable" align="center"
|-
! colspan="7" align="center" | '''[[Vertebrate]]s from the Lower Maleri Formation'''
|-
! Genus !! Species !! Location !! Stratigraphic position !! Material !! Notes !! Images
|-
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''[[Alickmeron]]''<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sen|first1=Sulagna|last2=Ray|first2=Sanghamitra|title=Taxonomic reassessment of archosaurs with dinosaurian affinities from the lower fauna of the Upper Triassic Maleri Formation of India and their significance|year=2025|journal=[[Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology]]|volume=45 |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/02724634.2025.2546434|article-number=e2546434}}</ref>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''A. maleriensis''
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |Partial distal femur
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |An objective junior synonym of ''Alwalkeria maleriensis''<ref name=MMR2026>{{cite journal|author1=McDavid, S.N.|author2=Marchant, C.J.|author3=Reid, I.J.|date=2026-02-02|title=''Alickmeron'' Sen & Ray, 2025 is an objective junior synonym of ''Alwalkeria'' Chatterjee & Creisler, 1994|journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology|doi=10.1080/02724634.2025.2604088}}</ref>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
|-
| ''[[Alwalkeria]]''<ref name="triassicdistribution" />
| ''A. maleriensis''<ref name="triassicdistribution" />
| [[Andhra Pradesh]]
|
| "Partial skull and postcranial remains."<ref name="table-2-1">"Table 2.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 26.</ref>
| An [[avemetatarsalia]]n<ref name=MMR2026/>
| [[File:Alwalkeria maleriensis.jpg|center|200px]]
|-
|''[[Panthasaurus]]''
|''P''. ''maleriensis''
|
|
|
|A [[temnospondyl]]
|
|-
| ''[[Exaeretodon]]''
| ''E. statisticae''<ref name=Indiansaupo/>
|
|
|
|
| [[File:Exaeretodon BW.jpg|center|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Hyperodapedon]]''
| ''H. huxleyi''<ref name=Indiansaupo/>
|
|
|
|
| [[File:Paradapedon 1DB.jpg|center|200px]]
|-
| ''[[Malerisaurus]]''
| ''M. robinsonae''<ref name=Indiansaupo/>
|
|
|
|
| [[File:Malerisaurus BW.jpg|center|200px]]
|-
| style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''[[Massospondylus]]''
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | ''M. hislopi''
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Andhra Pradesh
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" |
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | "Isolated vertebrae."<ref name="table-12-1-236">"Table 12.1," in Weishampel et al., 2004, p.236</ref>
| style="background:#E6E6E6;" | Later found to be indeterminate prosauropod remains
|
|-
| ''[[Parasuchus]]''
| ''P. hislopi''<ref name=Indiansaupo/>
|
|
|
| A [[Parasuchidae|parasuchid]] [[Phytosauria|phytosaur]].
|
|-
| style="background:#f3e9f3;" | ''[[Plateosaurus]]''
| style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Indeterminate
| style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Andhra Pradesh
| style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
| style="background:#f3e9f3;" |
| style="background:#f3e9f3;" | Later found to be indeterminate prosauropod remains
|
|-
|}
{{paleobiota-key-compact}}

== Correlations ==
The formation has been correlated with the [[Molteno Formation]] ([[Karoo Basin]]) and [[Pebbly Arkose Formation]] of Africa, the [[Santa Maria Formation]] of the [[Paraná Basin]] in Brazil, the [[Ischigualasto Formation]] of the [[Ischigualasto-Villa Unión Basin]] of Argentina and the lowermost [[Chinle Formation]] of North America.<ref name=Novas2011_p343>Novas et al., 2011, p.343</ref>

== See also ==
* [[List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|3}}

=== Bibliography ===
* {{citation |last1=Novas |first1=Fernando E. |last2=Ezcurra |first2=Martín D. |author3-link=Sankar Chatterjee |last3=Chatterjee |first3=Sankar |last4=Kutty |first4=T.S. |year=2011 |title=New dinosaur species from the Upper Triassic Upper Maleri and Lower Dharmaram formations of central India |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/231824148 |journal=[[Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]] |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=333–349 |accessdate=2019-04-06 |doi=10.1017/S1755691011020093 |bibcode=2010EESTR.101..333N |author1-link=Fernando Novas }}
* {{citation |last1=Kutty |first1=T.S. |last2=Chatterjee |first2=S. |last3=Galton |first3=P.M. |last4=Upchurch |first4=P. |year=2007 |title=Basal sauropodomorphs (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Lower Jurassic of India: their anatomy and relationships |url=http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/81/6/1218 |journal=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |volume=81 |issue=6 |pages=1552–1574 |doi=10.1666/04-074.1|bibcode=2007JPal...81.1218K |url-access=subscription }}
* {{citation |last1=Weishampel |first1=David B. |author2-link=Peter Dodson |last2=Dodson |first2=Peter |author3-link=Halszka Osmólska |last3=Osmólska |first3=Halszka |year=2004 |title=The Dinosauria, 2nd edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vtZFDb_iw40C |publisher=Berkeley: University of California Press |pages=1–880 |accessdate=2019-02-21 |isbn=0-520-24209-2 |author1-link=David B. Weishampel }}

[[Category:Geologic formations of India]]
[[Category:Triassic System of Asia]]
[[Category:Norian Stage]]
[[Category:Carnian Stage]]
[[Category:Fossiliferous stratigraphic units of Asia]]
[[Category:Paleontology in India]]
[[Category:Geology of Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Geography of Telangana]]
[[Category:Triassic India]]

Ireland cricket team

2026-03-21T20:48:54Z

MaynardPerkin72: improve intro further and improved wording

{{short description|Irish international cricket team}}
{{about|the men's team|the women's team|Ireland women's cricket team}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox cricket team
| name = Ireland
| image = Ireland cricket logo.svg
| image_size = 180px
| alt =
| association = [[Cricket Ireland]]
| test_captain = [[Andrew Balbirnie]]
| od_captain = [[Paul Stirling]]
| t20i_captain = Vacant
| coach = [[Heinrich Malan]]
| test_status_year = 2017

| icc_status = Associate Member
| icc_member_year = 1993
| icc_status2 = Full Member
| icc_member_year2 = 2017
| icc_region = [[ICC Europe|Europe]]
| test_rank = 10th
| odi_rank = 12th
| t20i_rank = 11th
| test_rank_best = 10th (28 July 2024)
| odi_rank_best = 10th (23 April 2007)<ref>{{cite news|title=Ireland 10th in ODI rankings|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/243831/ireland-10th-in-odi-rankings|work=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=23 April 2007|access-date=18 March 2021}}</ref>
| t20i_rank_best = 8th (31 March 2012)<ref name="rank">{{cite web |url=http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/match_zone/team_ranking.php |title=Reliance ICC Rankings – ICC Team Rankings, ICC Test Rankings, ICC ODI Rankings |publisher=Icc-cricket.yahoo.net |access-date=2012-04-28 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117001145/http://icc-cricket.yahoo.net/match_zone/team_ranking.php |archive-date=2012-01-17 }}</ref>
| first_test = v. {{cr|PAK}} at [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]], [[Malahide]]; 11–15 May 2018
| most_recent_test = v. {{cr|BAN}} at [[Sher-e-Bangla National Cricket Stadium]], [[Dhaka]]; 19–23 November 2025
| num_tests = 12
| num_tests_this_year = 0
| test_record = 3/9 (0 draws)
| test_record_this_year = 0/0 (0 draws)

| first_odi = v. {{cr|ENG}} at [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]; 13 June 2006
| most_recent_odi = v. {{cr|WIN}} at [[Castle Avenue cricket ground|Castle Avenue]], [[Clontarf, Dublin|Clontarf]]; 25 May 2025
| num_odis = 210
| num_odis_this_year = 0
| odi_record = 83/108 (3 ties, 16 no results)
| odi_record_this_year = 0/0 (0 ties, 0 no results)

| wc_apps = 3
| wc_first = [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]
| wc_best = Super 8 ([[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]])
| wcq_apps = 7
| wcq_first = [[1994 ICC Trophy|1994]]
| wcq_best = Champions ([[2009 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2009]])

| first_t20i = v. {{cr|SCO}} at [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]; 2 August 2008
| most_recent_t20i = v. {{cr|OMA}} at [[Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground]], [[Colombo]]; 14 February 2026
| num_t20is = 188
| num_t20is_this_year = 8
| t20i_record = 78/99 (2 ties, 9 no results)
| t20i_record_this_year = 5/3 (0 ties, 0 no results)

| wt20_apps = 9
| wt20_first = [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]]
| wt20_best = Super 8 ([[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]])
| wt20q_apps = 5{{efn|From the 2023 edition onwards, T20 World Cup Qualifier refers to the Regional Final of the ICC Europe region.}}
| wt20q_first = [[2008 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2008]]
| wt20q_best = Champions ([[2008 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2008]], [[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2012]], [[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2013]])

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The '''Ireland men's cricket team''' represents [[All-Ireland]] in international cricket. The Irish Cricket Union, operating under the brand [[Cricket Ireland]], is the sport's governing body in Ireland, and they organise the international team. The team have a number of home grounds, including [[Malahide Cricket Club|Malahide]] in County Dublin, [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont, Belfast]], [[Bready Cricket Club Ground|Bready]] in the north-west and [[Clontarf Cricket Club|Clontarf]] in Dublin city. A further ground is planned for the [[National Sports Campus]] in Abbotstown, Dublin for 2030.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Irish cricket to get permanent stadium on Sport Ireland campus at Abbotstown |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/2022/11/17/irish-cricket-to-get-permanent-stadium-on-sport-ireland-campus-at-abbotstown/ |access-date=2024-06-17 |newspaper=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref> Due to the short season allowed by the Irish climate, and lack of large scale facilities, Ireland also occasionally play 'home matches' in venues in England and further abroad.

Ireland's men participate in all three major forms of the international game, [[Test cricket|Test]], [[One-Day International]] (ODI) and [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches. They are the 11th [[List of International Cricket Council members#Full Members|Full Member]] of the [[International Cricket Council]] (ICC), and the second Full Member from Europe, having been awarded [[Test cricket#Test status|Test status]], along with [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]], on 22 June 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/cricket/2017/0622/884643-irelands-await-test-status-verdict-after-10-year-quest/|title=Ireland awarded Test status after 10-year quest|date=22 June 2017|website=Rte.ie|access-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161145/https://www.rte.ie/sport/cricket/2017/0622/884643-irelands-await-test-status-verdict-after-10-year-quest/|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/1105347.html|title=Afghanistan, Ireland get Test status|work=Cricinfo|access-date=2017-06-22|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701215358/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/1105347.html|archive-date=1 July 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/06/22/ireland-afghanistan-eligible-play-test-cricket-becoming-11th/|title=Ireland and Afghanistan granted Test status after becoming 11th and 12th full ICC members|work=The Telegraph|access-date=2017-06-23|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615053816/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/06/22/ireland-afghanistan-eligible-play-test-cricket-becoming-11th/|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/40364481|title=Ireland & Afghanistan awarded Test status by International Cricket Council|date=2017-06-22|work=BBC Sport|access-date=2017-06-23|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180616185931/https://www.bbc.com/sport/cricket/40364481|archive-date=16 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Ireland and Afghanistan are the most recently appointed Test-playing nations.

Modern Cricket was introduced to Ireland in the 19th century, though cricket may have partly evolved from earlier Gaelic games invented in Ireland.<ref name="irishtimes.com">{{cite web |title=New documentary offers fascinating insight into Irish cricket history |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/other-sports/new-documentary-offers-fascinating-insight-into-irish-cricket-history-1.1427250 |website=Irish Times |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="OffThe Ball">{{cite web |last1=Rouse |first1=Paul |title=Paul Rouse's incredible history of cricket in Ireland |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8JdnyIvm6xk |website=YouTube |date=23 July 2019 |publisher=OffThe Ball |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref><ref name="BRIEF HISTORY OF IRISH CRICKET">{{cite web |title=BRIEF HISTORY OF IRISH CRICKET |url=https://cricketireland.ie/about-us/history-and-awards/brief-history-of-irish-cricket/ |access-date=28 April 2023 |website=Cricket Ireland}}</ref><ref name="Cricket on solid local footing">{{cite news |last1=Fitzgerald |first1=Al |title=Cricket on solid local footing |url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wexford/sport/othersports/cricket-on-solid-local-footing/39288386.html |access-date=28 April 2023 |publisher=Irish Independent}}</ref> The first match played by an Ireland team was in 1855. Ireland toured Canada and the United States in the late 19th century, and occasionally hosted matches against touring sides. Ireland's most significant early international rivalry, with the [[Scotland national cricket team]], was established when the teams first played each other in 1888.<ref>{{cite web |date=7 September 2014 |title=Ireland and Scotland lock horns with one eye on the ICC Cricket World Cup 2015 |url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/ireland-and-scotland-lock-horns-with-one-eye-on-the-icc-cricket-world-cup-2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218215124/http://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/ireland-and-scotland-lock-horns-with-one-eye-on-the-icc-cricket-world-cup-2 |archive-date=18 February 2015 |access-date=13 December 2023 |publisher=Cricket Ireland}}</ref> Ireland's maiden [[first-class cricket|first-class]] match was played in 1902.

Ireland were elected to Associate membership of the ICC in 1993, but played their first full ODI in 2006 against [[England cricket team|England]] in the build-up to the [[2007 ICC Cricket World Cup]], their first successful qualification. At that tournament, a series of eye-catching results against Full Members, including a draw against Zimbabwe, and wins against Pakistan and Bangladesh confirmed Ireland's ODI status after the competition. Since then, they have gone on to play 197 ODIs, resulting in 78 victories, 101 defeats, 15 [[Result (cricket)#No result|no results]], and 3 [[tie (draw)|ties]].<ref name="odiresults">{{Citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/records/283878.html |title=Records / One-Day Internationals / Team records / Results summary |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=2 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150604003609/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/records/283878.html |archive-date=4 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Contracts for players were introduced in 2009, marking the transition to becoming a professional team.

Further success in the shortest format meant the Ireland team also qualified for the 2009, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2021, 2022,<ref>{{cite web |title=Ireland, UAE qualify for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40156280/ireland-uae-qualify-for-t20-world-cup |website=Business Recorder |date=22 February 2022 |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=22 February 2022 |title=Qualifier A: UAE, Ireland qualify for ICC Men's T20 World Cup 2022 |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/qualifier-a-uae-ireland-qualify-for-icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2022 |access-date=13 October 2024 |website=ICC Cricket}}</ref> and 2024{{efn|The 2020 T20 World Cup was due to be held in Australia, but due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], it was delayed to 2021 and held in India. Australia held the 2022 T20 World Cup.}} [[ICC World Twenty20|World Twenty20]] competitions, and have qualified for the future [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026 T20 World Cup]] by [[Cricket World Rankings|ICC men's T20 world rankings]].

Before attaining Test status, Ireland also played first-class international cricket in the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]], which they have won four times between 2005 and 2013. Due to their successes in the first-class [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]] competition, and further high-profile wins at the World Cups of [[2011 ICC Cricket World Cup|2011]] (against England) and [[2015 ICC Cricket World Cup|2015]] (against West Indies and Zimbabwe), they were labelled the "leading Associate"<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/tri-kenya/content/story/374302.html |title=Zimbabwe should avoid another banana skin |author=Martin Williamson |publisher=Cricinfo |date=17 October 2008 |access-date=13 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018222107/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/tri-kenya/content/story/374302.html |archive-date=18 October 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> and stated their intention to become a full member by 2020. This intention was realised in June 2017, when the ICC unanimously decided to award Ireland and Afghanistan Full Member status, which allows them to participate in Test matches.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/06/22/ireland-afghanistan-eligible-play-test-cricket-becoming-11th/|title=Ireland and Afghanistan awarded test cricket status|newspaper=The Telegraph|date=22 June 2017|publisher=Telegraph.co.uk|access-date=22 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615053816/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/cricket/2017/06/22/ireland-afghanistan-eligible-play-test-cricket-becoming-11th/|archive-date=15 June 2018|url-status=live|last1=Hoult|first1=Nick}}</ref> Ireland's first test was a home fixture at The Village, Malahide between 11–15 May 2018 against [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]], and they have played tests somewhat sporadically since. Their first test victory was against fellow new boys [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] in Sharjah on 12 March 2024.

Ireland remain the only test playing nation, where the [[Ireland women's cricket team|women's team]] have played a test match before the men's team.<ref>[[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]] are a test nation in the women's game, but not yet in the men's. In the event Netherlands achieve [[Full Member (cricket)|full member]] status, they would, upon the men's team's first test, join Ireland in this category.</ref> Ireland was a women's test nation seventeen years before the men, playing their only test also against Pakistan.

==History==
===Early history===
[[File:All-Ireland United Cricket team at Phoenix Park, Dublin, ca. 1858.jpg|thumb|left|All-Ireland United Cricket team at Phoenix Park, Dublin, ca. 1858]]
The first mention of modern cricket in Ireland was in 1731 when the Military of Ireland and the Gentlemen of Ireland took each other on in the [[Phoenix Park]], where the game still thrives in one of the world's oldest established cricket clubs. However, the origins of Cricket may, in fact, have come from Ireland, via the ancient Gaelic game of 'Katty', a precursor to the modern game of [[Rounders]] in Ireland. Katty was exported around the world by Irishmen serving in the British Army and the game was adopted as both a training and recreational activity by British Army soldiers. The evolution of Katty in the empire is reflected in the use of anglicised Gaelic terms such as crioc, crios, bail, googly, still used in cricket as we know it today.<ref name="irishtimes.com"/><ref name="OffThe Ball"/><ref name="BRIEF HISTORY OF IRISH CRICKET"/><ref name="Cricket on solid local footing"/>

Modern Cricket was introduced to Ireland by the English in the towns of [[Kilkenny]] and [[Ballinasloe]] in the early 19th century. In the 1830s, the game began to spread; many of the clubs which were founded in the following 30 years are still in existence today.<ref name="cricinfo history">{{citation |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/ICC_MEMBERS/IRELAND/HISTORY.html |title=A brief history of cricket: Cricket in Ireland |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=2 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013215613/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/NATIONAL/ICC_MEMBERS/IRELAND/HISTORY.html |archive-date=13 October 2007 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 3 November 2008.</ref> The first Irish national team played in 1855 against The Gentlemen of England in Dublin. In the 1850s, the Englishman [[Charles Lawrence (cricketer)|Charles Lawrence]] was responsible for developing the game in Ireland through his coaching.<ref name="cricinfo history"/> In the 1850s and 1860s, Ireland was visited for the first time by touring professional teams. Ireland's first match against [[Marylebone Cricket Club]] (the M.C.C.) was in 1858.<ref name="cricinfo history"/><ref name="OffThe Ball" />

Cricket had flourished throughout the Ireland until the early 1880s. However, the Irish [[Land War]], the [[Gaelic Revival]] cultural movement and its offshoot the [[Gaelic Athletic Association]], founded in 1884, began to challenge the popularity of cricket.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/at-a-glance-irelands-rich-cricket-history|title=At a glance: Ireland's rich cricket history|date=8 May 2018 }}</ref> There were widespread calls to establish a national cricketing union in Ireland the 1870s to oversee the sport but landlords who owned the estates on which cricket was predominantly played declined to do so, many believing the game would distract their tenant farmers from working and thus impact the estates' income at a time when the [[Land War|land war]] was already depleting landlords wealth. One of those to call for a formal body to organise cricket was [[Michael Cusack (Gaelic Athletic Association)|Michael Cusack]], later the founder of the GAA. Cusack, was a keen cricketer, later tried to organise cricket under the umbrella of the newly formed Gaelic Athletic Association. His motion, however, lost out narrowly. Consequently, in 1902 cricket fell under the GAA's newly introduced Law 27 banning its members from playing "foreign", in practice, British, games. Until the ban was lifted in 1970, anyone playing foreign games, such as cricket or [[association football]], was banned from the membership of the GAA, the organisation responsible for games such as [[hurling]], [[Gaelic football]], [[rounders]], and [[Gaelic handball]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/cricket-in-ireland-424554|title=Cricket in Ireland}}</ref>

Thereafter Cricket in Ireland declined in popularity, especially in the era after the [[Land War|land war]] as the sport became associated with being a "garrison game" of the British Army. Participation became increasingly restricted to Catholic and Protestant public schools, the Anglo-Irish population, and unionists. Irish teams toured Canada and the US in 1879, 1888, 1892, and 1909. On top of this, Ireland defeated a touring South African side in 1904.<ref name="cricinfo history"/> Their first match with [[First-class cricket|first-class]] status was played on 19 May 1902 against a London County side including [[W.G. Grace]]. The Irish, captained by [[Sir Tim O'Brien, 3rd Baronet|Sir Tim O'Brien]], won convincingly by [[The result in cricket|238 runs]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/5/5899.html |title=f5558: London County v Ireland: Ireland in England 1902 |publisher=CricketArchive.com |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020182648/http://www.cricketarchive.co.uk/Archive/Scorecards/5/5899.html |archive-date=20 October 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 5 November 2008.</ref> An Irish Cricket union was eventually set up in 1923 but some clubs refused to recognise its legitimacy. It was only in 2001 that Cricket Ireland became the official oversight body for cricket in Ireland recognised by all cricket clubs on the island.<ref name="irishtimes.com"/><ref name="OffThe Ball"/><ref name="BRIEF HISTORY OF IRISH CRICKET"/><ref name="Cricket on solid local footing"/>

===Before 1993===
After the 1902 tour of England, where four matches yielded one win, two draws and one loss, Ireland did not play first-class cricket again for five years.<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1902_ENG_Ireland_in_England_1902.html |title=Ireland in England 1902 |publisher=CricketArchive.com |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925095910/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Seasons/ENG/1902_ENG_Ireland_in_England_1902.html |archive-date=25 September 2015 |url-status=dead }} Retrieved 11 November 2008.</ref> Although the team had lost to the South Africans in 1894 – Ireland's first match against a Test-playing nation – Ireland defeated South Africa in 1904; it was the team's first victory against a Test side.<ref name="Irish timeline">{{citation |title=A Timeline of Irish Cricket |url=http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/GENERAL/TIMELINES/ireland.shtml |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503181000/http://www.cricketeurope4.net/CRICKETEUROPE/GENERAL/TIMELINES/ireland.shtml |archive-date=3 May 2008 |url-status=dead |publisher=CricketEurope4.net}} Retrieved 11 November 2008.</ref> In 1909, the first annual first-class match between Ireland and [[Scotland cricket team|Scotland]] was held, and an annual match against the [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] was arranged from 1924 onwards.<ref name="cricinfo history"/>

The Irish played yearly first-class matches with the Scots, only interrupted by world wars, until 1999, but all their other cricket depended upon touring international sides finding it convenient to include a visit to Ireland in their schedules. However, Ireland sometimes surprised [[Test cricket|Test]] nations on these occasions, beating the [[West Indian cricket team|West Indies]] by 60 runs in a three-day match in [[Dublin]] in 1928, for example; it was Ireland's first match against the West Indies.<ref name="Irish timeline"/> In 1969, in a match played at [[Sion Mills]] in [[County Tyrone]], the team defeated a West Indian side including [[Clive Lloyd]] and [[Clyde Walcott]] by nine wickets, after bowling them out for 25.<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/30/30223.html |title=misc3695 Ireland v West Indians: West Indies in British Isles 1969 |publisher=CricketArchive.com |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180106231942/https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/30/30223.html |archive-date=6 January 2018 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 16 November 2008.</ref> This was the last time Ireland defeated a touring side until 2003, when they beat [[Zimbabwean cricket team|Zimbabwe]] by ten wickets.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/129584.html |title=Ireland overwhelm Zimbabwe in ten-wicket win |publisher=Cricinfo |date=13 June 2003 |access-date=28 May 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709212733/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci/content/story/129584.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Scots and the Irish were mostly competing with [[Sri Lankan cricket team|Sri Lanka]] for the title as the best non-Test nation at the time – indeed, Ireland drew with Sri Lanka in a rain-hit first-class match in 1979, Ireland scoring a total of 341 for 7 in two innings, while Sri Lanka made 288 for 6 in one innings. Ireland, along with Scotland and the Netherlands, has at times played in competitions for [[List of English First Class Cricket Counties|English county cricket sides]], including the [[Benson & Hedges Cup]] and the [[Friends Provident Trophy]] (previously the [[C&G Trophy]]). Since there is no nationality restriction in county cricket, non-Irish people were allowed to compete for Ireland in these matches. For example, [[Hansie Cronje]] of South Africa played for Ireland in 1997,<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2009/2009.html |title=Hanse Cronje |publisher=CricketArchive.com |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111116222823/http://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Players/2/2009/2009.html |archive-date=16 November 2011 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref> as did New Zealander [[Jesse Ryder]] in 2007.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/newzealand/content/story/296125.html |title=Ryder no-show for Ireland |date=28 May 2007 |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710110501/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/newzealand/content/story/296125.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref>

===Associate Member (1993–2007)===
Ireland joined the ICC as an [[List of International Cricket Council members#Associate Members|Associate Member]] in 1993, a year before Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |work=ICC |title=About ICC Cricket |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/about/the-icc/history-of-icc/1989-present |access-date=2024-10-13 |language=en}}</ref> This meant Ireland could play in the [[ICC Trophy]] for the first time in 1994, and they finished seventh in the tournament.<ref>{{citation |url=https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/ABN-AMRO_ICC_Trophy_1993-94.html |title=ABN-AMRO ICC Trophy 1993/94 points table |publisher=CricketArchive.com |access-date=9 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304233549/http://www.cricketarchive.com/Archive/Events/Tables/ABN-AMRO_ICC_Trophy_1993-94.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 12 November 2008.</ref> Three years later they progressed to the semi-finals of the competition but lost the third place play-off with Scotland, thus missing a place at the [[1999 cricket World Cup]]. Ireland finished eighth in the 2001 tournament.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2001 ICC Trophy |url=https://www.cricketeuropearchive.com/CRICKETEUROPE/TOURNAMENTS/2001/ICCTROPHY/results.shtml |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref> After this, [[Adrian Birrell]] was hired as coach.<ref name="BRIEF HISTORY OF IRISH CRICKET" />

[[Image:Ireland compete against Essex at Castle Avenue, Dublin, 13 May 2007, Friends Provident Trophy - 100 1795 (2).jpg|upright|thumbnail|right|Ireland playing against [[Essex County Cricket Club|Essex]] in the [[Friends Provident Trophy]] at [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground|Clontarf]] in 2007.]]
With the introduction of the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup]] in 2004,<ref>{{Cite web |title=New first-class tournament for ICC Associates kicks off tomorrow |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/new-first-class-tournament-for-icc-associates-kicks-off-tomorrow-140323 |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=ESPNcricinfo |language=en}}</ref> Ireland had a chance to play first-class on a regular basis. After failing to progress beyond the group stages in the 2004 [[2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup|competition]],<ref>{{citation |url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004/OTHERS/ICC-CONT/ICC-CONT_POINTS.html |title=Intercontinental Cup 2004 points table |publisher=Cricinfo |year=2004 |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040810095054/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2004/OTHERS/ICC-CONT/ICC-CONT_POINTS.html |archive-date=10 August 2004 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 11 November 2008.</ref> Ireland won their first Cup title in [[2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup|October 2005]] with a six-wicket win over Kenya.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icccont/content/story/223519.html |title=Ireland secure Intercontinental glory |publisher=Cricinfo |date=29 October 2005 |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051102055327/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icccont/content/story/223519.html |archive-date=2 November 2005 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 11 November 2008.</ref> The [[2005 ICC Trophy]], which was hosted in Ireland – the group stages in [[Belfast]], Northern Ireland, the final stages in [[Dublin]], [[Republic of Ireland]] – saw the Irish make the final, which they lost to Scotland.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icct/content/story/213443.html |title=Elementary for Watson as Scotland secure Trophy |first=Edward |last=Craig |publisher=Cricinfo |date=13 July 2005 |access-date=3 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708214422/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icct/content/story/213443.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 3 November 2008.</ref> Though Ireland were runners-up, they had secured their place at the 2007 World Cup as well as an extra $500,000 over the next four years from the ICC to encourage development of Irish cricket.<ref name="Edward Craig">{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icct/content/story/213344.html |title=Scotland begin as slight favourites |author=Edward Craig |publisher=Cricinfo |date=12 July 2005 |access-date=3 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710002815/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icct/content/story/213344.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 3 November 2008.</ref> They also gained official ODI status.<ref name="Edward Craig"/>

Ireland's inaugural ODI was played in front of a full house of 7,500 spectators at [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]], on 13 June 2006 against England. It was the first time Ireland had played the full England side. Though Ireland lost by 38 runs, they were praised by [[Andrew Strauss]], England's stand-in captain.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/249849.html |title=Ireland announce squad for England match |publisher=Cricinfo |date=7 June 2006 |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707081908/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/249849.html |archive-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 3 November 2008.</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/england/content/story/250291.html |title=England's win fails to hide cracks |author=Will Luke |publisher=Cricinfo |date=13 June 2006}} Retrieved 3 November 2008.</ref>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 13 June 2006
| time =
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| team2 = {{flagicon|Ireland|cricket}} Ireland
| score1 = 301/7 (50 overs)
| runs1 = [[Marcus Trescothick]] 113 (114)
| wickets1 = [[Dave Langford-Smith]] 3/63 (10 overs)
| score2 = 263/9 (50 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andre Botha (cricketer)|Andre Botha]] 52 (89)
| wickets2 = [[Steve Harmison]] 3/58 (10 overs)
| result = England won by 38 runs
| report = <ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/engvireland/engine/current/match/225171.html</ref>
| venue = [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]], [[Belfast]]
| umpires = [[Roger Dill]] (BER) and [[DB Hair]] (AUS)
| motm = [[Marcus Trescothick]] (Eng)
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
August saw them participate in Division One of the European Championship, against Denmark, [[Italian cricket team|Italy]], the Netherlands and Scotland. The games against the Netherlands and Scotland had ODI status. In the tournament, and what was the team's second ODI, Ireland recorded their first ODI win, beating fellow Associates Scotland by 85 runs after man-of-the-match Eoin Morgan made 99.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/scotland/content/story/255696.html |title=Morgan stars as Ireland shock Scotland |publisher=Cricinfo |date=6 August 2006 |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008165701/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/scotland/content/story/255696.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref> Although the match against the Netherlands was a no-result, Ireland won the European Championship title.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/256045.html |title=Ireland secure European title |publisher=Cricinfo |date=9 August 2006 |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710134455/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/256045.html |archive-date=10 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref> Ireland's second Intercontinental Cup title came in the [[ICC Intercontinental Cup#2006–2007 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2006–2007 competition]]. They faced Canada in the final and won by an innings and 115 runs, the four-day match concluding within two days. This made Ireland the first team to successfully defend the Continental Cup.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icccont/content/story/295595.html |title=Ireland complete final rout |date=23 May 2007 |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120717011317/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icccont/content/story/295595.html |archive-date=17 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref>

For the 2006 season, the C&G Trophy was reorganised to include a round-robin stage instead of being entirely knock-out. Whereas Ireland had only one match guaranteed in the tournament before, they now had more fixtures against English county sides. Ireland recorded one win in their nine matches.<ref>{{citation |url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006/ENG_LOCAL/C+G/C+G_2006_TABLE.html |title=Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy – Points Table |year=2006 |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705184326/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2006/ENG_LOCAL/C+G/C+G_2006_TABLE.html |archive-date=5 July 2008 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref> Ireland participated in the competition until it was restructured again in 2009. In that time they played 25 matches and won two.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/countycricket2007/engine/series/268020.html?view=pointstable |title=Friends Provident Trophy, 2007 |year=2007 |publisher=Cricinfo}} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/countycricket2008/engine/series/319688.html?view=pointstable |title=Friends Provident Trophy, 2008 |year=2008 |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101214932/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/countycricket2008/engine/series/319688.html?view=pointstable |archive-date=1 January 2009 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref> The latter of those victories was against [[Worcestershire County Cricket Club|Worcestershire]]; in that match Ireland bowled Worcestershire out for 58, which was their lowest ever one-day total. It was the first time that Ireland had bowled out a county for less than 100.<ref>{{citation | url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/8054602.stm | work=BBC News | date=20 May 2009 | access-date=5 January 2010 | title=Connell haul sinks Worcestershire | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090527003234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/8054602.stm | archive-date=27 May 2009 | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/373948.html?view=pointstable |title=Friends Provident Trophy, 2009 / Points table |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo |access-date=18 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519231333/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/series/373948.html?view=pointstable |archive-date=19 May 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ireland were invited to participate in the reformatted competition from 2010 onwards, but chose not to do so, and instead focused their limited financial resources on international cricket.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/427110.html |title=Ireland decline ECB's 40-over invite |publisher=Cricinfo |date=28 September 2009 |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222150136/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/427110.html |archive-date=22 December 2011 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 15 March 2011.</ref>

===One-Day International status without test status (2007–2016)===
At the start of 2007, Ireland saw more than three months of almost constant cricket. First was a visit to Kenya, where they took part in [[2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One|Division One]] of the [[ICC World Cricket League]]. They finished fifth in the league after four narrow defeats, and Kenya won the league.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/279633.html |title=Life is good beyond the Test world |author=Martin Williamson |publisher=Cricinfo |date=9 February 2007 |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017054442/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/279633.html |archive-date=17 October 2008 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref> Before the World Cup, the team participated in a high-performance camp in South Africa.<ref name="tough at the top">{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/308932.html |title=Tough at the top |publisher=Cricinfo |author=Andrew McGlashan |date=1 September 2007 |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070904174308/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/308932.html |archive-date=4 September 2007 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref> Ireland's performance in their inaugural World Cup in the [[Ireland at the Cricket World Cup|2007 Cricket World Cup]] took many pundits by surprise. In their first game, on 15 March, they tied with [[Zimbabwean cricket team|Zimbabwe]], primarily thanks to Ireland's first ever World Cup century by man-of-the-match [[Jeremy Bray (cricketer)|Jeremy Bray]] and economical bowling in the final overs by Trent Johnston and Andre Botha.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/285484.html |title=Bray makes it Ireland's day |publisher=Cricinfo |author=S Rajesh and HR Gopalakrishna |date=15 March 2007 |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070325030054/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/285484.html |archive-date=25 March 2007 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 5 November 2008.</ref> In their second match, played on [[Saint Patrick's Day]], they beat the fourth-ranked team in the world, [[Pakistani cricket team|Pakistan]], by three wickets, thus knocking Pakistan out of the competition.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/285827.html |title=Shamrocks turn Pakistan green |publisher=Cricinfo |author=Dileep Premachandran |date=17 March 2007 |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070320200909/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/285827.html |archive-date=20 March 2007 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 5 November 2008.</ref>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 17 March 2007
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| score1 = 132 (45.4 overs)
| score2 = 133/7 (41.4 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| runs1 = [[Kamran Akmal]] 27 (47)
| wickets1 = [[Boyd Rankin]] 3/32 (9 overs)
| runs2 = [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]] 72 (107)
| wickets2 = [[Mohammad Sami]] 3/29 (10 overs)
| result = Ireland won by 3 wickets ([[Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method|D/L method]])
| report = <ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/247465.html</ref>
| venue = [[Sabina Park]], [[Kingston, Jamaica]]
| umpires = [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ) and [[Brian Jerling]] (SA)
| motm = [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]] (Ire)
| rain = Rain and bad light reduced Ireland's target to 128 from 47 overs.
| notes =
}}
These two results were enough to advance Ireland to the Super-8 stage of the tournament. In their final group-stage game, the West Indies beat them by eight wickets.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286885.html |title=Chanderpaul hundred sinks Ireland |publisher=Cricinfo |author=Will Luke |date=23 March 2007 |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220205405/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wc2007/content/story/286885.html |archive-date=20 February 2009 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 5 November 2008.</ref> In the Super 8 stage, they lost their matches against England, South Africa, New Zealand, Australia, and Sri Lanka, but recorded a 74-run victory against Test-playing nation [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]], the 9th-ranked team in the world. The team received a heroes' welcome in Dublin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroes' welcome greets homecoming Irish team |url=https://www.rediff.com/wc2007/2007/apr/25ireland.htm |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.rediff.com}}</ref>

After the World Cup, former West Indies cricketer [[Phil Simmons]] took over the role of coach from Birrell.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/281572.html |title=Simmons confirmed as new Irish coach |publisher=Cricinfo |date=25 February 2007 |access-date=5 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707182146/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/281572.html |archive-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 5 November 2008.</ref> [[Indian cricket team|India]] were scheduled to play [[South African cricket team|South Africa]] in a series of One Day Internationals in Ireland in June 2007. Ireland also played one-off matches at Stormont against the two teams. Missing several players from their World Cup squad, Ireland lost both games.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvind/engine/series/258449.html |title=Matches India tour of Ireland, England and Scotland, Jun–Sep 2007 |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=16 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011050323/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/engvind/engine/series/258449.html |archive-date=11 October 2008 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 16 November 2008.</ref> Ireland hosted a [[Quadrangular Series in Ireland in 2007|quadrangular tournament in Dublin and Belfast]] in July involving the West Indies, the Netherlands, and Scotland. Ireland and the West Indies both won their games against Scotland and the Netherlands with their direct encounter ending in [[The result in cricket#No result|no result]] due to rain. The West Indies won the tournament because of a bonus point won against the Netherlands.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/4natireland/content/story/302095.html |title=Ireland win but West Indies take series |publisher=Cricinfo |date=15 July 2007 |access-date=10 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120708004234/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/4natireland/content/story/302095.html |archive-date=8 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref> Trent Johnston stepped down as captain and was replaced by [[William Porterfield]] in March 2008.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/cricket/counties/ireland/7363370.stm |title=Porterfield takes charge |work=BBC Online |date=23 April 2008 |access-date=23 February 2014}}</ref>

The [[2007–08 ICC Intercontinental Cup]] began in June, with Ireland playing their first match in August. In November 2008, the team's campaign ended. After finishing second in the round-robin stage of the competition, Ireland faced [[Namibia cricket team|Namibia]] in the final. Ireland won by nine wickets, securing their third consecutive Intercontinental Cup title.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icccont2007/content/story/376686.html |title=Niall O'Brien century pilots Ireland to title |publisher=Cricinfo |date=2 November 2008 |access-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709123112/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/icccont2007/content/story/376686.html |archive-date=9 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 3 November 2008.</ref> In March 2008 Ireland toured Bangladesh, playing three ODIs against the hosts and losing all of them.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2007-08/IRELAND_IN_BDESH/ |title=Bangladesh v Ireland 2007–08 |publisher=Cricinfo |date=April 2008 |access-date=2 April 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080402003408/http://www.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2007-08/IRELAND_IN_BDESH/ |archive-date=2 April 2008 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 10 November 2008.</ref> In July, Ireland played a [[2008 Associates Tri-Series in Scotland|tri-series]] against New Zealand and Scotland in [[Aberdeen]] but lost both matches.<ref>{{citation |url=http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2008/OD_TOURNEYS/3-NAT_SCOT/ |title=Associates Tri-Series (in Scotland) |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714163332/http://uk.cricinfo.com/db/ARCHIVE/2008/OD_TOURNEYS/3-NAT_SCOT/ |archive-date=14 July 2008 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 4 November 2008.</ref>

[[File:Ireland vs Pakistan2 cropped.jpg|thumb|Ireland playing against Pakistan at the Kennington Oval during the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009 T20 World Cup]]. [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]] is keeping wicket whilst and [[Trent Johnston]] is the fielder.]]

Reigning champions Ireland hosted the [[European Cricket Championship]] (Division One) in late July and they won their third European title, winning every match, including the decisive encounter against Scotland by seven wickets.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/363165.html |title=Ireland retain European title |publisher=Cricinfo |date=31 July 2008 |access-date=4 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120711234141/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/363165.html |archive-date=11 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 4 November 2008.</ref> In early August, Ireland hosted five other Associate nations at the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] in Belfast; this was Ireland's [[Twenty20 International]] debut. Ireland would have faced the Netherlands in the final, however the match was rained off and the teams shared the trophy.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/iccworldtwenty20/content/story/363767.html |title=Ireland and Netherlands share the trophy |publisher=Cricinfo |date=5 August 2008 |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611003953/http://www.cricinfo.com/iccworldtwenty20/content/story/363767.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 11 June 2009.</ref> By getting to the final of the tournament, Ireland qualified for the [[2009 ICC World Twenty20]] in England in June 2009. Later in August, Ireland were due to play three ODIs at home against Kenya. Ireland won the first game, the second game could not be finished due to rain and the last match was completely washed out.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/366435.html |title=Ireland take series after washout |publisher=Cricinfo |date=27 August 2008 |access-date=3 November 2008 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707232505/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/366435.html |archive-date=7 July 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 3 November 2008.</ref> In October, the team visited Kenya for a [[2008 Associates Tri-Series in Kenya|tri-series of ODIs]] with the hosts and Zimbabwe. Only two of Ireland's four games in the round-robin stage could be played, the others were rained off. Ireland lost their first match to Zimbabwe,<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/tri-kenya/content/story/374342.html |title=Taibu and Dabengwa star in convincing Zimbabwe win |publisher=Cricinfo |date=17 October 2007 |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081018222112/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/tri-kenya/content/story/374342.html |archive-date=18 October 2008 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 11 November 2008.</ref> but won their second against Kenya, though they failed to qualify for the final.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/tri-kenya/content/story/374480.html |title=Kevin O'Brien sets up comprehensive win |publisher=Cricinfo |date=18 October 2007 |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020022959/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/tri-kenya/content/story/374480.html |archive-date=20 October 2008 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 11 November 2008.</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/tri-kenya/content/story/375086.html |title=Ireland sent packing by the rain |publisher=Cricinfo |date=25 October 2007 |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008224516/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/tri-kenya/content/story/375086.html |archive-date=8 October 2012 |url-status=live }} Retrieved 23 November 2008.</ref>

In the run-up to the 2009 ICC World Twenty20, Ireland were deprived of batsman [[Eoin Morgan]], similarly to [[Ed Joyce]] several years earlier, who was selected to play for England, making him ineligible to play for Ireland again.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/engvwi2009/content/current/story/405314.html |title=Switching colours, switching hits |author=Andrew McGlashan |publisher=Cricinfo |date=21 May 2009 |access-date=11 June 2009}}</ref> Ireland played their first Twenty20 International against a full ICC member side on 8 June 2009 and in their opening match of the tournament defeated Bangladesh by four wickets and knocked them out of the tournament.<ref name=":0">{{citation |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wt202009/content/story/408075.html |title=Associated with the best |author=George Binoy |publisher=Cricinfo |date=8 June 2009 |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610192545/http://www.cricinfo.com/wt202009/content/story/408075.html |archive-date=10 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/wt202009/content/story/408033.html |title=Ireland storm into Super Eights |author=Jamie Alter |publisher=Cricinfo |date=8 June 2009 |access-date=11 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090611015202/http://www.cricinfo.com/wt202009/content/story/408033.html |archive-date=11 June 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ireland progressed to the second stage of the competition. They were grouped with [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]], [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] and lost all three of their matches. In 2009, Ireland played nine ODIs, winning the seven they played against Associate nations, losing their only match against a Test team (England), and one match was abandoned.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=2009;team=29;type=year |title=2009 – Ireland / Records / One-Day Internationals / Match results (2009) |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215150408/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=2009;team=29;type=year |archive-date=15 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ireland played 17 One Day Internationals in 2010, winning 11 (including a victory over Bangladesh) and losing six.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=2010;team=29;type=year |title=2009 – Ireland / Records / One-Day Internationals / Match results (2010) |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=15 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111215150635/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=2010;team=29;type=year |archive-date=15 December 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ireland were knocked out of the [[2010 ICC World Twenty20]], hosted by South Africa in April and May, after being beaten by the [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]] and a washed out match against England.

[[File:Porterfield, 2013 (1).jpg|thumb|Captain William Porterfield batting against England during [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]]'s inaugural ODI in 2013.]]

The [[Ireland at the Cricket World Cup|2011 Cricket World Cup]] was held between February and March and hosted by Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. Though Ireland did not progress beyond the first round they secured a historic victory against England.<ref name=2011review>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2011/content/story/547336.html |title=The Ireland story and others |publisher=Cricinfo |first=Martin |last=Williamson |date=31 December 2011 |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120110194017/http://www.espncricinfo.com/review2011/content/story/547336.html |archive-date=10 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ireland beat England by 3 wickets with [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] hitting the fastest century in World Cup history, managing the feat in just 50 balls.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/mar/02/england-ireland-live|title=England v Ireland – as it happened|date=2 March 2011|work=Guardian|access-date=2 March 2011|location=London|first1=Rob|last1=Smyth|first2=Alan|last2=Gardner|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219050457/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2011/mar/02/england-ireland-live|archive-date=19 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> In passing England's total of 327 for victory, Ireland broke the record for the highest successful run chase in the World Cup.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/cricket-world-cup/8357565/Cricket-World-Cup-2011-fastest-hundreds-in-history-of-the-competition.html|title=Cricket World Cup 2011: fastest hundreds in history of the competition|date=2 March 2011|work=Daily Telegraph|access-date=2 March 2011|location=London|first=Ian|last=Oxborrow|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131215085030/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/cricket/cricket-world-cup/8357565/Cricket-World-Cup-2011-fastest-hundreds-in-history-of-the-competition.html|archive-date=15 December 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{Limited overs matches
| date = 2 March 2011
| team1 = {{cr-rt|ENG}}
| score1 = 327/8 (50 overs)
| score2 = 329/7 (49.1 overs)
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| runs1 = [[Jonathan Trott]] 92 (92)
| wickets1 = [[Trent Johnston]] 2/58 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] 113 (63)
| wickets2 = [[Graeme Swann]] 3/47 (10 overs)
| result = Ireland won by 3 wickets
| report = <ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc_cricket_worldcup2011/engine/match/433572.html</ref>
| venue = [[M Chinnaswamy Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
| umpires = [[Aleem Dar]] (Pak) and [[Billy Bowden]] (NZ)
| motm = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] (Ire)
| toss =
| rain =
}}
Shortly after the tournament ended, the ICC announced that the World Cups in 2015 and 2019 would contain ten teams; the Associate countries, who were most likely to miss out in a tournament with fewer teams strongly objected, and, led by Ireland, urged the ICC to reconsider. In June the decision was reversed.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/509530.html |title=ICC confirms 10 teams for next two World Cups |first=Sidharth |last=Monga |publisher=Cricinfo |date=4 April 2011 |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126213306/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/509530.html |archive-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/521049.html |title=Associates included in 2015 World Cup |first=Sharda |last=Ugra |publisher=Cricinfo |date=28 June 2011 |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204122022/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci-icc/content/story/521049.html |archive-date=4 February 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> After the World Cup Ireland played Pakistan, England, and Scotland in ODIs but lost each match.<ref name=2011review/> A further ODI against Sri Lanka was rained off. In all, Ireland played 12 ODIs in 2011, winning four.<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/team/29.html?class=2;spanmax2=31+Dec+2011;spanmin1=01+Jan+2011;spanval1=span;spanval2=span;template=results;type=team;view=results |title=Ireland ODI results: 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2011 |access-date=25 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427195447/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/team/29.html?class=2;spanmax2=31+Dec+2011;spanmin1=01+Jan+2011;spanval1=span;spanval2=span;template=results;type=team;view=results |archive-date=27 April 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Ireland qualified for the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]], and were promoted to the ICC ODI Championship, leaving the World Cricket League, but not the ICC Intercontinental Cup. In their first match of the World Cup, Ireland defeated the West Indies by 4 wickets, chasing down 304 runs with 25 balls to spare.<ref>{{cite news| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/cricket/31008403| title = ICC Cricket World Cup 2015: Ireland beat West Indies – Live – BBC Sport| work = BBC Sport}}</ref>
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = {{anchor|match5}} 16 February 2015
| team1 = {{cr-rt|WIN}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 304/7 (50 overs)
| score2 = 307/6 (45.5 overs)
| runs1 = [[Lendl Simmons]] 102 (84)
| wickets1 = [[George Dockrell]] 3/50 (10 overs)
| runs2 = [[Paul Stirling]] 92 (84)
| wickets2 = [[Jerome Taylor]] 3/71 (8.5 overs)
| result = Ireland won by 4 wickets
| report = <ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/656407.html</ref>
| venue = [[Saxton Oval]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Bruce Oxenford]] (Aus)
| motm = [[Paul Stirling]] (Ire)
| toss =
| rain =
| notes =
}}
In their second match they beat the United Arab Emirates by two wickets with four balls to spare; the target was 279. Out of only five successful World Cup chases of 300 runs or more, Ireland have provided three.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/16/cricket-world-cup-ireland-beat-west-indies|title=Ireland produce first upset of Cricket World Cup with win over West Indies|date=16 February 2015|work=Guardian|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150217122327/http://www.theguardian.com/sport/2015/feb/16/cricket-world-cup-ireland-beat-west-indies|archive-date=17 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/cricket/31479350|title=Ireland stun West Indies in Nelson|date=16 February 2015|work=BBC Sport|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216151656/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/cricket/31479350|archive-date=16 February 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

In July 2016, Ireland played in its first [[Afghan cricket team in Ireland in 2016|five-match ODI series against Afghanistan]] which ended 2–2 with the first ODI being washed out. In September, Ireland toured South Africa for [[Irish cricket team in South Africa in 2016-17|a one match ODI series against Australia and the hosts]] but lost both games. At the [[International Cricket Council|ICC]]'s board meeting in October, Ireland was awarded [[first-class cricket|first-class]] status for its domestic competition, the Inter-Provincial Championship.

In May 2017, Ireland travelled to England to play a [[Irish cricket team in England in 2017|two-match ODI series]] for the first time, though they ended up losing both games.

===Test status (2017–present)===
In January 2012 Cricket Ireland chief executive Warren Deutrom publicly declared Ireland's ambition to play [[Test cricket]] by 2020. Their desire to achieve Test status was in part to stem the tide of Irish players using residency rules to switch to England for the opportunity to play Test cricket. Deutrom outlined the ambition as he unveiled the new strategic plan for Irish cricket to 2015. The plan set out a series of stretching goals including increasing the number of participants in the game to 50,000, setting a target of reaching 8th in the World rankings, establishing a domestic first-class cricket structure, and reinforcing cricket as the fifth most popular team sport in Ireland.<ref name="CricketIreland2012a">{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Jon |date=25 January 2012 |title=Ireland set out their goal to play test cricket |url=https://www.cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES5/articles/000002/000278.shtml |access-date=14 October 2024 |website=irishcricketarchives.org}}</ref><ref name=BBC2012a>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/16698328 |title=Ireland announce plans to apply for Test status |date=24 January 2012 |publisher=BBC Sport – Cricket |access-date=18 June 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327004534/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/16698328 |archive-date=27 March 2014 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Deutrom had already sent a letter to the ICC in 2009 stating his board's intention to apply for Full Membership – a potential pathway to Test cricket – and to seek clarification on the process.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/432837.html |title=Ireland in hot pursuit of Full Member status | Ireland Cricket News |first=Alex |last=Brown |date=3 November 2009 |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=23 July 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100524180428/http://www.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/432837.html |archive-date=24 May 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> Former Australian bowler [[Jason Gillespie]] said that if Ireland got Test status it "would be huge news in world cricket, and it would be a massive positive story for the world game".<ref name="Gillespie">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/30489047 |title=Australian Jason Gillespie backs Ireland for full Test status |access-date=17 December 2014 |work=BBC Sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204080858/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/30489047 |archive-date=4 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> Following Ireland's victory over the West Indies in the [[2015 Cricket World Cup]], former fast bowler [[Michael Holding]] said that the [[International Cricket Council]] should grant Ireland Test status immediately, saying "they need to be recognised now".<ref name="Holding">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/31501767 |title=Cricket World Cup: Michael Holding calls for Ireland Test status |access-date=18 February 2015 |work=BBC Sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218070941/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/cricket/31501767 |archive-date=18 February 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ICC said in 2015 that Ireland would be granted Test status in 2019 should they win the [[2015–17 ICC Intercontinental Cup]] and beat the 10th ranked Test nation in a four-match Test series in 2018.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/cricket/32963537|title=Ireland begin bid for Test status against UAE|access-date=7 February 2015|work=BBC Sport|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150601213243/http://www.bbc.com/sport/0/cricket/32963537|archive-date=1 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>

However, on 22 June 2017, after more than a decade of playing top-class international cricket, full ICC membership was granted to Ireland (along with Afghanistan) at an ICC meeting in London, thus making them the eleventh Test cricket team.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICC unanimously votes for Afghanistan, Ireland as Test playing nations – Cricket News |url=https://www.wionews.com/cricket/icc-votes-for-afghanistan-ireland-as-test-playing-nations-17163/amp |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.wionews.com}}</ref> In October 2017, the ICC announced that Ireland's first Test match would be at home [[Pakistani cricket team in Ireland in 2018|against Pakistan]] in May 2018.<ref name="confirm">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20999394/ireland-confirm-pakistan-first-test-opponents |title=Ireland confirm Pakistan as first Test opponents |access-date=12 October 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012204401/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/20999394/ireland-confirm-pakistan-first-test-opponents |archive-date=12 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CI1st">{{cite web |last=Easdown |first=Craig |date=12 October 2017 |title=Pakistan Confirmed as Ireland's First Test Opponents |url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/pakistan-confirmed-as-irelands-first-test-opponents |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012202815/http://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/pakistan-confirmed-as-irelands-first-test-opponents |archive-date=12 October 2017 |access-date=13 December 2023 |work=Cricket Ireland}}</ref> Ireland played their first 'touring' Test in India in March 2019 against fellow newcomers [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]], where they lost by 7 wickets. This was followed by a four-day Test match against England at [[Lord's]] [[Irish cricket team in England in 2019|in July 2019]].<ref name="Lord's">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/44885175 |title=England to play four-day Ireland Test before 2019 Ashes series |access-date=19 July 2018 |work=BBC Sport |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180719105241/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/44885175 |archive-date=19 July 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> According to the [[ICC Future Tours Programme]] for 2019–23, Ireland are scheduled to play sixteen Tests, but along with Afghanistan and Zimbabwe, are not included in the first two editions of the [[World Test Championship|ICC World Test Championship]].<ref name="IreFTP">{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21749022/ireland-afghanistan-set-play-consistent-test-cricket |title=Ireland, Afghanistan set to play consistent Test cricket |access-date=12 December 2017 |work=ESPN Cricinfo |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213011954/http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/21749022/ireland-afghanistan-set-play-consistent-test-cricket |archive-date=13 December 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Two-innings cricket match
| date = 11–15 May 2018{{efn|name="Day 1 lost"|Although the match was set to begin on 11 May, the first day was lost due to rain and play began on 12 May.}}
| team1 = {{cr-rt|PAK}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}

| score-team1-inns1 = 310/9[[Declaration and forfeiture#Declaration|d]] (96 overs)
| runs-team1-inns1 = [[Faheem Ashraf]] 83 (115)
| wickets-team1-inns1 = [[Tim Murtagh]] 4/45 (25 overs)

| score-team2-inns1 = 130 (47.2 overs)
| runs-team2-inns1 = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] 40 (68)
| wickets-team2-inns1 = [[Mohammad Abbas (cricketer)|Mohammad Abbas]] 4/44 (11 overs)

| score-team1-inns2 = 160/5 (45 overs)
| runs-team1-inns2 = [[Imam-ul-Haq]] 74[[not out|*]] (121)
| wickets-team1-inns2 = [[Tim Murtagh]] 2/55 (16 overs)

| score-team2-inns2 = 339 (129.3 overs) ([[follow-on|f/o]])
| runs-team2-inns2 = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] 118 (217)
| wickets-team2-inns2 = [[Mohammad Abbas (cricketer)|Mohammad Abbas]] 5/66 (28.3 overs)

| result = Pakistan won by 5 wickets
| report = [http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1127284.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]], [[Malahide]]
| umpires = [[Richard Illingworth]] (Eng) and [[Nigel Llong]] (Eng)
| motm = [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] (Ire)
| toss = Ireland won the toss and elected to field.
| rain =
}}
Ireland played England in a four-day Test match at Lord's in July 2019. Even though they bowled England out for 85 before lunch on the first day, they were themselves all out for 38 in the final innings, losing the match by 143 runs.<ref>http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1152839.html</ref>

In October 2019, [[Andrew Balbirnie]] was appointed Test and ODI captain and one month later, in November he also took over the captaincy of T20I from [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]], thus becoming all format captain for Ireland.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/111067/andy-balbirnie-appointed-ireland-cricket-t20i-captain-gary-wilson |title=Balbirnie appointed Ireland T20I captain|work=Cricbuzz|date=29 November 2019 |access-date=30 November 2019}}</ref>

On 16 January 2022, Ireland claimed their first away ODI series win over a fellow Test nation by beating the [[West Indies cricket|West Indies]] by two wickets at [[Sabina Park]] in [[Jamaica]].<ref name="Away ODI series win">{{cite web |title=Ireland's cricketers clinch massive series win against the West Indies |url=https://www.the42.ie/ireland-beat-west-indies-to-win-odi-series-5656625-Jan2022/ |website=the42 |date=16 January 2022 |access-date=17 January 2022}}</ref> On 31 March 2023, Ireland claimed their first win against Bangladesh on Bangladeshi soil in the third match of their T20 three match series.<ref name="Away Bangladesh win">{{cite web |title=Paul Stirling leads Ireland to maiden Bangladesh win |url=https://www.the42.ie/ireland-cricket-7-6033647-Mar2023/ |website=the42 |date=31 March 2023 |access-date=31 March 2023}}</ref> Ireland achieved their first-ever series win in Zimbabwe, after winning a three-match series 2–1 in December 2023.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORIC SERIES WIN |url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/historic-series-win/ |website=Ireland Cricket |date=10 December 2023 |access-date=12 December 2023}}</ref> The following week they followed up their T20 success with a 2–0 one-day international series victory, which was their first ODI series win in Zimbabwe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unbeaten Balbirnie stars as Ireland win Zimbabwe ODI series |url=https://www.the42.ie/ireland-zimbabwe-2-6252319-Dec2023/ |website=the42 |date=17 December 2023 |access-date=17 December 2023}}</ref>

Ireland won their first Test on 1 March 2024 (after losing their first seven), defeating Afghanistan in Abu Dhabi by six wickets.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ireland create history with maiden Test win |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/ireland-create-history-with-maiden-test-win |website=ICC |date=March 2024 |access-date=1 March 2024}}</ref>
{{Two-innings cricket match
|date=28 Feb – 01 March 2024{{efn|name="Days"|While four days of play were scheduled for the one-off Test, the match reached a result in three days.}}
|venue=[[Tolerance Oval]], [[Abu Dhabi]]
|team1={{cr-rt|AFG}}
|team2={{cr|IRE}}
|umpires=[[Adrian Holdstock]] (SAF) and [[Richard Kettleborough]] (ENG)
|toss=Afghanistan won the toss and elected to bat
|result=Ireland won by 6 wickets
|report=<ref>https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/afghanistan-vs-ireland-2023-24-1416063/afghanistan-vs-ireland-only-test-1416080/full-scorecard</ref>
|motm=[[Mark Adair]] (IRE)
|score-team1-inns1=155 (54.5 overs)
|runs-team1-inns1=[[Ibrahim Zadran]] 53 (83)
|wickets-team1-inns1=[[Mark Adair]] 5/39 (16.5 overs)
|score-team2-inns1=263 (83.4 overs)
|runs-team2-inns1=[[Paul Stirling]] 52 (89)
|wickets-team2-inns1=[[Zia-ur-Rehman]] 5/64 (30 overs)
|score-team1-inns2=218 (75.4 overs)
|runs-team1-inns2=[[Hashmatullah Shahidi]] 55 (107)
|wickets-team1-inns2=[[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] 3/24 (10.4 overs)
|score-team2-inns2=111/4 (31.3 overs)
|wickets-team2-inns2=[[Naveed Zadran]] 2/31 (9.3 overs)
|runs-team2-inns2=[[Andy Balbirnie]] 58* (96)
|notes=
}}

A couple months after their first Test victory, Ireland secured their first T20 victory over Pakistan in two attempts, winning by five wickets with one ball remaining.<ref>{{cite web |title=Balbirnie's 77 leads the way as Ireland beat Pakistan for the first time in T20Is |url=https://www.espn.com/cricket/series/22148/report/1426830/ireland-vs-pakistan-1st-t20i-ireland-vs-pakistan-2024 |website=ESPN Cricket |access-date=10 May 2024}}</ref> In July 2024 Ireland beat Zimbabwe by four wickets at [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]] and recorded a second consecutive Test victory and a first on home soil.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lorcan Tucker and Andy McBrine lead Ireland to historic first home Test win |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/sport/2024/07/28/lorcan-tucker-and-andy-mcbrine-lead-ireland-to-historic-first-home-test-win/ |website=Irish Times |access-date=28 July 2024}}</ref> In September 2024 [[Ross Adair]]'s maiden century powered Ireland to their first T20 win over South Africa to share the series 1–1.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ireland earn landmark T20I win over South Africa in UAE |url=https://www.rte.ie/sport/cricket/2024/0929/1472638-ireland-earn-landmark-t20i-win-over-south-africa-in-uae/ |website=RTE |date=29 September 2024 |access-date=29 September 2024}}</ref> Ireland followed this up with a 69-run victory over South Africa in the final match of their ODI series, their second ever victory over South Africa in the ODI format.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stirling leads Ireland to brilliant win over South Africa |url=https://www.the42.ie/ireland-south-africa-odi-2-6508048-Oct2024/ |website=the42 |date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024}}</ref>
In May 2025 Ireland beat the West Indies by 124 runs in the first ODI in Dublin marking, its biggest win by runs against a Full Member and their fourth-biggest victory overall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Balbirnie, McCarthy give Ireland their biggest win against a Full Member |url=https://www.espn.com/cricket/series/1472504/report/1472511/ireland-vs-west-indies-1st-odi- |website=ESPN |access-date=21 May 2025}}</ref>

==International grounds==
{{location map+|island of Ireland|float=right|width=350|caption=Locations of all stadiums which have hosted an international cricket match within Ireland|places=
{{location map~|island of Ireland|label=[[Bready Cricket Club Ground|Bready Club]]|position=left|lat=54.9376|long=-7.3818}}
{{location map~|island of Ireland|label=[[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground|Castle Avenue]]|position=bottom|lat=53.368047|long=-6.207153}}
{{location map~|island of Ireland|label=[[Stormont (cricket ground)|Stormont]]|position=left|lat=54.596944|long=-5.834444}}
{{location map~|island of Ireland|label=[[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]]|position=top|lat=53.449329|long=-6.161233}}
}}

{|class="wikitable"
|-
! Ground !! Location !! Provincial team !! Capacity !! First Used !! Test !! ODI !! T20I
|-
| [[Clontarf Cricket Club Ground]] (Castle Avenue)|| [[Dublin]] || [[Leinster Lightning]] || 3,200 || 1999 ||— ||25<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=613;type=ground |title=Clontarf Cricket Club Ground ODI matches|publisher= cricinfo.com|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> ||1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=613;type=ground|title=Clontarf Cricket Club Ground T20I matches|publisher=cricinfo.com|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618000815/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=613;type=ground|archive-date=18 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Civil Service Cricket Club Ground]] (Stormont)|| [[Belfast]] || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] || 7,000 || 2006 ||1 ||31<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=1409;type=ground |title=Civil Service Cricket Club ODI matches|publisher= cricinfo.com|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref> ||17<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=1409;type=ground|title=Civil Service Cricket Club T20I matches|publisher=cricinfo.com|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516020526/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=1409;type=ground|archive-date=16 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground]] (The Village)|| [[Malahide]] || Leinster Lightning || 11,500 || 2013 || 1<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=1;id=974;type=ground |title=Malahide Cricket Club Ground Test matches|publisher= cricinfo.com|access-date=15 May 2018}}</ref>|| 16<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=974;type=ground|title=Malahide Cricket Club Ground ODI matches|publisher=cricinfo.com|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516011718/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=974;type=ground|archive-date=16 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>||13<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=974;type=ground|title=Malahide Cricket Club Ground T20I matches|publisher=cricinfo.com|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516011940/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=974;type=ground|archive-date=16 May 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bready Cricket Club Ground]] || [[Magheramason]] || [[North West Warriors]] || 3,000 || 2015 ||— || 1<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=1801;type=ground|title=RECORDS / BREADY CRICKET CLUB, MAGHERAMASON, BREADY / ONE-DAY INTERNATIONALS / MATCH RESULTS|publisher=espncricinfo.com|access-date=8 February 2021}}</ref>||9<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=1801;type=ground|title=Bready Cricket Club Ground T20I matches|publisher=cricinfo.com|access-date=15 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621211921/http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=3;id=1801;type=ground|archive-date=21 June 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

==Governing body==
{{main|Irish Cricket Union}}
[[File:Cricket Ireland flag.svg|right|thumb|Flag of the Irish team]]
The [[Irish Cricket Union]] (ICU) – the governing body of Irish cricket – was officially founded in 1923, although its predecessor had been active since 1890.<ref name="cricinfo history"/>

In common with a number of other Ireland sporting governing bodies, the Union was formed to represent cricket throughout the island of Ireland, rather than just the [[Republic of Ireland]]. In common with its counterparts for [[Irish Rugby Football Union|rugby union]], [[Rugby League Ireland|rugby league]] and [[Irish Hockey Association|field hockey]], the Union therefore does not use the [[Irish tricolor]], but instead employs its own flag, which is used by such bodies as the [[International Cricket Council]] to represent the team and in ICC tournaments; "[[Ireland's Call]]" is used as the national anthem.<ref>{{Cite web |last=icc |title=TEAM – Ireland |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/teams/13/ireland |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=ICC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ireland's Call - Irish sports anthem |work=Go to Ireland |url=https://www.go-to-ireland.com/culture/irelands-call/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |language=en-us}}</ref>

After the World Cup, Irish cricket had poor results in the 2007 Friends Provident Trophy, as many players were unavailable. The Irish cricket team was an amateur side and most of the players had full-time jobs with commitments conflicting with cricket.<ref name="tough at the top"/>

Warren Deutrom, the chief executive of the ICU, has stated that it wants to "seek actively to place Irish players into top-level cricket, by developing relationships with [especially] county cricket which will incorporate appropriate player release for Irish international duty, and feeder systems for developing Irish cricketers".<ref name="major changes">{{citation |url=http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/314284.html |title=ICU sets out major changes |publisher=Cricinfo.com |date=8 October 2007 |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208111814/http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/314284.html |archive-date=8 December 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> The reorganised ICU sought closer links with the English county teams, to encourage the development of age group cricket, and to introduce a professional element into the Irish game. They also want to take the Ireland cricket team on winter tours more often.<ref name="major changes"/>

In an attempt to prevent the game losing players to counties or other commitments such as jobs, it was suggested that central contracts should be introduced.<ref>{{citation |url=http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/327056.html |title=Early promise gives way to uncertainty |author=Andrew McGlashan |publisher=Cricinfo |date=23 December 2007 |access-date=11 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103033758/http://content-www.cricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/327056.html |archive-date=3 January 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> This was done in June 2009, with the first two going to [[Trent Johnston]] and [[Alex Cusack]].<ref name=":0" /> The number of full-time contracts was expanded to six in January 2010 with support for a further nine players; the contracts were split into three categories.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/444276.html |title=Ireland back players ahead of 2011 World Cup |publisher=Cricinfo |date=15 January 2010 |access-date=2 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111220155/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/444276.html |archive-date=11 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Coates |first=Jon |date=14 January 2010 |title=Country before club |url=https://www.cricketeuropearchive.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2/articles/000072/007229.shtml |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=www.cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref> In January 2012 the number of contracts was increased to 23, and coach Phil Simmons highlighted the process of becoming professional as an important factor in the team's success.<ref>{{citation |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/550764.html |title=Ireland map out path to Tests |first=David |last=Hopps |publisher=Cricinfo |date=24 January 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126141108/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ireland/content/story/550764.html |archive-date=26 January 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Team colours==
In Test matches, Ireland wears cricket whites, with the optional sweater or vest with a green v-neck with the Cricket Ireland logo on the centre. The shirts feature the Cricket Ireland logo on the right breast, the manufacturer logo on the sleeve and the sponsor logo on the left breast. The fielders wear a navy blue cricket cap or a white sunhat with the Cricket Ireland logo. The batsman helmets are coloured similarly. In limited-overs cricket, Ireland wears an emerald green (in ODI) or lawn green (in T20) uniform with dark blue and white accents and feature the Cricket Ireland logo on the right breast, the sponsor logo on the centre and the manufacturer logo on the left breast. The fielders wear a dark blue baseball-style cap or sunhat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sportsdigest.in/ireland-cricket-team-colours-of-jersey-overview-and-analysis/55211/#:~:text=Test%20Match%3A,see%20if%20you%20look%20closely.|title=Ireland Cricket Team Colours of Jersey: Overview and Analysis|date=5 January 2023 }}</ref>

Dark blue, sometimes referred to as 'presidential blue', taken from both the Irish Presidential seal and the Irish quarter of the British Royal coat of arms, is historically considered a secondary national colour of Ireland, and frequently appears along with green on the kit of all-island teams e.g. hockey and rugby union.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/ireland-national-colour-blue-828597-Mar2013/|title=So you know Ireland's national colour might not be green, right?|date=17 March 2013 }}</ref>

In ICC-regulated tournaments, the sponsor logo goes to the non-leading arm sleeve, making space for the inscription "IRELAND" written in white, on the centre section of the shirt. The current kit supplier is [[Macron (sportswear)|Macron]], who signed a four-year deal in April 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2023 |title=MACRON SIGNS AS NEW KIT SUPPLIER |url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/cricket-ireland-announces-macron-as-new-technical-kit-supplier/ |access-date=13 December 2023 |website=Cricket Ireland}}</ref>

==Tournament history==
===Cricket World Cup===
{{main|Ireland at the Cricket World Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[Cricket World Cup|World Cup record]]
|-
! width=150 |Year
! width=100 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[1975 Cricket World Cup|1975]]|| colspan="7" rowspan="5" |Not eligible
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[1979 Cricket World Cup|1979]]
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}} [[1983 Cricket World Cup|1983]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|PAK}} [[1987 Cricket World Cup|1987]]
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZL}} [[1992 Cricket World Cup|1992]]
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|PAK}} {{flagicon|LKA}} [[1996 Cricket World Cup|1996]]|| colspan="7" rowspan="3" |Did not qualify
|-
| style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}} {{flagicon|SCO}} {{flagicon|IRE}} {{flagicon|NED}} [[1999 Cricket World Cup|1999]]
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} {{flagicon|ZIM}} {{flagicon|KEN}} [[2003 Cricket World Cup|2003]]
|- style="background:#ffebcd;"
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[2007 Cricket World Cup|2007]]||'''Super 8'''||8/16||9||2||6||1||0
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|SRI}} {{flagicon|BAN}} [[2011 Cricket World Cup|2011]]||rowspan=2|'''Group Stage'''||11/14||6||2||4||0||0
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZL}} [[2015 Cricket World Cup|2015]]||9/14||6||3||3||0||0
|-
|{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}} [[2019 Cricket World Cup|2019]] || colspan="7" rowspan="2" | Did not qualify
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[2023 Cricket World Cup|2023]]
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} {{flagicon|ZIM}} {{flagicon|NAM}} [[2027 Cricket World Cup|2027]] || colspan="7" rowspan="2"| ''TBD''
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|BAN}} [[2031 Cricket World Cup|2031]]
|-
!Total
!Super 8 (2007)
! 3/12
!21
!7
!13
!1
!0
|}

===T20 World Cup===
{{main|Ireland at the T20 World Cup}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width=900px;"
|-
! colspan="8" |[[ICC Men's T20 World Cup|T20 World Cup record]]
|-
! width=150 |Year
! width=100 |Round
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
|{{flagicon|RSA}} [[2007 ICC World Twenty20|2007]] || colspan="7" | Did not qualify
|- style="background:#ffebcd;"
|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[2009 ICC World Twenty20|2009]] || '''Super 8''' || 8/12 || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} [[2010 ICC World Twenty20|2010]] || rowspan=5| '''Group stage''' || rowspan=2| 9/12 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|{{flagicon|SRI}} [[2012 ICC World Twenty20|2012]] || 2 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
|{{flagicon|BAN}} [[2014 ICC World Twenty20|2014]] ||13/16 || 3 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} [[2016 ICC World Twenty20|2016]] ||15/16 || 3 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 1
|-
|{{flagicon|UAE}} {{Flagicon|OMA}} [[2021 ICC World Twenty20|2021]]|| 14/16 || 3 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2022]] || '''Super 12'''|| 10/16 || 8 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 1
|-
|{{flagicon|WIN}} {{flagicon|USA}} [[2024 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2024]]|| '''Group stage'''
| 18/20
|4
|0
|3
|0
|1
|-
|{{flagicon|IND}} {{flagicon|SRI}} [[2026 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2026]] || '''Group stage'''
| 13/20
|4
|1
|2
|0
|1
|-
| {{flagicon|AUS}} {{flagicon|NZL}} [[2028 ICC Men's T20 World Cup|2028]]
|colspan="7"| ''Qualified''
|-
| style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|ENG}} {{flagicon|WAL}} {{flagicon|SCO}} {{flagicon|IRE}} [[2030 ICC Men's T20 World Cup |2030]]|| colspan="7" | ''Qualified as co-hosts''
|-
!'''Total'''
!Super 8 (2009)
!9/10
!33
!8
!19
!0
!5
|}

===Other tournaments===
{|class="wikitable"
! [[ICC World Cup Qualifier|ICC Trophy / World Cup Qualifier]] (One day, List A from 2005)
! [[ICC Intercontinental Cup|Intercontinental Cup]] (FC)
! [[ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier]] (T20I/Twenty20)
! [[Men's T20 World Cup qualification|T20 World Cup Europe Regional Final]]
|-
|valign=top|
*1979–1990 inclusive: Ineligible (not an ICC member)
*[[1994 ICC Trophy|1994]]: Second round
*[[1997 ICC Trophy|1997]]: 4th place
*[[2001 ICC Trophy|2001]]: 7th place
*[[2005 ICC Trophy|2005]]: 2nd place (qualified)
*[[2009 ICC World Cup Qualifier|2009]]: '''Won''' (qualified)
*[[2014 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2014]]: Pre-qualified through ICC WCL Championship
*[[2018 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2018]]: 5th place
*[[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier|2023]]: 7th place
|valign=top|
*[[2004 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2004]]: First round
*[[2005 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2005]]: '''Won'''
*[[2006 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2006–07]]: '''Won'''
*[[2007-08 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2007–08]]: '''Won'''
*[[2009-10 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2009–10]]: 4th
*[[2011-13 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2011–13]]: '''Won'''
*[[2015-17 ICC Intercontinental Cup|2015–17]]: 2nd
|valign=top|
*[[2009 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2009]]: '''Won''' (qualified)
*[[2010 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2010]]: 2nd place (qualified)
*[[2012 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2012]]: '''Won''' (qualified)
*[[2013 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2013]]: '''Won''' (qualified)
*[[2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2015]]: 3rd place (qualified)
*[[2019 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier|2019]]: 3rd place (qualified)
*[[2022 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Global Qualifier A|2022]]: 2nd place (qualified)
|valign=top|
*[[2022-23 ICC Men's T20 World Cup Europe Qualifier|2023]]: 2nd place (qualified)
|}
{|class="wikitable"
! [[ICC 6 Nations Challenge]]/ [[World Cricket League]] (ODI)
! [[European Cricket Championship|European Championship]] (OD/ODI) ‡
! [[Triple Crown Tournament|Triple Crown]] (Tournament defunct)
|-
|valign=top|
*2000: 3rd place
*2002: Did not participate
*2004: Did not participate
*[[2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One|2007]]: 5th place (Division One)
*[[2010 ICC World Cricket League Division One|2010]]: '''Won''' (Division One)
*[[2011–13 ICC World Cricket League Championship|2011–13]]: '''Won''' (ICC WCL Championship)
|valign=top|
*1996: '''Won'''
*1998: 4th place (Division One)
*2000: 4th place (Division One)
*2002: 3rd place (Division One)
*2004: 2nd place (Division One)
*2006: '''Won''' (Division One)
*2008: '''Won''' (Division One)
*2010: 2nd place (Division One) as Ireland A
|valign=top|
*1993: 2nd place
*1994: 3rd place
*1995: 3rd place
*1996: '''Won'''
*1997: 3rd place
*1998: 3rd place
*1999: 4th place
*2000: 2nd place
*2001: 4th place
|}

‡ Only the matches between Scotland, Ireland and the Netherlands in the 2006 tournament have official ODI status.

===European Annual Tri-Series (T20I)===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan=9|Result summary
|-
! width=150 |Year
! width=50 |Position
! width=50 |GP
! width=50 |W
! width=50 |L
! width=50 |T
! width=50 |NR
|-
|{{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[2018 Netherlands Tri-Nation Series|2018]]||3/3 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 1 || 0
|-
|{{flagicon|Ireland}} [[2019-20 Ireland Tri-Nation Series|2019]]||1/3 || 4 || 2 || 1 || 0 || 1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!8
!3
!3
!1
!1
|}

==Current squad==
This lists all the active players who have played for Ireland in the past year (since 21 February 2025) and the forms in which they have played, or any players (in italics) outside this criterion who have been selected in the team's most recent squad. In addition, it includes all players contracted by [[Cricket Ireland]] in June 2025,<ref name="2025 contracts">{{cite web |url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/central-contracts-confirmed-for-2025-26/ |title=CENTRAL CONTRACTS CONFIRMED FOR 2025-26 |publisher=Cricket Ireland |date=6 December 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 }}</ref> apart from [[PJ Moor]] who retired from international cricket in July 2025.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/peter-moor-who-played-tests-for-both-ireland-and-zimbabwe-retires-1494458 |title=Ireland and Zimbabwe batter Peter Moor retires |work=ESPNcricinfo |date=10 July 2025 |access-date=6 December 2025 }}</ref>

'''Key'''
*S/N = Shirt number
*Con = Contract type (Full-time / Part-year)

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Name
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Age
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Batting style
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Bowling style
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Domestic team
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Con
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Forms
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | S/N
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Captaincy
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Last Test
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Last ODI
! style="text-align:center; background:#169B62; color:white; | Last T20I
|-
!colspan="12"| Batters
|-
| [[Ross Adair]] || {{age|1994|4|21}} || Right-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"| F/T || T20I ||align="center"| 15 || || — || — || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
| [[Andrew Balbirnie]] || {{age|1990|12|28}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || [[North West Warriors]] ||align="center"| F/T || Test, ODI ||align="center"| 63 || Test (C) || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|PAK}} 2024
|-
| [[Cade Carmichael]] || {{age|2002|3|8}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"|— || Test, ODI ||align="center"| 8 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || —
|-
| [[Paul Stirling]]|| {{age|1990|9|3}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]]|| [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]]|| align="center" | F/T || Test, ODI, T20I || align="center" | 1 || ODI (C) & Test (VC) || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|AUS}} 2026
|-
| [[Harry Tector]]|| {{age|1999|12|6}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || [[Leinster Lightning]] || align="center" | F/T || Test, ODI, T20I || align="center" | 13 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
|[[Tim Tector]] ||{{age|2003|3|7}} ||Right-handed ||Right-arm [[off-break]] ||[[Leinster Lightning]] ||align="center"|— ||T20I ||align="center"| 4 || ||— ||— ||{{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
|[[Morgan Topping]] || {{age|1999|3|25}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"| P/Y || — ||align="center"| 29 || || — || — || —
|-
!colspan="12"| All-rounders
|-
| [[Curtis Campher]] || {{age|1999|8|20}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Munster Reds]] ||align="center"| F/T || Test, ODI, T20I ||align="center"| 32 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025 || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
| [[Gareth Delany]] || {{age|1997|4|28}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg-break]] || [[Munster Reds]] ||align="center"| F/T || T20I ||align="center"| 64 || || — || {{cricon|NEP}} 2023 || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
| [[George Dockrell]] || {{age|1992|7|22}} || Right-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Leinster Lightning]] ||align="center"| F/T || ODI, T20I ||align="center"| 50 || || {{cricon|SL}} 2023 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
| [[Jordan Neill]] || {{age|2005|9|3}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"|— || Test, ODI ||align="center"| 39 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || —
|-
!colspan="12"| Wicket-keepers
|-
|[[Ben Calitz]] ||{{age|2002|7|6}} ||Left-handed ||Right-arm [[Spin bowling|slow]] ||[[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"|— ||T20I ||align="center"| 72 || ||— ||— ||{{cricon|AUS}} 2026
|-
| [[Stephen Doheny]] || {{age|1998|8|20}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || [[Munster Reds]] ||align="center"| P/Y || Test ||align="center"| 20 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|SA}} 2024 || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2023
|-
| [[Neil Rock]] || {{age|2000|9|24}} || Left-handed || — || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"| F/T || T20I ||align="center"| 5 || || — || {{cricon|WIN}} 2022 || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025
|-
|''[[Sam Topping]]'' || {{age|2005|5|6}} || Left-handed || — || [[North West Warriors]] ||align="center"| — || — ||align="center"| — || || — || — || —
|-
| [[Lorcan Tucker]] || {{age|1996|9|10}} || Right-handed || — || [[Leinster Lightning]] ||align="center"| F/T || Test, ODI, T20I ||align="center"| 3 || ODI, T20I (VC) || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
!colspan="12"| Pace bowlers
|-
| [[Mark Adair]] || {{age|1996|3|27}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"| F/T || Test, ODI, T20I ||align="center"| 32 || || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025 || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025 || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
| [[Matthew Foster]] || {{age|2000|1|15}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"| P/Y || — ||align="center"| 52 || || — || — || —
|-
| [[Fionn Hand]] || {{age|1998|7|1}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium]] || [[Leinster Lightning]] ||align="center"| P/Y || T20I ||align="center"| 71 || || {{cricon|ENG}} 2023 || {{cricon|SA}} 2024 || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025
|-
| [[Graham Hume]] || {{age|1990|11|23}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || [[North West Warriors]] ||align="center"| F/T || ODI, T20I ||align="center"| 41 || || {{cricon|ENG}} 2023 || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025 || {{cricon|ENG}} 2025
|-
| [[Josh Little]] || {{age|1999|11|1}} || Right-handed || Left-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || [[Leinster Lightning]] ||align="center"| F/T || ODI, T20I || align="center" | 82 || || — || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
| [[Thomas Mayes]] || {{age|2001|1|4}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"| — || ODI ||align="center"| 22 || || — || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || —
|-
| [[Barry McCarthy]] || {{age|1992|9|13}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || [[Leinster Lightning]] ||align="center"| F/T || Test, ODI, T20I ||align="center"| 60 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
| [[Liam McCarthy (cricketer)|Liam McCarthy]] || {{age|2002|1|2}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|medium-fast]] || [[Munster Reds]] ||align="center"| P/Y || ODI, T20I ||align="center"| 34 || || — || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025
|-
| [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] || {{age|1990|4|4}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[Fast bowling|fast-medium]] || [[North West Warriors]] ||align="center"| F/T || Test, T20I ||align="center"| 44 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|SA}} 2024 || {{cricon|ITA}} 2026
|-
!colspan="12"| Spin bowlers
|-
| [[Gavin Hoey]] || {{age|2001|11|5}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg-break]] || [[Leinster Lightning]] ||align="center"| P/Y || Test ||align="center"| 59 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|SA}} 2024 || —
|-
| [[Matthew Humphreys (cricketer)|Matthew Humphreys]] || {{age|2002|9|28}} || Right-handed || [[Left-arm orthodox spin|Slow left-arm orthodox]] || [[Northern Knights (cricket team)|Northern Knights]] ||align="center"| F/T || Test, ODI, T20I ||align="center"| 11 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|ZIM}} 2025 || {{cricon|OMN}} 2026
|-
| [[Andy McBrine]] || {{age|1993|4|30}} || Left-handed || Right-arm [[off-break]] || [[North West Warriors]] ||align="center"| F/T || Test, ODI ||align="center"| 35 || || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025 || {{cricon|WIN}} 2025 || {{cricon|AFG|2021}} 2022
|-
| [[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]] || {{age|1998|8|29}} || Right-handed || Right-arm [[leg-break]] || [[Munster Reds]] ||align="center"| F/T || T20I ||align="center"| 86 || || {{cricon|SL}} 2023 || {{cricon|SCO}} 2023 || {{cricon|BAN}} 2025
|}

==Coaching staff==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="background:#169B62; color:white; text-align:center; | Position
! style="background:#169B62; color:white; text-align:center; | Name
|-
| High performance director
| Graeme West
|-
| Head coach
| {{cricon|SA}}[[Heinrich Malan]]
|-
| Batting and wicketkeeping coach
| [[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]]
|-
| Fast bowling coach
| [[Ryan Eagleson]]
|-
| Spin bowling coach
| [[Chris Brown (cricketer, born 1974)|Chris Brown]]
|-
| Fielding coach
|
|}
*Sources:Cricket Ireland<ref>{{Cite web |last=Easdown |first=Craig |date=2022-03-04 |title=Gary Wilson, Ryan Eagleson appointed to national coaching roles |url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/gary-wilson-ryan-eagleson-appointed-to-national-coaching-roles/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=Cricket Ireland |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Easdown |first=Craig |date=2023-11-28 |title=Coaching appointment |url=https://cricketireland.ie/news/coaching-appointment/ |access-date=2024-01-17 |website=Cricket Ireland |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Coaching history===
*1995–1999: {{cricon|ENG}} [[Mike Hendrick]]
*1999–2001: {{cricon|NZ}}[[Ken Rutherford (cricketer)|Ken Rutherford]]
*2002–2007: {{cricon|SA}} [[Adrian Birrell]]
*2007–2015: {{cricon|Trinidad}} [[Phil Simmons]]
*2015–2017: {{cricon|NZ}} [[John Bracewell]]
*2017–2021: {{cricon|SA}} [[Graham Ford]]
*2021–2022: {{cricon|ENG}} [[David Ripley]] (interim)
*2022–present: {{cricon|SA}} [[Heinrich Malan]]

==Records==
'''International match summary – Ireland'''<ref name="teststats">{{cite web|url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=1;id=29;type=team|title= Records / Ireland / Tests / Result summary|publisher= ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=9 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="odistats">{{cite web|url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=2;id=29;type=team|title= Records / Ireland / One-Day Internationals / Result summary|publisher= ESPN Cricinfo|access-date= 27 September 2016}}</ref><ref name="T20I">{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/results_summary.html?class=3;id=29;type=team|title=Records / Ireland / Twenty20 Internationals / Result summary|publisher=ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|-
| colspan=7 align="center" | '''Playing record'''
|-
! Format !! M !! W !! L !! T !! D/NR !! Inaugural match
|-
| align="left"| Tests || 12 || 3 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 11 May 2018
|-
| align="left"| One-Day Internationals || 210 || 83 || 108 || 3 || 16 || 13 June 2006
|-
| align="left"| Twenty20 Internationals || 188 || 78 || 99 || 2 || 9 || 2 August 2008
|}
''Last updated 14 February 2026''

===Test matches===
{{see also|List of Ireland Test cricketers}}

*Highest team score: 492 v. [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], 24 April 2023 at [[Galle International Stadium]], [[Galle]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=1;id=29;type=team |title=Highest totals: Ireland – Test Cricket |publisher=Cricinfo}} Retrieved 28 April 2023.</ref>
*Best innings bowling: 6/118, [[Andy McBrine]] v. [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]] on 4 April 2023 at [[Sylhet International Cricket Stadium]], [[Sylhet]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=1;id=29;type=team |title=Best bowling figures in an innings: Ireland – Test Cricket |publisher=Cricinfo}} Retrieved 24 June 2019.</ref>
*Record individual score: 118, [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] v. [[Pakistan national cricket team|Pakistan]] on 11 May 2018 at [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]], [[Malahide]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=1;id=29;type=team|title= Records / Ireland / Test Matches/ Highest score|publisher= ESPN Cricinfo|access-date= 15 May 2018}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Most Test runs for Ireland'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=1;id=29;type=team |title=Most runs: Ireland – Test Matches |publisher=Cricinfo}} Retrieved 16 May 2018.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! class="unsortable" | Player!!Runs!!Average
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Lorcan Tucker]]''' || '''703''' || 43.93
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Andy McBrine]]'''|| '''581''' || 32.27
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Andrew Balbirnie]]''' || '''548''' || 23.82
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Paul Stirling]]''' || '''521''' || 26.05
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Harry Tector]]''' || '''474''' || 26.33
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Most Test wickets for Ireland'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=1;id=29;type=team |title=Most wickets: Ireland – Test Matches |publisher=Cricinfo}} Retrieved 16 May 2018.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! class="unsortable" | Player!!Wickets!!Average
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Andy McBrine]]''' || '''33''' || 41.69
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Mark Adair]]''' || '''25''' || 28.60
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Barry McCarthy]]''' || '''16''' || 20.00
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Matthew Humphreys (cricketer)|Matthew Humphreys]]'''|| '''15''' || 37.13
|-
|align="left"|[[Tim Murtagh]] || '''13''' || 16.38
|}
{{col-end}}
*'''Bold''' – still playing for Ireland

'''Test record versus other nations'''<ref name="teststats"/>
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Opponent
! scope="col" |[[Test cricket|Matches]]
! scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Won]]
! scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Win and loss|Lost]]
! scope="col" |[[Result (cricket)#Draw|Draw]]
! scope="col" |[[Tied Test|Tied]]
! scope="col" |First win
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 1 March 2024
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|BAN}} || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|ENG}} || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|PAK}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|SL}} || 2 || 0 || 2 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|ZIM}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 28 July 2024
|}
''Records complete to Test #2607. Last updated 23 November 2025.''

===One-Day Internationals===
{{see also|List of Ireland ODI cricketers}}

*Highest team score: 359/9 v. New Zealand, 15 July 2022 at [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|Malahide]], [[Dublin]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=2;id=29;type=team |title=Highest totals: Ireland – One-Day Internationals |publisher=Cricinfo}} Retrieved 16 July 2022.</ref>
*Best innings bowling: 6/55, [[Paul Stirling]] v. [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]] on 17 March 2017 at [[Greater Noida Sports Complex Ground]], [[Greater Noida]].<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/bowling/best_figures_innings.html?class=2;id=29;type=team |title=Best bowling figures in an innings: Ireland – One-Day Internationals |publisher=Cricinfo}} Retrieved 16 July 2022.</ref>
*Record partnership score: 227 by [[William Porterfield]] & [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] v. Kenya, Nairobi, 2 February 2007<ref>{{cite web|url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/fow/highest_partnerships_by_wicket.html?class=2;id=29;type=team| title= Records / Ireland / One-Day Internationals / Highest partnerships by wicket|publisher= ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=16 July 2022}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Most ODI runs for Ireland'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/batting/most_runs_career.html?class=2;id=29;type=team |title=Most runs: Ireland – One-Day Internationals |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=3 November 2008 }} Retrieved 16 July 2022.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! class="unsortable" | Player!!Runs!!Average
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Paul Stirling]]''' || '''6,005''' || 37.76
|-
|align="left"|[[William Porterfield]]|| '''4,343''' || 30.58
|-
|align="left"|[[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]|| '''3,619''' || 29.42
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Andrew Balbirnie]]'''|| '''3,264''' || 32.00
|-
|align="left"|[[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]] || '''2,581''' || 28.05
|-
|align="left"|[[Ed Joyce]]{{efn|name="Eng"|Also played for [[England cricket team|England]]; only the player's record for Ireland is counted here.}}|| '''2,151''' || 41.36
|-
|align="left"|[[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]]|| '''2,072''' || 23.81
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Harry Tector]]''' || '''1,992''' || 47.32
|-
|align="left"|'''[[George Dockrell]]'''|| '''1,459''' || 22.44
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Curtis Campher]]'''|| '''1,113''' || 33.72
|}
{{col-break}}
'''Most ODI wickets for Ireland'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/bowling/most_wickets_career.html?class=2;id=29;type=team |title=Most wickets: Ireland – One-Day Internationals |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=3 November 2008}} Retrieved 16 July 2022.</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! class="unsortable" | Player!!Wickets!!Average
|-
|align="left"|[[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]|| '''114''' || 32.68
|-
|align="left"|'''[[George Dockrell]]''' || '''111''' || 35.89
|-
|align="left"|[[Boyd Rankin]]{{efn|name="Eng"}}|| '''96''' || 28.27
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Andy McBrine]]'''|| '''91''' || 38.01
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]]'''|| '''81''' || 25.85
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Barry McCarthy]]'''|| '''81''' || 29.20
|-
|align="left"|[[Tim Murtagh]] || '''74''' || 30.94
|-
|align="left"|[[Trent Johnston]]|| '''66''' || 32.04
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Mark Adair]]'''|| '''71''' || 33.95
|-
|align="left"|[[Alex Cusack]]|| '''63''' || 23.96
|}
{{col-end}}

'''Highest ODI scores for Ireland'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ireland/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=2;id=29;type=team |title=High scores: Ireland – One-Day Internationals |publisher=Cricinfo}} Retrieved 19 January 2015.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Player!!Runs!!Opposition!!Venue!!Competition!!Date
|-
|[[Paul Stirling]]|| 177|| Canada || [[Toronto Cricket, Skating and Curling Club|Toronto]] || [[Irish cricket team in Canada in 2010–11]] || 7 September 2010
|-
|[[Paul Stirling]]|| 162 || UAE || [[Bulawayo Athletic Club|Bulawayo]] || [[2023 Cricket World Cup Qualifier]]|| 27 June 2023
|-
|[[Ed Joyce]]|| 160* || Afghanistan || [[Stormont (cricket ground)|Belfast]] || [[Afghan cricket team in Ireland in 2016]]|| 19 July 2016
|-
|[[Andrew Balbirnie]]|| 145* || {{cr|AFG}} || [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium, Dehradun|Dehradun]] || [[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in India in 2018–19]]|| 5 March 2019
|-
|[[Paul Stirling]]|| 142 || {{cr|ENG}} || [[Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|Southampton]] ||[[Irish cricket team in England in 2020]]|| 4 August 2020
|-
|[[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]|| 142 || Kenya || [[Ruaraka Sports Club Ground|Nairobi (Ruaraka)]] ||[[2007 ICC World Cricket League Division One]]|| 2 February 2007
|-
|[[Harry Tector]]|| 140 || Bangladesh || [[County Cricket Ground, Chelmsford|Chelmsford]] ||[[Bangladeshi cricket team against Ireland in England in 2023]]|| 12 May 2023
|-
|[[William Porterfield]]|| 139 || UAE || [[ICC Academy Ground|Dubai]] || [[2017–18 United Arab Emirates Tri-Nation Series]]|| 13 January 2018
|-
|[[Harry Tector]]|| 138 || Afghanistan || [[Sharjah Cricket Stadium|Sharjah]] || [[Irish cricket team against Afghanistan in the UAE in 2023–24]]|| 7 March 2024
|-
|[[Andrew Balbirnie]]|| 135 || West Indies || [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]], [[Malahide]] || [[2019 Ireland Tri-Nation Series]]|| 11 May 2019
|}
*'''Bold''' – still playing for Ireland

'''ODI record versus other nations'''<ref name="odistats"/>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|-
! Opponent !! M !! W !! L !! T !! NR !! First win
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| '''v. Full members'''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 32 || 13 || 18 || 0 || 1 || 3 July 2010
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|AUS}} || 5 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 1 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|BAN}} || 16 || 2 || 11 || 0 || 3 || 15 April 2007
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|ENG}} || 15 || 2 || 11 || 0 || 2 || 2 March 2011
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|IND}} || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|NZL}} || 7 || 0 || 7 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|PAK}} || 7 || 1 || 5 || 1 || 0 || 17 March 2007
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|RSA}} || 11 || 2 || 8 || 0 || 1 || 13 July 2021
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|SRI}} || 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|WIN}} || 18 || 4 || 12 || 0 || 2 || 16 February 2015
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|ZIM}} || 25 || 11 || 10 || 1 || 3 || 30 September 2010
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| '''v. Associate Members '''
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|BER}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 31 January 2007
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|CAN}} || 8 || 6 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 6 April 2009
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|KEN}} || 10 || 7 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 24 August 2008
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|NEP}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4 July 2023
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|NED}} || 13 || 8 || 3 || 1 || 1 || 11 July 2007
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|OMA}} || 1 || 0 || 1 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|PNG}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 6 March 2018
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|SCO}} || 21 || 15 || 5 || 0 || 1 || 5 August 2006
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|UAE}} || 9 || 8 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 25 February 2015
|-
| style="text-align:left;"| {{cr|USA}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 30 June 2023
|}
''Records complete to ODI #4877. Last updated 25 May 2025.''

===Twenty20 Internationals===
{{see also|List of Ireland Twenty20 International cricketers}}

*Highest team score: 226/4 v. [[Austria national cricket team|Austria]], 23 July 2023 at [[The Grange Club]], [[Edinburgh]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/team/highest_innings_totals.html?class=3;id=29;type=team|title= Records / Ireland / Twenty20 Internationals / Highest totals|publisher= ESPN Cricinfo|access-date=23 July 2023}}</ref>
*Best innings bowling: 4/11, [[Alex Cusack]] v. [[West Indies cricket team|West Indies]], 21 February 2014 at [[Sabina Park]], Jamaica<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/team/bowling-best-figures-innings/ireland-29/twenty20-internationals-3|title= Records / Ireland / Twenty20 Internationals / Best bowling figures in an innings|publisher= ESPN Cricinfo|access-date= 19 January 2015}}</ref>

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Most T20I runs for Ireland'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.cricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;orderby=runs;team=29;template=results;type=batting
|title=Most runs: Ireland – Twenty20 Internationals |publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! class="unsortable" | Player!!Runs!!Average
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Paul Stirling]]'''|| '''3,895''' || 26.31
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Andrew Balbirnie]]'''|| '''2,392''' || 23.45
|-
|align="left"|[[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]|| '''1,973''' || 21.21
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Harry Tector]]'''|| '''1,845''' || 24.93
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Lorcan Tucker]]''' || '''1,730''' || 22.76
|-
|align="left"|'''[[George Dockrell]]''' || '''1,388''' || 20.41
|-
|align="left"|[[Gary Wilson (cricketer)|Gary Wilson]]|| '''1,268''' || 21.13
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Gareth Delany]]''' || '''1,245''' || 20.40
|-
|align="left"|[[William Porterfield]]|| '''1,079''' || 20.35
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Curtis Campher]]'''|| '''1,067''' || 20.92
|}
{{col-break}}

'''Most T20I wickets for Ireland'''<ref>{{citation |url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/stats/index.html?class=3;team=29;template=results;type=bowling |title=Most wickets: Ireland – Twenty20 internationals |publisher=Cricinfo |access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! class="unsortable" | Player!!Wickets!!Average
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Mark Adair]]'''|| '''142''' || 19.80
|-
|align="left"|'''[[George Dockrell]]'''|| '''91''' || 22.10
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]]'''|| '''87''' || 22.24
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Josh Little]]'''|| '''85''' || 25.15
|-
|align="left"| '''[[Barry McCarthy]]''' || '''73''' || 29.28
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Gareth Delany]]''' || '''59''' || 26.47
|-
|align="left"|[[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]] || '''58''' || 19.81
|-
|align="left"|[[Boyd Rankin]]||'''54''' || 22.12
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Simi Singh]]'''|| '''44''' || 27.84
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Ben White (cricketer)|Ben White]]'''|| '''36''' || 27.38
|}

{{col-break}}
'''Highest T20I scores for Ireland'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/records/batting/most_runs_innings.html?class=3;id=29;type=team
|title=High scores: Ireland – Twenty20 Internationals |publisher=Cricinfo|access-date=17 February 2026}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Player!!Runs!!Opposition, Date
|-
|[[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]
|align=center| 124 || Hong Kong, 7 Oct 2019
|-
|[[Paul Stirling]]
|align=center| 115* || Zimbabwe, 1 Sep 2021
|-
|[[Ross Adair]]
|align=center| 100 || South Africa, 29 Sep 2024
|-
|[[Harry Tector]]
|align=center| 96* || Italy, 25 Jan 2026
|-
|[[Paul Stirling]]
|align=center| 95 || West Indies, 15 Jan 2020
|-
|[[Lorcan Tucker]]
|align=center| 94* || Austria, 23 Jul 2023
|-
|[[Lorcan Tucker]]
|align=center| 94* || Oman, 14 Feb 2026
|-
|[[Paul Stirling]]
|align=center| 91 || Afghanistan, 23 Feb 2019
|-
|[[Gareth Delany]]
|align=center| 89* || Oman, 21 Oct 2021
|-
|[[Lorcan Tucker]]
|align=center| 84 || United States, 23 Dec 2021
|}
{{col-end}}
*'''Bold''' – still playing for Ireland

'''T20I record versus other nations'''<ref name="T20I" />

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width: 500px;"
|-
! Opponent !! M !! W !! L !! T !! NR !! First win
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| '''v. Full members'''
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|AFG|2013}} || 27 || 7 || 18 || 1 || 1 || 1 February 2010
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|AUS}} || 3 || 0 || 3 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|BAN}} || 11 || 3 || 7 || 0 || 1 || 8 June 2009
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|ENG}} || 4 || 1 || 2 || 0 || 1 || 26 October 2022
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|IND}} || 8 || 0 || 8 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|NZ}} || 5 || 0 || 5 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|PAK}} || 5 || 1 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 10 May 2024
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|RSA}} || 7 || 1 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 29 September 2024
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|SRI}} || 4 || 0 || 4 || 0 || 0 ||
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|WIN}} || 9 || 3 || 4 || 0 || 2 || 19 February 2014
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|ZIM}} || 18 || 8 || 8 || 0 || 2 || 17 March 2014
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"| '''v. Associate Members'''
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|AUT}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 23 July 2023
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|BHR}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 19 February 2022
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|BER}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 3 August 2008
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|CAN}} || 5 || 2 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 22 March 2012
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|DEN}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 21 July 2023
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|GER}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 21 February 2022
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|HK}} || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 7 October 2019
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|ITA}} || 4 || 3 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 20 July 2023
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|JER}} || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 25 October 2019
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|KEN}} || 5 || 5 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 4 August 2008
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|NAM}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 2 November 2019
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|NEP}} || 3 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 13 July 2015
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|NED}} || 15 || 7 || 7 || 0 || 1 || 13 February 2010
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|NGA}} || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 26 October 2019
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|OMA}} || 7 || 5 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 13 February 2019
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|PNG}} || 4 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 12 October 2021
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|SCO}} || 16 || 9 || 4 || 1 || 2 || 2 August 2008
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|UAE}} || 13 || 6 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 19 March 2014
|-
| align="left"| {{cr|USA}} || 2 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 23 December 2021
|}
''Records complete to T20I #3708. Last updated 14 February 2026.''

===First-class===
*Highest team total: 589/7 declared v. [[United Arab Emirates national cricket team|UAE]], 13 March 2013, ICC Intercontinental Cup match at [[Sharjah (city)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highest Innings Scores |url=https://www.cricketeuropearchive.com/CSTATZ/irelandfirstclass/irer70.shtml |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref>
'''Most First-class runs'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Run Aggregates |url=https://www.cricketeuropearchive.com/CSTATZ/irelandfirstclass/irer10.shtml |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Player!!Matches!!Innings!!Average
!100s!!Runs
|-
| [[Kevin O'Brien (cricketer)|Kevin O'Brien]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 38 || 56 || 40.17
|2|| 1848
|-
| [[William Porterfield]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 28 || 46 || 40.95
|5|| 1802
|-
| [[Andrew White (Irish cricketer)|Andrew White]]
| style="text-align:center;" |30|| 41 || 52.81
|5|| 1637
|-
| [[Stanley Bergin]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 27 || 52 || 34.26
|2|| 1610
|-
| [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 21 || 33 || 49.23
|6|| 1526
|}
'''Most First-class wickets'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Wicket Takers |url=https://www.cricketeuropearchive.com/CSTATZ/irelandfirstclass/irer38.shtml |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Player!!Matches!!Overs!!Average
!5WI!!Wickets
|-
| [[James Boucher (cricketer)|Jimmy Boucher]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 28 || 905.4 || 14.04
|18|| 168
|-
| [[Trent Johnston]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 28 || 632.1 || 17.20
|32|| 97
|-
| [[Alec O'Riordan]]
| style="text-align:center;" |25|| 749.4 || 21.39
|5|| 75
|-
| [[George Dockrell]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 18 || 642.3 || 26.06
|3|| 71
|-
| [[Dermott Monteith]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 19 || 695.2 || 18.96
|5|| 70
|}'''Highest individual innings'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Run Scores |url=https://www.cricketeuropearchive.com/CSTATZ/irelandfirstclass/irer11.shtml |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Player!!Score!!Opponents!!Date!!Venue
|-
| [[Ed Joyce]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 231 || [[United Arab Emirates cricket team|UAE]] || 2–3 June 2015 || Malahide
|-
| [[Eoin Morgan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 209* || UAE || 11 February 2007|| Abu Dhabi
|-
| [[Andrew Balbirnie]]
| style="text-align:center;"|205*|| [[Netherlands national cricket team|Netherlands]]|| 15 August 2017|| Malahide
|-
| [[Ed Joyce]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 205 || [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]]|| 24 October 2015|| Windhoek
|-
| [[Jeremy Bray (cricketer)|Jeremy Bray]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 190 || UAE || 25 February 2005|| Windhoek
|-
| [[Andre Botha (cricketer)|Andre Botha]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 186 || Scotland || 9 August 2007|| Belfast
|-
| [[William Porterfield]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 186 || [[Namibia national cricket team|Namibia]]||24 October 2015|| Windhoek
|-
| [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 176 || UAE || 23 October 2005|| Windhoek
|-
| [[Niall O'Brien (cricketer)|Niall O'Brien]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 174 || UAE || 6 March 2008|| Abu Dhabi
|-
| [[Andre Botha (cricketer)|Andre Botha]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 172 || Netherlands || 9 July 2008|| Rotterham
|}
'''Best bowling in an innings'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Bowling in an Innings |url=https://www.cricketeuropearchive.com/CSTATZ/irelandfirstclass/irer39.shtml |access-date=2024-10-13 |website=www.cricketeuropearchive.com}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Player!!Figures!!Opponents!!Date!!Venue
|-
| [[Francis Fee]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9/26 || [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] || 27 July 1957 || [[College Park, Dublin|College Park]]
|-
| [[Garfield Harrison]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 9/113 || [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] || 11 August 1990|| [[Myreside Cricket Ground|Myreside]]
|-
| [[Scott Huey]]
| style="text-align:center;" |8/48|| [[Marylebone Cricket Club|MCC]] || 04 September 1954|| [[College Park, Dublin|College Park]]
|-
| [[Robert Gregory (RFC officer)|Robert Gregory]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 8/80 || [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] || 29 August 1912|| Rathmines
|-
| [[Bob Lambert (cricketer)|Bob Lambert]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7/11 || [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] || 21 July 1910|| [[College Park, Dublin|College Park]]
|-
| [[James Boucher (cricketer)|Jimmy Boucher]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7/13 || [[New Zealand national cricket team|New Zealand]] || 11 September 1937|| Rathmines
|-
| [[James Boucher (cricketer)|Jimmy Boucher]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7/18 || [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] ||24 June 1950|| North Inch Perth
|-
| [[Dermott Monteith]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7/38 || [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] || 11 August 1973|| [[Mardyke (cricket ground)|Mardyke]]
|-
| [[Roy Torrens]]
| style="text-align:center;" | 7/40 || [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] || 10 August 1974|| Cambusdoon Ayr
|-
| Henry Morgan
| style="text-align:center;" | 7/41 || [[Scotland national cricket team|Scotland]] || 17 June 1933|| [[Ormeau Cricket Ground|Ormeau]]
|}
Note: [[Ivan Anderson]]'s 198* v. Canada was in a non-first-class match

==See also==
{{Portal|Ireland|Cricket}}
* [[Cricket in Ireland]]
* [[Irish national cricket captains]]
* [[Ireland under-19 cricket team]]
* [[Irish women's cricket team]]
* [[List of Ireland Test cricketers]]
* [[List of Ireland ODI cricketers]]
* [[List of Ireland Twenty20 International cricketers|List of Ireland T20I cricketers]]
* [[List of Ireland Twenty20 International records]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last1=Townsend |first1=David |title=Do They Play Cricket in Ireland? The 25-year Journey to a Test Match at Lord's |date=2021 |publisher=Pitch Publishing |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |isbn=9781785318405}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Ireland national cricket team}}
* [http://www.cricketireland.ie/ Official website of Ireland cricket team]
* [https://www.cricketeurope.com/NEWSROOM/NEWS/INTERNATIONAL/index.shtml Cricket Europe Ireland Page]
{{s-start}}
{{Succession box
| title = [[Test cricket|Test match playing teams]]
| years = 11 May 2018
| before = [[Bangladesh national cricket team|Bangladesh]]
| after = [[Afghanistan national cricket team|Afghanistan]]
}}
{{S-end}}
{{Ireland national cricket team}}
{{Navboxes|
|titlestyle=background:#169B62;color:white;
|list=
{{Cricket in Ireland}}
{{Cricket in the British Isles}}
{{National cricket teams}}
{{National sports teams of Ireland}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ireland Cricket Team}}
[[Category:National cricket teams]]
[[Category:Ireland in international cricket|Ireland in international cricket]]
[[Category:National sports teams of Ireland|C]]
[[Category:Men's sport in Ireland|Cricket]]

Raipur

2026-03-19T14:35:40Z

MaynardPerkin72: quick fixed content based on references and corrected details

{{about|Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh|other places|Raipur (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Raipur 
| official_name =
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]]
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border = infobox
| total_width = 270
| image_style =
| perrow = 1/1/2/2/2/2/1
| image1 =
| caption1 = Jawahar Bazar (Gol Bazar)
| image3 =
| caption3 = [[Inter-State Bus Terminal, Raipur|ISBT Bhatagaon]]
| image4 = Swami vivekananda Airport terminal Raipur. Night view.jpg
| caption4 = [[Swami Vivekananda Airport]]
| image5 = Raipur Railway Station Entrance.jpg
| caption5 = [[Raipur Junction railway station|Raipur Junction]]
| image6 =
| caption6 = [[Kharun River|Mahadev Ghat]]
| image7 =
| caption7 = [[Vivekananda Sarovar, Raipur|Vivekananda Sarovar]]
| image8 =
| caption8 = [[Mahamaya Mandir, Raipur|Mahamaya Mandir]]
| image9 = Lockdown in Raipur due to Covid-19 Pandemic.png
| caption9 = [[Telibandha Lake|Marine Drive, Telibandha]]
| image10 =
| caption10 = [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur]]
}}
| blank_emblem_type = [[Seal (emblem)|Seal]]
| image_blank_emblem =
| image_map = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|zoom=12|frame-width=300|frame-height=200|frame-align=center|type=point|title=Raipur|marker=city|type2=shape|stroke-width2=2|stroke-color2=#808080}}
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Interactive map of Raipur
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|21|14|40|N|81|37|50|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| named_for = [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Brahma Deo Rai]]
| founder = [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura|Brahma Deo Rai]]
| government_type = Municipal Corporation
| governing_body = [[Raipur Municipal Corporation]] (RMC)
Raipur Development Authority (RDA)
[[Naya Raipur Development Authority]] (NRDA)
| leader_title = [[Raipur Municipal Corporation|Mayor]]
| leader_name = [[Meenal Choubey]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title1 = [[District Collector|District Magistrate & Administrator]]
| leader_name1 = Gaurav Kumar Singh (IAS)
| leader_title2 = [[Superintendent of Police]]
| leader_name2 = Lal Umaid Singh (IPS)
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Parliament]]
| leader_name3 = [[Brijmohan Agrawal]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
| leader_title4 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly]]
| leader_name4 = {{Collapsible list|[[Purandar Mishra]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ([[Raipur City North Assembly constituency|Raipur North]]) [[Sunil Kumar Soni]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ([[Raipur City South Assembly constituency|Raipur South]]) [[Rajesh Munat]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ([[Raipur City West Assembly constituency|Raipur West]]) [[Motilal Sahu]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ([[Raipur City Gramin Assembly constituency|Raipur Rural]]) [[Anuj Sharma (actor)|Anuj Sharma]], [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] ([[Dharsiwa Assembly constituency|Dharsiwa]])
}}
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Raipur City'>{{cite web|title=Raipur City|url=http://www.itestweb.in/ch78/raipur|access-date=22 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129153409/http://www.itestweb.in/ch78/raipur|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 503.67
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 298.15
| population_total = 1,010,087
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507135928/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=7 May 2012|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_est =1,519,000<ref>{{cite web | title=Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population | website=Census 2011 India | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/280-raipur.html | access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
| pop_est_as_of = 2026
| population_metro = 1,690,000 (estimate)
| population_metro_footnotes = <ref name="UA">{{cite web|title=Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|website=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=25 June 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017153124/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_3_PR_UA_Citiees_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|archive-date=17 October 2013|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=Literacy and Hindu Muslim Population | website=Census 2011 India | url=https://www.census2011.co.in/census/city/280-raipur.html | access-date=2026-02-23}}</ref>
| population_rank = India: [[List of cities in India by population|45th]] Chhattisgarh: [[List of cities in Chhattisgarh|1st]]
| population_blank1_title = Metro rank
| population_blank1 = [[List of million-plus agglomerations in India|44th]]
| population_demonym = Raipurians, Raipurya
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 492001-22, 493111-211 (Raipur)<ref>[https://indiapincodes.net/Chhattisgarh/Raipur/ Raipur]</ref>
| registration_plate = CG-04
| area_code = 0771
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| unemployment_rate =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[UN/LOCODE]]
| blank_info_sec1 = IN RPR
| website = {{URL|https://raipur.gov.in}}
| footnotes =
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Tropical savanna climate|Aw]]
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Airport]]
| blank_info_sec2 = [[Raipur Airport|Swami Vivekananda Airport]] (RPR)
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Railway station]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Raipur Junction railway station|Raipur Junction]] (R)
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Bus stand]]
| blank2_info_sec2 = [[Inter-State Bus Terminal, Raipur|ISBT Bhatagaon]]
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| blank3_info_sec2 = [[Raipur and Naya Raipur Bus Rapid Transit System|Raipur BRTS]]
}}
'''Raipur''' ({{Indic Transl|hi|rāypura|ɾaːɪpʊɾᵊ|Raipur.ogg}}) is the capital city of the Indian state of [[Chhattisgarh]]. Raipur is also the administrative headquarters of [[Raipur district]] and Raipur division, and the most populous city of the state. It was a part of [[Madhya Pradesh]] before the state of Chhattisgarh was formed on 1 November 2000.<ref name="IT_2018-07-08">{{cite web |url= https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/state-of-the-states/story/20180716-credible-chhattisgarh-1277912-2018-07-08 |title= Credible Chhattisgarh |author= Ajit Kumar Jha |date= 8 July 2018 |language= en |via= INDIATODAY.IN |department= State of the States |publisher= India Today |access-date= 8 January 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180714100502/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/state-of-the-states/story/20180716-credible-chhattisgarh-1277912-2018-07-08 |archive-date= 14 July 2018 |url-status= live }}</ref> It is a major commercial hub for trade and commerce in the region. It has exponential industrial growth and has become a major business hub in [[Central India]]. It has been ranked as [[List of cleanest cities in India|India's 6th cleanest city]] as per the Swachh Survekshan for the year 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indore-awarded-cleanest-city-in-annual-survey-varanasi-tops-ganga-town-category-top-10-list-101637390051543.html |title=Swachh Survekshan 2021: Here are top 10 cleanest cities in annual govt survey |date= 20 November 2021 |access-date= 6 May 2022}}</ref> (In the Swachh Survekshan Awards-2023, Chhattisgarh secured the third rank in the ‘Best Performing States’ category).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swachh Survekshan Awards 2023 conferred |url=https://pib.gov.in/pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1995159 |access-date= |website=pib.gov.in}}</ref> Raipur is ranked 7th in India's Ease of Living Index 2022 and 7th in the Municipal Performance Index 2020, both by the [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Raipur among best cities on Ease of Living Index in Central India |url=https://www.thehitavada.com/Encyc/2022/9/8/Raipur-among-best-cities-on-Ease-of-Living-Index-in-Central-India.html |access-date= |website=www.thehitavada.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Pioneer|first=The|title=Raipur, Bilaspur excel in Municipal Performance Index|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/raipur--bilaspur-excel-in-municipal-performance-index.html|access-date=2021-05-24|website=The Pioneer|language=en}}</ref>

It is among the biggest producers of steel and iron in the country. There are about 200 steel rolling mills, 195 sponge iron plants, at least 6 steel plants, 60 plywood factories, 35 ferro-alloy plants, and 500 agro industries in the city. In addition, Raipur also has over 800 rice milling plants.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Business and Economy of Raipur, Industries in Raipur |url=https://www.raipuronline.in/city-guide/business-and-economy-of-raipur |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.raipuronline.in}}</ref>

== History ==
Raipur district, like the rest of the Chhattisgarh plain, was once known as Dakshina Kosala and considered to be under [[Maurya Empire]].{{cn|date=September 2024}} In Arang near Raipur, a Gupta inscription dated to the 6th century CE shows Gupta hegemony over the region. In the 7th century CE, the region was ruled by a Buddhist kingdom in Bhandak in modern-day Maharashtra and was described by [[Xuanzang]].{{cn|date=September 2024}} A branch of this family later migrated to Sirpur in present-day Mahasamund district, and later took control of the entirety of Dakshina Kosala.{{cn|date=September 2024}} This kingdom's prosperity reached its height with Tivaradeva. His son inscribed almost all temples in Sirpur.{{cn|date=September 2024}} They were later ousted by the Sharabpuriyas, who took control of the rest of Chhattisgarh and ruled for several centuries.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

By the early 9th century the Kalachuris gained control of the region. The [[Kalachuris of Ratnapura]] ruled Ratnapur until the 13th century. By the 14th century, the Kalachuris of Raipur branch gained power. One king of the Raipur branch conquered 18 garh, or forts, of the enemy - lending an etymology to Chhattisgarh, the 36 forts. By the 18th century Kalachuris became the overlords of entire Chhattisgarh region.{{cn|date=September 2024}}

== Demographics ==
{{See also|List of cities in Chhattisgarh}}

{{Historical population
| source = <ref name="censusindia1">{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm |title=Historical Census of India |access-date=29 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217053707/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/indiat.htm|archive-date=17 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| 1901 | 32114
| 1911 | 35335
| 1921 | 38341
| 1931 | 45390
| 1941 | 63465
| 1951 | 89804
| 1961 | 139792
| 1971 | 205986
| 1981 | 338245
| 1991 | 452301
| 2001 | 707469
| 2011 | 1010433
}}
{{As of|2011|alt=As of the}} [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], Raipur Municipal Corporation had a population of 1,010,433, of which 519,286 are males and 490,801 are females—a sex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sex Ratio|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=2 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140922103426/http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/indiaatglance.html|archive-date=22 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> 124,471 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 64,522 are boys and 59,949 are girls—a ratio of 929 girls per 1000 boys. There are 769,593 literates (420,155 males, 349,438 females). The effective literacy was 86.90%; male literacy was 92.39% and female literacy was 81.10%, significantly higher than the national average of 73.00%.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate)|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=2 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113231419/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2013|url-status=live}}</ref>

The urban agglomeration had a population of 1,122,555, of which males constitute 578,339, females constitute 544,216—a sex ratio of 941 females per 1000 males and 142,826 children are in the age group of 0–6 years. There are a total of 846,952 literates with an effective literacy rate of 86.45%.<ref name=UA />

== Geography and climate ==
{{climate chart
|Raipur
|13.3|27.5|6.7
|16.5|31.1|12.3
|20.8|35.5|24.6
|25.3|39.6|15.7
|28.3|42.0|18.8
|26.5|37.4|189.8
|24.0|30.8|381.0
|23.9|30.2|344.7
|23.9|31.3|230.2
|21.5|31.6|53.9
|16.5|29.6|7.4
|13.2|27.3|3.7
|source=[http://www.imd.gov.in/section/climate/raipur1.htm IMD]
|float=left
|clear=left
}}

=== Geography ===
Raipur is located near the centre of a large plain, sometimes referred to as the "rice bowl of India", where hundreds of varieties of [[rice]] are grown.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walkincg.com/Chhattisgarh/ChhattisgarhState.aspx |title=Chhattisgarh Details, Chhattisgarh Online, Chhattisgarh Information, Chhattisgarh State |publisher=Walkincg.com |access-date=2012-10-04 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130304012724/http://www.walkincg.com/Chhattisgarh/ChhattisgarhState.aspx |archive-date=4 March 2013}}</ref> The [[Mahanadi River]] flows to the east of the city of Raipur, and the southern side has dense forests. The [[Maikal Hills]] rise on the north-west of Raipur; on the north, the land rises and merges with the [[Chota Nagpur Plateau]], which extends north-east across [[Jharkhand]] state. On the south of Raipur lies the [[Deccan Plateau]].{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}

=== Climate ===
Raipur has a [[tropical wet and dry climate]], and temperatures remain moderate throughout the year, except from March to June, which can be extremely hot. The temperature in April–May sometimes rises above {{convert|48|°C}}. These summer months also have dry and hot winds.
The city receives about {{convert|1300|mm}} of rain, mostly in the [[monsoon season]] from mid June to early October. Winters last from November to February and are mild, although lows can fall to {{convert|5|°C}} making it reasonably cold.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Geography & Climate {{!}} Official website of Raipur Municipal Corporation, Chhattisgarh, India |url=https://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/en/geography-climate#:~:text=Raipur%20has%20a%20tropical%20wet,up%20to%2050%20%C2%B0C. |access-date=2024-04-12 |website=nagarnigamraipur.nic.in}}</ref>

{{Weather box
| location = Raipur (1991–2020, extremes 1901–present)
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| Jan record high C = 36.5
| Feb record high C = 38.0
| Mar record high C = 43.3
| Apr record high C = 46.1
| May record high C = 47.9
| Jun record high C = 47.2
| Jul record high C = 41.2
| Aug record high C = 37.5
| Sep record high C = 37.2
| Oct record high C = 37.9
| Nov record high C = 35.6
| Dec record high C = 34.1
| year record high C = 47.9
| Jan high C = 28.0
| Feb high C = 31.1
| Mar high C = 35.2
| Apr high C = 39.5
| May high C = 41.8
| Jun high C = 37.1
| Jul high C = 31.3
| Aug high C = 30.4
| Sep high C = 31.6
| Oct high C = 31.9
| Nov high C = 30.4
| Dec high C = 28.5
| year high C = 33.0
| Jan mean C = 20.8
| Feb mean C = 23.8
| Mar mean C = 26.5
| Apr mean C = 32.1
| May mean C = 35.1
| Jun mean C = 32.0
| Jul mean C = 27.8
| Aug mean C = 27.2
| Sep mean C = 27.9
| Oct mean C = 26.9
| Nov mean C = 23.7
| Dec mean C = 21.0
| year mean C =
| Jan low C = 13.9
| Feb low C = 16.9
| Mar low C = 20.9
| Apr low C = 24.8
| May low C = 27.8
| Jun low C = 26.7
| Jul low C = 24.6
| Aug low C = 24.5
| Sep low C = 24.4
| Oct low C = 22.0
| Nov low C = 17.4
| Dec low C = 13.8
| year low C = 21.5
| Jan record low C = 5.0
| Feb record low C = 5.0
| Mar record low C = 8.3
| Apr record low C = 15.0
| May record low C = 14.4
| Jun record low C = 16.1
| Jul record low C = 17.1
| Aug record low C = 20.0
| Sep record low C = 18.3
| Oct record low C = 13.9
| Nov record low C = 8.3
| Dec record low C = 3.9
| year record low C = 3.9
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 14.4
| Feb rain mm = 16.3
| Mar rain mm = 13.2
| Apr rain mm = 15.7
| May rain mm = 23.8
| Jun rain mm = 197.8
| Jul rain mm = 377.4
| Aug rain mm = 334.2
| Sep rain mm = 235.5
| Oct rain mm = 46.9
| Nov rain mm = 8.2
| Dec rain mm = 6.9
| year rain mm = 1290.3
| Jan rain days = 1.2
| Feb rain days = 1.2
| Mar rain days = 1.5
| Apr rain days = 1.7
| May rain days = 1.9
| Jun rain days = 9.1
| Jul rain days = 14.4
| Aug rain days = 14.4
| Sep rain days = 9.6
| Oct rain days = 2.8
| Nov rain days = 0.5
| Dec rain days = 0.3
| year rain days = 58.6
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 43
| Feb humidity = 35
| Mar humidity = 29
| Apr humidity = 24
| May humidity = 26
| Jun humidity = 52
| Jul humidity = 76
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 74
| Oct humidity = 62
| Nov humidity = 53
| Dec humidity = 47
|year humidity = 50
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref name=IMDcityrainfall>{{cite web |url=https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |title=Nagpur(42867) |publisher=India Meteorological Department |access-date=9 August 2022 |archive-date=9 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809085837/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42867 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes2>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 21}}</ref>
|source 2 = Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)<ref>{{cite web| url = https://ds.data.jma.go.jp/gmd/tcc/tcc/products/climate/normal/parts/NrmMonth_e.php?stn=42875| title = Normals Data: Raipur - India Latitude: 21.22°N Longitude: 81.67°E Height: 294 (m)| publisher = Japan Meteorological Agency| access-date = 2 March 2020}}</ref>
}}

{{Weather box
| location = Raipur ([[Swami Vivekananda Airport]]) 1991-2020
| single line = yes
| metric first = yes
| Jan record high C = 35.7
| Feb record high C = 38.7
| Mar record high C = 42.4
| Apr record high C = 45.4
| May record high C = 47.4
| Jun record high C = 47.2
| Jul record high C = 41.5
| Aug record high C = 37.2
| Sep record high C = 39.9
| Oct record high C = 36.8
| Nov record high C = 35.5
| Dec record high C = 33.0
| year record high C =
| Jan high C = 28.0
| Feb high C = 31.1
| Mar high C = 35.7
| Apr high C = 39.6
| May high C = 41.9
| Jun high C = 37.0
| Jul high C = 31.4
| Aug high C = 30.3
| Sep high C = 31.5
| Oct high C = 31.9
| Nov high C = 30.4
| Dec high C = 28.3
| year high C = 33.1
| Jan low C = 13.3
| Feb low C = 16.3
| Mar low C = 20.6
| Apr low C = 24.5
| May low C = 27.6
| Jun low C = 26.2
| Jul low C = 24.5
| Aug low C = 24.2
| Sep low C = 24.0
| Oct low C = 21.5
| Nov low C = 17.0
| Dec low C = 13.3
| year low C = 21.0
| Jan record low C = 5.7
| Feb record low C = 8.4
| Mar record low C = 12.4
| Apr record low C = 16.5
| May record low C = 19.2
| Jun record low C = 19.5
| Jul record low C = 20.0
| Aug record low C = 20.2
| Sep record low C = 19.8
| Oct record low C = 12.2
| Nov record low C = 9.9
| Dec record low C = 7.1
| year record low C =
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 14.1
| Feb rain mm = 16.2
| Mar rain mm = 15.0
| Apr rain mm = 18.9
| May rain mm = 23.4
| Jun rain mm = 200.3
| Jul rain mm = 362.8
| Aug rain mm = 336.3
| Sep rain mm = 194.7
| Oct rain mm = 53.8
| Nov rain mm = 8.7
| Dec rain mm = 4.6
| year rain mm = 1248.8
| Jan rain days = 1.1
| Feb rain days = 1.3
| Mar rain days = 1.4
| Apr rain days = 1.6
| May rain days = 2.2
| Jun rain days = 8.8
| Jul rain days = 14.8
| Aug rain days = 15.3
| Sep rain days = 9.2
| Oct rain days = 3.2
| Nov rain days = 0.5
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 59.7
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 39
| Feb humidity = 31
| Mar humidity = 24
| Apr humidity = 21
| May humidity = 23
| Jun humidity = 51
| Jul humidity = 74
| Aug humidity = 79
| Sep humidity = 73
| Oct humidity = 60
| Nov humidity = 49
| Dec humidity = 41
|year humidity = 47
| source = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}

Raipur has been ranked the eighth-best National Clean Air City (under Category I: Cities with population above 10 Lakhs) in India according to the Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2024 |title=Swachh Vayu Sarvekshan 2024 |url=https://prana.cpcb.gov.in/ncapServices/robust/fetchFilesFromDrive/Swachh_Vayu_Survekshan_2024_Result.pdf |website=Central Pollution Control Board|access-date=19 September 2024}}</ref>

== Government and politics ==

=== Civic administration ===
{{Main article|Raipur Municipal Corporation}}

Raipur city has a Municipal corporation. It was initially established by the British on 17 May 1867, initially named Raipur Municipal Committee.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Yumpu.com|title=RAIPUR MUNICIPAL CORPORATION - Nagar Nigam Raipur|url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/7702767/raipur-municipal-corporation-nagar-nigam-raipur|access-date=2020-11-09|website=yumpu.com|language=en}}</ref> It was upgraded to Raipur Municipal Corporation in the year 1973.<ref name=":5"/> The area of the municipal corporation is 503.67 km2 (194.47 sq mi).<ref name='Raipur City'/><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Raipur MC|title=Raipur MC|url=http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/rmcwebsite.aspx?pageid=1012|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230012443/https://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in//rmcwebsite.aspx?pageid=1012|url-status=dead}}</ref> RMC is governed under the guidelines mentioned in the Chhattisgarh Municipalities Act, 1961.<ref name=":0" /> As per the 2011 Census of India, the urban agglomeration population in Raipur, Durg - Bhilai was 3,186,632. The three urban cities of Raipur, Bhilai, and Durg in the west-central region of Chhattisgarh together create the Raipur - Bhilai - Durg Tri-City Metro area.

The functions of the municipal corporation are the construction of health centres, educational institutes, and schools, and the periodic maintenance of the houses.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Raipur MC Website|url=http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/}}</ref> In addition to taking the responsibility of constructing basic civic infrastructure, flyovers, and roads, it is also developing recreational centres such as museums, community halls, and parks. Along with basic civic infrastructure, flyovers, and roads.<ref name=":1" />

The executive committee consists of the Commissioner, Deputy commissioner, city health officers, executive engineers, zone commissioners, and other staff.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Raipur Nagar Nigam|url=http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/rmcwebsite.aspx?pageid=1011|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=30 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211230012330/https://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in//rmcwebsite.aspx?pageid=1011|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Municipal Commissioner of Raipur is Vishwa Deep (I.A.S).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raipur Mun C|url=http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/rmcwebsite.aspx?pageid=22|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=29 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129060730/http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/rmcwebsite.aspx?pageid=22|url-status=dead}}</ref> The current mayor is [[Meenal Choubey]] from [[BJP]]. The Mayor in the council consists of the Mayor who is the ex officio chairperson of the MIC. Among elected councillors, the mayor elects them to the council.<ref name=":2" /> There are 70 wards and 8 zones within the Raipur Municipal Corporation.<ref name=":1" /> The zonal ward committees are headed by chairpersons who are elected by ward councillors of the respective zone.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raipur city data|url=http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/Document/2cf1d7f1-4c2f-4aa0-ab96-07b286039031____Citizen_Charter_English_n.pdf|access-date=9 November 2020|archive-date=21 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170921130044/http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/Document/2cf1d7f1-4c2f-4aa0-ab96-07b286039031____Citizen_Charter_English_n.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The recent municipal elections were held on [[2025 Raipur Municipal Corporation election|11 February 2025]]. The political parties in the majority at the municipal level are BJP and INC. The estimated municipal budget for the 2017-2018 period is {{INR}} 2,612,667. Key revenue sources are tax income, fees and charges, sanitation charges, grants and donations, and capital income.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Budget Raipur|url=http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/Budget/Budget%202017-18.pdf}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

The city is a part of Raipur District with Gaurav Kumar Singh, IAS/Collector and DM.<ref name="raipur.gov.in">{{Cite web|title=Organisation Chart {{!}} District Raipur, Government of Chhattisgarh {{!}} India|url=https://raipur.gov.in/organisation-chart/|access-date=2020-11-09|language=en-US}}</ref> The collector heads the district administration department.<ref name="raipur.gov.in"/> The upper collector, deputy collector, and joint deputy assist the Collector. Another governing agency that is active in the city of Raipur is the Urban Administration And Development, Chhattisgarh.<ref name="raipur.gov.in"/>

=== Municipal finance ===

According to financial data published on the CityFinance Portal of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs, the Raipur Municipal Corporation reported total revenue receipts of ₹528 crore (US$64 million) and total expenditure of ₹460 crore (US$55 million) in 2022–23. Tax revenue accounted for about 27.7% of the total revenue, while the corporation received ₹110 crore in grants during the financial year.<ref>{{cite web |title=Raipur Municipal Corporation Finance |url=https://www.cityfinance.in/municipal-data/city/raipur |publisher=CityFinance Portal, Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs |access-date=17 March 2026}}</ref>

=== Master plan ===
Raipur Master Plan 2021 recognizes the need for planned development to take the pressure off the downtown core and meet the need for green spaces and bodies of water in that area. The plan calls for dense housing in new subdivisions on the outskirts and well-planned high-rise commercial and industrial development along with the [[National Highway 6 (India)|NH-6]] as well as on the north side of the city.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-30|title=Raipur Master Plan 2021 Report, Raipur Master Plan 2021 Map, Details|url=https://affordablehousing.live/raipur-master-plan-2021.html|access-date=2020-11-09|website=Affordable Housing Live|language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Legislative assembly and state agencies ===
Raipur is a Lok Sabha/Parliamentary constituency in central Chhattisgarh. Raipur's Lok Sabha seat is unreserved. [[Brijmohan Agrawal]] of BJP is the current [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] from the city.<ref name="news18.com">{{Cite web|title=Live Results: Raipur Lok Sabha Constituency (CHHATTISGARH)|url=https://www.news18.com/lok-sabha-elections-2019/chhattisgarh-raipur-results-s26p08/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=News18}}</ref> There are seven Vidhan Sabha seats in Raipur district, including three in Raipur City, one in Raipur Rural and three in Outer Tehsils.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Raipur City West Assembly constituency (Chhattisgarh): Full details, live and past results|url=https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2018/chhattisgarh/raipur-city-west-election-result-s26a049/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=News18}}</ref>

== Economy ==
Raipur, being the capital city of [[Chhattisgarh]], has attracted large amounts of industrial development. As it is the state capital, the government and service sectors make up a large part of the city's economy and workforce. Manufacturing industries are also well-developed in the city, with a large number of industrial zones. Raipur is also regarded as one of the best cities to do business. It is abundantly rich in mineral resources and is among the biggest producers of steel and iron in the country. There are about 200 steel rolling mills, 195 sponge iron plants, at least 6 steel plants, 60 plywood factories, 35 ferro-alloy plants, and 500 agro-industries in the city. In addition, Raipur also has over 800 rice milling plants.<ref name=":6" />

Dalmia Cement (Bharat) is planning to set up an integrated cement manufacturing unit with a capacity of 2.5 million TPA in Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-15 |title=Dalmia Cement plans new unit in Kharora - Chhattisgarh Industry News |url=https://chhattisgarh.industry-focus.net/2019/05/15/dalmia-cement-plans-new-unit-in-kharora/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=chhattisgarh.industry-focus.net |language=en-US}}</ref> A South Korean multinational Sung Ha Telecom is also planning to set up a plant in Naya Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-05-30 |title=South Korea's Sung Ha Telecom to set up mobile phone manufacturing plant in Chhattisgarh |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/8gmDbMAIyNja94xtwzND6O/South-Koreas-Sung-Ha-Telecom-to-set-up-mobile-phone-manufac.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> [[JSW Steel Ltd|JSW Steel]] has a steel plant in Raipur. APL Apollo's in joint venture with a Singaporean company has planned a manufacturing plant in Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APL Apollo's JV with Singapore company plans manufacturing unit in Raipur |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/companies/apl-apollos-jv-with-singapore-company-plans-manufacturing-unit-in-raipur-2413395.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Moneycontrol |language=en}}</ref> [[Grasim Industries]] operates a cement plant at Rawan in Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Research |first=Ibis |title=Grasim Cement to expand its Rewan cement plant at Raipur |url=https://cement.industry-focus.net/chhattisgarh-cement-projects/114-grasim-cement-to-expand-its-rewan-cement-plant-at-raipur.html |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Cement - Industry Focus |language=en-gb |archive-date=1 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001112951/https://cement.industry-focus.net/chhattisgarh-cement-projects/114-grasim-cement-to-expand-its-rewan-cement-plant-at-raipur.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Ambuja Cements]] has a plant in [[Bhatapara]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ambuja Cement Plant Bhatapara |url=https://swapdial.com/public/knowledge-contents/industrial-data/ambuja-cement-plant-bhatapara/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=swapdial.com |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927232110/https://swapdial.com/public/knowledge-contents/industrial-data/ambuja-cement-plant-bhatapara/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In addition, Raipur has a large chemical plant which produces and supplies formalin all throughout the country.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RAIPUR - Market Research and Opportunity Analysis Report by MeticulousBPlans - Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/meticulousbplans/docs/raipur_mroar.pptx |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=issuu.com |date=14 May 2020 |language=en}}</ref> LPG bottling plants owned by Bharat Petroleum and Hindustan Petroleum are also in Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BPCL Stories |url=https://www.bharatpetroleum.in/about-bpcl/infoline-detail.aspx?id=infoline/mou-with-chhattisgarh-state-government-/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=www.bharatpetroleum.in}}</ref> Godavari - E - Mobility is planning to set up a manufacturing plant in the city as well.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Godawari E-mobility to pump in Rs 150 cr by 2023 for setting up EV manufacturing unit in Raipur |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/auto/story/godawari-e-mobility-to-pump-in-rs-150-cr-by-2023-for-setting-up-ev-manufacturing-unit-in-raipur-310264-2021-10-24 |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=Business Today |date=24 October 2021 |language=en}}</ref> A heavy machinery plant of [[Jindal Steel and Power|Jindal Group]] is in Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jindal Machinery {{!}}{{!}} Home page |url=https://jindalsteelmachinery.in/ |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=jindalsteelmachinery.in |archive-date=9 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220109024545/https://jindalsteelmachinery.in/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Functioning as an information technology (IT) and cyber hub, a technology park in Chhattisgarh's new capital city Naya Raipur was built.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Cherrupreet Kaur|date=Feb 19, 2020 |title=IT Park fails to click in Naya Raipur, lacks basic infrastructure and power {{!}} Raipur News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/raipur/it-park-fails-to-click-in-naya-raipur-lacks-basic-infrastructure-and-power/articleshow/74203762.cms |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref> Chhattisgarh State Industrial Development Corporation (CSIDC) will be developing a new industrial area in Tilda near Raipur to provide facilities for small and medium industries. Two new industrial parks for apparel and metal industries are coming up in Raipur.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Knn India-Knowledge & News |title=New industrial area to come up near Raipur in Chhattisgarh |url=https://knnindia.co.in/news/newsdetails/msme/new-industrial-area-to-come-up-near-raipur-in-chhattisgarh |access-date=2022-04-08 |website=knnindia.co.in}}</ref>

== Civic utilities ==

=== Transport services ===
The superintendent of Engineers Executive Engineers, the team of Engineers, and the staff responsible for the related activities of the road department head the public works department.<ref name=":5" /> Their purposes are planning and designing of road stormwater drains, maintenance of roads and streets, maintenance of gardens and parks, resurfacing the roads, and repairing potholes and bad patches.<ref name=":5"/>

In the bus transport system of Raipur City there is a total number of 157 buses plying within the city.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Data Raipur|url=http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/RaipurDataSet.aspx}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

=== Fire service and electricity ===
The city's electricity is supplied by Chhattisgarh State Power Distribution Company Limited. Fire and emergency services were set up in 2016 to protect fire incidents in the state.<ref name="cghgcd.gov.in">{{Cite web|title=Official website of Director General Home Guards, CD, F & E Services and SDRF.gov.of C.G, India {{!}}|url=http://cghgcd.gov.in/|access-date=2020-11-09|website=cghgcd.gov.in|archive-date=16 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116032142/http://cghgcd.gov.in/|url-status=dead}}</ref> As per the directions of the government, the Fire Station of the urban body are being taken under fire and emergency services.<ref name="cghgcd.gov.in"/>

=== Water, drainage, and sewerage ===
The existing source of unfiltered water is the [[Kharun River]], and about 170 million litres of water per day (MLD) is treated on a daily basis, and the plant has a treatment capacity of 275 MLD. The per capita water supply in the city of Raipur is 135 litres per day. There is a water supply connection serving a total of 50,000 households. Along with water from the Kharun River (27 MLD), another source of water is groundwater, and the capacity utilized is 22 MLD. There is a total of 1,133 handpumps in the city.

There is a lack in the sewerage systems of Raipur City. The data for households with a Sewerage Network is unavailable,<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Raipur Waste|url=http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/Document/01566b4c-78f4-4525-bace-508b36c44eb2__Raipur_SLIP_Sewerage_4.11.15.pdf|access-date=10 November 2020|archive-date=11 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011041810/http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/Document/01566b4c-78f4-4525-bace-508b36c44eb2__Raipur_SLIP_Sewerage_4.11.15.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> but the number of households with septic tanks is 1,44,882 and the households without any outlets for toilets is 5,649.<ref name=":3" /> The city has no separate drainage system nor any sewer lines. There is a separate stormwater drainage system, laid as per requirement.<ref name=":3" />

=== Solid waste management ===
The waste management in the city is entrusted to the city health officer, the in-charge health officer, zonal health officer, and the team of sanitary supervisors and ward supervisors.<ref name=":5"/> A total of 3,56,490 households have been successful with source segregation and are covered by door-to-door collection.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=RaipurDataSet|url=http://nagarnigamraipur.nic.in/RaipurDataSet.aspx}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Raipur's major [[waste management|waste disposal]] site is the Sarona site, which is 12 km away from the city centre.<ref name=":4" />

== Transport ==

===Roadways===

Some major roads in Raipur are [[National Highway 53 (India)|National Highway 53]] (NH-53), [[National Highway 30 (India)|National Highway 30]] (NH-30), Great Eastern Road, Pandri Road, Baloda Bazar Road, Nardha Raipur Road, VIP Road, and [[Raipur–Naya Raipur Expressway|Atal Path Expressway]].

The [[Raipur–Naya Raipur Expressway]], also known as ''Atal Path Expressway,'' is a {{cvt|12.7|km}} [[Controlled-access highway|access-controlled expressway]] connecting Raipur to [[Naya Raipur]]. It has been made to ease the traffic on the GE road and provide faster access to Dhamtari road from [[Raipur railway station]]. It serves 4 flyovers and 1 elevated corridor, crossing over GE road and NH-53 in between two ends of the expressway.

The proposed [[Durg–Raipur–Arang Expressway]], [[Raipur-Ranchi-Dhanbad Expressway]] and the under-construction [[Raipur–Visakhapatnam Expressway]] will pass through and start from Raipur, which after completion, will enhance connectivity and commute further with other cities to and from Raipur.

===Bus transport===
The [[Inter State Bus Terminal, Raipur|Sri Balaji Swami Trust Sri Dudhadhari Math Inter State Bus Terminal]] at Ravanbhantha is the main bus station of the city. It has replaced the old Minimata Bus Stand or Pandri Stand, which was causing heavy traffic problems. The services of the new ISBT started on 15 November 2021. The only [[bus rapid transit system]] is the [[Raipur and Naya Raipur BRTS]].

===Metro===
A [[light rail]], or a Metrolite or Lite Metro (as referred in India), has been proposed by the [[Government of Chhattisgarh]], which will run from Naya Raipur to [[Durg]] via Raipur and [[Bhilai]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Monthly Allowance To Unemployed Youth, Focus On Metro, Sports & Infra: CM Baghel Tabels Chhattisgarh Budget|url=https://news.abplive.com/states/chhattisgarh-budget-2023-announcement-for-health-education-agriculture-budget-highlights-cm-bhupesh-baghel-1586508|work=[[ABP News]]|date=6 March 2023|access-date=9 March 2023|language=en}}</ref>

=== Railways ===
[[File:Raipur Railway station.png|thumb|Main side of Railway station]]

[[File:A view of Raipur Junction railway station.jpg|thumb|[[Raipur Junction railway station|Raipur Junction Railway Station]]]]
[[Raipur Junction railway station]] is the primary railway station of the city, which is situated on the [[Howrah-Nagpur-Mumbai line]] of the [[Indian Railways]], running through the cities of [[Bhusawal]], [[Nagpur]], [[Gondia]], [[Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh|Durg (Bhilai), Bilaspur]], [[Rourkela]] and [[Kharagpur]]. Thus, it is connected with many major cities. It is categorized in the A-1 category of railway stations by the Indian Railways. Raipur has some smaller railway stations in Sarona, Saraswati Nagar, and the WRS Colony railway stations which also lie on the same railway route.

=== Airport ===
[[File:Swami vivekananda Airport terminal Raipur. Night view.jpg|thumb|[[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Swami Vivekananda Airport, Raipur]]]]

[[Swami Vivekananda Airport|Swami Vivekananda International Airport]], (Formerly called the Mana Airport), is the primary airport serving the state of Chhattisgarh. The airport is located {{cvt|15|km}} south of Raipur and {{cvt|10|km}} from Naya Raipur. The airport is well-connected, having daily direct flights to [[Mumbai]], [[Delhi]], [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]], [[Pune]], [[Chennai]], [[Goa]], [[Lucknow]], [[Indore]], [[Jaipur]], [[Patna]], [[Ahmedabad]], [[Bhopal]], [[Bhubaneswar]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]], [[Prayagraj]], and [[Jagdalpur]], operated by [[Alliance Air (India)|Alliance Air]], [[IndiGo]] and [[Vistara]] airlines.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/raipur-gets-air-connectivity-with-17-cities-in-country.html|title=Raipur gets air connectivity with 17 cities in country|website=The Pioneer|date=1 November 2021|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>

== List of mayors ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Term of office
!Name
!Party
!Notes
|-
|early 1890s–1980
|'''N/A'''
|'''N/A'''
|'''N/A'''
|-
|27.02.1980 to 27.02.1981
|Swaroop Chand Jain
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|First mayor of the city
|-
|27.02.1981 to 27.02.1982
|S.R. Murthi
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|27.02.1982 to 26.02.1983
|Swaroop Chand Jain
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|Second time appointed
|-
|27.02.1983 to 10.09.1984
|[[Tarun Chatterji|Tarun Prasad Chatterjee]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|11.09.1984 to 26.02.1985
|Santosh Agrawal
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|27.02.1985 to 04.01.1995
|[[Public administration|Administrator]]
|
|Handled by district magistrate
|-
|05.01.1995 to 04.01.2000
|Balbeer Juneja
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|04.01.2000 to 25.12.2003
|[[Tarun Chatterji|Tarun Prasad Chatterjee]]
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|First mayor after the formation of Chhattisgarh / Second time elected
|-
|05.01.2004 to 05.01.2010
|[[Sunil Kumar Soni]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|First full-term non-Congress mayor
|-
|05.01.2010 to 07.01.2015
|Kiranmayi Nayak
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|First female mayor
|-
|07.01.2015 to 07.01.2020
|Pramod Dubey
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|07.01.2020 to 06.01.2025
|Aijaz Dhebar
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|
|-
|07.01.2025 to 26.02.2025
|[[District magistrate|Administrator]]
|
|Handled by district magistrate
|-
|27.02.2025 to ''present''
|[[Meenal Choubey]]
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|Second female and non-congress mayor
|}

== Points of Interest ==
{{mapframe|frame=yes|type=point|text=Raipur|zoom=SWITCH:4,6,10|switch=zoomed out, zoomed mid, zoomed in}}
* [[Mata Kaushalya Temple]] is the only temple in the world dedicated to the deity Mata Kaushalya.
* [[Purkhouti Muktangan, Naya Raipur]] an open-air Cultural garden that exhibits the Culture of Chhattisgarh.
* [[Nandanvan Jungle Safari, Naya Raipur]] is Asia's largest man-made Jungle Safari.
* The Shree Ram temple, VIP square.
* The Mahant Ghasidas Memorial Museum, Ghadi chowk.
* Swami Vivekananda Sarowar (Budha Talab).
*Telibandha Lake (Marine Drive).

== Education ==
Raipur has become a big educational hub of [[Chhattisgarh]] due to the presence of many institutes of national importance in [[engineering]], [[management]], [[medical]] and [[law]], including [[Indian Institute of Management Raipur|IIM]], [[National Institute of Technology Raipur|NIT]], [[AIIMS Raipur|AIIMS]], [[Hidayatullah National Law University]] (HNLU), [[Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology, Raipur|CIPET, Raipur]], [[National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research|NIPER]](Proposed) and [[International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur|IIIT]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iiitnr.choice.gov.in/ |title=International Institute of Information Technology-Naya Raipur | IIIT Naya Raipur |access-date=2014-08-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140812211312/http://iiitnr.choice.gov.in/ |archive-date=12 August 2014}}</ref>[[File:Rajkumar College Raipur.jpg|thumb|View of the [[Rajkumar College, Raipur]]]]

=== Premier institutes ===


*[[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Raipur]] (AIIMS)
*[[Central Institute of Petrochemicals Engineering and Technology]]
*[[Hidayatullah National Law University]]
*[[Indian Institute of Management Raipur]] (IIM)
*[[International Institute of Information Technology, Naya Raipur]]
*[[National Institute of Technology, Raipur]](NIT)
*[[National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]] (NIPER) (Proposed) at [[Naya Raipur]]

=== Government universities ===


*[[Chandulal Chandrakar Patrakarita Avam Jansanchar Vishwavidyalaya]]
*[[Chhattisgarh Kamdhenu Vishwavidyalaya]]
*[[Chhattisgarh Swami Vivekanand Technical University]]
*[[Pandit Ravishankar Shukla University]]
*[[Pt. Deendayal Upadhyay Memorial Health Sciences and Ayush University of Chhattisgarh]]

=== Private universities and deemed universities ===


*[[Amity University, Raipur|Amity University]]
*[[ITM University, Raipur|ITM University]]
*[[Kalinga University]]
*[[MATS University]]

=== Commerce, engineering, and management colleges ===


*[[Government Engineering College Raipur|Government Engineering College (GEC)]]
*[[Pragati College of Engineering and Management, Raipur|Pragati College of Engineering and Management]]
*[[Raipur Institute of Technology]]
*[[Shri Shankaracharya Institute of Professional Management and Technology]] (SSIPMT)

=== Secondary education ===


* [[Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan]]
* [[DAV Public School]]
* [[Kendriya Vidyalaya]]
* [[Rajkumar College, Raipur|Rajkumar College]], established in 1882, one of the Chief's Colleges that were set up during the [[British Raj]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rajkumarcollege.com/member.php|title=Rajkumar College Society|website=Rajkumar College|access-date=18 February 2024}}</ref>
* [[Ryan International School]]
* [[Delhi Public School]]

== Media ==

=== News channels ===
Many local news channels are telecast from Raipur in Hindi:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! News channels !! Language
|-
| CG 24 news channel CG || [[Hindi]]
|-
|IBC24|| Hindi
|-
| [[Khabar Bharti]]|| Hindi
|-
| Grand News (Cable Network)|| Hindi
|-
| News18 MP CG || Hindi
|-
| [[Sadhna News]]|| Hindi
|-
| Sahara Samay Channel|| Hindi
|-
| Zee MP CG || Hindi
|-
| India News MP CG || Hindi
|-
| Bansal News || Hindi
|-
| Abhi Tak (Cable Network)|| Hindi
|-
| Inh News || Hindi
|}

=== Newspapers ===
Many national and local newspapers are published from Raipur in both Hindi and English:
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Newspaper !! Language
|-
| ''[[Dainik Bhaskar]]'' || Hindi
|-
| ''Dainik Vishwa Pariwar'' || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Rajasthan Patrika|Patrika]]'' || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Nava Bharat]]'' || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Deshbandhu (newspaper)|Deshbandhu]]'' || Hindi
|-
| ''[[Nai Duniya]]'' || Hindi
|-
| ''Haribhoomi'' || Hindi
|-
| ''[[The Times of India]]'' || [[English language|English]]
|-
| ''The Central Chronicle'' || [[English language|English]]
|-
| ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' || English
|-
| ''[[Hindustan (newspaper)|Hindustan]]'' || Hindi
|-
| ''[[The Hitavada]]'' || English
|-
| ''[[The Pioneer (Indian newspaper)|The Pioneer]]'' || English
|-
| ''[[Business Standard]]'' || English, Hindi
|-
| ''Business Bhaskar'' || English, Hindi
|}

=== Radio ===
Raipur city has five FM Radio Stations -
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Frequency Modulation !! Channel !! Slogan
|-
| 94.3 FM || MY FM || Jio Dil Se
|-
| 95.0 FM || FM Tadka || Sound's Good
|-
| 98.3 FM || Radio Mirchi || Mirchi Sunane Wale Always Khush
|-
| 101.6 FM || All India Radio Raipur & '''[[Vividh Bharti]]''' || Desh Ki Surili Dhadkan
|-
| 104.8 FM || Radio Rangila || Jamm ke suno
|-
|}

== Notable people ==



*[[Lucky Ali]], Bollywood singer/composer/actor, did a part of his schooling from [[Rajkumar College, Raipur]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jhunkar.com/songs-of-lucky-ali/|title=Songs of Lucky Ali Bollywood Songs|publisher=Jhunkar.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120214183904/http://jhunkar.com/songs-of-lucky-ali/|archive-date=14 February 2012|access-date=2012-10-04}}</ref>
*[[Teejan Bai]], traditional performing artist for Pandavani.
*[[Anurag Basu]], a noted Bollywood movie director, was born in Raipur and later moved to the neighboring city of [[Bhilai]].
*[[Harinath De]], an Indian historian, scholar, and polyglot, later became the first Indian librarian of the National Library of India (then Imperial Library), spent his childhood and did his initial schooling in Raipur.
*[[Mohammad Hidayatullah]], former Chief Justice of India and former acting president of India, received his primary education at the Government High School of Raipur until 1922.
*[[Akhtar Husain]], Pakistani scholar, journalist and lexicographer.
*[[Harshad Mehta]], an infamous stockbroker, spent his childhood in Raipur after his parents moved here from [[Mumbai]].
*[[Rajneesh]], an Indian philosopher, stayed in Raipur and taught philosophy in Raipur Sanskrit College in 1957.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/chhattisgarh/state/raipur/osho-enlightenment-day-osho-sambodhi-divas-osho-rajneesh-was-philosophy-professor-of-sanskrit-college-raipur/ct20230321092144277277104 | title=Osho Enlightenment Day: प्रोफेसर रजनीश ऐसे बने ओशो, रायपुर से रहा है गहरा नाता | date=21 March 2023 }}</ref>
*[[Shekhar Sen]], musical mono-act player, born and raised in Raipur.
*[[Ravishankar Shukla]], the first [[chief minister]] of the state of [[Madhya Pradesh]], spent his childhood and was educated in Raipur.
*[[Vidya Charan Shukla]], former Union Minister and a nine-term parliamentarian, born in Raipur
*[[Veer Narayan Singh]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Dark%20Brown/EXECUTION%20OF%20VEER%20NARAYAN%20SINGH|title=EXECUTION OF VEER NARAYAN SINGH|work=indianpost.com|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118104539/http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Color/Dark%20Brown/EXECUTION%20OF%20VEER%20NARAYAN%20SINGH|archive-date=18 January 2015|access-date=21 January 2015}}</ref><ref>[[Veer Narayan Singh]]</ref> freedom fighter, jailed at Raipur by the British Army.
*[[K. S. Sudarshan]], former [[Sarsanghchalak|chief]] of the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]], born in Raipur in 1931.
*[[Habib Tanvir]], a noted theatre artist and playwright, was born in Raipur in 1923.
*[[Swami Vivekananda]] spent two of his teenage years in Raipur from 1877 till 1879 when his father was transferred here.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vivekananda.net/ReminiscenesOnSwami/BhupendranathDatta.html|title=Reminiscences of Swami Vivekananda – Frank Parlato Jr. - Bhupendranath Datta|publisher=Vivekananda.net|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125031117/http://www.vivekananda.net/ReminiscenesOnSwami/BhupendranathDatta.html|archive-date=25 January 2012|access-date=2012-10-04}}</ref>[[File:Vivekananda Raipur.JPG|thumb|right|Swami Vivekananda spent 2 of his teenage years in this building at Raipur]]



== See also ==
* [[Nava Raipur]]
* [[Shaheed Veer Narayan Singh International Cricket Stadium]]
* [[Samta colony]]
* [[Raman Singh]]
* [[Bhupesh Baghel]]
* [[Largest Indian cities by GDP]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Raipur}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050324005938/http://raipur.nic.in/Default.htm Raipur District Administration]
* [http://dprcg.gov.in/ DPR Chhattisgarh]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110625042506/http://dpr.choice.gov.in/ DPR Raipur District]

{{Chhattisgarh}}
{{Million-plus cities in India}}
{{State and Union Territory capitals of India}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Metropolitan cities in India]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Raipur district]]
[[Category:Raipur, Chhattisgarh| ]]
[[Category:Smart cities in India]]
[[Category:Former capitals in India]]

Neelam Giri (actress)

2026-03-15T07:48:33Z

MaynardPerkin72: Updated formatting and improved readability

{{Short description|Bhojpuri dancer and actress}}
{{Notability|1=Biographies|date=September 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Neelam Giri
| image =
| image_upright =
| alt = Neelam Giri
| caption = Giri in 2025
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1997|09|03}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Neelam Giri B-day Celebration: इस अंदाज में नीलम गिरी ने मनाया अपना जन्मदिन, शॉर्ट ड्रेस में ढाया कहर |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-neelam-giri-celebrated-her-birthday-wreaked-havoc-in-short-dress-23041517.html |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Ballia]], Uttar Pradesh, India
| other_names =
| occupation = {{hlist |Actress |Model| Singer|}}
| years_active = 2020–present
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Patna University]]
| known_for =
| notable_works = {{ubl|''Babul''|''Kalakand''|''Bigg Boss 19''|}}
| spouse =
}}

'''Neelam Giri''' (born 3 September 1997) is an Indian actress. She mainly works in [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] films and television serials. She made her on-screen debut with ''Babul'' (2021) directed by [[Awdhesh Mishra]] and her performance was praised by critics.<ref>{{cite news |title=बेबस हो उठे पिता के सपने, रुला देगा अवधेश मिश्रा की फिल्म 'Babul' का ट्रेलर |url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri-cinema/awdhesh-mishra-neelam-giri-dev-singh-upcoming-bhojpuri-film-babul-trailer-released-watch-here/articleshow/88426382.cms |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Navbharat Times |date=10 August 2020 |language=hi}}</ref> Her notable works are ''Babul'' (2021), ''Ijjat Ghar'' (2022), ''Tun Tun'' (2022) and ''Kalakand'' (2022).<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhojpuri Song: 'फूलगोभी' बेच रहीं भोजपुरी एक्ट्रेस नीलम गिरी, वीडियो वायरल |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-actress-neelam-giri-new-song-phoolgobhi-video-viral/1869207 |accessdate=21 September 2023 |work=Zee News |date=13 September 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bhojpuri actress Neelam Giri leaves fans stunned with her latest dance video on Pawan Singh's song 'Loi Ke Toi'
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/regional/bhojpuri/bhojpuri-actress-neelam-giri-leaves-fans-stunned-with-her-latest-dance-video/videoshow/96739331.cms |accessdate=21 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=9 January 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bhojpuri Actress: नीलम गिरी की इस अदा के कायल हुए फैंस, कहा- गुलाब जईसन खिलल बाडू... |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/photo-gallery-bhojpuri-actress-neelam-giri-looking-stunning-in-traditional-outfit-fans-said-gulab-jaisan-khilal-badu/1862084 |accessdate=21 September 2023 |work=Zee News |date=8 September 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Neelam Giri's new song 'Murder Rajaji' is out!
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/music/neelam-giris-new-song-murder-rajaji-is-out/articleshow/102608980.cms?from=mdr |work=Times of India |date=10 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=भोजपुरी की इस एक्ट्रेस ने इंटरनेट पर मचाया तहलका, देखें वायरल फोटो |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri/bihar-bhojpuri-actress-neelam-giri-created-panic-on-the-internet-see-viral-photo/1738687 |accessdate=21 September 2023 |work=Zee News |date=15 June 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Neelam Giri treats fans with a new song 'Bohariya Paro Melwa Mein'
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/neelam-giri-treats-fans-with-a-new-song-bohariya-paro-melwa-mein/articleshow/100445224.cms?from=mdr |work=Times of India |date=23 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Neelam Giri Photos: भोजपुरी एक्ट्रेस नीलम गिरी ने फ्रॉक में करवाया फोटोशूट; फ़ैंस को किया इंप्रेस |url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/zeesalaam/entertainment/photo-gallery-bhojpuri-actress-neelam-giri-share-latest-photos-in-purple-dress-see-pics/1810344 |accessdate=21 September 2023 |work=Zee News |date=4 August 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Bhojpuri Hit ‘Kamar Damage’ Continues to Trend Online with Over 110 Million Views |url=https://rajasthan18.in/bhojpuri-hit-kamar-damage-continues-to-trend-online-with-over-110-million-views/ |url-status=live |access-date=15 March 2026 |work=Rajasthan18}}</ref> She was a participant of [[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19|''Bigg Boss 19'']].

== Early life ==
Giri originates from [[Ballia]], Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Verma |first=Rohan |date=2025-08-25 |title=Bigg Boss 19: Who Is Neelam Giri? All About The Bhojpuri Actress, Dancer & TV Sensation |url=https://www.koimoi.com/bigg-boss/bigg-boss-19-who-is-neelam-giri-all-about-the-bhojpuri-actress-dancer-tv-sensation/ |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Koimoi |language=en-US}}</ref> Her father owned a hardware shop and she was raised alongside three siblings: two younger twin brothers and an older sister.<ref name=":0" /> Giri received her education in [[Patna]].<ref name=":0" />

The actress's break into the acting industry came after her [[TikTok]] videos were noticed by [[Bhojpuri region|Bhojpuri]] superstar [[Pawan Singh]],<ref name=":0" /> who is well known for being an actor, playback singer, music composer, stage performer, and Indian politician. Singh offered her a role in the music video "Dhaniya Hamaar Naya Badi Ho".<ref name=":0" /> Following the success of the project, she went on to play roles in several other music videos and films.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-26 |title=Bhojpuri actor Neelam Giri on entering Bigg Boss 19: ‘I’m not here for attention, I’m here to win’ |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tv/bhojpuri-actor-neelam-giri-on-entering-bigg-boss-19-i-m-not-here-for-attention-i-m-here-to-win-101756132974885.html |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

== Filmography ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+Key
| style="background:#ffc;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
| Denotes films that have not yet been released
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Title !! Role !! Language !! References
|-
|2021 || ''Babul''|| || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] Debut ||<ref>{{cite news |title=विलेन Awdhesh Mishra की फिल्म 'बाबुल' का ट्रेलर जारी, नायक के किरदार में आएंगे नजर|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/entertainment/bhojpuri/trailer-of-villain-awdhesh-mishra-babul-trailer-released-will-be-seen-in-actor/1051903 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Navbharat Times |date=14 September 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''Ijjat Ghar''|| || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title=प्रवेश लाल यादव के घर में नहीं था इज्जत घर, तो नीलम गिरी के पापा ने शादी से किया इंकार|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/up-uttarakhand/uttar-pradesh/bhojpuri-film-trailer-2022-pravesh-lal-yadav-nilam-giri-new-bhojpuri-film-2022-izzat-ghar-trailer-out-spup/1277461 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work= Navbharat Times |date=28 July 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Izzat Ghar': Pravesh Lal Yadav and Neelam Giri's romantic song 'Pahle Izzat Ghar Banao' is out!
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/izzat-ghar-pravesh-lal-yadav-and-neelam-giris-romantic-song-pahle-izzat-ghar-banao-is-out/articleshow/96857362.cms |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''Tun Tun''|| || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Neelam Giri unveils the first look of the upcoming film 'Tun Tun' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/neelam-giri-unveils-the-first-look-of-the-upcoming-film-tun-tun/articleshow/90723178.cms |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=8 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Tuntun Trailer Out: भोजपुरी फिल्म 'टुनटुन' का ट्रेलर जारी, इमोशनल कर देगी नीलम गिरी संग डॉग की बॉन्डिंग|url=https://www.amarujala.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/tuntun-trailer-out-neelam-giri-shared-great-bonding-with-dog-read-the-story-for-release-date-of-film-2023-06-25 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work= Amar Ujala |date=25 June 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=भोजपुरी की साफ सुथरी फिल्म 'टुनटुन' का ट्रेलर रिलीज, नीलम गिरी की डॉग के साथ दिखी अलग बॉन्डिंग |url=https://www.jagran.com/entertainment/bollywood-bhojpuri-film-tuntun-trailer-release-neelam-giri-bonding-with-dog-is-clearly-seen-23451803.html |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work= Amar Ujala |date=25 June 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2022 || ''Kalakand''|| || [[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] ||<ref>{{cite news |title=भोजपुरी फिल्म 'कलाकंद' में दिखेगी निरहुआ, आम्रपाली दुबे और नीलम गिरी की तिकड़ी, शूटिंग शुरू |url=https://www.patrika.com/lucknow-news/bhojpuri-film-nirahua-amrapali-and-neelam-giri-together-in-kalakand-7347889/ |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work= Patrika |date=18 February 2022 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Kalakand': Aamrapali Dubey pens a heartfelt note for co-star Neelam Giri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/kalakand-aamrapali-dubey-pens-a-heartfelt-note-for-co-star-neelam-giri/articleshow/89824583.cms |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=8 April 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2022
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Up-61 Love Story of Ghazipur'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Pravesh Lal Yadav and Neelam Giri's film 'UP 61 Love Story of Gazipur' trailer is out!|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/pravesh-lal-yadav-and-neelam-giris-film-up-61-love-story-of-gazipur-trailer-is-out/articleshow/103138596.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=14 September 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Anand Aashram'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Anand Asaram': Neelam Giri shares a still with co-star Nirahua from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/anand-asaram-neelam-giri-shares-a-still-with-co-star-nirahua-from-the-set/articleshow/91735613.cms |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=23 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Nirahua and Neelam Giri starts shooting for 'Anand Asaram' in Nepal |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-and-neelam-giri-starts-shooting-for-anand-asaram-in-nepal/articleshow/91637382.cms |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=18 May 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Ghar Pariwar'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title='Ghar Pariwar': Neelam Giri shares a few pics with co-stars from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/ghar-pariwar-neelam-giri-shares-a-few-pics-with-co-stars-from-the-set/articleshow/95936453.cms |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=2 December 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Risto ka Batwara'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Nirahua and Neelam Giri's film 'Rishto Ka Batwara' trailer is out! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/nirahua-and-neelam-giris-film-rishto-ka-batwara-trailer-is-out/articleshow/100595354.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=29 May 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Just Married'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title=Pravesh Lal Yadav and Neelam Giri joins for the film 'Just Married' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/pravesh-lal-yadav-and-neelam-giri-joins-for-the-film-just-married/articleshow/93903054.cms |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=31 August 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Man Mohini'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title=सतेंद्र सिंह और नीलम गिरी की भोजपुरी फ़िल्म"मनमोहिनी"की शूटिंग कम्पलीट |url=https://bhojpurimedia.net/shooting-of-bhojpuri-film-manmohini-complete-by-satendra-singh-and-neelam-giri/ |accessdate=15 September 2023 |work= Bhojpuri Media |date=20 April 2023 |language=hi}}</ref>
|-
|2023
|scope="row" style="background:#ffc; " | ''Ghoonghat mein Ghotala 3'' {{dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}
|{{TBA}}
| Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{cite news |title= Neelam Giri New Song: लंदन में 'घूंघट में घोटाला 3' कर रहीं नीलम गिरी! इधर 'मर्डर राजाजी' रिलीज|url=https://zeenews.india.com/hindi/india/bihar-jharkhand/bhojpuri-cinema/bhojpuri-actress-neelam-giri-new-song-murder-rajaji-release/1820329 |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Zee News |date=14 September 2023 |language=hi}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title='Ghoonghat Mein Ghotala 3': Neelam Giri shares a romantic photo with co-star Pravesh Lal Yadav from the set |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bhojpuri/movies/news/ghoonghat-mein-ghotala-3-neelam-giri-shares-a-romantic-photo-with-co-star-pravesh-lal-yadav-from-the-set/articleshow/102415643.cms?from=mdr |accessdate=14 September 2023 |work=Times of India |date=4 August 2023 |language=en}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Title
!Role
! Note(s)
!References
|-
|2025
|[[Bigg Boss (Hindi TV series) season 19| ''Bigg Boss 19'']]
| rowspan="2" |Contestant
|12th place
|
|-
|2026
|The 50
|34th place
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2026-01-22 |title=Bigg Boss 19 fame Neelam Giri to participate in ‘The 50’; says, “I’m ready for the challenge” |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/bigg-boss-19-fame-neelam-giri-to-participate-in-the-50-says-im-ready-for-the-challenge/articleshow/127139653.cms |access-date=2026-01-22 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

=== Music videos ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Language
!References
|-
|2021
|Gurekam Feat. Neelam Giri: Dabbi
|Punjabi
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Gurekam Feat. Neelam Giri: Dabbi |date=2021-04-06 |type=Music |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14440392/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_t_12 |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Samar Singh, Shilpi Raj Feat. Neelam Giri: Lagelu Jaan Maar Ho
|Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Samar Singh, Shilpi Raj Feat. Neelam Giri: Lagelu Jaan Maar Ho |date=2021-06-20 |type=Music |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt14902122/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_t_11 |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|2021
|Neelkamal Singh & Shilpi Raj Feat. Neelam Giri: Garnetar
|Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Neelkamal Singh & Shilpi Raj Feat. Neelam Giri: Garnetar |date=2021-10-17 |type=Music |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt15752586/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_t_10 |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|-
|2024
|Bedardi Balam
|Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Bedardi Balam |date=2024-12-05 |type=Music |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt36220774/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_t_2 |access-date=2025-08-26 |publisher=TTF Productions}}</ref>
|-
|2025
|Lagi Tona Tu Shona
|Bhojpuri
|<ref>{{Citation |title=Lagi Tona Tu Shona |date=2025-01-31 |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt36221457/?ref_=nm_flmg_job_1_cdt_t_1 |access-date=2025-08-26}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|12481809}}
* {{Instagram|neelamgiri_}}
* {{Facebook|IamNeelamGiri}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Giri, Neelam}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Actresses in Bhojpuri cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{India-screen-actor-stub}}

Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

2026-03-14T15:29:07Z

MaynardPerkin72:

{{Short description|Indian political party}}
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
{{Infobox Indian political party
|party_name = Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
|colorcode = {{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
|logo =
|abbreviation = MDMK
|general_secretary = [[Vaiko]]
|secretary = [[Durai Vaiko]]
|loksabha_leader = [[Durai Vaiko]]
|rajyasabha_leader =
|founder = [[Vaiko]]
|foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1994|05|06}}
|split = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|headquarters = Thayagam, 12, Rukmini Lakshmipathi Salai, [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]] – 600008, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]].
|students = MDMK Student Wing
|youth = MDMK Youth Wing
|women = MDMK Women's Wing
|labour = Marumalarchi Labour Front
|ideology = {{ubl|[[Tamil nationalism]]|[[Dravidianism]]|[[Social democracy]]|[[Social justice]]|[[Secularism]]}}
|position = [[Centre-left]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ogden|first=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hksIEAAAQBAJ|title=A Dictionary of Politics and International Relations in India|date=20 June 2019|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-253915-1|language=en|quote=Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (Tamil: 'Renaissance Dravidian Progress Federation') A political party. It was established in 1994...}}</ref>
|colours = {{colour box|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Red]]
|eci = [[List of political parties in India#state parties|Unrecognised parties]]<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref>
| alliance = * '''National Alliance''' [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (since 2023)
* '''Regional Alliances''' [[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] ([[Tamil Nadu]] and [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]])
{{hidden|Former Alliances|
*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2004–2007), (2017-2023)''(till dissolved)'') (National)
* [[National Democratic Alliance]] (1998-2003) (India)
* [[Democratic Progressive Alliance]] (2006), (2017-2019)
* [[AIADMK led Alliance|AIADMK+]] (1998-1999) (2006-2011) (Tamil Nadu)
* [[People's Welfare Front]] (2016)
* MDMK Led Alliance (1996-1998)}}
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|1|543|hex={{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|state_seats_name = [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|4|234|hex={{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Matchbox.png|100px]]
|flag = MDMK.svg
|website = [https://www.mdmk.org.in/ www.mdmk.org.in]
}}
{{Dravidian politics-col}}
The '''Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam''' ({{translation|Renaissance Dravidian Progressive Federation}}; {{small|abbr.}} '''MDMK''') is a [[political party]] active in the [[India]]n state of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It was established by [[Vaiko]] in 1994 after he left the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]. The headquarters of the party is called Thayagam, which is located at Rukmini Lakshmipathi Salai, [[Egmore]], [[Chennai]].

==History==
===Formation===
Vaiko was a member of the [[Rajya Sabha]] and a party activist of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK). Vaiko was a member of the party from his initial student days and actively participated in the party agitations and courted arrest several times. He was elected thrice to the Rajya Sabha. In 1994, he was forced out of the parent body as he was seen as a threat to DMK chief [[Karunanidhi]]'s son, [[M.K. Stalin]]. [[Vaiko]] along with some district secretaries announced the decision to start a rival party, which became the MDMK.

===Support for Sri Lankan Tamils===
Vaiko voiced support for Tamils during the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]], including for the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] specifically and their goal of secession from Sri Lanka.

===Support for the Mullaperiyar Dam===
The Government of Kerala was keen to demolish the [[Mullaperiyar Dam]] because of [[Mullaperiyar Dam#Dam safety|safety concerns]]. However, the dam's reservoir is a prime source for irrigation for more than 8 districts including [[Theni district|Theni]]. As a result, Vaiko led an [[Tamil Nadu-Kerala dam row#Interstate dispute|agitation]] against the Kerala government.

===Split in MDMK===
With the looming possibility of a vote of confidence in Parliament against the [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]], two party [[Member of Parliament|MP]]s, [[L. Ganesan]] and [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]], claimed that they enjoyed the support of the majority of party cadre and decided to pledge support to the UPA government. They later withdrew their claim and joined DMK when it was found that they had forged letters of support of party executives.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/?q=node/12147|title=Indian Prez summons PM: Trust vote likely on July 21 or 22, Singh garners enough votes - Asian Tribune|access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref>

===Boycott of Assembly Election 2011===
Due to issues in seat sharing, MDMK quit the ADMK Alliance and boycotted the 2011 Assembly elections of [[2011 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu]] and [[2011 Puducherry Legislative Assembly election|Puducherry]].

===Sanchi Protest===
The MDMK protested the Sri Lankan President [[Mahinda Rajapaksa]]'s visit to [[Sanchi]], [[Madhya Pradesh]] in September 2012. [[Vaiko]] and his party members traveled to Sanchi. People who traveled through roadways were stopped by the police near [[Gadchiroli]]. Some party members tried to reach the spot by rail and air but they were detained by police before reaching [[Sanchi]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=21 September 2012|title=Despite heavy security, MDMK men sneak in Bhopal ahead of Mahinda Rajapaksa's visit|work=The Economic Times|agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/despite-heavy-security-mdmk-men-sneak-in-bhopal-ahead-of-mahinda-rajapaksas-visit/articleshow/16486619.cms|access-date=2020-10-24}}</ref>

===MDMK snap ties with NDA===
The MDMK left the BJP-led [[National Democratic Alliance]] in December 2014, accusing the BJP of acting against Tamil interests. This came after heavy criticism of the party from BJP lawmaker [[Subramanian Swamy]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Vaikos-MDMK-snaps-ties-with-NDA-hits-out-at-Modi-govt/articleshow/45411799.cms|title=Vaiko's MDMK snaps ties with NDA, hits out at Modi govt|website=[[The Times of India]] |date=8 December 2014 |access-date=16 July 2016}}</ref>

===Formation and Departure from Makkal Nalla Kottani [People's Welfare Front (PWF)]===
As part of the [[Makkal Nalla Kottani]] alliance, MDMK (led by [[Vaiko]]) participated in the 2016 election campaigning. Leaders released campaign materials such as manifestos and songs to mobilize voters.

Vaiko and [[Makkal Nalla Kottani]] leaders spoke publicly about the front as a potential alternative to the traditional major parties; at various points [[Vaiko]] claimed that people were disillusioned with [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] rule and expected the front to perform well.

In the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], the [[Makkal Nalla Kottani]] contested seats across the state, fielding candidates from its constituent parties including MDMK.

However, the [[Makkal Nalla Kottani]] failed to make a significant impact in the election results. The major contest was still dominated by the two big regional alliances, and [[Makkal Nalla Kottani]] did not win a meaningful share of seats. Independent records show that smaller parties, including [[Makkal Nalla Kottani]] partners, were unable to secure victories comparable to the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]-led or [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK alliances]].

After the elections, there were reports in late 2016 that MDMK decided to exit the [[Makkal Nalla Kottani]] alliance. MDMK general secretary [[Vaiko]] publicly announced MDMK’s departure from that coalition amid internal differences and electoral disappointment.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thehinducentre.com/verdict/tamil-nadus-experiments-with-electoral-alliances/article64936341.ece
|title=Tamil Nadu’s experiments with electoral alliances
|website=The Hindu Centre
|language=en
|access-date=2016-04-18
}}</ref>

===Alliance with DMK===
MDMK formally quit the [[Makkal Nalla Kottani]] on 27 December 2016 due to differences following the poor results of the [[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|2016 polls]]. It notes that after exiting, MDMK later aligned with the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]-led alliance in subsequent elections.

In December 2017, MDMK decided to support the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] in the [[Radhakrishnan Nagar Assembly constituency]] by-election — marking its first public cooperation with [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] after a break of over a decade. [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] working president [[M. K. Stalin]] welcomed MDMK’s support and described it as part of a broader opposition coalition against the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|then-AIADMK]] regime.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/after-over-a-decade-mdmk-to-support-dmk/articleshow/61902847.cms
|title=After over a decade, MDMK to support DMK
|website=The Economic Times
|language=en
|access-date=2017-12-04
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://tamil.samayam.com/latest-news/state-news/makkal-nala-kootani-leaders-commented-on-vaikos-decision/articleshow/56199169.cms
|title=மக்கள் நல கூட்டு: வைகோ முடிவை கட்சி தலைவர்கள் கருத்து
|website=Samayam Tamil
|language=ta
|access-date=2016-12-25
}}</ref>

===2019 Indian General Elections===
In the 2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, the DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance included several smaller parties such as MDMK, CPI(M), CPI, VCK and others.

As part of that alliance, MDMK was allocated one Lok Sabha seat to contest.

According to Election Commission filings and election data, MDMK fought its 2019 Lok Sabha contest on the DMK’s “Rising Sun” symbol rather than its own independent symbol. Because of this, the Election Commission’s official records count MDMK candidates under the DMK party tally in the final seat-wise results.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/after-25-years-vaiko-comes-under-rising-sun/article26441801.ece
|title=After 25 years, Vaiko comes under the rising sun
|website=The Hindu
|language=en
|access-date=2019-03-29
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/mdmk-names-ganeshamurthi-as-candidate-for-erode-lok-sabha-seat/article26552617.ece
|title=MDMK names Ganeshamurthi as candidate for Erode Lok Sabha seat
|website=The Hindu
|language=en
|access-date=2019-05-15
}}</ref>

===2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election===

In the [[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], the MDMK contested as an ally of the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] and used the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]'s 'Rising Sun' symbol for all its candidates.

The MDMK was allotted 6 seats as part of the [[Secular Progressive Alliance|DMK-led Secular Progressive Alliance]].

Although party founder [[Vaiko]] initially expressed a desire to contest on an independent symbol, he ultimately agreed to use the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]'s Rising Sun symbol due to "practical necessity".

Constituencies Contested: [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]], [[Palladam Assembly constituency|Palladam]], [[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]], [[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur (Reserved)]], [[Maduranthakam Assembly constituency|Madurantakam (Reserved)]], [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]. The MDMK won 4 of the 6 seats it contested under the Rising Sun symbol.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/tamil-nadu-assembly/tn-assembly-elections-mdmk-to-contest-six-seats-in-dmk-symbol/article34007567.ece
|title=MDMK to contest six seats in DMK symbol
|website=The Hindu
|language=en
|access-date=2021-03-04
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/dmk-finalises-constituencies-mdmk-iuml-and-three-other-allies-145016
|title=DMK finalises constituencies for MDMK, IUML and three other allies
|website=The News Minute
|language=en
|access-date=2021-03-11
}}</ref>

===2024 Lok Sabha Elections===
In the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, the MDMK made a strategic shift by contesting on its own independent symbol rather than the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK's 'Rising Sun']]. This decision was championed by [[Durai Vaiko]], son of MDMK founder [[Vaiko]], who made his political debut in this election.

[[Durai Vaiko]], MDMK's principal secretary, contested from the [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli (Tiruchi) constituency]].

The party initially sought to reclaim its traditional "Top" symbol, but the [[Election Commission of India]] refused because the party was contesting only one seat and lacked recognition as a [[List of political parties in India|state party]].

After a legal challenge in the [[Madras High Court]], the [[Election Commission of India]] allotted the "Matchbox" symbol to the MDMK for the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 polls]].

[[Durai Vaiko]] won the [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]] seat by a significant margin of 3,13,094 votes. He secured a total of 5,42,213 votes, defeating his closest rival, P. Karuppaiah of the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]. By securing 5.42 lakh votes in [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Trichy]], [[Durai Vaiko]] defeated.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.dtnext.in/news/tamilnadu/ls-polls-durai-vaiko-delivers-trichy-what-mdmk-needed-the-most-788503
|title=LS polls: Durai Vaiko delivers in Trichy what MDMK needed the most
|website=DT Next
|language=en
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.dtnext.in/specials/lok-sabha-polls/ls-polls-mdmks-durai-vaiko-gets-match-box-symbol-to-contest-in-tiruchy-777124
|title=LS polls: MDMK’s Durai Vaiko gets match-box symbol to contest in Tiruchy
|website=DT Next
|language=en
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/tiruchirappalli-election-results-2024-tamil-nadu-tiruchirappalli-lok-sabha-elections-poll-result-updates-karuppaiah-p-aiadmk-rajessh-t-ntk/articleshow/110678805.cms
|title=Tiruchirappalli Election Results 2024: Tamil Nadu – Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha elections poll result updates
|website=The Times of India
|language=en
}}</ref>

===2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election===
Ahead of the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]], a meeting was held between [[M. K. Stalin]], president of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, and Vaiko, general secretary of the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (MDMK), to discuss seat-sharing arrangements.

Following the discussions, it was announced that the MDMK, a constituent of the Secular Progressive Alliance, would contest four constituencies in the election. Of these, the party will contest three constituencies using the DMK’s “Rising Sun” symbol and one constituency using the MDMK’s party symbol.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://x.com/ANI/status/2031739595025784847
|title=For the 2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly General Election, a discussion was held between DMK President-Chief Minister M.K. Stalin and MDMK General Secretary Vaiko regarding seat-sharing arrangements
|website=ANI (X)
|language=en
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/tamil-nadu-assembly-election-mdmk-gets-four-seats-in-dmk-alliance/articleshow/129468324.cms
|title=Tamil Nadu assembly election: MDMK gets four seats in DMK alliance
|website=The Times of India
|language=en
|access-date=2026-01-30
}}</ref>

==Party flag and symbol==
Initial Symbol (1994): The MDMK initially contested elections on the "Umbrella" symbol.

The MDMK lost its status as a recognized state party in 2010 due to insufficient vote shares in previous elections. This led to the loss of the "Top" as its reserved symbol.

In the [[2024 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu|2024 Lok Sabha elections]], the party tried to reclaim the "Top" via the [[Madras High Court]], but the [[Election Commission of India]] refused because the party contested only a single seat. They ultimately used the "Matchbox" symbol for the campaign.<ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/no-rising-sun-mdmk-wants-its-own-symbol/article26602250.ece
|title=No rising sun: MDMK wants its own symbol
|website=The Hindu
|language=en
|access-date=2019-05-24
}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web
|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/lok-sabha-polls-mdmk-loses-top-symbol-because-of-its-decision-to-contest-in-only-one-seat/article67997757.ece
|title=Lok Sabha polls: MDMK loses top symbol because of its decision to contest in only one seat
|website=The Hindu
|language=en
|access-date=2024-03-20
}}</ref>
The election symbol is a match box. The colour of the party flag's top and bottom panel is red and middle panel is black. The party has a weekly journal called ''Sangoli'' which carries news and write ups for party workers.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=5 June 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304080440/http://www.eci.gov.in/StatisticalReports/SE_2006/StatReport_TN_2006.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2024 Parliament Election, the ECI allotted Matchbox with stick symbol for contesting in Trichy.

==Lok Sabha==
===Election Performance===
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|+[[File:Lok Sabha.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|100px]] [[Lok Sabha]] Elections
!style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Year
!style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Lok Sabha
!style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Seats contested
!style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Seats won
!style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|(+/-) in seats
!style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|% of votes
!style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Vote swing
!style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Popular vote
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[11th Lok Sabha|11th]]
|24
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{new}}
|4.50%
|{{new}}
|12,22,415
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[12th Lok Sabha|12th]]
|5
|{{Composition bar|3|39|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{increase}} 3
|6.26%
|{{increase}} 1.76
|16,02,504
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[13th Lok Sabha|13th]]
|5
|{{Composition bar|4|39|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{increase}} 1
|5.95%
|{{decrease}} 0.31
|16,20,527
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]
|4
|{{Composition bar|4|39|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Steady}}
|5.95%
|{{steady}}
|16,79,870
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]
|4
|{{Composition bar|1|39|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{decrease}} 3
|3.66%
|{{decrease}} 2.29
|11,12,908
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]
|7
|{{Composition bar|0|39|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{decrease}} 1
|3.54%
|{{decrease}} 0.12
|14,17,535
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|39|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{increase}} 1
|1.30%
|{{decrease}} 2.24
|5,63,591
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]
|1
|{{Composition bar|1|39|{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}|background-color=|border border-color=darkgray|width=|per=1}}
|{{Steady}}
|1.28%
|{{decrease}} 0.02
|5,42,213
|-
|}

===List of Lok Sabha Members===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Year
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Election
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Member
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Constituency
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#CC0000;color:white"|Remarks
|-
|-
|rowspan="3"| [[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|rowspan="3"| [[12th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
| [[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]
|
|-
| [[A. Ganeshamurthi]]
| [[Palani Lok Sabha constituency|Palani]]
|
|-
| [[Vaiko]]
| [[Sivakasi Lok Sabha constituency|Sivakasi]]
|
|-
|-
|rowspan="4"| [[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|rowspan="4"| [[13th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
| [[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]]
| Re-elected for 2nd term
|-
| [[M. Kannappan]]
| [[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]]
|
|-
| [[C. Krishnan (MDMK politician)|C. Krishnan]]
| [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi (SC)]]
|
|-
| [[Vaiko]]
| [[Sivakasi Lok Sabha constituency|Sivakasi]]
| Re-elected for 2nd term
|-
|-
|rowspan="4"| [[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|rowspan="4"| [[14th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]
| [[Vandavasi Lok Sabha constituency|Vandavasi]]
| Re-elected for 3rd term
|-
| [[C. Krishnan (MDMK politician)|C. Krishnan]]
| [[Pollachi Lok Sabha constituency|Pollachi (SC)]]
| Re-elected for 2nd term
|-
| [[L. Ganesan]]
| [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|
|-
| [[A. Ravichandran]]
| [[Sivakasi Lok Sabha constituency|Sivakasi]]
|
|-
| [[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
| [[15th Lok Sabha]]
| [[A. Ganeshamurthi]]
| [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
| Re-elected for 2nd term
|-
| [[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
| [[17th Lok Sabha]]
| [[A. Ganeshamurthi]]
| [[Erode Lok Sabha constituency|Erode]]
| Re-elected for 3rd term Contested on DMK symbol
|-
| [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| [[18th Lok Sabha]]
| [[Durai Vaiko]]
| [[Tiruchirappalli Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchirappalli]]
|
|-
|}

===List of Rajya Sabha Members===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Position
! colspan="2" |Party
! Constituency
! From
! To
! Tenure
|-
| [[Vaiko]]
| [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]] (4th Term)
| {{Party name with color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}
| [[Tamil Nadu]]
| 25 July 2019
| 24 July 2025
| '''{{ayd|2019|7|25|2025|7|24}}'''
|}

==Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly Election==
===Election Performance===
{| class=wikitable
|+Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Election Year
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Election
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Votes polled
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Won
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Change of Seats
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Alliance
! style="width:25%;" Style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white" | Result
|-
|1996
|[[1996 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|11th Assembly]]
|1,569,168
|{{Composition bar|0|177|hex=#cc0000}}
| No Change
|MDMK+ alliance
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Lost
|-
|2001
|[[2001 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|12th Assembly]]
|1,304,469
|{{Composition bar|0|213|hex=#2368C7}}
|{{decrease}}213
|MDMK+
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;" | Lost
|-
|2006
|[[2006 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|13th Assembly]]
|1,971,565
|{{Composition bar|6|35|hex=#cc0000}}
|{{increase}} 6
|[[AIADMK-led Alliance|AIADMK Front]]
| ! style="background:#98FB98;" | Lost

|-
|2016
|[[2016 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|15th Assembly]]
|2,300,775
|{{Composition bar|0|29|hex=#2368C7}}
|{{decrease}} 6
|[[People's Welfare Front|PWF]]
| ! style="background:#FFA07A;"| Lost
|-
|2021
|[[2021 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|16th Assembly]]
|4,86,976
|{{Composition bar|4|6|hex=#cc0000}}
|{{increase}} 4
|[[Secular Democratic Alliance|SPA+]]
| ! style="background:#98FB98;" | Won
|}
===List of MLAs elected===

==Incumbent Member(s) of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:center; border: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; width: 100%;"
|+ style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white;"| Current MLAs
|-
! style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white;"| S.No
! style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white;"| Member
! style="background-color:#cc0000; color:white;"| Party Role
|- "background-color:#cc0000; color:white;"
|1.
|[[T. Sadhan Tirumalaikumar]]
|Party Leader in [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Assembly]], MLA from [[Vasudevanallur Assembly constituency|Vasudevanallur]]
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"
|2.
|[[K. Chinnappa]]
|MLA from [[Ariyalur Assembly constituency|Ariyalur]]
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"
|3.
|[[M. Boominathan]]
|MLA from [[Madurai South Assembly constituency|Madurai South]]
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"
|4.
|[[A. R. R. Raghuraman]]
|MLA from [[Sattur Assembly constituency|Sattur]]
|- style="background-color:#f9f9f9;"
|}

==List of Union Ministers==
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|No.
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Portrait
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Portfolio
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Name {{small|(Birth–Death)}}
!colspan=3 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Term in office
!rowspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Constituency {{small|(House)}}
!rowspan=2 colspan=2 style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|[[Prime Minister of India|{{white|Prime Minister}}]]
|-
!style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Assumed office
!style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Left office
!style="background-color:#cc0000;color:white"|Time in office
|-
!1
|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of New and Renewable Energy|Minister of Non-Conventional Energy Sources]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS(I/C)|Minister of State (Independent Charge)}}]'''
|'''[[M. Kannappan]]''' (–)
|13 October 1999
|30 December 2003
!'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2003|12|30}}'''
|[[Tiruchengode Lok Sabha constituency|Tiruchengode]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|rowspan=5|[[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]
|rowspan=5 {{party color cell|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
!rowspan="4"|2
|rowspan="4"|[[File:Blank.svg|70px]]
|'''[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}]'''
|rowspan="4"|'''[[Gingee N. Ramachandran]]''' (born 1944)
|13 October 1999
|30 September 2000
!'''{{ayd|1999|10|13|2000|9|30}}'''
|rowspan="4"|[[Tindivanam Lok Sabha constituency|Tindivanam]] ([[Lok Sabha]])
|-
|'''[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}]'''
|30 September 2000
|1 July 2002
!'''{{ayd|2000|9|30|2002|7|1}}'''
|-
|'''[[Minister of Finance (India)|Minister of Finance & Company Affairs]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}]'''
|1 July 2002
|24 May 2003
!'''{{ayd|2002|7|1|2003|5|23}}'''
|-
|'''[[Ministry of Textiles|Minister of Textiles]]''' '''[{{abbr|MoS|Minister of State}}]'''
|8 September 2003
|30 December 2003
!'''{{ayd|2003|9|8|2003|12|30}}'''
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of political parties in India]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://mdmk.org.in/ Official Website of the party]
* [https://www.loc.gov/item/lcwa00093055/ MDMK profile listed in Library of congress]
{{Dravidian politics}}
{{Indian political parties}}

[[Category:Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam| ]]
[[Category:Dravidian political parties]]
[[Category:Political parties established in 1994]]
[[Category:Political parties in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1994 establishments in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]][[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]

Adi Shankara

2026-03-13T12:21:44Z

MaynardPerkin72:

{{Short description|8th-century Indian Vedic scholar}}
{{about|the vedic scholar Adi Shankara|the title used in Advaita traditions|Shankaracharya}}
{{redirect|Adi Shankaracharya|the 1983 Indian film|Adi Shankaracharya (film)}}
{{good article}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
| image = Raja Ravi Varma - Sankaracharya.jpg
| caption = Painting of Adi Shankara, exponent of Advaita Vedanta with his disciples by [[Raja Ravi Varma]]
| alt =
| religion = [[Hinduism]]
| birth_date = c. 700 CE{{refn|group=note|name="date"}}
| birth_place =
| birth_name = Shankara
| death_date = c. 750 CE{{refn|group=note|name="date"}}
| death_place =
| guru = [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]]
| philosophy = [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| honors = [[Jagadguru]]
| known_for = Expounded [[Advaita Vedanta]]
| founder =
| module =
}}
{{Advaita}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}

'''Adi Shankara''' (8th c. CE),{{refn|group=note|name="date"}} also called '''Adi Shankaracharya''' ({{langx|sa|आदि शङ्कर, आदि शङ्कराचार्य|Ādi Śaṅkara, Ādi Śaṅkarācārya|lit=First [[Shankaracharya]]}},{{refn|group=note|''Adi'' means "first", to distinguish him from other Shankaras.}} {{IPA|sa|aːd̪i ɕɐŋkɐraːt͡ɕaːrjɐ|pron}}),{{refn|group=note|He is also known as Shankara Bhagavatpada ({{IAST|Śaṅkara Bhagavatpāda}}), Shankara Bhagavatpadacharya ({{IAST|Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya}}) or [[Shankaracharya]], sometimes spelled Sankaracharya.}} was an Indian [[Vedanga|Vedic scholar]]-monk, philosopher, and teacher (''[[acharya]]'') of [[Advaita Vedanta]].{{sfn|Suthren Hirst|2005|p=1}} While in recent times he is often revered as the most important [[Indian philosophy|Indian philosopher]],{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=XV}} reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scant,{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=69–82}} and the historical influence of his works on Hindu intellectual thought has been questioned.{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|p=29}}{{sfn|King|2001|p=128}}{{sfn|Tola|1989}} The historical Shankara was probably relatively unknown{{sfn|King|2001|p=128}}{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|pp=33–34}}{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=217}} and [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]]-oriented{{efn|name="Vaishnava"}} and his true impact lies in the popular perception of him as a heroic religious leader who re-established traditional Hinduism.{{efn|name="digvijana"}}

Until the [[10th century]] Shankara was overshadowed by his older contemporary [[Maṇḍana Miśra]],{{sfn|King|2001|p=128}}{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|pp=33–34}} and there is no mention of him in concurrent Hindu, [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] or [[Jainism|Jain]] sources until the [[11th century]].{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=217}} The legendary Shankara was created in the [[14th century]], centuries after his death, when Sringeri ''matha (Sanskrit: {{lang|sa|मठ}})(maṭha) (monasteries)'' started to receive patronage from the [[List of Vijayanagara emperors|emperors]] of the [[Vijayanagara Empire]]{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|pp=33–34}}{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}{{sfn|Goodding|2013|p=89}}{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|pp=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}} and shifted their allegiance from ''Advaitic'' [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] Shaivism (Śaivism) to Brahmanical Advaita orthodoxy.{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=215, 221-222}} Hagiographies dating from the 14th-17th centuries deified him as a [[Chakravarti (Sanskrit term)|ruler]]-[[Sannyasin|renunciate]], travelling on a [[digvijaya (conquest)|digvijaya]] (conquest of the four quarters){{sfn|Nowicka|2016|p=147}}{{sfn|Bader|2001|p=vii}} across the [[Indian subcontinent]] to propagate his philosophy, defeating his opponents in theological debates.{{sfn|Raju|1985|p=383}}{{sfn|Allen|2017}} These hagiographies also portray him as founding four [[#Mathas|mathas]]. Adi Shankara also came to be regarded as the organiser of the [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya|Dashanami]] monastic order, and the unifier of the [[Shanmata]] tradition of worship. The title of [[Shankaracharya]], used by heads of certain monasteries in India, is derived from his name. Tradition also portrays him as the one who reconciled the various [[Hindu denominations|sects]] ([[Vaishnavism]], [[Shaivism]], and [[Shaktism]]) with the introduction of the Panchayatna ({{IAST|[[panchayatana puja|Pañcāyatana]]}}) form of [[Puja (Hinduism)|worship]], the simultaneous worship of five deities – Ganesha, Surya, Vishnu, Shiva, and Devi, arguing that all deities were but different forms of the one [[Brahman]], the invisible Supreme Being.<ref name="Klaus Klostermaier 2007">Klaus Klostermaier (2007), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-7082-4}}, p. 40</ref>

Owing to his later fame over 300 texts are attributed to him, including commentaries (Bhashya, ''Bhāṣya''), introductory topical expositions (''Prakaraṇa grantha'') and poetry (''Stotra'').{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=2–3}} However, most of these are likely to have been written by admirers, or pretenders, or scholars with an eponymous name.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Halbfass|1983}} Works known to have been written by Shankara himself are the ''Brahmasutrabhasya'',{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=6–7}} his commentaries on ten [[Mukhya Upanishads|principal Upanishads]],{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Hacker|1995|pp=30–31}} his commentary on the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'',{{sfn|Rambachan|1991|pp=xii–xiii}} and the Updeshsahasri ''[[Upadeśasāhasrī|(Upadeśasāhasrī).]]''{{sfn|Halbfass|1990|pp=205–208}}{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}} The authenticity of Shankara as the author of Vivekchudamani ({{IAST|[[Viveka Chudamani|Vivekacūḍāmaṇi]]}}) has been questioned and mostly rejected by scholarship.{{sfn|Grimes|2004}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2006|p=4}}

His authentic works present a harmonizing reading of the ''[[shastra]]s'', with liberating knowledge of the self at its core, synthesizing the inherited [[Advaita Vedanta]] teachings of his time.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|pp=678-679}}<ref group=web name=Stanford_Dalal2021/> The central concern of Shankara's writings was the liberating knowledge of the true identity of ''jivatman (jīvātman)'' (individual self) as Atman (''[[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]]-[[Brahman]])'',{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}}{{sfn|Nakamura|1999|p=176}} emphasizing that "right knowledge arises at the moment of hearing" the [[mahavakyas]] (mahāvākyas),{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=182 (Up.I.18.103-104)}} without the need of meditating on them. These mahavakyas are found in the Upanishads, which Shankara saw as the authoritative means of knowledge, beyond the ritually oriented Mimansa ([[Mīmāṃsā|Mīmāṃsā)]]-exegesis of the Vedas.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=163}}{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|2000}}{{refn|group=note|name="ritualism"}}{{refn|group=note|name="Mookerji"}} Shankara's Advaita showed influences from [[Mahayana Buddhism]], despite Shankara's critiques;{{sfn|Shcherbatsky|1927|pp=44–45}}{{sfn|Dasgupta|1997|p=494}} and Hindu [[Vaishnavism|Vaishnava]] opponents have even accused Shankara of being a "crypto-Buddhist,"{{sfn|Biderman|1978|pp=405–413}}{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=14}}{{sfn|King|1995|p=183}}{{refn|group=note|name="crypto-Buddhist"}} a qualification which is rejected by the Advaita Vedanta tradition, highlighting their respective views on ''Atman'', ''Anatman (Anātman)'' and ''Brahman''.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=60, 145–154}}{{refn|group=note|name=self_no-self}}
{{TOC limit|3}}

==Dating==
Several different dates have been proposed for Shankara.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=83–87}} While the Advaita tradition assigns him to the 5th century BCE, the scholarly-accepted dating places Shankara to be a scholar from the first half of the 8th century CE.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=163}}{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=3–5}}

===Matha datings===
The prominent Advaita-mathas date Shankara to the 5th century BCE. This dating is based on records of the heads of the Shankara's cardinal institutions {{IAST|Maṭha}}s. The exact dates of birth of Adi Shankaracharya believed by several monasteries are Kali 2593 (509 BCE) according to the [[Kanchipuram]],<ref name="Dalal2010p376"/>{{refn|group=note|The successive heads of the Kanchi and all other major Hindu Advaita tradition monasteries have been called [[Shankaracharya]] leading to some confusion, discrepancies and scholarly disputes. The chronology stated in Kanchi Matha texts recognizes five major Shankaras: Adi, Kripa, Ujjvala, Muka and Abhinava. According to the Kanchi Matha tradition, it is "Abhinava Shankara" that western scholarship recognizes as the Advaita scholar Shankara, while the monastery continues to recognize its 509 BCE chronology.<ref name="Dalal2010p376">{{cite book|author=Roshen Dalal|title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA376| year=2010|publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-341421-6|page=376}}</ref><ref>T.S. Narayana Sastry (1916, republished 1971), [http://www.easterntradition.org/article/Age%20of%20Sankara%20by%20Narayana%20Sastry.pdf ''The Age of Sankara'']</ref> Also, as per astronomical details given in books Shankara Satpatha, Shankara Vijaya, Brihat Shakara Vijaya and Prachina Shankara Vijaya, it is believed that Shankaracharya was born in 509 BCE.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} According to Kanhi Peetham, having established his divine mission, the incomparable Sankara attained his BrahmTbhava (identity with Brahman) at Kanchi, in the precincts of Sri Kamakshi, in his 32nd year, in 2625 Kali, in the cyclic year Raktakshi, corresponding to 476 B.C.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastry Narayana S.t. |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.505901 |title=The Age Of Sankara (1916) |date=1916 |publisher=B.G. Paul and Co.}}</ref>}} 507 BCE according to [[Govardhan Math]],<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Adi Shankaracharya |url=https://govardhanpeeth.org/en/about-us-en/adi-shankaracharya |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260122053952/https://govardhanpeeth.org/en/about-us-en/adi-shankaracharya |archive-date=22 Jan 2026 |access-date=22 Jan 2026 |website=Govardhan Math}}</ref> 491 BCE according to Dvarka ([[Dvārakā]]),{{refn|group=note|Arun Kumar Upadhyay: "The copper-plate of King Sudhanwa, said to have been issued to Sankara and now in the possession of Government on behalf of Dwärká Mutt, bears the date as Yudhisthira Saka 2663, Åsvin Sukla 15. This gives us 476 B.C. as the relevant year of his death. The copper-plate seems to have been issued to Sankara right towards the end of his career. King Sudhanwa is referred to not only by Jinavijaya but also by biographers like Madhava and Sadánanda."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arun Kumar Upadhyay |url=http://archive.org/details/sankara-vijayas |title=Sankara Vijayas |date=2020-04-30|page=89}}</ref> Citsukha's Brhat-Sankara Vijaya also gives us the year of 2663 of Yudhi. Saka i.e., 476 B.C. as the year of Sankara's passing away.<ref>{{cite book |title=Sankara Vijayas |date=30 April 2020 |url=https://archive.org/details/sankara-vijayas/page/88 |access-date=11 May 2022}}</ref>}} 485 BCE according to [[Joshimath#Religious significance|Jyotirmath]], 484 BCE according to [[Jagannatha Puri]], and 483 BCE according to [[Sringeri]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Dating Adi Shankara|url=https://www.indiadivine.org/content/topic/1098476-dating-adi-shankara/|access-date=2020-08-20|website=IndiaDivine.org|date=25 March 2003 |language=en-US}}</ref>

The records of the [[Sringeri matha|Sringeri Matha]] state that Shankara was born in the 14th year of the reign of "Vikramaditya", but it is unclear to which king this name refers.<ref name="nila">K.A. Nilakantha Sastry, ''A History of South India'', 4th ed., Oxford University Press, Madras, 1976.</ref> Though some researchers identify the name with [[Chandragupta II]] (4th century CE), modern scholarship accepts the Vikramaditya as being from the [[Chalukya dynasty|Chalukya dynasty of Badami]], most likely [[Vikramaditya II]] (733–746 CE).<ref name="nila"/>

===Scholarly datings===
* 788–820 CE: This was proposed by late 19th and early twentieth century scholars, following K.P. Tiele,{{refn|group=note|Tiele based this dating on Yajnesvara Sastri's treatise ''Aryavidya-sudhakar'' ("The Moon of Noble Knowledge"), who in turn cited Bhatta Nilakantha's work ''Sankara-mandara-saurabha'' ("The fragrance of Sankara's paradise tree").{{sfnp|Isayeva|1993|p=83-84}}}} and was customarily accepted by scholars such as [[Max Müller]], Macdonnel, Pathok, Deussen and Radhakrishna.{{sfnp|Isayeva|1993|p=83-84}}{{sfnp|Tapasyananda|2015|p=20}} Though the 788–820 CE dates are widespread in 20th-century publications, recent scholarship has questioned the 788–820 CE dates.{{sfn|Mayeda|2015}}{{refn|group=note|The date 788–820 is also among those considered acceptable by [[Swami Tapasyananda (Ramakrishna Mission)|Swami Tapasyananda]], though he raises a number of questions.{{sfnp|Tapasyananda|2015|p=15-17}}}}
* {{Circa|700|750}} CE: Late 20th-century and early 21st-century scholarship tends to place Shankara's life in the first half of the 8th century.{{sfn|Mayeda|2015}}{{sfnp|Isaeva|1993|p=84–87 with footnotes}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Koller|2013|p=99}}: "the best recent scholarship argues that he was born in 700 and died in 750 CE."}} This estimate is based on the probable earliest and latest limits for his lifetime. His works contains traces of debates with Buddhist and [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimansa]] authors from the 5th-7th century, setting the earliest limit at {{Circa|650 CE}}. The latest limit is established by [[Vāchaspati Misra|Vachaspati Mishra]]'s commentary on Sankara's work, dated first half of the 9th century, thus setting the latest limit for Sankara at {{Circa|800 CE}}.{{sfnp|Isayeva|1993|p=85}}

===Other datings===
* 44–12 [[BCE]]: the commentator Anandagiri believed he was born at Chidambaram in 44 BCE and died in 12 BCE.{{sfn|Keshava Menon|1976|p=108}}
* 6th century CE: Telang placed him in this century. Sir R.G. Bhandarkar believed he was born in 680 CE.{{sfn|Keshava Menon|1976|p=108}}
* 805–897 CE: Venkiteswara not only places Shankara later than most, but also had the opinion that it would not have been possible for him to have achieved all the works apportioned to him, and has him live ninety-two years.{{sfn|Keshava Menon|1976|p=108}}

==Traditional and historical views on Shankara==
{{See also|History of Hinduism}}
[[File:SankaraSthampaMandapam.jpg|thumb|Adi Sankara Keerthi Sthampa Mandapam, Kalady, Kochi|335x335px]]

===Traditional views of Shankara===
Shankara has an unparalleled status in the tradition of [[Advaita Vedanta]]. Hagiographies from the 14th-17th centuries portray him as a victor who travelled all over India to help restore the study of the Vedas.<ref>Per Durst-Andersen and Elsebeth F. Lange (2010), Mentality and Thought: North, South, East and West, CBS Press, {{ISBN|978-87-630-0231-8}}, p. 68</ref> According to Frank Whaling, some Hindus, particularly those who follow Advaita, view Shankara as someone who defended Hindu dharma in response to Buddhist and Jain challenges and contributed to the decline of Buddhism in India.{{efn|name="digvijana"}} His teachings and [[sampradaya|tradition]] are central to [[Smartism]] and have influenced [[Sant Mat]] lineages.<ref>{{cite conference|author=Ron Geaves|date=March 2002|title=From Totapuri to Maharaji: Reflections on a Lineage (Parampara)|conference=27th Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Oxford}}</ref> Tradition portrays him as the one who reconciled the various sects (Vaishnavism, Shaivism, and Shaktism) with the introduction of the Panchayatna form of [[Puja (Hinduism)|worship]], the simultaneous worship of five deities – Ganesha, Surya, Vishnu, Shiva and Devi, arguing that all deities were but different forms of the one [[Brahman]], the invisible Supreme Being,<ref name="Klaus Klostermaier 2007"/> implying that Advaita Vedanta stood above all other traditions.{{sfn|Kruijf|Sahoo|2014|p=105}}

===Historical Shankara and (lack of) early influence (until 10th century)===
Scholars have questioned Shankara's early influence in India.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}} The Buddhist scholar [[Richard E. King]] states,
{{blockquote|Although it is common to find Western scholars and Hindus arguing that Shankaracharya was the most influential and important figure in the history of Hindu intellectual thought, this does not seem to be justified by the historical evidence.{{sfn|King|2001|p=128}}}}

According to numerous scholars, Shankara and other early Advaitins were probably Vaishnavites, or at least teaching in a Vaishnava-oriented milieu, and Shankara may have had a [[Pancaratra|Pancharatra]] background.{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=148; 159-170 for Clark's arguments; 218, 220, 221, 224}}{{efn|name="Vaishnava"}}

According to Clark, "Shankara was relatively unknown during his life-time, and probably for several centuries after, as there is no mention of him in Buddhist or Jain sources for centuries; nor is he mentioned by other important philosophers of the ninth and tenth centuries."{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=217}} According to King and Roodurmun, until the 10th century Shankara was overshadowed by his older contemporary [[Maṇḍana Miśra|Mandana-Mishra]](Maṇḍana Miśra), the latter considered to be the major representative of Advaita.{{sfn|King|2001|p=128}}{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|pp=33–34}} [[Maṇḍana Miśra|Mandana-Mishra]], an older contemporary of Shankara,{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|p=29}} was a Mimansa scholar and a follower of [[Kumarila]] Bhatt, but also wrote a seminal text on Advaita that has survived into the modern era, the ''Brahma-siddhi''.{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|p=31}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Allen Wright Thrasher|year=1993|title=The Advaita Vedānta of Brahma-siddhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9b2cJ1gLgvgC |publisher =Motilal Banarsidass|isbn=978-81-208-0982-6 |pages=vii–x}}</ref> The "theory of error" set forth in the ''Brahma-siddhi'' became the normative Advaita Vedanta theory of error,{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|p=32}} and for a couple of centuries he was the most influential Vedanti (Vedāntin).{{sfn|King|2002|p=128}}{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|pp=33-34}}{{refn|group=note|name=King2002_MandanaMisra}} His student Vachaspati Mishra [[Vachaspati Miśra|(Vachaspati Miśra)]], who is believed to have been an incarnation of Shankara to popularize the Advaita view,{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|p=34}} wrote the ''[[Bhamati]](Bhāmatī)'', a commentary on Shankara's ''Brahma Sutra Bhashya'', and the ''Brahmatattva-samiksa'', a commentary on Mandana Mishra's ''Brahma-siddhi''. His thought was mainly inspired by Mandana Mishra, and harmonises Shankara's thought with that of Mandana Mishra.{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|p=35}}<ref group=web name=BhamatiVivarana>[http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/bhavir.html The Bhamati and Vivarana Schools]</ref> The Bhamati school takes an ontological approach. It sees the [[jiva]] (jīva) as the source of avidya (avidyā).<ref group=web name=BhamatiVivarana /> It sees yogic practice and contemplation as the main factor in the attainment of liberation, while the study of the Vedas and reflection are additional factors.{{sfn|King|1999|p=56}}{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|p=37}} The later Advaita Vedanta tradition incorporated Maṇḍana Mishra into the Shankara-fold, by identifying him with Sureshvara [[Sureśvara]] (9th century),<ref name=karlpottermms>{{harvnb|Potter|2008|pp=346–347, 420–423}}: "There is little firm historical information about Suresvara; tradition holds Suresvara is same as Mandana Misra".</ref> believing that Maṇḍana Mishra became a disciple of Shankara after a public debate which Shankara won.{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|p=31}}{{sfn|Sharma|1997|p=290–291}}

According to [[Satchidanandendra Sarasvati]], "almost all the later Advaitis were influenced by Mandana Mishra and [[Bhāskara (Bhedabheda Vedanta)|Bhaskara]]."{{sfn|Satchidanandendra Sarasvati|1997|p=6}} He argues that most post-Shankara Advaita Vedanta actually deviates from Shankara, and that only his student Sureshvara - who has had little influence represents Shankara correctly.{{sfn|Potter|2006|pp=6–7}} In this view, Shankara's influential student Padmapada misunderstood Shankara, while his views were maintained by the Sureshvara school.{{sfn|Potter|2006|pp=6–7}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Potter|2006|pp=6–7}}: "...these modern interpreters are implying that most Advaitins after Samkara's time are confused and basically mistaken, and that 99% of the extant classical interpretive literature on Samkara's philosophy is off the mark. This is clearly a remarkably radical conclusion. Yet, there is good reason to think that it may well be true.}}

===Vaishnavite Vedanta (10th-14th century)===
[[Hajime Nakamura]] states that prior to Shankara, views similar to his already existed, but did not occupy a dominant position within the Vedanta.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=690}} Until the 11th century, Vedanta itself was a peripheral school of thought;{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|p=157; 229 note 57}} Vedanta became a major influence when it was utilized by various sects of Hinduism to ground their doctrines.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=691-693}} The early Vedanta scholars were from the upper classes of society, well-educated in traditional culture. They formed a social elite, "sharply distinguished from the general practitioners and theologians of Hinduism."{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=693}} Their teachings were "transmitted among a small number of selected intellectuals".{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=693}} Works of the early Vedanta schools do not contain references to Vishnu or Shiva.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=692}} It was only after Shankara that "the theologians of the various sects of Hinduism utilized Vedanta philosophy to a greater or lesser degree to form the basis of their doctrines,"{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=691}} whereby "its theoretical influence upon the whole of Indian society became final and definitive."{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=693}} Examples are [[Ramanuja]] (11th c.), who aligned [[bhakti]], "the major force in the religions of Hinduism," with philosophical thought, meanwhile rejecting Shankara's views,<ref group=web name=EB_Ramanuja>Encyclopædia Britannica, [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ramanuja Ramanajua]</ref> and the [[Nath]]-tradition.{{sfn|Feuerstein|1978}}

===Vijayanagara Empire and Vidyaranya (14th century) - creation of legendary (hagiographic) views===
In medieval times, Advaita Vedanta position as most influential Hindu ''darsana'' started to take shape, as Advaitins in the Vijayanagara Empire competed for patronage from the royal court, and tried to convert others to their sect.{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=55-56}} It is only during this period that the historical fame and cultural influence of Shankara and Advaita Vedanta was established.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|pp=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}}{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=178–183}} Many of Shankara's biographies were created and published in and after the 14th century, such as Vidyaranya's widely cited ''Śankara-vijaya''. [[Vidyaranya]], also known as Madhava, who was the 12th Jagadguru of the Śringeri Śarada Pītham from 1380 to 1386<ref>Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Mādhava Āchārya". Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> and a minister in the Vijayanagara Empire,<ref name=talbot/> inspired the re-creation of the Hindu [[Vijayanagara Empire]] of South India. This may have been in response to the devastation caused by the Islamic [[Delhi Sultanate]],{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|pp=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}}{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=178–183}}<ref name=talbot>Cynthia Talbot (2001), ''Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra'', Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513661-6}}, pp. 185–187, 199–201</ref> but his efforts were also targeted at Sri Vaishnava groups, especially ''Visishtadvaita'', which was dominant in territories conquered by the Vijayanagara Empire.{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=55}} Furthermore, sects competed for patronage from the royal court, and tried to convert others to their own sectarian system.{{sfn|Stoker|2016|p=55-56}} Vidyaranya and his brothers, note Paul Hacker and other scholars,{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}{{sfn|Blake Michael|1992|pp=60–62 with notes 6, 7 and 8}} wrote extensive Advaitic commentaries on the Vedas and Dharma to make "the authoritative literature of the Aryan religion" more accessible.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29}} Vidyaranya was an influential Advaitin, and he created legends to turn Shankara, whose elevated philosophy had no appeal to gain widespread popularity, into a "divine folk-hero who spread his teaching through his ''digvijaya'' ("universal conquest," see below) all over India like a victorious conqueror."{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=177}} In his [[doxography]] ''[[Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha|Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha]]'' ("Summary of all views") Vidyaranya presented Shankara's teachings as the summit of all ''darsanas'', presenting the other ''darsanas'' as partial truths which converged in Shankara's teachings, which was regarded to be the most inclusive system.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=160-162}}{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29}} The Vaishanava traditions of Dvaita and [[Vishishtadvaita|Visishtadvaita]] were not classified as Vedanta, and placed just above Buddhism and Jainism, reflecting the threat they posed for Vidyaranya's Advaita allegiance.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=160}} Bhedabheda wasn't mentioned at all, "literally written out of the history of Indian philosophy."{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=161}} Such was the influence of the ''Sarvadarśanasaṅgraha'', that early Indologists also regarded Advaita Vedanta as the most accurate interpretation of the Upanishads.{{sfn|Nicholson|2010|pp=160}} And Vidyaranya founded a ''matha'', proclaiming that it was established by Shankara himself.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=177}} Vidyaranya enjoyed royal support,<ref name=talbot/> and his sponsorship and methodical efforts helped establish Shankara as a rallying symbol of values, spread historical and cultural influence of Shankara's Vedānta philosophies, and establish ''mathas'' to expand the cultural influence of Shankara and Advaita Vedānta.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}

===Hagiographies: ''Digvijaya'' - "The conquests of Shankara" (14th-17th century)===
[[File:Kaladi shankarabirthplace.jpg|thumb|The birthplace of Adi Shankara at [[Kalady]]]][[File:Adi shankara.jpg|thumb|upright|Murti of Shankara at his [[Samādhi|Samadhi]] Mandir, behind [[Kedarnath Temple]], in [[Kedarnath]], India]]Reliable information on Shankara's actual life is scanty.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=69–82}} His existing biographies are not historical accurate documents, but politically motivated hagiographies which were all written several centuries after his time and abound in legends and improbable events,{{sfn|Mayeda|2015}} creating the popular image of Shankara as "a religious leader who harmonized the major Hindu traditions, visited various temples, and composed hymns."{{sfn|Sundaresan|2000|p=154}}

====Sources====
{{Main|Digvijaya (conquest)|l1 = Digvijaya}}

There are at least fourteen different known [[Hagiography|hagiographies]] of Adi Shankara's life.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=3–5}} These, as well as other hagiographical works on Shankara, were written many centuries to a thousand years after Shankara's death,{{sfn|Pande|2011|p=35}} in Sanskrit and non-Sanskrit languages, and the hagiographies are filled with legends and fiction, often mutually contradictory.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=3–5}}{{refn|group=note|The hagiographies of Shankara mirror the pattern of synthesizing facts, fiction and legends as with other ancient and medieval era Indian scholars. Some hagiographic poems depict Shankara as a reincarnation of deity [[Shiva]], much like other Indian scholars are revered as reincarnation of other deities; for example, Mandana-misra is depicted as an embodiment of deity [[Brahma]], Citsukha of deity [[Varuna]], Anandagiri of [[Agni]], among others. See {{harvtxt|Isaeva|1993|pp=69–72}}.}}

Many of these are called the ''Śankara Vijaya'' ('The conquests (''[[Digvijaya (conquest)|digvijaya]]'') of Shankara'), while some are called ''Guruvijaya'', ''Sankarabhyudaya'' and ''Shankaracaryacarita''. Of these, the ''Brhat-Sankara-Vijaya'' by Citsukha is the oldest hagiography but only available in excerpts, while ''Sankaradigvijaya'' by Mādhava (17th c.) and ''Sankaravijaya'' by Anandagiri are the most cited.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=69–82}}{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=3–5}} Other significant hagiographies are the ''{{IAST|Cidvilāsīya Śaṅkara Vijayaṃ}}'' (of Cidvilāsa, c. between the 15th and 17th centuries), and the ''{{IAST|Keraļīya Śaṅkara Vijayaṃ}}'' (of the Kerala region, extant from c. the 17th century).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/sankara-vijayam.html |title= The ''Sankaravijaya'' literature |access-date=2006-08-23 |author=Vidyasankar, S.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Tapasyananda |first=Swami |year=2002|title= Sankara-Dig-Vijaya |page=viii |no-pp=true}}</ref>

Scholars note that one of the most cited Shankara hagiographies, Anandagiri's, includes stories and legends about historically different people, but all bearing the same name of Sri Shankaracarya or also referred to as Shankara but likely meaning more ancient scholars with names such as Vidya-sankara, Sankara-misra and Sankara-nanda.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=69–82}} Some hagiographies are probably written by those who sought to create a historical basis for their rituals or theories.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=69–82}}{{sfn|Pande|2011|p=35}}

====Early life====
According to the oldest hagiographies, Shankara was born in the southern Indian state of [[Kerala]], in a village named [[Kaladi]]{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=3–5}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Students' Britannica India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ISFBJarYX7YC&pg=PA379|year=2000|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-0-85229-760-5|pages=379–}}</ref> sometimes spelled as Kalati or Karati.<ref>{{cite book|author=Narasingha Prosad Sil |title=Swami Vivekananda: A Reassessment |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pTDPlJPyV_MC |year=1997|publisher=Susquehanna University Press |isbn=978-0-945636-97-7 |page=192 }}</ref>{{refn|group=note|This may be present day [[Kalady]] in central Kerala. The house he was born in is still maintained as [[Melpazhur Mana]].}} His parents were an aged, childless, couple who led a devout life of service to the poor. They named their child Shankara, meaning "giver of prosperity".<ref>{{Cite book|title=East Meets West|last=Adago|first=John|publisher=Program Publishing; 2 edition|year=2018|isbn=978-0692124215|location=UK}}</ref> His father died while Shankara was very young.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=3–5}} Shankara's {{IAST|[[upanayanam]]}}, the initiation into student-life, had to be delayed due to the death of his father, and was then performed by his mother.<ref>{{cite book |first=Y. Keshava |last=Menon |year=1976 |title=The Mind of Adi Shankara |publisher=Jaico |page=109 |isbn=978-8172242145}}</ref>

====Sannyasa====
Shankara's hagiographies describe him as someone who was attracted to the life of [[Sannyasa]] (hermit) from early childhood. His mother disapproved. A story, found in every hagiography, describes Shankara at age eight going to a river with his mother, ''Sivataraka'', to bathe, where he is caught by a crocodile.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=74–75}} Shankara calls out to his mother to give him permission to become a ''[[Sannyasa|Sannyasin]]'' (a religious ascetic)'','' or else the crocodile will kill him. The mother agrees and Shankara is freed, and leaves his home for education. He reaches a Saivite sanctuary along a river in a north-central state of India, and becomes the disciple of a teacher named [[Govinda Bhagavatpada]].{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=74–75}}{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=31–32, also 6–7, 67–68}} The stories in various hagiographies diverge in details about the first meeting between Shankara and his ''Guru'', where they met, as well as what happened later.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=74–75}} Several texts suggest Shankara's schooling with Govindapada happened along the river [[Narmada]] in [[Omkareshwar]], but a few place it along the River Ganges in Kashi ([[Varanasi]]) as well as Badari ([[Badrinath]] in the Himalayas).{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=31–32, also 6–7, 67–68}}

The hagiographies vary in their description of where he went, who he met and debated and many other details of his life. Most mention Shankara studying the [[Vedas]], [[Upanishads]] and [[Brahmasutra]] with Govindapada, and Shankara authoring several key works in his youth, while he was studying with his teacher.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=76–77}} It is with his teacher Govinda, that Shankara studied Gaudapadiya Karika, as Govinda was himself taught by Gaudapada.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=3–5}} Most also mention a meeting with scholars of the [[Mimamsa|Mimansa]] school of Hinduism namely Kumarila and Prabhakara, as well as Mandana and various Buddhists, in ''[[Shastrartha]]'' (an Indian tradition of public philosophical debates attended by large number of people, sometimes with royalty).{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=31–32, also 6–7, 67–68}}

====Travels (''Digvijaya'') and disciples====
[[File:Adishankara.jpg|thumb]]
Thereafter, the hagiographies about Shankara vary significantly. Different and widely inconsistent accounts of his life include diverse journeys, pilgrimages, public debates, installation of yantras and lingas, as well as the founding of monastic centers in north, east, west, and south India.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=69–82}}{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=31–32, also 6–7, 67–68}}

While the details and chronology vary, most hagiographies present Shankara as traveling widely within India, Gujarat to Bengal, and participating in public philosophical debates with different orthodox schools of [[Hindu philosophy]], as well as heterodox traditions such as Buddhists, Jains, Arhatas, Saugatas, and [[Charvaka]]s.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=5–36}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hovey|first=Sally Wriggins|title=Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road. Westview Press, 1998.}}</ref> The hagiographies credit him with starting several m''atha'' (monasteries), but this is uncertain.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=5–36}} Ten monastic orders in different parts of India are generally attributed to Shankara's travel-inspired ''Sannyasin'' schools, each with Advaita notions, of which four have continued in his tradition: Bharati [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|(Sringeri)]], Sarasvati [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|(Kanchi)]], Tirtha and Asramin [[Dwarka Sharada Peetham|(Dvaraka)]].{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=82–91}} Other monasteries that record Shankara's visit include Giri, Puri, Vana, Aranya, Parvata and Sagara – all names traceable to the [[Ashrama (stage)|Ashrama]] system in Hinduism and Vedic literature.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=82–91}}

Shankara had a number of disciple scholars during his travels, including [[Padmapadacharya]](also called Sanandana, associated with the text ''[[Atma bodha|Atma-bodha)]]'', [[Sureśvara]]charya, [[Totakacharya]], [[Hastamalakacharya]], Chitsukha, Prthividhara, Chidvilasayati, Bodhendra, Brahmendra, Sadananda and others, who authored their own literature on Shankara and Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=5–36}}{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=71–82, 93–94}}

====Death====
According to hagiographies, associated with the four maths, Adi Shankara died at Kedarnath, a Hindu pilgrimage site in the Himalayas, located in the northern Indian state of [[Uttarakhand]].{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=90-91}} Texts say that he was last seen by his disciples behind the Kedarnath temple, walking into the Himalayas until he could no longer be traced. Some texts locate his death in alternate locations such as [[Kanchipuram]] in Tamil Nadu or in Kerala.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=31–32, also 6–7, 67–68}} According to the hagiographies related to the monastery of Kanchi, Adi Shankara attains siddhi in Kanchi.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=90}}

===Hagiographies: attribution of Mathas and Smarta tradition (14-17th century)===
{{See also|Dashanami Sampradaya}}Traditionally, Shankara is regarded as the founder of the {{IAST|[[Dashanami Sampradaya|Daśanāmi Sampradāya]]}} of [[Hindu]] [[monasticism]], and the ''[[Panchayatana puja]]'' and [[Shanmata|{{IAST|Ṣaṇmata}}]] of the [[Smarta tradition]].

====Dashanami Sampradaya and mathas====
Advaita Vedanta is, at least in the west, primarily known as a philosophical system. But it is also a tradition of [[Sannyasa|renunciation]]. Philosophy and renunciation are closely related:<ref group="web" name="MonasticTradition" />
{{blockquote|Most of the notable authors in the advaita tradition were members of the sannyasa tradition, and both sides of the tradition share the same values, attitudes and metaphysics.<ref group=web name="MonasticTradition" />}}

In the 14th century an elaborate legend was created, presenting Shankara as an incarnation of [[Shiva]] to facilitate the adoption of his teachings by previously Shaiva (Śaiva)-oriented ''Mathas ({{IAST|[[Matha|Maṭhas]]}}'') in the Vijayanagara Empire.{{efn|name="Vaishnava"}} From the 14th century onwards, hagiographies began to present Shankara as an incarnation of Shiva, portraying him as establishing the [[Daśanāmi Sampradaya]],{{sfn|Clark|2006|p=224-225}} organizing a section of the [[Dashanami Sampradaya|Ekadandi monks]] under an umbrella grouping of ten names.<ref group="web" name="MonasticTradition">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Shankara/shankar4.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508091224/http://www.sanskrit.org/www/Shankara/shankar4.html|url-status=dead|title=Sankara Acarya Biography – Monastic Tradition|archive-date=8 May 2012}}</ref> Several other Hindu monastic and Ekadandi traditions, however, remained outside the organisation of the Dasanāmis.<ref>Karigoudar Ishwaran, ''Ascetic Culture''</ref><ref>Wendy Sinclair-Brull, ''Female Ascetics''</ref>

According to tradition, Adi Sankara organised the Hindu monks of these ten sects or names under four ''mathas'', with the headquarters at [[Dvārakā]] in the West, [[Jagannatha Puri]] in the East, [[Sringeri]] in the South and [[Badrikashrama]] in the North.<ref group="web" name="MonasticTradition" /> Each ''matha'' was headed by one of his four main disciples, who each continues the Vedanta Sampradaya.

According to Paul Hacker, the system may have been initiated by [[Vidyaranya]] (14th c.), who may have founded a ''matha'', proclaiming that it was established by Shankara himself, as part of his campaign to propagate Shankara's Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29}}{{sfn|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=177}} Vidyaranya enjoyed royal support,<ref name="talbot" /> and his sponsorship and methodical efforts helped establish Shankara as a rallying symbol of values, spread historical and cultural influence of Shankara's Vedānta philosophies, and establish monasteries (''mathas'') to expand the cultural influence of Shankara and Advaita Vedānta.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|p=29–30}}

====Smarta Tradition====
{{Main|Smarta Tradition}}

Traditionally, Shankara is regarded as the greatest teacher{{sfn|Doniger|1999|p=1017}}{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=52}} and reformer of the [[Smarta Tradition|Smartism]] [[sampradaya]], which is one of four major ''sampradaya'' of [[Hinduism]].{{sfn|Rosen|2006|p=166}}{{sfn|Popular Prakashan|2000|p=52}} According to [[Alf Hiltebeitel]], Shankara established the nondualist interpretation of the Upanishads as the touchstone of a revived ''smarta'' tradition:
{{blockquote|Practically, Shankara fostered a rapprochement between Advaita and ''smarta'' orthodoxy, which by his time had not only continued to defend the ''varnasramadharma'' theory as defining the path of ''karman'', but had developed the practice of ''pancayatanapuja'' ("five-shrine worship") as a solution to varied and conflicting devotional practices. Thus one could worship any one of five deities (Vishnu, Siva, Durga, Surya, Ganesa) as one's ''istadevata'' ("deity of choice").{{sfn|Hiltebeitel|2002|p=29}}}}

''Panchayatana puja'' ([[IAST]] ''{{IAST|Pañcāyatana pūjā}}'') is a system of [[Puja (Hinduism)|''puja'']] (worship) in the Smarta tradition.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60">{{cite book |first=Gudrun |last=Bühnemann |year=2003 |title=Mandalas and Yantras in the Hindu Traditions |page=60 |publisher=BRILL Academic |isbn=978-9004129023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kQf2m8VaC_oC&pg=PA60 |via=Google Books}}</ref> It consists of the worship of five deities set in a [[quincunx]] pattern,<ref name="Harle1994p141">{{cite book |first=James C. |last=Harle |year=1994 |title=The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent |pages=[https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl/page/140 140]–142, 191, 201-203 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06217-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/artarchitectureo00harl |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}</ref> the five deities being [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Devi]], [[Surya]], and an [[Ishta Devata]] such as [[Kartikeya]], or [[Ganesha]] or any personal god of devotee's preference.<ref name="Flood1996p17">{{cite book |first=Gavin D. |last=Flood |year=1996 |title=An Introduction to Hinduism |page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo/page/17 17] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-43878-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontohi0000floo |via=archive.org |url-access=registration}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |first=Diana L. |last=Eck |year=1998 |title=Darśan: Seeing the divine image in India |page=49 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-11265-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWqaD9Hz1bMC |via=Google Books}}</ref> Sometimes the Ishta Devata is the sixth deity in the mandala.<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60" /> while in the [[Shanmata]] system,<ref>Various Papers: Śaṅkarācārya, Conference on Sankara and Shanmata (1969), Madras, {{oclc|644426018}}, Reprinted by HathiTrust Digital Library</ref> ''Skanda'', also known as ''[[Kartikeya]]'' and ''Murugan'', is added. Panchayatana puja is a practice that became popular in medieval India,<ref name="Bühnemann2003p60" /> and has been attributed to Adi Shankara.<ref name="lexicon">{{cite web |title=The Four Denominations of Hinduism |series=Basics of Hinduism |publisher=Kauai Hindu Monastery |website=Himalayan Academy |url=https://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects |access-date=26 January 2022 |archive-date=26 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170726075754/http://www.himalayanacademy.com/readlearn/basics/four-sects |url-status=dead }}</ref> However, archaeological evidence suggests that this practice long predates the birth of Adi Shankara.{{refn|group=note|Many Panchayatana mandalas and temples have been uncovered that are from the [[Gupta Empire]] period, and one Panchayatana set from the village of Nand (about 24 kilometers from [[Ajmer]]) has been dated to belong to the [[Kushan Empire]] era (pre-300 CE).<ref name="Williams1981p2">{{cite book |first=Frederick |last=Asher |editor=Joanna Gottfried Williams |year=1981 |title=Kalādarśana: American studies in the art of India |pages=1–4 |publisher=Brill Academic |isbn=90-04-06498-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qoeAAAAIAAJ |via=Google Books}}</ref> The Kushan period set includes Shiva, Vishnu, Surya, Brahma and one deity whose identity is unclear.<ref name="Williams1981p2"/> According to James Harle, major Hindu temples from 1st millennium CE embed the ''pancayatana'' architecture very commonly, from [[Odisha]] to [[Karnataka]] to [[Kashmir]]; and the temples containing fusion deities such as [[Harihara]] (half Shiva, half Vishnu) are set in Panchayatana worship style.<ref name="Harle1994p141"/>}}

===Neo-Vedanta (19-20th century)===
{{Main|Neo-Vedanta}}

Shankara's position was further established in the 19th and 20th-century, when [[Neo-Vedanta|neo-Vedantins]] and western [[Orientalism|Orientalists]] elevated Advaita Vedanta "as the connecting theological thread that united Hinduism into a single religious tradition,"{{sfn|King|2001|p=129}} and became "an iconic representation of Hindu religion and culture," despite the fact that most Hindus do not adhere to Advaita Vedanta.{{sfn|King|2001|p=129-130}}

===21st century===
A 108-foot statue of Adi Shankara was unveiled near [[Omkareshwar Temple]] in [[Madhya Pradesh]] to commemorate his life and work on 21 September 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2023 |title=Madhya Pradesh CM unveils Adi Shankaracharya statue at Omkareshwar: Its story, significance |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-culture/madhya-pradesh-cm-adi-shankaracharya-omkareshwar-significance-8951323/ |access-date=2024-01-22 |language=en}}</ref> Another 12-foot statue at Kedarnath was unveiled by Indian Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] on 5 November 2019, is made of chlorite schist and weighs 35 tonnes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 6, 2021 |first=Kautilya |last=Singh |title=PM Modi unveils Adi Guru Shankaracharya statue at Kedarnath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/dehradun/pm-modi-unveils-adi-gyru-shankaracharya-statue-at-kedarnath/articleshow/87543367.cms |access-date=2022-03-23 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 4, 2021|title=arun: Karnataka: Sculptor from Mysuru chiselled 14-ft Shankaracharya's statue |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mysuru/sculptor-from-mysuru-chiselled-14-ft-shankaracharyas-statue/articleshow/87518236.cms |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Shankaracharya Math Pashupatinath Temple Pashupati Kathmandu Nepal Rajesh Dhungana 6.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Adi Shankaracharya Math in [[Pashupatinath Temple|Pashupatinath Temple, Nepal]]]]

==Works==
{{Further|Adi Shankara bibliography}}

Adi Shankara is highly esteemed in contemporary Advaita Vedanta, and over 300 texts are attributed to his name, including commentaries (''Bhāṣya''), original philosophical expositions (''Prakaraṇa grantha'') and poetry (''Stotra'').{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=2–3}} However, most of these are not authentic works of Shankara, and are likely to be written by his admirers, or scholars whose name was also Shankaracharya.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Halbfass|1983}} Piantelli has published a complete list of works attributed to Adi Sankara, along with issues of authenticity for most.<ref>M Piantelly, Sankara e la Renascita del Brahmanesimo, Indian Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 4, No. 3 (Apr. 1977), pp. 429–435</ref>

===Authentic works===
Shankara is most known for his systematic reviews and commentaries (''bhashyas'') on ancient Indian texts. Shankara's masterpiece of commentary is the ''Brahmasutrabhashya'' (literally, commentary on [[Brahma Sutra]]s). The Brahma Sutras are a fundamental text of the [[Vedanta]] school of Hinduism.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=6–7}} Shankara refers to or cites some passages from works attributed to Gaudapada (the teacher of Shankara's teacher) in his commentaries, revealing a line of influence.<ref>{{cite thesis |id={{ProQuest|2901484519}} |last1=Shunmugam |first1=Mathias Yuvan |date=2022 |title=The Contribution of Nishkama Karma in the Philosophies of Shankara, Ramanuja, and Madhva on Social Cohesion |pages=96–98 }}</ref>

According to Flood, of the Upanishadic commentaries only his commentaries on the [[Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] and the [[Taittiriya Upanishad]] are authentic.{{sfn|Flood1996|p=240}} Hacker and Mayeda also accept as authentic the commentaries on the [[Chandogya Upanishad]], the [[Aitareya Upanishad]], the [[Kena Upanishad]],{{refn|group=note|Kena Upanishad has two commentaries that are attributed to Shankara – Kenopnishad Vakyabhasya and Kenopnishad Padabhasya; scholars contest whether both are authentic, several suggesting that the Vakyabhasya is unlikely to be authentic.{{sfn|Pande|2011|p=107}}}} the [[Isha Upanishad]], the [[Katha Upanishad]], and the [[Prashna Upanishad]].{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=6–7}}{{sfn|Hacker|1995|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=105–113}} The authenticity of the commentary on the [[Mandukya Upanishad]] and [[Gaudapada]]s Madukya-karika has been questioned.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=93–97}}{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=105–113}}

Other authentic works of Shankara include commentaries on the [[Bhagavad Gita]] (part of his [[Prasthana Trayi]] Bhasya).{{sfn|Rambachan|1991|pp=xii–xiii}} His ''Vivarana'' (tertiary notes) on the commentary by Vedavyasa on [[Yoga Sutras of Patanjali|Yogasutras]] as well as those on Apastamba Dharma-sũtras (''Adhyatama-patala-bhasya'') are accepted by scholars as authentic works of Shankara.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=93–97}}{{sfn|Halbfass|1990|pp=205–208}} Among the ''Stotra'' (poetic works), the ''[[Dakshinamurti Stotra]]'', the ''[[Bhaja Govindam|Mohamudgara Stotra(Bhaja govindam)]]'', the ''Shivanandalahari'', the ''Carpata-panjarika'', th''e Visnu-satpadi'', the [[Hari Stuti|''Harimide'']], the [[Dasha Shloki|''Dasha-shloki'']], and the ''Krishna-staka'' are likely to be authentic.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=93–97}}{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=351–352}}

Shankara also authored [[Upadesasahasri]], his most important original philosophical work.{{sfn|Halbfass|1990|pp=205–208}}{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}}{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}} Of other original ''Prakaranas'' (प्रकरण, monographs, treatise), seventy-six works are attributed to Shankara. Modern era Indian scholars such as Belvalkar as well as Upadhyaya accept five and thirty-nine works respectively as authentic.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=113–115}}[[File:Adi Sankara at SAT Temple.jpg|thumb|Murti of Shankara at the [[SAT Temple]] in Santa Cruz, California]]

Shankara's stotras considered authentic include those dedicated to Krishna ([[Vaishnavism]]) and one to Shiva ([[Shaivism]]) – often considered two different sects within Hinduism. Scholars suggest that these ''stotra'' are not sectarian, but essentially Advaitic and reach for a unified universal view of Vedanta.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=351–352}}

Shankara's commentary on the [[Brahma Sutra]]s is the oldest surviving. However, in that commentary, he mentions older commentaries like those of Dravida, Bhartrprapancha and others which are either lost or yet to be found.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ochs.org.uk/downloads/classes/gmishra02mmas04.pdf| title = A Journey through Vedantic History – Advaita in the Pre-Sankara, Sankara and Post-Sankara Periods| author = Mishra, Godavarisha|access-date=2006-07-24| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060622102818/http://ochs.org.uk/downloads/classes/gmishra02mmas04.pdf| archive-date = 22 June 2006}}</ref>

===Works of doubtful authenticity or not authentic===
Commentaries on Nrisimha-Purvatatapaniya and Shveshvatara Upanishads are attributed to Shankara, but their authenticity is highly doubtful.{{sfn|Hacker|1995|pp=30–31}}{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=105–113}}<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/sankara.html| title = Sankaracarya| author = Vidyasankar, S|access-date=2006-07-24| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060616123125/http://www.advaita-vedanta.org/avhp/sankara.html| archive-date= 16 June 2006| url-status= live}}</ref> Similarly, commentaries on several early and later Upanishads attributed to Shankara are rejected by scholars<ref name=paulhackeraupr/> to be his works, and are likely works of later scholars; these include: Kaushitaki Upanishad, Maitri Upanishad, Kaivalya Upanishad, Paramahamsa Upanishad, Sakatayana Upanishad, Mandala Brahmana Upanishad, Maha Narayana Upanishad, Gopalatapaniya Upanishad. However, in Brahmasutra-Bhasya, Shankara cites some of these Upanishads as he develops his arguments, but the historical notes left by his companions and disciples, along with major differences in style and the content of the commentaries on later Upanishad have led scholars to conclude that the commentaries on later Upanishads were not Shankara's work.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=105–113}}

The authenticity of Shankara being the author of {{IAST|[[Viveka Chudamani|Vivekacūḍāmaṇi]]}}<ref>Adi Shankaracharya, [https://archive.org/stream/vivekachudamanio00sankrich#page/n3/mode/2up Vivekacūḍāmaṇi] S Madhavananda (Translator), Advaita Ashrama (1921)</ref> has been questioned,{{sfn|Grimes|2004}}{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2006|p=4}} though it is "so closely interwoven into the spiritual heritage of Shankara that any analysis of his perspective which fails to consider [this work] would be incomplete."{{sfn|Shah-Kazemi|2006|p=4}}{{refn|group=note|See also IndiaDivine.org, [http://www.indiadivine.org/audarya/advaita-vedanta/142896-authorship-vivekachudamani.html ''Authorship of Vivekachudamani''] and arshabodha.org, [http://www.arshabodha.org/adiShankara/Vivekachudamani_eBook.pdf ''Sri Sankara's Vivekachudamani''], pp. 3–4, ''The Question of Authorship of Vivekachudamani''}} According to Grimes, "modern scholars tend to reject its authenticity as a work by Shankara," while "traditionalists tend to accept it."{{sfn|Grimes|2004|p=23}} Nevertheless, Grimes argues that "there is still a likelihood that Śaṅkara is the author of the Vivekacūḍāmaṇi,"{{Sfn|Grimes|2004|p=23}} noting that "it differs in certain respects from his other works in that it addresses itself to a different audience and has a different emphasis and purpose."{{sfn|Grimes|2004|p=13}}[[File:Vidyashankara Temple at Shringeri.jpg|thumb|Vidyashankara temple at [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham]], [[Shringeri]]]]

The ''[[Aparokshanubhuti]]'' and ''[[Atma bodha]]'' are also attributed to Shankara, as his original philosophical treatises, but this is doubtful. Paul Hacker has also expressed some reservations that the compendium ''[[Sarva-siddhanta Sangraha|Sarva-darsana-siddhanta Sangraha]]'' was completely authored by Shankara, because of difference in style and thematic inconsistencies in parts.<ref name=paulhackeraupr>{{harvnb|Hacker|1995|loc="Sankaracarya and Sankarabhagavatpada: Preliminary Remarks Concerning the Authorship Problem"|pp=41–56}}</ref> Similarly, ''Gayatri-bhasya'' is doubtful to be Shankara's work.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=105–113}} Other commentaries that are highly unlikely to be Shankara's work include those on ''Uttaragita'', ''Siva-gita'', ''Brahma-gita'', ''Lalita-shasranama'', ''Suta-samhita'' and ''Sandhya-bhasya''. The commentary on the Tantric work ''Lalita-trisati-bhasya'' attributed to Shankara is also unauthentic.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=105–113}}

Shankara is widely credited with commentaries on other scriptural works, such as the [[Vishnu sahasranama|Vishnu sahasranāma]] and the [[Sanatsujatiya|Sānatsujātiya]],<ref name=vanb78>Johannes Buitenen (1978). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wFtXBGNn0aUC&dq=sanatsujatiya&pg=PA182 The Mahābhārata (vol. 3)]''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. {{ISBN|978-0-226-84665-1}}</ref> but both these are considered apocryphal by scholars who have expressed doubts.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=105–113}} ''Hastamalakiya-bhasya'' is also widely believed in India to be Shankara's work and it is included in ''Samata''-edition of Shankara's works, but some scholars consider it to be the work of Shankara's student.{{sfn|Pande|2011|pp=105–113}}

==Philosophy and practice==
{{Quote box
| width = 30em
| bgcolor = #FFE0BB
| align = right
| salign = right
| quote = [[Atma Shatakam|Atma Shatakam (The song of the Self)]]:

I am Consciousness, I am [[Satcitananda|Bliss]], I am Shiva, I am Shiva.{{Refn|group=note|Swami Vivekananda translates ''Shivoham, Shivoham'' as "I am he, I am he".<ref>{{cite book|author=Swami Vivekananda|title=The Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IdNpCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT1786|year=2015|publisher=Manonmani Publishers (Reprint)|page=1786}}</ref>}}

Without hate, without infatuation, without craving, without greed; 
Neither arrogance, nor conceit, never jealous I am; 
Neither ''dharma'', nor ''artha'', neither ''kama'', nor ''moksha'' am I; 
I am Consciousness, I am Bliss, I am Shiva, I am Shiva.

Without sins, without merits, without elation, without sorrow; 
Neither mantra, nor rituals, neither pilgrimage, nor Vedas; 
Neither the experiencer, nor experienced, nor the experience am I, 
I am Consciousness, I am Bliss, I am Shiva, I am Shiva.

Without fear, without death, without discrimination, without caste; 
Neither father, nor mother, never born I am; 
Neither kith, nor kin, neither teacher, nor student am I; 
I am Consciousness, I am Bliss, I am Shiva, I am Shiva.

Without form, without figure, without resemblance am I; 
Vitality of all senses, in everything I am; 
Neither attached, nor released am I; 
I am Consciousness, I am Bliss, I am Shiva, I am Shiva.
| source = —Adi Shankara, Nirvana Shatakam, Hymns 3–6<ref>* Original Sanskrit: [http://www.svbf.org/journal/vol2no4/nirvana.pdf Nirvanashtakam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123134813/http://www.svbf.org/journal/vol2no4/nirvana.pdf |date=23 November 2015 }} Sringeri Vidya Bharati Foundation (2012);
* English Translation 1: K Parappaḷḷi and CNN Nair (2002), Saankarasaagaram, Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan, {{ISBN|978-81-7276-268-1}}, pp. 58–59;
* English Translation 2: Igor Kononenko (2010), Teachers of Wisdom, {{ISBN|978-1-4349-9898-9}}, p. 148;
* English Translation 3: [http://www.ishafoundation.org/blog/lifestyle/music/mystic-chants-nirvana-shatakam/ Nirvana Shatakam] Isha Foundation (2011); Includes translation, transliteration and audio.</ref>
}}

According to Koller, Shankara, and his contemporaries, made a significant contribution in understanding Buddhism and the ancient Vedic traditions, then transforming the extant ideas, particularly reforming the Vedanta tradition of Hinduism, making it India's most important "spiritual tradition" for more than a thousand years.{{sfn|Koller|2012|p=99}}{{refn|group=note|This includes also the dualistic Vaishna bhakti traditions, which have also commented on the Upanishads and the Brahma Sutras, but take a different stance.}} Benedict Ashley credits Adi Shankara for unifying two seemingly disparate philosophical doctrines in Hinduism, namely [[Jiva|Atman]] and [[Brahman]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Benedict Ashley, O.P.|title=The Way toward Wisdom|year=2006|isbn=978-0-268-02028-6|oclc=609421317|page=395|publisher=University of Notre Dame Press |author-link=Benedict Ashley}}</ref>

According to Nakamura, Shankara was not an original thinker, but systematised the works of preceding philosophers.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=680}} The central theme of Shankara's writings is the liberating knowledge of the identity of the Self ([[Atman (Hinduism)|Ātman]]) and ''[[Brahman]]''.{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}}{{sfn|Nakamura|1999|p=176}} [[Moksha]] is [[Jivanmukti|attained in this life]] by recognizing the identity of ''Atman'' and ''Brahman'',{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}} as mediated by the ''[[Mahāvākyas|Mahavakyas]]'', especially ''Tat Tvam Asi'', "That you are."

===Historical context===
{{further|History of India|History of Hinduism}}
[[File:*"Takht-i-Suleiman, Srinugger Srinagar," a photo by Samuel Bourne, 1860's* (BL) by tradition, this is the hill on which Shankaracharya meditated during his round of travels.jpg|thumb|Takht-i-Suleiman, Srinugger Srinagar," a photo by Samuel Bourne, 1860's* (BL) by tradition, this is the hill on which Shankaracharya meditated during his round of travels]]

Shankara lived in the time of the great "Late classical Hinduism",{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41–43}} which lasted from 650 till 1100 CE.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41–43}} This era was one of political instability that followed the [[Gupta dynasty]] and [[King Harsha]] of the 7th century CE.{{sfn|Koller|2012|p=99–108}} Power became decentralised in India. Several larger kingdoms emerged, with "countless vassal states".{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Michaels|2004|p=41}}:
* In the east the [[Pala Empire]] (770–1125 CE),
* in the west and north the [[Gurjara-Pratihara]] (7th–10th century),
* in the southwest the [[Rashtrakuta Dynasty]] (752–973),
* in the Dekkhan the [[Chalukya dynasty]] (7th–8th century),
* and in the south the [[Pallava dynasty]] (7th–9th century) and the [[Chola dynasty]] (9th century).}} The kingdoms were ruled via a feudal system. Smaller kingdoms were dependent on the protection of the larger kingdoms. "The great king was remote, was exalted and deified",{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=41}} as reflected in the [[Tantra|Tantric]] [[Mandala]], which could also depict the king as the centre of the mandala.{{sfn|White|2000|pp=25–28}}

The disintegration of central power also led to regionalisation of religiosity and religious rivalry.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|McRae|2003}}: This resembles the development of [[Chinese Chán]] during the [[Chinese Chán#An Lu-shan rebellion|An Lu-shan rebellion]] and the [[Chinese Chán#Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)|Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907–960/979)]], during which power became decentralised end new Chán-schools emerged.}} Local cults and languages were enhanced, and the influence of "Brahmanic ritualistic Hinduism"{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} was diminished.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} Rural and devotional movements arose, along with [[Shaivism]], [[Vaisnavism]], [[Bhakti]] and [[Tantra]],{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} though "sectarian groupings were only at the beginning of their development".{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} Religious movements had to compete for recognition by the local lords,{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} and [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Islam]] and various traditions within Hinduism were competing for members.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |title=On Hinduism |date=March 2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=9780199360079 |location=Oxford |oclc=858660095}}</ref><ref>TMP Mahadevan (1968), Shankaracharya, National Book Trust, pp. 283–285, {{oclc|254278306}}</ref><ref name=frankwhaling>Frank Whaling (1979), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23440361 Śankara and Buddhism], Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1–42</ref> Buddhism in particular had emerged as a powerful influence in India's spiritual traditions in the first 700 years of the 1st millennium CE,{{sfn|Koller|2012|p=99–108}}{{sfn|Potter|2008|pp=1–21, 103–119}} but lost its position after the 8th century, and began to disappear in India.{{sfn|Michaels|2004|p=42}} This was reflected in the change of puja-ceremonies at the courts in the 8th century, where Hindu gods replaced the Buddha as the "supreme, imperial deity".{{refn|group=note|{{harvtxt|Inden|1998|p=67}}: "Before the eighth century, the Buddha was accorded the position of universal deity and ceremonies by which a king attained to imperial status were elaborate donative ceremonies entailing gifts to Buddhist monks and the installation of a symbolic Buddha in a stupa ... This pattern changed in the eighth century. The Buddha was replaced as the supreme, imperial deity by one of the Hindu gods (except under the Palas of eastern India, the Buddha's homeland) ... Previously the Buddha had been accorded imperial-style worship (puja). Now as one of the Hindu gods replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship."}}

===Systematizer of Advaita===
According to Nakamura, comparison of the known teachings of the early Vedantins and Shankara's thought shows that most of the characteristics of Shankara's thought "were advocated by someone before Śankara".{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=678}} Shankara "was the person who synthesized the ''Advaita-vāda'' which had previously existed before him".{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=678}} According to Nakamura, after the growing influence of Buddhism on Vedānta, culminating in the works of Gauḍapāda, Adi Shankara gave a Vedantic character to the Buddhistic elements in these works,{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|p=13}} synthesising and rejuvenating the doctrine of Advaita.{{sfn|Nakamura|2004|p=679}}

According to Koller, using ideas in ancient Indian texts, Shankara systematized the foundation for Advaita [[Vedanta|Vedānta]] in the 8th century, reforming [[Badarayana]]'s Vedānta tradition.{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}} According to Mayeda, Shankara represents a turning point in the development of Vedānta,{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|p=13}} yet he also notices that it is only since [[Paul Deussen|Deussens]]'s praise that Shankara "has usually been regarded as the greatest philosopher of India."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=XV}}{{efn|According to {{harvtxt|Isayeva|1993|pp=4–5}}, Paul Deussen (1845–1919) laid the fundament for the study of Shankara in the west. In 1883 he published an overview of Shankara's teachings, and in 1887 a translation of Shankara's ''Brahmasutrabhasya''. Thereafter studies by others followed.}} Mayeda further notes that Shankara was primarily concerned with ''moksha'', "and not with the establishment of a complete system of philosophy or theology,"{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=XV}} following Potter, who qualifies Shankara as a "speculative philosopher."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=XVIII, note 3}} Lipner notes that Shankara's "main literary approach was commentarial and hence perforce disjointed rather than procedurally systematic [...] though a systematic philosophy can be derived from Samkara's thought."{{sfn|Lipner|2000|p=56, incl. note 12}}

Shankara has been described as influenced by Shaivism and Shaktism, but his works and philosophy suggest greater overlap with Vaishnavism, influence of [[Raja yoga|Yoga]] school of Hinduism, but most distinctly express his Advaitin convictions with a monistic view of spirituality,{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}}{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=3–5}}{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=3, 29–30}} and his commentaries mark a turn from realism to idealism.{{sfn|Sharma|2000|p=64}}{{sfn|Scheepers|2000|p=123}}

===''Moksha'' - liberating knowledge of Brahman===
The central theme of Shankara's writings is the liberating knowledge of the true identity of ''jivatman'' (individual self) as ''[[Atman (Hinduism)|Ātman]]-[[Brahman]]''.{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}}{{sfn|Nakamura|1999|p=176}}{{refn|group=note|Brahman is not to be confused with the personalised godhead [[Brahma]].}} One of Shankara's main concerns was establishing the Upanishads as an independent means of knowledge beyond the ritually oriented [[Mīmāṃsā|Mimansa]] exegesis of the vedas.{{sfn|Chattopadhyaya|2000}}{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=163}}{{refn|group=note|name="ritualism"}}{{refn|group=note|name="Mookerji"}}

According to Shankara, the one unchanging entity (Brahman) alone is real, while changing entities do not have absolute existence. Shankara's primary objective was to explain how [[moksha]] is [[Moksha#Mokṣha in this life|attained in this life]] by recognizing the true identity of ''jivatman'' as ''Atman-Brahman'',{{sfn|Koller|2007|pp=98–106}} as mediated by the ''[[Mahāvākyas]]'', especially ''Tat Tvam Asi'', "That you are." Correct knowledge of ''jivatman'' and ''Atman-Brahman'' is the attainment of ''Brahman'', immortality,{{sfn|Rambachan|2006|p=26}} and leads to ''[[moksha]]'' (liberation) from suffering{{refn|group=note|The suffering created by the workings of the mind entangled with physical reality}} and ''samsara'', the cycle of rebirth.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=183}} This is stated by Shankara as follows:
{{blockquote|
<poem>
I am other than name, form and action.
My nature is ever free!
I am Self, the supreme unconditioned Brahman.
I am pure Awareness, always non-dual.
</poem>
|Adi Shankara, [[Upadesasahasri]] 11.7|{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=183}}}}

===''Pramanas'' - means of knowledge===
Shankara recognized the means of knowledge,{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|p=46}}{{refn|group=note|Mayeda refers to statements from Shankara regarding epistemology (''pramana-janya'') in section 1.18.133 of Upadesasahasri, and section 1.1.4 of Brahmasutra-bhasya.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=46–47}}<ref>[http://www.estudantedavedanta.net/Brahma%20Sutras%20-%20According%20to%20Sri%20Sankara%20by%20Swami%20Vireswarananda%20%5BSanskrit-English%5D.pdf Brahmasutra-bhasya 1.1.4], S Vireswarananda (Translator), p. 35</ref> NB: some manuscripts list Upadesasahasri verse 1.18.133 as 2.18.133, while Mayeda lists it as 1.18.133, because of interchanged chapter numbering. See Upadesa Sahasri: A Thousand Teachings, S Jagadananda (Translator, 1949), {{ISBN|978-81-7120-059-7}}, Verse 2.8.133, p. 258; Karl H Potter (2014), The Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 3, Princeton University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-691-61486-1}}, p. 249}} but his thematic focus was upon [[metaphysics]] and [[soteriology]], and he took for granted the ''[[pramanas]]'',{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|p=47}} that is [[epistemology]] or "means to gain knowledge, reasoning methods that empower one to gain reliable knowledge".{{citation needed|date=December 2021}} According to Sengaku Mayeda, "in no place in his works [...] does he give any systematic account of them,"{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|p=47}} taking ''Atman-Brahman'' to be self-evident (''svapramanaka'') and self-established (''svatahsiddha''), and "an investigation of the means of knowledge is of no use for the attainment of final release."{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|p=47}} Mayeda notes that Shankara's arguments are "strikingly realistic and not idealistic," arguing that ''jnana'' is based on existing things (''vastutantra''), and "not upon Vedic injunction (''codanatantra'') nor upon man (''purusatantra'').{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|p=47}}

According to Michael Comans (aka Vasudevacharya), Shankara considered perception and inference as a primary most reliable epistemic means, and where these means to knowledge help one gain "what is beneficial and to avoid what is harmful", there is no need for or wisdom in referring to the scriptures.{{Sfn|Comans|2000|p=168}} In certain matters related to metaphysics and ethics, says Shankara, the testimony and wisdom in scriptures such as the Vedas and the Upanishads become important.{{Sfn|Comans|2000|pp=167–169}}

Merrell-Wolff states that Shankara accepts Vedas and Upanishads as a source of knowledge as he develops his philosophical theses, yet he never rests his case on the ancient texts, rather proves each thesis, point by point using the ''[[pramana]]s'' (means of knowledge) of reason and experience.<ref>Franklin Merrell-Wolff (1995), Transformations in Consciousness: The Metaphysics and Epistemology, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2675-3}}, pp. 242–260</ref><ref>Will Durant (1976), Our Oriental Heritage: The Story of Civilization, Simon & Schuster, {{ISBN|978-0-671-54800-1}}, Chapter XIX, Section VI</ref> Hacker and Phillips note that his insight into rules of reasoning and hierarchical emphasis on epistemic steps is "doubtlessly the suggestion" of Shankara in Brahma-sutra-bhasya, an insight that flowers in the works of his companion and disciple Padmapada.<ref>Stephen Phillips (2000) in Roy W. Perrett (Editor), Epistemology: Indian Philosophy, Volume 1, Routledge, {{ISBN|978-0-8153-3609-9}}, pp. 224–228 with notes 8, 13 and 63</ref>

====Logic versus revelation====
Stcherbatsky in 1927 criticized Shankara for demanding the use of logic from [[Madhyamika]] Buddhists, while himself resorting to revelation as a source of knowledge.{{sfn|Shcherbatsky|1927|pp=44–45}}{{refn|group=note|{{harvnb|Shcherbatsky|1927|pp=44–45}}: "Shankara accuses them of disregarding all logic and refuses to enter in a controversy with them. The position of Shankara is interesting because, at heart, he is in full agreement with the Madhyamikas, at least in the main lines, since both maintain the reality of the One-without-a-second, and the mirage of the manifold. But Shankara, as an ardent hater of Buddhism, would never confess that. He therefore treats the Madhyamika with great contempt [...] on the charge that the Madhyamika denies the possibility of cognizing the Absolute by logical methods (pramana). [[Vachaspati Mishra]] in the [[Bhamati]] rightly interprets this point as referring to the opinion of the Madhyamikas that logic is incapable to solve the question about what existence or non-existence really are. This opinion Shankara himself, as is well known, shares. He does not accept the authority of logic as a means of cognizing the Absolute, but he deems it a privilege of the Vedantin to fare without logic, since he has Revelation to fall back upon. From all his opponents, he requires strict logical methods."}} Sircar in 1933 offered a different perspective and stated, "Sankara recognizes the value of the law of contrariety and self-alienation from the standpoint of idealistic logic; and it has consequently been possible for him to integrate appearance with reality."<ref>Mahendranath Sircar (1933), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2180322 Reality in Indian Thought], The Philosophical Review, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 249–271</ref>

Recent scholarship states that Shankara's arguments on revelation are about ''apta vacana'' (Sanskrit: आप्तवचन, sayings of the wise, relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts).<ref name=arvindrevel/><ref>[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=Aptavacana&script=&direction=SE&link=yes Aptavacana] Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Cologne University, Germany</ref> It is part of his and Advaita Vedanta's epistemological foundation.<ref name=arvindrevel>Arvind Sharma (2008), The Philosophy of Religion and Advaita Vedanta, Penn State Press, {{ISBN|978-0-271-02832-3}}, pp. 70–71</ref> The Advaita Vedanta tradition considers such testimony epistemically valid, asserting that a human being needs to know numerous facts, and with the limited time and energy available, he can learn only a fraction of those facts and truths directly.<ref>M. Hiriyanna (2000), The Essentials of Indian Philosophy, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1330-4}}, pp. 42–44</ref> Shankara considered the teachings in the Vedas and Upanishads as ''apta vacana'' and a valid source of knowledge.<ref name=arvindrevel/> He suggests the importance of teacher-disciple relationship on combining logic and revelation to attain [[moksha]] in his text [[Upadesasahasri|Upadeshasahasri]].{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=219–223 with footnote 34}} [[Anantanand Rambachan]] and others state that Shankara did not rely exclusively on Vedic statements, but also used a range of logical methods and reasoning methodology and other ''pramanas''.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=210–221}}{{sfn|Rambachan|1991|loc=Chapters 2–4}}

====Anubhava====
[[Anantanand Rambachan]] summarizes the widely held view on the role of ''anubhava'' in Shankara's epistemology as follows, before critiquing it:
{{Blockquote|According to these [widely represented contemporary] studies, Shankara only accorded a provisional validity to the knowledge gained by inquiry into the words of the [[Śruti]] (Vedas) and did not see the latter as the unique source (''pramana'') of ''Brahmajnana''. The affirmations of the Śruti, it is argued, need to be verified and confirmed by the knowledge gained through direct experience (''anubhava'') and the authority of the Śruti, therefore, is only secondary.{{sfn|Rambachan|1991|pp=xii–xiii}}}}

====Yoga and contemplative exercises====
Shankara considered the purity and steadiness of mind achieved in [[Yoga]] as an aid to gaining [[moksha]] knowledge, but such yogic state of mind cannot in itself give rise to such knowledge.<ref>Anantanand Rambachan (1994) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=b9EJBQG3zqUC&dq=brahma+as+opposed+to+brahman&pg=PA124 The limits of scripture: Vivekananda's reinterpretation of the Vedas.]'' University of Hawaii Press, pp. 124–125.</ref> To Shankara, that knowledge of [[Brahman]] springs only from inquiry into the teachings of the Upanishads.<ref>{{harvnb|Isaeva|1993|pp=57–58}}: "Shankara directly identifies this awakened atman with Brahman and the higher knowledge. And Brahman, reminds the Advaitist, is known only from the Upanishadic sayings".</ref> The method of yoga, encouraged in Shankara's teachings notes Comans, includes withdrawal of mind from sense objects as in Patanjali's system, but it is not complete thought suppression, instead it is a "meditative exercise of withdrawal from the particular and identification with the universal, leading to contemplation of oneself as the most universal, namely, Consciousness".<ref name=michaelcomans>Michael Comans (1993), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399467 The question of the importance of Samādhi in modern and classical Advaita Vedānta], Philosophy East & West. Vol. 43, Issue 1, pp. 19–38</ref> Describing Shankara's style of yogic practice, Comans writes:
<blockquote>the type of yoga which Sankara presents here is a method of merging, as it were, the particular (visesa) into the general (samanya). For example, diverse sounds are merged in the sense of hearing, which has greater generality insofar as the sense of hearing is the locus of all sounds. The sense of hearing is merged into the mind, whose nature consists of thinking about things, and the mind is in turn merged into the intellect, which Sankara then says is made into 'mere cognition' (vijnanamatra); that is, all particular cognitions resolve into their universal, which is cognition as such, thought without any particular object. And that in turn is merged into its universal, mere Consciousness (prajnafnaghana), upon which everything previously referred to ultimately depends.<ref name=michaelcomans/> </blockquote>

Shankara rejected those yoga system variations that suggest complete thought suppression leads to liberation, as well the view that the [[Shruti]]s teach liberation as something apart from the knowledge of the oneness of the Self. Knowledge alone and insights relating to true nature of things, taught Shankara, is what liberates. He placed great emphasis on the study of the Upanisads, emphasizing them as necessary and sufficient means to gain Self-liberating knowledge. Sankara also emphasized the need for and the role of ''Guru'' (Acharya, teacher) for such knowledge.<ref name=michaelcomans/>

====''Samanvayat Tatparya Linga''====
Shankara cautioned against cherrypicking a phrase or verse out of context from Vedic literature, and remarks in the opening chapter of his Brahmasutra-Bhasya that the ''Anvaya'' (theme or purport) of any treatise can only be correctly understood if one attends to the ''Samanvayat Tatparya Linga'', that is six characteristics of the text under consideration: (1) the common in ''Upakrama'' (introductory statement) and ''Upasamhara'' (conclusions); (2) ''Abhyasa'' (message repeated); (3) ''Apurvata'' (unique proposition or novelty); (4) ''Phala'' (fruit or result derived); (5) ''Arthavada'' (explained meaning, praised point) and (6) ''Yukti'' (verifiable reasoning).<ref>George Thibaut (Translator), Brahma Sutras: With Commentary of Shankara, Reprinted as {{ISBN|978-1-60506-634-9}}, pp. 31–33 verse 1.1.4</ref>{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=46–53}} While this methodology has roots in the theoretical works of [[Nyaya]] school of Hinduism, Shankara consolidated and applied it with his unique exegetical method called ''Anvaya-Vyatireka'', which states that for proper understanding one must "accept only meanings that are compatible with all characteristics" and "exclude meanings that are incompatible with any".<ref>Mayeda & Tanizawa (1991), Studies on Indian Philosophy in Japan, 1963–1987, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 529–535</ref><ref>Michael Comans (1996), Śankara and the Prasankhyanavada, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 49–71</ref>

===The ''Mahāvākyas'' - true identity as Ātman-Brahman ===
''Moksha'', liberation from suffering and rebirth and attaining immortality, is attained by disidentification from the body-mind complex and gaining self-knowledge as being in essence ''Atman-[[Brahman]]''.{{sfn|Comans|2000|p=183}}{{sfn|Rambachan|2006|p=26}} According to Shankara, the individual jivĀtman and Brahman seem different at the empirical level of reality, but this difference is only an illusion, and at the highest level of reality they are really identical.{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=14}} The real self is ''Sat'', "the Existent," that is, ''Ātman-Brahman''.{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=12, 172}}{{sfn|Deutsch|1973|p=49}}{{refn|group=note|name=Brahman}} Whereas the difference between Ātman and non-Ātman is deemed self-evident, knowledge of the true identity of jivĀtman as Brahman is revealed by the ''shruti'', especially the Upanishadic statement ''tat tvam asi''.

====''Mahāvākyas''====
According to Shankara, a large number of Upanishadic statements reveal the true identity of ''jivĀtman'' as ''Brahman''. In the Advaita Vedānta tradition, four of those statements, the ''[[Mahāvākyas]]'', which are taken literal, in contrast to other statements, have a special importance in revealing this identity.<ref name=Long>{{Cite book|last=Long|first=Jeffery D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWXRDwAAQBAJ&dq=Mah%C4%81v%C4%81kyas+advaita&pg=PA245|title=Historical Dictionary of Hinduism|date=2020-04-15|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-2294-5|language=en}}</ref>{{sfn|Braue|1984|p=81}} They are:
* तत्त्वमसि, ''[[Tattvamasi|tat tvam asi]]'', [[Chandogya Upanishad|Chandogya VI.8.7]]. Traditionally rendered as "That Thou Art" (that you are),{{sfn|Brereton|1986}}{{sfn|Olivelle|2008|p=349 note 8.7-16.3}}{{sfn|Black|2012|p=36}} with ''[[Tattva|tat]]'' in Ch.U.6.8.7 referring to ''[[Satya|sat]]'', "the Existent"{{sfn|Lipner|2000|pp=55 note 9; 57}}{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=8}}{{sfn|Olivelle|2008|p=151-152; p.349 note 8.7-16.3}}); correctly translated as "That's how [thus] you are,"{{sfn|Brereton|1986}}{{sfn|Black|2012|p=36}}{{sfn|Olivelle|1998|p=152}} with ''tat'' in Ch.U.6.12.3, it' original location from where it was copied to other verses,{{sfn|Brereton|1986}} referring to "the very nature of all existence as permeated by [the finest essence]"{{sfn|Bhatawadekar|2013|p=203, note 14}}{{sfn|Brereton|1986|p=107}}
* अहं ब्रह्मास्मि, ''[[aham brahmāsmi]]'', [[Brhadaranyaka Upanishad|Brhadāranyaka I.4.10]], "I am Brahman," or "I am Divine."{{sfn|Braue|1984|p=80}}
* प्रज्ञानं ब्रह्म, ''prajñānam brahma'', [[Aitareya Upanishad|Aitareya V.3]], "''Prajñānam''{{refn|group=note|"Consciousness",{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=234}}<ref group=web name="Jiddu">[http://www.jiddu-krishnamurti.net/en/1969/1969-07-26-jiddu-krishnamurti-can-one-experience-the-infinite Jiddu Krishnamurti, ''Saanen 2nd Conversation with Swami Venkatesananda 26 July 1969'']</ref> "intelligence",{{sfn|Sivaraman|1973|p=146}}{{sfn|Braue|1984|p=80}} "wisdom"}} ''is Brahman''."{{refn|group=note|"the Absolute",{{sfn|Grimes|1996|p=234}}<ref group=web name="Jiddu" /> "infinite",<ref group=web name="Jiddu" /> "the Highest truth"<ref group=web name="Jiddu" />}}
* अयमात्मा ब्रह्म, ''ayamātmā brahma'', [[Mandukya Upanishad|Mandukya II]], "This Atman is Brahman."

====''That you are''====
The longest chapter of Shankara's ''[[Upadesasahasri]]'', chapter 18, "That Art Thou," is devoted to considerations on the insight "I am ever-free, the existent" (''[[Sat (Sanskrit)|sat]]''), and the identity expressed in [[Chandogya Upanishad#Sixth Prapāṭhaka|Chandogya Upanishad 6.8.7]] in the ''[[Mahāvākyas|mahavakya]]'' (great sentence) "''tat tvam asi''", "that thou art."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=50, 172}}{{sfn|Lipner|2000|p=57}} In this statement, according to Shankara, ''tat'' refers to ''[[Satya|Sat]]'',{{sfn|Lipner|2000|p=57}} "the Existent"{{sfn|Lipner|2000|pp=55 note 9; 57}}{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=8}}{{sfn|Olivelle|2008|p=151-152}}{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=172, Up.18.3, 18.6, 18.7}} Existence, Being,<ref name="ShankaraBasya">Shankara, [http://shankarabhashya.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=343e9e12ffd6b71c499e1722e8813e90&topic=87.0 ''Chandogya Upanishad Bhasya - Chapter 6 (Tat Tvam Asi)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209212211/http://shankarabhashya.com/index.php?PHPSESSID=343e9e12ffd6b71c499e1722e8813e90&topic=87.0 |date=9 February 2022 }}</ref> or Brahman,{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=172, Up.18.6}} the Real, the "Root of the world,"{{sfn|Lipner|2000|p=57}}{{refn|group=note|While the Vedanta tradition equates ''sat'' ("the Existent") with Brahman, the Chandogya Upanishad itself does not refer to Brahman.{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=8}}{{sfn|Black|2012|p=36}} {{harvtxt|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=8}}: "Although the text does not use the term ''brahman'', the Vedanta tradition is that the Existent (''sat'') referred to is no other than Brahman."}} the true essence or root or origin of everything that exists.{{sfn|Deutsch|Dalvi|2004|p=8}}{{sfn|Olivelle|2008|p=151-152}}<ref name="ShankaraBasya"/> "Tvam" refers to one's real I, ''pratyagatman'' or inner Self,{{sfn|Lipner|2000|pp=60, 62}} the "direct Witness within everything,"{{sfn|Lipner|2000|p=60}} "free from caste, family, and purifying ceremonies,"{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=218 (up.II.1.24)}} the essence, ''Atman'', which the individual at the core is.<ref name=maxmuller61>Max Muller, [https://archive.org/stream/upanishads01ml#page/92/mode/2up Chandogya Upanishad 6.1-6.16], The Upanishads, Part I, Oxford University Press, pages 92–109 with footnotes</ref><ref>Dominic Goodall (1996), Hindu Scriptures, University of California Press, {{ISBN|978-0520207783}}, pages 136–137</ref> As Shankara states in the ''[[Upadesasahasri]]'':
{{blockquote|Up.I.174: "Through such sentences as "Thou art That" one knows one's own ''Atman'', the Witness of all the internal organs." Up.I.18.190: "Through such sentences as "[Thou art] the Existent" [...] right knowledge concerning the inner ''Atman'' will become clearer." Up.I.18.193-194: "In the sentence "Thou art That" [...] [t]he word "That" means inner ''Atman''."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=190-192}}}}

The statement "tat tvam asi" sheds the false notion that ''Atman'' is different from ''Brahman''.{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=91, 219 (Up.II.1.28)}} According to Nakamura, the non-duality of ''atman'' and ''Brahman'' "is a famous characteristic of Sankara's thought, but it was already taught by Sundarapandya"{{sfn|Nakamura|1999|p=675}} ({{Circa|600 CE}} or earlier).{{sfn|Nakamura|1999|p=176}} Shankara cites Sundarapandya in his comments to ''Brahma Sutra'' verse I.1.4:
{{blockquote|When the metaphorical or false ''atman'' is non-existent, [the ideas of my] child, [my] body are sublated. Therefore, when it is realized that 'I am the existent ''Brahman, atman{{'}}'', how can anyduty exist?{{sfn|Nakamura|1999|p=178}}}}

From this, and a large number of other accordances, Nakamura concludes that Shankar was not an original thinker, but "a synthesizer of existing Advaita and the rejuvenator, as well as a defender, of ancient learning."{{sfn|Nakamura|1999|p=679}}

====Meditation on the ''Mahāvākya''====
In the ''Upadesasahasri Shankara'', Shankara is ambivalent on the need for meditation on the Upanishadic ''mahavyaka''. He states that "right knowledge arises at the moment of hearing,"{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=182 (Up.I.18.103-104)}} and rejects ''prasamcaksa'' or ''prasamkhyana'' meditation, that is, meditation on the meaning of the sentences, and in Up.II.3 recommends ''parisamkhyana'',{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=173-174 (Up.I.18.9-19); p.196 note 13}} separating ''Atman'' from everything that is not ''Atman'', that is, the sense-objects and sense-organs, and the pleasant and unpleasant things and merit and demerit connected with them.{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=251-253 (Up.II.3)}} Yet, Shankara then concludes with declaring that only ''Atman'' exists, stating that "all the sentences of the ''Upanishads'' concerning non-duality of ''Atman'' should be fully contemplated, should be contemplated."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=253 (Up.II.3)}} As Mayeda states, "how they [''prasamcaksa'' or ''prasamkhyana'' versus ''parisamkhyana''] differ from each other is not known."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=196 note 13}}

''Prasamkhyana'' was advocated by Mandana Misra,{{sfn|Rambachan|1991|p=155}} the older contemporary of Shankara who was the most influential Advaitin until the 10th century.{{sfn|King|2002|p=128}}{{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|pp=33-34}}{{refn|group=note|name=King2002_MandanaMisra}} "According to Mandana, the ''mahavakyas'' are incapable, by themselves, of bringing about ''brahmajnana''. The ''Vedanta-vakyas'' convey an indirect knowledge which is made direct only by deep meditation (''prasamkhyana''). The latter is a continuous contemplation of the purport of the ''mahavakyas''.{{sfn|Rambachan|1991|p=155-156}} Vācaspati Miśra, a student of Mandana Misra, agreed with Mandana Misra, and their stance is defended by the Bhamati-school, founded by Vācaspati Miśra.{{sfn|Rambachan|1991|p=156}} In contrast, the [[Vivarana]] school founded by Prakasatman ({{Circa|1200}}–1300){{sfn|Roodurmun|2002|p=40}} follows Shankara closely, arguing that the ''mahavakyas'' are the direct cause of gaining knowledge.{{sfn|Cenkner|1995|p=95}}

====Renouncement of ritualism====
Shankara, in his text ''Upadesasahasri'', discourages ritual worship such as oblations to ''Deva'' (God), because that assumes the Self within is different from the [[Brahman]].{{refn|group=note|name="ritualism"|Shankara, himself, had renounced all religious ritual acts.{{sfn|Potter|2008|p=16}} For an example of Shankara's reasoning "why rites and ritual actions should be given up", see Karl Potter on p. 220; Elsewhere, Shankara's ''Bhasya'' on various Upanishads repeat "give up rituals and rites", see for example [https://archive.org/stream/Brihadaranyaka.Upanishad.Shankara.Bhashya.by.Swami.Madhavananda#page/n375/mode/2up Shankara's Bhasya on Brihadaranyaka Upanishad] pp. 348–350, 754–757}}{{refn|group=note|name="Mookerji"}} The "doctrine of difference" is wrong, asserts Shankara, because, "he who knows the Brahman is one and he is another, does not know Brahman".<ref>Sanskrit:[http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_shankara/upadeshasaahasrii1.pdf Upadesha sahasri] English Translation: S Jagadananda (Translator, 1949), Upadeshasahasri, Vedanta Press, {{ISBN|978-81-7120-059-7}}, pp. 16–17; {{oclc|218363449}}</ref>{{sfn|Potter|2008|pp=219–221}} The false notion that ''Atman'' is different from ''Brahman''{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=91, 219 (Up.II.1.28)}} is connected with the novice's conviction that (''Upadeshasahasri'' II.1.25)
{{blockquote|...I am one [and] He is another; I am ignorant, experience pleasure and pain, am bound and a transmigrator [whereas] he is essentially different from me, the god not subject to transmigration. By worshipping Him with oblation, offerings, homage and the like through the [performance of] the actions prescribed for [my] class and stage of life, I wish to get out of the ocean of transmigratory existence. How am I he?{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=91, 218}}}}

Recognizing oneself as "the Existent-''Brahman''," which is mediated by scriptural teachings, is contrasted with the notion of "I act," which is mediated by relying on sense-perception and the like.{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=172-173 (Up.I.18.3-8)}} According to Shankara, the statement "Thou art That" "remove[s] the delusion of a hearer,"{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=183 (Up.I.18.99-100)}} "so through sentences as "Thou art That" one knows one's own ''Atman'', the witness of all internal organs,"{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=190 (Up.I.18.174)}} and not from any actions.{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=192 (Up.I.18.196-197); p. 195 (Up.I.18.2019)}}{{refn|group=note|Up.I.18.219: "The renunciation of all actions becomes the means for discriminating the meaning of the word "Thou" since there is an [Upanisadic] teaching, "Having become calm, self-controlled [..., one sees ''Atman'' there in oneself]" (Bhr. Up. IV, 4, 23)."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=195 (Up.I.18.2019)}}}} With this realization, the performance of rituals is prohibited, "since [the use of] rituals and their requisites is contradictory to the realization of the identity [of ''Atman''] with the highest ''Atman''."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|pp=85, 220 (Up.II.1.30)}}

However, Shankara also asserts that Self-knowledge is realized when one's mind is purified by an ethical life that observes [[Yamas]] such as ''Ahimsa'' (non-injury, non-violence to others in body, mind and thoughts) and [[Niyama]]s. Rituals and rites such as [[yajna]] (a fire ritual), asserts Shankara, can help draw and prepare the mind for the journey to Self-knowledge.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=92–93}} He emphasizes the need for ethics such as [[Akrodha]] and ''Yamas'' during [[Brahmacharya]], stating the lack of ethics as causes that prevent students from attaining knowledge.{{sfn|Mayeda|2006|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Potter|2008|pp=218–219}}

=== ''Īśvara'' ===
Shankara, while rejecting empirical reality due to his position of nonduality, still attributes value to the universe as it identifies with ''Īśvara''. He sometimes blurs the distinction between ''Īśvara'' and ''Brahman'', using various terms for both. However, he generally separates ''Īśvara'', associated with the universe and its attributes, from the absolute nondual Brahman. Drawing from the Upanishads, Shankara sees ''Īśvara'' as the universe's material and intelligent cause, emanating it through the power of ''maya'', thereby making the universe sentient and self-aware. In relation to the ''[[Mandukya Upanishad]]'', Shankara compares the universe's unmanifest state to ''Īśvara'' in a deep dreamless cosmic state.<ref>{{Citation |last=Dalal |first=Neil |title=Śaṅkara |date=2021 |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2021/entries/shankara/ |encyclopedia=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |editor-last=Zalta |editor-first=Edward N. |access-date=2023-10-28 |edition=Winter 2021 |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University}}</ref>

Shankara's conception of Brahman as the cause of the world does not invoke creation in the literal sense but ''[[Vivartavada|vivartta]]'' (manifoldness without transformation), distinct from ''[[satkaryavada]]'' (actual transformation). Shankara argues that insentient matter cannot act purposefully and rejects any actual transformation of Brahman.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dasti |first1=Matthew R. |title=Free will, agency, and selfhood in Indian philosophy |last2=Bryant |first2=Edwin F. |date=2014 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-992275-8 |location=New York (N.Y.) |pages=192–193}}</ref>

==Influences of Mahayana Buddhism==
{{See also|Advaita Vedanta#Buddhist influences|l1=Buddhist influences on Advaita Vedanta}}

Shankara's Vedanta shows similarities with [[Mahayana Buddhism]]; opponents have even accused Shankara of being a "crypto-Buddhist,"{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=14}}{{sfn|Biderman|1978|pp=405–413}}{{sfn|King|1995|p=183}}{{refn|group=note|name="crypto-Buddhist"|{{harvtxt|King|1995|p=183}}: "It is well-known that Sankara was criticized by later (rival) Vedantins as a crypto-Buddhist (''pracchana bauddha'').}} a qualification which is rejected by the Advaita Vedanta tradition, given the differences between these two schools. According to Shankara, a major difference between Advaita and Mahayana Buddhism are their views on Atman and Brahman.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=60, 145–154}} According to both Loy and Jayatilleke, more differences can be discerned.<ref name=david>David Loy (1982), Enlightenment in Buddhism and Advaita Vedanta: Are Nirvana and Moksha the Same?, International Philosophical Quarterly, 23(1), pp. 65–74</ref><ref>KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0619-1}}, pp. 246–249, from note 385 onwards</ref> Suthren Hirst and others have also noted that Shankara's advaita may stem from a Vaishnavite advaita tradition.{{sfn|Suthren Hirst|2005|p=130}}

===Similarities and influences===
Despite Shankara's criticism of certain schools of Mahayana Buddhism, Shankara's philosophy shows strong similarities with the Mahayana Buddhist philosophy which he attacks.{{sfn|Shcherbatsky|1927|pp=44–45}} According to S.N. Dasgupta,
{{blockquote|Shankara and his followers borrowed much of their dialectic form of criticism from the Buddhists. His [[Brahman]] was very much like the [[Śūnyatā|sunya]] of Nagarjuna [...] The debts of Shankara to the self-luminosity of the Vijnanavada Buddhism can hardly be overestimated. There seems to be much truth in the accusations against Shankara by [[Vijnanabhiksu|Vijnana Bhiksu]] and others that he was a hidden Buddhist himself. I am led to think that Shankara's philosophy is largely a compound of [[Yogacara|Vijnanavada]] and [[Madhyamaka|Sunyavada]] Buddhism with the Upanisad notion of the permanence of self superadded.{{sfn|Dasgupta|1997|p=494}} }}

According to Mudgal, Shankara's Advaita and the Buddhist Madhyamaka view of ultimate reality are compatible because they are both transcendental, indescribable, non-dual and only arrived at through a ''[[via negativa]]'' ([[neti neti]]). Mudgal concludes therefore that
{{blockquote|... the difference between [[Shunyata|Sunyavada]] (Mahayana) philosophy of Buddhism and [[Advaita]] philosophy of Hinduism may be a matter of emphasis, not of kind.<ref>Mudgal, S.G. (1975), Advaita of Shankara: A Reappraisal, New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass, p. 4</ref>}}

Some Hindu scholars criticized Advaita for its ''Maya'' and non-theistic doctrinal similarities with Buddhism.<ref>[[Julius Lipner]] (1986), The Face of Truth: A Study of Meaning and Metaphysics in the Vedantic Theology of Rāmānuja, State University of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0887060397}}, pp. 120–123</ref>{{sfn|Whaling|1979|pp=1–42}} [[Ramanuja]], the founder of Vishishtadvaita Vedānta, accused Adi Shankara of being a ''Prachanna Bauddha'', that is, a "crypto-Buddhist",{{sfn|Biderman|1978|pp=405–413}}{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|p=14}} and someone who was undermining theistic [[Bhakti]] devotionalism.{{sfn|Whaling|1979|pp=1–42}} The non-Advaita scholar [[Bhāskara (philosopher)|Bhaskara]] of the Bhedabheda Vedānta tradition, similarly around 800 CE, accused Shankara's Advaita as "this despicable broken down Mayavada that has been chanted by the Mahayana Buddhists", and a school that is undermining the ritual duties set in Vedic orthodoxy.{{sfn|Whaling|1979|pp=1–42}}

===Differences===
The qualification of "crypto-Buddhist" is rejected by the Advaita Vedanta tradition, highlighting their respective views on ''Atman'', ''Anatta'' and ''Brahman''.{{sfn|Isaeva|1993|pp=60, 145–154}}{{refn|group=note|name=self_no-self}} There are differences in the conceptual means of "liberation." [[Nirvana]], a term more often used in Buddhism, is the liberating 'blowing out' of craving, aided by the realization and acceptance that there is no Self ([[anatman]]) as the center of perception, craving, and delusion. [[Moksha]], a term more common in Hinduism, is the similar liberating release from craving and ignorance, yet aided by the realization and acceptance that one's inner Self is not a personal 'ego-self', but a Universal Self.<ref name=david/><ref>Thomas McFaul (2006), The Future of Peace and Justice in the Global Village: The Role of the World Religions in the Twenty-first Century, Praeger, {{ISBN|978-0-275-99313-9}}, p. 39</ref>

==Films==
* ''Shankaracharya'' (1927), Indian silent film about Shankara by Kali Prasad Ghosh.<ref name=":1">{{cite book|author1=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1931|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|author2=Paul Willemen|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7}}</ref>
*''Jagadguru Shrimad Shankaracharya'' (1928), Indian silent film by Parshwanath Yeshwant Altekar.<ref name=":1" />
*''Jagadguru Shankaracharya'' (1955), Indian Hindi film by Sheikh Fattelal.<ref name=":1" />
*In 1977 ''[[Jagadguru Aadisankaran]]'', a Malayalam film directed by [[P. Bhaskaran]] was released in which ''Murali Mohan'' plays the role of Adult Aadi Sankaran and [[Master Raghu]] plays childhood.
* In 1983 a film directed by [[G.V. Iyer]] named ''[[Adi Shankaracharya (film)|Adi Shankaracharya]]'' was premiered, the first film ever made entirely in [[Sanskrit]] language in which all of Adi Shankaracharya's works were compiled.{{Citation needed|date=June 2024}} The movie received the Indian [[National Film Awards]] for [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Film]], [[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]], [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]] and [[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]].<ref name="31staward">{{cite web|url=http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm31stNFAAward.aspx|title=31st National Film Awards|publisher=[[India International Film Festival]], iffi.nic.in|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200555/http://iffi.nic.in/Dff2011/Frm31stNFAAward.aspx|archive-date=12 November 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="31stawardPDF">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/31st_nff_1984.pdf|title=31st National Film Awards (PDF)|publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]], dff.nic.in}}</ref>
* On 15 August 2013, ''[[Jagadguru Adi Shankara]]'' was released in an Indian Telugu-language biographical film written and directed by J. K. Bharavi and was later dubbed in Kannada with the same title, by Upendra giving narration for the Kannada dubbed version

==See also==

{{Div col}}
* [[Dakshinamurti Stotra]]
* [[Dvaraka Pitha|Dwarka Kalika Pitha (West), Dwarka, Gujarat]]
* [[Gaudapada|Adi Shri Gauḍapādāchārya]]
* [[Govardhana matha|Govardhan Peetham (East), Puri, Odisha]]
* [[Govinda Bhagavatpada|Shri Govinda Bhagavatpadacharya]]
* [[Jnana Yoga]]
* [[Jyotir Math|Jyotirmath Peetham (North), Jyotirmath, Badrikashram, Uttarakhand]]
* [[Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham|Shri Kanchi Kamakoti Peetham, Kanchipuram, Tamil Nadu]]
* ''[[Pātañjalayogaśāstravivaraṇa]]''
* [[Śānkarasmṛti (Laghudharmaprakrāśikā)]]
* [[Self-consciousness (Vedanta)]]
* [[Shivananda Lahari]]
* [[Shri Gaudapadacharya Math]]
* [[Soundarya Lahari]]
* [[Sringeri Sharada Peetham|Shri Sringeri Sharada Peetham (South), Sringeri, Karnataka]]
* [[Swami Vivekananda]]
* [[Vairagya]]
* [[Vivekachudamani]]
* [[Eka shloki]]{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2|refs=


{{refn|group=note|name=Brahman|Highest self:
* Shankara, ''Upadesasahasri'' I.18.3: "I am ever-free, the existent" (''[[Sat (Sanskrit)|Sat]]''). I.18.6: "The two [contradictory] notions "I am the Existent-''Brahman''" and "I act," have ''Atman'' as their witness. It is considered more reasonable to give up only [that one] of the two [notions] which arises from ignorance. I.18.7: "The notion, "I am the Existent," arises from right means of knowledge [while] the other notion has its origin in fallacious means of knowledge."{{sfn|Mayeda|1992|p=172}}
* {{harvnb|Sivananda|1993|p=219}}: "Brahman (the Absolute) is alone real; this world is unreal; and the Jiva or individual soul is non-different from Brahman."
* {{harvnb|Deutsch|1973|p=54}}: "[the] essential status [of the individual human person] is that of unqualified reality, of identity with the Absolute [...] the self (''jiva'') is only misperceived: the self is really Brahman."
* {{harvnb|Koller|2013|pp=100–101}}: "Atman, which is identical to Brahman, is ultimately the only reality and [...] the appearance of plurality is entirely the work of ignorance [...] the self is ultimately of the nature of Atman/Brahman [...] Brahman alone is ultimately real."
* {{harvnb|Bowker|2000}}: "There is only Brahman, which is necessarily undifferentiated. It follows that there cannot even be a difference, or duality, between the human subject, or self, and Brahman, for Brahman must be that very self (since Brahman is the reality underlying all appearance). The goal of human life and wisdom must, therefore, be the realization that the self (ātman) is Brahman."
* {{harvnb|Menon|2012}}: "The experiencing self (jīva) and the transcendental self of the Universe (ātman) are in reality identical (both are Brahman), though the individual self seems different as space within a container seems different from space as such. These cardinal doctrines are represented in the anonymous verse "brahma satyam jagan mithya; jīvo brahmaiva na aparah" (Brahman is alone True, and this world of plurality is an error; the individual self is not different from Brahman)."
{{harvtxt|Hacker|1995|p=88}} notes that Shankara uses two groups of words to denote 'atman': "One group - principally ''jiva'', ''vijnanatman'', and ''sarira'' - expresses the illusory aspect of the soul [...] But in addition there are the two expressions ''atman'' and ''pratyagatman''. These also designate the individual soul, but in its real aspect." {{Harvtxt|Mayeda|1992|pp=11, 14}} uses the word ''pratyagatman''; {{harvtxt|Sivananda|1993|p=219}}, {{harvtxt|Deutsch|1973|p=54}}, and {{harvtxt|Menon|2012}} use the term ''jiva'' when referring to the identity of ''atman'' and ''Brahman''.}}


{{refn|group=note|name="date"|Modern scholarship places Shankara in the earlier part of the 8th century CE (c. 700–750).({{harvnb|Koller|2013|p=99}}, {{harvnb|Comans|2000|p=163}}, {{harvnb|Mayeda|2015}}) Earlier generations of scholars proposed 788–820 CE.({{harvnb|Comans|2000|p=163}}, {{harvnb|Mayeda|2015}} The cardinal Advaita matha's assign his dates as early as 509–477 BCE.}}


{{refn|group=note|name=King2002_MandanaMisra|{{harvnb|King|2002|p=128}}: "Although it is common to find Western scholars and Hindus arguing that Sankaracarya was the most influential and important figure in the history of Hindu intellectual thought, this does not seem to be justified by the historical evidence."}}


<ref group=note name="Mookerji">Compare {{harvnb|Mookerji|2011}} on [[Svādhyāya]] (Vedic learning). {{harvtxt|Mookerji|2011|pp=29–31}} notes that the Rigveda, and Sayana's commentary, contain passages criticizing as fruitless mere recitation of the ''Ŗik'' (words) without understanding their inner meaning or essence, the knowledge of ''dharma'' and ''Parabrahman''. {{harvtxt|Mookerji|2011|pp=29, 34}} concludes that in the Rigvedic education of the mantras "the contemplation and comprehension of [[Nirukta|their meaning]] was considered as more important and vital to education than their mere mechanical repetition and correct pronunciation." {{harvtxt|Mookerji|2011|p=35}} refers to Sayana as stating that "the mastery of texts, ''akshara-praptī'', is followed by ''[[artha]]-[[Buddhi|bodha]]'', perception of their meaning." (''[[Artha]]'' may also mean "goal, purpose or essence," depending on the context. See:
[http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?tinput=artha&direction=SE&script=HK&link=yes&beginning=0 Sanskrit English Dictionary] University of Cologne, Germany (2009); Karl Potter (1998), Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies, Volume 4, {{ISBN|81-208-0310-8}}, Motilal Banarsidass, pp 610 (note 17).) According to {{harvtxt|Mookerji|2011|p=36}}, "the realization of [[rta|Truth]]" and the knowledge of ''[[paramatman]]'' as revealed to the ''rishis'' is the real aim of Vedic learning, and not the mere recitation of texts.</ref>


{{refn|group=note|name=self_no-self|Atman versus anatman:
* {{harv|Isaeva|1993|pp=60, 145–154}}
* KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0619-1}}, p. 246–249, from note 385 onwards
* Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State Univ of New York Press, {{ISBN|978-0-7914-2217-5}}, p. 64: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of [[Ātman (Hinduism)|Ātman]] is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence."
* Edward Roer (Translator), {{Google books|3uwDAAAAMAAJ|Shankara's Introduction|pages=2–4}}
* Katie Javanaud (2013), [https://philosophynow.org/issues/97/Is_The_Buddhist_No-Self_Doctrine_Compatible_With_Pursuing_Nirvana Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?], Philosophy Now
* John C. Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, {{ISBN|978-81-208-0158-5}}, p. 63: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism".}}
}}

{{notelist|2|refs=


{{efn|name="digvijana"|Folk-hero and digvijana:
* {{harvtxt|Sundaresan|2000|p=154}}: "It should also be noted that the more scholastic focus on Sankara as a composer of bhasyas is limited to the core of the monastic tradition. In the popular perception, Sankara's fame has more to do with his reputation as a religious leader who harmonized the major Hindu traditions, visited various temples, and composed hymns."
* Frank Whaling (1979), [https://www.jstor.org/stable/23440361 ''Sankara and Buddhism''], Journal of Indian Philosophy Vol. 7, No. 1 (MARCH 1979), pp. 1-42: "Hindus of the Advaita persuasion (and others too) have seen in Sankara the one who restored the Hindu ''dharma'' against the attacks of the Buddhists (and Jains) and in the process helped to drive Buddhism out of India."
* {{harvtxt|King|2001|p=129-130}}: "...even at a popular level, Hindus have been educated to believe that Sankara was a central figure in their cultural and intellectual history. Thus, Advaita has gained a significant degree of generalized cultural power in modern India as an iconic representation of Hindu religion and culture without necessarily being able to depend upon widespread adoption of or adherence to its fundamental belief system or traditions by Hindus."
* {{harvtxt|Hacker|1995|p=29}}: "By means of legends, which he [Vidyaranya] created, he made of Sankara, who's philosophy he followed but who could never become popular with his elevated, exacting thoughts, a divine folk-hero who spread his teaching through his ''digvijaya'' ("universal conquest") all over India like a victorious conqueror, and whom therefor the Hindu, in his struggles with the poweful drive of Islam, could look up to."
* {{harvtxt|Kulke|Rothermund|1998|p=177}}: "His brother Vidyaranya empgasized Shankara's philosophy which provided a unified ideology of Hinduism. It may be that he invented the story of Shankara's great tour of India and the establishment of the four great monasteries in the four corners of the country. If he did not invent it, he at last saw to it that it would gain universal currency and that the Shankaracaryas, as the abbots of the monasteries were called, would emerge as the guardians of the Hindu faith. The fact that Vidyaranya's monastery at Sringeri was supposed to be one of Shankara's four original establishments, coupled with its position close to the old Hoysala capital, was certainly of great importance for the legitimation of the new rulers favoured by Vidyaranya's blessing."}}


{{efn|name="Vaishnava"|Vaishnava:
* {{harvnb|Mayeda|1992|p=4}}: "But his doctrine is far removed from Saivism and Saktism. It can be ascertained from his works that he had some faith in, or was favorable to, Vaishnavism.[13]" P.8 note 13 refers to Nakamura, ''Vedanta Tetsugaku no Hatten'' p.531, and Paul Hacker (1965), ''Relations of early Advaitins to Vaishnavism.''
* {{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=148}}: "Sankara, despite being projected as an incarnation of Siva in the hagiographies, was almost certainly a vaisnava, as were his immediate disciples."
* {{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=167}}: "... it may be that he is best described as a refomed Pancaratrin or Bhagavata, Sankara-Bhagavat or Sankara-Bhagavatpada indeed being one of the names he uses to describe himself."
* {{harvnb|Clark|2006|p=169}}: "It is apparent that Sankara was a vaisnava who seems to have been significantly informed by Pancaratra—as were Ramanuja and Madhva—yet Sankara’s hagiographers project him as an ‘orthodox’ (Vedic) saiva. In the following chapter, it is proposed that Sankara’s early hagiographies projected him as a Saiva in the image of their Viayanagara patrons who, beginning in the mid-fourteenth century, patronised what was essentially a ‘reformed’, ‘orthodox’ saiva tradition that included advaita saa matha-s and Vedic scholarship."
* {{harvnb|Nelson|2007|p=313}}: "Indeed, as Hacker has shown, there is good evidence that Shankara and his early followers came from strong Vaishnava backgrounds."
See also J.G. Suthren Hirst (2005), ''Samkara's Advaita Vedanta'':
* {{harvnb|Suthren Hirst|2005|p=28}}: "In this respect, it is telling that Samkara uses Visnu’s relation to his image in a range of contexts, for example, to illustrate the use of Om in meditating on brahman, yet never mentions the lingam, the equivalent aniconic form of Siva. He refers specifically to the salagrama, the small round polished stone from the river Gandaki in which Visnu is worshipped. He also appears to sanction the temple-going and other activities of worship practised by Bhagavata Vaisnavas, though he disagrees with the Pañcaratra theology he discusses alongside this (BSBh 2.2.42–45). No such approbation is given of Saiva practices, the discussion of their theology being much briefer and linked with the refutation of Vaisesika and similar views (BSBh 2.2.37). In addition, his references to release by stages (kramamukti) have a Vaisnava background traceable to the earlier commentator on the Brahma sutras. These factors suggest at least familiarity with a Vaisnava milieu, which we will need to take into account in understanding his thought."
* {{harvnb|Suthren Hirst|2005|p=130}}: "... the very frequency of Samkara’s references to Visnu and his images cannot be ignored, though their context has to be carefully considered. Other Vaisnava clues are linked with quotations from the Katha Upanisad on the highest place of Visnu, moderate criticism of the Vaisnava Bhagavatas (unclearly distinguished from Pañcaratras) and expansion of passages in the Gita, itself a Vaisnava text. In the following, then, I am not arguing that Samkara is explicating Advaita for a specific Vaisnava community. Rather, I am suggesting that he draws on familiarity with a Vaisnava environment to help his pupils realize the truth of non-duality, a truth to which he himself may well have been drawn from a similar starting point."}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
;Printed sources
{{refbegin}}

* {{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qutzDQAAQBAJ&dq=adi+shankara+won+debate+buddhism&pg=PT214|title=Coromandel: A Personal History of South India|year=2017|publisher=Little, Brown Book Group|isbn=978-1-4087-0540-7|language=en}}

* {{Citation | last =Bader | first =Jonathan | year =2001 | title =Conquest of the Four Quarters. TYraditional Accounts of the Life of Shankara | publisher =Australian National University}}
* {{Citation | last =Bhatawadekar | first =Sai | year =2013 | chapter =The Tvat Tam Asi Formula and Schopenhauer's 'Deductive Leap' | editor1-last =Fuechtner | editor1-first =Veronika | editor2-last =Rhiel | editor2-first =Mary | title =Imagining Germany Imagining Asia: Essays in Asian-German Studies | publisher =Boydell & Brewer}}
* {{cite journal | last =Biderman | first =Shlomo|year = 1978|title = Śankara and the Buddhists|journal = Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume = 6|issue = 4|s2cid = 170754201|doi=10.1007/BF00218430}}
* {{Citation | last =Black | first =Brian | year =2012 | title =The Character of the Self in Ancient India: Priests, Kings, and Women in the Early Upanisads | publisher =SUNY | isbn =9780791480526 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm4Gfs1y8ZsC&dq=tat+tvam+asi+such+are+you&pg=PA36 }}
* {{Citation | last =Blake Michael | first =R. | year =1992 | title =The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass | isbn =978-81-208-0776-1}}
* {{Citation | last =Bowker | first =John | year =2000 | title =The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions | chapter =Advaita Vedanta | publisher =Oxford University Press | chapter-url =https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/advaita-vedanta }}
* {{Citation|last=Braue|first=Donald A.|year=1984|title=Māyā in Radhakrishnanʾs Thought: Six Meanings Other Than Illusion|publisher=Motilall Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation | last =Brereton | first =Joel P. | title ='Tat Tvam Ast' in Context | journal = Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |volume=136 |issue=1 |year=1986 |pages=98–109}}

* {{Citation | last =Cenkner | first =William | year =1995 | title =A Tradition of Teachers: Śaṅkara and the Jagadgurus Today | publisher =Motilall Banarsidas}}
* {{cite book | last =Chattopadhyaya | first =Shyama Kumar | year =2000 | title =The Philosophy of Sankar's Advaita Vedanta | publisher =Sarup & Sons | location =New Delhi | isbn =81-7625-222-0 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=IPasbJW-1PwC&q=Mimamsa }}
* {{Citation | last =Clark | first =Matthew | year =2006 | title =The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs. The Integration Of Ascetic Lineages Into An Order | publisher =BRILL | url =https://archive.org/details/dasanamisamnyasi0000clar}}
* {{Citation |last=Comans |first=Michael |year=2000 |title=The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass}}

* {{cite book|last=Dasgupta|first=S. N.|year=1997|title=History of Indian Philosophy| volume= 1}}
* {{Citation | last =Deutsch | first =Eliot | year =1973 | title =Advaita Vedanta: A Philosophical Reconstruction | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=63gdKwhHeV0C | publisher =University of Hawaii Press | isbn =978-0-8248-0271-4 }}
* {{Citation|last1=Deutsch|first1=Eliot|last2=Dalvi|first2=Rohit|year=2004|title=The Essential Vedanta: A New Source Book of Advaita Vedanta|publisher=World Wisdom, Inc.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VIc6AdO07-IC&q=history+of+vedanta|isbn=9780941532525}}
* {{cite book |last=Doniger |first=Wendy |year=1999 |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |publisher=Merriam-Webster |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440/page/1017 1017] |quote=smarta sect. |isbn=978-0-87779-044-0 }}

* {{Cite book | last=Feuerstein | first=Georg | author-link=Georg Feuerstein | year=1978 | title=Handboek voor Yoga (Dutch translation; English title "Textbook of Yoga") | publisher=Ankh-Hermes}}

* {{Citation | last =Goodding | first =Robert A. | year =2013 | chapter =A Theologian in a South Indian Kingdom: The Historical Context of the Jivanmuktiviveka of Vidyaranya | editor-last =Lindquist | editor-first =Steven E. | title =Religion and Identity in South Asia and Beyond: Essays in Honor of Patrick Olivelle | publisher =Anthem Press}}
* {{Citation|last=Grimes|first=John A.|year=1996|title=A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-3067-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC}}
* {{Citation | last =Grimes | first =John | year =2004 | chapter =Introduction | title =The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation | publisher =Ashgate | isbn =978-0-7546-3395-2}}

* {{Citation |last=Hacker |first=Paul |year=1995 |title=Philology and Confrontation: Paul Hacker on Traditional and Modern Vedanta |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2582-4 |editor-last=Halbfass |editor-first=Wilhelm}}
* {{cite book | last =Halbfass | first =W | year =1983 | title =Studies in Kumarila and Sankara, Studien zur Indologie und Iranistik, Monographic 9 | publisher =Reinbeck}}
* {{cite book | last =Halbfass | first =Wilhelm | year =1990 | title =Tradition and Reflection: Explorations in Indian Thought | publisher =State University of New York Press | isbn =978-0-7914-0362-4}}
* {{citation |last=Hiltebeitel |first=Alf |author-link=Alf Hiltebeitel |year=2002 |title=Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture" |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-87597-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kfyzAAAAQBAJ }}

* {{Citation |last =Inden |first =Ronald |author-link=Ronald Inden |year =1998 |chapter=Ritual, Authority, And Cycle Time in Hindu Kingship |editor=J.F. Richards |title=Kingship and Authority in South Asia |place =New Delhi |publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{cite book |last=Isaeva |first=Natalia |title=Shankara and Indian Philosophy |year=1993 |publisher=State University of New York Press (SUNY) |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-1281-7}} Some editions spell the author Isayeva.
* {{cite book |last=Isayeva |first=Natalia |year=1993 |title=Shankara and Indian Philosophy |publisher=State University of New York Press (SUNY) |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-1282-4}}


* {{cite book | last =Keshava Menon | first =Y. | year =1976 | title =The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya}}
* {{Citation | last =King | first =Richard | year =1995 |title=Early Advaita Vedanta and Buddhism: The Mahayana Context of the Gaudapadiya-Karika | publisher =SUNY Press}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Richard |year=1999 |title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and 'The Mystic East' |place=London; New York |publisher=Routledge |oclc=1120551977}} {{ISBN|9780415202589 |9780415202572}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Richard |year=2001 |title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and 'The Mystic East' |publisher=Taylor & Francis e-Library}}{{full citation needed|date=February 2022}}
* {{cite book |last=King |first=Richard |year=2002 |title=Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and 'The Mystic East' |place=London |publisher=Routledge |oclc=248920425}} {{ISBN|9780415202572 |9780415202589}}
* {{cite book | last =Koller | first =John | year =2007 | chapter =Shankara | editor-last1 =Meister | editor-first1 =Chad | editor-last2 =Copan | editor-first2 =Paul | title =The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion | publisher =Routledge | isbn =978-1-134-18001-1}}
* {{Citation | last =Koller | first =John | year =2012 | chapter =Shankara | editor1-last =Meister | editor1-first =Chad | editor2-last =Copan | title =Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion |editor2-first =Paul | publisher =Routledge | isbn =978-0-415-78294-4}}
* {{Citation|last1=Koller|first1=John M.|year=2013|chapter=Shankara|editor1-last=Meister|editor1-first=Chad |editor2-last=Copan|editor2-first=Paul|title=Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Religion|publisher=Routledge}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Kruijf | first1 =Johannes de | last2 =Sahoo | first2 =Ajaya | year =2014 | title =Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora | publisher =Ashgate Publishing | isbn =978-1-4724-1913-2}}
* {{Citation | last1 =Kulke | first1 =Hermann | last2 =Rothermund | first2 =Dietmar | year =1998 | title =A History of India | publisher =Routledge}}

* {{Citation | last =Lipner | first =Julius | year =2000 | chapter =The Self of Being and the Being of Self: Samkara on "That You Are" (Tat Tvam Asi) | editor1-last =Malkovsky | editor1-first =Bradley J. | title =New Perspectives on Advaita Vedānta | publisher =BRILL}}

* {{Citation | last =Mayeda | first =Sengaku | year =1992 | chapter =An Introduction to the Life and Thought of Sankara | editor-first =Sengaku | editor-last =Mayeda | title =A Thousand Teachings: The Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara | publisher =State University of New York City Press | isbn =0-7914-0944-9 | chapter-url =https://archive.org/details/thousandteaching00sank }}
* {{cite book |last=Mayeda |first=Sengaku |year=2006 |title=A thousand teachings : the Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-2771-4}}
* {{cite web | last =Mayeda | first =Sengaku | year =2015 | title =Adi Shankara | publisher =Encyclopedia Britannica | url =https://www.britannica.com/biography/Shankara }}
* {{Citation |last =McRae |first =John |year =2003 |title =Seeing Through Zen. Encounter, Transformation, and Genealogy in Chinese Chan Buddhism |publisher =The University Press Group Ltd |isbn =978-0-520-23798-8}}
* {{Citation | last =Menon | first =Sangeetha | year =2012 | title =Advaita Vedanta | publisher =Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy | url =https://iep.utm.edu/adv-veda/ }}
* {{cite book |last=Michaels |first=Axel |year=2004 |title=Hinduism. Past and present |place=Princeton, New Jersey |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
* {{Citation | last =Mookerji | first =R. | year =2011 | orig-year =1947 | title =Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publishers | isbn =978-81-208-0423-4 | author-link =Radha Kumud Mukherjee}}

* {{Citation |last1=Nakamura |first1=Hajime |title=Indian Buddhism: A Survey with Bibliographical Notes |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |location=Delhi}}
* {{citation|last=Nakamura |first=Hajime |year=2004 |orig-year=1950 |title=A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers}} (Reprint of Shoki No Vedanta Tetsugaku, Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo)
* {{cite book | last =Nelson | first =Lance | year =2007 | chapter =Krishna in Advaita Vedanta: The Supreme Brahman in Human Form |editor-last =Bryant | editor-first =Edwin | title =Krishna - A Sourcebook | publisher =Oxford University Press}}
* {{citation | last =Nicholson | first=Andrew J.|year=2010|title=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History|publisher=Columbia University Press|title-link=Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History}}
* {{Citation | last =Nowicka | first =Olga | year =2016 | title =Conquering the World, Subduing the Minds: Śaṅkara's digvijaya in the Local Context | journal =Cracow Indological Studies |volume=XVIII | issue =18 | pages =145–166 |doi=10.12797/CIS.18.2016.18.07| doi-access =free }}

* {{Citation | last =Olivelle | first =Patrick | year =1998 | author-link =Patrick Olivelle | title =Upaniṣads | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-283576-5 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=f9-2jV7sRuEC }}
* {{Citation|last =Olivelle | first =Patrick | year =2008 | author-link =Patrick Olivelle | title =Upaniṣads | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0-19-954025-9}}

* {{cite book |last=Pande |first=G. C. |year=2011 |title=Life and Thought of Śaṅkarācārya |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-1104-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Popular Prakashan |year=2000 |title=Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DPP7O3nb3g0C&q=smarta+shankara |isbn=978-0-85229-760-5 }}
* {{Citation |last=Potter |first=Karl |year=2006 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Vol. II: Advaita Vedanta From 800 To 1200 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=81-208-3061-X |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofindianphilosophyvolume11advaitavedantafrom800to1200karlpotterh._259_Z/page/n15/mode/2up }}
* {{Citation |last=Potter |first=Karl |year=2008 |title=Encyclopedia of Indian Philosophies Vol. III: Advaita Vedānta up to Śaṃkara and his pupils |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |isbn=978-81-208-0310-7}}

* {{cite book|last=Raju|first=P. T.|title=Structural Depths of Indian Thought|date=1985-01-01|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-88706-139-4|pages=383|language=en|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ_iahRQomwC&dq=Kumarila+recognised+Shankara&pg=PA383}}
* {{cite book |last=Rambachan |first=Anantanand |year=1991 |title=Accomplishing the Accomplished: The Vedas as a Source of Valid Knowledge in Sankara |publisher=University of Hawaii Press |isbn=978-0-8248-1358-1}}
* {{Citation | last =Rambachan | first =Anantanand |year =2006 | title =The Advaita Worldview: God, World, and Humanity | publisher =State University of New York Press | isbn =978-0791468524}}
* {{cite book |last=Roodurmun |first=Pulasth Soobah |year=2002 |title=Bhāmatī and Vivaraṇa Schools of Advaita Vedānta: A Critical Approach |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers }}
* {{citation |last=Rosen |first=Steven |year=2006 |title=Essential Hinduism |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuVG8PxKq_0C |isbn=978-0-275-99006-0 }}

* {{Citation | author =Satchidanandendra Sarasvati | year=1997 | title =The Method of the Vedanta. A Critical Account of the Advaita Tradition | publisher =Motilall Banarsidass}}
* {{cite book |last=Scheepers |first=Alfred |year=2000 |title=De Wortels van het Indiase Denken |publisher=Olive Press}}
* {{cite book | last =Shcherbatsky | first =Fyodor | year =1927 | title =The Conception of Buddhist Nirvana | publisher =Motilal Banarsidass Publ. | isbn =9788120805293 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=itTFXt6ZmVQC&pg=RA1-PA44 }}
* {{cite book |last=Shah-Kazemi |first=Reza |year=2006 |title=Paths to Transcendence: According to Shankara, Ibn Arabi & Meister Eckhart |publisher=World Wisdom}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=C. |year=1997 |title=A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0365-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Sharma |first=B.N. Krishnamurti |year=2000 |title=History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature: From the Earliest Beginnings to Our Own Times |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVtpFMPMulcC |isbn=978-81-208-1575-9 }}
* {{Citation | last =Sivananda | first =Swami | year =1993 | title =All About Hinduism | publisher =The Divine Life Society}}
* {{Citation |last=Sivaraman |first=K. |year=1973 |title=Śaivism in Philosophical Perspective: A Study of the Formative Concepts, Problems, and Methods of Śaiva Siddhānta |publisher=Motilall Banarsidass}}
* {{Citation |last=Stoker |first=Valerie |year=2016 |title=Polemics and Patronage in the City of Victory: Vyasatirtha, Hindu Sectarianism, and the Sixteenth-Century Vijayanagara Court |publisher=University of California Press}}
* {{cite journal | last =Sundaresan | first =Vidyasankar | year =2000 | title =Conflicting hagiographies and history: The place of Śaṅkaravijaya texts in Advaita tradition | journal =International Journal of Hindu Studies | volume =4 | issue =2 | pages =109–184 | publisher =Springer | doi =10.1007/s11407-000-0004-7 | url =https://dn721900.ca.archive.org/0/items/MadhviyaShankaraVijayaVenkataramanK.R./Shankaravijaya-history%20Vidyasankar%20Sundaresan.pdf}}
* {{Citation | last =Suthren Hirst| first =J. G. | year =2005 | title =Śaṃkara's Advaita Vedānta: A Way of Teaching | publisher =Routledge | isbn =978-1-134-25441-5}}

* {{cite book | last =Tapasyananda | year =2015 | title =Sankara Digvijaya – The traditional life of Sri Sankaracharya | publisher =Sri Ramakrishna Math | isbn =978-81-7823-342-0 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=0Ls5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{Cite journal|last=Tola|first=Fernando|title=On the Date of Maṇḍana Miśra and Śaṅkara and Their Doctrinal Relation|date=1989|journal=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute|volume=70|issue=1/4 |pages=37–46 |jstor=41693459|issn=0378-1143}}

* {{cite journal|last=Whaling|first=Frank|year=1979|title=Shankara and Buddhism|journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy|volume=7|issue=1|pages=1–42|doi=10.1007/BF02561251|jstor=23440361|s2cid=170613052}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=White |editor-first=David Gordon |year=2000 |title=Introduction. In: Tantra in practice |place=Princeton and Oxford |publisher=Princeton University Press}}
{{refend}}

;Web citations
{{reflist|group=web|refs=

<ref group=web name=Stanford_Dalal2021>Neil Dalal (2021), [https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/shankara/ Shankara], Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |last=Fort |first=Andrew O. |year=1998 |title=Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-791-43904-3|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Fuller |first=C. J. |year=2004 |title=The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India |place=Princeton, NJ |publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-0-691-12048-5 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last=Hirst |first=J. S. |year=2005 |title=A Questioning Approach: Learning from Shankara's Pedagogic Techniques |journal=Contemporary Education Dialogue |volume=2 |number=2 |pages=137–169 |doi=10.1177/097318490500200202 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ingalls |first1=Daniel H. H. |title=Śaṁkara's Arguments against the Buddhists |journal=Philosophy East and West |date=1954 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=291–306 |doi=10.2307/1397287 |jstor=1397287 |ref=none }}
* {{cite book|last=Nakamura |first=Hajime |year=1990 |orig-year=1950 |title=A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part One |place=Delhi |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |ref=none}} (Reprint)
* {{cite journal|doi=10.2307/2104222|jstor=2104222|title=Sankara and the Vedic Tradition|journal=Philosophy and Phenomenological Research|volume=17|issue=2|pages=248–255|year=1956|last1=Navone|first1=J. J. |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Olivelle|first=Patrick|year=1992|title=The Samnyasa Upanisads|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0195070453 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Pandey |first=S. L. |year=2000 |chapter=Pre-Sankara Advaita |editor=Chattopadhyana |title=History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization |volume=II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta |place=Delhi |publisher=Centre for Studies in Civilizations |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last=Reigle|first=David|year=2001|title=The Original Sankaracarya|journal=Fohat|volume=5|issue=3|pages=57–60, 70–71|url=http://www.theosophycanada.com/files/fohat-fall-2001.pdf |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal |doi=10.7825/2164-6279.1295 |title = Dr. Richard de Smet and Sankara's Advaita |journal = Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies |volume = 16 |year = 2003 |last1 = Rukmani |first1 = T.S. |author-link=T. S. Rukmani |doi-access = free |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author=Sankaracharya |url=https://archive.org/details/CompleteWorksOfSriSankaracharyaIn20Volumes1910Edition |title=The Works of Sri Sankaracharya |year=1910 |publisher=Sri Vani Vilas Press |place=Srirangam |ref=none}} 20 vols.
* {{cite journal |first=Frank |last=Whaling |year=1979 |jstor=23440361 |title=Śankara and Buddhism |journal=Journal of Indian Philosophy |volume=7 |number=1 |pages=1–42 |doi=10.1007/BF02561251 |ref=none}}

==External links==
{{Prone to spam|date=March 2017}}

{{Sister project links|Adi Shankara|display=Adi Shankara|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|n=no|b=no|author=no|d=Q180967}}
* [https://www.sankaracharya.org/biography_of_sankara.php Traditional biography of Shankara]
* {{Internet Archive author |search=("Adi Shankara" OR "Adi Shankaracharya" OR "Shankara Bhagavatpada" OR Sankaracharya OR Śaṅkarācārya OR "Śaṅkara Bhagavatpāda" OR "Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya")}}
* {{Librivox author |id=17043}}
* {{Gutenberg author | id=38496| name=Adi Shankara}}
* [https://www.sankaracharya.org/index.php Works by Adi Shankara] at sankaracharya.org

{{s-start}}
{{S-rel}}
{{succession box | before = [[Govinda Bhagavatpada|Bhagawan Govinda Bhagavat Pada]]| title = [[Jagadguru of Sringeri Sharada Peetham]] |years = ?–820 ([[videha-mukti]]) | after = [[Sureśvara|Sureshwaracharya]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Indian Philosophy}}
{{philosophy of religion}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shankara, Adi}}
[[Category:Adi Shankara| ]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian philosophers]]
[[Category:8th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:Ancient Indian writers]]
[[Category:Founders of religions]]
[[Category:Hindu mystics]]
[[Category:Hindu philosophers and theologians]]
[[Category:Hindu reformers]]
[[Category:Idealists]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu monks]]
[[Category:Indian Hindu spiritual teachers]]
[[Category:Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]
[[Category:Kerala academics]]
[[Category:Malayali Hindu saints]]
[[Category:Medieval Hindu religious leaders]]
[[Category:Ontologists]]
[[Category:Pantheists]]
[[Category:People from Ernakulam district]]
[[Category:Philosophers of mind]]
[[Category:Philosophers of religion]]
[[Category:Sanskrit writers]]
[[Category:Scholars from Kerala]]
[[Category:Writers from Kerala]]
[[Category:Deified Indian men]]

North-Western Provinces

2026-03-06T22:24:47Z

MaynardPerkin72: small enhance information as per guidelines

{{Short description|Administrative region of British India (1836–1902)}}
{{Distinguish|North-West Frontier Province}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2020}}
{{Infobox Former Subdivision
| conventional_long_name = North-Western Provinces
| common_name =
| subdivision = Province
| nation = [[Company rule in India|India under Company rule]] (1836&dash;1858) [[British Raj|India under the British Raj]] (1858–1902)
| image_flag =
| image_coat =
| image_map = Pope1880NorthWesternProv2.jpg
| image_map_caption = North-Western Provinces, constituted in 1836 from erstwhile Presidency of Agra
| capital = [[Agra]] (1836–1858), [[Allahabad]] (1858–1902)<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 237">{{cite book |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date= 1 January 2008|isbn=978-8189422820 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=Allahabad+capital&pg=PA151 }}</ref>
| stat_area1 = 9479
| stat_pop1 = 4,500,000
| stat_year1 = 1835
| p1 = Agra Presidency
| p2 = Oudh State
| s1 = United Provinces of Agra and Oudh
| year_start = 1836
| event_start =
| year_end = 1902
| event1 = [[Delhi Territory]] transferred from N.W. Provinces to Punjab
| date_event1 = 1858
| event2 = [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] separated from N.W. Provinces
| date_event2 = 1861
| event3 = [[Ajmer-Merwara|Ajmer]] separated from N.W. Provinces
| date_event3 = 1871
| event4 = The offices of [[List of Lieutenant-Governors of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioners of Oudh|Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western Provinces and Chief Commissioner of Oudh]] were combined in the same person
| date_event4 = 1877
| today = [[India]]
| native_name =
| demonym =
}}
{{Infobox UK legislation
| short_title = {{visible anchor|India (North-West Provinces) Act 1835}}
| type = Act
| parliament = Parliament of the United Kingdom
| long_title = An Act to authorise the Court of Directors of the East India Company to suspend the Execution of the Provisions of the Act of the Third and Fourth William the Fourth, Chapter Eighty-five, so far as they relate to the Creation of the Government of Agra.
| year = 1835
| citation = [[5 & 6 Will. 4]]. c. 52
| introduced_commons =
| introduced_lords =
| territorial_extent =
| royal_assent = 31 August 1835
| commencement =
| expiry_date =
| repeal_date =
| amends = {{ubli|[[Government of India Act 1833]]}}
| replaces =
| amendments = {{ubli|[[Statute Law Revision Act 1890]]}}
| repealing_legislation =
| related_legislation =
| status =
| legislation_history =
| theyworkforyou =
| millbankhansard =
| original_text =
| revised_text =
| use_new_UK-LEG =
| UK-LEG_title =
| collapsed = yes
}}

The '''North-Western Provinces''' ('''NWP''') was an [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|administrative region]] in [[British Raj|British India]]. The North-Western Provinces were established in 1836, through merging the administrative divisions of the [[Ceded and Conquered Provinces]]. In 1858, the [[Nawab of Awadh|Nawab-ruled kingdom]] of [[Oudh State|Oudh]] was annexed and merged with the North-Western Provinces to form the renamed '''North-Western Provinces and Oudh''' ('''NWP&O'''). In 1902, this province was reorganized to form the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]].<ref name=igi-XXIV-158>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV|1908|p=158}}</ref> [[Allahabad]] served as its capital from 1858, when it also became the [[List of capitals of India|capital of India]] for a day.<ref name="Ashutosh Joshi 237">{{cite book |title=Town Planning Regeneration of Cities|author=Ashutosh Joshi|publisher=New India Publishing|date= 1 January 2008|isbn=978-8189422820 |page=237 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UFaGME0XDBkC&q=Allahabad+capital&pg=PA151 }}</ref>

==Area==

The province included [[Uttarakhand|Uttrakhand]], and, all divisions of the present-day state of [[Uttar Pradesh]] with the exception of the [[Lucknow Division]] and [[Faizabad Division]] of [[Awadh]].<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/> Among other regions included at various times were: the ''[[Delhi Territory]]'', from 1836 until 1858, when the latter became part of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of British India; [[Ajmer-Merwara|Ajmer]] and [[Ajmer-Merwara|Merwara]], from 1832 and 1846, respectively, until 1871, when [[Ajmer-Merwara]] became a minor province of British India; and the [[Saugor and Nerbudda Territories]] from 1853 until 1861, when they were absorbed into the [[Central Provinces]].<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/><ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxleu6ps2/north-western-provinces-north-ganges.html |title=North-western Provinces |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=10 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180945/https://www.libraryindex.com/encyclopedia/pages/cpxleu6ps2/north-western-provinces-north-ganges.html |archive-date=1 December 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Administration==
The ''North Western Provinces'' was governed by a Lieutenant-Governor, who was appointed by the [[East India Company]] from 1836 to 1858, and by the British Government from 1858 to 1902.<ref name=igi-XXIV-158/>

In 1856, after the annexation of [[Oudh State]], the ''North Western Provinces'' became part of the larger province of ''North Western Provinces and Oudh''. In 1902, the latter province was renamed the [[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]; in 1904, the region within the new ''United Provinces'' corresponding to the ''North Western Provinces'' was renamed the [[Agra Province]].<ref name=igi-V-72>{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V|1908|p=72}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of chief commissioners of Oudh]]
* [[List of lieutenant-governors of the North-Western Provinces]]
* [[List of lieutenant-governors of the North-Western Provinces and chief commissioners of Oudh]]
*[[Company rule in India]]
*[[British Raj]]
*[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]]
*[[Northwest India (pre-1947)]]

[[File:NorthWesternProvincesIndia1857.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A map showing the new province of ''North-Western Provinces and Oudh'' in 1857]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{citation|title=Administration of the North-Western Provinces and Oudh, April 1882 – November 1887|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCguAAAAYAAJ|year=1887|publisher=Government Press, North-Western Provinces and Oudh|location=Allahabad}}
*{{citation|last=Bayly|first=C. A.|author-link=Christopher Bayly|title=Rulers, Townsmen and Bazaars: North Indian Society in the Age of British Expansion, 1770–1870|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfo3AAAAIAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press Archive|isbn=978-0-521-31054-3}}
*{{citation|author=Government of India. Legislative Dept|title=The N.-W. provinces and Oudh code: consisting of the Bengal regulations and the local acts of the Governor General in council in force in the North-Western provinces and Oudh, the acts of the Lieutenant-Governor of the North-Western provinces and Oudh in council, the regulation made under 33 Vict., Cap. 3 for the Tarai, and lists of the enactments which have been scheduled in force in, or extended to, the scheduled districts of the North-Western provinces by notification under the scheduled districts act, 1874; with a chronological table and an index|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6bgZAAAAYAAJ|year=1892|publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India|location=Calcutta}}
*{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. V | title = Abāzai to Arcot ("Agra Province" pp. 71–72) | publisher=Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. viii, 1 map, 437. | year = 1908}}
*{{Citation | last = Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. XXIV | title = Travancore to Zīra ("United Provinces" pp. 132–276) | publisher=Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. Pp. vi, 1 map, 437. | year = 1908}}

{{Presidencies and provinces of British India}}
{{Uttarakhand}}

{{coord|25.45|N|81.85|E|region:IN_type:landmark_source:kolossus-svwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:1836 establishments in British India]]
[[Category:1902 disestablishments in British India]]
[[Category:Subdivisions of British India]]
[[Category:British administration in Uttar Pradesh| ]]

Ravela Joseph

2026-03-06T06:48:30Z

MaynardPerkin72: New Entry!

{{Short description|Indian priest}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}
{{Infobox clergy
| child =
| honorific_prefix = [[The Reverend]]
| name = R. Joseph, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]
| honorific_suffix = ''Ayyagaru''
| image =
| image_size = 
| alt =
| caption =
| pronunciation =
| birth_name = Ravela Joseph
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1937|09|01|df=y}}<ref name="CT"/>
| birth_place = [[Ravela]], [[Northern Circars]] ([[Madras Presidency]])
| burial_place = [[Christian Cemetery, Narayanguda]], [[Hyderabad]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2024|04|12|1937|09|01|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Secunderabad]] ([[Telangana]])
| death_cause = 
| residence =
| other_names = ''R. J. Ayyagaru'', ''/Acharya Ravela Ayyagaru'', ''Rev. Ravela Ayyagaru''
| citizenship = Indian
| education =
*[[Licentiate in Theology|L. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),
*[[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]]),
*[[Master of Sacred Theology|S. T. M.]] ([[Andover Newton Theological School|Andover-Newton]]),
*[[Master of Theology|M. Th.]] ([[Senate of Serampore College (University)|Serampore]])
*[[Master of Arts|M. A.]] ([[Osmania University|Osmania]])<ref name="CT"/>
*Research exposure ([[United Theological College, Bangalore|UTC, Bangalore]])
| alma_mater =
*[[American Baptist Mission|ABM]]-[[Ramayapatnam]] Baptist Theological Seminary, [[Ramayapatnam]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]),
*[[Andover Newton Theological School]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] (United States),
*[[United Theological College, Bangalore]] ([[Karnataka]])
*[[Osmania University]], [[Hyderabad]] ([[Telangana]])
| occupation = Theologian
| years_active = 1959 – 2024 (65 years)<ref name="YT">{{YouTube|id=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s9lwRES11w0|title=Funeral Service of Rev. Dr. Joseph Ravela}}</ref>
| known_for = Creative poetic compositions in [[Telugu language]]
| parents = [[Shrimati|Smt]]. Santoshamma (Mother), Pastor R. Paul (Father)
| religion = Christianity
| church = [[Protestant]] – [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] ([[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]])
| ordained = [[American Baptist Foreign Mission Society]]
| writings = ''See complete list''
| congregations =
| offices_held =President, [[American Baptist Mission|ABM]]-[[Ramayapatnam]] Baptist Theological Seminary, [[Ramayapatnam]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]]) {{small|(1993–1997)}}
| title = [[The Reverend]]
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| footnotes =
}}
{{Portal|Theology}}
'''Ravela Joseph''' (1 September 1937 – 12 April 2024)<ref name="YT"/> was a [[Sapphire jubilee]]-Priest involved in [[Spiritual formation]] from the mid-1960s into the early 2000s in the [[Telugu states]]. He taught [[Systematic theology]] in [[Major seminary|Major Seminaries]]<ref>[http://senateofseramporecollege.edu.in/faculty.php?college=Andhra%20Christian%20Theological%20College&spez=Select%20Specialization&i=20 Directory of Teaching Staff, Senate of Serampore College (University)]</ref> affiliated with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]], the nation's first modern<ref>Sankar Ray, The Hindu (Business Line), 11 April 2008 ''Almost a century later, the charter was endorsed officially under the Bengal Govt Act IV of 1918. '' Internet, accessed 30 November 2008. [http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/life/2008/04/11/stories/2008041150100400.htm]</ref> University ''{a University under Section 2 (f) of the [[University Grants Commission (India)|University Grants Commission]] Act, 1956}''<ref>The [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] is a University within the meaning of Section 2 (f) of the UGC Act, 1956 under which a University means a University established or incorporated by or under a Central Act, a Provincial Act or a State Act, and includes any such institution as may, in consultation with the University concerned, be recognised by the Commission in accordance with the regulations made in this behalf under this Act. The UGC took the opinion that the Senate fell under the purview of Section 2 (f) of the said Act since ''The Serampore College Act, 1918'' was passed by the Government of West Bengal.</ref> with degree-granting authority validated by a Danish Charter and ratified by the [[Government of West Bengal]].

Joseph died on 12 April 2024<ref name="YT"/> while undergoing treatment in Secunderabad. A [[Funeral mass]] was conducted at 14:30 hours<ref name="YT"/> on Monday, 15 April 2024 at [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]-Narayanaguda Baptist Church, [[Hyderabad]] led by [[G. Samuel]], STBC.<ref name="YT"/> The solemn mass was well-attended by the faithful, notable among them being [[Church Historian]] B. C. Paul, [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]],<ref name="YT"/> [[Comparative religion|Comparative religion Scholar]] T. Swami Raju, AELC, [[Entomologist]] [[Pothuraju Judson|P. Judson]],<ref name="YT"/> [[Old Testament scholar]] Ravela Jeeva Kumar, STBC<ref name="YT"/> and others. A graveside burial mass held at 16:30 hours, the same day, at [[Christian Cemetery, Narayanguda]], [[Hyderabad]] where Joseph's [[Mortal Remains]] were [[Burial|buried]].<ref name="YT"/>

==Contribution==
Joseph's academic regimen as a [[Seminarian]] in established portals of learning, both in India and the United States shaped his thinking. His contribution, in particular to [[Church history]] in the [[Telugu states]] and to the field of [[Telugu literature]], has marked him out as a major contributor enriching the history of [[Telugu people]]. A content analysis of the writings of Joseph reveals his voracious readership and an ability to quote from a variety of readings.

===Telugu literature===
{{Main|Telugu literature}}
In ''Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature'',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=K.N.R.|author1-mask=K.N.R. |editor1-last=Datta|editor1-first=Amaresh|editor1-link=Amaresh Datta|encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature|title=Christian Literature (Telugu)|url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Indian_Literature/ObFCT5_taSgC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=telugu%20christian&pg=PA743&printsec=frontcover{{google books |plainurl=y |id=|page=}} |date=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|series=|volume=1|isbn=9788126018031|pages=743–744}}</ref> published in 1987 by [[Sahitya Akademi]], India's National Academy of Letters dedicated to the promotion of literature in the [[languages of India]], the contribution of R. Joseph to the field of [[Telugu Christians|Telugu Christian Literature]] in the modern times has been acknowledged. Incidentally, it was Joseph who took the onus to compile an exhaustive bibliography<ref name="Compilation"/> of original Christian writings in [[Telugu language]] in the eighties<ref name="Compilation"/> during the tenure of [[D. S. Satyaranjan]], [[Indian Pentecostal Church of God|IPC]] at the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] in the post-[[Catholic Church|Vatican]] context. This bibliography<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Asian Christian Theologies |encyclopedia=Asian Christian Theologies: Asia region, 7th–20th centuries; South Asia; Australasia |year=2002 |last= |first= |publisher=ISPCK |location=New Delhi |isbn=978-1-57075-481-4 |id= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IckRAQAAIAAJ&q=ravela%20joseph |access-date=16 April 2024}}</ref> became a ready source of reference for Theologians and those with academic interest to peruse material on Telugu Christian Literature.

===Church history===
{{Main|Church history}}
With special reference to the American Baptist Churches in [[Telugu states]], Joseph's postgraduate thesis of 1973 was published in 2003 under the title, ''A History of the Telugu Baptist Churches: American Baptist Telugu Mission''.

===Systematic theology===
{{Main|Systematic theology}}
The influence of the [[Bhakti]] Movement had touched Christian writings and lyrics. R. Joseph had researched the lyrics of [[Puroshottam Choudhary]]. In 2011, James Elisha Taneti in ''History of the Telugu Christians: A Bibliography'' published by Scarecrow, Plymouth<ref>{{cite book | last=Taneti | first=J.E. | title=History of the Telugu Christians: A Bibliography | publisher=Scarecrow Press | series=ATLA Bibliography Series | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-8108-7509-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1xAHHzUbNsC | pages=9, 11, 15, 64, 91}}</ref> writes that Ravela Joseph book on the life of [[Puroshottam Choudhary]] had been to analyse his contribution as an early Indian Christian to Christology.

===Ecumenism===
{{Main|Ecumenism}}
As a member of the fully-ecumenical, ''Fellowship of Telugu Churches'', Joseph had been an active<ref>{{cite web |title=Telugu Churches Federation Meet – Telugu Churches set a Sterling Example |url=https://almayasabdam.com/telugu-churches-federation-meet/|date=2016-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223163239/https://almayasabdam.com/telugu-churches-federation-meet/ |archive-date=23 February 2016 }}</ref> contributor to the unity of the Churches in the [[Telugu states]].<ref>{{cite journal | last=Thumma | first=Anthoniraj | title=Ecumenical Events Marking the 500th Anniversary of Reformation in the Telugu Region |journal=Third Millennium: Indian Journal of Evangelization |volume=XX |issue=4 |date=October–December 2017 |pages=87–91 | url=https://www.academia.edu/44090074 }}</ref> In 2016, Joseph's paper on ''Promoting unity of the body of Christ'' evoked an action-based response from the participants. Joseph's participation in ecumenical gatherings brought him into direct contact with [[Catholic prelate]]s, [[Anthony Poola]], [[Addagatla Chinna Innayya]], [[Mallavarapu Prakash]], [[Doraboina Moses Prakasam]], Gali Bali and others.

==Writings==
Inter-disciplinary research pursuits in the fields of [[Church history]], [[Systematic theology]], [[Telugu literature]] and [[Ecumenism]] prompted Joseph to publish his writings, these were spread over five decades, beginning with the 1970s.

===1973–2002===
*{{cite thesis |last=Joseph |first=Ravela |date=1973 |title=The American Baptist Mission among the Telugus |degree=S.T.M. |publisher=Andover Newton Theological School}}<ref>{{cite book | last=Joseph | first=R. | title=The American Baptist Mission Among the Telugus | publisher=Andover Newton Theological School|location=Newton, Massachusetts | year=1973 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vMYNHQAACAAJ }}</ref>
*{{cite thesis |last=Joseph|first=Ravela|author1-mask=3 |date=1980|title=A theological analysis of the writings of Purushottam Choudhary|degree=M.Th.|publisher=Senate of Serampore College (University)}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ravela |first1=Joseph |author1-mask=3|date=March 1982 |title=Purushottama Choudari: His Special Contribution to Indian Christian Theology |url=https://ebin.pub/history-of-the-telugu-christians-a-bibliography-9780810872431-9780810875098-2010041385.html |journal=Religion and Society |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=29–54 |doi= |access-date=16 April 2024}}
*{{cite journal |last1=Ravela |first1=Joseph |author1-mask=3|date=June 1982 |title=The Christology of an Indian Christian: Purushottama Choudari (1803-1890)|url=https://ebin.pub/history-of-the-telugu-christians-a-bibliography-9780810872431-9780810875098-2010041385.html |journal=Bangalore Theological Forum |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=69–81 |doi=|access-date=16 April 2024}}
*{{cite book |last1=Joseph|first1=Ravela|author1-mask=3 |last2=Suneel Bhanu|first2=Busi|author-link2=Busi Suneel Bhanu|date=1993|title=Bibliography of Original Christian Writings in India in Telugu}}<ref name="Compilation">R. Joseph, [[Suneel Bhanu|B. Suneel Bhanu]] (Compiled), ''Bibliography of Original Christian Writings in India in Telugu'', published by the [[Board of Theological Education of the Senate of Serampore College]], [[Bangalore]], 1993. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3YPgAAAAMAAJ]</ref>
*{{cite book |last=Joseph|first=Ravela|author1-mask=3 |date=1993|editor-last=Toews|editor-first=Paul|title=Mennonites and Baptists: A Continuing Conversation|publisher=Kindred Press|pages=133–140|chapter= Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches: A Brief History and Baptist Doctrinal Distinctives|isbn=}}

===2003-2012===
*{{cite book |last=Joseph|first=Ravela|author1-mask=3 |date=2003|title=A History of the Telugu Baptist Churches (American Baptist Mission)}}<ref>R. Joseph, ''A History of the Telugu Baptist Churches ([[American Baptist Mission]])'', [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Hyderabad]], 2003. Cited by James Elisha Taneti in ''History of the Telugu Christians: A Bibliography'', Scarecrow, Plymouth, 2011, p.91.[https://books.google.com/books?id=W1xAHHzUbNsC&dq=ravela+joseph&pg=PA64]</ref>
*{{cite book |last=Joseph|first=Ravela|author1-mask=3 |date=2004|title=Bhakti Theology of Puroshottam Choudhary}}<ref name="Bhakti">R. Joseph, ''[[Bhakti movement|Bhakti]] Theology of [[Puroshottam Choudhary]]'', CLS, Madras, 2004. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ba_YAAAAMAAJ&q=ravela+joseph]</ref>
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Joseph|first=Ravela |author1-mask=3 |editor1-last=Hedlund|editor1-first=Roger E.|editor1-link=Roger E. Hedlund|editor2-last=Athyal|editor2-first=Jesudas M.|editor3-last=Kalapati|editor3-first=Joshua|editor4-last=Richard|editor4-first=Jessica|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of South Asian Christianity|title=Yarraguntla, Paraiah|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198073857.001.0001/acref-9780198073857-e-1074?rskey=UO5NS8&result=1074{{google books |plainurl=y |id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC|page=}} |date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=|volume=|isbn=9780198073857|pages=}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Joseph|first=Ravela |author1-mask=3 |editor1-last=Hedlund|editor1-first=Roger E.|editor1-link=Roger E. Hedlund|editor2-last=Athyal|editor2-first=Jesudas M.|editor3-last=Kalapati|editor3-first=Joshua|editor4-last=Richard|editor4-first=Jessica|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of South Asian Christianity|title=Chetti Bhanumurthy|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198073857.001.0001/acref-9780198073857-e-1074?rskey=UO5NS8&result=1074{{google books |plainurl=y |id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC|page=}} |date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=|volume=|isbn=9780198073857|pages=}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Joseph|first=Ravela |author1-mask=3 |editor1-last=Hedlund|editor1-first=Roger E.|editor1-link=Roger E. Hedlund|editor2-last=Athyal|editor2-first=Jesudas M.|editor3-last=Kalapati|editor3-first=Joshua|editor4-last=Richard|editor4-first=Jessica|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of South Asian Christianity|title=Jagannatham, Pulipaka|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198073857.001.0001/acref-9780198073857-e-1074?rskey=UO5NS8&result=1074{{google books |plainurl=y |id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC|page=}} |date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=|volume=|isbn=9780198073857|pages=}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Joseph|first=Ravela |author1-mask=3 |editor1-last=Hedlund|editor1-first=Roger E.|editor1-link=Roger E. Hedlund|editor2-last=Athyal|editor2-first=Jesudas M.|editor3-last=Kalapati|editor3-first=Joshua|editor4-last=Richard|editor4-first=Jessica|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of South Asian Christianity|title=Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198073857.001.0001/acref-9780198073857-e-1074?rskey=UO5NS8&result=1074{{google books |plainurl=y |id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC|page=}} |date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=|volume=|isbn=9780198073857|pages=}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |last=Joseph|first=Ravela |author1-mask=3 |editor1-last=Hedlund|editor1-first=Roger E.|editor1-link=Roger E. Hedlund|editor2-last=Athyal|editor2-first=Jesudas M.|editor3-last=Kalapati|editor3-first=Joshua|editor4-last=Richard|editor4-first=Jessica|encyclopedia=The Oxford Encyclopedia of South Asian Christianity|title=Choudhari, Purushottam|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780198073857.001.0001/acref-9780198073857-e-1074?rskey=UO5NS8&result=1074{{google books |plainurl=y |id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC|page=}} |date=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=|volume=|isbn=9780198073857|pages=}}

===2013-2022===
*{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Ravela |author1-mask=3 |date=2013 |title=Christian Theology |trans-title= |url= |language=Telugu|location=Hyderabad |publisher=GS Media|isbn=978-9385080197}}<ref name="CT">R. Joseph, ''Christian Theology'', [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Hyderabad]], 2013.</ref>
*{{cite document |last=Joseph |first=Ravela |author1-mask=3 |date=2016 |title=Unity of the Body of Christ |location=Hyderabad |publisher=Fellowship of Telugu Churches |page=}}<ref>R. Joseph, ''Unity of the Body of Christ'' in ''Illuminare Omnes (Monthly bulletin of the [[Roman Catholic Diocese of Eluru|Catholic Diocese of Eluru]])'', Volume 39, Number 3, March 2016, p.14.[http://www.dioceseofeluru.org/pdf/newsletter_16/March%20-%202016.pdf]</ref>
*{{cite book |last=Joseph |first= Ravela|author1-mask=3 |date=2017 |title= Fr. Martin Luther, OSA – The Church Reformer|trans-title= |url= |language=Telugu |location=Hyderabad |publisher=GS Media |isbn=978-9385194979}}
*{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Ravela |author1-mask=3 |date=2020 |title=Towards the Reform of Telugu Churches: Some Propositions and Proposals |url= |location=Hyderabad |publisher=Fellowship of Telugu Churches |page= |isbn=}}

==Reminiscences==
* Rev. Talathoti Punnaiah, STBC who underwent a 1-year spirituality course in 1969 at the [[Ramayapatnam]] Baptist Theological Seminary at [[Ramayapatnam]] as an [[Aspirant]] to discern his avocation towards religious life writes that,
{{blockquote|''Ravela Joseph was the youngest among the Teachers at the [[Ramayapatnam]] Seminary and was teaching [[Church history]]. He used to love playing [[association football|football]]. Later he did his [[S.T.M.]] in the United States of America and then [[M. Th.]] He later became the President of the Seminary and Professor at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]]. Joseph is a good writer, singer and composer.''<ref>Talathoti Punnaiah, ''My Memoir, Ministry and Message: (60 years Life Experiences 1950–2010)'', Kakinada, 2010, pp.12–13.</ref>}}
*Rev. Fr. Anthonyraj Thumma, RCM, Secretary, [[Catholic Bishops Conference of India]] Office for Dialogue and Desk for Ecumenism, NBCLC, [[Bangalore]],
{{blockquote|''The scholarship and writings of Ravela Joseph is not limited to theology alone. His research in Church History has yielded many fruits in the form of books on the history of the Early Church, Telugu Baptist Church, Martin Luther's Reformation, etc. He is also a well-known poet, essayist and playwright in Telugu.''}}<ref>{{cite book |last=Joseph |first=Ravela |author-link=Ravela Joseph |date=2020 |title=Towards the Reform of Telugu Churches: Some Propositions and Proposals |url= |location=Hyderabad |publisher=Fellowship of Telugu Churches |page= |isbn=}}</ref>
*Paul D. Wiebe, Department of Sociology and the Center for Asian Studies at the [[University of Illinois]],
{{blockquote|''Ravela Joseph, a philosopher, poet and Professor Emeritus at Andhra Christian Theological College, Hyderabad, assisted me in the collection of the data in relation to which my PhD thesis was written and remained close friend.''}}<ref>Paul D. Wiebe, ''Heirs and Joint Heirs: Mission to Church Among the Mennonite Brethren of Andhra Pradesh'', Published simultaneously by Kindred Productions, Winnipeg, Manitoba and Kindred Productions, Goessel, Kansas, 2010.[https://archive.org/stream/heirsandjointheirsocr/HeirsAndJointHeirsOCR_djvu.txt]</ref>

==Studies and academics==
===General studies===
During the 1950s Joseph pursued a [[Pre-university course]] at [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church|AELC]]-[[Andhra Christian College]], [[Guntur]]. He then underwent a [[Teacher-training]] course and became a Teacher at a government-run school. Following his call towards spirituality, he discerned his vocation and took to theology, enrolling at a major seminary in Ramayapatnam. In 1985, Joseph enrolled at the State-run [[Osmania University]] from where he studied Master of Arts.<ref name="CT"/>

===Propadeutic studies===
The [[American Baptist Mission]]/[[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] was one of the [[Protestant]] missions that began its [[Christian mission]] in the early nineteenth century in India whose south India ministries were headquartered in [[Ramayapatnam]] in Andhra Pradesh. R. Joseph evinced interest in pursuing [[Priesthood]] as a full-time vocation and underwent [[Spiritual formation]] at the historic Baptist Theological Seminary, [[Ramayapatnam]] studying under the Principalship of [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Maurice Blanchard<ref name="President">B. R. Moses, ''Ramayapatnam Baptist Theological Seminary Centenary Report 1874-1974'', in K. J. W. Jayakumar (Compiled), ''The Lights That Never Quench – Baptist Missionaries'', Self published by the author, [[Nellore]], 2008, pp.107–114.</ref> and other faculty comprising [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Gaddala Solomon|G. Solomon]].<ref name="President"/> The seminary was directly affiliated with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] and Joseph was awarded an [[Licentiate of Theology|L. Th.]] He later upgraded his studies to earn a [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] in 1967,<ref name="CT"/> awarded by Seminary President, [[Louis F. Knoll]].<ref name="President"/>

===Research studies===
====United States: Newton====
In 1972,<ref name="CT"/> The Council of the [[Ramayapatnam]] Baptist Theological Seminary, [[Ramayapatnam]] and the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] sent R. Joseph to the [[Andover Newton Theological School]], [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]] for postgraduate studies where he earned a [[Master of Sacred Theology]]<ref name="CT"/> ''([[S.T.M.]])'' degree and on his return continued to teach at the Seminary which by then had integrated its [[B. D.]] section into the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] and R. Joseph was reassigned<ref name="CT"/> to teach there by the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]].

====India: Bangalore====
In 1978,<ref name="Hiwale">K. M. Hiwale (Compiled), ''Directory 1910–1997 of the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]]'', 1997, p.115</ref> the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] had accorded study leave to R. Joseph who went to the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] to upgrade his S. T. M. obtained from the United States to [[Master of Theology]] ''([[M. Th.]])'' degree and researched the writings of [[Puroshottam Choudhary]]<ref name="Bhakti"/> under the supervision of [[Joshua Russell Chandran]] and [[Eric J. Lott]],<ref name="Bhakti"/> his Professors. Joseph's companions at the college included [[G. Devakadasham]],<ref name="Hiwale"/> [[G. D. V. Prasad]]<ref name="Hiwale"/> and others.<ref name="Hiwale"/> By 1980, R. Joseph rejoined [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] and resumed his teaching responsibilities.

Again in 1983,<ref name="CT"/> he returned to the [[United Theological College, Bangalore]] to undertake doctoral studies but had to leave it midway as he was recalled to teach at his ''alma mater'' the Baptist Theological Seminary,<ref>[http://www.printsasia.in/book/bhakti-theology-of-purushottam-chowdhari-ravela-joseph Print Asia]</ref> Ramayapatnam<ref name="CT"/> from where he again joined the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]].

==Teaching==
===Andhra Pradesh===
Soon after R. Joseph completed his licentiate, he began teaching at his ''Alma mater''. He also upgraded his studies to earn a [[Bachelor of Divinity|B. D.]] in 1967<ref name="CT"/> at the [[Ramayapatnam]] Baptist Theological Seminary, [[Ramayapatnam]]. By this time, efforts among the [[Protestants]] to form a unified seminary gained credence leading to the formation of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] in 1964 [[Rajahmundry]] by,

* the [[Baptists]] of the [[Convention of Baptist Churches of Northern Circars]],
* the [[Lutherans]] of the [[Andhra Evangelical Lutheran Church]] and the [[South Andhra Lutheran Church]],
* the [[Methodists]] of the [[Methodist Church in India]],
* the [[Anglicans]], [[Congregationalists]] and the [[Wesleyanism|Wesleyans]] of the [[Church of South India]]

However, compared to the [[Ramayapatnam]] Baptist Theological Seminary which was entitled to admit students for the [[Bachelor of Divinity]] degree courses – that too with English as the medium of instruction, the new unified [[Protestant]] seminary offered only [[Licentiate in Theology]] level courses in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] medium. The [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] was way ahead of its times both in terms of the academic credentials of its faculty as well as its affiliation with the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]]. Though the [[Baptists]] of the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] were in favour of joining the new unified [[Protestant]] initiative in [[Rajahmundry]], the integration did not seem ripe at that stage. R. Joseph had just finished his graduate studies at [[Ramayapatnam]] in 1967<ref name="CT"/> and just at that time his Principal, [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] Maurice Blanchard and his successor [[The Reverend|The Rev.]] [[Louis F. Knoll]] decided to experiment<ref name="President"/> and moved their [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] section from [[Ramayapatnam]]<ref name="President"/> to [[Rajahmundry]]<ref name="President"/> and functioned as a separate entity within the premises<ref name="President"/> of the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] in [[Rajahmundry]]. R. Joseph's teaching companions, K. Wilson,<ref name="President"/> K. S. Prasada Rao,<ref name="President"/> Tracy G. Gipson,<ref name="President"/> Alice M. Findlay,<ref name="President"/> B. R. Moses<ref name="President"/> and [[Louis F. Knoll]] moved to [[Rajahmundry]] while [[Gaddala Solomon|G. Solomon]], [[Suppogu Joseph|S. Joseph]], [[Perapogu Joseph|P. Joseph]]<ref name="President"/> and D. Daniel<ref name="President"/> joined later.

In his second phase at [[Ramayapatnam]], R. Joseph rejoined the seminary in 1984<ref name="CT"/> taking up teaching. This institution was training [[Catechism|Catechetists]] to take up rural evangelism and R. Joseph took responsibility to build up the seminary and stayed in [[Ramayapatnam]] until 1997 when he finally moved again to [[Hyderabad]].<ref name="CT"/>

===Telangana===
By 1972, the [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches]] fully integrated its [[Bachelor of Divinity|B.D.]] section into the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] which by then was relocated to [[Hyderabad]]. R. Joseph was sent on study leave to the United States to upgrade his studies to enable him to take up teaching at the unified [[Protestant]] Theologiate in [[Hyderabad]] and returned in 1973<ref name="CT"/> to take up teaching of Theology. On his return, R. Joseph joined the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] which was by then led by the [[Old Testament]] Scholar [[Victor Premasagar]] while his other companions from [[Ramayapatnam]] continued to teach there who included [[Suppogu Joseph|S. Joseph]],<ref name="President"/> [[Gaddala Solomon|G. Solomon]],<ref name="President"/> K. S. Prasada Rao,<ref name="President"/> and Tracy G. Gipson.<ref name="President"/>

While this was so, K. Wilson had by that time left the Office of the Priesthood moving to the State-run [[Osmania University]] to take up teaching of the Philosophy as a civilian. After teaching for nearly six years at the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], R. Joseph had to revisit his academics to tune up his postgraduate degree earned in the United States to suit the requirements of the [[Senate of Serampore College (University)]] and left for Bangalore in 1978,<ref name="Hiwale"/> rejoining the college in 1980 and taught for nearly three more years till 1983 when he went on study leave to his alma mater at [[Bangalore]].

After a gap of more than a decade, R. Joseph rejoined the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] in 1997<ref name="CT"/> which by then was led by [[The Reverend|Rev.]] [[R.Yesurathnam|R. Yesurathnam]], the Principal and R. Joseph continued to teach Theology for the aspirants until he retired on attaining superannuation in 2003.<ref name="CT"/>

R. Joseph's students at the [[Ramayapatnam]] Baptist Theological Seminary, [[Ramayapatnam]] and the [[Andhra Christian Theological College]] have substantially contributed to the growth of Christianity in India and include,
* Bishop Emeritus [[T. S. Kanaka Prasad|Thalari Samuel Kanaka Prasad]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]-Bishop Emeritus – in – [[Diocese of Medak|Medak]],
*Bishop Emeritus [[Boyineni Deva Prasada Rao]], [[Church of South India|CSI]], Bishop – in – [[Diocese of Rayalaseema|Rayalaseema]],
*Bishop Emeritus [[Eggoni Pushpalalitha]], CSI, Bishop – in – [[Diocese of Nandyal|Nandyal]],
*Bishop Emeritus [[Vadapalli Prasada Rao]], CSI, Bishop – in – [[Diocese of Dornakal|Dornakal]],
*Bishop [[George Cornelious]], CSI, Bishop – in – [[Diocese of Krishna-Godavari of the Church of South India|Krishna-Godavari]],
*Bishop [[Peyyala Issac Vara Prasad]], CSI, Bishop – in – [[Diocese of Rayalaseema|Rayalaseema]],

==Further reading==
* {{cite book
| author=A. John Prabhakar
| title=Preaching Contextually: A Case with Rural Dalits in India
| year=2016
| publisher=Notion Press
| isbn=9781945926853| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d040DQAAQBAJ&q=ravela+joseph&pg=PT133
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John B. Carman, Ch. Vasantha Rao
| title=Christians in South Indian Villages, 1959-2009: Decline and Revival in Telangana
| year=2014
| publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans
| isbn=9780802871633| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bH9yCgAAQBAJ&q=ravela+joseph&pg=PT4
}}
* {{cite book
| author=T. James Elisha
| title=Caste, Gender, and Christianity in Colonial India: Telugu Women in Mission
| year=2013
| publisher=Springer
| isbn=9781137383082| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ckyvAgAAQBAJ&q=ravela+joseph&pg=PT4
}}
* {{cite book
| author=T. James Elisha
| title=History of the Telugu Christians: A Bibliography
| year=2011
| publisher=Scarecrow Press
| isbn=9780810872431| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1xAHHzUbNsC&q=ravela%20joseph%20andover&pg=PR3
}}
* {{cite book
| author=T. Punnaiah
| title=My Memoir, Ministry and Message
| year=2010
}}
* {{cite book
| author=K. J. W. Jayakumar (Compiled)
| title=The Lights That Never Quench – Baptist Missionaries
| year=2008
}}
* {{cite book
| author=John C. England
| title=Asian Christian Theologies: Asia region, 7th–20th centuries; South Asia; Austral Asia
| year=2002
| publisher=ISPCK
| isbn=1570754810| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IckRAQAAIAAJ&q=ravela+joseph
}}
* {{cite book
| publisher=American Baptist Historical Society
| title=Foundations: A Baptist Journal of History and Theology
| year=1968
| volume=11-12
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-aca}}
{{Succession box| before=[[Ryder Devapriam]], [[Church of South India|CSI]]| title=Professor – in – Systematic Theology, [[Andhra Christian Theological College]], [[Secunderabad]] ([[Telangana]])
| after=B. J. Christie Kumar, STBC| years=1974–1984; 1997–2003}}
{{S-other}}
{{Succession box| before=Danam Israel, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]| title=President, [[American Baptist Mission|ABM]]-Ramayapatnam Baptist Theological College, [[Ramayapatnam]] ([[Andhra Pradesh]])| after=J. M. Franklin, [[Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches|STBC]]| years=1993–1997}}
{{S-ref|{{cite book | last=Taneti | first=J.E. | title=History of the Telugu Christians: A Bibliography | publisher=Scarecrow Press | series=ATLA Bibliography Series | year=2011 | isbn=978-0-8108-7509-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1xAHHzUbNsC&pg=PA91 | page=91}}}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Ravela}}
[[Category:1937 births]]
[[Category:2024 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian Baptists]]
[[Category:Indian Christian theologians]]
[[Category:Senate of Serampore College (University) alumni]]
[[Category:Osmania University alumni]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the Senate of Serampore College (University)]]
[[Category:Andover Newton Theological School alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Christians]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:People from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Christian clergy from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Guntur district]]
[[Category:Poets from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Telugu poets]]

Vaare Vah

2026-03-04T04:41:42Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up first article from scratch

{{No plot|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vaare Vah
| image = Vaare Vah.jpg
| alt =
| caption = DVD cover
| native_name = 
| director = [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]]
| writer = '''Dialogue''': [[Mahesh Rao|G Magesh Kumar]] Shankar Billemane
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = {{Based on|''[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]''}}
| producer = [[Jai Jagadish]]
| starring = [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] [[Bhavana Rao]]
| narrator =
| cinematography = Ajay Vincent
| editing = B. S. Kemparaju
| music = Avinash-Vishwajeeth
| studio = J J Productions
| distributor = 
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2010|12|31}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
| runtime = 133 minutes
}}
'''''Vaare Vah''''' ({{Translation|Wow!}}) is a 2010 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]] and produced by her husband [[Jai Jagadish]]. The film stars [[Komal (actor)|Komal]] and [[Bhavana Rao]] with [[Umashree]], [[Flora Saini|Mayuri]] and [[Padmaja Rao]] in supporting roles.

The film is a remake of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] film ''[[Aga Bai Arrecha!]]'' (2004), which itself was based on ''[[What Women Want]]'' (2000).<ref name="R">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-komal-in-wah-re-wah/20100521.htm|title=Komal gets all the women!|date=21 May 2010|work=[[Rediff.com]]|first=Shruti Indira|last=Lakshminarayana|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=20 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620032320/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/south-komal-in-wah-re-wah/20100521.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/bypassing-copycats-sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|title=Bypassing copycats, Sandalwood style|access-date=17 April 2022|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://archive.today/20190329083728/https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/Bypassing-copycats-Sandalwood-style/articleshow/21434657.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was a box office success.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/komal-to-act-in-vasco-da-gama/articleshow/18267729.cms|title=Komal to act in Vasco Da Gama|date=21 January 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-date=25 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125121604/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/Komal-to-act-in-Vasco-Da-Gama/articleshow/18267729.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[Komal (actor)|Komal]] as Adesh Deshpande a.k.a. Adi
*[[Bhavana Rao]] as Roopa
*[[Umashree]]
*[[Flora Saini|Mayuri]] as Adi's boss
*[[Padmaja Rao]] as Adi's mother
*Parvathi as Adi's girlfriend
*[[Kishori Ballal]] as Adi's grandmother
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*[[Karibasavaiah]]
*[[Tabla Nani]] as Motorcycle driver
*Mithra
*[[Kuri Prathap]] as Adi's friend
*[[Abhinayashree]] (special appearance in the song "Sarrantha Tirgutte")
}}

==Production==
The film notably featured forty-five women aged five to sixty in supporting roles.<ref name="R"/> This is [[Bhavana Rao]]'s second film after ''[[Gaalipata]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/bhavana-rao-gets-back-in-shape/articleshow/34370477.cms|title=Bhavana Rao gets back in shape|date=29 April 2014|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017072808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/defaultinterstitial.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sandalwood-stars-that-didnt-shine/articleshow/15403739.cms|title=Sandalwood stars that didn't shine|date=16 January 2017|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017072808/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/sandalwood-stars-that-didnt-shine/articleshow/15403739.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> The film gained pre-release buzz when Komal dressed as an [[ardhanarishvara]] (Shiva half-male and half-female) in posters. According to the director, he did so because his character understands women more and more as the film progresses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sandlewoodbuzz.blogspot.com/2010/10/kannada-comedy-actor-komal-as-woman-in.html|title=Kannada comedy actor as female in vaare vah|work=Kannada Chitraloka|access-date=2023-10-16|archive-date=2020-01-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200119145149/http://sandlewoodbuzz.blogspot.com/2010/10/kannada-comedy-actor-komal-as-woman-in.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kannada.webdunia.com/kannada-cinema-preview/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%88-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-110122900053_1.htm|title=ಕೋಮಲ್-ಭಾವನಾ ಜೋಡಿ 'ವಾರೆವ್ಹಾ' ಈ ವಾರ ತೆರೆಗೆ|language=kn|author=ಗಿರಿಧರ್|date=29 December 2010|work=Webdunia|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017072809/https://kannada.webdunia.com/kannada-cinema-preview/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D-%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE-%E0%B2%88-%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0-%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-110122900053_1.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by Avinash-Vishwajeeth.

{{track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Athmiya Manase
| length1 = 4:27
| lyrics1 = Sudheer Atthavar
| extra1 = [[Shankar Mahadevan]]
| title2 = Hanimyale Bhagya
| length2 = 2:28
| lyrics2 = [[V. Manohar]]
| extra2 = Fayaz Khan
| title3 = He Nari Ninagyare
| length3 = 4:11
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra3 = [[Vijay Yesudas]]
| title4 = Udho Udho
| length4 = 2:49
| lyrics4 = V. Manohar
| extra4 = Fayaz Khan
| title5 = Athmiya Manase
| length5 = 4:30
| lyrics5 = Sudheer Atthavar
| extra5 = Farhad Bhiwandiwala
| title6 = Sarrantha Tirgutte
| length6 = 4:09
| lyrics6 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra6 = [[Shamitha Malnad]]
| total_length = 22:34
}}

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]'' wrote that "Komal is entertaining and manages to carry the film on his shoulders. The many women in the film have bit roles, but each of them impresses, be it Bhavana as the wife, Mayuri as the boss, or Parvathy as the girlfriend".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-komal-becomes-superkomal-in-vare-vaah-1489028|title=Review: Komal becomes Superkomal in 'Vare Vaah'|date=1 January 2011|work=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]]|first=Sunayana|last=Suresh|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=17 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231017072809/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-komal-becomes-superkomal-in-vare-vaah-1489028|url-status=live}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]'' gave the film a fraction of {{fraction|2|1|2}} out of 5 and wrote that "It is a Komal's [sic] film all the way as he tries to infuse laughs in every moment of the film. He once again proves his exceptional talent in essaying comedy oriented roles".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiaforums.com/article/komals-superb-performance-makes-vaarevah-an-entertaining-comedy-kannada-movie-review_23086|title=Komal's superb performance makes 'Vaarevah' an entertaining comedy|work=[[Indo-Asian News Service|IANS]]|date=2 January 2011|via=India Forums|first=V. S.|last=Rajapur|access-date=16 October 2023|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930162637/https://www.indiaforums.com/article/komals-superb-performance-makes-vaarevah-an-entertaining-comedy-kannada-movie-review_23086|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|13689976}}

[[Category:2010 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2010 Indian films]]
[[Category:2010 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Kannada remakes of Marathi films]]
[[Category:Cross-dressing in Indian films]]

Mela (1971 film)

2026-03-03T23:32:58Z

MaynardPerkin72: updated formatting and corrected details per standard format

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mela
| image = Mela1971.jpg

| caption =
| director = [[Prakash Mehra]]
| producer = [[A.A Nadiadwala]]
| writer =
| narrator =
| starring = [[Sanjay Khan]] [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]] [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]]
| music = [[R.D. Burman]]
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = A.G. Films (P) Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1971|06|30}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}

'''''Mela''''' is a 1971 [[India]]n [[Hindi]]-language family drama movie directed by [[Prakash Mehra]]. This was Prakash Mehra's second directorial venture after [[Haseena Maan Jayegi]] (1968).

The movie stars the real life brothers [[Sanjay Khan]] and [[Feroz Khan (actor, born 1939)|Feroz Khan]] with [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] as the female lead, [[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] and [[Rajindernath]] as the then customary comic relief.
The music was by [[R. D. Burman]].

== Cast ==
* [[Sanjay Khan]] as Kanhaiya / Kishan Singh
* [[Mumtaz (Indian actress)|Mumtaz]] as Lajjoo Choudhry
* [[Feroz Khan (actor)|Feroz Khan]] as Shakti Singh
* [[Rajendra Nath]] as Bansilal
* [[Lalita Pawar]] as Kanhaiya's foster mom
* [[Dulari (actress)|Dulari]] as Shakti's mom
* [[Raj Kishore]] as Palm Reader
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Bansilal's customer
*[[Bhushan Tiwari]] as Sajjau
*[[Sachin (actor)|Sachin]] as Young Shakti Singh (as Master Sachin)
* (Randhir) as Shakti's/Kanhaiya"s Uncle
* (Nikita) as Billoo

==Plot==
In rural India a small village is ruled by a Panchayat, a group of men who run the lives of the villagers dictatorially. There are three men who challenge their authority, namely Bansilal,(Rajendranath) who is a low-caste Baniya but wants to marry Billoo (Nikita), who is a Brahman; Newcomer to the village, Kanhaiya/Kishan (Sanjay Khan) from the city comes to buy land for farming, He falls in love with Lajjo Choudhary (Mumtaz) after a few incidents, but he is refused permission to meet Lajjo by her father (Brahma Bharadwaj) and Mother (Mumtaz Begum) as no one is aware of his caste, and to make matters worse,he has been brought by a Muslim woman (Lalita Pawar) in the city where she finds him as a child; and finally there is Shakti Singh (Feroz Khan) - a dreaded bandit - who will not permit any daughter of the Panchs to get married as his sweetheart, Santho (Kanan Kaushal), was sexually assaulted and killed by Thakur (Ram Mohan). Shakti will not permit anyone to plow his land as he believes that his evil paternal uncle (Randhir) forged documents to make him the owner, and he blames himself for losing his brother, Kishan, during a Mela 20 years ago. Kanhaiya buys the land from his uncle in the city who dies soon after out of shock upon receiving such a large sum of money. Now Kanhaiya comes with his foster mom to reside at the Uncle s home in the village. The Panch members and other Villagers now watch this move that will put Kanhaiya in direct conflict with Shakti - who has already killed five former owners who had dared to buy and plow this piece of land. Now Kanhaiya takes up the challenge to plow the purchased land in spite of being warned by Shakti's fellow bandit's.Shakti confronts Kanhaiya on the field but he is shot at and driven by the police patrol.Shakti return s back and burn's Kanhaiya s crops burns his house and carries away Lajjo from the village Kanhaiya follows the bandits in pursuit and enters Shakti's hideout to rescue Lajjo.

==Soundtrack==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! # !! Title !! Singer(s)
|-
| 1
| "Dekho Re Hua Lahoo Se Lahoo Kaise Judaa"
| [[Manna Dey]]
|-
| 2
| "Ek Baar Rakh De Kadam Zara Jhoom Ke"
| [[Lata Mangeshkar]], [[Mohammed Rafi]]
|-
| 3
| "Gori Ke Haath Mein Jaise Ye Challa"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi
|-
| 4
| "Kya Soch Raha Re"
| Lata Mangeshkar
|-
| 5
| "Meri Sakhiyo Bolo"
| Mohammed Rafi, [[Asha Bhosle]]
|-
| 6
| "Rut Hai Milan Ki Sathi Mera Aa Re"
| Lata Mangeshkar, Mohammed Rafi
|}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0175904}}

{{Prakash Mehra}}

[[Category:1971 films]]
[[Category:1971 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1971 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Prakash Mehra]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]

{{1970s-Hindi-film-stub}}

Jyothi Lakshmi (film)

2026-03-03T17:46:43Z

MaynardPerkin72: small enhance article after review further to improve readability

{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Jyothi Lakshmi
| image = Jyothy Lakshmi poster.jpg
| writer = Malladi
| starring = [[Charmy Kaur]] [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]
| director = [[Puri Jagannadh]]
| cinematography = [[P. G. Vinda]]
| producer = [[Charmy Kaur]] Swethalana Varun Teja C. V. Rao C. Kalyan
| editing = M. S. Rajashekhar Reddy (S. R. Shekhar)
| studio = Sri Subha Swetha Films
| distributor = C. K. Entertainments
| country = India
| released = {{Film date|2015|06|12|df=yes}}
| runtime =
| language = Telugu
| music = [[Sunil Kashyap]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Jyothi Lakshmi''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[drama film]] written by Malladi and directed by [[Puri Jagannadh]] starring and presented by [[Charmy Kaur]] in the title role. It was her production debut. It was produced by Swethalana, Varun, Teja, C. V. Rao and C. Kalyan under the banners Sri Subha Swetha films and C. K. Entertainments. [[Sunil Kashyap]] composed the film's music and [[P.G. Vinda]] was the film's cinematographer. Production began on 25 February 2015 and [[principal photography]] began on 8 March 2015. The film is based on the novel ''Mrs Parankusam'' by [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]].

==Plot==
The film starts off with two young men scouting pimps and visiting brothels to get the right girl that the film's hero Satya ([[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]]) wants. Well, he even gets on to Lapaki app to find a girl which helps them in finding a house instead. After searching for two days, Satya finally finds the girl he wants which happens to be Jyothilakshmi ([[Charmme Kaur]]). He insists on marrying her and thanks to her quick wit, gets her out of the place even before he is found and beaten by the villains. The story continues.

==Cast==
{{Colbegin}}
* [[Charmy Kaur]] as Jyothi Lakshmi
* [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] as Satya
* [[Brahmanandam]] as Kamalakar
* [[Aziz Naser]] as Pandu
* [[Ajay Ghosh]] as Narayan Patwari
* Mouryani
* [[Uttej]]
* [[Apoorva Srinivasan]] as Sravani
* [[Saptagiri (actor)|Saptagiri]]
* [[Sampoornesh Babu]] as Cameo
* [[Satyam Rajesh]]
* [[Krishnudu]]
* [[Dhanraj (Telugu comedian)|Dhanraj]]
* Kadambari Kiran
* [[Sandeep Madhav]] as Sandy, Satya's friend
* [[Angela Krislinzki]] as an [[Item number]] "Raja Raja"
{{Colend}}

== Production ==
=== Development ===
[[Puri Jagannadh]] planned to make a female-centric film and after searching for the lead actress from a long time, he approached [[Charmy Kaur]] for the lead role, considering her dance and acting prowess; she immediately accepted to be a part of the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Charmme-to-do-a-Jyothi-Lakshmi/articleshow/44712626.cms|title=Charmme to do a Jyothi Lakshmi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 October 2014|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085018/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/did-you-know-/Charmme-to-do-a-Jyothi-Lakshmi/articleshow/44712626.cms|archivedate=8 March 2015}}</ref> The film was titled ''Jyothy Lakshmi'' in early October 2014 and was rumored to be based on the life of a South Indian actress of the [[Jyothi Lakshmi|same name]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charmme-is-Puris-Jyothi-Lakshmi/articleshow/44613854.cms |title=Charmme is Puri's Jyothi Lakshmi |last=A. S. |first=Sashidhar |newspaper=The Times of India |date=7 October 2014 |accessdate=8 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085019/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charmme-is-Puris-Jyothi-Lakshmi/articleshow/44613854.cms |archivedate= 8 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The film's story was said to be based on a novel written by [[Malladi Venkata Krishna Murthy]]. As Puri bought the rights from Malladi to make a Film. <ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charmmes-next-film-is-based-on-a-popular-novel/articleshow/44791823.cms |title=Charmme's next film is based on a popular novel |newspaper=The Times of India |date=12 October 2014 |accessdate=8 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085018/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charmmes-next-film-is-based-on-a-popular-novel/articleshow/44791823.cms |archivedate= 8 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Charmy however clarified in early November 2014 that the film is neither a biopic nor is inspired by any real life character, but a complete commercial entertainer based on a story written by Malladi.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Im-not-playing-Jyothi-Lakshmi-says-Charmme/articleshow/45100094.cms|title=I'm not playing Jyothi Lakshmi, says Charmme|last=A. S.|first=Sashidhar|newspaper=The Times of India|date=10 November 2014|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085141/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Im-not-playing-Jyothi-Lakshmi-says-Charmme/articleshow/45100094.cms|archivedate=8 March 2015}}</ref>

[[Sunil Kashyap]] and [[P.G. Vinda]] were signed on as the music director and cinematographer of the film respectively in early February 2015 marking their first collaboration with Jagannadh.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Sunil-Kashyap-bags-a-biggie/articleshow/46125736.cms |title=Sunil Kashyap bags a biggie |newspaper=The Times of India |date=5 February 2015 |accessdate=8 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085136/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/music/Sunil-Kashyap-bags-a-biggie/articleshow/46125736.cms |archivedate= 8 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Charmy opted to become one of the producers of the film and presented it.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charmme-to-present-Jyothi-Lakshmi/articleshow/46128737.cms |title=Charmme to present Jyothi Lakshmi |newspaper=The Times of India |date=6 February 2015 |accessdate=8 March 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085134/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charmme-to-present-Jyothi-Lakshmi/articleshow/46128737.cms |archivedate= 8 March 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> C. Kalyan bankrolled the film under the banners Sri Subha Swetha films and C. K. Entertainments. The film's production activities began on 25 February 2015 at Hyderabad after conducting a formal [[Puja (Hinduism)|pooja]] ceremony and the film's first look still was unveiled on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/photo-feature--charmi-is-too-hot-to-handle-tamil-news-126528|title=Photo feature : Charmi is too hot to handle|website=IndiaGlitz|date=26 February 2015|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085304/http://www.indiaglitz.com/photo-feature--charmi-is-too-hot-to-handle-tamil-news-126528|archivedate=8 March 2015}}</ref> The film was confirmed to revolve around the life of a small-time heroine struggling in the film industry and the perspectives of various people who hold low opinions of women working in film industry.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charmmes-Jyothi-Lakshmi-rolls-out/articleshow/46491997.cms|title=Charmme's Jyothi Lakshmi rolls out|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308091319/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Charmmes-Jyothi-Lakshmi-rolls-out/articleshow/46491997.cms|archivedate=8 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Casting ===
Charmy called the character of Jyothy Lakshmi as an intense one and as a reference for her looks, Jagannadh showed her a few old pics of hers and asked her to look as slim as she was in them. For her role, Charmy had to sport a long, black and silky hair for a typical Indian look, adding that she would be seen in two different looks. She took training in [[belly dance|belly dancing]], [[street dance|freestyle]] and [[Nightclub|club dancing]]. [[Satyadev (actor)|Satyadev]] played the male lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/charmee-denies-playing-jyothi-lakshmis-biopic-tamil-news-118502|title=Charmee denies playing Jyothi Lakshmi's biopic|website=IndiaGlitz|date=12 November 2014|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085259/http://www.indiaglitz.com/charmee-denies-playing-jyothi-lakshmis-biopic-tamil-news-118502|archivedate=8 March 2015}}</ref>

=== Filming ===
[[Principal photography]] was expected to begin on 1 March 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiaglitz.com/puri-jagannadhs-jyothi-lakshmi-from-march-1st-telugu-news-126406|title=Puri Jagannadh's 'Jyothi Lakshmi' from March 1st|website=IndiaGlitz|date=25 February 2015|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085256/http://www.indiaglitz.com/puri-jagannadhs-jyothi-lakshmi-from-march-1st-telugu-news-126406|archivedate=8 March 2015}}</ref> This movie had a song featuring [[Angela Krislinzki]] along with [[Brahmanandam]].

==Soundtrack==
The Music Was Composed By Sunil Kashyap and Released by [[Puri Sangeet]].

{{Infobox album
| name = Jyothi Lakshmi
| type = [[Soundtrack]]
| artist = Sunil Kashyap
| cover =
| alt =
| released = Jun 4, 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Soundtrack]]
| length = 24:15
| label = [[Puri Sangeet]]
| producer = Sunil Kashyap
| prev_title = O Malli
| prev_year = 2015
| next_title = Appudalaa Ippudilaa
| next_year = 2015
}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 24:15
| title1 = Ninuchudanga
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Vedala Hemachandra|Hemachandra]]
| length1 = 3:36
| title2 = Chusindhi Chalugaani
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length2 = 3:06
| title3 = Chetiki Gaajulu
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Sravana Bhargavi]]
| length3 = 2:47
| title4 = Vodhodhu
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = Venu, Pranavi
| length4 = 4:20
| title5 = Jyothi Lakshmi
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Uma Neha
| length5 = 4:11
| title6 = Raja Raja
| lyrics6 =
| extra6 = Uma Neha
| length6 = 3:22
| title7 = Kanti Paape
| lyrics7 =
| extra7 = Lipsika
| length7 = 2:53
}}

== Marketing ==
It began on 8 March 2015 on the eve of [[International Women's Day]] which was confirmed by the first look poster released on the same day.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-03-08/Charmee%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98Jyoti-Lakshmi%E2%80%99-first-look-out--136170|title=Charmee's 'Jyoti Lakshmi' first look out!|publisher=The Hans India|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308085410/http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/2015-03-08/Charmee%E2%80%99s-%E2%80%98Jyoti-Lakshmi%E2%80%99-first-look-out--136170|archivedate=8 March 2015}}</ref> A 60-second first look teaser was also unveiled on the same day.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Trailer-Charmme-enthralls-as-Jyothi-Lakshmi/articleshow/46492350.cms|title=Trailer: Charmme enthralls as Jyothi Lakshmi|newspaper=The Times of India|date=8 March 2015|accessdate=8 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150308100434/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/Trailer-Charmme-enthralls-as-Jyothi-Lakshmi/articleshow/46492350.cms|archivedate=8 March 2015}}</ref>

==Critical response==
The film got mixed to negative reviews becoming a disaster in Puri Jagannath's career. ''[[Cochin Talkies]]'' rated the movie 2.47 out of 5 and wrote: "Jyothi Lakshmi is a social message film mixed with commercial elements to make it viable at the box office. While the commercial elements are very neatly embedded, Puri missed the plot in adding the required emotional depth to the film which makes it shallow. Jyothi Lakshmi can be at best a one time watch, if you have nothing to do this weekend."<ref>Cochin Talkies (12 June 2015). [http://www.cochintalkies.com/telugu-movie/jyothi-lakshmi-movie-reviews.html Jyothi Lakshmi Review]. ''Cochintalkies.com''. Retrieved 2015-06-12.{{Rating|2.5|5|score=2.47/5 stars}}</ref>

==Release==
The movie released on 12 June 2015.<ref>[http://www.123telugu.com/mnews/jyothi-lakshmi-audio-and-release-details.html "Jyothi Lakshmi audio and release details"]</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist|25em}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|4786610}}

{{Puri Jagannadh}}

[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films about women in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Puri Jagannadh]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films based on Telugu novels]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2015 drama films]]

Archibald Campbell (British Army officer, born 1739)

2026-03-03T15:53:18Z

MaynardPerkin72:

{{short description|British Army officer, colonial administrator and politician}}
{{for |Major-General Archibald Campbell (1774–1838)|Archibald Campbell (Lieutenant Governor of Jersey)}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2012}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|honorific_prefix = [[Major general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|name= Sir Archibald Campbell
|honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|KB}}
|image=ArchibaldCampbell.jpg
|caption= Portrait by [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]], c. 1792, wearing the uniform of a major-general and the star of the [[Order of the Bath]], and with [[Chennai|Madras]]'s [[Fort St. George, India|Fort St George]] in the background
|office2 =[[List of colonial Governors and Presidents of Madras|Governor of Madras]]
|term_start2 = 1786
|term_end2 = 1789
|predecessor2 = [[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]]
|successor2 = William Medows
|office3 =[[Governor of Jamaica]]
|term_start3 = 1781
|term_end3 = 1784
|predecessor3 = [[John Dalling]]
|successor3 = [[Alured Clarke]]
|office4 =[[List of colonial governors of Georgia|Governor of Georgia]]
|term_start4 = 1778
|term_end4 = 1779
|predecessor4 = [[James Wright (governor)|James Wright]]
|successor4 = [[Jacques Marcus Prevost]]
|constituency_MP =[[Stirling Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Stirling Burghs]]
|term_start =1789
|term_end =1791
|predecessor =James Campbell
|successor =[[Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone]]
|term_start1 =1774
|term_end1 =1780
|predecessor1 =James Masterton
|successor1 =James Campbell
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1739|8|21|df=y}}
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1791|3|31|1739|8|21|df=y}}
|birth_place=[[Inveraray]], Scotland
|death_place=Upper Grosvenor Street, [[London]], England
|resting_place=[[Westminster Abbey]]
|nickname=
|allegiance={{flag|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
|branch={{army|Kingdom of Great Britain}}
|serviceyears=1758–1789
|rank=[[Major-general (United Kingdom)|Major-General]]
|unit=
|commands=
|battles=[[Seven Years' War]] [[American Revolutionary War]]
|awards=
|relatives= [[George Campbell of Inverneill|General George Campbell of Inverneill, C.B., K.A]] [[Colonel Alexander Campbell of Possil]], [[George Carter-Campbell|General George Carter-Campbell]], [[Willoughby Harcourt Carter]], [[James Campbell of Inverneill|General Sir James Campbell of Inverneill]], [[Duncan Carter-Campbell of Possil|Colonel Duncan Carter-Campbell of Possil]]
|occupation=Colonial governor
}}

'''Sir Archibald Campbell''' [[Order of the Bath|KB]] (21 August 1739 – 31 March 1791) was a [[British Army]] officer, colonial administrator and politician who served as governor of [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]], [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]], and [[Madras Presidency|Madras]]. He was also a major landowner in Scotland and a [[White Rod]] who sat in the [[House of Commons of Great Britain]] between 1774 and 1791.

==Birth==
Archibald was baptized 24 August 1739 at [[Inveraray]], Scotland. He was the second son of James Campbell (1706–1760) 3rd of Tuerechan (8th Chief of Tearlach, descended from Clan [[Campbell of Craignish]]), Commissary of the Western Isles of Scotland, and Elizabeth (died 1790), daughter of James Fisher, Provost of [[Inveraray]]. He grew up with his family at [[Dunderave Castle]], and enjoyed the [[patronage]] of both [[Archibald Campbell, 3rd Duke of Argyll]] and [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville]].

==Early career==
[[File:A South West View of Fort Royal in the Island of Guadaloupe RMG PX8832.jpg|thumb|A south west View of [[Basse-Terre|Fort Royal]] in the Island of [[Invasion of Guadeloupe (1759)|Guadaloupe]], circa 1759 as sketched by Campbell]]
[[File:Roseau, 1761 RCIN 733032.b.jpg|thumb|Campbell's sketch of [[Andrew Rollo, 5th Lord Rollo|Lord Rollo]]'s expedition to [[Invasion of Dominica (1761)|Dominica in 1761]]]]
Educated at [[Glasgow University]], and afterwards at the [[Royal Military Academy, Woolwich]]. In 1758, he was commissioned into the [[Royal Engineers]]. He served with them in the [[Seven Years' War]] and was wounded at the [[Siege of Quebec (1759)|Siege of Quebec]]. He participated in a number of raids along the coast of [[France]], as well as in expeditions in the [[West Indies]]. A decade later, in 1768, [[Colonel]] Campbell, was made chief engineer of the [[British East India Company]] at [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal]], and was successfully employed by the company to head the works on [[Fort William, India|Fort William]] in Calcutta.

In [[Calcutta]], Campbell laid the foundation of his wealth. With Captain Henry Watson, he privately invested in a dockyard at [[Kidderpore]], and the two men acted as contractors for building and repairing ships until the government bought their concern. He also made a fortune trading in [[silk]]. Campbell used his wealth to become a major [[landowner]] in his native [[Argyll]]. He spent over £30,000 purchasing the estates of the [[Island of Danna]], [[Inverneill House|Inverneill]], Knap, Taynish, and [[Ulva]]. He also purchased the houses of [[Inverkeithing]] and [[South Queensferry|Queensferry]].

In 1774, after an unusually bitter electoral battle with Colonel James Masterton (1715–1777), of Newton, Colonel Archibald Campbell (now styled 'of [[Inverneill House|Inverneill]]') became the [[Member of Parliament]] for the [[Stirling Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Stirling Burghs]], aided by his guardian, [[Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville|Viscount Melville]]. [[James Boswell]] acted as Campbell's legal advisor.<ref name = HOP>{{cite web| url = http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/campbell-archibald-1739-91 | title= CAMPBELL, Archibald (1739–91), of Inverneil, Argyll. .| publisher= History of Parliament Online| access-date = 3 December 2017}}</ref>

==Capture in America==

Following his exciting electoral victory, Colonel Campbell left his elder brother, Sir James Campbell (1737–1805) of Killean, to keep his parliamentary seat warm and sailed for America in command of the [[71st Regiment of Foot, Fraser's Highlanders]], where the [[American Revolutionary War]] was in progress. In 1776, after a battle aboard a vessel in [[Boston Harbor]], Campbell was captured by the Americans and held prisoner until 1778.

Campbell's capture coincided with the British capture of the American military officers [[Ethan Allen]] and General [[Charles Lee (general)|Charles Lee]]. Rumours spread among the Americans that Allen and Lee were being mistreated in British captivity, which led Campbell's American captors to torment him. In February 1777, from [[Concord, Massachusetts|Concord]] Jail, an outraged Campbell complained to [[Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe|Viscount Howe]] of his situation. There then ensued complaints and correspondence between Howe and [[George Washington]] on Campbell's behalf.

By the following month Washington intervened and [[United States Congress|Congress]] protested that it had not intended to cause undue suffering to Campbell. By May, Campbell was living at the jailer's tavern, a marked improvement to his previous solitary confinement. Soon afterwards he was granted total freedom within the confine of the town of Concord, and during these years as a [[prisoner of war]] he was able to purchase the Knap estate back in [[Argyll]]. On 6 May 1778, he was finally [[Prisoner exchange|released in exchange]] for Ethan Allen.

==Battle of Savannah and Governor of Georgia==

Six months after his release, Campbell was ordered to lead 3,000 men from [[Province of New York|New York]] to [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]], and in late December his army won the [[Capture of Savannah|Battle of Savannah]], followed by another victory at [[Augusta, Georgia|Augusta]]. Contemporaries on both sides paid tribute to the humanity and restraint shown by Campbell. The American patriot Alexander Green, one of [[Lee's Legion]] and ''[[aide-de-camp]]'' to Major-General [[Nathanael Greene]] referred to Campbell's concern for the civil population and lack of bitterness towards his former captors. He also revealed how the Patriots feared Campbell as a commander of great ability. Greene related of Campbell:{{citation needed|date=December 2012}}

{{blockquote|As conqueror of Savannah, his immediate care was to soften the asperities of war, and to reconcile to his equitable government, those who had submitted, in the first instance, to the superiority of his arms. Though but lately released from close and rigorous confinement, which he had suffered in consequence of indignities offered to General Charles Lee, a prisoner at New York, he harboured no resentments, and considered his sufferings rather the effect of necessity, than wilful persecution. Oppression was foreign to his nature, and incompatible with his practice. He made proper allowance for an attachment to cherished principles nor with-held his applause from those who bravely supported them. He used no threats to gain proselytes, no artifice to ensnare them. Such of the inhabitants as voluntarily made a tender of service, were favourably received; but he was ever disinclined to invite them to take up arms in the British cause, lest in the fluctuating councils of his governments, he should lead them to destruction. He had too frequently seen them lavished of professions of permanent support, leaving their deluded adherents to the mercy of the government, which, in an evil hour, they had abandoned. The friends of our independence had everything to dread from his wisdom and humanity, but their alarm was short of duration. Lieutenant Colonel Campbell had too nice a sense of honour to be made instrument of injustice and oppression, and he was speedily called upon to relinquish his command, to a superior, less scrupulous and better disposed to second the harsh measures of the Commander in Chief.}}

He became provisional [[List of colonial governors of Georgia|governor of Georgia]] then and named [[Jacques Marcus Prevost]] his lieutenant and successor before returning to [[England]].

==Marriage==

Returning to Britain, in July 1779,{{sfn |Davis |1982 |p=47}} he married Amelia (1755–1813), daughter of [[Allan Ramsay (artist)|Allan Ramsay]] of Kinkell, [[Principal Painter in Ordinary]] to [[George III of the United Kingdom|George III]]. Amelia Campbell's mother, Margaret (1726–1782), was the eldest daughter of Sir [[Alexander Lindsay of Evelick (nobleman)|Alexander Lindsay of Evelick]] and Hon. Amelia Murray, the sister of Amelia Campbell's influential great uncle and guardian, [[William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield]]. Mrs Campbell was the niece of Admiral [[Sir John Lindsay]], and by him a first cousin of [[Dido Elizabeth Belle]].

==Governor of Jamaica==
He ended the American Revolution as lieutenant governor and major general in Jamaica (1779–81). At a time of great importance, Campbell (now a major-general in the army) was appointed [[Governor of Jamaica]] in 1781. The British forces in America were faring ill: the French had joined the insurgents and threatened the [[British West India Islands]] (capturing [[Tobago]], [[St. Eustatius]], [[St. Kitts]], [[Nevis]] and [[Montserrat]]). Campbell was successful in raising native troops and was vigilant enough that the French did not dare attack [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]] without re-inforcements.

At the same time, Campbell assisted the British troops in [[British America|America]] by sending information, re-inforcements and supplies. By lending some of his troops to serve as marines, he materially aided [[Admiral Rodney]] in his great victory over [[François Joseph Paul de Grasse]] at the [[Battle of the Saintes]], saving [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]] from a French invasion.

Campbell's wife, Amelia, and her sister, joined him in Jamaica. Their convoy from England came under fire from a joint French and Spanish fleet, and their ship was the only one to get through.

On returning from Jamaica, Campbell was awarded as Knight of the [[Order of the Bath]].

==Governor of Madras==
In [[Company rule in India|India]], [[Madras Presidency|Madras]] was exhausted after the war against [[Kingdom of Mysore|Mysore]], and no serious military operations were undertaken until renewed hostilities against that state became inevitable at the end of 1789. In 1786, Campbell, who was now a well known and highly respected figure, was appointed [[commander-in-chief]] and governor of Madras. Throughout his term of office, the country had a rest from the devastating wars, and so he devoted himself to the development of peaceful institutions.

He founded a military board which absorbed the duties of the Committee of Works; a hospital board, a board of revenue and a [[board of trade]]. He reorganized the [[Greater Chennai Police#History|police]], established a [[Madras Stock Exchange|stock exchange]] and a [[Carnatic Bank|bank]]. He built an [[Madras Observatory|astronomical observatory]] and constituted an orphanage. In fact, there was hardly a department of the civil administration in which he did not labour to secure improvement and order. Madras sustained a serious loss when, overcome by illness, he was forced to leave India in February 1789, retiring from the post of governor in 1790.

==Final years==
[[File:Archibald Campbell memorial, Westminster Abbey.jpg|thumb|Archibald Campbell memorial, Westminster Abbey]]
On returning home, Campbell acquired the office of [[Gentleman Usher#Particular Gentleman Ushers|Usher of the White Rod]]. The Institution of [[Royal Engineers]] described Campbell as "the most brilliant of the engineers who served in India during the eighteenth century".{{citation needed|date=December 2012}} Following a cold caught coming up from Scotland, he died the following year, 31 March 1791, at his newly purchased London home on Upper Grosvenor Street, bought from the [[James Graham, 3rd Duke of Montrose|Duke of Montrose]]. He was only fifty-one. His fortune, land and political titles passed to his two brothers, and his wife was given £25,000.

Campbell and his wife died without children, and they were both buried at [[Westminster Abbey]] next to [[Handel Commemoration|Handel's Monument]] in [[Poets' Corner]].<ref name="Abbey">{{cite web|url=https://www.westminster-abbey.org/abbey-commemorations/commemorations/sir-archibald-and-sir-james-campbell |title=Sir Archibald & Sir James Campbell |website= Westminster Abbey |access-date=16 August 2022}}</ref> A memorial by the sculptor [[Joseph Wilton]] was erected in the Abbey in 1795.<ref name="Abbey"/> Also buried in the Abbey are his nephew, Lt.-General [[Sir James Campbell of Inverneill]] and his wife's kinsmen, the [[William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield|Earl of Mansfield]] and [[Sir John Lindsay|Admiral Lindsay]].{{sfn |Davis |1982 |p=47}}

==Images==
He sat for thirteen sittings from January to May 1790 for a portrait by artist [[George Romney (painter)|George Romney]]. Romney produced several versions of the final portrait; the principal one was bought for 70 guineas by Lady Campbell from Romney via a forwarding agent in 1791, which is now owned by the [[National Army Museum]] in London (FDA-1970-12-13) – it was until December 2008 on display as part of its permanent display on the [[American Revolutionary War]]. Three other copies are attested, one of which is now displayed in the [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington.{{sfn |Davis |1982 |p=45}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major-General Sir Archibald Campbell |url=http://www.nga.gov/fcgi-bin/tinfo_f?object=46055 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007023313/http://www.nga.gov/fcgi-bin/tinfo_f?object=46055 |archive-date=2008-10-07 |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.nga.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Art (U.S.) |first=National Gallery of |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VT3aCo2j-gC&pg=PA245 |title=British Paintings in the National Gallery of Art |last2=Hayes |first2=John T. |date=1992 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-41066-3 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Carter-Campbell of Possil]]
*[[Campbell of Craignish]]
*[[Inverneill House]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Sources===
* {{ODNBweb|id=4479|title=Campbell, Archibald}}
* {{cite journal |last=Davis |first=Robert S. |title=Portrait of a Governor |journal=Atlanta Historical Journal |volume=26 |number=1 |date=Spring 1982 |publisher=Atlanta Historical Society |publication-place=Atlanta, Ga. |issn=0896-3975 |oclc=989669753 |pages=45–48}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |last=Davis |first=Robert S. |encyclopedia=New Georgia Encyclopedia |title=Archibald Campbell (1739-1791) |date=2008-10-09 |url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/HistoryArchaeology/RevolutionaryEra/People-5&id=h-666 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401084235/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?path=/HistoryArchaeology/RevolutionaryEra/People-5&id=h-666 |archive-date=2009-04-01 |url-status=dead |ref=none}}

==External links==
* {{Commons category-inline|Archibald Campbell (British Army officer)}}
*{{UK National Archives ID}}
*[http://knapdalepeople.com/inveryouth.htm Sir Archibald Campbell of Inverneill]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box | before=[[James Masterton (MP)|James Masterton]] | title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Stirling Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Stirling Burghs]] | years=1774–1780 | after=[[James Campbell (1737–1805)|James Campbell]]}}
{{succession box | before=[[James Campbell (1737–1805)|James Campbell]] | title=[[Member of Parliament]] for [[Stirling Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)|Stirling Burghs]] | years=1789–1791 | after=[[Andrew Cochrane-Johnstone]]}}
{{s-gov}}
{{succession box
| before=[[John Dalling]]
| title=[[Governor of Jamaica]] | years=1781–1784
| after=[[Alured Clarke]]
}}
{{succession box
| before=[[George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney|George Macartney]]
| title=[[Governor of Madras]] | years=1786–1789
| after=[[William Medows]]
}}
{{s-mil}}
{{s-new | regiment}}
{{s-ttl | title=Colonel of the [[74th (Highland) Regiment of Foot]] | years=1787–1791}}
{{s-aft | after=[[Charles O'Hara]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{Clan Campbell}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Campbell, Archibald}}
[[Category:1739 births]]
[[Category:1791 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Inveraray]]
[[Category:British Army major generals]]
[[Category:Royal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the American Revolutionary War]]
[[Category:Governors of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of Great Britain for Scottish constituencies]]
[[Category:British MPs 1774–1780]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Argyll and Bute]]
[[Category:British MPs 1784–1790]]
[[Category:British MPs 1790–1796]]
[[Category:Knights Companion of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:British Army personnel of the Seven Years' War]]
[[Category:Bengal Engineers officers]]
[[Category:71st Highlanders officers]]
[[Category:Colonial governors of Georgia (U.S. state)]]
[[Category:18th-century Scottish landowners]]
[[Category:Politics of Stirling (council area)]]
[[Category:Scottish civil servants]]
[[Category:Scottish knights]]
[[Category:Clan Campbell|Archibald]]
[[Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey]]

Prakashan Parakkatte

2026-03-03T09:47:37Z

MaynardPerkin72: updated page

{{Short description|Film directed by Shahad Nilambur}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Prakashan Parakkatte
| image = Prakashan Parakkatte.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Poster
| director = Shahad Nilambur
| producer = [[Visakh Subramaniam]] Tinu Thomas [[Aju Varghese]]
| writer = [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]
| starring = [[Mathew Thomas]] [[Dileesh Pothan]] [[Nisha Sarang]]
| music = [[Shaan Rahman]]
| cinematography = Guruprasad
| editing = Rathin Radhakrishnan
| studio = Funtastic Films Hit Makers Entertainments
| distributor = Funtastic Films
| released = {{Film date|2022|06|17|df=y}}
| runtime = 124 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''Prakashan Parakkatte''''' ({{Translation|Let Prakashan fly}}) is a 2022 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|family drama]] film directed by Shahad Nilambur and written by [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]]. It stars [[Mathew Thomas]], [[Dileesh Pothan]], [[Nisha Sarang]], [[Saiju Kurup]], [[Aju Varghese]], [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]], Malavika Manoj and [[Sreejith Ravi]]. Rathin Radhakrishnan edits the film while [[Guruprasad]] handles the cinematography. [[Shaan Rahman]] composes the original songs and [[background score]]. The film is produced by Aju Varghese and [[Visakh Subramaniam]] under Funtasic Films in association with Tinu Thomas ' Hit Makers Entertainments. The film also marks the debut of 5 year old Ritunjay, son of actor [[Sreejith Ravi]] and grandson of actor [[T. G. Ravi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2020 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan announces new project Prakashan Parakkatte |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2020/nov/17/dhyan-sreenivasan-announces-new-project-prakashan-parakkatte-2224294.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title=Dhyan Sreenivasan's Prakashan Parakkatte begins filming |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/jan/19/dhyan-sreenivasans-prakashan-parakkatte-begins-filming-2251816.html |website=[[The New Indian Express]]}}</ref>

The film was released in theatres on 17 June 2022 and it received positive to mixed reviews. The film collected {{INR}}1.25 crore in 3 days of its release and performed average at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=‘Prakashan Parakkatte’ Box Office Collection: Here’s how much the family entertainer earned in three days |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prakashan-parakkatte-box-office-collection-heres-how-much-the-family-entertainer-earned-in-three-days/articleshow/92405852.cms |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Premise==
Dasan son of Prakashan is a [[Twelfth grade|12th standard]] student who is a habitual absentee at his school. Instead of going to classes he roams around town with his close friend Anwar. He feels disillusioned with his family when they celebrate his little brother Akhil's successes and birthday. Meanwhile, he falls in love with Neethu and pursues that relationship. Carelessness from Dasan causes his brother a near-fatal accident. This and his failure in final exam cause changes in the way he carried on with his life.

==Cast==
* [[Mathew Thomas]] as Das Prakash, Prakashan's elder son
* [[Dileesh Pothan]] as Prakashan
* [[Nisha Sarang]] as Latha Prakashan, Prakashan's wife
* Malavika Manoj as Neethu
* Govind V Pai as Anwar
* [[Saiju Kurup]] as Kozhi Kuttan, Prakashan's brother-in-law
* [[Dhyan Sreenivasan]] as Suni Maash (aka Passion Suni inspired)
* [[Aju Varghese]] as Musthafa ([[Cameo appearance]])
* [[Sreejith Ravi]] as Sakhavu Raghavan
* Ritunjay Sreejith as Akhil Prakash, Prakashan's younger son
* [[Aswin Jose]] as Sohaib
* Nithin Sabu as Vinu, Prakashan's nephew
* Stevin Biju as guest role

==Production==
The film was announced on 14 November 2020 on children's day as the movie followed the dreams of a young boy.<ref>[https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prakashan-parakkatte-is-about-a-boys-dream/articleshow/79220430.cms ‘Prakashan Parakkatte’ is about a boy's dream - Times of India]</ref> [[Principal photography]] of the film began on 18 January 2021 at [[Poovaranthode]], [[Anakkampoyil|Aanakkampoyil]] and [[Kozhikode|Kozhikode city]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 January 2021 |title='Prakashan Parakkatte' goes on floors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prakashan-parakkatte-goes-on-floors/articleshow/80345500.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> The filming was completed on 16 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2021 |title='Prakashan Parakkatte' team wraps up the shoot |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/prakashan-parakkatte-team-wraps-up-the-shoot/articleshow/81062689.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>

==Release==
The film released in theatres on 17 June 2022.

===Home media===
The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film was bought by [[ZEE5]] and the satellite rights of the film was bought by [[Zee Keralam]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|13459376|Prakashan Parakkatte}}

[[Category:Films shot in Kozhikode]]
[[Category:Indian family films]]
[[Category:2022 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2022 Indian films]]

Mugguru Monagallu (2021 film)

2026-03-03T09:16:54Z

MaynardPerkin72: new a stub.

{{short description|2021 film by Abhilash Reddy Gopidi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}{{Use Indian English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mugguru Monagallu
| image = Mugguru Monagallu 2021 film poster.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Abhilash Reddy Gopidi
| screenplay = Apparla Sai Kalyan Abhilash Reddy Gopidi
| story = Apparla Sai Kalyan
| based_on =
| producer = P. Achyut Ramarao
| starring = [[Srinivasa Reddy]] [[Dheekshith Shetty]] Vennala Ramarao
| narrator =
| cinematography = [[Anji (cinematographer)|Anji]]
| editing = Bonthala Nageswara Reddy
| music = Chinna
| studio = Chitra Mandhir Studio
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|2021|8|6|df=y}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Mugguru Monagallu''''' ({{translation|''Three courageous men''}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[comedy thriller]] film directed by Abhilash Reddy Gopidi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=నవ్వించే మొనగాళ్లు - Telugu News Mugguru Monagallu Pre Release|url=https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/Telugu-News-Mugguru-Monagallu-Pre-Release/0201/121159999|access-date=2021-10-04|website=www.eenadu.net|language=te|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004045124/https://www.eenadu.net/cinema/latestnews/Telugu-News-Mugguru-Monagallu-Pre-Release/0201/121159999|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-25|title=నవ్వులు పూయిస్తున్న 'ముగ్గురు మొన‌గాళ్లు'|url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/mugguru-monagallu-trailer-out-1366376|access-date=2021-10-04|website=Sakshi|language=te|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004045124/https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/mugguru-monagallu-trailer-out-1366376|url-status=live}}</ref> Produced by P. Achyut Ramarao through Chitra Mandhir Studio, the film stars [[Srinivasa Reddy]], [[Dheekshith Shetty]] and Vennala Ramarao in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-17|title=First Look of 'Mugguru Monagallu' is out|url=https://english.ntvtelugu.com/first-look-of-mugguru-monagallu-is-out/|access-date=2021-10-04|website=English|language=en-US|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004045126/https://english.ntvtelugu.com/first-look-of-mugguru-monagallu-is-out/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film was released on 6 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Tollywood Box-office this week: 7 movies releasing on August 6th! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-tollywood-box-office-this-week-7-movies-releasing-on-august-6th/articleshow/85032348.cms|access-date=2021-10-04|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004045127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-tollywood-box-office-this-week-7-movies-releasing-on-august-6th/articleshow/85032348.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
The plot centers on three characters. One is blind Vennala Ramarao as Deepak, an expert dog instructor. Another is the deaf Srinivasa Reddy as Sushanth, who works at an internet service provider company. The last is dumb Dheekshith Shetty as Chandrathreya Kishore, a librarian. The movie concerns the serial murders of politicians taking place in Hyderabad, and how these three people along with the police nab the killer.

== Cast ==
* [[Srinivasa Reddy]] as Sushanth, a deaf person
* [[Dheekshith Shetty]] as Chandrathreya Kishore Varma, a dumb [[librarian]]
* Vennala Ramarao as Deepak, a blind person
* [[Raja Ravindra]] as [[Assistant commissioner (police)|ACP]] Damodar
* Thummala Narsimha Reddy as Shambavi Nayakar
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]
* Twisha Sharma as Anjali D., a dumb person, Kishore's love interest
* Swetha Varma as Preethi
* Gemini Suresh
* Bhadram as Murugesan
* Chetan Krishna
* Josh Ravi
* Jabardasth Sunny
* [[Surya (Telugu actor)|Surya]] as Swetha Varma's father

== Production ==
Filming was done in the second half of 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dheekshith Shetty: I'm getting work in Telugu because of Dia|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/may/25/dheekshith-shettyim-getting-work-in-telugu-because-of-dia-24668.html|access-date=2021-10-04|website=[[Cinema Express]]|date=24 May 2021 |language=en|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004045124/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2021/may/25/dheekshith-shettyim-getting-work-in-telugu-because-of-dia-24668.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The title of the film is borrowed from [[K. Raghavendra Rao]]'s 1994 Telugu film [[Mugguru Monagallu (1994 film)|of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Dheekshith takes up a speech-impaired character in a Telugu suspense thriller - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-takes-up-a-speech-impaired-character-in-a-telugu-suspense-thriller/articleshow/82909329.cms|access-date=2021-10-04|website=The Times of India|language=en|last1=Lokesh|first1=Vinay|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004045126/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/dheekshith-takes-up-a-speech-impaired-character-in-a-telugu-suspense-thriller/articleshow/82909329.cms|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| title1 = O Pilla Nee Valla
| length1 = 3:37
| total_length = 3:37
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| headline = Telugu (OST)
| extra1 = [[Yazin Nizar]]
| lyrics1 = Kadali
| all_music = Suresh Bobbili
}}

== Release and reception ==
In July 2021, the release date of the film was announced as 6 August 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=The Tollywood Box-office this week: 7 movies releasing on August 6th! - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-tollywood-box-office-this-week-7-movies-releasing-on-august-6th/articleshow/85032348.cms|access-date=2021-10-04|website=The Times of India|language=en|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004045127/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/telugu/movies/news/the-tollywood-box-office-this-week-7-movies-releasing-on-august-6th/articleshow/85032348.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-24|title='ముగ్గురు మొనగాళ్లు' విడుదల తేదీ ఖరారు!|url=https://ntvtelugu.com/mugguru-monagallu-movie-releasing-on-august-6th/|access-date=2021-10-04|website=NTV|language=en-US|archive-date=4 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004045126/https://ntvtelugu.com/mugguru-monagallu-movie-releasing-on-august-6th/|url-status=live}}</ref> The film was premiered on [[Amazon Prime Video]] on 2 October 2021.

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=tt15121916|title=Mugguru Monagallu}}

[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films set in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Hyderabad, India]]
[[Category:2021 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2021 comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy thriller films]]

Niraparaadhi

2026-03-03T05:15:32Z

MaynardPerkin72: New New Details

{{for|another film known as Niraparadhi|Nirdoshi (1951 film)}}
{{Long plot|date=August 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Niraparaadhi DVD cover.jpg
| caption = DVD cover
| director = [[K. Vijayan]]
| screenplay = [[Aaroor Dass]] (dialogues)
| story = Sridhar Prasad
| producer = [[K. Balaji]]
| starring = [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]]
| cinematography = Tiwari
| editing = V. Chakrapani
| music = [[Shankar–Ganesh]]
| studio = Sujatha Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|1984|8|15|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Niraparaadhi''''' ({{Translation|Innocent}}) is a 1984 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[crime film]], directed by [[K. Vijayan]] and produced by [[K. Balaji]]. The film stars [[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] and [[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] in the lead roles. It is a remake of the [[Hindi]] film ''Be Abroo'', and was released on 15 August 1984.

== Plot ==
Aruna elopes with Jayaprakash. They come to Jayaprakash's house where his father, Durai Raj accepts them wholeheartedly. Later, Durai Raj attempts to rape Aruna and reveals to her that Jayaprakash is not his son but a [[Procuring (prostitution)|pimp]] who sold her to him. She tries to escape but is unsuccessful. Jayaprakash also tells her that he married many other girls and sold them. Feeling devastated, Aruna kills herself.

Radha reaches madras to begin her job as a chief reporter. She tries to contact her friend Ratna, who is supposed to pick her up at the bus station. She meets a man there who offers her tea. After drinking it, she falls unconscious. The man is a pimp who wanted to abduct her and sell her to four men on the same night. When the pimp physically tortures her she kills him with a razer. Later she escapes from the place with the murder weapon. Inspector Raja is assigned to investigate the murder of the pimp. Upon reaching Ratna's place Radha realises that on the way to the bus station, Ratna couldn't reach the bus station as she was attacked by goons and in the process of snatching her chain they make her unconscious. Inspector Raja is investigating this as well. He comes to Ratna's house to show the suspects photographs and meets Radha there. They were college classmates in love. Radha receives appreciation at her workplace for her articles. The editor asks her to cover a conference on women's security. She is impressed with the chief guest, physicist Janaki's speech there. Raja wants to rekindle his relationship with Radha, but she denies it due to the rape that happened to her.

A man, Vicky runs a brothel in the name of a massage parlour and asks a girl, Meena to get ready for mafia leader Jana, who is supposed to wait for her at a hotel. Meena denies it as Jana is a sadist, but Vicky forcefully takes her to the hotel. Radha reached the same hotel for an interview and sees Vicky and Meena there. She gets suspicious and follows them. Raja with his subordinate Balan, reaches the same hotel to arrest drug peddler, Jana. The hotel receptionist informs Jana about the police and he attempts to flee. Radha kills him with the same razor in the elevator. While leaving the hotel, Balan notices her. Raja finds Meena in Jana's room. He reaches with a lady constable, Ratnavally at Vicky's brothel and gets information about him from the girls there. Meena informs him that Vicky might be at Durairaj’s beach restaurants and that he is the leader of the pimps. After getting the confirmation about Vicky, Durairaj and other pimps including Jayaprakash, Raja and his team raid the beach restaurant. Durairaj, Vicky and Jayaprakash escape, but others get caught. After reading news about pimps in a newspaper, a dancer, Rakhi contacts Raja and informs Vicky's whereabouts. Raja and Vally disguise themselves as performers at rakhi’s dance show to arrest Ricky. Vicky and others get arrested. During interrogation, Vicky denies killing Jana. Radha has been told to attend a cabaret function of Shailaja to get some news. She interviews Shailaja and meets Durairaj there and has a verbal spat with him. Durairaj follows Radha on the road, and she kills him with the razor she used in a previous murder. Since Vicky was in jail during Durairaj‘s murder with the same weapon, police assume he didn't kill Jana and ask him to leave. Vicky is afraid that he will be killed too, so he refuses to leave the police station. But the police do not allow him to stay back. Vicky is later found murdered in a car. Radha had decided to kill all the pimps to eliminate prostitution. Other pimps decide to stay quiet and stop prostitution to avoid further deaths.

Raja wants to marry Radha and takes her to his mother. She tries to reveal the truth to Raja, but he refuses to listen. Radha comes to Janaki for advice. She wants to tell Raja about the rape cases. Janaki advises her to forget the past and start a new life with Raja. On the day of marriage, Shailaja comes to congratulate Radha and finds a photo of Radha with Aruna. Radha tells that Aruna is her younger sister who eloped with someone and her mother's suicide was due to that. Shailaja was present during Aruna's suicide and reveals all the truth to Radha. Radha gets to know from Shailaja that Jayaprakash, the reason for Aruna's death, is in the hotel rainbow. Radha leaves the wedding to kill him. She goes to Jayaprakash and introduces herself as Rani, a prostitute from Vicky's brothel. She seduces him and manages to get him tied. She reveals to him her relationship with Aruna and that she is the one who killed the pimps. She kills him and while leaving the room, she is spotted by a waiter. The hotel staff stop her from escaping. The police, Raja, his mother, Balan, and Ratna also reach there. Raja confronts Radha about the murders. She informs the reason behind the murders. Raja assures her that he will stand by her in any situation and will marry her. But Radha refuses to surrender and tells that instead of standing as a criminal before the law, she wants to die as a niraparaadhi (innocent). She cuts her neck with the same murder weapon and dies in Raja’s arms.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Mohan (actor)|Mohan]] as Inspector Raja (guest appearance)
*[[Madhavi (actress)|Madhavi]] as Radha
*[[V. K. Ramasamy (actor)|V. K. Ramasamy]] (guest appearance)
*[[R. S. Manohar]] as Durai Raj
*[[K. Vijayan]]
*[[Nizhalgal Ravi]] as Jayaprakash
*[[Sangili Murugan]]
*[[Ennathe Kannaiah]]
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
*[[Sathyakala]]
*[[Rani Padmini (actress)|Rani Padmini]] as Aruna
*[[Nalinikanth]]
*[[Suresh Gopi]] as Inspector Balan
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Shailaja
*[[Anuradha (actress)|Anuradha]]
}}

== Production ==
After watching the Hindi film ''Be Abroo'', [[K. Balaji]] bought the rights to remake it in Tamil as ''Niraparaadhi'', outbidding many other producers.<ref name="Mid-Day">{{Cite news |last=Shiva Kumar |first=S. |title=Censors: whims, fancies and personal animosity? |url=https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1261249712079986688/photo/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504073848/https://twitter.com/sshivu/status/1261249712079986688 |archive-date=4 May 2022 |access-date=15 July 2020 |work=[[Sunday Mid-Day]] |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> It is the Tamil debut of [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] actor [[Suresh Gopi]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2022 |title=Shine Tom Chacko to Nivin Pauly: Malayalam actors who were not well utilized in Tamil movies |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shine-tom-chacko-to-nivin-pauly-malayalam-actors-who-were-not-well-utilized-in-tamil-movies/photostory/90863535.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220416105214/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/shine-tom-chacko-to-nivin-pauly-malayalam-actors-who-were-not-well-utilized-in-tamil-movies/photostory/90863535.cms |archive-date=16 April 2022 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Filming was completed in two months.<ref name="Mid-Day" />

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Shankar–Ganesh]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Niraparadhi Tamil Film Super 7 EP Vinyl Record by Shankar Ganesh |url=https://mossymart.com/product/niraparadhi-tamil-film-super-7-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729090837/https://mossymart.com/product/niraparadhi-tamil-film-super-7-ep-vinyl-record-by-shankar-ganesh/ |archive-date=29 July 2020 |access-date=29 July 2020 |website=Mossymart}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 September 1984 |title=Niraparadhi (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) – EP |url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/niraparadhi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1451655052 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/6nmLL |archive-date=27 February 2026 |access-date=27 February 2026 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mangani Semmangani
| length1 =
| lyrics1 = [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]]
| extra1 = [[Vani Jairam]]
| title2 = Devi Neeyindri
| length2 =
| lyrics2 = [[Pulamaipithan]]
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], Vani Jairam
| title3 = Pollachi Machane
| length3 =
| lyrics3 = Vaali
| extra3 = Vani Jairam, B. S. Siserekha
| title4 = Pennukku Daivam
| length4 =
| lyrics4 = Pulamaipithan
| extra4 = [[K. J. Yesudas]], [[Choir|Chorus]]
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film faced censorship issues with the [[Central Board of Film Certification]] prior to its release.<ref name="Mid-Day" /> It was eventually cleared with an [[A certificate|A (adults only) certificate]] after around 40 cuts.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=Tripathi |first1=Salil |last2=Venkatramani |first2=S.H. |date=29 November 2013 |title=Censorship: Wide disparities exist between censor boards |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-censorship-wide-disparities-exist-between-censor-boards-797335-1988-06-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820061700/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/society-the-arts/films/story/19880615-censorship-wide-disparities-exist-between-censor-boards-797335-1988-06-15 |archive-date=20 August 2019 |access-date=27 February 2026 |work=[[India Today]] |language=en}}</ref> The film, which was scheduled to release on 27 July 1984,<ref name="Mid-Day" /> was delayed to 15 August.<ref>{{Cite web |title=நிரபராதி / Nirabarathi (1984) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/nirabarathi |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231119042416/https://screen4screen.com/movies/nirabarathi |archive-date=19 November 2023 |access-date=4 May 2022 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> [[Subha (writers)|Jayamanmadhan]] of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' said that, after watching the film, one might start seeing all men in Chennai as [[Procuring (prostitution)|pimps]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஜெயமன்மதன் |author-link=Subha (writers) |date=2 September 1984 |title=நிரபராதி |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-09-02/page/n63/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230503123643/https://archive.org/details/kalki1984-09-02/page/n63/mode/2up |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=3 May 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=63 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{K. Vijayan}}

[[Category:1984 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1984 crime films]]
[[Category:1984 films]]
[[Category:1984 Indian films]]
[[Category:Censored films]]
[[Category:Film censorship in India]]
[[Category:Films about prostitution in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by K. Vijayan]]
[[Category:Films scored by Shankar–Ganesh]]
[[Category:Indian crime films]]
[[Category:Indian rape and revenge films]]
[[Category:Tamil remakes of Hindi films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language crime films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Works subject to expurgation]]

Success (2003 film)

2026-03-03T04:40:17Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up initial data and citations

{{No plot|date=May 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Success 2003 poster.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Suresh Prasanna
| producer = Isakki Sundar
| starring = [[Dushyanth Ramkumar|Dushyanth]] [[Sonia Agarwal]] [[Nandana (actress)|Nandana]]
| cinematography = Ravindhar
| music = [[Deva (composer)|Deva]]
| studio = Issakki Creations
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|09|05}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}
'''''Success''''' is a 2003 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language film written and directed by Suresh Prasanna. The [[film]] stars newcomer [[Dushyanth Ramkumar|Dushyanth]] in the lead role, alongside [[Sonia Agarwal]] and [[Nandana (actress)|Nandana]].

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Dushyanth Ramkumar|Dushyanth]] as Ganesh
*[[Sonia Agarwal]] as Swetha
*[[Nandana (actress)|Nandana]] as Maha
*[[Roja Selvamani|Roja]] as Radhika
*[[Karunas]] as Ganesh's Friend
*[[Urvashi (actress)|Urvashi]] as Kicha's Wife
*[[Y. Gee. Mahendra]] as Kicha and Maha's Father
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Kicha
*[[Abhinay]]
*[[Mahanadi Shankar]] as local Rowdy
*[[Nanditha Jennifer]] as [[item number]] in ''Pothe Konjam Pothe''
}}

== Production ==
Producer Issaki Sundar saw [[Dushyanth Ramkumar|Dushyanth]], the son of [[Ramkumar Ganesan]] and grandson of [[Sivaji Ganesan]], at the [[Sivaji Productions]] office and offered him the opportunity to make his acting debut. He initially rejected the offer, but ultimately agreed after consulting with his uncle [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and cousin [[Vikram Prabhu]].<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=2 September 2003 |title='They can call me Junior, not Sivaji' |url=http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/sep/02junior.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305185817/http://www.rediff.com/entertai/2003/sep/02junior.htm |archive-date=5 March 2014 |access-date=1 March 2014 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Dushyanth was also credited as Junior Sivaji during the production of the film. The film was named ''Success'', after the first on screen dialogue of Sivaji from the film ''[[Parasakthi (1952 film)|Parasakthi]]'' (1952).<ref name="sify">{{Cite web |title=Miles to go before I 'succeed': Junior Sivaji |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13248392&cid=2408 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040428011821/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/interview.php?id=13248392&cid=2408 |archive-date=28 April 2004 |access-date=1 March 2014 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref><ref name="hindu">{{Cite web |date=27 January 2003 |title=Enter junior Sivaji |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/27/stories/2003012700180204.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031104040121/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/27/stories/2003012700180204.htm |archive-date=4 November 2003 |access-date=1 March 2014 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music was composed by [[Deva (composer)|Deva]].{{Cn|date=May 2023}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Song !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| Hey Un Vayasena || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]] || [[Viveka (lyricist)|Viveka]] || 05:01
|-
| Othu Konjam Othu || [[Udit Narayan]] || rowspan=2|[[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 05:16
|-
| Kodi Muppathu || [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], Kovai Kamala || 05:09
|-
| Marathi Kutti || [[KK (singer)|KK]], [[Mahalakshmi Iyer]] || [[Snehan]] || 04:32
|-
| Kanna Un || [[Anuradha Sriram]], [[P. Unnikrishnan]] || [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] || 05:27
|}

== Reception ==
The reviewer from ''[[Sify]]'' wrote, "Dushyanth, the new hero has no mannerisms or looks of his grandfather, late legendary Sivaji Ganesan. However this young man has tried his best to look convincing in his debut film that looks more like a mega serial".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Success |url=http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13243048 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031101234819/http://sify.com/movies/tamil/review.php?ctid=5&cid=2429&id=13243048 |archive-date=1 November 2003 |access-date=15 February 2025 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> [[Shobha Warrier]] of ''[[Rediff.com]]'' wrote "Director Suresh Prasanna is directionless and clueless from the beginning. It seems like the only direction he had is to make a Sivaji Ganesan film and make Dushyant another Sivaji".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warrier |first=Shobha |author-link=Shobha Warrier |date=4 September 2003 |title=You can't fool the audience! |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/04success.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305232915/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/sep/04success.htm |archive-date=5 March 2016 |access-date=8 May 2023 |website=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Malini Mannath of ''Chennai Online'' felt that Dushyanth must "work on his expressions in the more intense scenes", Nandana was underutilised and Karunas was "plainly irritating" with his "loud monotone and supposedly comic antics".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=8 September 2003 |title=Success |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov293.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041023122342/http://www.chennaionline.com/Moviereviews/tammov293.asp |archive-date=23 October 2004 |access-date=12 January 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

[[Category:2003 Indian films]]
[[Category:2003 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2003 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Deva (composer)]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Frozen (2007 film)

2026-03-03T03:30:36Z

MaynardPerkin72: Content updated and refined

{{short description|2007 black-and-white Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox film
|name = Frozen
|image = Frozen 2007 film.jpg
|caption =
|director = Shivajee Chandrabhushan
|producer = Shivajee Chandrabhushan
|writer = Shanker Raman (screenplay) Shivajee Chandrabhushan (story)
|starring = [[Danny Denzongpa]] Gauri [[Rajendranath Zutshi]] [[Aamir Bashir]]
|music = John P. Varkey
|cinematography = Shanker Raman
|editing = [[Shan Mohammed]]
|distributor =
|released = {{Film date|df=yes|2007|07}}
|runtime = 109 minutes
|country = India
|language = Hindi Ladakhi
|budget =
}}
'''''Frozen''''' is a 2007 black-and-white [[Indian cinema|India]]n [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by Shivajee Chandrabhushan. The original screenplay written by Shanker Raman, based on a story by Chandrabhushan and starring [[Danny Denzongpa]], Gauri, and Skalzang Angchuk. The film was shot entirely on location at [[Ladakh]], India.<ref>[http://www.booksie.com/editorial_and_opinion/book_review/lubusait/frozen-warm-ladakhi-fare FROZEN Warm Ladakhi Fare Film review] Retrieved 8 September 2009.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/awards_festivals/fest_reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=9865 |first=Gautaman |last=Bhaskaran |date=19 September 2007 |title=Festival Review - Toronto International Film Festival |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |accessdate=8 September 2009 |archivedate=1 January 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101073058/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/awards_festivals/fest_reviews/article_display.jsp?&rid=9865 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>

It was featured at the various international [[film festival]]s, including the 2007 [[London Film Festival]] and [[Dubai International Film Festival]],<ref name=du>{{cite web|url=http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/frozen-at-the-dubai-film-festival/ |title=Dubai Film Festival 2007: FROZEN |first=Andre |last=Soares |accessdate=8 September 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227214708/http://www.altfg.com/blog/film-festivals/frozen-at-the-dubai-film-festival/ |archivedate=27 December 2009 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref> and was the official selection at 2007 [[Toronto International Film Festival]] and 2008 [[San Francisco International Film Festival]], and [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]].<ref>[http://efilmcritic.com/review.php?movie=16473 Frozen 2007] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113101221/http://efilmcritic.com/review.php?movie=16473 |date=13 January 2010 }} efilmcritic.com.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dubaifilmfest.com/en/movies/a-celebration-of-indian-cinema/frozen.html |title=India/2007/Hindi, Ladakhi dialogue with English subtitles/B&W/35mm/110 mins |publisher=[[Dubai International Film Festival]] |accessdate=8 September 2009 |archivedate=8 June 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090608025542/http://www.dubaifilmfest.com/en/movies/a-celebration-of-indian-cinema/frozen.html |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name=hin>{{cite news|title=Shivajee Chandrabhushan's Frozen goes to Toronto Film Festival|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/shivajee-chandrabhushan-s-frozen-goes-to-toronto-film-festival/story-q8lgO3z4z1lH6huwd8I10M.html|first=Diganta|last=Guha|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=21 June 2007|accessdate=2 April 2016}}</ref><ref>[http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=19692&fid=35 Frozen, 110 mnts.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727191352/http://www.psfilmfest.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=19692&fid=35 |date=27 July 2011 }} [[Palm Springs International Film Festival]]. Retrieved 8 September 2009.</ref>

At the [[55th National Film Awards]], it was awarded the [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]] and [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]].<ref name="Nationalaward">{{cite web|url= http://pib.nic.in/archieve/others/2009/sep/r2009090707.pdf|title=55th Nsational Film Awards for the Year 2007|publisher=Press Information Bureau ([[Govt. of India]])|accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref>

==Plot==
The film is a sombre journey of imaginative and impulsive teenager, Lasya (Gauri), who lives with her father Karma (Danny), an apricot jam-maker and younger brother Chomo (Angchuk) in a remote village in the Himalayas. Pristine snow-capped mountains surround their tiny hamlet and barren harsh land stretches for miles into nowhere. One day the army moves in, settles a hundred yards across their doorstep. The last bit of comfort the family draws from their familiar surroundings changes into a harsh, ceaseless, irreversible conflict. The film depicts the life of this family whose dreamlike existence is interrupted by insurmountable odds, one after the other.<ref name=san>{{cite web|url=http://fest08.sffs.org/films/film_details.php?id=30 |title=Frozen |publisher=[[San Francisco International Film Festival]] |archivedate=31 December 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231045322/http://fest08.sffs.org/films/film_details.php?id=30 |url-status=dead |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Cast==
*[[Danny Denzongpa]] as Karma
*Gauri Kulkarni as Lasya
*Skalzang Angchuk Gultuk as Chomo
*Shakeel Khan as Romeo
*[[Rajendranath Zutshi]] as Dawa
*[[Yashpal Sharma (actor)|Yashpal Sharma]] as Sharma
*[[Aamir Bashir]] as Commanding Officer
*[[Denzil Smith]] as Tenzing
*Sanjay Swaraj as Salim
*Anuradha Baral as Sita
*Sonam Stobgias Gorky as Rinpoche
*[[Shilpa Shukla]] as Karma's Wife
*Wangchuk Dorjey Mogul as Officer Wangchuk
*Stanzin Jordan as Vicky
*Manish Mathur as Performing Artiste

==Production==
The film was shot in [[Ladakh]], then part of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India, in February 2006, over 34 days at an average height of 15,000 ft above sea level. The film was shot in colour and was digitally intermediated to black and white. The house where the film was picturised was built at Stakmo, behind [[Thikse|Thiksey Monastery]].<ref name=du/><ref name=hin/><ref>{{YouTube|lELsIqbyDWs|Frozen}}</ref>

==Reception==
A review by Dennis Harvey of ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', said that film's director's "background as a photographer and mountaineer, -- is evident in every frame of directorial debut "Frozen.".<ref>[https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117934772.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 Film Review] at [[Variety (magazine)]]</ref>

Though the film had been going through Film Festival circuit since 2007 when the film was ready, its commercial release however happened in May 2009, during the stand off between producers and multiplexes, which resulted in number of films coming out of cold storage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.glamsham.com/movies/scoops/09/apr/11-dannys-award-winning-film-frozen-set-for-release-040910.asp|title=Danny's award winning film FROZEN set for release|accessdate=8 September 2009}}</ref>

==Awards and nominations==
The film has won (or been nominated for) the following awards:

; Won
*[[National Film Awards]]
** [[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director]] - Shivajee Chandrabhushan
** [[National Film Award for Best Cinematography]] - Shanker Raman <ref name="Nationalaward"/>
*[[Durban International Film Festival]] - Best Cinematography - Shanker Raman <ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1071798/awards Awards] [[IMDb]].</ref>
*[[Osian Film Festival|Osian-Cinefan Film Festival]], Delhi - Special Jury Award <ref name=du/>

; Nominated
*[[International Thessaloniki Film Festival]] - Golden Alexander (Best Film) - Shivajee Chandrabhushan
*[[2nd Asian Film Awards|Asian Film Award]] for Best Cinematographer - Shanker Raman

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|1071798}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226201342/http://passionforcinema.com/frozen-a-beautifully-unique-looking-film-that-deserves-the-big-screen Film Review] Passion for Cinema.
*[http://www.radiosargam.com/films/archives/6935/movie-stills-frozen-2007.html Movie stills]

{{National Film Award Best First Film of a Director}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Frozen (2007 Film)}}
[[Category:Indian black-and-white films]]
[[Category:2007 drama films]]
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:Films scored by John P. Varkey]]
[[Category:2007 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Ladakhi-language films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Films whose cinematographer won the Best Cinematography National Film Award]]
[[Category:Best Debut Feature Film of a Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Films set in Ladakh]]
[[Category:Hindi-language drama films]]

Ninong Ering

2026-02-07T06:17:57Z

MaynardPerkin72:

{{short description|Former Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha (born 1959)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ninong Ering
| image = Ninong Ering in January 2014 (cropped).jpg
| imagesize = 200
| alt =
| caption = Ering in January 2014
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|3 January 1959}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://164.100.47.194/Loksabha/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4367&lastls=16 | title=Lok Sabha Members Bioprofile | publisher=[[Lok Sabha]] | access-date=20 October 2017}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Pasighat]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (from 2024)<ref name="4 MLAs join BJP in Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite web|url=https://northeastlivetv.com/topnews/ninong-ering-mutchu-mithi-2-others-join-bjp/|title=Ninong Ering, Mutchu Mithi, 2 others join BJP|work=NorthEast Live|accessdate=25 February 2024}}</ref>
| otherparty = [[Indian National Congress]] (till 2024)
| spouse = {{marriage|Yarok Ering|7 March 1979}}
| relations =
| children = 4
| alma_mater = J. N. College, [[Pasighat]] {{small|(B.A)}}
| occupation = Politician
| cabinet =
| committees =
| portfolio =
| signature_alt=
| website =
| footnotes =
| parents = {{ubl|[[Daying Ering]]|Odam Ering}}
| module =
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Pasighat West Assembly constituency|Pasighat West]]
| term_start = 11 April 2019
| term_end =
| predecessor = [[Tangor Tapak]]
| successor =
| office1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]]
| constituency1= [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)|East Arunachal Pradesh]]
| term_start1 = 16 May 2009
| term_end1 = 11 April 2019
| predecessor1 = [[Tapir Gao]]
| successor1 = Tapir Gao
| office2 = [[Ministry of Minority Affairs (India)|Union Minister of State for Minority Affairs]]
| term_start2 = 28 October 2012
| term_end2 = 16 May 2014
| predecessor2 = [[Vincent Pala]]
| successor2 = [[Mukhtar Abbas Naqvi]]
| minister2 = [[K. Rahman Khan]]
| residence = {{ubl|Mirku Dapi Village, [[East Siang district|Pasighat]]}}
| source = https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4367&lastls=16
}}

'''Ninong Ering''' (born 3 January 1959) is an Indian politician belonging to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He represented the [[Arunachal East (Lok Sabha constituency)]] in [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of [[Indian Parliament]] from 2009 to 2019. He was the Union Minister of State for Minority Affairs from 2012 to 2014.<ref name="Ninong Ering: Union minister turned MLA who is also a part time teacher">{{cite news |date=21 January 2021 |title=Ninong Ering: Union minister turned MLA who is also a part time teacher |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ninong-ering-union-minister-turned-mla-who-is-also-a-part-time-teacher-101611197221680.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605201433/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ninong-ering-union-minister-turned-mla-who-is-also-a-part-time-teacher-101611197221680.html |archivedate=5 June 2025 |accessdate=5 June 2025 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> He resigned from the [[Indian National Congress]] and joined the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] on 25 February 2024.<ref name="4 MLAs join BJP in Arunachal Pradesh"/><ref name="Arunachal appoints 17 advisors for ministers">{{cite news|title=Arunachal appoints 17 advisors for ministers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-pradesh-appoints-17-advisors-for-ministers/articleshow/111097664.cms|accessdate=17 May 2025|publisher=The Times of India|date=19 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250517085923/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/guwahati/arunachal-pradesh-appoints-17-advisors-for-ministers/articleshow/111097664.cms|archivedate=17 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="4 MLAs from Congress, NPP join the BJP in Arunachal Pradesh">{{cite news |last1= |first1= |date=25 February 2024 |title=4 MLAs from Congress, NPP join the BJP in Arunachal Pradesh |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4-mlas-from-congress-npp-join-the-bjp-in-arunachal-pradesh/article67884762.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518110935/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/4-mlas-from-congress-npp-join-the-bjp-in-arunachal-pradesh/article67884762.ece |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |publisher=The Hindu |language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="2 Cong MLAs, equal number of NPP legislators join BJP in Arunachal">{{cite news |date=25 February 2024 |title=2 Cong MLAs, equal number of NPP legislators join BJP in Arunachal |url=https://theprint.in/india/2-cong-mlas-equal-number-of-npp-legislators-join-bjp-in-arunachal/1978320/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250518111228/https://theprint.in/india/2-cong-mlas-equal-number-of-npp-legislators-join-bjp-in-arunachal/1978320/ |archive-date=18 May 2025 |access-date=18 May 2025 |publisher=ThePrint}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=22 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173743/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref><ref name="Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats2">{{cite news|last1=|first1=|title=Arunachal Pradesh Assembly results live updates {{!}} BJP wins 7 Assembly seats, leads in both LS seats|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|accessdate=19 May 2025|publisher=The Hindu|date=22 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250519173743/https://www.thehindu.com/elections/arunachal-pradesh-assembly/arunachal-pradesh-assembly-results-live-updates/article27195252.ece|archivedate=19 May 2025|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Political career==
Ering was a member of the [[Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Pasighat East]] constituency as an [[Independent (politician)|independent]] candidate from 1990 to 1995. In 1995, he again contested from the same constituency as an independent candidate, but he was defeated by the Congress candidate Tobar Jamoh. From 1999 to 2004 he again became a member of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly representing the same constituency as a Congress candidate. From 1999 to 2002, he was the Minister of State of the Government of Arunachal Pradesh and from 2002 to 2004, he was the Deputy Speaker of the Arunachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly. In 2009, he was elected to the [[15th Lok Sabha]], where he was a Member of the Standing Committee on Science & Technology, Environment & Forests and a Member of the Consultative Committee, Ministry of Civil Aviation.<ref name="Members : Lok Sabha">{{Cite web|url=http://164.100.47.194/loksabha/members/memberbioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4367&lastls=16|title=Members : Lok Sabha}}</ref> He was re-elected to [[16th Lok Sabha]] from the same constituency in 2014 and again served as member of the Standing Committee on Science & Technology, Environment & Forests and the Consultative Committee, Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas.<ref name="Members : Lok Sabha"/>

=== Introduction of The Menstruation Benefit Bill, 2017 ===
Ninong Ering moved a Private Members' Bill, 'The Menstruation Benefit Bill, 2017', which proposed that women working in the public and private sectors get two days of paid menstrual leave every month. The Bill also sought to provide better facilities for rest at the workplace during menstruation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/should-women-be-entitled-to-paid-menstrual-leave-parliament-to-decide-118010200362_1.html|title = Should women be entitled to paid menstrual leave? Parliament to decide|newspaper = Business Standard India|date = 2 January 2018|last1 = Mohan|first1 = Archis}}</ref> The bill triggered a nationwide debate and brought India in the list of countries like Italy, South Korea, Japan where the law existed or was debated. Ering also asked a question on whether the government has any plan to propose menstrual leave at the workplace. In its reply, the Ministry of Women and Child Development said there was no such proposal and also the ministry did not have any plan for a legislation on the issue. The Ministry, however, listed a number of awareness efforts for adolescent girls. [http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/two-days-leave-during-periods-parliament-may-discuss-menstruation-benefit-bill-for-the-1st-time-know-what-it-is/999091/] Ninong Ering in his interview to The BloombergQuint congratulated his entire team and thanked his PRS Legislative Research<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prsindia.org/ |title=Home |website=prsindia.org}}</ref> LAMP Fellows for working on the bill. [https://www.pscp.tv/w/1mrxmZQYpEWKy] This initiative gained a nationwide support and Ninong Ering received applause from a number of women activists organisations.

===Criticism of Swami Ramdev===
On 19 February 2011, Ninong Ering allegedly criticised the anti-corruption drive of Indian religious leader [[Swami Ramdev]] and referred to him as a "bloody dog".<ref name="cong">[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Cong-MP-abuses-Baba-Ramdev-party-seeks-explanation/articleshow/7529289.cms Cong MP ‘abuses’ Baba Ramdev, party seeks explanation] Times of India - 20 February 2011</ref> The [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] criticised the remarks, stating that Ramdev was a revered figure and further if Mr. Ering did not consider himself to be Indian then he should excuse himself from the Indian Parliament.<ref>[http://www.dailypioneer.com/319083/BJP-angry-over-Cong-MPs-slur-on-Ramdev.html BJP angry over Cong MP's slur on Ramdev] Daily Pioneer - 20 February 2011</ref> The Congress party claimed that it had asked for explanation from Ering on this matter.<ref name="cong"/>

===Racial incident===
In May 2021, Ering wrote a letter to [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Narendra Modi]] calling for the ban of mobile game ''[[Battlegrounds Mobile India]]'' due to concerns of Chinese espionage in dealing with Indian user data. In response to Ering's letter, [[YouTuber]] Paras Singh published a video where he called Ering a "non-Indian" and that Arunachal Pradesh "was part of China". Singh's video resulted in public backlash from Indian celebrities and politicians. Although Singh apologised for his comments on Ering in another video, he was apprehended by police in [[Ludhiana]] and was transferred to Arunachal Pradesh, where he was held in jail and given virtual lessons on the history of Arunachal Pradesh. In June 2021, Singh was released on bail after paying a personal bond of Rs 10000.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/youtuber-paras-singh-charged-over-racist-remarks-against-arunachal-mla-ninong-ering-for-pubg-ban-2448628|title=YouTuber Charged Over Racist Remarks Against Arunachal MLA For PUBG Ban|newspaper=NDTV|date=2021-05-24|access-date=2024-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.northeasttoday.in/2021/05/29/youtuber-paras-sing-takes-history-lessons-on-arunachal-pradesh/|title=YouTuber Paras Singh Takes History Lessons On Arunachal Pradesh|newspaper=Northeast Today|date=2021-05-29|access-date=2024-03-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/youtuber-paras-singh-gets-bail-in-racial-slur-case-71119/|title=YouTuber Paras Singh gets bail in racial slur case|newspaper=India TV|date=2021-06-12|access-date=2024-03-14}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Ering belongs to the Adi tribe and is a member of the Evangelical North Eastern Hill Church Council of [[Arunachal Pradesh]].<ref>http://hinduexistence.org/tag/congress-mp-ninong-ering/ Hindu Existence - February 19, 2011</ref> He has four children, two daughters and two sons, and he is the son of the late Shri Daying Ering and Smt. Odam Ering.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://loksabha.nic.in/Members/MemberBioprofile.aspx?mpsno=4367&lastls=16 Official biographical sketch in Parliament of India website]
{{16th LS members from Northeast states}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ering, Ninong}}
[[Category:India MPs 2009–2014]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Indian evangelicals]]
[[Category:People from East Siang district]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Arunachal Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Pasighat]]
[[Category:India MPs 2014–2019]]
[[Category:People from Adi Community]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1990–1995]]
[[Category:Arunachal Pradesh MLAs 1999–2004]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Arunachal Pradesh]]

PeeVee

2026-02-05T04:41:12Z

MaynardPerkin72: New New Page!

{{About|the photographer|other uses|Pee Vee (disambiguation){{!}}Pee Vee}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Notability|date=April 2024}}
{{More footnotes needed|date=October 2013}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}


{{Infobox person
| name = PeeVee

| image =
| caption =
| birth_place = {{nowrap|[[Villupuram]], Tamil Nadu, India}}
| occupation = Co-founder thalam Red Frames
| spouse = Devi
| children = Amudhini
| homepage = {{URL|peevee.in/}}
}}

'''Perumal Venkatesan aka PeeVee''' (1979, [[Villupuram]], Tamil Nadu, [[India]]) is a people photographer and creative entrepreneur based in Bangalore, India. He co-founded the Thalam website.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thalam.in/index.php/about|title=Company Profile – Thalam|publisher=thalam.in}}</ref> a creative space, both in Bangalore. His photography works have been published in various Indian and international media. His work has also been exhibited at art galleries across India.

==Photography career==
Perumal Venkatesan hails from an agricultural family. He finished his [[Chemical Engineering]] from the [[University of Madras]]. After taking up odd jobs for the first two to three years of his career, he zeroed in on his creative instincts. He finished his master's in [[Business Administration]] from Pondicherry Central University before stepping into the advertising industry. PeeVee has worked with several MNC clients, including [[Intel]] Semiconductor, providing them with creative & photography services for their internal & external communication needs.

PeeVee is part of the photography group, Bangalore Weekend Shoots<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bangaloreweekendshoots.wordpress.com/|title=Bangalore Weekend Shoots|publisher=bangaloreweekendshoots.wordpress.com}}</ref> which organizes photo walks in the city.

==Creative Entrepreneur==
After a seven-year stint in advertising, he developed an online photo contest called Frames of the City and published a coffee table book in the same name.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.redframes.in/contest/|title=Frames of My City|publisher=redframes.in}}</ref> In April 2013, after 18 months at Red Frames, he joined his photography friend Dilip Param as a co-founder for Thalam, a creative community space.

==Recognitions==
In March 2014, PeeVee was invited to be a part of The Beauty & The Grit Dance Photography Workshop by STEM dance Kampni in association with JAAGA, mentored by the International dance artistes Roy Campbell-Moore and Ann Sholem.

In September 2012, Timeout Bengaluru (a global lifestyle magazine) named PeeVee as "One of the 13 local heroes for culture in Bangalore", for his contribution to photography.

In August 2012, PeeVee was invited to present "Crowd Sourcing in Creative Entrepreneurship" at The Asia Entrepreneurship Summit 2012 at ITC Gardenia, Bangalore.

In September 2011, PeeVee was invited to give experTED at School of Management, Pondicherry University, Puducherry.

==Collaborations for a Cause==
PeeVee with a team of photographers worked closely with INTACH to crowdsource and produce a series of postcards named "Portraits of Bangalore" for INTACH in 2009. PeeVee has contributed six of 16 photographs used in the postcard series.

PeeVee has worked extensively with the Indira Gandhi International Academy, a school for children of SriLankan Tamil Diaspora in India to raise funds by producing various collaterals for year 2011 and 2012.

PeeVee and Selvaprakash L<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lightstalkers.org/selvaprakash|title=Selvaprakash L|publisher=lightstalkers.org}}</ref> (Chief Photographer, Timeout Bengaluru) under the banner of Korkai, a photojournalist initiative, in association with The Alternative Magazine co-produced and co-directed a short film named "Bangalore Lake Diaries"<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OW_swDDwLkE|title=Bangalore Lake Diaries|publisher=youtube.com}}</ref> aimed at creating awareness about the importance of conserving lakes of Bangalore, in March 2013. They have also organised a workshop in April 2013, to educate and empower photojournalists hailing from Rural India.

==Personal life==
PeeVee is married and lives with his wife, daughter, and in-laws in Indira Nagar, Bangalore. His parents continue to pursue agriculture in their native village.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.peevee.in|title=PeeVee|publisher=peevee.in|accessdate=13 June 2014}}

'''Thalam:'''
*{{cite web|url=http://thalam.in/index.php/about|title=Thalam – About Us|publisher=thalam.in|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/get-thalamed/article5048915.ece|title=Get Thalamed… – The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=22 August 2013 |publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/art/the-love-and-business-of-art/article4924106.ece|title=The love and business of art – The Hindu|newspaper=The Hindu |date=17 July 2013 |publisher=thehindu.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}

'''For Bangalore Lake Diaries / Korkai'''
*{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/lounge/Chinwag-with--Perumal-Venkatesan/articleshow/21204647.cms|title=Chinwag with... Perumal Venkatesan – Bangalore Mirror|publisher=bangaloremirror.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/330819/celluloid-attempt-put-life-back.html|title=Celluloid attempt to put life back into Bangalore lakes|publisher=deccanherald.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/inspiring-film-made-to-save-city-lakes_1368869938.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714122104/http://cityplus.jagran.com/city-news/inspiring-film-made-to-save-city-lakes_1368869938.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=14 July 2014|title=Inspiring film made to save city lakes|publisher=cityplus.jagran.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/academy/1839266/report-a-happy-marriage-of-arts-and-science|title=A happy marriage of arts and science | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|publisher=dnaindia.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}

'''For Infinity F / BWS / Red Frames:'''
*{{cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/1371150/report-a-day-in-the-life-of-bangalore|title=A day in the life of Bangalore | Latest News & Updates at Daily News & Analysis|publisher=dnaindia.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/Shoot-sight/articleshow/21873579.cms|title=Shoot @ sight – Bangalore Mirror|publisher=bangaloremirror.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://bangalore.citizenmatters.in/articles/4247-a-treat-for-photography-enthusiasts/print|title=A treat for photography enthusiasts – Citizen Matters, Bangalore News | Print View|publisher=bangalore.citizenmatters.in|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/RvaZ8CIzwbdBJaSbjcBfLI/Your-city-framed.html|title=Your city, framed – Livemint|date=25 November 2011 |publisher=livemint.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/0XQIBRghHelBKQZUeF5M8N/The-city-is-our-frame.html|title=The city is our frame – Livemint|date=30 November 2007 |publisher=livemint.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Travel/A-tale-of-two-villages/Article1-796875.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120228161146/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Travel/A-tale-of-two-villages/Article1-796875.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 February 2012|title=A tale of two villages – Hindustan Times|publisher=hindustantimes.com|accessdate=13 June 2014}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Businesspeople from Bengaluru]]
[[Category:People from Viluppuram district]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:University of Madras alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian portrait photographers]]

Pettathullal

2026-02-04T13:03:44Z

MaynardPerkin72: New Page!

{{Short description|Ritualistic dance }}

{{transliteration|ml|'''Pettathullal'''}} ({{lang|ml|പേട്ട തുള്ളൽ}}), also known as {{transliteration|ml|'''Pettat kettu'''}} ({{lang|ml|പേട്ട കെട്ട്}}), is a historic ritualistic dance held annually on the 27th of Dhanu at [[Erumely]], in the district of [[Kottayam district|Kottayam]], in the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. It is performed during the Mandalam - [[Makaravilakku]] period (November, December and January) among thousands of devotees. It depicts the joyfulness of people over the slaying of [[Mahishi (Mahishasur's Sister)|Mahishi]] by Lord [[Ayyappan|Ayyappa]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/erumeli-petta-thullal-held/article6779583.ece|title=Erumeli Petta Thullal held|date=2015-01-12|newspaper=The Hindu|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kochi/Only-Alangad-people-can-participate-in-petta-thullal/articleshow/17976202.cms|title=Only Alangad people can participate in petta thullal - TOI Mobile {{!}} The Times of India Mobile Site|newspaper=The Times of India|date=11 January 2013 |access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref> Two groups actively participate in the {{transliteration|ml|''thullal''}}, one from [[Ambalappuzha]] and other from Aalangadu. The Ambalappuzha group starts their journey to Erumely on the 22nd of Dhanu and a couple of days before the {{transliteration|ml|''thullal''}}. They visit the [[Manimala]] [[Bhagavathi|Bhagavathy]] temple on 25th Dhanu and perform an ''Aazhi pooja.''<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Ambalappuzha sangam|last=Mathurbhoomi|first=Sabarimala supplement|publisher=Mathurbhoomi|year=2007|pages=59, 60}}</ref> Before the Ambalappuzha ''thullal'', a ''Krishna parunth'' (sacred eagle) flies around in the sky. It is believed that lord [[Vishnu]] himself arrives from [[Ambalappuzha Sri Krishna Temple|Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna temple]] on his mount [[Garuda]] to witness the {{transliteration|ml|''thullal''}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hindu-blog.com/2009/12/petta-thullal-at-erumely-during.html?m=1|title=Petta Thullal at Erumely during Sabarimala Pilgrimage Season - Erumeli Petta Thulal|website=www.hindu-blog.com|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://swamysaranam.weebly.com/petathullal.html|title=Petathullal|website=Swamy Saranam|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>

Pettathullal is a symbolic representation of a community against the uprisings of [[Adharma]] or injustice. By slaying the demoness Mahishi, Ayyappa empowered the people by saying that "Unity is the key to social transformation".
{{Infobox dance
| name = Erumely Pettathullal
| native_name = {{lang|ml|എരുമേലി പേട്ടതുളളൽ}}
| native_name_lang = ml
| etymology = {{transliteration|ml|''Petta''}} means market and {{transliteration|ml|''Thullal''}} means dance
| image = ErumeliVavarSwamyDarga.JPG
| alt =
| caption = Vavar masjid at Erumely
| genre = [[Ritual dance]]
| signature =
| instruments = {{plainlist| * Chenda
* [[Nagaswaram]]
* Pambamelam
}}
| inventor =
| year =
| origin = From the slain of Mahishi by Ayyappa
}}

== Ritual ==
[[File:Erumeli Petta Sastha Temple.jpg|center|thumb|Petta Sastha temple, the starting point of Pettathullal]]
The custom of Pettathullal starts with {{transliteration|ml|'Prayashchitham'}} or atonement which is done to seek forgiveness for the intentional and unintentional sins committed during the {{transliteration|ml|''[[vrata]]''}} {{transliteration|ml|''kalam''}} (fasting period) by placing a coin and [[betel]] leaf on the holy {{transliteration|ml|''irumudikettu''}} or travel kit. The next custom is the offering of {{transliteration|ml|''Pettapanam kettal''}} or [[Dakshina]] to Periyaswami. The {{transliteration|ml|''kanni''}} Ayyappas are instructed to carry a bundle, tied to a stick on their shoulders, which will be filled by vegetables and cereals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/amp/kottayam/malayalam-news/erumeli-1.790619|title=Erumeli എരുമേലി പേട്ടതുള്ളല്‍: ആലങ്ങാട് സംഘം എത്തി - അമ്പലപ്പുഴ സംഘം ഇന്നെത്തും, Mathrubhumi, Kottayam|website=www.mathrubhumi.com|access-date=2016-11-26}}</ref>

The pilgrims participating in Pettathullal often come in groups and chant {{transliteration|ml|"''Ayyappa thinthakathom, Swamy thinthakathom''"}}. They dress like tribes with their bodies and faces smeared by colours and charcoal and carry weapons such as {{transliteration|ml|''sarakkol''}} (arrows) and wooden maces.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sabarimala.haindavam.org/the-petta-thullal-at-erumeli-22/|title=The Petta-thullal at Erumeli (22)|last=Foundation|first=Sreyas|date=2011-12-24|newspaper=Sabarimala Ayyappa Temple Information|language=en-US|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref> An important element is that of '''Kanni Ayyappas''<nowiki/>', where the first-timers to [[Sabarimala]] must participate in the {{transliteration|ml|''thullal''}} by holding a wooden arrow. The ''thullal'' is accompanied by instrumental music such as [[Chenda|Chenda melam]], Nagaswaram, Pambamelam, [[mantra]]s, and hymns that begin at the Petta Sree Dharmasastha temple (Kochambalam) adjacent to the [[Vavar]] ''[[masjid]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Pettathullal|last=Sree|first=Ayyappan|publisher=Siso books|year=2002|isbn=817797033X|location=Pattom, Thiruvananthapuram|pages=94|via=First edition}}</ref>

The pilgrims then proceed to Vavar mosque and are harmoniously welcomed by Mahallu Jamaat committee members.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sabarimala.tdb.org.in/node/142|title=Petta Thullal {{!}} Sabarimala Sree Ayyappa Temple|website=sabarimala.tdb.org.in|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref> After taking a circuit around the mosque, a representative of Vavar accompanies the group to the [[Erumely Sree Dharmasastha Temple|Sastha temple]] (Valiyambalam) about 0.5 km away. The {{transliteration|ml|''thullal''}} of Alangadu group is held in the afternoon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.facenfacts.com/NewsDetails/3144/erumeli-petta-thullal-ritual-on-january-11.htm|title=Erumeli Petta Thullal ritual on January 11 - FacenFacts|website=www.facenfacts.com|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref> The Aalangadu group expects a star to twinkle in the sky before the sunset. The festivities end with a circuit of the temple by the pilgrims.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.webindia123.com/city/kerala/kottayam/destinations/eventsandfestivals/erumelipettathullal.htm|title=Erumeli Petta Thullal, Kottayam City Guide Tourist attractions Kerala|website=www.webindia123.com|access-date=2016-11-25}}</ref> They abandon their weapons at the temple roof and bathe in Peeruthodu river. Both groups light [[camphor]]s at the temple and seek the blessings of Ayyappa to continue their journey to Sabarimala.

==See also==

* [[Sabarimala Trek]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Ritual dances]]

Dharanidhar

2026-01-29T23:45:45Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up data

{{wikt|sa:धरणीधर|sa:धरणिधर|hi:धरनिधर}}
'''Dharanidhar''' may refer to:

*An epithet of the Hindu deities [[Vishnu]], [[Shiva]], [[Shesha]]
*The [[Himalayas]]
*[[Dharanidhar Basumatari]], Indian politician
*[[Dharanidhar Das]], Indian politician
*[[Dharanidhar Jena]], Indian politician
*[[Dharanidhar Naik]], Indian tribal leader from Odisha
**[[Dharanidhar University]], in Keonjhar, Odisha
**[[Dharanidhar Medical College and Hospital]]
*[[Dharani Dhar Awasthi]] (1922–Lucknow), Indian lichenologist, known as the "Father of Indian Lichenology"

==See also==
*[[Dharani (disambiguation)]]
*[[Dhar (disambiguation)]]
*[[Dharani Dharan]], Indian film director and screenwriter in Tamil cinema
*[[Dhurandhar (disambiguation)]]

{{Disambiguation}}
[[Category:Indian masculine given names]]
[[Category:Masculine given names]]

Bigg Boss Kannada season 8

2026-01-18T04:05:16Z

MaynardPerkin72:

{{short description|Eighth season of the reality TV series Bigg Boss Kannada}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox television season
| season_number = 8
| image = Bigg Boss Kannada Season 8.jpg
| image_upright = 1.1
| image_alt =
| bgcolour = #FF6F62
| caption = Season 8 logo
| module1 = {{Infobox reality competition season
| presenter = [[Sudeep]]
| winner = Manju Pavagada
| runner_up = [[Aravind KP]]
| num_days = 120
| num_housemates = 20
}}
| num_episodes = 120
| network = [[Colors Kannada]] [[Voot|Voot Select]]
| first_aired = {{start date|2021|2|28|df=y}}
| last_aired = {{end date|2021|8|8|df=y}}
| prev_series = ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 7|Season 7]]''
| next_series = ''[[Bigg Boss Kannada season 9|Season 9]]''
}}
The eighth season of the Indian [[Kannada]]-language version of the ''[[Big Brother (franchise)|Big Brother]]'' reality television franchise, known as ''[[Bigg Boss (Kannada TV series)|Bigg Boss]],'' premiered on 28 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Kannada 8 premiere: Kiccha Sudeep welcomes 17 contestants on the show|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/bigg-boss-kannada-8-premiere-kiccha-sudeep-welcomes-17-contestants-on-the-show-1774225-2021-03-01|access-date=2021-04-30|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> It is produced by [[Endemol Shine Group|Endemol Shine India]] under the control of [[Banijay]] and broadcast on [[Colors Kannada]] with [[Sudeep|Kiccha Sudeepa]] as the host.

The season was suspended on 8 May 2021, due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The last episode was aired after a show run for 71 days and later it continued from 23 June 2021 onwards.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-08|title=Bigg Boss Kannada Season 8 cancelled due to raging Covid-19 pandemic|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/bigg-boss-kannada-season-8-cancelled-due-to-raging-covid-19-pandemic-7307294/|access-date=2021-05-08|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sudeep's Bigg Boss Kannada 8 'second innings' to begin this week|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sudeep-bigg-boss-kannada-8-second-innings-to-begin-this-week-7368883/|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=21 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 }}</ref>

Since the show was suspended due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] on day 71 and the day 72 resumed from 23 June 2021 onwards with a new title called ''Bigg Boss Second Innings'' and twelve non evicted contestants have entered the house to compete till the finale of the 8th season.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sudeep's Bigg Boss Kannada 8 'second innings' to begin this week|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/sudeep-bigg-boss-kannada-8-second-innings-to-begin-this-week-7368883/|publisher=[[Indian Express]]|date=21 June 2021 |access-date=23 June 2021 }}</ref>
<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Kannada 8 version 2.0 to resume this month, Sudeep to return as its host|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/regional/bigg-boss-kannada-8-version-2-0-to-resume-this-month-sudeep-to-return-as-host-7360044/|access-date=2021-06-22|website=The Indian Express|date=16 June 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Kannada 8 to resume after lockdown; second innings' premiere date announced - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-8-to-resume-after-lockdown-second-innings-premiere-date-announced/articleshow/83706054.cms|access-date=2021-06-22|website=The Times of India|date=21 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

==Housemate status 1st Innings ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Manju
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 2
| Aravind
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 3
| Divya U
| Day 1
| Day 68
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
| 4
| Vaishnavi
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 5
| Prashanth
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 6
| Divya S
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 7
| Shamanth
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 8
| Shubha
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 9
| Chakravarthy
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 10
| Priyanka
| Day 38
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 11
| Raghu
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 12
| Nidhi
| Day 1
| Day 71
| style="background:#D0A7F4" |{{nowrap|Sent Home}}
|-
| 13
| Rajeev
| Day 1
| Day 56
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|14
| Vishwanath
| Day 1
| Day 49
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|15
| Vyjayanthi
| Day 38
| Day 42
| {{Quit|Walked}}
|-
|16
| Shankar
| Day 1
| Day 35
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|17
| Chandrakala
| Day 1
| Day 28
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|18
| Geetha
| Day 1
| Day 21
|{{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|19
| Nirmala
| Day 1
| Day 14
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|-
|20
| Dhanushree
| Day 1
| Day 7
| {{Eliminated|Evicted}}
|}

==Housemate status 2nd Innings ==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style=" text-align:center; font-size:85%; line-height:25px; width:auto;"
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | Sr
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | Housemate
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day entered}}
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | {{nowrap|Day exited}}
! scope="col" style="background:#FF6F62; color:#000;" | Status
|-
| 1
| Manju
| Day 72
| Day 120
| {{Won|Winner}}
|-
| 2
| Aravind
| Day 72
| Day 120
| {{Runner up|1st Runner-up}}
|-
| 3
| Divya U
| Day 72
| Day 120
| style="background:#7FFFD4;" |{{nowrap|2nd Runner-up}}
|-
| 4
| Vaishnavi
| Day 72
| Day 119
| style="background:#DDA0DD;" | 3rd Runner-up
|-
| 5
| Prashanth
| Day 72
| Day 119
| style="background:#FF69B4;" | 4th Runner-up
|-
| 6
| Divya S
| Day 72
| Day 116
| {{eliminated|Evicted
}}
|-
| 7
| Shamanth
| Day 72
| Day 112
| {{eliminated|Evicted
}}
|-
| 8
| Shubha
| Day 72
| Day 111
| {{eliminated|Evicted
}}
|-
| 9
| Chakravarthy
| Day 72
| Day 107
| {{eliminated|Evicted
}}
|-
| 10
| Priyanka
| Day 72
| Day 98
| {{eliminated|Evicted
}}
|-
| 11
| Raghu
| Day 72
| Day 91
| {{eliminated|Evicted
}}
|-
| 12
| Nidhi
| Day 72
| Day 84
| {{eliminated|Evicted
}}
|}

==Telecast==
[[Bigg Boss Kannada|Bigg Boss Kannada Season 8]] is telecasted everyday on [[Colors Kannada]].
On the digital platform, [[Voot]] owns the show. It contains:

# Main Episode (The main episode that is telecasted on Colors Kannada)
#TV Ginta Modalu (Main Episode telecast before the airing on TV, only on Voot Select)
#24/7 Live Channel (Live telecast from Bigg Boss house, on weekdays, only on Voot Select)
#Unseen Kathegalu (Unseen Clips, only on Voot Select)
#Extra Masala (Extra Clips)
#Bigg Inn (Entry Interview)
#Bigg Bang (Exit Interview)
#Voot Weekly (Best Compilations)
#Voot Fryday (Special Friday Tasks)
#Voot Video Vichara (Audience can share their views about the contestants through a video)
#Voting

The show is most viewed on the digital platform rather than the TV platform which includes double viewership than that of the TV platform.{{Citation needed|date=May 2021}}

==Production==
===Delay===
The show was going on air from October, but the eight season get delayed due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and on 15 February 2021 the channel confirmed that the show is going to launch on 28 February 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Kannada season 8 to premiere on February 21? - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-season-8-to-premiere-on-february-21/articleshow/80417767.cms|access-date=2021-02-28|website=The Times of India|date=23 January 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===House===
The Bigg Boss house is built in Innovative Film City at Bidadi, [[Bengaluru]]. While the show is returning to Kannada television after a gap of an year, new norms and changes have been taken as part of safety precautions due to the ongoing [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bigg Boss Kannada 8: From quarantine process to fumigation of BB house: Changes to expect in the new season - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-8-from-quarantine-process-to-fumigation-of-bb-house-changes-to-expect-in-the-new-season/articleshow/81243298.cms|access-date=2021-02-28|website=The Times of India|date=27 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>

===Contestants===
The show is sticking to the original format of the reality programme and it will only have celebrities who will be entering the house as contestants due to it is taking place amidst the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], the makers have taken all necessary precautions to ensure a COVID-free environment for everyone involved in the production.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Kannada 8: Here's what you need to know about the upcoming season|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/bigg-boss-kannada-8-heres-what-you-need-to-know-about-the-upcoming-season/photostory/81240651.cms|access-date=2021-02-28|website=The Times of India|date=27 February 2021|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bigg Boss Kannada Season Eight Will Also Feature Social Media Personalities: Report|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/bigg-boss-kannada-season-eight-will-also-feature-social-media-personalities-report-3477923.html|access-date=2021-02-28|website=News18|date=26 February 2021|language=en}}</ref>

===Format===
The show follows selected contestants who are isolated from the outside world for 106 days (or 15 weeks) in a custom-built house. The housemates are dictated by an omnipresent entity named ''Bigg Boss''. Each week, one or more of the housemates are evicted by a public vote. The last week, the housemate who gets the most votes, wins the game.

==Housemates==
The participants of Bigg Boss Kannada Season 8 are as follows:

*
* Dhanushree – Social media personality
* [[Shubha Poonja]] – Film Actress
* Shankar Ashwath – Veteran Actor
* Vishwanath Haveri – Singer
* [[Vaishnavi Gowda]] – Serial Actress
* [[Aravind KP]] - [[Motorcycling|biker]]
* [[Nidhi Subbaiah]] – Film Actress
* Shamanth Gowda – Social media personality
* Geetha Bharathi Bhat – Serial actress
* Manju Pavagada – Comedian
* [[Nirmala Chennappa]] – Actress & Director
* Raghu Gowda – YouTuber
* Divya Suresh – Actress and Model
* Divya Uruduga – Actress
* [[Chandrakala Mohan|Chandrakala]] Mohan – Serial Actress
* Prashanth Sambargi – Businessman & Activist
*
*[[Rajeev Hanu]] – Actor & Cricketer

;Wildcard entrants
* [[Chakravarthy Chandrachud]] - Journalist, Writer and Director
* Vyjayanthi Adiga - Actress
*[[Priyanka Thimmesh]] - Film actress

==Nominations table==
<blockquote style="padding: 0em; overflow:auto;">
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:80%; font-size:85%; line-height:15px;"
|-
! style="width: 5%;" |
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 1
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 2
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 3
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 4
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 5
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 6
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 7
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 8
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 9
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 10
! style="width: 5%;" | Second Innings
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 11
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 12
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 13
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 14
! style="width: 5%;" | Week 15
! colspan="2" style="width: 5%;" | Week 16
| colspan="4" bgcolor=gold| '''Week 17'''
|-style="background:#C2DFFF;"
! Nominees for House Captaincy
|Shamanth Nidhi Dhanushree Shubha Nirmala
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''None''
| Chandrakala Divya U Geetha Manju Raghu Rajeev Shankar Shubha Vaish Vishwanath
| Aravind Divya S Divya U Vishwanath
|Aravind Divya U Manju Nidhi Prashanth Shankar Vishwanath
|Manju Nidhi Prashanth Raghu Shubha Vaishnavi
|Aravind Nidhi Prashanth
|Aravind Divya S Nidhi
|Rajeev Manju Prashanth Raghu
| colspan="2" |Aravind Chakravarthy Manju
! Nominees for House Captaincy
| style="background:#C2DFFF;" | Nidhi Prashanth Shubha
|Aravind Divya U Manju Priyanka Raghu Shamanth
|Aravind Divya U Prashanth Chakravarthy Shamanth Vaishanavi
|Aravind Divya S Manju Shamanth Vaishnavi
|Chakravarty Divya S Divya U Manju Shamanth
| colspan="2" |Aravind Divya U Manju Shamanth Vaishnavi
| colspan="4" rowspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" | ''No Captain''
|-style="background:#cfc;"
! House Captain
| colspan="2" | '''Shamanth'''
| '''Rajeev'''
| '''Aravind'''
| '''Vishwanath'''
| '''Manju'''
| '''Prashanth'''
| '''Aravind'''
| '''Raghu'''
| colspan="2" | '''Chakravarthy'''
!House Captain
|'''Prashanth'''
|'''Manju'''
|'''Divya U'''
|'''Aravind'''
|'''Divya S'''
| colspan="2" |'''Divya U'''
|-
! Captain's Nomination
| Shankar (to save)
| Shubha (to evict)
| Shankar (to save)
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Divya S (to save)
| Rajeev (to evict)
| Divya U (to evict)
| Rajeev (to evict)
| Shubha (to evict)
| colspan="2" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
!Captain's Nomination
| Nidhi Raghu
|style="background:#ccc;" |''None''
| Shubha (to save)
| style="background:#ccc;"| ''None''
| Manju (to save)
| colspan="6" style="background:#ccc;" | ''None''
|-
| colspan="24" style="background:#000" |
|-
! Vote to:
! colspan=3| Evict
! ''None''
! colspan=5| Evict
! colspan=2| None
! Vote to:
! colspan="11" | Evict
|-
| colspan="24" style="background:#000" |
|-
! Manju
| Rajeev Aravind
| Divya U Rajeev
| Aravind Shamanth
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Aravind Vaishnavi
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Chakravarthy Aravind
| Raghu Divya U
| Prashanth Aravind
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | {{nowrap|''Sent Home'' }} {{nowrap|(Day 71)}}
! Manju
| Prashanth Chakravarthy
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| Aravind Vaishnavi
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#73FB76;" |'''Winner''' {{nowrap|(Day 119)}}
|-
! Aravind
| Shankar Divya U
| Nirmala Shankar
| Divya S Shankar
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Prashanth Shubha
| Divya S Shubha
| Manju Shubha
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Manju Chakravarthy
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4"| ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Aravind
| Divya S Manju
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Manju Prashanth
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#D1E8EF;"|'''''1st runner-up''''' {{nowrap|(Day 119)}}
|-
! Divya U
| Shankar Manju
| Nidhi Nirmala
| Divya S Shankar
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Shankar Nidhi
| Shamanth Prashanth
| Chakravarthy Raghu
| Manju Divya S
| Manju Chakravarthy
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#fcf" | ''Walked'' (Day 68)
! Divya U
| Divya S Manju
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| Manju Prashanth
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#7FFFD4;" | '''''2nd runner-up''''' {{nowrap|(Day 119)}}
|-
! Vaishnavi
| Shankar Dhanushree
| Divya S Nirmala
| Geetha Shamanth
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Shankar Prashanth
| Shamanth Prashanth
| Vishwanath Chakravarthy
| Manju Divya S
| Prashanth Chakravarthy
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Vaishnavi
| Chakravarthy Manju
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Manju Shamanth
| colspan="2" style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#DDA0DD; text-align:center;" |'''''3rd runner-up''''' {{nowrap|(Day 118)}}
|-
! Prashanth
| Manju Shankar
| Divya S Nirmala
| colspan="1" style="background:#959FFD;" | Nidhi Shamanth
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Shankar Aravind
| Aravind Shamanth
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Manju Divya S
| Manju Divya U
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Prashanth
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
|style="background:#ccc;" | ''No Nominations''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Divya U Shubha
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:#FF69B4; text-align:center;" |'''''4th runner-up''''' {{nowrap|(Day 118)}}
|-
! Divya S
| Shankar Nidhi
| Chandrakala Geetha
| Nidhi Shamanth
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Shamanth Nidhi
| Prashanth Shamanth
| Rajeev Vishwanath
| Prashanth Raghu
| Prashanth Shamanth
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Divya S
|Chakravarthy Prashanth
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 115)
|-
! Shamanth
| colspan="2" style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Divya U Vishwanath
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Shankar Divya S
| Aravind Divya S
| style="background:#DAFF99;" | Rajeev Vishwanath
| Divya S Rajeev
| Manju Shubha
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Shamanth
|Manju Raghu
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| Divya U Shubha
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 112)
|-
! Shubha
| Manju Shankar
| Nidhi Nirmala
| Nidhi Shamanth
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Shankar Shamanth
| Aravind Shamanth
| Vishwanath Chakravarthy
| Prashanth Shamanth
| Prashanth Chakravarthy
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Shubha
|Chakravarthy Prashanth
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | ''Saved''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| Prashanth Shamanth
| colspan="2" bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 112)
|-
! Chakaravarthy
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" | Divya S Shamanth
| Rajeev Vaishnavi
| Manju Vaishnavi
| Manju Nidhi
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Chakravarthy
| Divya S Raghu
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |''Saved''
| Shamanth Shubha
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="5" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 107)
|-
! Priyanka
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| style="background:#FBF373;" |Vishwanath Nidhi
| Prashanth Vaishnavi
| Manju Aravind
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Priyanka
|Nidhi Raghu
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 98)
|-
! Raghu
| Shankar Manju
| colspan="1" style="background:#FBF373;" | Prashanth Vishwanath
| Geetha Shamanth
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Shamanth Manju
| Shamanth Aravind
| Vishwanath Chakravarthy
| Divya S Priyanka
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Raghu
|Prashanth Chakravarthy
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| bgcolor="#959FFD" |''Nominated''
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 91)
|-
! Nidhi
| Shankar Manju
| Divya S Prashanth
| Divya U Vishwanath
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Shankar Divya S
| colspan="1" style="background:#959FFD;" |Aravind Raghu
| Aravind Divya S
| colspan="1" style="background:#FBF373;" | Prashanth Chakravarthy
| Prashanth Chakravarthy
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="1" style="background:#D0A7F4" | ''Sent Home'' (Day 71)
! Nidhi
| Prashanth Priyanka
|style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="9" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 84)
|-
! Rajeev
| Dhanushree Manju
| Geetha Nirmala
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Divya S Divya U
| Shamanth Prashanth
| Manju Divya U
| Manju Divya S
| colspan="3" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
! Rajeev
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 56)
|-
! Vishwanath
| Shankar Dhanushree
| Nirmala Prashant
| Nidhi Shamanth
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| style="background:#cfc;" |''House Captain''
| Subha Rajeev
| Manju Divya S
| colspan="4" style="background:salmon" | ''Evicted'' (Day 49)
! Vishwanath
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon" | ''Evicted'' (Day 49)
|-
! Vyjayanthi
| colspan="6" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''Not In House''
| colspan="5" style="background:#fcf" |''Walked'' (Day 42)
! Vyjayanthi
| colspan="11" style="background:#fcf" |''Walked'' (Day 42)
|-
! Shankar
| Dhanushree Geetha
| Divya S Prashanth
| Nidhi Raghu
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| Prashanth Shubha
| colspan="6" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
! Shankar
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 35)
|-
! Chandrakala
| Shankar Nidhi
| Divya S Vishwanath
| Nidhi Raghu
| style="background:#ccc;" |''No Nominations''
| colspan="7" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
! Chandrakala
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 28)
|-
! Geetha
| Shankar Prashanth
| Nirmala Prashanth
| Aravind Shamanth
| colspan="8" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
! Geetha
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 21)
|-
! Nirmala
| colspan="1" style="background:#959FFD;" | Prashanth Dhanushree
| Chandrakala Geetha
| colspan="9" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
! Nirmala
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 14)
|-
! Dhanushree
| Nidhi Shankar
| colspan="10" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 7)
! Dhanushree
| colspan="11" style="background:salmon" |''Evicted'' (Day 7)
|-
| colspan="24" style="background:#000" |
|-
! Notes
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
!Notes
|
|
|
|
|
| colspan="2" |
|
| colspan="3" |
|- style="background:#B2FFFF"
! Against Public Vote
| Dhanushree Nirmala Raghu Shubha Vishwanath
| Chandrakala Divya S Geetha Nidhi Nirmala Prashanth Shubha Vishwanath
| Aravind Divya S Divya U Geetha Nidhi Prashanth Raghu Shamanth Vishwanath
| Chandrakala Divya S Divya U Manju Nidhi Prashanth Raghu Rajeev Shamanth Shankar Shubha Vaishnavi Vishwanath
| Aravind Nidhi Prashanth Shankar Shamanth Shubha
| Aravind Divya S Nidhi Prashanth Rajeev Shamanth Shubha
| Aravind Chakravarthy Divya S Divya U Manju Rajeev Shamanth Vishwanath
| Divya S Manju Prashanth Raghu Rajeev Vaishnavi
| Aravind Chakravarty Divya S Manju Prashanth Priyanka
| Aravind Divya S Manju Prashanth Priyanka
| style="background:#ccc;" | ''None''
! Against Public Vote
| colspan="2" |Prashanth Chakravarthy Raghu Manju Divya S Nidhi Priyanka
|Aravind Chakravarthy Divya S Manju Prashanth Priyanka Raghu Shamanth Vaishnavi
|Prashanth Priyanka Shubha Vaishnavi
|Chakravarthy Divya U Prashanth Shamanth Shubha
| colspan="2" |Chakravarthy Divya U Prashanth Shamanth Shubha
|Aravind Divya S Divya U Manju Prashanth Vaishnavi
| colspan="3" |'''Aravind Divya U Manju Prashanth Vaishnavi'''
|-
! Re-entered
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
! Re-entered
| style="background:#DAFF99;" |{{nowrap|'''Divya U'''}}
| colspan="10" style="background:#E5E5E5;" |''None''
|-
! Walked
| colspan="5" style="background:#E5E5E5" | ''None''
| colspan="1" style="background:#fcf;" | '''Vyajyanthi'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
| style="background:#fcf" |'''Divya U'''
| style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
! Walked
| colspan="11" style="background:#E5E5E5" |''None''
|-
! rowspan="3" | Evicted
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Dhanushree'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Nirmala'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Geetha'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Chandrakala'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Shankar'''
| rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Vishwanath'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Rajeev'''
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" bgcolor="#ccc" |''No Eviction''
! rowspan="3" |Evicted
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" | ''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Nidhi'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Raghu'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Priyanka'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#ccc;" |''No Eviction''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Chakravarthy'''
| style="background:#FA8072" |'''Shubha'''
| rowspan="3" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Divya S'''
| style="background:#FF69B4" |'''Prashanth'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#DDA0DD" | '''Vaishnavi'''
|-
| rowspan="2" style="background:#FA8072" |'''Shamanth'''
| colspan="3" style="background:#7FFFD4" | '''Divya U'''
|- bgcolor="salmon"
| style="background:#D1E8EF" | '''Aravind'''
| colspan="2" style="background:#73FB76" | '''Manju'''
|}
</blockquote>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Bigg Boss Kannada}}

[[Category:Television productions suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
[[Category:Colors Kannada original programming]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]
[[Category:Bigg Boss Kannada seasons]]

Marripadu, Nellore district

2025-11-26T08:10:43Z

MaynardPerkin72: new place.

{{for|village in Chittoor district|Marripadu, Chittoor district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Marripadu
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = telugu
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = 
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India
| coordinates =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = Nellore
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = Constituency
| parts = Atmakur
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total =
| population_as_of =
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 524312
| postal_code =
| registration_plate = AP 26
| website =
| footnotes =
| mapframe = yes
| mapframe-zoom = 14
}}

'''Marripadu''' is a village and a [[Subdivisions of India|Mandal]] in [[Nellore district]] in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]] in [[India]]. It is located at the border of Nellore District. It produces tobacco. It is on the banks of small river called Boggeru. Somasila Project, Udayagiri are the adjacent tourist places.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|title=List of Sub-Districts
|publisher=Census of India
|accessdate=2007-03-26
|url-status=dead
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/
|archivedate=2007-05-14
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{coord|14|44|16|N|79|18|36|E|region:IN_type:city_source:kolossus-tewiki|display=title}}
{{Nellore district}}

[[Category:Villages in Nellore district]]

{{Nellore-geo-stub}}

Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Tholady

2025-11-21T12:18:55Z

MaynardPerkin72: Made new place

{{Short description|Hindu temple in Kerala, India}}
{{more citations needed|date=December 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
{{Infobox temple
| name = Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Tholady
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type = Kerala
| map_caption = Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Tholady, [[Karakonam]], [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]], [[Kerala]]
| coordinates = {{coord|8|23|49.9|N|77|10|48.7|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andoor_Kandan_Sree_Dharma_Sastha_Temple,_Tholady&params=8_23_49.9_N_77_10_48.7_E_type:landmark]
| country = {{flag|India}}
| state = [[Kerala]]
| district = [[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]
| location = [[Karakonam]]
| elevation_m = 110.24
| deity = Sree Dharma Sastha
| festivals = Makara vilakku Mahotsavam
| architecture = [[Kerala architecture]]
| temple_quantity = One
| monument_quantity =
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple''' is one of the renowned Sastha Temples in south Kerala.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Tholady - Hindu Temples |url=https://rgyan.com/en/temples/andoor-kandan-sree-dharma-sastha-temple |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=rgyan.com}}</ref> It is situated 13 km east of Neyyattinkara i.e. 32 km south-east of Thiruvananthapuram, [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Thiruvananthapuram, India Tourist Information |url=https://www.touristlink.com/india/andoor-kandan-sree-dharma-sastha-temple/overview.html |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=www.touristlink.com |language=en-US}}</ref> The God Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha is the main deity of this temple.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Ashish |date=2020-06-14 |title=Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple in Kerala - Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple Pooja Timing, Location |url=https://tours.sacredyatra.com/temples/andoor-kandan-sree-dharma-sastha-temple-thiruvananthapuram-kerala/ |access-date=2023-11-08 |website=Religious & Pilgrimage Tour Packages}}</ref> It is considered to be one of the rarest temples in Kerala having the God Sastha facing the west.

The name got as Andoor kandan Sree Dharma Sastha because of the presence of God Kandan Sree [[Dharma Sastha]] and the temple located in Andoorkonam. God [[Ayyappa]] is considered as the protector of this region, hence the god is also called as Andoorvasan and Andoorayan. The temple has its history and origin from Tholadichan Temple, which is located 750 feet east of the temple.

== Tholadichan Kovil ==

The mythology behind the temple is that, years before those travelers using the path in tholady used to cut the branches of the nearby trees and beat the sticks nearby the idol of God Ayyappa to get the skin of the sticks to be contused, it was done for their well beings and to ensure a safe journey, consequently the place got the name Tholady. A small temple was built in that location years ago and this has been preserved and treated as the moolakshethram since then.

== Main Temple ==

It was a kavu with big trees, thickets and weeds; and it was developed over period as a major temple in this region. The temple is also known as Andoorkavu.

== Main Deity ==

God Sree Dharma Sastha is the main deity in this temple. The idol is same as we see at [[Sabarimala]]; the right hand is held in the Abhaya Mudra posture and symbolises the fearlessness of a true devotee who has surrendered to the Lord (Saranaagathi) and the protection that the Lord offers to those who surrender totally to him. This posture is also called Chinmudra or Njaana Mudra and symbolises the union of Aatma with Paramaatma (represented by the [[index finger]] touching the base of the thumb) after the three impurities (asudhi) of ego (aham), lust (kamam) and illusion (maayam), represented by the three fingers pointing away from the body, has been destroyed.

The left hand, with all five fingers, points downwards. This represents the five elements (He is called Bhoothanathan meaning that he is the lord who created and controls the evolvement of the five elements (Panja (5) Bhootham (element), which make up the material world we live in. The five elements are earth (solid), water (liquid), fire (chemical combustion), air (gaseous), and ether (space).

The idol is made in the form of sitting but the legs have been risen a little and it reveals that his legs have been given to nobody to sit aside. He has also bound his two knees and his back with Yogapatta.

== Sub Deities (Upa Devas) ==

'''''Ganapathy'''''

God Ganapathy, revered as the remover of obstacles and the god of beginnings, is always honored at the start of each rituals and ceremonies in this temple. Ashta [[Dravya]] Maha Ganapathy Homam is performed during the occasion of Prathishta Vaarshikam.

'''''Durga Bhagavathy'''''

Goddess Durga Bhagavathy, the principal form of goddess also known as Devi and Shakthi is being worshipped here with special poojas including Bhagavathy Seva on special occasions. Hundreds of women devotees offer Pongala to Durga Bhagavathy on Makaram 1 of each year.

'''''Easwara Kala Bhoothathan'''''

God Shiva is worshipped in the form of Sri Easwara Kala Bhoothathan in this temple. God Shiva gets pleased easily and fulfills people's desire easily; the chanting of Nama Sivaya frees people from sins and brings them complacence.

'''''Nagaraja & Nagayakshi'''''

Nagaraja & Nagayakshi are the supreme of Snake gods, which is being worshipped in this temple for years. Every year during the occasion of makarvilakku festival and Prathishta Vaarshikam, Vishesha Nagaroottu is performed, which is offered and attended by all devotees to attain salvation from Sarpa doshas and Drishti doshas and for curing diseases and getting healthy children.

'''''Elephant at the entrance'''''

There is an idol of elephant at the entrance of the temple facing God Sri Dharma Sastha. The elephant was there in front of the main shrine since the old shrines were built. And when the new shrines were built in 2002; during the period of completion of the shrines and installation of idols, the committee members were regularly disturbed over nights by the trumpeting and growling sound of an elephant, and after that they realized that the idol of elephant was unnoticed and misplaced unintentionally. Hence, they realized the importance of the elephant and installed the idol in front of the temple facing God Sree Dharma Sastha, the main deity.

== Special Rituals and Offerings ==

'''''Villadichan Paattu:''''' It is being performed for a period of 60 days which starts from the beginning of mandalakalam (i.e., Vrishchikam 1) and ends on the last day of Makaravilakku Mahotsavam (i.e., Makaram 1). On the last day, it ends with a special Vazhka song, the event is known as Vazhka Paadi Kudiyiruthal.

'''''Neeranjana Archana:''''' It is the most performed archana in this temple as God Sastha is believed to be Saneeswaran. It is performed on Wednesdays and Saturdays.

== Festival ==

'''''Makaravilakku Mahotsavam''''' is the festival celebrated in this temple annually, which belongs to the natural phenomenon that the star ([[Makara Jyothi]]) rises in the sky at the evening (Makara Sankrama Sandhya) of 14 January. It is believed that on this day God Ayyappa defeated demon [[Mahishasura]] and merged with the Dharma Sastha Murthy at Sabarimala. Makara Sankrama Sandhya is the time when the Dakshinayana Punyakalam ends and Utharayana Punyakalam starts.

== Temple timings ==

The temple opens daily at 05.00 PM and closes at 08:00 PM. During the period from Vrishchikam 1 to Makaram 1 (60 days) and on days of first of each Malayalam maasam, Ayillyam and Uthram, the temple opens in the morning also.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Tholady.jpg|Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple: Front View
Temple inauguratation by Her Highness Aswathi Thirunal Gauri Lakshmi Bayi Thampuratti and other dignitaries.jpg|Temple inauguration by Her Highness Aswathi Thirunal Gauri Lakshmi Bayi Thampuratti and other dignitaries
Her highness and other dignitaries in from of God Ayyappa.jpg|Her highness and other dignitaries in front of Andoor Kandan Sri Dharma Sastha
Rugmini Swayam Vara Ghosha Yathra.jpg|Rugmini Swayam Vara Ghosha Yathra 2015
</gallery>
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
== External links ==
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Andoor_Kandan_Sree_Dharma_Sastha_Temple,_Tholady&params=8_23_49.9_N_77_10_48.7_E_type:landmark GeoHack - Andoor Kandan Sree Dharma Sastha Temple, Tholady]

* [https://www.google.co.in/maps/place/Andoor+Kandan+Sree+Dharma+Sastha+Temple/@8.3963316,77.181251,17z/data=!4m7!1m4!3m3!1s0x3b05acdaf5e480a9:0x81d081fbd94f4d32!2sAndoor+Kandan+Sree+Dharma+Sastha+Temple!3b1!3m1!1s0x3b05acdaf5e480a9:0x81d081fbd94f4d32|Link: Google Map Location]

[[Category:Hindu temples in Thiruvananthapuram district]]

Bhavanisagar block

2025-10-19T18:37:01Z

MaynardPerkin72: cleanup section also and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Revenue block in Tamil Nadu, India}}
[[File:Bhavani-sagar-Dam-and-Reservoir.jpg|thumb|right|[[Bhavanisagar Dam]] and reservoir]]
'''Bhavanisagar block''' is a revenue block in the [[Erode district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. It has a total of 15 panchayat villages; the main town is [[Bhavanisagar]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Map of revenue blocks of Erode district|url=http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php?dcode=10|publisher=Government of Tamil Nadu|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231008/http://tnmaps.tn.nic.in/default.htm?blocks.php%3Fdcode=10|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref>

==Economy==
An important agricultural area, there is an Agricultural Research Station in Bhavanisagar and the block contains the [[Bhavanisagar Dam]] and Reservoir along the [[Bhavani River]], built between 1948 and 1955.<ref name="New botanist">{{cite book|title=New botanist|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8adKAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=8 December 2011|year=1993|publisher=Today & Tomorrow's Printers & Publishers.|page=20}}</ref> A seminar on [[Applied Nutrition Programme]] was held at Bhavanisagar in 1969, and agricultural machinery was upgraded in 1970−1971.<ref name="AdministrationDevelopment1978">{{cite book|title=Kurukshetra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s98cAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=8 December 2011|year=1978|page=83}}</ref><ref name="Council1972">{{cite book|author=Tamil Nadu (India). Legislature. Legislative Council|title=Debates, Official Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12YeAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=8 December 2011|date=1 January 1972|page=381}}</ref> In recent years, Bhavanisagar block has become a notable area of [[floriculture]], with an increasing number of farmers turning to flower cultivation, with an increasing 10-15% of acreage dedicated to it annually according to 2010 reports.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hindu.com/2010/10/26/stories/2010102652410500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512232142/http://hindu.com/2010/10/26/stories/2010102652410500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 May 2014|title=Floriculture picking up in Sathyamangalam and Bhavanisagar |newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=26 October 2010|accessdate=8 December 2011}}</ref> Of particular note is marigold (''[[Tagetes]]'') cultivation which can earn Rs. 6 to Rs. 10 per kg during the season and are usually purchased by the traders in [[Sathyamangalam]] and [[Coimbatore]] to companies producing poultry feed and food colouring.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/daily_events/2011/English/mar/5_mar_11_eng.pdf|title=Sunshine on fields in Erode|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=March 5, 2011|accessdate=8 December 2011}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Erode district}}

[[Category:Revenue blocks of Erode district]]

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Sanjay Gubbi

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MaynardPerkin72: put up some page first draft

{{Short description|Indian conservation biologist}}
{{BLP more footnotes needed|date=November 2024}}
[[File:Sanjay_Gubbi.JPG|thumb]]
'''Sanjay Gubbi''' is a [[conservation biologist]] based in [[Karnataka]], [[India]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Gubbi: The unsung hero of wildlife protection |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nL1VhCC0XkM |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=NDTV |date=29 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Gubbi |url=https://www.conservationindia.org/author/sanjaygubbi |agency=Conservation India}}</ref> His work focuses on the conservation of large carnivores like tigers and leopards, working on applied aspects and understanding their population biology, proposing conservation policies for their protection, and working to minimize human-wildlife conflict.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Gubbi Conservation Battles |url=https://jlrexplore.com/explore/interviews/sanjay-gubbi-conservation-battles |website=JLR Explore|date=15 September 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Open wells turn death traps for Karnataka's leopards, 70 fall in nine years |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2019/dec/12/open-wells-turn-death-traps-for-karnatakas-leopards-70-fall-in-nine-years-2075019.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Leopards fall into deep open wells in Karnataka |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2020/01/leopards-fall-into-deep-open-wells-in-karnataka/ |publisher=Mongabay}}</ref> He currently works as a scientist with [[Nature Conservation Foundation]], a Mysore based NGO.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Gubbi |url=https://www.ncf-india.org/author/646513/sanjay-gubbi |website=www.ncf-india.org}}</ref>

In 2011, Gubbi received the Carl Zeiss Wildlife Conservation Award and was recognized by the [[Wildlife Conservation Society]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Gubbi Honoured With Carl Zeiss Wildlife Conservation Award |url=https://www.bangalorefirst.in/?tag=sanjay-gubbi-honoured-with-carl-zeiss-wildlife-conservation-award |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Bangalore First |date=6 June 2011}}</ref> He was also on the ‘25 Leaders of Tomorrow’ list released by Times of India in August 2012 on the eve of India’s 65th year of independence. In 2017 he was conferred with the [https://whitleyaward.org/about-us/ Whitley Award], popularly called the Green Oscars for his contribution towards the landscape-scale conservation of tigers and other wildlife.<ref>{{cite news |title=Wildlife Activist Sanjay Gubbi Wins Green Oscars |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/wildlife-activist-sanjay-gubbi-wins-green-oscars/articleshow/58722268.cms |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Bangalore Mirror |date=18 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=WHITLEY AWARD DONATED BY WWF-UK – WINNER SANJAY GUBBI, INDIA |url=https://whitleyaward.org/2017/05/17/whitley-award-donated-by-wwf-uk-winner-sanjay-gubbi-india/ |agency=Whitley Awards |date=17 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the 2017 'Green Oscars' winners |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2017/05/meet-the-2017-green-oscars-winners/ |agency=Mongabay |date=19 May 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sanjay Gubbi, India - Whitley Awards 2017 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFzgzlqJH18#https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MFzgzlqJH18 |website=YouTube | date=19 May 2017 |publisher=Whitley Awards}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Prestigious Whitley Award for Sanjay Gubbi |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/prestigious-whitley-award-for-sanjay-gubbi/article18476150.ece}}</ref> In 2019 he was awarded The Co-Existence Award by the [[Elephant Family]], UK for his work on wildlife conservation in India, which was presented by The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Congratulations Sanjay Gubbi - Wildlife Conservationist, from Bengaluru on being awarded the first Co-Existence Award 2019 by The Prince of Wales and The Duchess of Cornwall. |website=[[Facebook]] |url=https://www.facebook.com/bhcindia/posts/congratulations-sanjay-gubbi-wildlife-conservationist-from-bengaluru-on-being-aw/10156719720378323/}}</ref>

Some of his most notable work, along with his team, includes working with the government to expand protected areas in Karnataka that has helped protect several wildlife species and habitats.<ref>{{cite news |title=Meet the Man Who Has Been Expanding Tiger Habitats. He Even Got a New Sanctuary Declared! |url=https://www.thebetterindia.com/25164/sanjay-gubbi-expanding-tigers-habitats/ |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=The Better India |date=29 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=State to get 4 new wildlife sanctuaries |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/state-to-get-4-new-wildlife-sanctuaries/articleshow/69404535.cms |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Bangalore Mirror |date=20 May 2019}}</ref> To date, Gubbi has succeeded in adding nearly 3,000 km2 (~745,000 acres) of forested land to the protected area network. This expansion of protected areas in Karnataka has connected 23 protected areas and corridors in the [[Western Ghats]], perhaps marking this as a first of its kind initiative after the 1970s when most protected areas were notified in the country.

Based on his proposal and work new protected areas including [[Malai Mahadeshwara Wildlife Sanctuary]] (906 sq.km.), Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary<ref>{{cite news |title=Karnataka: Chinkara sanctuary at Tumakuru notified |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/karnataka-chinkara-sanctuary-at-tumakuru-notified/articleshow/69379884.cms}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Chinkara sanctuary notified in Tumakuru district |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/state/chinkara-sanctuary-notified-in-tumakuru-district-734454.html |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Deccan Herald |date=17 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Bukkapatna Chinkara Wildlife Sanctuary in Tumakuru gets notified by Karnataka government |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/news/bukkapatna-chinkara-wildlife-sanctuary-in-tumakuru-gets-notified-by-karnataka-government-prp3bb |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Asianet News |date=18 May 2019}}</ref> (148 sq.km.) and Rangayyanadurga Wildlife Sanctuary<ref>{{cite news |title=Rangayyanadurga Sanctuary is now an eco-sensitive zone |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2017/jul/31/rangayyanadurga-sanctuary-is-now-an-eco-sensitive-zone-1636089.html|accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Asianet News |date=18 May 2019}}</ref> (77 sq.km.) among others were notified by the government.<ref>{{cite news |title=Marine protected area off the coast of Karwar |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/marine-protected-area-off-the-coast-of-karwar/article31026877.ece |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=10 March 2020}}</ref>

Gubbi has also worked with the government on initiatives to reduce the effects of fragmentation on tiger habitats including the closure of vehicular traffic at night in [[Nagarhole Tiger Reserve|Nagarahole]] and [[Bandipur Tiger Reserve]]s, rerouting highways to outside the tiger reserves,<ref>{{cite news |title='The forest is our natural heritage,' says wildlife conservationist Sanjay Gubbi on 'Save Bandipur' Issue |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/the-forest-is-our-natural-heritage-says-wildlife-conservationist-sanjay-gubbi-on-save-bandipur-issue/articleshow/66672736.cms |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Bangalore Mirror |date=18 November 2018}}</ref> providing alternative roads, stoppage and removal of ill-planned developmental projects from key wildlife habitats,<ref>{{cite news |title=Forest dept for bridges on roads traversing forests |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/city/top-bengaluru-stories/forest-dept-for-bridges-on-roads-traversing-forests-730742.html |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Deccan Herald |date=26 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Mekadetu project to take land away from Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/mekadetu-project-to-take-land-away-from-cauvery-wildlife-sanctuary/article28264975.ece |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=3 July 2019}}</ref> and other similar activities. His work also includes educating & improving social security measures for the frontline staff of the forest department and those affected by [[human-wildlife conflict]].

He is the author of the book titled Second Nature: Saving Tiger Landscapes in the Twenty-First Century which has been hailed as a must-read guide for future conservationists.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sanjay Gubbi's 'Second Nature' Is a Field Guide to Future Conservationists |url=https://thewire.in/environment/sanjay-gubbis-second-nature-is-a-guide-to-future-conservationists}}</ref> His books in Kannada include Shaalege Banda Chirate Mattu Itara Kathegalu<ref>{{cite web |title=School Leopard and Other Stories |url=https://www.navakarnatakaonline.com/shalege-banda-chirate-mattu-ithara-kathegalu |website=Navakarnataka Publications |accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Leopard and Other Stories of the School |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6BhW9lRgkE#https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6BhW9lRgkE |website=YouTube | date=23 August 2019 |publisher=Sanjay Gubbi |accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref> and Vanyajeevigala Jaadu Hididu<ref>{{cite web |title=Wildlife trail- Sanjay Gubbi |url=https://www.navakarnatakaonline.com/vanyajeevigala-jaadu-hididu#https://www.navakarnatakaonline.com/vanyajeevigala-jaadu-hididu |website=Navakarnataka Publications |accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref>

== Personal life and education ==

Born to Navarathna and Sreyamsha Kumar N.B. in Pavagada on February 4, 1971, [[Tumkur district]] in Karnataka, Gubbi's interest in wildlife started at a young age. Tumkur district is covered in dry [[scrub forests]] and is home to animals such as leopards, sloth bears, wolves, blackbucks, chinkara (Indian gazelle) and many others. This environment built a natural interest in Gubbi to consider conservation as a full-time career.

In 2006, he finished his Master’s degree in Conservation Biology from the [[Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology]], [[University of Kent]] where he was awarded the [https://research.kent.ac.uk/dice/prizes/ Maurice Swingland Prize] for being the best postgraduate student.

Gubbi completed his PhD in Leopard Ecology and Conservation in 2020 from [[Kuvempu University]], Karnataka.

== Early career ==
Gubbi initially worked as a volunteer for wildlife conservation for nearly a decade before taking it up as a full-time profession in 1998.

He started his full-time career with the [http://wcsindia.org/home/ Wildlife Conservation Society- India Program] before joining [[Nature Conservation Foundation]] in 2011 where he now leads a team, to work on large carnivore science and conservation, community-based conservation activities, conservation outreach and human-wildlife conflict in Karnataka. In the past, he has served as a member of the Karnataka State Wildlife Board and other wildlife panels of Karnataka.

Gubbi has also taught Master’s program courses at the [[National Centre for Biological Sciences]], the [[Wildlife Institute of India]] and [[Kuvempu University]].

He works closely with a wide cross-section of people in the society including policymakers, media personnel, local communities, and social leaders to conserve big cat habitats in the state. Gubbi seeks to combine scientific research with social, cultural and political understanding of wildlife conservation. Along with his team, he also conducts training workshops for print and electronic media, elected representatives and conservation enthusiasts to expand support for conservation.

Currently, his ongoing research focusses on leopards in India and involves population estimation, occupancy surveys, diet studies, and human-leopard conflict. His other initiatives include understanding the impact of highways and roads on wildlife,<ref>{{cite news |title='The forest is our natural heritage,' says wildlife conservationist Sanjay Gubbi on 'Save Bandipur' Issue |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/opinion/sunday-read/the-forest-is-our-natural-heritage-says-wildlife-conservationist-sanjay-gubbi-on-save-bandipur-issue/articleshow/66672736.cms |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Bangalore Mirror |date=18 November 2018}}</ref> conservation of forest corridors,<ref>{{cite web |title=Understanding Wildlife Corridors |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9u6uxdcx8Y#https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9u6uxdcx8Y |website=YouTube | date=25 April 2019 |accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref> providing alternatives for firewood to local communities in and around forests<ref>{{cite web |title=Of forests and fuel |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyuHfMk7Qv4 |website=YouTube | date=8 December 2019 |publisher=Nature Conservation Foundation |accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Switching to LPG for habitat recovery and wildlife conservation |url=https://india.mongabay.com/2018/09/switching-to-lpg-for-habitat-recovery-and-wildlife-conservation/ |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=Mongabay |date=25 September 2018}}</ref> and conducting outreach programmes aimed at improving awareness on wildlife conservation and mitigating human-wildlife conflict.

== Other work ==

Sanjay Gubbi has worked with the government to delineate eco-sensitive zones around protected areas and tiger reserves in Karnataka. Bandipur was the first tiger reserve in the country to receive the final notification of an eco-sensitive zone due to the collaborative work done with the local elected representatives and forest officials.

He also helped reduce the [[Habitat fragmentation|fragmentation]] effects of unsustainable mining in [[Kudremukh National Park]] and energy projects in critical corridors in the Western Ghats.

As part of the outreach initiatives, Sanjay Gubbi’s efforts led to the establishment of the Holematthi Nature Information Center near Hanur, [[Kollegal|Kollegal district]] in Karnataka which regularly hosts student groups from local schools as part of wildlife-awareness programmes.<ref>{{cite web |title=7 NIC Film 5 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0OwMxTgb7U#https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x0OwMxTgb7U |website=YouTube | date=4 December 2018 |accessdate=7 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Information centre to create awareness on conservation |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/information-centre-to-create-awareness-on-conservation/article24344543.ece |accessdate=7 April 2020 |agency=The Hindu |date=6 July 2018}}</ref> The Nature Information Center also conducts workshops for trainees and frontline staff of the Forest Department, teachers, and media personnel.

== Publications ==

Gubbi has authored several scientific papers in international peer-reviewed journals. He has also authored two books on wildlife in Kannada, two in English, and one bi-lingual book.

== Research articles ==

• Kolekar, A., Hockings, K., Metcalfe, K. & '''Gubbi, S.''' (2024) Identifying priority areas for the Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) within a shared landscape. Ecology & Evolution. 14(10) doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.70404

• Pattekar, S., '''Gubbi, S.''', Struebig, M. J., & Benson, J. F. (2024) Response of dholes to prey availability and human disturbance in space and time in southern India. Biological Conservation. 297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2024.110750

•'''Gubbi, S.''', Menon, A., Suthar, S., Prabhu, K. & Poornesha, H.C. (2023) Home range estimate of sloth bear using non-invasive camera-trap data. Ursus, 2023, (34e7), 1–6. doi:https://doi.org/10.2192/URSU-D-22-00004

• '''Gubbi, S.''', Prabhu, K., Suthar, S., Poornesha H.C., & Deschamps, J. (2023) Quantifying the threat of wire snares using camera trapping data in India. Biological Conservation. 286, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2023.110303

• Suthar, S., Chawla, M. M., Poornesha H. C., & '''Gubbi, S.''' (2023) A camera-trap record of a brown Small Indian Civet Viverricula indica from Karnataka state, southern India. Small Carnivore Conservation. 61, e61003.

• '''Gubbi, S.''' (2022) Many facets of afforestation (tree planting) and climate change. Current Science. 122(9), 1007-1008.
*'''Gubbi, S.''', Kolekar, A., & Kumara, V. (2021) Quantifying Wire Snares as a Threat to Leopards in Karnataka, India. Tropical Conservation Science. 14, 19400829211023264
* Snider, M.H., Athreya, V.R., Balme, G.A., Bidner, L.R., Farhadinia, M.S., Fattebert, J., Gompper, M.E., '''Gubbi, S.''', Hunter, L.T.B., Isbell, L.A., Macdonald, D.W., Odden, M., Owen, C.R., Slotow, R., Spalton, J.A., Stein, A.B., Steyn, V., Vanak, A.T., Weise, F.J., Wilmers, C.C., Kays, R. (2021) Home range variation in leopards living across the human density gradient. Journal of Mammalogy. 102 (4), 1138–1148. doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab068
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Ramesh, S., Menon, A.M., Girish, M.N., Poornesha, H.C. (2020) The lone wolf: new distribution update of the Indian grey wolf (Canis lupus pallipes) in southern India. Canid Biology & Conservation. 22(6), 21-24. URL: http://www.canids.org/CBC/22/Indian_grey_wolf_distribution.pdf.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Sharma, K., & Kumara, V. (2020) Every hill has its leopard: Patterns of space use by leopards (Panthera pardus) in a mixed use landscape in India. PeerJ. 8:e10072 https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10072
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Kolekar, A., & Kumara, V. (2020) Policy to on-ground action: Evaluating a conflict policy guideline for leopards in India. Journal of International Wildlife Law & Policy. 23, 127-140. doi: 10.1080/13880292.2020.1818428
* Suthar, S., Menon, A., & '''Gubbi, S.''' (2020) An extension of known range of Brown Mongoose Urva fuscus from Southern India. Small Carnivore Conservation. 58, e58007
* '''Gubbi, S'''., Kolekar, A., Chakraborty, P., & Kumar, V. (2020) Big cat in well: an unconventional threat to leopards in southern India. Oryx. doi:10.1017/S0030605319000280
* '''Gubbi, S'''., Seshadri, S., Harish, N. S., Chandra, S. K. (2019) Counting the unmarked: Estimating animal population using count data. Electronic Journal of Applied Statistical Analysis. 12, 604-613, doi: 10.1285/i20705948v12n3p604
* Khawaja, H. et al. (2019) Pangolins in global camera trap data: implications for ecological monitoring. Global Ecology & Conservation. 20, doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00769
* Puyravaud, J.P., '''Gubbi, S.''', Poornesha, H.C., Davidar, P. (2019) Deforestation increases frequency of incidents with elephants (Elephas maximus). Tropical Conservation Science. 12, 1-11, doi.org/10.1177/1940082919865959
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Nagashettihalli, H., Kolekar, A., Poornesha, H. C., Reddy, V., Mumtaz, J., & Madhusudan, M. D. (2017) From intent to action: a case study for the expansion of tiger conservation from southern India. Global Ecology & Conservation. 9, 11-20.
* Lingaraja, S. S., Chowdhary, S., Bhat, R., & '''Gubbi, S'''. (2017) Evaluating a survey landscape for tiger abundance in the confluence of the Western and Eastern Ghats. Current Science. 113, 1759 - 1763.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Mukherjee. K, Swaminath. M.H., and Poornesha. H.C. (2016) Providing more protected space for tigers in the Western Ghats, southern India. Oryx. 50, 336 – 343.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', and Poornesha H.C. (2015) Finding the middle road: grounded approaches to mitigate highway impacts in tiger reserves in Handbook of Road Ecology: A practitioner’s guide to impacts and mitigation. Eds. van der Ree. R, Smith, D. J., and Grilo. C, John Wiley & Sons, Oxford, UK. 317-321.
* Madhusudan, M. D., Sharma, N., Raghunath, R., Baskaran, N., Bipin, C.M., '''Gubbi, S.''', Johnsingh, A.J.T., Kulkarni, J., Kumara, H.N., Mehta, P., Pillay, R., & Sukumar, R. (2015) Distribution, relative abundance, and conservation status of a globally significant Asian elephant population in Karnataka, southern India. Biological Conservation.187, 34-40.
* Mondol. S, Sridhar, V., Yadav, P., '''Gubbi, S.''', Ramakrishnan, U. (2014) Tracing the geographic origin of traded leopard body parts in the Indian subcontinent. Conservation Biology. 29(6), 556-564.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Reddy, V., Nagashettihalli, H. and Bhat, R. (2014) Photographic record of the Ratel Mellivora capensis from the southern Indian state of Karnataka. Small Carnivore Conservation. 50, 42-44.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Poornesha, H. C., Daithota, A. and Nagashettihalli, H. (2014) Roads emerging as a critical threat to leopards in India? CatNews. 60, 30-31.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Swaminath, M.H., Poornesha, H.C., Bhat. R and Raghunath. R. (2014) An elephantine challenge: human-elephant conflict distribution in the largest Asian elephant population, southern India. Biodiversity and Conservation. 23(3), 633-647.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', and Poornesha, H.C. (2013). Joint Indian initiative creates tiger corridor. Nature. 500, 29.
* Harihar. A, Chanchani. P, Subedie. N, Sharma R.K., Vattekaven. J, '''Gubbi. S''', Pandav. B and Noon. B, (2013) Conflating “co-occurrence” with “coexistence”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 110(8), E109.
* '''Gubbi, S'''. (2012) Patterns and correlates of human-elephant conflict around an Indian reserve. Biological Conservation. 148(1), 88-95.
* '''Gubbi, S'''. and Linkie, M. (2012) Characterising wildlife hunting patterns in India: A case study from Periyar Tiger Reserve. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 109(3), 165-172.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Poornesha, H.C. and Madhusudhan, M.D. (2012). Impact of vehicular traffic on the use of highway-edges by large mammals in a south Indian wildlife reserve. Current Science. 102(7), 1047-1051.
* '''Gubbi, S'''. (2010) Making governance effective. Seminar. 613, 61-65.
* '''Gubbi, S'''. (2010) Are conservation funds degrading wildlife habitats? Economic and Political Weekly. XLV (26&27), 22-25.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Kumar. R and Akarsha B.M. (2009) Two new records of distribution of four-horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis. Journal of Bombay Natural History Society. 105(3), 187-189.
* '''Gubbi, S.''', Linkie. M and Leader-Williams, N. (2009) Evaluating the legacy of an integrated conservation and development project around a tiger reserve in India. Environmental Conservation. 35(4), 331-339.
* '''Gubbi, S.''' and MacMillan. D.C. (2008) Can non-timber forest products solve livelihood problems? A case study from Periyar Tiger Reserve, India. Oryx. 42(2), 222-228.

== Books and others ==

* [https://www.firstpost.com/tag/leopard-diaries-the-rosette-in-india Leopard Diaries: The Rosette in India]
* Gubbi, S., Poornesha, H. C. (2020). Land of the Honey Badger, Mysore, India; Nature Conservation Foundation.
* [https://thewire.in/environment/sanjay-gubbis-second-nature-is-a-guide-to-future-conservationists Second Nature: Saving Tiger Landscapes in the Twenty-First Century]
* Shaalege Banda Chirate Mattu Itara Kathegalu (The leopard that came to the school and other stories)
* Vanyajeevigala Jaadu Hididu (On the trail of wildlife)
* Vanyajeevigala Ramya Loka (The Delightful World of Wildlife) [Co editor]
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03kzw24 I was attacked by a leopard]
* [http://www.livemint.com/Leisure/hDgcjEB4xJM31xmkWt1HJK/Highway-for-tigers.html Highway for tigers]

== References ==
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[[Category:Alumni of the University of Kent]]
[[Category:Conservation biologists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian biologists]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Samved

2025-09-03T16:59:59Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up first data added tags...

{{Short description|Indian music group}}

{{Primary sources|date=November 2024}}

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Samved
| image = Samved Band.jpg
| origin = [[Mumbai]], [[India]].
| genre = [[Folktronica]], fusion of [[Folk music|Folk]] and [[Electronica]]
| years_active = 2013–present
| label = [[Universal Music India]]
| current_members = Ritvik Joe KK Zeeshan Khan Sangeet Mishra Kirti Das
}}

'''Samved''' is an [[India]]n [[Folk music|Folk]] Fusion and [[Electronica]] (commonly referred to as [[Folktronica]]) band based in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://discovering-mumbai.blogspot.in/2013/05/samved-more-than-fusion-band.html|title=Samved – More Than A Fusion Band!|website=discovering-mumbai.blogspot.in|date=23 May 2013 }}</ref> The band was formed in early 2013 when electronic artists and music producers [[Ritvik Joe]] and KK joined with performing musicians Zeeshan Khan, Sangeet Mishra, and Kirti Das.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epaper.indianexpress.com/278357/Indian-Express-Pune/26-May-2014#page/24/2|title=Indian Express Pune epaper dated Mon, 26 May 14|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2014, Samved signed with [[Universal Music Group]] and released their first studio album, ''[[RlungTa]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.musicunplugged.in/news/music_news_info/257/0|title=Musicunplugged.in : news|first=Verus|last=Ferreira|website=www.musicunplugged.in}}</ref> They are among the few bands in the country to feature the [[Sarangi]] as a lead instrument in their compositions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/edm-with-an-indian-twist/15953199|title=EDM with an Indian twist|date=31 January 2015 |publisher=}}</ref>

==Members==
* Ritvik Joe – Music Producer, Electronic Artist, Guitars
* Abhijeet Hegdepatil – Music Producer, Electronic Artist, Pianist
* Zeeshan Khan – Vocalist
* [[Sangeet Mishra]] – Sarangi
* Kirti Das – Percussionist<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saffroninsider.com/samved-feb27/|title=Samved|website=www.saffroninsider.com}}</ref>

=== Contributing musicians in acoustic sets ===
* Harish Sagane – Guitars
* Gautam Sharma – Percussions

== History ==

=== Collaborations ===
In 2014, French artist ''Christie Bourcq'' collaborated with Samved on their album ''Rlung Ta'', performing on the tracks ''Infinite Days'' and ''Gyrating Solang''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaana.com/song/infinite-days|title=Infinite Days|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gaana.com/song/gyratin-solang|title=Gyratin' Solang|publisher=}}</ref> The following year, the band worked with the renowned sitar player Imran Khan from the ''Sikar Gharana,'' and vocalist Shruti Prakash on their single ''Moore Nain'', released through Universal Music Group.

=== Kama Unit ===
The band's debut single ''Kama Unit'' was released under the label Universal Music Group in early 2014. The music video, directed by [[Shekhar Karalkar]], was the first to combine [[light painting]] and [[stop motion animation]] in a music video production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lightpaintingphotography.com/light-painting-photography/samved-kama-unit/|title=Samved Kama Unit, Light Painting Music Video – Light Painting Photography|website=lightpaintingphotography.com|date=27 June 2014 }}</ref> The video helped establish the band's presence in the Indie Music space.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoopwhoop.com/inothernews/underrated-indian-bands-you-should-definitely-listen-to/|title=9 Underrated Indian Bands You Should Definitely Listen To|last=ScoopWhoop|date=9 November 2015|publisher=}}</ref>

==Music style==

[[File:Samved Performing at Blue Frog.jpg|thumb|Samved Performing at Blue Frog]]

Samved's musical style is Electro Classical Fusion. Their music is a blend of Upbeat Industrial Electronica and [[Hindustani Classical]]. The band draws its inspiration from fusion acts like [[Anand Shankar]] and [[Talvin Singh]]. The band's name "Samved" is inspired for one of the four Vedas [[Samaveda]]. Samaveda is the Veda of Melodies and Sounds. The Indian Classical music and dance considers the melodies in Samaveda as one of its roots. Their logo is an ancient Indus valley dancing and performing arts symbol.

Samved performs electro-classical fusion music, also called Folktronica, combining upbeat industrial electronica with [[Hindustani classical]] music.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/edm-from-india-should-have-indian-flavour/15345159|title=EDM from India should have Indian flavour|date=June 2014 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/hindustani-meets-electronica/15334152|title=Hindustani meets Electronica|date=28 May 2014 |publisher=}}</ref> The band draws inspiration from fusion artists like Anand Shankar and Talvin Singh. Their name "Samved" derives from the Samaveda, one of the four Vedas, which focuses on melodies and sounds and is considered foundational to Indian classical music and dance. The band's logo incorporates an ancient [[Indus Valley]] symbol representing dance and performing arts.

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Nominated work
! scope="col" style="width:50%;"| Award
! scope="col" | Result
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 2013
| Love Science (Single)
| [[Radio City Freedom Awards]] Best Folk Fusion Artist of the year 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.radioandmusic.com/content/editorial/news-releases/samved-selected-among-top-5-best-bands-radio-city-freedom-awards#|title=SamVed selected among top 5 best bands for 'Radio City Freedom Awards'|publisher=}}</ref>
| {{nom}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 2014
| Kama Unit (Single)
| Radio City Freedom Awards: Best Folk Fusion Artist of the year 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetradiocity.com/indie/interviews-details/The-music-made-is-a-reflection-of-individuals-involved-in-creating-it-SAMVED/98|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623210717/http://www.planetradiocity.com/indie/interviews-details/The-music-made-is-a-reflection-of-individuals-involved-in-creating-it-SAMVED/98|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 23, 2016|title=The music made is a reflection of individuals involved in creating it: SAMVED – Indie Music Artist Interviews|website=www.planetradiocity.com}}</ref>

| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" style="text-align:center;"| 2015
| RlungTa (Album)
| [[Indian Recording Arts Academy Awards|Indian Recording Arts Academy Awards (IIRA)]]: Best Band Production (Album).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iraa.in/winners.aspx|title=IRAA|website=www.iraa.in}}</ref>
| {{won}}
|}

==Discography==
===Albums===
* '' [[RlungTa]]'' (2014)

===Singles===
* ''Kama Unit'' (2014)
* ''Moore Nain'' (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rollingstoneindia.com/new-releases-electro-fusion-from-mumbai-prog-rock-from-london-and-more/|title=New Releases: Electro fusion from Mumbai, prog rock from London and more -|date=27 July 2015|publisher=}}</ref>
* ''Raat Bhar'' (2016)
* ''Meera'' (2017)

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.bollywoodmdb.com/celebrities/filmography/abhijeet-hegde-patil/26823 Abhijeet Hegde Patil Filmography – BollywoodMDB]

[[Category:Indian musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 2013]]
[[Category:2013 establishments in Maharashtra]]

Palri, Charkhi Dadri

2025-08-13T01:46:38Z

MaynardPerkin72: New New Details!

{{short description|Village in Haryana, India}}
{{Orphan|date=February 2024}}
{{morefootnotes|date=August 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Palri
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = [[Village]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Haryana#India
| pushpin_label_position = none
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Haryana, India
| coordinates = {{coord|28.4459|N|76.1677|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = [[India]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Haryana]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| subdivision_type3 =
| subdivision_name3 =
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Village [[Panchayati raj in India|panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 3617
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 127310
| registration_plate =
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Palri''' is a village is on [[State Highway 17 (Haryana)]] in the sub district [[Dadri, Haryana Assembly constituency|Dadri]] of the [[Bhiwani district]] in the Indian state of [[Haryana]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palri {{!}} District Charkhi Dadri {{!}} India |url=https://charkhidadri.gov.in/public-utility/palri/ |access-date=2024-02-21 |language=en-US}}</ref>

==Demographics==
As of [[2011 census of India|2011 India census]], the total population is 3617, with 1878 males and 1739 females. The rural population is divided into literate, illiterate, main working, main cultivators, and other workers.

The rural population includes 930, with 736 males, 194 females main agricultural laborers. The main cultivator population is composed of 543, with 422 males, and 121 females. The main agricultural laborers population is 59, with 42 males and 17 females. The main household industry population is 43, with 12 males and 31 females.

The rural other workers population is 285 males and 260 females. The marginal worker population of 1077, with 266 males, 811 females.

The rural cultivator population of 831 is divided into 181 males and 650 females. The marginal worker population of 3–6 months are 777 males, 177 females, 600 males. and The rural cultivators population is divided into six groups: literate, illiterate, main working, main cultivator, and other workers.

Non working population is 1610, with 876 males and 734 females.

In summary, the rural population of Haryana Bhiwani Dalri Palri is diverse and includes various groups such as rural, urban, and sub-district. The rural cultivators and other workers contribute significantly to the overall population and economy of the region.<ref>{{Cite web |title= District Census Handbook |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/453/download/1460/DH_2011_0613_PART_B_DCHB_BHIWANI.pdf }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Charkhi Dadri district]]

{{Haryana-geo-stub}}

Zen Flesh, Zen Bones

2025-08-11T10:54:33Z

MaynardPerkin72: put up first info from scratch...

{{Short description|1957 publication by Paul Reps}}
'''''Zen Flesh, Zen Bones''''' is a 1957 publication by [[Paul Reps]] combining four separate texts on [[Nonduality (spirituality)|nondual]] practice:
* ''[[101 Zen Stories]]''
* ''[[Mumonkan|The Gateless Gate]]'' (Mumonkan)
* ''[[Ten Bulls]]''
* ''[[Vijnana Bhairava Tantra|Centering]]'' ([[Vijnana Bhairava Tantra|Vigyan Bhairav Tantra]])

==Contents==

===101 Zen Stories===
''101 Zen Stories'' is a 1919 compilation of [[Zen]] [[koan]]s<ref name="zensite">{{cite web|title=Koan Studies|url=http://www.thezensite.com/MainPages/koan_studies.html|publisher=thezensite|access-date=April 24, 2013}}</ref> including 19th and early 20th century [[anecdote]]s compiled by [[Nyogen Senzaki]],<ref>{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Nancy Wilson|title=The World of Zen: An East-West Anthology|year=1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22101+Zen+Stories%22|page=xxii|publisher=Vintage|isbn=9780394703015}}</ref> and a translation of ''[[Shasekishū]]'',<ref name="zensite"/><ref name="bones">{{cite book|last1=Reps|first1=Paul|last2=Senzaki|first2=Nyogen|author-link1=Paul Reps|author-link2=Nyogen Senzaki|title=Zen Flesh, Zen Bones: A Collection of Zen and Pre-zen Writings|date=15 September 1998|url=https://archive.org/details/zenfleshzenbones00paul|url-access=registration|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|page=[https://archive.org/details/zenfleshzenbones00paul/page/17 17]|isbn=9780804831864}}</ref> written in the 13th century by [[Japan]]ese Zen master [[Mujū]] (無住) (literally, "non-dweller").<ref name="bones"/> The book was reprinted by [[Paul Reps]] as part of ''Zen Flesh, Zen Bones''.<ref name="bones"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Ross|first=Nancy Wilson|title=The World of Zen: An East-West Anthology|year=1960|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MILXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22101+Zen+Stories%22|page= 74|publisher=Vintage|isbn=9780394703015}}</ref> Well-known koans in the collection include ''A Cup of Tea'' (1), ''The Sound of One Hand'' (21), ''No Water, No Moon'' (29), and ''Everything is Best'' (31).

===Gateless Gate===
''The Gateless Gate'' ([[Standard Mandarin|Mandarin]]: 無門關 ''Wúménguān''; [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: 無門関 ''Mumonkan''), more accurately translated as ''The Gateless Barrier'', is a collection of 48 [[Zen|Chan]] ([[Zen]]) [[koan]]s compiled in the early 13th century by the Chinese Zen master [[Wumen Huikai]] (無門慧開; Japanese: ''Mumon Ekai''; 1183–1260). Wumen's preface indicates that the volume was published in 1228. Each koan is accompanied by a commentary and verse by Wumen.

===Ten Bulls===
''Ten Bulls'' or ''Ten Ox Herding Pictures'' (十牛; [[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ''jūgyū'', [[Chinese language|Chinese]]: ''shíniú'') is a series of short poems and accompanying pictures used in the [[Zen]] tradition to illustrate the stages of a practitioner's progression towards the purification of the mind and [[Bodhi|enlightenment]],<ref group=web name="nhuir">[https://web.archive.org/web/20140812062656/http://nhuir.nhu.edu.tw:8085/ir/retrieve/18981/4082001705.pdf 廓庵《十牛圖頌》考：從牧牛圖頌談起]</ref> as well as his or her subsequent return into the world while acting out of wisdom.

An equivalent series of stages is depicted in the [[Samatha#Nine mental abidings|Nine Stages of Tranquility]],<ref group=web name="Tan">{{Cite web |url=http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/8.2-Taming-of-the-Bull-piya.pdf |title=Piya Tan (2004), ''The Taming of the Bull. Mind-training and the formation of Buddhist traditions'', dharmafarer.org |access-date=2015-04-16 |archive-date=2013-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718003156/http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/8.2-Taming-of-the-Bull-piya.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> used in the [[Mahamudra]] tradition, in which the mind is represented by an elephant and a monkey.<ref group=web name="dharmafellowship">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dharmafellowship.org/library/essays/nine-stages-of-abiding.htm |title=Dharma Fellowship, ''Deepening Calm-Abiding - The Nine Stages of Abiding'' |access-date=2015-04-16 |archive-date=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324040526/http://www.dharmafellowship.org/library/essays/nine-stages-of-abiding.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref group=web name="skyflower">[https://skyflowerdharmactr.tripod.com/mah.htm Skyflower Dharmacenter, ''Mahamudra Tranquility and Insight'']</ref> This formulation originates with [[Asanga|Asaṅga]] (4th CE), delineating the nine mental abidings in his ''Abhidharmasamuccaya'' and the ''Śrāvakabhūmi'' chapter of his ''[[Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra]]''. It is also found in the ''[[Mahayana-sutra-alamkara-karika|Mahāyānasūtrālaṅkāra]]'' of [[Maitreyanātha]], which shows considerable similarity in arrangement and content to the Bodhisattva-bhūmi-śāstra.{{refn|group=note|Piya Tan gives a full description of these stages; see [http://dharmafarer.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/8.2-Taming-of-the-Bull-piya.pdf Piya Tan (2004), ''The Taming of the Bull. Mind-training and the formation of Buddhist traditions'', dharmafarer.org]}} The ''Dharma Fellowship''', a [[Kagyu]] (Mahamudra) organisation, notes that the practice starts with studying and pondering the dharma, where-after the practice of meditation commences.<ref group=web name="dharmafellowship-beyond">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dharmafellowship.org/library/essays/nine-stages-of-abiding.htm#beyond |title=Dharma Fellowship, ''Deepening Calm-Abiding - The Nine Stages of Abiding'' |access-date=2015-04-16 |archive-date=2018-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324040526/http://www.dharmafellowship.org/library/essays/nine-stages-of-abiding.htm#beyond |url-status=dead }}</ref>

===Vigyan Bhairav Tantra===
The ''[[Vijnana Bhairava Tantra|Vigyan Bhairav Tantra]]'' is a chapter from the ''Rudrayamala Tantra''. It was introduced to the west by [[Paul Reps]], a student of [[Lakshman Joo]]. Reps brought the text to wider attention by including an English translation in his popular book ''Zen Flesh, Zen Bones''. Cast as a discourse between the god [[Shiva]] and his consort [[Devi]] or [[Shakti]], it briefly presents 112 meditation methods or centering techniques (''[[dharana]]''s).<ref>Paul Reps, ''Zen Flesh, Zen Bones, A Collection of Zen and Pre-Zen Writings'' ({{ISBN|0-8048-0644-6}})</ref>

==See also==
* [[Aldous Huxley]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note|2}}

==References==
;Printed references
{{reflist}}

;Web-references
{{reflist|group=web}}

[[Category:Books about Zen]]
[[Category:Kashmir Shaivism]]

Kali River Bridge

2025-07-31T02:08:36Z

MaynardPerkin72: creating new biography

{{Short description|Bridge in Karwar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2019}}
'''Kali River Bridge''' was constructed over the [[Kali River (Karnataka)|Kali river]] in the city of [[Karwar, Karnataka|Karwar]] in [[Uttara Kannada]] district, [[Karnataka]]. It was built in 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.holidayiq.com/Kali-Bridge-Karwar-Sightseeing-403-10313.html|title=Kali Bridge in Karwar {{!}} History, Reviews, Photos of famous destination in Karwar {{!}} HolidayIQ.com|last=HolidayIQ.com|website=www.holidayiq.com|access-date=2016-10-13|archive-date=14 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014061728/http://www.holidayiq.com/Kali-Bridge-Karwar-Sightseeing-403-10313.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The bridge connects the state of Karnataka with Goa by road. The Sadashivgad Fort of [[Sadashivgad]] is located next to this bridge..

==See also==
* {{Portal-inline|Transport}}
* {{Portal-inline|Engineering}}
*

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|14.84221|74.13184|format=dms|type:landmark_region:IN|display=title}}

[[Category:Bridges in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:Bridges completed in 1986]]
[[Category:Transport in Uttara Kannada district]]
[[Category:1986 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Atrangi Re (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)

2025-04-13T17:02:58Z

MaynardPerkin72:

{{use dmy dates|date=September 2023}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Atrangi Re
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| cover = Atrangi Re (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack album cover
| released = 6 December 2021
| recorded = 2019–2021
| venue =
| studio = {{plainlist|
*[[Panchathan Record Inn and AM Studios]], [[Chennai]]
*A. R. Studios, [[Mumbai]]
*[[KM Music Conservatory]], Chennai
*[[Yash Raj Studios]], Mumbai}}
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 28:41
| language = Hindi
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer = [[A. R. Rahman]]
| prev_title = [[Mimi (2021 Hindi film)|Mimi]]
| prev_year = 2021
| next_title = [[Heropanti 2]]
| next_year = 2022
| misc = {{external media
| audio1 = {{YouTube|1tn4vvk68YE|Audio Jukebox}}
}}
{{Singles
| name = Atrangi Re
| type = soundtrack
| single1 = Chaka Chak
| single1date = 30 November 2021
| single2 = Rait Zara Si
| single2date = 5 December 2021
}}
}}

'''''Atrangi Re''''' is the soundtrack to the 2021 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic fantasy]] [[comedy drama film]] [[Atrangi Re|of the same title]],<ref>{{cite web |date=25 November 2021 |title=Aanand L Rai on Sara Ali Khan's age gap with Atrangi Re co-stars Akshay Kumar-Dhanush: 'We have habit of judging people' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aanand-l-rai-on-sara-ali-khan-s-age-gap-with-atrangi-re-co-stars-akshay-kumar-dhanush-we-have-habit-of-judging-people-101637810059850.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223102930/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/aanand-l-rai-on-sara-ali-khan-s-age-gap-with-atrangi-re-co-stars-akshay-kumar-dhanush-we-have-habit-of-judging-people-101637810059850.html |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=23 December 2021 |website=Hindustan Times}}</ref> directed by [[Aanand L Rai|Aanand L. Rai]] features seven songs which were composed by [[A. R. Rahman]] and lyrics written by [[Irshad Kamil]]. The album featured an assortment of singers, which includes [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Arijit Singh]], [[Haricharan]], [[Daler Mehndi]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]], [[Dhanush]], [[Rashid Ali (singer)|Rashid Ali]] and Hiral Viradia. This is the [[Hindi]] singing debut of [[South Indian]] singer Haricharan.

Rahman and Kamil had written five songs during their meeting in [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and the music was written mostly with the lead actors in mind and Rai's visualization of villages through global perspective. The album was led by two singles: "Chaka Chak"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atrangi Re Song Chaka Chak: Sara Ali Khan's "Fiery Moves" Will Make You Dance Your Heart Out |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/atrangi-re-song-chaka-chak-sara-ali-khans-fiery-moves-will-make-you-dance-your-heart-out-2629170 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=NDTV.com |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001005015/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/atrangi-re-song-chaka-chak-sara-ali-khans-fiery-moves-will-make-you-dance-your-heart-out-2629170 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-11-29 |title=Atrangi Re song Chaka Chak: Sara Ali Khan dances on her hubby Dhanush's engagement in playful jam by AR Rahman |url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/atrangi-re-song-chaka-chak-sara-ali-khan-dances-her-hubby-dhanush-s-engagement-playful-jam-ar-rahman-953293 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=PINKVILLA |language=en |archive-date=31 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211231023701/https://www.pinkvilla.com/entertainment/news/atrangi-re-song-chaka-chak-sara-ali-khan-dances-her-hubby-dhanush-s-engagement-playful-jam-ar-rahman-953293 |url-status=live }}</ref> and "Rait Zara Si"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-06 |title=Atrangi Re song Rait Zara Si: Weeping Sara Ali Khan shows her acting chops as she is torn between Dhanush, Akshay Kumar |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/atrangi-re-song-rait-zara-si-weeping-sara-ali-khan-shows-her-acting-chops-as-she-is-torn-between-dhanush-akshay-kumar-101638771026179.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001004847/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/atrangi-re-song-rait-zara-si-weeping-sara-ali-khan-shows-her-acting-chops-as-she-is-torn-between-dhanush-akshay-kumar-101638771026179.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-06 |title=Atrangi Re song Rait Zara Si: Dhanush-Sara Ali Khan-Akshay Kumar's love story is set to AR Rahman's melodious music |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/atrangi-re-song-rait-zara-si-love-ballad-ar-rahman-akshay-kumar-sara-ali-khan-dhanush-watch-7658423/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001011519/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/atrangi-re-song-rait-zara-si-love-ballad-ar-rahman-akshay-kumar-sara-ali-khan-dhanush-watch-7658423/ |url-status=live }}</ref> released on 30 November and 5 December, respectively. The album was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 6 December 2021, which was preceded by a launch event in the presence of the cast and crew, and a concert led by Rahman and his musical team.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=AR Rahman, Akshay Kumar, Sara Ali Khan launch Atrangi Re music album |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-r-rahman-launches-music-of-atrangi-re-with-akshay-kumar-sara-ali-khan-10191871.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001004715/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/a-r-rahman-launches-music-of-atrangi-re-with-akshay-kumar-sara-ali-khan-10191871.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Music Album of Atrangi Re launched with a grand concert by maestro A R Rahman |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/music-album-of-atrangi-re-launched-with-a-grand-concert-by-maestro-a-r-rahman-51722.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001005903/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/music-album-of-atrangi-re-launched-with-a-grand-concert-by-maestro-a-r-rahman-51722.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The soundtrack to the Tamil dubbed version ''Galatta Kalyaanam'', released four days later.

The album received positive reviews with praise for Rahman's compositions,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atrangi Re opens to warm reviews, actor Dhanush's magic and A R Rahman's Music win hearts |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/atrangi-re-opens-to-warm-reviews-actor-dhanushs-magic-and-a-r-rahmans-music-win-hearts/2389161/ |access-date=2021-12-28 |website=The Financial Express |date=24 December 2021 |language=en |archive-date=13 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913193157/https://www.financialexpress.com/entertainment/atrangi-re-opens-to-warm-reviews-actor-dhanushs-magic-and-a-r-rahmans-music-win-hearts/2389161/ |url-status=live }}</ref> and had eventually received six nominations at the [[67th Filmfare Awards]], with a win for [[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]] ([[Vijay Ganguly]]),<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-19 |title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nominations-for-the-67th-filmfare-awards-2022-are-out-check-the-list-here-11081241.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Firstpost |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001011242/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/nominations-for-the-67th-filmfare-awards-2022-are-out-check-the-list-here-11081241.html |url-status=live }}</ref> six nominations at the [[22nd IIFA Awards]], winning three,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-04 |title=IIFA 2022 technical awards: Vicky Kaushal starrer Sardar Udham emerges as top winner, followed by Atrangi Re |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2022-technical-awards-vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-top-winner-followed-by-atrangi-re-7952505/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001011523/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/iifa-2022-technical-awards-vicky-kaushal-starrer-sardar-udham-top-winner-followed-by-atrangi-re-7952505/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Rocks 2022: 'Sardar Udham', 'Atrangi Re' win top honours |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/06/04/iifa-rocks-sardar-udham-atrangi-re-win-top-honours.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The Week |language=en |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001014840/https://www.theweek.in/news/entertainment/2022/06/04/iifa-rocks-sardar-udham-atrangi-re-win-top-honours.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and twelve nominations at the [[14th Mirchi Music Awards]], winning three of them.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sen |first=Debarati S. |title=Music, glamour, power-packed performances and more at the Mirchi Music Awards |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/music-glamour-power-packed-performances-and-more-at-the-mirchi-music-awards-2021/articleshow/90094305.cms |access-date=2023-04-10 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=5 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005153827/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/music-glamour-power-packed-performances-and-more-at-the-mirchi-music-awards-2021/articleshow/90094305.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Background ==
[[A. R. Rahman]] was announced to score music for the film in January 2020, in his second collaboration with Rai after ''[[Raanjhanaa]]'' (2013).<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=Sara Ali Khan, Akshay Kumar and Dhanush come together for Aanand L Rai's Atrangi Re |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-sara-ali-khan-and-dhanush-come-together-for-atrangi-re-6242158/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224093727/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/bollywood/akshay-kumar-sara-ali-khan-and-dhanush-come-together-for-atrangi-re-6242158/ |archive-date=24 December 2021 |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=Akshay Kumar confirms Aanand L Rai's Atrangi Re with Sara Ali Khan and Dhanush, says it is a 'challenging character' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-confirms-aanand-l-rai-s-atrangi-re-with-sara-ali-khan-and-dhanush-says-it-is-a-challenging-character/story-gU87kzV68cV5YGcFcwpPrJ.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223171201/https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/akshay-kumar-confirms-aanand-l-rai-s-atrangi-re-with-sara-ali-khan-and-dhanush-says-it-is-a-challenging-character/story-gU87kzV68cV5YGcFcwpPrJ.html |archive-date=23 December 2021 |access-date=25 December 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Rahman felt that as the film travels across India, the music needed to move with the story as well as its characters. He admired Rai's vision on bringing villages to life and offer an international perspective.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=7 December 2021 |title=AR Rahman on 'Atrangi Re': The way Sara dances, we had to give her a dance song! |work=The Hindu |publisher=The Press Trust of India Ltd. |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-on-atrangi-re-the-way-sara-dances-we-had-to-give-her-a-dance-song/article37880667.ece |access-date=24 December 2021 |archive-date=15 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215060828/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/ar-rahman-on-atrangi-re-the-way-sara-dances-we-had-to-give-her-a-dance-song/article37880667.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> The music had to have varied genres, including poem, ghazal or songs that would be rhythmic, hooky and traditional, so he wanted the main chorus out of the way, and brainstorm ideas to make the music more appealing, which he did for the album.<ref name="AR Rahman">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2021-12-13 |title=AR Rahman and Irshad Kamil reveal the process of developing music for Atrangi Re |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ar-rahman-irshad-kamil-reveal-process-developing-music-atrangi-re/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Bollywood Hungama |language=en |archive-date=19 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819055038/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/ar-rahman-irshad-kamil-reveal-process-developing-music-atrangi-re/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Rahman met Rai, screenwriter [[Himanshu Sharma]] and lyricist [[Irshad Kamil]], discussing about the music for the film and eventually over five songs had been written for the film. Keeping in mind with the onscreen and offscreen personalities of the lead actors, Rahman curated three of the songs for them.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Kept Akshay, Dhanush, Sara in mind while creating music for 'Atrangi Re', says AR Rahman |language=en |website=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/kept-akshay-dhanush-sara-in-mind-while-creating-music-for-atrangi-re-says-ar-rahman/articleshow/88147019.cms |access-date=2021-12-23 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006125710/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/kept-akshay-dhanush-sara-in-mind-while-creating-music-for-atrangi-re-says-ar-rahman/articleshow/88147019.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> He had conceptualised the song "Garda" for Kumar, after having a collection of his dance numbers and wanted something cool for the actor. The song "Little Little" was written with Dhanush in mind, as he used to mix English, Hindi and Tamil words in the lyrics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2020 |title=Dhanush sings for AR Rahman for the first time |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-sings-ar-rahman-first-time-136499 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101042718/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/dhanush-sings-ar-rahman-first-time-136499 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=31 October 2020 |website=The News Minute}}</ref> On curating the song, Kamil stated that:<ref name=":0" /><blockquote>"We had a song for Dhanush and I said 'Oh My God', it's a tough one. So, all of us were sitting one night and at around 9:30-10 we finished dinner. We were discussing what could be the song and then ''<nowiki/>'Little Little''' came in. So we had a list of 15 different things and Irshad said little-little and somebody said, 'Oh, the little-little is the song actually.' When somebody's drinking, we say, I just have little-little (laughs). So, that's how the song happened."<ref name=":0" /></blockquote>Impressed by Khan's dance moves, Rahman wanted to create a dance number for her in the film. He asked Kamil to describe a [[Hook (music)|hook]] word that would be the anchor of the song, for which Kamil gave the word "Chaka Chak". He further described "Rait Zara Si" as the soul of the film, which gives the entire emotion of the film in three to four minutes.<ref name=":0" />

== Track listing ==

=== Hindi ===
{{Track listing
| all_writing =
| all_lyrics = [[Irshad Kamil]]
| headline = ''Atrangi Re'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/atrangi-re/wuWvsFNoE6Q_|title=Atrangi Re (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=JioSaavn|date=6 December 2021|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=14 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211214005702/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/atrangi-re/wuWvsFNoE6Q_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Garda
| length1 = 3:44
| extra1 = [[Daler Mehndi]]
| title2 = Chaka Chak
| length2 = 4:31
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title3 = Tere Rang
| length3 = 4:34
| extra3 = [[Haricharan|Haricharan Seshadri]], Shreya Ghoshal
| title4 = Little Little
| length4 = 4:18
| extra4 = [[Dhanush]], Hiral Viradia
| title5 = Tumhein Mohabbat Hai
| length5 = 3:07
| extra5 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title6 = Rait Zara Si
| length6 = 4:51
| extra6 = Arijit Singh, [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| title7 = Toofan Si Kudi
| length7 = 3:36
| extra7 = [[Rashid Ali (singer)|Rashid Ali]]
| total_length = 28:41
}}

=== Tamil ===
The soundtrack to the Tamil-dubbed version Galatta Kalyaanam was released by [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]] on 10 December 2021.<ref name="Tamil dubbed" /> It featured songs with lyrics written by [[Madhan Karky]], [[Yugabharathi]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], Dhanush, [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]] and [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]].
{{Track listing
| headline = ''Galatta Kalyanam'' (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)<ref name="Tamil dubbed">{{cite web|url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/galatta-kalyaanam/ndp5hrwJsCk_|title=Galatta Kalyanam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|work=JioSaavn|date=13 December 2021|access-date=16 December 2021|archive-date=18 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218143041/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/galatta-kalyaanam/ndp5hrwJsCk_|url-status=live}}</ref>
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Mannaarkudi
| length1 = 3:44
| lyrics1 = [[Madhan Karky]]
| extra1 = [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
| title2 = Chaka Chakalathi
| length2 = 4:29
| lyrics2 = [[Yugabharathi]]
| extra2 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| title3 = Murali Mogha
| length3 = 4:35
| lyrics3 = [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]]
| extra3 = [[Haricharan|Haricharan Seshadri]], [[K. S. Chithra]]
| title4 = Little Little
| length4 = 4:18
| lyrics4 = Dhanush
| extra4 = [[Dhanush]], [[Sharanya Srinivas]]
| title5 = Idhudhaan En Kadhai
| length5 = 2:56
| lyrics5 = [[Kabilan (lyricist)|Kabilan]]
| extra5 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]]
| title6 = Kaadhalai Solla Mudiyatha
| length6 = 4:52
| lyrics6 = Kabilan
| extra6 = [[Yazin Nizar]], [[Shashaa Tirupati]]
| title7 = Sooraavali Ponnu
| length7 = 3:37
| lyrics7 = [[Vivek (lyricist)|Vivek]]
| extra7 = [[A. R. Ameen]]
| total_length = 28:30
}}

== Critical reception ==
The album received positive reviews from critics. Nair of ''Music Aloud'' gave 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "A R Rahman delivers another winner with Irshad Kamil".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-11 |title=Atrangi Re – Music Review (Bollywood Soundtrack) |url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2021/12/10/atrangi-re-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Music Aloud |archive-date=1 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001005506/https://www.musicaloud.com/2021/12/10/atrangi-re-music-review-bollywood-soundtrack/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Monika Rawal Kukreja of ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' called the music as "pure gold" and added "Each song sets a different mood, the essence of which you want to take back home".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Atrangi Re movie review: Sara Ali Khan, Dhanush are soul of a unique love story, Akshay Kumar adds the Midas touch |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/atrangi-re-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-dhanush-are-soul-of-a-unique-love-story-akshay-kumar-adds-the-midas-touch-101640267905282.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=24 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224074758/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/atrangi-re-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-dhanush-are-soul-of-a-unique-love-story-akshay-kumar-adds-the-midas-touch-101640267905282.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Avinash Ramachandran of ''The New Indian Express'' commented on the film's music, saying "Although a bulk of the songs are used to hasten the narrative of the first half, it is only with the power of this music that we embark on this middling journey."<ref>{{Cite web |title='Atrangi Re' movie review: Dhanush, AR Rahman shine in a rather insipid love triangle |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/dec/25/atrangi-re-movie-review-dhanush-ar-rahman-shine-in-a-rather-insipid-love-triangle-2399442.html |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=The New Indian Express |date=25 December 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225171221/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/review/2021/dec/25/atrangi-re-movie-review-dhanush-ar-rahman-shine-in-a-rather-insipid-love-triangle-2399442.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Prateek Sur of ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]'' wrote "AR Rahman is the king when it comes to music and he proves that once again in this film. The background score haunts you and makes you feel like you're standing right beside the characters in every moment."<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sur |first=Prateek |title='Atrangi Re' Movie Review: Dhanush Steals The Show In This Twisted Love Triangle |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/atrangi-re-movie-review-dhanush-steals-the-show-in-this-twisted-love-triangle/406751 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=Outlook India |date=25 December 2021 |archive-date=25 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211225194638/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/atrangi-re-movie-review-dhanush-steals-the-show-in-this-twisted-love-triangle/406751 |url-status=live }}</ref> ''[[Daily News and Analysis]]'' writer mentioned that Rahman's "infectious soundtrack is the major highlight of the film".<ref>{{Cite web |title='Atrangi Re' movie review: Sara Ali Khan shines, Akshay Kumar surprises in 'Chaka Chak' cocktail of love and madness |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-atrangi-re-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-shines-akshay-kumar-surprises-in-aanand-l-rai-romantic-drama-dhanush-2925415 |access-date=2023-04-10 |website=DNA India |language=en |archive-date=21 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321123930/https://www.dnaindia.com/movie-reviews/report-atrangi-re-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-shines-akshay-kumar-surprises-in-aanand-l-rai-romantic-drama-dhanush-2925415 |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |[[22nd IIFA Awards|3–4 June 2022]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]{{efn|Shared with [[Tanishk Bagchi]], [[Jasleen Royal]], [[Javed–Mohsin]], [[B Praak]], [[Jaani (songwriter)|Jaani]] for ''[[Shershaah]]''}}
| {{won}}
| rowspan="6" align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=The 22nd Nexa IIFA Awards |url=https://iifa.com/iifa-2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220610013129/https://iifa.com/iifa-2022 |archive-date=10 June 2022 |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=IIFA |publisher=[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=1 April 2022 |title=IIFA 2022 Nominations: Shershaah takes the lead with 12 Nominations, Ludo and 83 emerge as strong contenders; check out the complete list |work=Bollywood Hungama |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401100930/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/iifa-2022-nominations-shershaah-takes-lead-12-nominations-ludo-83-emerge-strong-contenders-check-complete-list/ |archive-date=1 April 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=5 June 2022 |title=Winners of IIFA Awards 2022: Vicky Kaushal and Kriti Sanon win top honours for Sardar Udham and Mimi |work=Bollywood Hungama |agency=Bollywood Hungama News Network |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-iifa-awards-2022-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-honours-sardar-udham-mimi/ |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220605050712/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/winners-iifa-awards-2022-vicky-kaushal-kriti-sanon-win-top-honours-sardar-udham-mimi/ |archive-date=5 June 2022}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]] – ("Rait Zara Si")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Arijit Singh]] – ("Rait Zara Si")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Chaka Chak")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Vijay Ganguly]] – ("Chaka Chak")
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="12" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="12" |[[14th Mirchi Music Awards|19 March 2022]]
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Album of The Year|Album of The Year]]
| rowspan="2" |''Atrangi Re''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="12" align="center" |<ref>{{cite web |title=The 14th Mirchi Music Awards 2022 Nominations |url=https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423104316/https://www.mirchimusicawards.com/hindi-2022/nominations-hindi-2022/ |archive-date=23 April 2022 |access-date=16 July 2022 |website=Mirchi Music Awards |publisher=[[Radio Mirchi]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=10 March 2022 |title=Sidharth Malhotra's Shershaah wins big at 14th Mirchi Music Awards, check out winners' list |work=[[Zoom (Indian TV channel)|ZoomTV Entertainment]] |agency=[[The Times Group]] |url=https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |url-status=live |access-date=13 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515090737/https://www.zoomtventertainment.com/bollywood/sidharth-malhotras-shershaah-wins-big-at-14th-mirchi-music-awards-check-out-winners-list-bollywood-news-entertainment-news-article-90133595 |archive-date=15 May 2022}}</ref>
|-
|Listeners' Choice Album of the Year
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Music Composer of The Year|Music Composer of The Year]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]] – ("Tere Rang")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[A. R. Rahman]] – ("Rait Zara Si")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[A. R. Rahman]] – ("Chaka Chak")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Lyricist of The Year|Lyricist of The Year]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]] – ("Chaka Chak")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Male Vocalist of The Year|Male Vocalist of The Year]]
|[[Arijit Singh]] – ("Tumhein Mohabbat Hai")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Haricharan]] – ("Tere Rang")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mirchi Music Award for Female Vocalist of The Year|Female Vocalist of The Year]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Chaka Chak")
| {{Won}}
|-
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Tere Rang")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Mirchi Music Award for Song of The Year|Song of The Year]]
| rowspan="2" |"Chaka Chak"
| {{nom}}
|-
|Listeners' Choice Song of the Year
| {{Won}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[67th Filmfare Awards|30 August 2022]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[A. R. Rahman]]
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan="5" align="center" |<ref>{{cite news |date=18 August 2022 |title=Nominations for the 67th Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |work=[[Filmfare]] |agency=[[The Times Group]] |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |url-status=live |access-date=20 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220819074731/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-67th-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55253.html |archive-date=19 August 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |date=31 August 2022 |title=Winners of the Wolf777news Filmfare Awards 2022 |work=Filmfare |agency=The Times Group |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55337.html |access-date=1 September 2022 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901070051/https://www.filmfare.com/features/winners-of-the-wolf777news-filmfare-awards-2022_-55337.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Irshad Kamil]] – ("Rait Zara Si")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|[[Arijit Singh]] – ("Rait Zara Si")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|[[Shreya Ghoshal]] – ("Chaka Chak")
|{{Nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|[[Vijay Ganguly]] – ("Chaka Chak")
|{{Won}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{A. R. Rahman}}
{{authority control}}
[[Category:A. R. Rahman soundtracks]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:T-Series (company) soundtracks]]
[[Category:2021 soundtrack albums]]

Pahlava kingdom

2025-04-02T12:22:04Z

MaynardPerkin72: New A Info!

{{short description|Historic Iranian kingdom}}
{{about|the kingdom of Pahlava in Indian epic literature|the historical kingdom|Indo-Parthian kingdom}}

'''The Pahlava kingdom''' is identified to be a kingdom of an [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] tribe. The kingdom was well known, even during the campaign of [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]. It was also mentioned in the epic [[Mahabharata]].

== References in Mahabharata ==

=== Yudhishthira's Rajasuya ===
''Pahlava king is listed as present in the conclave of kings present in [[Pandava]] king [[Yudhishthira]]'s [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice.''

The [[Vanga kingdom|Vangas]] and [[Anga kingdom|Angas]] and [[Pundra kingdom|Paundras]] and [[Odra kingdom|Odras]] and [[Chola kingdom|Cholas]] and [[Dravida kingdom|Dravidas]] and [[Andhra kingdom|Andhakas]], and the chiefs of many islands and countries on the seaboard as also of frontier states, including the rulers of the [[Sinhala kingdom|Sinhalas]], the barbarous mlecchas, the natives of [[Lanka kingdom|Lanka]], and all the kings of the West by hundreds, and all the chiefs of the sea-coast, and the kings of the Pahlavas and the [[Darada kingdom|Daradas]] and the various tribes of the [[Kirata kingdom|Kiratas]] and [[Yavana kingdom|Yavanas]] and [[Scythians in the Mahabharata|Sakras]] and the [[Hara Huna kingdom|Harahunas]] and [[China of Mahabharata|Chinas]] and [[Tushara kingdom|Tukharas]] and the [[Sindhu kingdom|Sindhavas]] and the Jagudas and the Ramathas and the Mundas and the inhabitants of the kingdom of women and the Tanganas and the [[Kekaya kingdom|Kekayas]] and the [[Malava kingdom|Malavas]] and the inhabitants of [[Kasmira kingdom|Kasmira]] performed various offices at the palace of [[Yudhishthira]] during the [[Rajasuya]] sacrifice. (3:51).

=== Drupada's list ===
''[[Drupada]] (the father-in-law of the [[Pandavas]]) lists the powerful kings of the time, who could be summoned to the cause of the [[Pandavas]], in their battle ([[Kurukshetra War]]) against the [[Kauravas]]:-''

Quickly send word to [[Shalya]] (of [[Madra kingdom|Madra]]), and to the kings under him, and to king [[Bhagadatta]] of immeasurable valour residing on the eastern sea-coast ([[Pragjyotisha kingdom|Pragjyotisha]]), and to fierce Hardikya, and Ahuka, and the king of the Mallas of powerful understanding, and Rochamana. Let Vrihanta be summoned and king Senavindu, and Vahlika and Mudjakesa and the ruler of the [[Chedi kingdom|Chedis]], and Suparsva, Suvahu; and that great hero, Paurava; and also the kings of the [[Scythians in the Mahabharata|Sakas]], the Pahlavas, and the [[Darada kingdom|Daradas]], and Surari, and Nadija, and king Karnavest, and Nila, and the valiant king Viradharman; and Durjaya, and [[Dantavakra]], and [[Rukmi]], and Janamejaya; and Ashada and Vayuvega, and king Purvapali; and Bhuritejas, and Devaka, and Ekalaya with his sons; and also the kings of the [[Karusha kingdom|Karusha]] race, and the valiant Kshemamurti, and the kings of the [[Kamboja kingdom|Kamboja]] and the [[Rishika kingdom|Richika]] tribes, and of the western sea-coast; and Jayatsena and the king of [[Kasi kingdom|Kashi]], and the rulers of the land of the five rivers, and the proud son of Kratha, and the rulers of the mountain regions, and Janaki, and Susarman and Maniman, and [[Matsya kingdom|Potimatsyaka]], and the valiant [[Dhrishtaketu]], and the ruler of the kingdom of Pansu; and [[Pundra kingdom|Paundra]], and Dandadhara, and the brave Vrihatsena; and Aparajita, and Nishada and Srenimat and Vasumat; and Vrihadvala of great strength, and Vahu the conqueror of hostile cities; and the warlike king Samudrasena with his son; and Uddhava, and Kshemaka and king Vatadhana; and Srutayus, and Dridhayus, and the gallant son of [[Salwa kingdom|Salwa]]; and the king of the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]s, and Kumara, unconquerable in battle. Speedily send word to these (5:4).

===In Kurukshetra War ===
''Pahlavas sided with the [[Kauravas]] in the [[Kurukshetra War]]''

Saradwat’s son [[Kripa]], that fighter in the van, that high-souled and mighty bowman, called also Gautama, conversant with all modes of warfare, accompanied by the [[Scythians in the Mahabharata|Sakas]], the [[Kirata kingdom|Kiratas]], the [[Yavana kingdom|Yavanas]], and the Pahlavas, took up his position at the northern point of the army (6:20).

== See also ==
*[[Kingdoms of Ancient India]]

== References ==

*[[Mahabharata]] of [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa]], translated to English by Kisari Mohan Ganguli

[[Category:Kingdoms in the Mahabharata]]

Violence against Hindus in Bangladesh, 2024

2025-04-01T06:51:34Z

MaynardPerkin72: Creating New Stub!

#REDIRECT [[2024 Bangladesh anti-Hindu violence]]

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