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Sajal Ghosh

2026-05-07T16:24:41Z

Maxlogistic: stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1972)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Sajal Ghosh
| image = 
| caption = Sajal Ghosh in 2024
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1972|1|1}} 
| birth_place = Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| education =
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Commerce|B.Com]])
| occupation = Politician, businessman
| profession =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (since 2021)
| other_party = [[Trinamool Congress]] (until 2021)
| office = Member of [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] for [[Baranagar Assembly constituency|Baranagar]]
| term_start = 4 May 2026
| predecessor = [[Sayantika Banerjee]] ([[Trinamool Congress|TMC]])
| office1 = Corporator of [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] for [[Ward No. 50, Kolkata Municipal Corporation|Ward No. 50]]
| term_start1 = 2021
|predecessor1 = Mousumi Dey
}}

'''Sajal Ghosh''' (born 1 January 1972) is an Indian politician affiliated with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bhartiya Janata Party]] (BJP) in West Bengal. He serves as a councillor in the [[Kolkata Municipal Corporation]] (KMC) representing Ward No. 50. Ghosh has been a prominent figure in Kolkata's civic politics and was the BJP candidate for the [[Baranagar Assembly constituency]] in the 2024 by-election.
He eventually won the Baranagar Assembly Constituency in the [[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]] and is the current MLA of [[Baranagar]].

== Early life and education ==
Sajal Ghosh was born in Kolkata, West Bengal.
He studied from [[Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School|Baranagar Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School]].
He completed his [[Bachelor of Commerce]] degree from the University of Calcutta in 1994. Ghosh is a partner at Shovona Medical Foundation, a healthcare organization based in Kolkata.{{fact|date=July 2025}}

== Political career ==
Ghosh began his political journey with the Indian National Congress and later joined the [[All India Trinamool Congress]] (AITC). In 2021, he switched allegiance to the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] and was elected as a councillor in the Kolkata Municipal Corporation from Ward No. 50. He is also a state media panelist for the BJP in West Bengal.

In March 2024, the BJP announced Ghosh as its candidate for the Baranagar Assembly constituency by-election, which was necessitated by the resignation of former AITC MLA Tapas Roy. Ghosh contested against AITC candidate and actress [[Sayantika Banerjee]]. Despite a vigorous campaign, Ghosh was defeated in the by-election held on 1 June 2024.

He won 2026 state election and became MLA from Baranagar on 4th May 2026 defeating [[Sayantika Bannerjee]].

== Controversies ==
In December 2021, the Ministry of Home Affairs granted Ghosh 'Y' category security cover due to perceived threats during the KMC elections. The [[Central Industrial Security Force]] (CISF) was assigned to provide him with round-the-clock security.

In September 2023, Ghosh was detained along with 76 BJP supporters during a protest at Koley Market in Kolkata. The group was accused of attempting to disrupt normal activities and urging traders to shut their shops as part of a political demonstration.

== Personal life ==
Ghosh is married, and his spouse is also a partner at Shovona Medical Foundation. The couple resides in Kolkata.
He is a distant uncle of [[Aditya Narayan Daw]].
He is related with [[Bidhan Chandra Roy]] from maternal side.

== References ==
{{reflist
|<ref>{{cite web |title=Sajal Ghosh - West Bengal 2021 - MyNeta |url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=2320 |website=MyNeta.info}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bengal bypolls: BJP fields Sajal Ghosh from Baranagar |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/kolkata/west-bengal-bypolls-bjp-sajal-ghosh-baranagar-bhaskar-sarkar-bhagawangola-9234356/ |work=The Indian Express |date=27 March 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP councillor vs actor hots up Bengal's Baranagar assembly bypoll |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/west-bengal-baranagar-assembly-lok-sabha-election-candiate-sayantani-banerjee-sajal-ghosh-2521147-2024-03-30 |work=India Today |date=30 March 2024}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=Kolkata Municipal Corporation polls: BJP candidate Sajal Ghosh gets Y-category security |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/kolkata-municipal-corporation-polls-bjp-candidate-sajal-ghosh-gets-y-category-security/articleshow/88226029.cms |work=The Times of India |date=11 December 2021}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP councillor detained after Koley Market scuffle |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/bjp-councillor-detained-after-koley-market-scuffle/articleshow/112879000.cms |work=The Times of India |date=September 2023}}</ref>
}}

[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Members of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2026–2031]]

D. Mathiazhagan

2026-05-07T02:31:18Z

Maxlogistic:

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = D. Mathiazhagan
| office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 12 May 2021
| term_end = 6 May 2026
| constituency = [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| predecessor = A. Krishnan
| successor = E. C. Govindharajan
}}

'''Devarajan Mathiazhagan''' is an Indian politician who is a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was elected from [[Bargur Assembly constituency|Bargur]] as a [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] candidate in 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title= Form 21E (Return of Election) |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211222095736/https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC052.pdf |url= https://www.elections.tn.gov.in/Form21E_TNLA2021/AC052.pdf|access-date= 29 Apr 2022 |archive-date=22 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=bargur Election Result |url= https://www.news18.com/assembly-elections-2021/tamil-nadu/-s22a052|access-date= 29 Apr 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=https://krishnagiri.nic.in/constituencies/
|access-date=29 Apr 2022
|title=Members of Legislative Assembly Constituency, Krishnagiri District
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429095929/https://krishnagiri.nic.in/constituencies/
|archive-date=29 April 2022
|website=krishnagiri.nic.in
}}</ref>

==Electoral performance ==
{{transcluded section|source=Bargur Assembly constituency}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Bargur Assembly constituency|2021}}}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mathiazhagan, D}}
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}
{{TamilNadu-politician-stub}}

INS Sumitra

2026-05-06T11:58:00Z

Maxlogistic:

{{Short description|Indian Navy patrol vessel}}
{{italic title|string=Sumitra}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox ship
|section1={{Infobox ship/image
| image = INS Sumitra (P59) with a Chetak helicopter during a passex with USS Russell (DDG 59).jpg
| image_caption = INS ''Sumitra'' during an exercise.
}}

|section2={{Infobox ship/career
| hide_header =
| country = [[India]]
| flag = {{shipboxflag|India|naval}}
| name = INS ''Sumitra''
| namesake = [[Sumitra]]
| owner =
| operator = {{navy|India}}
| registry =
| route =
| ordered =
| awarded =
| builder = [[Goa Shipyard Limited]]
| original_cost =
| yard_number =
| way_number =
| laid_down = 28 April 2010
| launched = 6 December 2010
| sponsor =
| christened =
| completed =
| commissioned = 4 September 2014
| identification = *{{MMSI Number|419098800}}
*[[Maritime call sign|Callsign]]: AVEM
| status = Active
| motto =
| badge = [[File:Crest of INS Sumitra (P59).jpg|120px|Crest of Sumitra]]
}}

|section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics
| hide_header =
| header_caption =
| class = [[Saryu-class patrol vessel|''Saryu''-class patrol vessel]]
| type =
| tonnage = {{convert|2200|t}}
| displacement =
| length = {{convert|105|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| beam = {{convert|13|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| height =
| draught =
| draft =
| depth =
| decks =
| power =
| propulsion = Two KOEL/Pielstick Diesel engines
| speed = {{convert|25|kn}}
| range = {{convert|6000|nmi}} at {{convert|16|kn}}
| endurance =
| troops =
| complement = Eight officers and 108 sailors
| sensors =
| EW =
| armament = * 76-mm SRGM (Super Rapid Gun Mount)
* close-in weapon system
* CHAFF launchers<ref>{{cite web|title=INS Sunayna to Extend SNC's Reach |url=http://pib.gov.in/newsite/mbErel.aspx?relid=100058 |accessdate=16 October 2013|work=Press Information Bureau|date=15 October 2013}}</ref>
| armour =
| aircraft = 1 × [[HAL Dhruv]] or 1 × [[HAL Chetak]]
| aircraft_facilities =
| notes =
}}
}}

'''INS ''Sumitra''''' is the fourth and last [[Saryu-class patrol vessel|''Saryu''-class patrol vessel]] of the [[Indian Navy]], designed and constructed by [[Goa Shipyard Limited]].<ref name=toi18j14>{{cite news|title=Goa Shipyard Limited delivers INS Sumitra to Indian Navy|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Goa-Shipyard-Limited-delivers-INS-Sumitra-to-Indian-Navy/articleshow/38574523.cms|accessdate=18 July 2014|newspaper=The Times of India|date=18 July 2014}}</ref> It is also the [[presidential yacht]] of [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/india/offshore-patrol-vessel-ins-sumitra-to-serve-as-presidential-yacht-1.1665958|title=Offshore patrol vessel INS Sumitra to serve as presidential yacht|last=IANS|date=2016-02-04|work=GulfNews|access-date=2018-03-29}}</ref> It is designed to undertake fleet support operations, coastal and offshore patrolling, ocean surveillance and monitoring of sea lines of communications and offshore assets and escort duties.<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Sunayna commissioned to enhance Indian navy's prowess|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/INS-Sunayna-commissioned-to-enhance-Indian-navy%E2%80%99s-prowess/2013/10/16/article1837481.ece |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017012037/http://newindianexpress.com/nation/INS-Sunayna-commissioned-to-enhance-Indian-navy%E2%80%99s-prowess/2013/10/16/article1837481.ece |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2013 |accessdate=16 October 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=16 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Goa Shipyard Ltd delivers offshore patrol vessel to Navy|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/goa-shipyard-ltd-delivers-offshore-patrol-vessel-to-navy-114011400826_1.html|accessdate=16 January 2014|newspaper=Business Standard|date=16 January 2014}}</ref>

==Construction==
The [[Keel-laying|keel]] of INS ''Sumitra'' was laid at Goa Shipyard Ltd (GSL) on 28 April 2010, and she was [[ceremonial ship launching|launched]] on 6 December 2010. During her construction at GSL, she was known as Yard 1211.<ref>{{cite news|title=INS Sumitra: Goa Shipyard Launches Naval Offshore Patrol Vessel (NOPV)|url=http://www.marinebuzz.com/2010/12/08/ins-sumitra-goa-shipyard-launches-naval-offshore-patrol-vessel-nopv/|accessdate=18 July 2014|publisher=Marine Buzz|date=8 December 2010|archive-date=26 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726194320/http://www.marinebuzz.com/2010/12/08/ins-sumitra-goa-shipyard-launches-naval-offshore-patrol-vessel-nopv/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title='Sumitra' inducted into navy|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-karnataka/sumitra-inducted-into-navy/article936979.ece|accessdate=18 July 2014|newspaper=The Hindu|date=7 December 2010}}</ref>

==Service history==
INS ''Sumitra'' completed her sea trials and was handed over to the Indian Navy on 18 July 2014,<ref name=toi18j14/> and was commissioned into the fleet by the [[Chief of Naval Staff of the Indian Navy|Chief of Naval Staff]] [[Admiral RK Dhowan]] on 4 September 2014 in [[Chennai]]. She will operate under the [[Eastern Naval Command]] and conduct maritime surveillance and coastal security missions. Her first Commanding Officer is Commander Milind Mokashi.<ref>{{cite news|title=Navy's largest patrolling vessel INS Sumitra commissioned|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-04/news/53563550_1_nopv-ins-sumitra-close-in-weapon-system|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905214812/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2014-09-04/news/53563550_1_nopv-ins-sumitra-close-in-weapon-system|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 September 2014|accessdate=5 September 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=4 September 2014}}</ref>

===Operation Raahat===
{{Excerpt|Operation Raahat#Response}}

=== Naseem Al Bahr maritime exercise 2022 ===
INS ''Sumitra'' took part in the 13th edition of Indo-Oman maritime exercise ‘Naseem Al Bahr’ (Sea Breeze) along with the Indian Navy's [[INS Trikand|INS ''Trikand'']] and [[Dornier 228]] [[Maritime patrol aircraft|MPA]] and [[Al-Ofouq-class patrol vessel|RNOS ''Al-Seeb'' and ''Al-Shinas'']] from 19–24 November 2022. [[BAE Systems Hawk]] of the [[Royal Air Force of Oman]] also participated in the exercise.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-11-24 |title=EXERCISE NASEEM AL BAHR - 2022 SEA PHASE |url=https://pib.gov.in/PressReleaseIframePage.aspx?PRID=1878711 |access-date=2024-10-21 |website=[[Press Information Bureau]]}}</ref>

=== Operation Sankalp: 2023-24 Anti-piracy patrols ===
{{main|Operation Sankalp}}

On 29 January 2024, INS Sumitra successfully rescued [[Fisherman|fishermen]] [[Maritime hijacking|hijacked]] by [[Piracy|pirates]] along the East coast of [[Somalia]] and the [[Gulf of Aden]]. The naval warship was responding to a distress message regarding hijacking of an [[Iran]]ian-flagged Fishing Vessel (FV) ''Iman''. The fishing boat had been boarded by pirates and its 17-member crew was taken hostage. Acting in accordance with the established Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) the crew successfully coerced the pirates for the safe release of the crew along with the boat & ensured the successful release of all 17 crew members along with the boat. The FV was subsequently sanitised and released for onward transit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-29 |title=Indian Navy rescues Iranian vessel hijacked by pirates |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/navy-deploys-ins-sumitra-to-rescue-iranian-vessel-hijacked-by-pirates-report-101706518224414.html |access-date=2024-01-29 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-29 |title=In swift response, Indian Navy saves another hijacked vessel off Somalia |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/red-sea-indian-navy-gulf-of-aden-somalia-piracy-ins-sumitra/articleshow/107228412.cms |access-date=2024-01-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

Less than 24 hours later, INS Sumitra rescued 19 [[Pakistanis|Pakistani]] sailors after pirates hijacked their [[fishing vessel]] off the east coast of [[Somalia]] the previous day. Eleven armed pirates climbed onto another [[Iran]]ian-flagged fishing vessel ''FV Al Naeemi'' and took 19 crew members, all Pakistanis, as [[hostage]]. The Navy warship intercepted the fishing vessel and coerced the pirates to release the hostages. The Navy warship intercepted the fishing vessel and forced the pirates to release the hostages with the help of [[MARCOS]], a special forces unit of the Indian Navy, onboard. The warship intercepted the vessel on January 29 and surrounded it. The aggressive posturing by INS Sumitra aimed to compel pirates to surrender and leave the ship. Warning shots were then fired in the water to pressurise the Somali pirates who had taken control of the vessel the Indian Navy deployed its [[HAL Dhruv|Advanced Light Helicopter (ALH) Dhruv]], which flew over the ship, a psychological tactic used by the Navy to create fear in the mind of the enemy to force a surrender. The Somali pirates were scared to see the Indian Navy and dumped their weapons when INS Sumitra approached closer. Armed with [[IWI Tavor|Tavor TAR-21]], an [[Israel]]i [[assault rifle]] and other combat gear, the MARCOS brought the pirates and were disarmed. No injuries were reported in the swift operation conducted by the Navy, which captured [[AK-47|Kalashnikovs]] and several mobile and [[satellite phone]]s from their possession.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Warning Shots, Aerial Dominance: How Navy Rescued Vessels From Pirates |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/warning-shots-aerial-dominance-how-navy-rescued-vessels-from-pirates-4968445 |access-date=2024-02-01 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> The incident took place in Southern [[Arabian Sea]] approximately [[Nautical mile|850 nautical miles]] west of [[Kochi]], and prevented misuse of these fishing vessels as [[mother ship]]s for further acts of piracy on Merchant Vessels.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Naval ship Sumitra rescues Pakistani crew from Somali pirates - India News |url=https://www.wionews.com/india-news/indian-navy-rescues-19-pakistani-crew-members-from-armed-somali-pirates-685010/amp |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=www.wionews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=Indian Navy foils second hijacking bid in Arabian Sea in 24 hours |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indian-navy-foils-2nd-hijacking-bid-in-36hrs-off-somalia-coast-rescues-iranian-boat-101706592501634.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-30 |title=India news updates LIVE: Indian naval ship rescues 19 Pakistani nationals from Somali Pirates |url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/world/latest-daily-news-live-india-world-bharat-jodo-nyay-yatra-bjp-workers-bengal-clash-hemant-soren-ed-visit-delhi-weather-cold-wave-aqi-breaking-news-and-updates-liveblog-12148121.html |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Moneycontrol}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Navy Rescues 19 Pakistan Nationals In Another Operation Against Somali Pirates In Arabian Sea |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/india/indian-navy-rescues-19-pakistan-nationals-in-another-operation-against-somali-pirates-in-arabian-sea |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Navy Rescues 19 Pak Sailors Kidnapped By Pirates, Second Op In 2 Days |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-navy-rescues-19-pak-sailors-kidnapped-by-pirates-in-arabian-sea-4957960 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref>

She participated at the [[International Fleet Review 2026]] held at [[Visakhapatnam|Visakapatanam]].<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=IFR & MILAN 2026|url=https://www.ifrmilan26.com/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219124733/https://www.ifrmilan26.com/|archive-date=2026-02-19|access-date=2026-02-18|website=IFR & MILAN 2026|language=en}}</ref>

==Gallery==

{{Gallery
|width=160 | height=170
|File:Admiral RK Dhowan, Chief of the Naval Staff unveiling the plaque of INS Sumitra along with Vice Admiral Satish Soni, FOC-in-C, East and Ships Commanding officer Commander MM Mokashi.jpg
|Admiral RK Dhowan, Chief of the Naval Staff, unveiling the plaque of INS ''Sumitra'' along with Vice Admiral Satish Soni, FOC-in-C, East and Ships Commanding officer Commander MM Mokashi
|File:USS Russell (DDG 59) with INS Sumitra (P59) during a passex exercise.jpg
|{{USS|Russell|DDG-59}} with INS ''Sumitra'' during a [[Passing exercise (naval term)|passex]] exercise
|File:INS Sumitra during her trials (2).jpg
|INS ''Sumitra'' during her trials
}}

==See also==
*[[Sukanya-class patrol vessel|''Sukanya''-class patrol vessel]]
*[[List of active Indian Navy ships]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|INS Sumitra (P59)}}
* http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/navy-to-commission-ins-sumitra-on-september-4/articleshow/41515712.cms

{{Saryu-class patrol vessel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sumitra}}
[[Category:2010 ships]]
[[Category:Ships built in India]]
[[Category:Patrol boats of the Indian Navy]]
[[Category:Royal and presidential yachts]]

Bdellium

2026-04-30T18:24:55Z

Maxlogistic: Made a info

{{Short description|Semi-transparent tree resin}}
[[File:Bdellium resin.jpg|thumb|right|Bdellium resin]]
'''Bdellium''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|i|əm}} (also '''bdellion''' or '''false myrrh'''<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pereira |first1=Jonathan |title=The Elements of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, Volume 2 |date=1842 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MfGnn1AkvwC&pg=PA1634}}</ref>) is a semi-transparent oleo-gum resin extracted from ''[[Commiphora wightii]]'' plants, and from ''[[Commiphora africana]]'' trees growing in [[sub-Saharan Africa]].{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} According to [[Pliny the Elder|Pliny]] the best quality came from [[Bactria]]. Other named sources for the resin are India, [[Pakistan]], [[Arabia]], [[Media (region)|Media]], and [[Babylon]].<ref name=enc1906>{{cite web |title=Jewish Encyclopedia |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2683-bdellium |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref>

== Composition ==
Bdellium consists of a water-soluble [[Natural gum|gum]], a [[resin]], and an [[essential oil]]. The essential oil of ''Commiphora africana'' contains predominantly α-[[thujene]], α- and β-[[pinene]], and [[p-cymene]].<ref name="mcc">{{citation | author=Lumír O. Hanuš | title=Myrrh-Commiphora Chemistry | journal=Biomed. Papers | volume=149 | issue=1 | year=2005 | pages=3–23 | pmid=16170385 | doi=10.5507/bp.2005.001|display-authors=etal| doi-access=free }}</ref>

== Uses ==
Bdellium is used in [[perfumery]], as [[incense]], and in [[traditional medicine]].<ref>{{citation | author=James A. Duke | entry=African Myrrh | title=Duke's Handbook of Medicinal Plants of the Bible | publisher=CRC Press | year=2008 | pages=126–128}}</ref> It is an [[adulterant]] of the more costly [[myrrh]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== Name ==
[[Middle English]],<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|bdellium|access-date=2025-05-22}}</ref> learnedly [[Loanword|borrowed]] from [[Latin language|Latin]] {{wikt-lang|grc|bdellium}}, itself borrowed from [[Ancient Greek language|Ancient Greek]] {{wikt-lang|grc|βδέλλιον}}, of unknown origin, possibly from [[Semitic languages|Semitic]] or a [[Pre-Greek substrate]]. Compare [[Hebrew]] {{wikt-lang|he|בְּדֹלַח}} (bdólakh).<ref name="y675">{{cite book | last1=Beekes | first1=Robert Stephen Paul | last2=Beek | first2=Lucien van | title=Etymological Dictionary of Greek | publisher=Brill | publication-place=Leiden | date=2010 | isbn=978-90-04-17420-7 | page=}}</ref>

''Commiphora africana'' resin is also known as ''African bdellium''.<ref name="mcc" />

== Origin ==


[[Theophrastus]] is perhaps the first European classical author to mention bdellium, if the report that came back from his informant in [[Alexander the Great|Alexander]]'s expedition refers to ''[[Commiphora wightii]]'': "In the region called [[Aria (satrapy)|Aria]] there is a thorn tree which produces a tear of resin, resembling [[myrrh]] in appearance and odour. It liquefies when the sun shines upon it."<ref>Noted by Dalby 2002, ''ibid.''</ref>

[[File:Guggull.jpg|thumb|''Commiphora wightii'']]
[[Plautus]] in his play ''Curculio'' refers to it. [[Pliny the Elder]], in his ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' (12:36), describes the best bdellium coming from [[Bactria]] (identified as ''Commiphora wightii''{{efn|The identification was to ''Commiphora roxburghii'', a taxonomic synonym of ''C. wightii''.}}) as a "tree black in colour, and the size of the [[olive]] tree; its leaf resembles that of the [[oak]] and its fruit the wild [[ficus|fig]]", as well as bdellium coming from [[Nubia]] (identified as ''Commiphora africana''). However, his descriptions{{efn|"Next to [[Aria (satrapy)|Ariane]] is [[Bactria]]ne, which produces the most esteemed kind of bdellium. The tree is of a black colour and of the size of an olive-tree. Its leaf resembles that of the oak, and its fruit that of the wild fig-tree. Bdellium itself is of the nature of a gum. Some call it ''brochon'', others ''malacha'', others again ''maldacon'', but when it is black and rolled into a little ball it is known as ''hadrabolon''. This substance ought to be transparent like wax, odoriferous, unctuous when crumbled, and bitter to the taste but without being at all acid. When used in sacred rites it is steeped in wine to increase its fragrance. It grows in Arabia and India as well as in Media and Babylon. Some persons call the bdellium which is brought to us by way of Media, ''peratic''. It is more brittle than the other kinds, harder in the crust, and more bitter to the taste; the Indian kind is, on the other hand, moister and gummy, and is adulterated by means of the almond nut. The various other kinds are corrupted with the bark of scordastum, the tree of this name producing a gum which resembles bdellium. The adulterations of perfumes, let it be said once for all, are detected by their smell, by their colour, weight, taste, and by the action of fire. The Bactrian bdellium is dry and shining, and has numerous white spots, like finger-nails in shape. Besides, it should be of a certain weight than which it ought to be neither heavier nor lighter. The price of bdellium when quite pure is three denarii per pound." ([[Pliny the Elder]], ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'' 12.19).}} seem to cover a range of strongly perfumed resins. The [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]], of the 2nd century CE, reports that ''bdella'' are exported from the port of [[Barbarikon|Barbarice]] at the mouth of the [[Indus]].<ref>Dalby 2000.</ref> The Bactrian variety is known among Arabs as {{Transliteration|ar|mokul}}.<ref name="ejb">{{cite encyclopedia | first=Jehuda |last=Feliks | title=Bdellium | encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica | edition=2nd | volume=3 | year=2007 | publisher=Thomson Gale | page=234| title-link=Encyclopaedia Judaica }}</ref>

The bdellium referred to by [[Dioscorides]] as "the bdellium imported from [[Petra]]" (''[[De Materia Medica (Dioscorides)|De Materia Medica]]'', 1:80) is probably the resin of ''[[Hyphaene thebaica]]'', a species of palm. The Arabs call it "Jewish bdellium".<ref name="ejb" />

In China, bdellium, known as ''ānxī xiāng'' ({{lang-zh|c=安息香}}) or "[[Arsacid]] aromatic", was among the varieties of incense that reached China either along the [[Silk Route]] from Central Asia, or by sea. Later ''ānxī xiāng'' was applied to an East Indian substitute, [[gum benzoin]] from Sumatra.<ref>Joseph Needham ''et al.'', ''Science and Civilisation in China'', vol. 5 (Cambridge University Press) 1974, §33. "Alchemy and Chemistry", p. 142f and note ''g''.</ref>

Bdellium was an ingredient in the prescriptions of ancient physicians from [[Galen]] to [[Paul of Aegina]], and in the ''[[Greater Kuphi]]''.<ref>Miller, ''Spice Trade'', p. 71.</ref>

[[Isidore of Seville]] reports in his {{lang|la|[[Etymologiae]]}} (XVII.viii.6) that bdellium comes from trees in India and Arabia, the Arabian variety being better as it is smooth, whitish and smells good; the Indian variety is a dirty black and very delicious.<ref>{{Cite book | title=The Etymologies of Isidore of Seville | url=https://archive.org/details/etymologiesisido00barn | url-access=limited | translator1-last=Barney |translator1-first=Stephen A. | translator2-last=Lewis |translator2-first=W. J. | translator3-last=Beach |translator3-first=J. A. | translator4-last=Berghof |translator4-first=O. | publisher=Cambridge University Press| year=2006 | edition=1st | isbn=978-0-511-21969-6 | pages=[https://archive.org/details/etymologiesisido00barn/page/n361 348]–349}}. Isidore's encyclopedia assembled facts from classical sources.</ref>

===In the Bible===
"Bdellium" is the common English translation in the [[Bible]] for the [[Hebrew (language)|Hebrew]] {{lang|he-Latn|bedolach}} ({{lang|he|בְּדֹלַח}}), which appears in [[Book of Genesis|Genesis]] 2:12 and [[Book of Numbers|Numbers]] 11:7. In Genesis, it is given as a product of [[Havilah]], where it is listed along with other precious items gold and [[onyx]].<ref>{{bibleverse|Genesis|2:12|KJV}}</ref> In Numbers, the reference to bdellium is in the context of the [[manna]] eaten by the Israelites in the wilderness, which is said to have "the color of bdellium".<ref>{{bibleverse|Numbers|11:7|KJV}}</ref> These are the only two uses in the Hebrew scripture, and there is no agreement about whether the term {{lang|he-Latn|bedolach}} actually referred to the resin.<ref name=enc1906 /><ref name=miert /> The [[Septuagint]] translates the word with {{lang|grc|ἄνθραξ}} (anthrax) in Genesis and with {{lang|grc|κρύσταλλος}} (crystal) in Numbers, thus interpreting it as the name of a precious stone,<ref name=enc1906 /><ref name=miert>{{cite book |last1=van Miert |first1=Dirk |title=The Emancipation of Biblical Philology in the Dutch Republic, 1590–1670 |date=21 June 2018 |page=44 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-252598-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42hiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44 |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=williams>{{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Isaac |title=The Beginning of the Book of Genesis, with Notes and Reflections |date=1861 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujRHAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA245 |accessdate=25 August 2019}}</ref> and [[Rashi]] describes it as "a precious stone, crystal".<ref name="ejb" />

== Footnotes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{ibid|section|date=January 2025}}
{{reflist|33em}}

[[Category:Incense material]]
[[Category:Perfume ingredients]]
[[Category:Resins]]

South Asian Canadians in Greater Vancouver

2026-04-30T00:22:52Z

Maxlogistic: data

{{Short description|Ethnic group}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = South Asians in Greater Vancouver
| image = South Asian Distribution in Vancouver, 2021 Census.jpg
| caption = Population distribution of South Asian Canadians in Vancouver by federal electoral district, 2021 census
| population = '''369,295'''<ref name="population2021"/> '''14.2%''' of the total Metro Vancouver population
| popplace = 
| region1 = [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]
| pop1 = 212,680 (37.8%)
| region2 = [[Vancouver, British Columbia|Vancouver (City)]]
| pop2 = 44,850 (6.9%)
| region3 = [[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]]
| pop3 = 27,990 (26.1%)
| region4 = [[Burnaby, British Columbia|Burnaby]]
| pop4 = 23,155 (9.4%)
| region5 = [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]]
| pop5 = 15,370 (7.4%)
| region6 = [[Langley, British Columbia (district municipality)|Langley]]
| pop6 = 8,720 (6.7%)
| region7 = [[New Westminster, British Columbia|New Westminster]]
| pop7 = 8,105 (10.4%)
| region8 = [[Coquitlam, British Columbia|Coquitlam]]
| pop8 = 7,405 (5.0%)
| region9 = [[Maple Ridge, British Columbia|Maple Ridge]]
| pop9 = 4,245 (4.7%)
| region10 = [[Port Coquitlam]]
| pop10 = 3,490 (5.8%)
| langs = '''Predominantly:''' [[Canadian English|English]] • [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] • [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] ([[Hindi]]-[[Urdu]]) '''Minorities:''' {{smaller|[[Canadian French|French]] • [[Gujarati Language|Gujarati]] • [[Tamil Language|Tamil]] • [[Bengali Language|Bengali]]}}
| rels = [[Sikhism]] (59.6%) {{smaller|[[Hinduism]] (16.8%) [[Islam]] (10.7%) [[Irreligion]] (7.5%) [[Christianity]] (4.3%) [[Buddhism]] (0.7%) [[Jainism]] (0.2%) [[Zoroastrianism]] (0.1%) [[Judaism]] (0.04%) [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]] (0.02%) Others (0.1%)}}<ref name="CensusReligion2021"/>
| related = [[South Asian Canadians]] • [[Indian Canadians]] • [[Pakistani Canadians]] • [[Punjabi Canadians]]
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
}}
{{Ethnic Vancouver sidebar}}
{{Historical populations
| title = South Asian population history in [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]]
| type = Canada
| align = right
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]'' <ref name="population2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26
|title= Visible minority and population group by generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810032401 |access-date=2022-10-26 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population2016">[http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1 Census Profile, 2016 Census: Greater Vancouver, Regional district]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 4 October 2018.</ref><ref name="population2011">[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=933&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Visible%20minority&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 NHS Profile, Vancouver, CMA, British Columbia, 2011]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</ref><ref name="population2006">[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=933&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= 2006 Community Profiles]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</ref><ref name="population2001">[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=933__&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= 2001 Community Profiles]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</ref><ref name="population1996">[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35682&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=1996&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= Profile of Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 1996 Census]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</ref> <ref name="population1991">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Ethnic origin. 1991 Census of Canada. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676069/publication.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|124}}<ref name="population1991B">{{cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |title=Sub-provincial Vancouver: One in three residents Asian |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/analytic/companion/etoimm/subprovs.cfm#vancouver |quote=Vancouver’s 164,400 South Asians, the second largest visible minority group, represented 8% of its population. The number of South Asians increased from 120,100 in 1996, when they represented 7% of the population, and 86,200 in 1991, when they accounted for only 5%. |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="population1986">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Profile of ethnic groups. 1986 Census of Canada. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676331/publication.html |access-date=2022-10-11 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|63}}<ref name="population1981"/><ref name="population1971"/><ref name="population1971B"/>{{efn|name=1971Census}}<ref name="population1961"/><ref name="population1961B"/><ref name=Nodwellintegratingp1>Nodwell, "[http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/1860/ubc_1993_fall_phd_nodwell_evelyn.pdf?sequence=1 "Integrating Indian Culture into our Life"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021184008/http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/1860/ubc_1993_fall_phd_nodwell_evelyn.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2014-10-21 }}," p. 1.</ref>
|1961|2590
|1971|13085
|1981|34820
|1986|51975
|[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]|86200
|[[1996 Canadian census|1996]]|120140
|[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]|164365
|[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]|207165
|[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]|252405
|[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]|291005
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]|369295
}}
South Asian Canadians in [[Metro Vancouver]] are the third-largest [[Panethnicity|pan-ethnic]] group in the region, comprising 369,295 persons or 14.2 percent of the total population as of 2021.<ref name="population2021"/> Sizable communities exist within the city of [[Vancouver]] along with the adjoining city of [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], which is home to one of the world's largest South Asian enclaves.<ref>Todd, Douglas. "[https://vancouversun.com/sports/Mapping+ethnicity+Part+South+Asia+Surrey/5547648/story.html Mapping our ethnicity Part 1: South Asia in Surrey]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20111016021700/http://www.vancouversun.com/sports/Mapping%2Bethnicity%2BPart%2BSouth%2BAsia%2BSurrey/5547648/story.html Archive]). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. May 2, 2012. Retrieved on October 23, 2014.</ref>

South Asians have lived in the Vancouver region since the late 19th century; at first, mainly working in the forestry industry. After an initial first wave of immigration during the early 20th century, government policies aimed at curtailing immigration from the Indian subcontinent resulted in a populated stagnation through the 1950s. At that time, the relaxing of racial and national immigration restrictions by the federal government initiated a new wave of immigration into Vancouver and has continued into the present day.

The vast majority of South Asians in Greater Vancouver and in adjacent cities are [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] [[Sikhs]], differing greatly from the diverse ethnic and religious composition of South Asians in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/89-621-x/89-621-x2007006-eng.htm|title=The South Asian Community in Canada|website=Statcan.gc.ca|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> The large proportion of Punjabi Sikhs in the region has resulted in the interchangeable and synonymous usage of one and the other.<ref>Nayar, ''[[The Punjabis in British Columbia]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA9 9]. "It is interesting to note that, in the BC Lower Mainland (Vancouver and surrounding municipalities, including Burnaby, New Westminster, Richmond, Delta and Surrey), Sikhs raised outside the Punjab refer to themselves as Punjabi and use the term interchangeably with "Sikh," understanding the two as synonymous."</ref><ref name=JohnstonHughp16>Johnston, Hugh, p. 16.</ref>

Over half (60.3 percent) of South Asian Canadians live in the Toronto and Vancouver areas as of 2021.<ref name="population2021"/>

==History==
[[File:Streetcars passing at the 400 Block of Granville Street, Vancouver, in 1908.jpg|thumb|200px|Punjabi Sikhs in Vancouver, 1908]]
[[File:Sikh Temple at 2nd Avenue, Vancouver.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Kitsilano|Kitsilano, Vancouver]] Sikh temple, 1910]]
[[File:GurdwaraSukhSagar1931.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Queensborough, New Westminster]] Sikh temple, 1931.]]

===Late 19th century===
South Asians first settled in Vancouver in the late 19th century. The pioneers were men, mostly [[Sikh]]s from the [[Punjab region]] of British India. These individuals first arrived in 1897 when a contingent of Sikh [[soldier]]s participated in the parade to celebrate [[Queen Victoria]]'s [[Diamond Jubilee]] by traveling across the British Empire. On their journey home, they passed through Vancouver where some remained as Canada's first South Asian settlers.<ref name=WRHp124>Walton-Roberts and Hiebert, ''[http://www.cjrs-rcsr.org/archives/20-1-2/WaltonRoberts-Hieberts.pdf Immigration, Entrepreneurship, and the Family] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018124820/http://www.cjrs-rcsr.org/archives/20-1-2/WaltonRoberts-Hieberts.pdf |date=2014-10-18 }}'', p. 124.</ref>

=== Early 20th century ===
By 1900, the South Asian population in the [[Lower Mainland]] (contemporary [[regional districts]] of [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]] and the [[Fraser Valley Regional District|Fraser Valley]]), was estimated to be at least 100, of which almost all were of Punjabi Sikh origin, according to a research article by [[Margaret Walton-Roberts]].<ref name="WaltonRobertsTurbanp314"/>

Soon thereafter in 1904 the [[RMS Empress of India (1890)|Empress of India]] arrived in Vancouver. On board was the first large contingent of South Asians to settle in Vancouver.<ref name=PGCp30>Pang, Guek-cheng. ''Culture Shock! Vancouver''. [[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]], August 15, 2010. {{ISBN|9814484806}}, 9789814484800. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA30 30].</ref>

Most of the early South Asian pioneers worked in the sawmill industry and thus settled in areas along False Creek and the Fraser River including [[Kitsilano]], [[Fraser Mills (Coquitlam)|Fraser Mills]] and [[Queensborough, New Westminster|Queensborough]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sikh Heritage Month: The South Asian pioneers of Fraser Mills|work=vancouversun |url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/sikh-heritage-month-the-south-asian-pioneers-of-fraser-mills}}</ref> A [[Gurdwara]] (Sikh temple) was constructed in Kitsilano in 1908; this was the first Sikh temple to be constructed in Canada.<ref>{{cite web|title=Indo-Canadian history in Kitsilano explored in tour|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indo-canadian-history-in-kitsilano-explored-in-tour-1.3231557}}</ref> Later in the same year, another temple was constructed in Fraser Mills.

At the turn of the century the Mayor of Vancouver did not permit cremation, so when the first Sikh died in 1907 he could not be cremated in the Vancouver city limits. Christian missionaries did not permit him to be buried with whites. Even though the missionaries promoted burial, the Sikhs instead cremated the man in a distant wilderness. This prompted Sikhs to establish their own religious institutions.<ref>Hans, p. 221-222.</ref> In 1908 the Canadian Dominion government had a plan to obtain labour for [[sugar plantation]]s in British Honduras, now Belize, by recruiting Punjabis in Vancouver. The plan was not tested because the Punjabis had already found employment.<ref>Henderson, Martha L. ''Geographical Identities of Ethnic America: Race, Space, and Place''. [[University of Nevada Press]], 2002. {{ISBN|0874174872}}, 9780874174878. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=i9o8OkgLpTcC&pg=PA71 71].</ref>

[[Anti-Indian sentiment|Anti-South Asian]] sentiment was present in early years of settlement. During the most infamous anti-Asian riot in BC history ([[1907 Vancouver anti-Asian riots|Anti-Oriental Riots of 1907]]), South Asians were spared as they remained indoors.<ref>[http://sikhs.org/100th/part1a.html Century of Struggle and Success The Sikh Canadian Experience] 13 November 2006</ref> However, in 1914 Canadian authorities turned away the [[Komagata Maru incident|Komagata Maru]] and most of its passengers; this vessel carried Punjabi Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus who were intending to move to Canada. This incident later provoked persons of Indian origin residing on the North American West Coast to oppose discrimination against their ethnic groups.<ref>Lee, Shelley Sang-Hee. ''A New History of Asian America''. [[Routledge]], October 1, 2013. {{ISBN|1135071063}}, 9781135071066. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=0REiAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA156 156].</ref>

The system of sponsoring Vancouver-based South Asians sponsoring relatives in India to immigrate to Vancouver began in 1919, when the Canadian government began permitting children and women based in India entry into Canada.<ref name=JohnstonHughp3>Johnston, Hugh, p. 3. "The 1981 census showed a Canadian population of 67,710 Sikhs and 69,500 Hindus, with 22,392 Sikhs and only 6,865 Hindus in Vancouver. Approximately one-third of Vancouver's Hindus are Punjabis, making Vancouver's total Punjabi population in 1981 about 25,000." - NOTE: Based on the figures: one third of the Vancouver Hindu population would be about 2288.33, which means there would be 22,712 Sikhs. Since the number of Sikhs was actually 22,392, this means virtually all Sikhs are Punjabi. Also: "In Toronto and other major centres in central and eastern Canada, other linguistic groups are more numerous, and Punjabis are part of a more balanced South Asian population."</ref>

By 1923 Vancouver became the primary cultural, social, and religious centre of British Columbia Indo-Canadians and it had the largest East Indian-origin population of any city in North America.<ref>Das, Rajani Kant. ''[http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/handle/10689/14265 Hindustani Workers on the Pacific Coast]''. [[W.de Gruyter & Co.]] ([[Berlin]]), 1923. -- CITED: p. [http://dspace.wbpublibnet.gov.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10689/14265/5/Chapter1-8_1-76p.pdf 20-21] ( {{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}).</ref> However, major immigration restrictions until the 1950s meant the South Asian community in Vancouver was relatively small.<ref name=WRHp124/><ref name=SikhsOfVancouver/>

===Mid-20th century===
After the partition of India in 1947, unity among Punjabi Sikhs and Muslims in Vancouver wavered; few Pakistani Punjabis began to have any sense of affinity with Punjabis from India.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13>Johnston, Hugh, p. 13.</ref>

The immigration patterns of South Asians arriving to Canada changed by the 1960s, with Ontario becoming a secondary centre of immigration. By contrast, in earlier decades British Columbia was the sole major point of immigration from the Indian subcontinent to Canada.<ref name=Campbellthesisp34>Campbell, ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019120551/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2014-10-19 }}'', p. 3-4.</ref> In addition, the first major non-Sikh immigration wave to Vancouver occurred during the 1960s.<ref name=Indrap177>Indra, p. 177.</ref>

While still representing less than 10% of the South Asian population in the region, additional immigration to Vancouver of those of non Punjabi backgrounds residing in India, Fiji, and England occurred in the late 1960s.<ref name=PGCp30/> Immigration from Fiji continued to occur in the through the 1970s. Other groups immigrating to Vancouver in the same decade included Sri Lankans, Ismaili Muslims, [[Gujarati people|Gujarati]] Hindus from East Africa and non-Punjabi Pakistanis.<ref name=Indrap177/> Soon, additional South Asian groups from Fiji, England, East Africa, East Asia, the Caribbean, and Southeast Asia arrived in Vancouver. However non Punjabi immigration to Vancouver remained small and by 1981 nearly 90% of the entire South Asian population in Vancouver remained Punjabi.<ref name=Dusenberyp101>Dusenbery, p. 101.</ref>

Punjabi Canadians were geographically dispersed throughout Vancouver during the post-war years into the early 1950s.<ref name=SikhsOfVancouver/> Consequently, with increased immigration, concentrations soon developed; first in [[South Vancouver]] during the latter half of the 1950s and throughout the 1960s,<ref name=SikhsOfVancouver/> followed by [[Edmonds, Burnaby|South Burnaby]] later in the 1960s. In the late 1960s, the [[Punjabi Market, Vancouver|Punjabi Market]] ([[Little India (location)|Little India]]) was founded in the [[Sunset, Vancouver|Sunset]] neighbourhood of South Vancouver. In the following decade, other Punjabi population concentrations began appearing in [[North Delta, British Columbia|North Delta]], [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]], and [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]. Vandalism against houses owned by Indo-Canadians and a Sikh gurdwara occurred in the 1970s, especially in 1974-1975 in Surrey.<ref name=JohnstonHughp7>Johnston, Hugh, p. 7.</ref> By 1981, the Punjabi population in Metro Vancouver increased to nearly 30,000, including about 2,288 Hindus with the remainder being Sikhs.<ref name=JohnstonHughp3/>

===Late 20th century===
Immigration rapidly increased in the late 20th century; around 70,000 South Asians moved to Vancouver during the last two decades of the century, from 1981 to 2001.<ref name=Bauderp56>Bauder, Harald. ''Labor Movement: How Migration Regulates Labor Markets''. [[Oxford University Press]], January 28, 2006. {{ISBN|019534622X}}, 9780195346220. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=HRRS12_GAOAC&pg=PA56 56].</ref> In the same timeframe, India supplied just over three quarters of the total South Asian immigration to Vancouver. Interestingly, during this period the second largest source country of South Asians was Fiji, which supplied nearly 15% of South Asian immigration to Vancouver. Others originated from Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka.<ref name=Bauderp56/>

[[File:Air India Flight 182 monument.jpg|thumb|left|[[Air India Flight 182]] memorial at [[Stanley Park]]]]
Some passengers on board [[Air India Flight 182]], which crashed in 1985, were from Greater Vancouver.<ref>Kelleher, Olivia. "[http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/special-tributes-to-remember-tragic-victims-of-rail-and-air-disasters-25979156.html Special tributes to remember tragic victims of rail and air disasters]." ''[[Irish Independent]]''. 6 July 2005. Retrieved on October 22, 2014. "On June 23, 1985, Air India Flight 182 from Montreal to London, carrying passengers from Vancouver, exploded and crashed off the Cork coast."</ref> The bomb that went on AI182 was first placed on a connecting flight that departed Vancouver.<ref>Staff. "[https://www.straight.com/news/john-majors-air-india-flight-182-inquirys-key-findings-bomb-exploded-1985-killing-329-people John Major's Air India Flight 182 inquiry's key findings before the bomb exploded in 1985, killing 329 people]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150105133852/http://www.straight.com/news/john-majors-air-india-flight-182-inquirys-key-findings-bomb-exploded-1985-killing-329-people |date=January 5, 2015 }}). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. July 17, 2010. Retrieved on January 5, 2015.</ref> Since then, there have been memorial services held at [[Stanley Park]]. The Ceperley Playground at Stanley Park has a memorial listing the names of the passengers.<ref>Bolan, Kim. "[https://vancouversun.com/news/India+anniversary+memorial+service+planned+Stanley+Park+tonight/9966362/story.html Air India anniversary memorial service planned for Stanley Park tonight]" ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712141916/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/India+anniversary+memorial+service+planned+Stanley+Park+tonight/9966362/story.html |date=2014-07-12 }}). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. June 23, 2014. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref>

By the mid-1980s wealthier South Asians were moving to [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]] from South Vancouver because land in Surrey was less expensive.<ref name=JohnstonHughp10>Johnston, Hugh, p. 10.</ref> The population continued to swell throughout the region thereafter; by 1991, the South Asian population grew to 86,200 in Metro Vancouver.<ref name="population1991"/><ref name="population1991B"/><ref name=Nodwellintegratingp1>Nodwell, "[http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/1860/ubc_1993_fall_phd_nodwell_evelyn.pdf?sequence=1 "Integrating Indian Culture into our Life"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021184008/http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/1860/ubc_1993_fall_phd_nodwell_evelyn.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2014-10-21 }}," p. 1.</ref>

In 1996 a controversy occurred when Dr. Stephens, a doctor in [[San Jose, California]], put advertisements for sex-selection services which would allow parents to reject female children. The Coalition of Women's Organizations Against Sex Selection, organized by Mahila, a women's group headquartered in Vancouver, criticized Stephens.<ref>Fair, p. 1.</ref> In 2006 the [[Royal Canadian Mounted Police]] (RCMP) stated that there had been attempts to extort and kidnap people in Surrey; the RCMP did not disclose when the attempts occurred and who the targets were. The RCMP stated that businesspersons of Indo-Canadian origins in Surrey need to take precautions. In response, the president of Sikh Alliance Against Violence, Kandola, stated that the warning was too vague and could cause unnecessary panic and confusion.<ref>"[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/rcmp-warning-to-indo-canadian-community-draws-fire-1.580183 RCMP warning to Indo-Canadian community draws fire]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028151451/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/rcmp-warning-to-indo-canadian-community-draws-fire-1.580183 |date=2014-10-28 }}). [[CBC News]]. August 23, 2006. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref>

===21st century===
In August 2008, during a community meeting,<ref name=Bloemraadp48>Bloemraad, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EWCq1_Jg82gC&pg=PA48 48].</ref> the [[Prime Minister of Canada]] gave an apology for the Komagata Maru incident in a park,<ref name=Lundyp93>Lundy, Kathleen Gould. ''Teaching Fairly in an Unfair World''. Pembroke Publishers Limited. {{ISBN|1551388073}}, 9781551388076. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RaUHZqZuObkC&pg=PA93 93].</ref> in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]].<ref name=Bloemraadp48/> Some members of Canada's Indo-Canadian community argued that he should have apologized in Parliament.<ref name=Lundyp93/>

In 2010 Charlie Smith, the editor of ''[[The Georgia Straight]]'', criticized area news reports which stated that South Asians were disproportionately connected to [[gay bashings]]; Smith argued that it is not fair to lump all South Asians together and label them with the same description, citing the ethnic diversity within the community.<ref name=SmithIndoCanGayBash>Smith, Charlie (editor). "[https://www.straight.com/blogra/gay-bashings-and-south-asians Gay bashings and "South Asians"]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516021151/http://www.straight.com/blogra/gay-bashings-and-south-asians |date=May 16, 2013 }}). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. July 18, 2010. Retrieved on October 19, 2014.</ref> He also cited the fact that no Indo-Canadian professionals were charged with any such crimes. He added "I doubt there is a single university graduate among the lot."<ref name=SmithIndoCanGayBash/>

== Demography ==
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
|height=300
|width=600
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yAxisMin=0
|yAxisMax=738590
|xGrid=
|yAxisTitle=Population
|yGrid=
|y1Title=Canada
|type=line
|showSymbols=
|x=1961, 1971, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021
|y1=2590, 13110, 34820, 51975, 86200, 120140, 164365, 207165, 252405, 291005, 369295
|colors=red,lightblue,pink,blue,lightgreen,orange}}
|caption=Canadians of South Asian descent in Metro Vancouver Total population (1961−2021)
|border=no
}}
{{image frame
|content={{Graph:Chart
|height=300
|width=600
|xAxisTitle=Year
|yAxisMin=0
|yAxisMax=28.331
|xGrid=
|yAxisTitle=Percentage
|yGrid=
|y1Title=Canada
|type=line
|showSymbols=
|x=1961, 1971, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, 2011, 2016, 2021
|y1=0.328, 1.211, 2.784, 3.808, 5.429, 6.623, 8.354, 9.875, 11.067, 11.994, 14.165
|colors=red,lightblue,pink,blue,lightgreen,orange}}
|caption=Canadians of South Asian descent in Metro Vancouver Percentage of the total population (1961−2021)
|border=no
}}

=== Population ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ South Asian Canadian population history in Metro Vancouver (1961−2021)
|-
!Year
!Population
!% of total population
|-
|1961 <ref name="population1961"/><ref name="population1961B"/>
| align="right" |2,590
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 2590 | 790741 | 3 }}
|-
|1971 <ref name="population1971"/><ref name="population1971B"/>{{efn|name=1971Census|The total Asian population in Greater Vancouver as per the 1971 census was 58,255, out of a total population of 1,082,350. Out of the 58,255 persons who gave ethnic origin responses as Asian,<ref name="population1971"/>{{rp|113}} 36,405 were Chinese,<ref name="population1971"/>{{rp|92}} and 9,050 were Japanese,<ref name="population1971"/>{{rp|93}} leaving 12,800 respondents of Indo-Pakistani descent. Alongside all persons who gave ethnic origin responses as West Indian (565),<ref name="population1971"/>{{rp|93}} approximately half of whom of [[Indo-Caribbeans|Indo-Caribbean]] descent (285), for a total population of South Asian origin of 13,085 persons.}}
| align="right" |13,085
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 13085 | 1082350 | 3 }}
|-
|1981 <ref name="population1981"/>
| align="right" |34,820
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 34820 | 1250610 | 3 }}
|-
|1986 <ref name="population1986"/>
| align="right" |51,975
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 51975 | 1364715 | 3 }}
|-
|1991 <ref name="population1991"/><ref name="population1991B"/>
| align="right" |86,200
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 86200 | 1587645 | 3 }}
|-
|1996 <ref name="population1996"/>
| align="right" |120,140
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 120140 | 1813935 | 3 }}
|-
|2001 <ref name="population2001"/>
| align="right" |164,365
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 164365 | 1967480 | 3 }}
|-
|2006 <ref name="population2006"/>
| align="right" |207,165
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 207165 | 2097965 | 3 }}
|-
|2011 <ref name="population2011"/>
| align="right" |252,405
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 252405 | 2280695 | 3 }}
|-
|2016 <ref name="population2016"/>
| align="right" |291,005
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 291005 | 2426235 | 3 }}
|-
|2021 <ref name="population2021"/>
| align="right" |369,295
| align="right" |{{Percentage | 369295 | 2607015 | 3 }}
|}

[[2021 Canadian census|As of 2021]], there are nearly 370,000 South Asians in Metro Vancouver, representing 14.2% of the total population.<ref name="population2021"/> Of them, based on 2016 census responses, 243,135 were East Indian, 30,670 were Punjabi, 10,820 were Pakistani, 7,200 were South Asian, n.i.e., 5,070 were Sri Lankan, 1,510 were Bangladeshi, 1,155 were Nepali, 1,055 were Tamil, 525 were Sinhalese, 755 were Bengali, 315 were Goan, 615 were Gujarati and 150 were Kashmiri.<ref name="vancouverethnicities-2016">[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CD&Code1=5915&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Greater%20Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Ethnic%20origin&TABID=1 Census Profile, 2016 Census: Greater Vancouver, Regional district]. Statistics Canada. Retrieved 26 January 2019.</ref>

=== Ethnic origins ===
Presently, the majority of the South Asian population in Vancouver remains of [[Punjabi people|Punjabi]] heritage, predominantly of the [[Sikhism|Sikh]] faith.<ref>"[http://moia.gov.in/pdf/Canada.pdf Country Brief – Canada]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626020104/http://moia.gov.in/pdf/Canada.pdf |date=2013-06-26 }}). [[Ministry of Overseas Indian Affairs]]. p. 3/7. Retrieved on October 21, 2014. "The vast majority of Vancouver Indians are of Sikh Punjabi origin."</ref><ref>Walton, p. 61 (PDF 70/209). "Indo-Canadian refers to those of South Asian ethnicity. In Vancouver the majority are Sikhs from the Punjab, and this group is composed of first and second generation as well as more recent immigrants. My focus on Indo-Canadians, more specifically Sikhs,[...]"</ref>

[[2021 Canadian census|As of 2021]], the Punjabi population in [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]] is 239,205,{{efn|name="PunjabiPopulation"|Statistic includes all speakers of the [[Punjabi language]], as many [[Immigrant generations|multi-generation]] individuals do not speak the language as a [[Mother-tongue|mother tongue]], but instead as a [[Second language|second]] or [[Third language acquisition|third language]]}} representing approximately 9.2% of the total population. [[2011 Canadian census|As of 2011]],{{efn|name="PunjabiReligion"|Last census with religion results.}} 83 percent of Punjabis in Metro Vancouver were [[Sikhs|Sikh]], with the remaining 17 percent being [[Punjabi Hindus|Hindu]] or [[Punjabi Muslims|Muslim]].

The heavy concentration of Punjabis in Vancouver differs from the South Asian populations in Toronto and other central and eastern Canadian cities, as those groups have more balance and diversity in their South Asian linguistic groups.<ref name=JohnstonHughp3/>

Despite the large proportion of Punjabis in the region, the South Asian population in Vancouver nonetheless remains diverse; minority populations of [[Gujarati people|Gujaratis]], [[Bengali people|Bengalis]], and individuals from [[South India]] as well as [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|East African]] [[Ismailism|Ismailis]],<ref name=JohnstonHughp11>Johnston, Hugh, p. 11.</ref> and [[Indians in Fiji|Fijian Indians]] are present.<ref name=Indrap177/>

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Historical populations
| title = Punjabi population history in [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]]{{efn|name="PunjabiPopulation"}}
| type = Canada
| align = left
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]'' <ref name="VancouverMetroLanguages2021"/><ref name="MetroVancouverLanguages2016">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMACA&Code1=933&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Language&TABID=1&type=0|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver [Census metropolitan area], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province] Language |date=8 February 2017 |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="MetroVancouverLanguages2011">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=933&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Non-official%20language&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1|title=NHS Profile, Vancouver, CMA, British Columbia, 2011 Non-official language|access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="MetroVancouverLanguages2006">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89189&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Various Languages Spoken (147), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for the Population of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2006 Census - 20% Sample Data|access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="MetroVancouverLanguages2001">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=55662&PRID=0&PTYPE=55430,53293,55440,55496,71090&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2001&THEME=41&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Various Non-official Languages Spoken (76), Age Groups (13) and Sex (3) for Population, for Census Metropolitan Areas, Tracted Census Agglomerations and Census Tracts, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data|access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="MetroVancouverLanguages1996">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=13638&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=6&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Population Able to Speak Various Non-official Languages (73), Showing Age Groups (13A) and Sex (3), for Census Metropolitan Areas, Tracted Census Agglomeration and Census Tracts, 1996 Census (20% Sample Data)|access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="MetroVancouverLanguages1991">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=58&PRID=0&PTYPE=4&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=110&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=L9105 - Population Able to Speak Various Non-official Languages (11), Showing Age Groups (13b) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions|date=21 August 2018 |access-date=23 August 2022}}</ref><ref name="MetroVancouverLanguages1986">{{cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census86/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=113686&PRID=0&PTYPE=113679&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1986&THEME=133&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|title=Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Census Metropolitan Areas, Tracted Census Agglomerations and Census Tracts, 1986 Census - Part A|date=21 August 2018 |access-date=5 May 2024}}</ref>{{efn|name=PunjabiPopulationB|Census data on total language speakers began during the [[1991 Canadian census|1991 census]]. [[1986 Canadian census|1986 census]]<ref name="MetroVancouverLanguages1986"/> is an estimate derived using the proportion of total Punjabi speakers to Punjabi mother tongue speakers from the 1991 census, which was approximately 1.5 times greater.}}
|[[1986 Canadian census|1986]]|31255
|[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]|51735
|[[1996 Canadian census|1996]]|79760
|[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]|104280
|[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]|137415
|[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]|164895
|[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]|187530
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]|239205
}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Bar chart
| title = Punjabi Proportion of the South Asian Population in Metro Vancouver (1986—2021)
| label_type = Year
| data_type = Proportion %
| bar_width = 33
| width_units = em
| data_max = 100
| label1 = [[1986 Canadian census|1986]]
| data1 = 60.13
| label2 = [[1991 Canadian census|1991]]
| data2 = 60.02
| label3 = [[1996 Canadian census|1996]]
| data3 = 66.39
| label4 = [[2001 Canadian census|2001]]
| data4 = 63.44
| label5 = [[2006 Canadian census|2006]]
| data5 = 66.33
| label6 = [[2011 Canadian census|2011]]
| data6 = 65.33
| label7 = [[2016 Canadian census|2016]]
| data7 = 64.44
| label8 = [[2021 Canadian census|2021]]
| data8 = 64.77
}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Col-end}}

=== Language ===
[[File:YVR intl arrivals signage 2.jpg|thumb|[[Gurmukhi]] language sign board at [[Vancouver International Airport]]]]
As of 2021, the most prominent South Asian languages spoken in Metro Vancouver include [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Hindustani language|Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu)]] and [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]].<ref name="VancouverMetroLanguages2021"/>

The Punjabi speaking population in Vancouver has witnessed large growth over recent decades. In 1986, around 30,000 individuals in Metro Vancouver spoke Punjabi;<ref name=Koehnp8>Koehn, Sharon Denise. 1993. ''Negotiating New Lives and New Lands: Elderly Punjabi Women in British Columbia'' (M.A. thesis), University of Victoria, Victoria. - [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/35299212_Negotiating_new_lives_and_new_lands_microform__elderly_Punjabi_women_in_British_Columbia_ See info at] [[ResearchGate]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=kS7aSgAACAAJ see profile at] [[Google Books]]. CITED: p. 8.</ref> by 1991, this number grew to around 40,000.<ref name=WaltonRobertsTurbanp314>Walton-Roberts, Margaret. "[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Three Readings of the Turban]," p. 314.</ref>

[[2021 Canadian census|As of 2021]], [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]] has approximately 240,000 Punjabi speakers, accounting for roughly 9.2% of the region's total population.<ref name="VancouverMetroLanguages2021"/> Punjabi is also the third most commonly spoken language across Metro Vancouver, after English and Mandarin.<ref name="VancouverMetroLanguages2021"/>

Due to prominence of Punjabi in the region, the City of Vancouver, British Columbia, and Canadian federal institutions in Vancouver have literature and office signage using the [[Gurmukhi]] script.<ref name=Sutherlandp1077>Sutherland, Anne. "Sikhs in Canada." In: Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Ian A. Skoggard. ''Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities''. [[Springer Science & Business Media]], 2005. {{ISBN|0306483211}}, 9780306483219. CITED: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=7QEjPVyd9YMC&pg=PA1077 1077].</ref> Of the Punjabi speakers in Canada, most are located in the Vancouver and Toronto areas (predominantly Surrey and [[Brampton]]).<ref name=Sutherlandp1077/>

==== Knowledge of language ====
[[File:South Asian knowledge of language in Metro Vancouver (2021).jpg|thumb|Largest [[South Asian languages|South Asian language]] spoken (besides [[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]) in Metro Vancouver by census tract, 2021 census]]
Many South Asian Canadians speak [[Canadian English]] or [[Canadian French]] as a first language, as many [[Immigrant generations|multi-generational]] individuals do not speak South Asian languages as a [[Mother-tongue|mother tongue]], but instead may speak one or multiple{{efn|name=multiple|The question on knowledge of languages allows for multiple responses.}} as a [[Second language|second]] or [[Third language acquisition|third language]].
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Population (and % of population) of people who speak [[South Asian languages]] in Greater Vancouver (2021 census)
!
! colspan="2" | [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]]<ref name="VancouverMetroLanguages2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-08-17 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Vancouver British Columbia [Census metropolitan area] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021S0503933&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=vancouver |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | [[City of Vancouver]]<ref name="VancouverCityLanguages2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-08-17 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Vancouver, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055915022&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=vancouver |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! colspan="2" | [[City of Surrey]]<ref name="SurreyCityLanguages2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-08-17 |title=Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Profile table Surrey, City (CY) British Columbia [Census subdivision] |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?LANG=E&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1,4&DGUIDlist=2021A00055915004&HEADERlist=,15,13,18,12,16,14,17&SearchText=surrey |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
| ''' Total population'''
| colspan="2" | ''2,642,825 ({{Percentage | 2642825 | 2642825 | 2 }})''
| colspan="2" | ''662,248 ({{Percentage | 662248 | 662248 | 2 }})''
| colspan="2" | ''568,322 ({{Percentage | 568322 | 568322 | 2 }})''
|-
| ''' Number of responses '''
| colspan="2" | ''2,607,010 ({{Percentage | 2607010 | 2642825 | 2 }})''
| colspan="2" | ''650,380 ({{Percentage | 650380 | 662248 | 2 }})''
| colspan="2" | ''562,565 ({{Percentage | 562565 | 568322 | 2 }})''
|-
|
: '''[[Indo-Aryan languages]]'''
| 317,790
| {{Percentage | 317790 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 33,070
| {{Percentage | 33070 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 196,220
| {{Percentage | 196220 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]'''
| 239,205
| {{Percentage | 239205 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 19,130
| {{Percentage | 19130 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 164,830
| {{Percentage | 164830 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]'''
| 132,450
| {{Percentage | 132450 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 17,540
| {{Percentage | 17540 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 72,790
| {{Percentage | 72790 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
::: '''[[Hindi]]'''
| 110,485
| {{Percentage | 110485 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 15,025
| {{Percentage | 15025 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 61,500
| {{Percentage | 61500 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
::: '''[[Urdu]]'''
| 21,965
| {{Percentage | 21965 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 2,515
| {{Percentage | 2515 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 11,290
| {{Percentage | 11290 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]'''
| 12,615
| {{Percentage | 12615 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 1,835
| {{Percentage | 1835 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 3,255
| {{Percentage | 3255 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]'''
| 5,330
| {{Percentage | 5330 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 1,675
| {{Percentage | 1675 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 1,505
| {{Percentage | 1505 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]'''
| 3,040
| {{Percentage | 3040 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 610
| {{Percentage | 610 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 1,270
| {{Percentage | 1270 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Marathi language|Marathi]]'''
| 2,930
| {{Percentage | 2930 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 665
| {{Percentage | 665 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 665
| {{Percentage | 665 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Kutchi language|Kacchi]]'''
| 2,745
| {{Percentage | 2745 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 410
| {{Percentage | 410 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 240
| {{Percentage | 240 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Nepali language|Nepali]]'''
| 1,645
| {{Percentage | 1645 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 325
| {{Percentage | 325 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 715
| {{Percentage | 715 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Konkani language|Konkani]]'''
| 655
| {{Percentage | 655 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 150
| {{Percentage | 150 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 230
| {{Percentage | 230 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]'''
| 505
| {{Percentage | 505 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 70
| {{Percentage | 70 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 175
| {{Percentage | 175 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]]'''
| 140
| {{Percentage | 140 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 25
| {{Percentage | 25 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 25
| {{Percentage | 25 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Odia language|Oriya]]'''
| 140
| {{Percentage | 140 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 50
| {{Percentage | 50 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Assamese language|Assamese]]'''
| 95
| {{Percentage | 95 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 15
| {{Percentage | 15 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 30
| {{Percentage | 30 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Rohingya language|Rohingya]]'''
| 55
| {{Percentage | 55 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 55
| {{Percentage | 55 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''Other'''
| 1,395
| {{Percentage | 1395 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 250
| {{Percentage | 250 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 675
| {{Percentage | 675 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
: '''[[Dravidian languages]]'''
| 16,585
| {{Percentage | 16585 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 4,730
| {{Percentage | 4730 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 5,155
| {{Percentage | 5155 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]'''
| 8,440
| {{Percentage | 8440 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 2,670
| {{Percentage | 2670 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 2,465
| {{Percentage | 2465 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Malayalam]]'''
| 4,615
| {{Percentage | 4615 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 965
| {{Percentage | 965 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 1,815
| {{Percentage | 1815 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]'''
| 3,940
| {{Percentage | 3940 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 1,110
| {{Percentage | 1110 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 1,005
| {{Percentage | 1005 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Kannada]]'''
| 1,425
| {{Percentage | 1425 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 330
| {{Percentage | 330 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 465
| {{Percentage | 465 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''[[Tulu language|Tulu]]'''
| 180
| {{Percentage | 180 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 50
| {{Percentage | 50 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 80
| {{Percentage | 80 | 562565 | 2 }}
|-
|
:: '''Other'''
| 40
| {{Percentage | 40 | 2607010 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 650380 | 2 }}
| 15
| {{Percentage | 15 | 562565 | 2 }}
|}

==== Mother tongue ====
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Population (and % of population) of people who speak South Asian languages and official languages as a mother tongue in Greater Vancouver (2021 census)<ref>[[Statistics Canada]]. [https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/dv-vd/language-langue/index-en.html#htu Mother tongue by geography, 2021 Census]. Accessed 2022-08-20.</ref>
!
! colspan="2" | Greater Vancouver
! colspan="2" | City of Vancouver
! colspan="2" | City of Surrey
|-
| '''Population'''
| colspan="2" | 2,619,425
| colspan="2" | 654,825
| colspan="2" | 564,230
|-
|
: '''[[Indo-Aryan languages]]'''
| 277,875 || (10.6%) || 27,205 || (4.2%) || 177,375 || (31.4%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]'''
| 203,430 || (7.8%) || 15,435 || (2.4%) || 143,590 || (25.5%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]]'''
| 52,370 || (2.0%) || 7,600 || (1.2%) || 27,180 || (4.8%)
|-
|
::: '''[[Hindi]]'''
| 38,620 || (1.5%) || 6,080 || (0.9%) || 19,680 || (3.5%)
|-
|
::: '''[[Urdu]]'''
| 13,340 || (0.5%) || 1,440 || (0.2%) || 7,300 || (1.3%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]'''
| 9,215 || (0.4%) || 1,390 || (0.2%) || 2,580 || (0.5%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Bengali language|Bengali]]'''
| 4,605 || (0.2%) || 1,295 || (0.2%) || 1,305 || (0.2%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Sinhala language|Sinhala]]'''
| 1,985 || (0.08%) || 315 || (0.05%) || 880 || (0.2%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Marathi language|Marathi]]'''
| 1,840 || (0.07%) || 425 || (0.06%) || 435 || (0.08%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Kutchi language|Kacchi]]'''
| 1,645 || (0.06%) || 255 || (0.04%) || 145 || (0.03%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Nepali language|Nepali]]'''
| 1,435 || (0.05%) || 245 || (0.04%) || 720 || (0.1%)
|-
|
: '''[[Dravidian languages]]'''
| 13,495 || (0.5%) || 3,755 || (0.6%) || 4,210 || (0.8%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Tamil language|Tamil]]'''
| 5,830 || (0.2%) || 2,010 || (0.3%) || 1,645 || (0.3%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Malayalam]]'''
| 3,820 || (0.2%) || 690 || (0.1%) || 1,510 || (0.3%)
|-
|
:: '''[[Telugu language|Telugu]]'''
| 3,000 || (0.1%) || 830 || (0.1%) || 835 || (0.2%)
|-
|
: '''[[Official bilingualism in Canada|Official languages]]'''
| 1,505,670 || (57.5%) || 377,865 || (57.7%) || 283,735 || (50.3%)
|-
|
:: '''[[English language|English]]'''
| 1,468,760 || (56.1%) || 363,820 || (55.6%) || 279,030 || (49.5%)
|-
|
:: '''[[French language|French]]'''
| 36,910 || (1.4%) || 14,045 || (2.1%) || 4,705 || (0.8%)
|}

===Religion===
[[File:Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver.jpg|thumb|[[Khalsa Diwan Society Vancouver]]]]
The 1981 census stated that about 65% of the persons of South Asian origin in the Vancouver Census Metropolitan Area were Sikh. In addition, 20% were Hindu, and 15% belonged to other religions. The other religious groups included Buddhists, Christians, Jains, Muslims, and Zoroastrian [[Parsi]]s. [[Ismailism|Ismailis]] were among the Muslims.<ref name=Nodwellintegratingp1to2>Nodwell, "[http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/1860/ubc_1993_fall_phd_nodwell_evelyn.pdf?sequence=1 "Integrating Indian Culture into our Life"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021184008/http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/1860/ubc_1993_fall_phd_nodwell_evelyn.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2014-10-21 }}," p. 1-2.</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ South Asian Canadians in Metro Vancouver Demography by religion (2001−2021)
|-
| rowspan=2 |
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|2021<ref name="CensusReligion2021">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26
|title= Religion by visible minority and generation status: Canada, provinces and territories, census metropolitan areas and census agglomerations with parts |url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810034201 |access-date=2022-10-31 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"|2011<ref name="CensusReligion2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-01-23 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables Religion (19), Age Groups (10), Sex (3), Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force and Educational Characteristics (268) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2011 National Household Survey |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=107554&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-10-12 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
! style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"| 2001<ref name="CensusReligion2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-12-23 |title=2001 Census Topic-based tabulations Religion (95) and Visible Minority Groups (15) for Population, for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2001 Census - 20% Sample Data |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census01/products/standard/themes/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=55825&PRID=0&PTYPE=55440&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=56&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-10-14 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
|-
!Population
!%
!Population
!%
!Population
!%
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Sikhism]]
| 219,960
| {{Percentage | 219960 | 369290 | 1 }}
| 154,200
| {{Percentage | 154200 | 252400 | 1 }}
| 97,495
| {{Percentage | 97495 | 164360 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Hinduism]]
| 62,065
| {{Percentage | 62065 | 369290 | 1 }}
| 38,320
| {{Percentage | 38320 | 252400 | 1 }}
| 26,220
| {{Percentage | 26220 | 164360 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Islam]]
| 39,475
| {{Percentage | 39475 | 369290 | 1 }}
| 29,490
| {{Percentage | 29490 | 252400 | 1 }}
| 23,165
| {{Percentage | 23165 | 164360 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Irreligion]]
| 27,665
| {{Percentage | 27665 | 369290 | 1 }}
| 14,105
| {{Percentage | 14105 | 252400 | 1 }}
| 6,095
| {{Percentage | 6095 | 164360 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Christianity]]
| 15,830
| {{Percentage | 15830 | 369290 | 1 }}
| 13,430
| {{Percentage | 13430 | 252400 | 1 }}
| 9,665
| {{Percentage | 9665 | 164360 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Buddhism]]
| 2,690
| {{Percentage | 2690 | 369290 | 1 }}
| 1,665
| {{Percentage | 1665 | 252400 | 1 }}
| 965
| {{Percentage | 965 | 164360 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Jainism]]
| 620
| {{Percentage | 620 | 369290 | 1 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 85
| {{Percentage | 85 | 164360 | 2 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Zoroastrianism]]
| 430
| {{Percentage | 430 | 369290 | 1 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 405
| {{Percentage | 405 | 164360 | 1 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Judaism]]
| 145
| {{Percentage | 145 | 369290 | 2 }}
| 100
| {{Percentage | 100 | 252400 | 2 }}
| 80
| {{Percentage | 80 | 164360 | 2 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Baháʼí Faith|Baháʼí]]
| 80
| {{Percentage | 80 | 369290 | 2 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 25
| {{Percentage | 25 | 164360 | 2 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Mythologies of the indigenous peoples of the Americas|Indigenous]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 369290 | 1 }}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 85
| {{Percentage | 85 | 164360 | 2 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"| [[Major religious groups|Other]]
| 330
| {{Percentage | 330 | 369290 | 1 }}
| 1,090
| {{Percentage | 1090 | 252400 | 1 }}
| 75
| {{Percentage | 75 | 164360 | 2 }}
|-
| style="text-align:left"|'''Total responses'''
| '''369,290'''
| '''{{Percentage | 369290 | 369295 | 1 }}'''
| '''252,400'''
| '''{{Percentage | 252400 | 252405 | 1 }}'''
| '''164,360'''
| '''{{Percentage | 164360 | 164365 | 1 }}'''
|-
| style="text-align:left"| '''Total South Asian Canadian population in Metro Vancouver'''
| '''369,295'''
| '''{{Percentage | 369295 | 369295 | 1 }}'''
| '''252,405'''
| '''{{Percentage | 252405 | 252405 | 1 }}'''
| '''164,365'''
| '''{{Percentage | 164365 | 164365 | 1 }}'''
|}

====Sikhism====
{{Historical populations
| title = Sikh population history in [[Metro Vancouver Regional District|Metro Vancouver]]
| type = Canada
| align = right
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]''<ref name=StatsCanada>"[http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp Annexes]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904100704/http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/resources/publications/indo-canadian/annexes.asp |date=2014-09-04 }}). ''Report of Meetings with Representatives of the Indo‑Canadian Community''. [[Government of Canada]]. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.</ref><ref>[https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CMA&Code1=933&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Religion&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 2011 Census Greater Vancouver]</ref><ref name="religion1991">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title=Census, 1991 Religions in Canada |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.676077/publication.html |access-date=2022-09-12 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|94}}<ref>{{cite web|title=1981 Census of Canada Population Language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling British Columbia|url=http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2017/statcan/CS93-934-1981.pdf}}</ref>
| 1981|22390
| [[1991 Canadian census|1991]]|49625
| [[2001 Canadian census|2001]]|99005
| [[2011 Canadian census|2011]]|155945
}}
{{main|Sikhism in Greater Vancouver}}
Vancouver is home to Canada's most influential, oldest, and largest Sikh community.<ref name=Dusenberyp101/> Until the 1960s Sikh religious organizations were the primary political interest groups of the Indo-Canadian community in the Vancouver region,<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> and Sikh [[gurdwaras]] (Sikh temples) in Vancouver were the city's only community centres for the Indo-Canadians until the 1960s.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> This meant that the gurdwaras at the time also gave social outlets to Punjabi Hindus and Muslims along with other South Asians.<ref name=JohnstonHughp5>Johnston, Hugh, p. 5.</ref> By 1981, gurdwaras mainly filled religious purposes.<ref>Dusenbery, p. 102.</ref>

Many major gurdwaras in Greater Vancouver were initially established in isolated areas, but these areas over time became urbanized.<ref name=NayarSikhSpacep48>Nayar, "The Making of Sikh Space," p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA48 48].</ref> As Vancouver has an extremely high proportion of Sikhs, being Punjabi in the region has come to mean, exclusively, being Sikh.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> While making up a majority of the Punjabi population in India and Pakistan, this definition has come to exclude Punjabi Muslims and Hindus who reside in Vancouver as a minority.<ref name=JohnstonHughp2>Johnston, Hugh, p. 2.</ref>

Sikhs are the largest non-Christian group in Metro Vancouver,<ref>Nayar, ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA3 3].</ref> with a population numbering 155,945 as of 2011, representing around 7% of the region's total population.

====Hinduism====
In the past, Hindus went to Sikh gurdwaras because they lacked their own Hindu temples. However, in 1972 Indo-Fijian Canadians established the first Hindu temple in Vancouver.<ref name=Buchignanip722>Buchignani, Norman. "Indo-Fijians." In: Magosci, Paul R. (editor). ''Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples'' (G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series). [[University of Toronto Press]], 1999. {{ISBN|0802029388}}, 9780802029386. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dbUuX0mnvQMC&pg=PA722 722]. "Indo-Fijians in the Vancouver area played an important role in the establishment of the first permanent Hindu temple there in 1972." and "Muslim Indo-Fijian immigrants joined with coreligionists from other South Asian communities to found one of the first permanent mosques in the Vancouver area."</ref>

Historically there were ten times the number of Punjabi Sikhs compared to Punjabi Hindus.<ref name=JohnstonHughp11/> Around the 1970s Punjabi Hindus began having fewer interactions with Sikhs,<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> and in general became more distant from Punjabi Sikhs,<ref name=JohnstonHughp2/> as they established their own Hindu religious organizations.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> This occurred as the Indo-Canadian community increased with more and more immigration.<ref name=JohnstonHughp2/> As of 1981 Vancouver had 6,865 Hindus, about one third of them ethnic Punjabis.<ref name=JohnstonHughp3/> As of 1988 there was no specific Punjabi Hindu organization in Greater Vancouver. Because the Gujarati society morphed into a Gujarati Hindu society, Gujarati Hindus had religious and social functions from both the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]], the primary Hindu temple in Vancouver, and from their ethnic society.<ref name=JohnstonHughp11/> As of 1988 the primary Hindu temple in the area was the Vishva Hindu Prasad, which in 1982 had about 500 members who paid dues.

In 1974 Vishva Hindu Prasad received its own building, a former community centre for an adjacent church. The temple building has a kitchen in the basement and the temple on the primary floor. Its worshipers include South Indians, Bengalis, Gujaratis, and Punjabis. Its primary language is [[Hindi language|Hindi]]; Hugh Johnston stated that this "has been an obstacle for the South Indians".<ref name=JohnstonHughp11/> The first head priest was an [[Indian diaspora in Southeast Africa|East African]] Punjabi who was of the [[Brahman]] caste and a part of [[Arya Samaj]]. A South Indian [[Vedantist]] priest began participating in 1981 after the first priest did not participate in a ceremony to install idols and, after a political struggle, resigned.<ref name=JohnstonHughp12>Johnston, Hugh, p. 12.</ref> Other temples included a [[International Society for Krishna Consciousness|Hare Krishna]] temple and the Shiv Mandir. Westerners supported the former and [[Indians in Fiji|Fijians]] supported the latter.<ref name=JohnstonHughp11/>

As of the 2001 [[Statistics Canada]] there were 27,405 Hindus in Greater Vancouver.<ref name=StatsCanada/>

====Islam====
As of 1988 the B.C. Muslim Association has a majority Fijian membership. The Pakistan Canada Association, according to Hugh Johnson, "have played a leading role in its affairs."<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/> By 1983 there was a mosque and community centre in [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]] and a mosque in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]] controlled by this organization.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1213>Johnston, Hugh, p. 12-13.</ref> The primary language used in the mosque is English. In addition to Indian Fijians and Punjabis, Arabs and other non-South Asian ethnic groups are a part of the mosque.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/>

Originally Muslims participated in Sikh gurdwaras. After 1947 Indo-Canadian Muslims continued having a relationship with Sikhs but began referring to themselves as "Pakistanis" due to the [[Partition of India]]. The B.C. Muslim Association was established in 1966.<ref name=JohnstonHughp12/> Around the 1970s Punjabi Muslims began having fewer interactions with Sikhs,<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> and in general became more distant from Punjabi Sikhs,<ref name=JohnstonHughp2/> as they established their own Muslim religious organizations.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1/> The movement of South Asian professionals of Pakistani national origins from other Canadian provinces into Vancouver caused existing Punjabi Muslims to move further away from Punjabi Sikhs.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/> Immigration from several countries, including Fiji and Middle Eastern countries, increased the Indo-Canadian Sunni Muslim population.<ref name=JohnstonHughp12/> Several South Asian groups, including Indo-Fijians, together established one of the Vancouver area's first permanent mosques.<ref name=Buchignanip722/> There were 8,000 Muslims that were a part of the B.C. Muslim Association in 1983.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1213/>

====Christianity====
As of 1997 there are eight Punjabi Christian churches in Greater Vancouver.<ref>"[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2011/02/05/ethnic-churches-flourishing/ Ethnic churches flourishing]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140823184656/http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2011/02/05/ethnic-churches-flourishing/ |date=2014-08-23 }}). ''[[The Vancouver Sun]]''. Saturday November 1, 1997. p. B1 / FRONT. Re-posted online February 5, 2011. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref> In February 2014 the Punjabi Masihi Church had about 300 worshipers, most of them of South Asian origins. It was the first ever Punjabi Christian church to be established. Most of its services are held in English, while some are also in Hindi, Punjabi, and Urdu. It originally operated in an annex of the Delta Pentecostal Church in [[Delta, British Columbia|Delta]]. Construction on its standalone congregational building in Surrey began in 2008; initially, {{convert|9500|sqft|sqm}}, it was scheduled to open in March of that year and there are further plans to build additions until the building has a total of {{convert|13000|sqft|sqm}}.<ref>"[http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/punjabi-christian-congregation-finally-getting-a-church-of-its-own-in-surrey/720938/ Punjabi Christian congregation finally getting a church of its own in Surrey]" ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413133031/http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/punjabi-christian-congregation-finally-getting-a-church-of-its-own-in-surrey/720938/|date=2015-04-13}}). ''[[Vancouver_Desi]]''. February 19, 2014. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref> For Syro-Malabar Catholics, The [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mississauga]] has a church, St. Alphonsa, located in Vancouver, with high attendance from the [[Malayali]] community in the region.

====Other====
Anand Jain, a person quoted in a 2006 ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'' article, stated that the Lower Mainland region may have around 60 Jain families.<ref name=Jain>"[http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=e7e50c46-2aa0-4071-a38f-bc8bbd12f46c As Diwali celebrations begin, Jains choose a quieter ritual]" ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924130126/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=e7e50c46-2aa0-4071-a38f-bc8bbd12f46c |date=2015-09-24 }}). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. October 21, 2006. Retrieved on April 30, 2015.</ref>

== Geographical distribution ==
{{Pie chart
| caption=South Asian population (291,005) distribution by Metro Vancouver subdivision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Geo2=PR&Code2=01&Data=Count&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&TABID=1&B1=All&Code1=5915022&SearchText=vancouver|title = Census Profile, 2016 Census - Vancouver, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Canada [Country]|date = 8 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915004&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=surrey&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 | title=Surrey, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia | publisher=Statistics Canada | access-date=October 4, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915011&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=delta&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1 |title=Delta, District municipality [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia |date= 4 October 2018 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915025&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Burnaby, City, British Columbia |date= 25 January 2018 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915015&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=richmond&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Richmond, City, British Columbia |date= 4 October 2018 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Statistics Canada">{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915034&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=coquitlam&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&TABID=1 |title=Coquitlam, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia |publisher=Statistics Canada |date=20 March 2018 |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915029&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&Data=Count&SearchText=new%20westminster&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1 |title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - New Westminster, City, British Columbia |date= 4 October 2018 |publisher=Statistics Canada |access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref>
| label1 = [[Surrey, BC|Surrey]]
| value1 = 57.7
| color1 = darkgreen
| label2 = [[Vancouver]]
| value2 = 12.8
| color2 = white
| label3 = [[Delta, BC|Delta]]
| value3 = 7.0
| color3 = yellow
| label4 = [[Burnaby, BC|Burnaby]]
| value4 = 6.4
| color4 = orange
| label5 = [[Richmond, BC|Richmond]]
| value5 = 4.9
| color5 = blue
| label6 = [[Coquitlam, BC|Coquitlam]]
| value6 = 2.1
| color6 = brown
| label7 = [[New Westminster, BC|New Westminster]]
| value7 = 2.0
| color7 = red
| label8 = [[Langley, British Columbia (city)|Langley]]
| value8 = 1.8
| color8 = purple
| label9 = Other municipalities
| value9 = 5.2
| color9 = black
}}

During the [[post-war]] era in the late 1940s and early 1950s, there was no particular residential concentration of South Asians in the Vancouver region.<ref name=SikhsOfVancouver>Campbell, Michael Graeme. 1977. "[https://dx.doi.org/10.14288/1.0094087 The Sikhs of Vancouver : a case study in minority-host relations]". In ''[https://open.library.ubc.ca/soa/cIRcle/collections/ubctheses/831/items/1.0094087 UBC Theses and Dissertations]''</ref><ref name="AmesConflictp22">Ames, Michael M. & Joy Inglis. 1974. "[http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832 Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life]" ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711204226/http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832|date=2015-07-11}}). In ''[[British_Columbia_Studies]]'', Vol. 20. Winter 1973-1974. - CITED: p. 22. "The Sikh "community" of Vancouver lower mainland, where most B.C. Sikhs live, is not a residential entity; it operates more as a collection of reference groups of relatives, friends, and acquaintances who recognize a common ethnic membership, a proudly shared religion, mutual interests, and several temples."</ref> However, during the latter half of the 1950s and later, throughout the 1960s, many new immigrants began settling on the south slope within the city of Vancouver.<ref name=SikhsOfVancouver/><ref name=DurwardMoodyEllisp1>Durward, M. Lynne, Janet L. Moody, and E. Norman Ellis. "[http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED088916.pdf Evaluation of the Punjabi-English Class at the Moberly Primary Annex for the 1973-74 School Year]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129033645/http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED088916.pdf |date=2014-11-29 }}). Department of Planning and Evaluation, Vancouver School Board Board of Trustees. August 1973. p. 1 (PDF P. 9/33). Retrieved on November 16, 2014. [http://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED088916 See profile at] [[Education Resources Information Center]] (ERIC).</ref> This was due to the proximity of the gurdwara and the lumber mills.<ref name=Chadneyfamilypattp33>Chadney, "Sikh Family Patterns," p. 33. "Although the Sikhs are residentially dispersed throughout Greater Vancouver, members of the effective ethnic community are concentrated in a section of Southern Vancouver. This concentration is growing and is reinforced by the proximity of the lumber mills (most important economically) and the Gurdwara (most important religiously and sociopolitically)."</ref> In the following decade, the [[Punjabi Market, Vancouver|Punjabi Market]] ([[Little India (location)|Little India]]) was established within the [[Sunset, Vancouver|Sunset neighbourhood]] of southeast Vancouver; the neighbourhood became the centre of Metro Vancouver's South Asian community by 1970.<ref>"[http://vancouver.ca/green-vancouver/sunset.aspx Sunset]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007121912/http://vancouver.ca/green-vancouver/sunset.aspx |date=2014-10-07 }}). City of Vancouver. Retrieved on October 19, 2014.</ref><ref>Lynch, Dana. "[http://vancouver.about.com/od/shopping/ss/punjabimarkettour.htm Vancouver Punjabi Market Shopping & Walking Tour]" ( {{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}). ''[[About.com]]''. Retrieved on October 15, 2014.</ref><ref>Bloemraad, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EWCq1_Jg82gC&pg=PA62 62].</ref> A secondary concentration soon also developed in the [[Edmonds, Burnaby|Edmonds]] neighbourhood of South Burnaby later in the 1970s.<ref name=NayarPunjabisp327/> In the ensuing two decades, during the 1970s and 1980s, South Asians were located throughout Greater Vancouver and not only in [[South Vancouver]] and South Burnaby;<ref name=Chadneyfamilypattp33/> about 66% of Indo-Canadians lived in Vancouver city while about 33% lived in [[Burnaby, British Columbia|Burnaby]], [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]], [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]] and other [[suburban]] cities.<ref name=JohnstonHughp16/>

Beginning in the 1990s, the majority of new immigrants from South Asia arriving to Metro Vancouver began moving directly to Surrey and Delta, primarily enticed by cheap housing on larger properties relative to the city of Vancouver.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thetyee.ca/Culture/2019/08/02/Punjabi-Market-Vancouver-Past-Present-Future-50-Anniversary/|title=Punjabi Market — Past, Present and Future|date=August 2, 2019|access-date= October 11, 2022}}</ref> Part of a larger trend in large [[metropolitan area]]s across [[North America]], new immigrants began to bypass traditional migration patterns to an inner-city enclave − at the time for South Asians in Metro Vancouver, the inner-city enclave was located in the [[Sunset, Vancouver|Sunset neighbourhood]] − instead opting to migrate to [[suburb]]an locales, leading to the creation of the ''[[Ethnoburb]]''.

The pattern shift in South Asian immigration to Metro Vancouver began to alter the geographic distribution across the region. This was reflected in the shift of Punjabi speakers in the region; [[1991 Canadian census|in 1991]], only 20% of those who natively spoke Punjabi in Metro Vancouver lived in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]].<ref name=WaltonRobertsTurbanp314/> In the ensuing two decades, [[2011 Canadian census|by 2011]], this number nearly completely reversed; nearly 60% of Punjabi speakers in Metro Vancouver were situated in Surrey. [[2016 Canadian census|As of 2016]], South Asians made up more than 32% of the Surrey population,<ref name=JohnstonCanSurvive/> and formed the largest [[visible minority]] group in the city.<ref name=Goodp169>Good, Kristin R. ''Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver'' (Volume 34 of Studies in comparative political economy and public policy). [[University of Toronto Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|1442609931}}, 9781442609938. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ngMCCV64WrkC&pg=PA169 169].</ref> As many South Asians have moved to suburban areas such as Surrey, Delta and Coquitlam, the number of businesses in the Vancouver's Punjabi Market began to decline in the 2000s.<ref name=JohnstonCanSurvive>Johnston, Jesse. "[http://www.news1130.com/2013/02/04/can-vancouvers-little-india-district-survive/ Can Vancouver’s Little India district survive?]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019174740/http://www.news1130.com/2013/02/04/can-vancouvers-little-india-district-survive/ |date=2014-10-19 }}). [[CKWX]] (News 1130). February 4, 2013. Retrieved on October 19, 2014.</ref>

Of all Canadian municipalities, Surrey has the second-highest concentration of South Asians.<ref name=NayarPunjabisp327>Nayar, ''[[The Punjabis in British Columbia]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA327 327].</ref> Surrey includes many shopping centres, [[Gurdwara]]s, [[Mandirs]] and [[Masjids]] catering to the South Asians community. Surrey has been viewed as the South Asian equivalent of Richmond, which houses an equally large [[East Asian Canadians|East Asian]]/[[Chinese Canadians|Chinese]] population.<ref name=PangVanp31/> [[Newton Town Centre|Newton]] and Whalley are the two largest South Asian neighbourhoods in Surrey.<ref>Sinoski, Kelly. "[https://vancouversun.com/Surrey+Developing+cities+once/7874086/story.html The New Surrey: Developing six cities at once]" ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528220130/http://www.vancouversun.com/Surrey+Developing+cities+once/7874086/story.html |date=2013-05-28 }}). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. January 26, 2013. Retrieved on October 20, 2014.</ref><ref name=SinoskiMortonNeweth>Sinoski, Kelly and Brian Morton. "[https://vancouversun.com/life/Immigrants+choose+Metro+Vancouver+ethnic+enclaves+support/8180613/story.html Immigrants choose Metro Vancouver’s ethnic enclaves for support network]" ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608055530/http://www.vancouversun.com/life/Immigrants+choose+Metro+Vancouver+ethnic+enclaves+support/8180613/story.html |date=2014-06-08 }}). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. April 1, 2013. Retrieved on October 22, 2014.</ref>
[[2011 Canadian census|As of 2011]], South Asians made up 62.1% of the immigrants in Newton while the total number of immigrants made up over 40% of Newton's total population.

As of 2013, many younger Indo-Canadians are moving to areas in [[Vancouver]] and [[Burnaby]] close to their places of work instead of areas with concentrated Indo-Canadian populations.<ref name=SinoskiMortonNeweth/> Also as of 2013, the city of Surrey began construction of a new "Little India" in Newton, with a plan to supersede the Punjabi Market in Vancouver.<ref>Sinoski, Kelly. "[https://vancouversun.com/Newton+business+district+poised+become+Little+India/9271327/story.html Newton business district poised to become ‘Little India’]" ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214040353/http://www.vancouversun.com/Newton+business+district+poised+become+Little+India/9271327/story.html |date=2013-12-14 }}). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. December 10, 2013. Retrieved on October 22, 104.</ref> Construction was completed in 2016 with Little India fronting the intersection of 128th Street and 80th Avenue.<ref>{{cite web|title=Little India opens in Surrey to serve booming South Asian population|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/little-india-opens-in-surrey-to-serve-booming-south-asian-population}}</ref>

=== Subdivisions ===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Historical populations
| title = South Asian population history in [[Vancouver]]
| type = Canada
| align = left
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]'' <ref name="VancouverCity2016">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27
|title= Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="VancouverCity2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27
|title= NHS Profile, Vancouver, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Visible%20minority&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="VancouverCity2006">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20
|title= 2006 Community Profiles Vancouver British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="VancouverCity2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02
|title= 2001 Community Profiles Vancouver British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915022&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=vancouver&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1996">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02
|title= Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions, 1996 Census |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census96/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=35782&PRID=0&PTYPE=89103&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=34&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1991">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-03-29
|title= 1991 Census Area Profiles Profile of Census Divisions and Subdivisions - Part B |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/profiles/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=30&PRID=0&PTYPE=3&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=113&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1991B">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-03-29
|title= Data tables, 1991 Census Population by Ethnic Origin (24), Showing Single and Multiple Origins (2) - Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census91/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=61&PRID=0&PTYPE=4&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1991&THEME=104&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1986">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-27
|title= Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part A |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census86/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=113684&PRID=0&PTYPE=113679&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1986&THEME=133&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1986B">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-06-27
|title= Data tables, 1986 Census Census Profile for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Divisions and Census Subdivisions, 1986 Census - Part B |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/English/census86/data/tables/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=1&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=1&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=113685&PRID=0&PTYPE=113679&S=0&SHOWALL=No&SUB=0&Temporal=1986&THEME=133&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="population1981">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1981 Census of Canada : volume 2 - provincial series : population; language, ethnic origin, religion, place of birth, schooling British Columbia. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.838030/publication.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|127}}<ref name="population1971">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1971 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 3 = Recensement du Canada 1971 : population : vol. I - partie 3. Ethnic groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.834326/publication.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|74}}<ref name="population1971B">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1971 Census of Canada. Population . Specified ethnic groups, census divisions and subdivisions. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.834062/publication.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|129}} <ref name="population1961">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1961 Census of Canada : population : vol. I - part 2 = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : vol. I - partie 2. Ethnic groups. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.831160/publication.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|60}}<ref name="population1961B">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= 1961 Census of Canada : population : series SP = 1961 Recensement du Canada : population : série SP. Ethnic groups, counties and subdivisions. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.832314/publication.html |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|99}}<ref name="population1951">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Ninth census of Canada, 1951 = Neuvième recensement du Canada Vol. 2. Population: cross-classifications of characteristics. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.836019/publication.html |access-date=2023-09-09 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|137}}<ref name="population1941">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Eighth census of Canada, 1941 = Huitième recensement du Canada Vol. 2. Population by local subdivisions. |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.833108/publication.html |access-date=2023-12-10 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|500}}<ref name="population1931">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Seventh census of Canada, 1931 . v. 2. Population by areas |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.832354/publication.html |access-date=2023-09-02 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|486}}<ref name="population1921">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Sixth census of Canada, 1921 . Vol. I Part II, Racial Origins of the People |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.830550/publication.html |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|538&540}}<ref name="population1911">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2013-04-03 |title= Fifth census of Canada 1911 . v. 2. Religions, origins, birthplace, citizenship, literacy and infirmities, by provinces, districts and sub-districts |url=https://publications.gc.ca/site/eng/9.828391/publication.html |access-date=2022-11-07 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>{{rp|170}}
|1911|843
|1921|275{{efn|Includes all subdivisions that ultimately amalgamated into the City of Vancouver, including; Vancouver North: 140 persons Vancouver City: 42 persons Point Grey: 8 persons Vancouver South: 85 persons {{smaller|Source:<ref name="population1921"/>{{rp|538&540}}}}}}
|1931|529
|1941|506
|1951|654
|1961|1560
|1971|7870
|1981|14175
|1986|17410
|[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]|23000
|[[1996 Canadian census|1996]]|26040
|[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]|30655
|[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]|32515
|[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]|35140
|[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]|37130
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]|44850
}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Historical populations
| title = South Asian population history in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]
| type = Canada
| align = left
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]'' <ref name="SurreyCity2016">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27
|title= Census Profile, 2016 Census Surrey, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915004&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&SearchText=surrey&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="SurreyCity2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27
|title= NHS Profile, Surrey, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915004&Data=Count&SearchText=surrey&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Visible%20minority&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="SurreyCity2006">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20
|title= 2006 Community Profiles Surrey British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915004&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=surrey&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="SurreyCity2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02
|title= 2001 Community Profiles Surrey British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915004&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=surrey&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1996"/><ref name="Cities1991"/><ref name="Cities1991B"/><ref name="Cities1986"/><ref name="Cities1986B"/> <ref name="population1981"/><ref name="population1971"/><ref name="population1971B"/><ref name="population1961"/><ref name="population1961B"/><ref name="population1941"/><ref name="population1931"/>
|1931|17
|1941|43
|1961|118
|1971|645
|1981|4465
|1986|9070
|[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]|24000
|[[1996 Canadian census|1996]]|49805
|[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]|75680
|[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]|107810
|[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]|142445
|[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]|168040
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]|212680
}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Historical populations
| title = South Asian population history in [[Burnaby]]
| type = Canada
| align = left
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]'' <ref name="BurnabyCity2016">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27
|title= Census Profile, 2016 Census Burnaby, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915025&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&SearchText=burnaby&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="BurnabyCity2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27
|title= NHS Profile, Burnaby, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915025&Data=Count&SearchText=burnaby&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Visible%20minority&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="BurnabyCity2006">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20
|title= 2006 Community Profiles Burnaby British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915025&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=burnaby&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="BurnabyCity2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02
|title= 2001 Community Profiles Burnaby British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915025&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=burnaby&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1996"/><ref name="Cities1991"/><ref name="Cities1991B"/><ref name="Cities1986"/><ref name="Cities1986B"/> <ref name="population1981"/><ref name="population1971"/><ref name="population1971B"/><ref name="population1961"/><ref name="population1961B"/><ref name="population1941"/><ref name="population1931"/>
|1931|27
|1941|49
|1961|168
|1971|1060
|1981|3880
|1986|6170
|[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]|7945
|[[1996 Canadian census|1996]]|10695
|[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]|14960
|[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]|16840
|[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]|17480
|[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]|18735
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]|23155
}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Col-end}}
{{clear}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Historical populations
| title = South Asian population history in [[Richmond, British Columbia|Richmond]]
| type = Canada
| align = left
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]'' <ref name="RichmondCity2016">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27
|title= Census Profile, 2016 Census Richmond, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915015&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&SearchText=richmond&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="RichmondCity2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27
|title= NHS Profile, Richmond, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915015&Data=Count&SearchText=richmond&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Visible%20minority&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="RichmondCity2006">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20
|title= 2006 Community Profiles Richmond British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915015&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=richmond&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="RichmondCity2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02
|title= 2001 Community Profiles Richmond British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915015&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=richmond&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1996"/><ref name="Cities1991"/><ref name="Cities1991B"/><ref name="Cities1986"/><ref name="Cities1986B"/> <ref name="population1981"/><ref name="population1971"/><ref name="population1971B"/><ref name="population1961"/><ref name="population1961B"/><ref name="population1941"/><ref name="population1931"/>
|1931|5
|1941|43
|1961|151
|1971|495
|1981|4375
|1986|6945
|[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]|8320
|[[1996 Canadian census|1996]]|9815
|[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]|12120
|[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]|13860
|[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]|14515
|[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]|14360
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]|15370
}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Historical populations
| title = South Asian ppopulation history in [[Coquitlam]]
| type = Canada
| align = left
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]'' <ref name="CoquitlamCity2016">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27
|title= Census Profile, 2016 Census Coquitlam, City [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915034&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&SearchText=coquitlam&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="CoquitlamCity2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27
|title= NHS Profile, Coquitlam, CY, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915034&Data=Count&SearchText=coquitlam&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Visible%20minority&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="CoquitlamCity2006">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20
|title= 2006 Community Profiles Coquitlam British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915034&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=coquitlam&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="CoquitlamCity2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02
|title= 2001 Community Profiles Coquitlam British Columbia (City) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915034&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=coquitlam&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1996"/><ref name="Cities1991"/><ref name="Cities1991B"/><ref name="Cities1986"/><ref name="Cities1986B"/> <ref name="population1981"/><ref name="population1971"/><ref name="population1971B"/><ref name="population1961"/><ref name="population1961B"/><ref name="population1941"/><ref name="population1931"/>
|1931|39{{efn|name=FraserMills|Including the subdivision of Fraser Mills, which would amalgamate with Coquitlam in 1971.}}
|1941|40{{efn|name=FraserMills}}
|1961|48{{efn|name=FraserMills}}
|1971|290
|1981|1265
|1986|1835
|[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]|2295
|[[1996 Canadian census|1996]]|3455
|[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]|3280
|[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]|4185
|[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]|5245
|[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]|6220
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]|7405
}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Historical populations
| title = South Asian population history in [[Township of Langley|Langley Township]]
| type = Canada
| align = left
| footnote = ''Source: [[Statistics Canada]]'' <ref name="LangleyTownship2016">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2021-10-27
|title= Census Profile, 2016 Census Langley, District municipality [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Greater Vancouver, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915001&Geo2=CD&Code2=5915&SearchText=langley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=Visible%20minority&TABID=1&type=0 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="LangleyTownship2011">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2015-11-27
|title= NHS Profile, Langley, DM, British Columbia, 2011 Visible Minority |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915001&Data=Count&SearchText=langley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&A1=Visible%20minority&B1=All&Custom=&TABID=1 |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="LangleyTownship2006">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-08-20
|title= 2006 Community Profiles Langley British Columbia (District municipality) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/prof/92-591/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915001&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=langley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="LangleyTownship2001">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2019-07-02
|title= 2001 Community Profiles Burnaby British Columbia (District Municipality) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/english/Profil01/CP01/Details/Page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo1=CSD&Code1=5915001&Geo2=PR&Code2=59&Data=Count&SearchText=Langley&SearchType=Begins&SearchPR=01&B1=All&Custom= |access-date=2022-10-06 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref><ref name="Cities1996"/><ref name="Cities1991"/><ref name="Cities1991B"/><ref name="Cities1986"/><ref name="Cities1986B"/> <ref name="population1981"/><ref name="population1971"/><ref name="population1971B"/><ref name="population1961"/><ref name="population1961B"/><ref name="population1941"/><ref name="population1931"/>
|1931|8
|1941|6
|1961|11
|1971|35
|1981|380
|1986|720
|[[1991 Canadian census|1991]]|630
|[[1996 Canadian census|1996]]|740
|[[2001 Canadian census|2001]]|1485
|[[2006 Canadian census|2006]]|1445
|[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]|2765
|[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]|5140
|[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]|8720
}}
{{Col-break|width=33%}}
{{Col-end}}
{{clear}}

=== Federal electoral districts ===
As of 2021, South Asians form 14.2 percent of the total population of Metro Vancouver. However, the geographic distribution of South Asians varies greatly by federal electoral district, ranging from 3.4 percent of the total population of [[Vancouver East (federal electoral district)|Vancouver East]] to 66.7 percent of the total population of [[Surrey—Newton (federal electoral district)|Surrey—Newton]].

[[Punjabi language]] street signs are visible in neighborhoods that have large numbers of South Asians.<ref name="Hickmanp84">Hickman, Pamela. ''Righting Canada's Wrongs: The Komagata Maru: and Canada's Anti-Indian Immigration Policies in the Twentieth Century''. [[James Lorimer & Company]], April 30, 2014. {{ISBN|1459404378}}, 9781459404373. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uQWCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA84 84].</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+South Asians by federal electoral districts in Metro Vancouver (2011–2021)
! rowspan="2" |[[List of Canadian electoral districts|Riding]]
! colspan="2" |[[2021 Canadian census|2021]]
! colspan="2" |[[2016 Canadian census|2016]]
! colspan="2" |[[2011 Canadian census|2011]]
|-
!Population
!Percentage
!Population
!Percentage
!Population
!Percentage
|-
|[[Surrey—Newton (federal electoral district)|Surrey—Newton]]
| 80,820<ref name="2021censusSurrey—Newton">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey—Newton British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Surrey&DGUIDlist=2013A000459033&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 80820 | 121110 | 2 }}
| 68,880
| {{Percentage | 68880 | 113490 | 2 }}
| 61,635
| {{Percentage | 61635 | 104440 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Surrey Centre]]
| 52,060<ref name="2021censusSurreyCentre">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Surrey Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Surrey%20Centre&DGUIDlist=2013A000459032&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 52060 | 130010 | 2 }}
| 41,515
| {{Percentage | 41515 | 118410 | 2 }}
| 36,530
| {{Percentage | 36530 | 109915 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Fleetwood—Port Kells]]
| 42,855<ref name="2021censusFleetwood—PortKells">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Fleetwood—Port Kells British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Fleetwood&DGUIDlist=2013A000459012&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 42855 | 123990 | 2 }}
| 34,870
| {{Percentage | 34870 | 115835 | 2 }}
| 29,615
| {{Percentage | 29615 | 109125 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Delta (federal electoral district)|Delta]]
| 28,100<ref name="2021censusDeltaRiding">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Delta British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Delta&DGUIDlist=2013A000459011&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 28100 | 109435 | 2 }}
| 20,495
| {{Percentage | 20495 | 101600 | 2 }}
| 17,035
| {{Percentage | 17035 | 99465 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Cloverdale—Langley City]]
| 27,555<ref name="2021censusCloverdale—LangleyCity">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Cloverdale—Langley City British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Cloverdale&DGUIDlist=2013A000459007&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 27555 | 129610 | 2 }}
| 16,520
| {{Percentage | 16520 | 116930 | 2 }}
| 10,405
| {{Percentage | 10405 | 99930 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Vancouver South (federal electoral district)|Vancouver South]]
| 19,260<ref name="2021censusVancouverSouth">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver South British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Vancouver%20South&DGUIDlist=2013A000459040&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 19260 | 107985 | 2 }}
| 17,655
| {{Percentage | 17655 | 101265 | 2 }}
| 18,070
| {{Percentage | 18070 | 99010 | 2 }}
|-
|[[South Surrey—White Rock]]
| 14,095<ref name="2021censusSouthSurrey—WhiteRock">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population South Surrey—White Rock British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=South%20Surrey&DGUIDlist=2013A000459030&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 14095 | 116610 | 2 }}
| 8,640
| {{Percentage | 8640 | 101105 | 2 }}
| 5,495
| {{Percentage | 5495 | 91965 | 2 }}
|-
|[[New Westminster—Burnaby]]
| 13,970<ref name="2021censusNewWestminster—Burnaby">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population New Westminster—Burnaby British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=New%20Westminster&DGUIDlist=2013A000459019&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 13970 | 123140 | 2 }}
| 11,635
| {{Percentage | 11635 | 113190 | 2 }}
| 11,360
| {{Percentage | 11360 | 106780 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Burnaby South]]
| 12,705<ref name="2021censusBurnabySouth">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Burnaby South British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Burnaby%20South&DGUIDlist=2013A000459003&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 12705 | 119175 | 2 }}
| 9,315
| {{Percentage | 9315 | 111000 | 2 }}
| 8,645
| {{Percentage | 8645 | 104180 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Langley—Aldergrove]]
| 10,950<ref name="2021censusLangley—Aldergrove">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Langley—Aldergrove British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Langley&DGUIDlist=2013A000459016&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 10950 | 131220 | 2 }}
| 6,630
| {{Percentage | 6630 | 115220 | 2 }}
| 3,885
| {{Percentage | 3885 | 101370 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Steveston—Richmond East]]
| 10,125<ref name="2021censusSteveston—RichmondEast">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Steveston—Richmond East British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Steveston&DGUIDlist=2013A000459031&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 10125 | 101710 | 2 }}
| 10,175
| {{Percentage | 10175 | 99265 | 2 }}
| 10,135
| {{Percentage | 10135 | 96135 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Vancouver Kingsway]]
| 7,810<ref name="2021censusVancouverKingsway">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Kingsway British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Vancouver&DGUIDlist=2013A000459038&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 7810 | 107065 | 2 }}
| 7,085
| {{Percentage | 7085 | 103760 | 2 }}
| 6,955
| {{Percentage | 6955 | 101495 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Vancouver Centre]]
| 6,275<ref name="2021censusVancouverCentre">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Vancouver&DGUIDlist=2013A000459034&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 6275 | 124475 | 2 }}
| 4,150
| {{Percentage | 4150 | 114190 | 2 }}
| 2,990
| {{Percentage | 2990 | 101040 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam]]
| 6,200<ref name="2021censusCoquitlam—Port Coquitlam">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Coquitlam—Port Coquitlam British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Coquitlam&DGUIDlist=2013A000459008&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 6200 | 130525 | 2 }}
| 5,135
| {{Percentage | 5135 | 122550 | 2 }}
| 4,740
| {{Percentage | 4740 | 109505 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Port Moody—Coquitlam (federal electoral district)|Port Moody—Coquitlam]]
| 5,775<ref name="2021censusPortMoody—Coquitlam">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Port Moody—Coquitlam British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Port%20Moody&DGUIDlist=2013A000459023&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 5775 | 113895 | 2 }}
| 4,675
| {{Percentage | 4675 | 109785 | 2 }}
| 4,035
| {{Percentage | 4035 | 106905 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Burnaby North—Seymour]]
| 5,315<ref name="2021censusBurnabyNorth—Seymour">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Burnaby North—Seymour British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Burnaby%20North&DGUIDlist=2013A000459002&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 5315 | 107485 | 2 }}
| 4,390
| {{Percentage | 4390 | 101545 | 2 }}
| 3,670
| {{Percentage | 3670 | 99280 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge]]
| 5,260<ref name="2021censusPittMeadows—MapleRidge">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Pitt Meadows—Maple Ridge British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Pitt%20Meadows&DGUIDlist=2013A000459022&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 5260 | 109135 | 2 }}
| 3,310
| {{Percentage | 3310 | 99670 | 2 }}
| 2,730
| {{Percentage | 2730 | 93085 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Richmond Centre (federal electoral district)|Richmond Centre]]
| 5,240<ref name="2021censusRichmondCentre">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Richmond Centre British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Richmond&DGUIDlist=2013A000459025&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 5240 | 106690 | 2 }}
| 4,190
| {{Percentage | 4190 | 97395 | 2 }}
| 4,380
| {{Percentage | 4380 | 93170 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Vancouver Granville]]
| 4,995<ref name="2021censusVancouverGranville">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Granville British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Vancouver&DGUIDlist=2013A000459036&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 4995 | 108555 | 2 }}
| 3,330
| {{Percentage | 3330 | 102030 | 2 }}
| 3,040
| {{Percentage | 3040 | 98170 | 2 }}
|-
|[[North Vancouver (electoral district)|North Vancouver]]
| 4,220<ref name="2021censusNorthVancouverRiding">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population North Vancouver British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=North%20Vancouver&DGUIDlist=2013A000459021&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 4220 | 121920 | 2 }}
| 4,105
| {{Percentage | 4105 | 113870 | 2 }}
| 3,035
| {{Percentage | 3035 | 108525 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Vancouver East (federal electoral district)|Vancouver East]]
| 3,850<ref name="2021censusVancouverEast">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver East British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Vancouver&DGUIDlist=2013A000459035&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 3850 | 113805 | 2 }}
| 2,760
| {{Percentage | 2760 | 109905 | 2 }}
| 2,310
| {{Percentage | 2310 | 103920 | 2 }}
|-
|[[Vancouver Quadra]]
| 3,705<ref name="2021censusVancouverQuadra">{{Cite web |last=Government of Canada |first=Statistics Canada |date=2022-10-26 |title= Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver Quadra British Columbia [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order) |url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&SearchText=Vancouver&DGUIDlist=2013A000459039&GENDERlist=1,2,3&STATISTIClist=1&HEADERlist=0 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}</ref>
| {{Percentage | 3705 | 107055 | 2 }}
| 2,785
| {{Percentage | 2785 | 102740 | 2 }}
| 2,175
| {{Percentage | 2175 | 100325 | 2 }}
|-
| colspan="8" | {{small|Note: Based on [[2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution]] riding boundaries.}}
|}

==Holidays==
===Vaisakhi===
One of the largest celebrated holiday festivals across Vancouver is [[Vaisakhi]]. The Vaisakhi parade takes place in Vancouver and Surrey every year, and is one of the largest outside of India. The British Columbian government recognized the parade in 2021.<ref name="NayarSikhdiasporap191" /> The Vancouver Vaisakhi parade draws over 200,000 visitors and is the largest festival in the city.<ref name=ToddSecul>Todd, Douglas. "[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2013/05/11/south-asian-secularists-unite-in-canada-and-india/ South Asian secularists counter religious power] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222152654/http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2013/05/11/south-asian-secularists-unite-in-canada-and-india/ |date=2014-12-22 }}." ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. May 11, 2013. Retrieved on December 22, 2014.</ref> The Surrey Vaisakhi Parade draws up to 500,000 visitors.

===Diwali===
Sikhs, Hindus, and Jains in the Vancouver area celebrate [[Diwali]].<ref name=Fodors/> Events related to Diwali are held in Vancouver and Surrey, including DiwaliFest,<ref>"[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/diwali-events-in-vancouver-and-surrey-1.2802112 Diwali events in Vancouver and Surrey]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403101027/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/diwali-events-in-vancouver-and-surrey-1.2802112 |date=2015-04-03 }}). [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]. Retrieved on March 18, 2015.</ref> which was established in 2004 as "Vancouver Celebrates Diwali". Within the Lower Mainland region DiwaliFest is one of the largest such events.<ref>"[http://www.news1130.com/2013/10/22/vancouver-celebrates-diwali/ Vancouver Celebrates Diwali]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402102610/http://www.news1130.com/2013/10/22/vancouver-celebrates-diwali/ |date=2015-04-02 }}). ''[[News 1130]]''. October 22, 2013. Retrieved on March 18, 2015.</ref>

===Other===
The Indian Summer Festival is held every year. [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC) Vancouver sponsors the festival.<ref>"[http://www.cbc.ca/bc/community/blog/2014/06/cbc-vancouver-is-proud-to-sponsor-indian-summer-festival.html CBC Vancouver is proud to sponsor Indian Summer Festival]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095124/http://www.cbc.ca/bc/community/blog/2014/06/cbc-vancouver-is-proud-to-sponsor-indian-summer-festival.html |date=2015-04-02 }}). [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]. Retrieved on October 15, 2014.</ref>

Several South Asian organizations, including religious and regional-based groups, manage celebrations and cultural events.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/>

As of 1988 Bengali Hindus in the Vancouver area celebrate [[Durga Puja]].<ref name=JohnstonHughp11/>

==Economy==
{{expand section|date=October 2014}}
{{Asof|2010}} many Indo-Canadians work as taxi drivers in Vancouver.<ref name=PangVanp31>Pang, Guek-Cheng. ''Culture Shock! Vancouver''. [[Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd]], August 15, 2010. {{ISBN|9814484806}}, 9789814484800. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=cTOJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 31].</ref> Other Indo-Canadians have professional jobs and many also own their businesses. They are a community in diverse professions.

James G. Chadney, the author of the 1984 book ''The Sikhs of Vancouver'', stated that "one knowledgeable informant" told him that due to "business purposes" many wealthy Vancouver Sikhs use their company or the name of their spouses to legally list their residences.<ref>Chadney, ''The Sikhs of Vancouver'' (1984), p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ao0lAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Sikhs+of+Vancouver 53]. "In the same vein, many prosperous Vancouver Sikhs have their residence legally listed in the name of their spouse or company they own. One knowledgeable informant indicated that this was rather common practice "for business purposes". It cannot be stated with certainty that these[....]"</ref>

During the Indo-Canadian community's early history, many members worked in sawmills within the Vancouver city limits and in areas which would become suburbs in Greater Vancouver. They also opened firewood businesses. Indo-Canadians entered this sector because they were not permitted to enter several other occupations. By 1991 Indo-Canadians continued to be active in the wood business, and Indo-Canadian construction, wood processing, and distribution businesses opened by the 1980s.<ref name=WRHp124/> As of 1998 most of the businesses were located in Vancouver, [[North Delta, British Columbia|North Delta]], and [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]].<ref name=WRHp125>Walton-Roberts and Hiebert, ''[http://www.cjrs-rcsr.org/archives/20-1-2/WaltonRoberts-Hieberts.pdf Immigration, Entrepreneurship, and the Family] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018124820/http://www.cjrs-rcsr.org/archives/20-1-2/WaltonRoberts-Hieberts.pdf |date=2014-10-18 }}'', p. 125.</ref> Within Greater Vancouver, about 2,300 men of South Asian heritage each worked in the construction and wood processing areas in 1991, and during the same year there were about 2,000 men of South Asian heritage working in the Greater Vancouver transportation sector.<ref name=WRHp124/>

According to Michael M. Ames and Joy Inglis, authors of "Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life," as of circa 1973–1974, within the Vancouver Lower Mainland area, about 20% of Sikhs are managers and foremen and about 80% work in semi-skilled or unskilled jobs; most of the latter are in the lumber sector. Others were accountants, importers, salespeople, shopkeepers, and truckers.<ref name="AmesConflictp2223">Ames, Michael M. & Joy Inglis. 1974. "[http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832 Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life]" ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711204226/http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832|date=2015-07-11}}). In ''[[British_Columbia_Studies]]'', Vol. 20. Winter 1973-1974. - CITED: p. 22-23.</ref> Ames and Inglis stated that they got the supporting data from August 1951-December 1966 marriage records,<ref name="AmesConflictp23">Ames, Michael M. & Joy Inglis. 1974. "[http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832 Conflict and Change in British Columbia Sikh Family Life]" ({{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150711204226/http://ojs.library.ubc.ca/index.php/bcstudies/article/download/789/832|date=2015-07-11}}). In ''[[British_Columbia_Studies]]'', Vol. 20. Winter 1973-1974. - CITED: p. 23.</ref> as well as donor lists,<ref name=AmesConflictp22/> at the Vancouver [[Khalsa Diwan Society]] temple.<ref name=AmesConflictp23/>

In 2009 Judy Villeneuve, a member of the Surrey City Council, stated that the main developers of Surrey were the Indo-Canadians. By 2009 the City of Surrey had posted job advertisements in the ''[[Indo-Canadian Times]]''.<ref>Good, Kristin R. ''Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver'' (Volume 34 of Studies in comparative political economy and public policy). [[University of Toronto Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|1442609931}}, 9781442609938. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ngMCCV64WrkC&pg=PA75 75].</ref>

===Businesses===
Indian restaurants in the Punjabi Market and other parts of the Vancouver area serve Indian food.<ref name=Fodors>"[http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/canada/british-columbia/vancouver/experiences/dining-in-vancouver-a-passage-to-india-2599799/ Dining in Vancouver: A Passage to India]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143019/http://www.fodors.com/world/north-america/canada/british-columbia/vancouver/experiences/dining-in-vancouver-a-passage-to-india-2599799/ |date=2015-04-02 }}). ''[[Fodors]]''. Retrieved on March 18, 2015.</ref> The majority of Indo-Canadian restaurants focus on the [[North Indian cuisine|cuisine of northern India]].<ref>Heller, Carolyn B. "[http://www.forbestravelguide.com/vancouver-canada/what-are-the-best-indian-restaurants-in-vancouver What are the best Indian restaurants in Vancouver?]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014600/http://www.forbestravelguide.com/vancouver-canada/what-are-the-best-indian-restaurants-in-vancouver |date=2015-09-24 }}). ''[[Forbes Travel Guide]]''. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref> ''[[Fodors]]'' wrote that Vij's, a restaurant established by Vikram Vij that prepared Indian food with Canadian ingredients and produce, "shook up the Vancouver food scene" in the 1990s when it first opened.<ref name=Fodors/> There are also many Indian restaurants in Surrey. In 2013 Alexandra Gill of ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'' wrote that in regards to area food critics the Indian restaurant scene was "a largely unknown dining landscape."<ref>Gill, Alexandra. "[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/food-and-wine/restaurant-reviews/a-less-than-tasty-trek-into-surrey-cuisine/article15361153/ A less-than tasty trek into Surrey cuisine]." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Friday November 8, 2013. Retrieved on June 3, 2015.</ref>

Other businesses operated by the South Asians, as of 1988, included automobile dealerships, contractors, insurance agencies, jewellers, real estate agencies, [[sari]] shops, sweet shops, and travel agencies.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/>

In 1970 there were no specialized South Asian movie theatres in the Vancouver area; five of them appeared by 1977, and there was one more by 1980.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/>

==Institutions==
In 1988 Hugh Johnston wrote that "Vancouver's South Asian community was an unweildy entity without a great sense of common purpose" even before the 1984 assault at Amritsar, and that because of the Khalistan-related tensions there was no "effective umbrella organization" in existence.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1314>Johnston, Hugh, p. 13-14.</ref> The National Organization of Canadians of Origins (NACOI) in India, founded in 1977,<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/> had a British Columbia chapter, but Shiromani Akali Dal Sikhs chose not to take part, and [[Khalsa Diwan Society]] extremist Sikhs hijacked the British Columbia chapter in 1985.<ref name=JohnstonHughp14>Johnston, Hugh, p. 14.</ref> The promotion of the multicultural policies in Canada in the mid-20th century also caused additional organizations, including those funded by governments and private entities, to be founded.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap191>Nayar, ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA191 191].</ref>

===Associations===
In 1947 the East Indian Canadian Citizens' Welfare Association (EICCWA) or the Canadian East Indian Welfare Association opened.<ref name=JohnstonHughp6>Johnston, Hugh, p. 6.</ref> It was officially not a part of any gurdwara.<ref name=Dusenberyp106>Dusenbery, p. 106.</ref> Members originated from both the [[Khalsa Diwan Society]] (KDS), a Sikh society which historically had ''[[de facto]]'' dominance in the organization; affiliates of the KDS; and the Akali Singh Society.<ref name=JohnstonHughp6/> The organization began taking political functions from the KDS.<ref name=Dusenberyp106/> By 1961 it was the primary Vancouver-area organization representing Indo-Canadian interests. The organization avoided publicity to reduce chances of negative public attention while it promoted quotas for Indo-Canadian politicians. Hugh Johnson wrote that "resentment" sometimes resulted from the KDS's dominance.<ref name=JohnstonHughp6/> Dusenbery wrote that the organization, by taking the entire East Indian community into its scope, promoted the idea that "there exists a distinct "East Indian" ethno-cultural group sharing unique interests and activities" and therefore "implicitly accepted the Canadian view of social reality".<ref name=Dusenberyp106/> Prior to the 1977 formation of the NACOI it was the sole pan-South Asian organization in Vancouver.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/>

The Multilingual Orientation Service Association for Immigrant Communities (MOSAIC) serves newly arrived immigrants in the city of Vancouver and also is involved with social concerns. The organization Options serves immigrants, particularly adults, by providing referrals and resources; it is headquartered in Surrey. New immigrants in the Surrey and also Delta, particularly adults, receive services from the Surrey-Delta Immigrant Services Society.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap191/>

A senior centre for Sikh persons in Surrey opened on November 29, 1994.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap191/>

Issues related to employment and labour are handled by the Progressive Intercultural Community Services Society (PICS), which serves Vancouver and Surrey.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap191/>

The Rainbow Project, an organization involved in health-related matters, is based in Surrey.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap191/>

===Ethnic and national organizations===
As of 1988 there is no specific Punjabi ethnic organization in Greater Vancouver while there are dedicated ethnic organizations for the Bengalis, East Africans, Gujaratis, and South Indians. The Gujarati association became a Gujarati Hindu organization exclusively even though Hindus, Ismailis, and [[Parsis]] had worked to establish the organization; the post-1974 growth of Ismailis caused the focus of the organization to change.<ref name=JohnstonHughp11/>

As of 1988 there are about 700-800 members of the Pakistan Canada Association in Greater Vancouver, with most of them being ethnic Punjabi. English and Urdu are the organization's primary languages. The Pakistan Canada Association Centre serves as the hub of activity.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/> The association organized in 1963, had about 200 members in the Vancouver area in 1983.<ref name=JohnstonHughp12/>

===Cultural organizations===
The youth committee Guru Nanak Sikh Gurdwara in Surrey established "Sikh Skillz," an Indo-Canadian arts organization that originally had a focus on music but later branched into television.<ref name=AsinghInkOnkar>Asingh. "[http://www.southasianpost.com/article/5121-ik-onkar-tv-back-season-three.html Ik Onkar TV back for season three]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924104017/http://www.southasianpost.com/article/5121-ik-onkar-tv-back-season-three.html |date=2015-09-24 }}). ''[[South Asian Post]]''. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref>

==Politics==
As of 2011 three South Asian and East Asian-dominated "[[Electoral district (Canada)|ridings]]" are in Greater Vancouver: [[Burnaby-Douglas]], [[Newton-North Delta]], and [[Vancouver South (federal electoral district)|Vancouver South]].<ref>"[http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2011/04/26/wooing-the-ethnic-vote-with-hot-button-issues-update/ Wooing the ‘ethnic’ vote with hot-button issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222153143/http://blogs.vancouversun.com/2011/04/26/wooing-the-ethnic-vote-with-hot-button-issues-update/ |date=2014-12-22 }}." ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. April 26, 2011. Retrieved on December 22, 2014.</ref>

===Vancouver===
Until the 1960s Sikh religious organizations were the primary political interest groups of the Indo-Canadian community in the Vancouver region.<ref name=JohnstonHughp1>Johnston, Hugh, p. 1.</ref>

In 1973 Dr. Venkatachala Setty Pendakur, an Indo-Canadian, was the first [[visible minority]] elected to the [[Vancouver City Council]]. He served one term, which ended in 1974.<ref name="Bloemraadp61"/> He was defeated in his re-election campaign that year, and in 1985 there were no Indo-Canadians who had any elected positions in area municipal governments.<ref name=Ironsidep8>Ironside, p. 8.</ref>

Irene Bloemraad, author of "Diversity and Elected Officials in the City of Vancouver," stated that the [[at-large voting]] system used by Vancouver makes it difficult to elect women and minorities,<ref name=Bloemraadp61/> and that the council's majority White demographics were "probably" influenced by the original rationale of the at-large system, to "keep those with social democratic ideologies out of politics".<ref name=Bloemraadp6061>Bloemraad, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EWCq1_Jg82gC&pg=PA60 60]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=EWCq1_Jg82gC&pg=PA61 61].</ref> The ward system was abolished in 1935.<ref name=Bloemraadp60>Bloemraad, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EWCq1_Jg82gC&pg=PA60 60].</ref> Charlie Smith of ''[[The Georgia Straight]]'' wrote in 2004 that from 1990 to 2004 there had been difficulty in having Indo-Canadians elected to City of Vancouver municipal positions.<ref name=SmithShredSystem>Smith, Charlie. "[https://www.straight.com/shred-system Shred the System]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024122151/http://www.straight.com/shred-system |date=October 24, 2014 }}). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. September 30, 2004. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.</ref> That year, the President of the Ross Street Sikh Temple, Jarnail Singh Bhandal, advocated for a ward voting system in the City of Vancouver so that Indo-Canadians and other ethnic minorities have more of a chance to be elected.<ref name=SmithShredSystem/> During a 2004 failed election proposal to reinstitute the ward system in the City of Vancouver, the area with the highest concentration of Indo-Canadians mostly voted in favor of reestablishing it.<ref name=Bloemraadp61>Bloemraad, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EWCq1_Jg82gC&pg=PA61 61].</ref> In 2008 Kashmir Dhaliwal, a candidate for the Vision Vancouver council, stated that he had plans to legally challenge the at-will voting system. Dr. Lakhbir Singh, a candidate for the [[Vancouver School Board]], criticized the at-large voting system, saying that it discriminates against Indo-Canadians and that he would join the legal challenge.<ref>"[https://www.straight.com/news/indo-canadian-npa-candidate-says-hell-join-challenge-against-large-system Indo-Canadian NPA candidate says he'll join challenge against at-large system]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024123757/http://www.straight.com/news/indo-canadian-npa-candidate-says-hell-join-challenge-against-large-system |date=October 24, 2014 }}). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. November 21, 2008. Retrieved on November 4, 2014.</ref> Smith accused the voting community of Vancouver city of racism, saying that racism results in a lack of votes for South Asian candidates.<ref>Smith, Charlie. "[https://www.straight.com/news/racism-alive-and-well-vancouver-municipal-politics Racism is alive and well in Vancouver municipal politics]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024125310/http://www.straight.com/news/racism-alive-and-well-vancouver-municipal-politics |date=October 24, 2014 }}). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. November 16, 2008. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.</ref>

===Surrey===
The first Indo-Canadian elected to [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]]'s city council was Tom Gill, who was elected in 2005.<ref name=IndoCanelect>"[https://archive.today/20141023050914/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/nm5/indo-canadian-elected-to-canadian-city-council/article1-49646.aspx Indo-Canadian elected to Canadian city council]" (). ''[[Indo-Asian News Service]]'' at the ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. November 25, 2005. Retrieved on October 23, 2014.</ref>

In 2014 Barinder Rasode campaigned to be the Mayor of Surrey.<ref>"[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/british-columbia/barinder-rasode-hopes-to-become-surrey-mayor/article19192603/ Surrey mayoral candidate surrounds herself with experience in bid for North American first]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20140908215444/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/try-it-now/?articleId=19192603 Archive]). ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Tuesday June 17, 2014. Retrieved on October 23, 2014.</ref> Kalwinder "Kal" Dosanjh, a former [[Vancouver Police Department]] officer,<ref>Kaur, Jasleen. "[http://drishtimagazine.com/the-many-lives-of-kalwinder-kal-dosanjh-by-jasleen-kaur/ The Many Lives of Kalwinder “Kal” Dosanjh] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113081312/http://drishtimagazine.com/the-many-lives-of-kalwinder-kal-dosanjh-by-jasleen-kaur/|date=2014-11-13}}." ''[[Drishti (Canadian South Asian lifestyle magazine)|Drishti]]''. November 12, 2013. Retrieved on November 13, 2014.</ref> joined One Surrey, Rasode's political party, and campaigned to be a member of the Surrey city council in 2014.<ref>"[http://www.asianjournal.ca/elected-will-losing-40000-p/ Veteran Vancouver cop vows to make Surrey safe]." ''[[Asian Journal (Canadian Asian news journal)|Asian Journal]]''. October 24, 2013. Retrieved on November 13, 2014.</ref>

Kristin R. Good, the author of ''Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver'', stated in 2009 that Surrey's Indo-Canadian community was politically fragmented, including along religious lines.<ref name=Goodp170>Good, Kristin R. ''Municipalities and Multiculturalism: The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver'' (Volume 34 of Studies in comparative political economy and public policy). [[University of Toronto Press]], 2009. {{ISBN|1442609931}}, 9781442609938. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ngMCCV64WrkC&pg=PA170 170].</ref>

In October 2014 a series of political campaign signs in Surrey showing South Asian candidates were vandalized.<ref>Poon, Christopher. "[http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/nridiaspora/south-asian-candidates-signs-target-of-racially-motivated-vandalism-regardless-of-political-affiliation/802162/ South Asian candidates’ signs target of racially-motivated vandalism in Surrey]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018104618/http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/nridiaspora/south-asian-candidates-signs-target-of-racially-motivated-vandalism-regardless-of-political-affiliation/802162/ |date=2014-10-18 }}). ''Vancouver Desi''. October 15, 2014. Retrieved on November 12, 2014.</ref> Signs belonging to Surrey First and SafeSurrey Coalition, two political parties, were defaced, with only names of Indo-Canadian candidates crossed out.<ref>Lawrence, Jeff. "[https://www.ctvnews.ca/vancouver/article/signs-featuring-politicians-of-south-asian-descent-vandalized-in-surrey/ Signs featuring politicians of South Asian descent vandalized in Surrey]" ([https://www.ctvnews.ca/vancouver/article/signs-featuring-politicians-of-south-asian-descent-vandalized-in-surrey/]). ''[[CTV_News]]''. Wednesday October 15, 2014. Retrieved on November 12, 2014.</ref> Tom Gill accused racists of defacing the signs.<ref>"[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/racists-vandalizing-surrey-election-signs-says-counc-tom-gill-1.2799209 Racists vandalizing Surrey election signs, says Counc. Tom Gill]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141122042046/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/racists-vandalizing-surrey-election-signs-says-counc-tom-gill-1.2799209 |date=2014-11-22 }}). ''CBC''. October 15, 2014. Retrieved on November 12, 2014.</ref>

===Other cities===
In 2005 Bobby Singh won a position in the [[Richmond School Board]].<ref name=IndoCanelect/>

Kamala Elizabeth Nayar, the author of ''[[The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism]]'', wrote that compared to Indo-Canadian people who were born and raised in the [[Lower Mainland]], Indo-Canadians born in Canada whose ancestors settled in rural areas of British Columbia, and who themselves live in Vancouver, "tended to assess Canada's policy of multiculturalism more critically".<ref>Nayar, ''The Punjabis in British Columbia'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ETZg0CYu40C&pg=PA286 286]-[https://books.google.com/books?id=8ETZg0CYu40C&pg=PA287 287].</ref>

==Culture==
Nayar stated that third-generation Punjabis who have lived in Vancouver their whole lives have a positive opinion of multiculturalism while those who live in Vancouver but have lived outside of Vancouver before have ambivalence about it: they argue that multiculturalism can divide people while it can also protect culture.<ref name=NayarDiaspp211>Nayar, ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA211 211].</ref>

Nayar uses the term "Punjabi Bubble" to refer to a common effect of Punjabis only associating with other Punjabis. This occurs in Greater Vancouver.<ref name=NayarDiaspp210>Nayar, ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA210 210].</ref> Nayar stated that "The Vancouver Sikh community is more insulated from the mainstream" compared to small town British Columbia Sikhs.<ref name=Nayardiaspp201>Nayar, ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA201 201]: "In contrast to Sikhs in Vancouver, which has a large Sikh community,{{sic}} Sikhs in small towns throughout British Columbia interact far more with other communities." and "The Vancouver Sikh community is more insulated from the mainstream and is networked according to village and clan ties "</ref>

An anonymous interviewee of Nayar, a woman in the third generation,<ref>Nayar, ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA22 22]. "When cited in this study, the interviewees are identified by a code for the sake confidentiality. The codes reflect both gender and generation: male interviewees are referred to as Singh, whereas female interviewees are labelled as Kaur; the three generations are marked by the number of the generation (i.e., 1, 2, or 3),"</ref> stated "In Vancouver, there is pressure to live strictly according to the precepts in comparison to other places like in California."<ref name=NayarDiaspp210/> She referred to the practice of Sikhism.<ref name=NayarDiaspp210/>

As of 1988 many residents of rural Punjab, including children, women, and dependent older persons, were arriving in Vancouver due to the sponsorship of relatives.<ref name=JohnstonHughp3/> Relations among clans and the home village ancestry are major factors within the Vancouver Sikh community.<ref name=Nayardiaspp201/> Margaret Walton-Roberts, the author of "Embodied Global Flows: Immigration and Transnational Networks between British Columbia, Canada, and Punjab, India," wrote that there is a specific "spatial relationship" between the Greater Vancouver region and [[Doaba]], a region of Punjab, to the point where Punjabi villagers recite the specific locations of their Canadian relatives.<ref>Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 2001. ''[http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/13825/ubc_2001-715523.pdf?sequence=1 Embodied Global Flows: Immigration and Transnational Networks between British Columbia, Canada, and Punjab, India]'' (Ph.D. thesis) ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/13825/ubc_2001-715523.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2016-02-05 }}), [[University of British Columbia]]. [http://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/13825 Profile at] UBC. p. 2-3 (PDF p. 12-14/354).</ref>

Sher Vancouver, an Indo-Canadian LGBT support group, was founded in April 2008 by Alex Sangha, a resident of [[North Delta, British Columbia|North Delta]] and a former resident of Surrey.<ref>"[http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=26eb34d4-caa9-4f60-a5cc-859dbc390f3e South Asian gays silent no longer]" ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113160410/http://www.canada.com/story.html?id=26eb34d4-caa9-4f60-a5cc-859dbc390f3e |date=2014-11-13 }}). ''[[The Vancouver Province]]''. July 13, 2008. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.</ref> Sher Vancouver has opposed antigay laws in India. The organization showcases South Asian LGBT culture in its Out and Proud Project.<ref>Takeuchi, Craig. "[https://www.straight.com/life/554906/sher-vancouvers-out-and-proud-project-counteract-indias-antigay-legislation Sher Vancouver's Out and Proud Project to counteract India's antigay legislation]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227121113/http://www.straight.com/life/554906/sher-vancouvers-out-and-proud-project-counteract-indias-antigay-legislation |date=2013-12-27 }}). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. December 23, 2013. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.</ref>

===Bhangra dance===
The Vancouver Indo-Canadian community practices [[Bhangra (dance)|Bhangra dance]] and [[Bhangra (music)|Bhangra music]]. In the 1960s and 1970s immigrants from the Punjab used Bhangra, as did 1980s area labour movements. Bhangra dancers and DJs both perform in the city.<ref>Yuen, Vinnie. "[http://schemamag.ca/2011/05/09/bhangrame_vancouvers_bhangra_s/#.VTDWD5NW-VA Bhangra.me: Vancouver’s Bhangra Story]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150417125014/http://schemamag.ca/2011/05/09/bhangrame_vancouvers_bhangra_s/ Archive]). ''[[Schema_Magazine]]''. May 9, 2011. Retrieved on April 17, 2015.</ref> In 2014 Gurpreet Sian, an instructor at the [[Simon Fraser University]] (SFU) School for the Contemporary Arts, described Metro Vancouver as "the capital of bhangra outside of India" which has "the best bhangra dancers, schools and the best teams."<ref name=SFUBhangrayarticle>Crawford, Tiffany. "[http://www.timescolonist.com/news/b-c/sfu-enjoys-huge-response-to-first-of-a-kind-bhangra-class-1.791522 SFU enjoys huge response to first-of-a-kind bhangra class]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002354/http://www.timescolonist.com/news/b-c/sfu-enjoys-huge-response-to-first-of-a-kind-bhangra-class-1.791522 |date=2016-02-05 }}). ''[[Times-Colonist]]''. January 16, 2014. Retrieved on April 30, 2015.</ref>

The City of Bhangra Festival is celebrated annually,<ref>Vancity Buzz Staff. "[http://www.vancitybuzz.com/2014/05/city-of-bhangra-festival-2014-vancouver-events/ City of Bhangra Festival 2014 Events]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903030604/http://www.vancitybuzz.com/2014/05/city-of-bhangra-festival-2014-vancouver-events/ |date=2014-09-03 }}). ''[[Vancity Buzz]]''. Wednesday May 28, 2014. Retrieved on April 17, 2015.</ref> involving Bhangra teams originating from throughout North America. Held in both Surrey and Vancouver and lasting for about ten days,<ref>Cahute, Larissa. "[http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/nridiaspora/embroidery-adds-the-requisite-amount-of-bling-to-bhangra-dancers-ensembles/563929/ Embroidery adds bling to bhangra dancers’ ensembles]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/nridiaspora/embroidery-adds-the-requisite-amount-of-bling-to-bhangra-dancers-ensembles/563929/ |date=2016-02-05 }}). ''Vancouver Desi''. May 29, 2013. Retrieved on April 18, 2015.</ref> it is hosted by the Vancouver International Bhangra Celebration Society (VIBC).<ref>"[http://www.vibc.org/organization Organization]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417141932/http://www.vibc.org/organization |date=2015-04-17 }}). Vancouver International Bhangra Celebration Society. Retrieved on April 17, 2015.</ref> The [[Museum of Vancouver]] put on a temporary exhibit about Bhangra, ''Bhangra.me: Vancouver’s Bhangra Story'',<ref>"[http://www.museumofvancouver.ca/exhibitions/exhibit/bhangrame-vancouvers-bhangra-story Bhangra.me: Vancouver's Bhangra Story]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222182315/http://www.museumofvancouver.ca/exhibitions/exhibit/bhangrame-vancouvers-bhangra-story |date=2014-12-22 }}). [[Museum of Vancouver]]. Retrieved on April 17, 2015.</ref> from May 5, 2011 to October 23, 2011. guest curator Naveen Girn and curator of contemporary issues Vivian Gosselin,<ref>Nayar, ''[[The Punjabis in British Columbia]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=q7pO-IZY218C&pg=PA328 328].</ref> received the [[Canadian Museums Association]]'s Award for Excellence.<ref>"[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/naveen-girn/ Naveen Girn]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417143808/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/naveen-girn/ |date=2015-04-17 }}). ''[[Huffington Post]]''. Retrieved on April 17, 2015.</ref> As of 2014 SFU is the only North American university that offers bhangra as a course for university credit.<ref>"[https://vancouversun.com/news/special-series/Video+first+university+offer+bhangra+dance+class+credits/9391798/story.html Video: SFU first university to offer bhangra dance class for credits]" ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002354/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/special-series/Video+first+university+offer+bhangra+dance+class+credits/9391798/story.html |date=2016-02-05 }}). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. January 15, 2014. Retrieved on April 30, 2015. [https://ottawacitizen.com/life/Video+first+university+offer+bhangra+dance+class+credits/9391798/story.html version at the] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817193255/http://www.ottawacitizen.com/life/Video+first+university+offer+bhangra+dance+class+credits/9391798/story.html |date=2018-08-17 }} ''[[Ottawa Citizen]]'', [https://calgaryherald.com/Video+first+university+offer+bhangra+dance+class+credits/9391798/story.html version at the] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310041023/http://www.calgaryherald.com/Video+first+university+offer+bhangra+dance+class+credits/9391798/story.html |date=2016-03-10 }} ''[[Calgary Herald]]''.</ref> Sian, who also serves as the executive director of South Asian arts, as of 2014 serves as the class's instructor.<ref>"[https://www.sfu.ca/sca/about/news-entry/scas-doing-the-bhangra SCA’s doing the bhangra]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002354/http://www.sfu.ca/sca/about/news-entry/scas-doing-the-bhangra |date=2016-02-05 }}). [[Simon Fraser University]]. January 17, 2014. Retrieved on April 30, 2015.</ref>

==Media==
There is a variety of Indo-Canadian newspapers and magazines serving Greater Vancouver and the [[Lower Mainland]]. As of 1985 most of these publications were in Punjabi, while some were printed in English and Hindi.<ref name=Ironsidep7>Ironside, p. 7.</ref> As of 2009, of all of the major ethnic categories in Vancouver the South Asians had the highest number of media products.<ref>Ahadi, Daniel and Catherine A. Murray ([[Simon Fraser University]]). "[http://pages.cmns.sfu.ca/daniel-ahadi/files/2010/07/Ahadi_Mediascapes.pdf Urban Mediascapes and Multicultural Flows: Assessing Vancouver’s Communication Infrastructure]" ( {{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}). ''[[Canadian Journal of Communication]]'', Vol 34 (2009) p. 587-611. CITED: p. 595.</ref>

===Newspapers===
{{more citations needed section|date=May 2024}}
There are several South Asian newspapers in the Lower Mainland. There are several groups: The most popular and widely distributed is The Asian Star group which consists of The Asian Star and The Punjabi Star newspapers .The Asian Star group of newspapers is the only group run by professional with past experience in the publishing industry unlike all the other family run or religious group backed run newspapers, The Voice group, the largest and oldest in North America, which consists of the Indo-Canadian Voice Newspaper in English, Indo-Canadian Awaaz Newspaper in Punjabi, South Asian Link, Indo-Canadian Business Pages like yellow pages, Indo Canadian Construction Pages, and Punjabi Link. Other than this there is another group.
The '''''Indo-Canadian Times''''' is a Punjabi-language weekly and is one of the country's largest. The '''''Indo-Canadian Voice''''' is an online English-language newspaper, where the editor is Rattan Mall, serving the Indo-Canadian community but also covering a wide range of British Columbia and other news.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voiceonline.com/|title=Indo-Canadian Voice - South Asian Newspaper from Surrey BC|website=Voiceonline.com|access-date=17 August 2018|date=2017-03-20}}</ref> Mall had been a reporter for the ''[[Times of India]]'' from 1979 to 1990, for the ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'' in 1994, and ''[[The Province]]'' in 1996, and was an associate producer what CFMT-TV (now Omni) in Toronto in 1999 and 2000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.voiceonline.com/about-our-editor/|title=ABOUT EDITOR - Indo-Canadian Voice|website=Voiceonline.com|access-date=17 August 2018|date=2014-02-17|archive-date=2018-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180817161457/http://www.voiceonline.com/about-our-editor/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Also of note are ''Apna Roots: South Asian Connection'',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apnaroots.com/|title=ApnaRoots|website=ApnaRoots.com|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> which publishes in English, and ''Punjab di Awaaz/Voice of Punjab'', which publishes in Punjabi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.punjabdiawaaz.net/|title=Punjab Di Awaaz - Home|website=Punjabdiawaaz.net|access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> In 1985 other publications included ''Canadian Darpan'', ''Link'', ''Overseas Times'', ''Ranjeet'', and ''Sikh Samajar''.<ref name=Ironsidep7/> As of 1996 gurdwaras and establishments in the [[Punjabi Market]] distribute Punjabi newspapers.<ref>Fair, p. 5.</ref>

The ''Circular-i-Azadi'' began publication in 1906-1907. This made it the city's first Punjabi newspaper.<ref name=Kaurp85>Kaur, Mandeep. "[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8022/10/10_chapter%203.pdf THE MAKING OF CANADIAN PUNJABI DIASPORA]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141110162447/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8022/10/10_chapter%203.pdf |date=2014-11-10 }}) (Chapter 3). In: Kaur, Mandeep. ''[http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/8022 Canadian-Punjabi Philanthropy and its Impact on Punjab: A Sociological Study]'' ([http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/8022/1/01_title.pdf PhD thesis]). [[Punjabi University]]. Award date: 22 August 2012. p. 85 (PDF 25/32).</ref> As of 1971 there was a quarterly publication and a monthly publication, both in English, catering to South Asians.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/>

A South Asian paper in New York established a subsidiary publication in Vancouver during the 1970s.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/>

In 1980 there were three Punjabi newspapers published in Vancouver.<ref name=JohnstonHughp16/> Four Punjabi papers in the Vancouver area were established in the period 1972 to 1980.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/> As of 1980 there were no newspapers published in other Indo-Pakistani languages in Greater Vancouver.<ref name=JohnstonHughp16/>

A Punjabi journalist established a new paper{{clarify|date=April 2015}}, published every two weeks (one fortnight) in Vancouver, in 1972. The Anglophone publication included South Asian-related news in Canada and news related to India. This paper's target audience included all South Asian groups.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/>

The ''Sach Di Awaaz'' is a weekly newspaper headquartered in Surrey. As of 2011 Mickey Gill is the newspaper's publisher.<ref>"[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/husband-charged-in-surrey-newspaper-stabbing-1.1070965 Husband charged in Surrey newspaper stabbing]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429001106/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/husband-charged-in-surrey-newspaper-stabbing-1.1070965 |date=2015-04-29 }}). ''[[CBC News]]''. July 29, 2011. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref>

===Radio===
In 1971 the only South Asian-catered radio services included a one and one half hour radio program on Sunday morning and a one-hour program on Friday, both on the same radio station.<ref name=JohnstonHughp13/> As of 1985 ''[[CFRO]]'' and one other area radio station broadcast programs in Punjabi and Hindi.<ref name=Ironsidep7/>

The first fully Indo-Canadian radio station, Rim Jhim, was established in 1987. The founder, [[Shushma Datt]], [[Kenyan Asian|was born in Kenya]] and had previously worked in the [[BBC]]'s London bureau.<ref name="NationalPostPirate">Hopper, Tristan. "[https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/pirate-radio-why-do-three-of-the-biggest-indian-language-stations-in-vancouver-broadcast-out-of-the-u-s Pirate Radio: Why do three of the biggest Indian language stations in Vancouver broadcast out of the U.S.?]" ([https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/pirate-radio-why-do-three-of-the-biggest-indian-language-stations-in-vancouver-broadcast-out-of-the-u-s]). ''[[National_Post]]''. October 3, 2014. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref> As of 2004 Rim Jhim's listeners are East Indians, particularly second-generation women. Rim Jhim caters to persons of all religious backgrounds and its programming discusses gender, health, and social concerns.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap192>Nayar, ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=NShXfaNbRyEC&pg=PA192 192]. "There has also been a burgeoning of ethnic media organizations[...]The TV shows are broadcast through the Shaw multicultural channel, the Now TV channel, and the Vision multifaith channel."</ref> Tristin Hopper of the ''[[National Post]]'' wrote that Datt was "widely acknowledged as the godmother of Indo-Canadian broadcasting in Canada."<ref name=NationalPostPirate/>

As of 2004 the area had five radio stations broadcasting material in Punjabi: Rim Jhim, [[Gurbani Radio]], [[Punjab Radio]], [[Radio India]], and [[Radio Punjabi Akashwani]]. All of them had talk show components and four of them played music from [[Bollywood]] films and other classical and religious music from South Asia.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap192/> Datt started an AM radio station in 2005; she had attempted to create an AM radio station for 20 years. By 2014 it had gained its current name, [[Spice Radio]].<ref name=NationalPostPirate/>

[[RedFM 93.1]] Vancouver, an Indo-Canadian radio station,<ref name=CBCRadioCRTCcom>"[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indo-canadian-radio-station-cited-in-crtc-complaint-1.1001660 Indo-Canadian radio station cited in CRTC complaint]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429001108/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indo-canadian-radio-station-cited-in-crtc-complaint-1.1001660 |date=2015-04-29 }}). ''[[CBC News]]''. August 16, 2011. Updated August 18, 2011. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref> has its offices in [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]].<ref>"[http://vancouver.redfm.ca/contact/ Contact]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428160830/http://vancouver.redfm.ca/contact/ |date=2015-04-28 }}). [[CKYE-FM]]. Retrieved on April 13, 2015. "#201-8383A 128St. Surrey, BC V3W 4G1"</ref>

As of 2004 first and second generation Indo-Canadians are the audience of Gurbani Radio, which is [[pro-Khalistan]]. Gurbani Radio does not broadcast music, and it includes talk shows focusing on Sikh religious and religio-political matters.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap192/>

Punjab Radio's clientele consisted of many first and second generation Indo-Canadians. Its programming discussed political, religious, and social concerns as well as Punjabi culture.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap192/>

As of that year [[Radio India]] also has a clientele of first and second generation Indo-Canadians. Its shows discuss the culture, politics, and religion of India.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap192/> Radio India's headquarters are in Surrey.<ref name=OneilRadioPirates>O'Neil, Peter. "[https://vancouversun.com/news/Surrey+Radio+India+cease+broadcasting/10292771/story.html Surrey’s Radio India to cease broadcasting]" ( {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119031428/http://www.vancouversun.com/news/Surrey+Radio+India+cease+broadcasting/10292771/story.html |date=2015-01-19 }}). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. October 15, 2014. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref>

Radio Punjabi Akashwani's main audience was first and second generation Indo-Canadians. Its programming discussed political, religious, and social concerns and Punjabi culture.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap192/>

====Pirate radio====
As of 2014 several "[[pirate radio]]" stations with transmitters in northern Washington state in the United States served the Indo-Canadian community in Greater Vancouver and the [[Lower Mainland]].<ref name="Hopper">Hopper, Tristin. "[https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/pirate-radio-why-do-three-of-the-biggest-indian-language-stations-in-vancouver-broadcast-out-of-the-u-s Pirate Radio: Why do three of the biggest Indian language stations in Vancouver broadcast out of the U.S.?]" ([https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/pirate-radio-why-do-three-of-the-biggest-indian-language-stations-in-vancouver-broadcast-out-of-the-u-s]). ''[[National_Post]]''. October 3, 2014. Retrieved on October 15, 2014.</ref> These stations, all of which had programming mostly in Punjabi, were [[Radio India]]; Radio Punjab Ltd., also headquartered in Surrey; and [[Sher-E-Punjab Radio Broadcasting Inc.]], headquartered in Richmond.<ref name=OneilRadioPirates/> These stations did not get licences from the [[Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission]] (CRTC), and so they avoided paying copyright tariffs and licence fees and complying with rules regarding the station's content.<ref name=OneilRadioPirates/> Radio stations on the Canadian side had complained about the US-based pirates,<ref name=Hopper/> saying that they unfairly received funds from advertising.<ref name=VancouverDesiCRTC>O'Neil, Peter. "[http://www.vancouverdesi.com/bccanada/surrey/crtc-issues-mandatory-order-to-surreys-radio-india-to-cease-operations/812059/ CRTC orders Surrey’s Radio India to cease operations by midnight]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129075754/http://www.vancouverdesi.com/bccanada/surrey/crtc-issues-mandatory-order-to-surreys-radio-india-to-cease-operations/812059/ |date=2014-11-29 }}). ''Vancouver Desi''. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref>

The CRTC decided to act against the pirate stations in 2014, after they had operated for years.<ref name=VancouverDesiCRTC/> Radio India initially stated that it had political connections; Managing director Maninder Gill had mailed photographs of himself socializing with Canadian politicians. In a presentation in October of that year Maninder Gill said that the station was going to be shut down and asked the CRTC to give him 120 days to make the shutdown; he mentioned the connections to politicians in the same presentation.<ref name=OneilRadioPirates/> The CRTC ultimately decided that the deadline to close Radio India was Midnight Pacific time on November 14, 2014. The CRTC guaranteed the closure of Radio Punjab and Sher-E-Punjab by getting compliance agreements. The details of these agreements were not disclosed to the public.<ref name=VancouverDesiCRTC/>

===Television===
[[Channel Punjabi]] programs are broadcast in the Vancouver area.

Sikh Skillz produces "Onkar TV," which is the only English-language Sikh television show made in Canada. In 2013 its third season began.<ref name="AsinghInkOnkar"/>

As of 2004 [[Now TV (China)|Now TV]], the [[Shaw (company)|Shaw]] multicultural channel, and [[Vision (television channel)|Vision]] broadcast shows aimed at Indo-Canadians.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap192/>

In 1985 there was a Vancouver area cable television station that screened movies from India.<ref name=Ironsidep7/>

==Education==
{{expand section|date=October 2014}}
Dedar Sihota, who immigrated to Canada in 1936 and was educated at the [[University of British Columbia]], was the first Indo-Canadian teacher in British Columbia. He began working at Renfrew Elementary School in Vancouver. He worked at [[Lord Tweedsmuir Senior Secondary School]], going from teacher to vice principal. He then became a principal, working at three elementary schools. He retired in 1986.<ref>"[http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/nridiaspora/punjabs-dedar-sihota-was-b-c-s-first-indo-canadian-teacher/ Punjab’s Dedar Sihota was B.C.’s first Indo-Canadian teacher]" ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603014309/http://www.vancouverdesi.com/news/nridiaspora/punjabs-dedar-sihota-was-b-c-s-first-indo-canadian-teacher/ |date=2015-06-03 }}). ''Vancouver Desi''. Retrieved on June 3, 2015.</ref>

===Public schools===
As of 1982 the [[Vancouver School Board]]'s (VSB) elementary and primary schools had 2,086 [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] native speakers, 526 [[Hindi language|Hindi]] native speakers, 123 [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] native speakers, 17 [[Urdu language|Urdu]] native speakers, and 134 native speakers of other Indo-Pakistani languages. Hugh Johnston wrote that some of the students who indicated Hindi was their primary language may have been ethnic Punjabis.<ref name=JohnstonHughp16/> As of 1973, the public schools Southern Slope area of Vancouver had the highest concentration of East Indians.<ref name=DurwardMoodyEllisp1/>

As of 2008 about 1,000 [[Surrey Schools]] students were enrolled in Punjabi classes. Other Greater Vancouver school districts offering Punjabi classes included the VSB and the [[Richmond School District]].<ref name=Punjabiclasses>"[http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=9478c3ba-f571-4292-a9aa-8b033bc1bf3c Punjabi classes enable students to reconnect with their heritage]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150113224037/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=9478c3ba-f571-4292-a9aa-8b033bc1bf3c Wayback Machine archive], {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113224037/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/news/story.html?id=9478c3ba-f571-4292-a9aa-8b033bc1bf3c |date=2015-01-13 }}). ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. February 22, 2008. Retrieved on November 16, 2014.</ref> British Columbia schools began offering Punjabi education in 1996.<ref name=NayarSikhYouthpPT259>Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. "The Intersection of Religious Identity and Visible Minority Status: The Case of Sikh Youth in British Columbia" (Chapter 9). In: Lefebvre, Solange and [[Lori G. Beaman]] (editors). ''Religion in the Public Sphere: Canadian Case Studies''. [[University of Toronto Press]], March 21, 2014. {{ISBN|1442617365}}, 9781442617360. unstated p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=pzuWAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT259 PT259] ([[Google Books]]).</ref> As of 1985 none of the school districts in Greater Vancouver offered any classes in Indian languages as part of their standard curricula;<ref name=Ironsidep8/> British Columbia school systems began offering Punjabi language classes in their 5th grade through 12th grade standard curricula in 1996.<ref name=NayarSikhdiasporap191/>

By 1993 the VSB had hired Punjabi-speaking home-school employees, and there were after-school Punjabi classes held on VSB campuses.<ref>Ghuman, Paul Avtar Singh. ''Coping with Two Cultures: British Asian and Indo-Canadian Adolescents'' (Issue 99 of Multilingual matters). [[Multilingual Matters]], 1993. {{ISBN|1853592021}}, 9781853592027. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3MIZKq1ranYC&pg=PA35 35].</ref>

Circa 1989 a research team took a sample of opinions of 135 Indo-Canadian parents at the VSB. The team determined that over 85% of the sample size expressed a belief that the school system respected the identity of their children. The remainder believed that the system did not respect the identity of their children or were not sure about the question. The study was done in regards to the VSB's race relations policies.<ref>Ghuman, Paul Avtar Singh. ''Coping with Two Cultures: British Asian and Indo-Canadian Adolescents'' (Issue 99 of Multilingual matters). [[Multilingual Matters]], 1993. {{ISBN|1853592021}}, 9781853592027. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=3MIZKq1ranYC&pg=PA121 121].</ref>

===Private schools===
The Vancouver Khalsa School, which opened in 1986,<ref name=IndoCanVoicefacesclosure>"[http://www.voiceonline.com/vancouver-khalsa-school-faces-closure-after-lease-expires-2/ Vancouver Khalsa School faces closure]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031210208/http://www.voiceonline.com/vancouver-khalsa-school-faces-closure-after-lease-expires-2/ |date=2014-10-31 }}). ''[[Indo-Canadian Voice]]''. Friday November 30, 2012. Retrieved on October 24, 2014.</ref> is a K-10 day school.<ref name=NayarSikhYouthpPT259/> It offers Punjabi language classes and Sikh religious instruction,<ref name=IndoCanVoicefacesclosure/> along with standard British Columbia curriculum. Newton Campus, which opened in 1992, is in Surrey. The Old Yale Road Campus, also in Surrey, opened in 2008.<ref name=NayarSikhYouthpPT259/> The school began leasing from the VSB after a 2009 fire destroyed the school's original site. In 2012 the VSB stated that it was not going to renew the school's lease.<ref name=IndoCanVoicefacesclosure/> In 2013 the Vancouver Khalsa School had 200 students in Preschool-Grade 7. That year, the VSB stated that the B.C. Khalsa School was going to have to vacate South Hill Education Centre site.<ref>Pablo, Carlito. "[https://www.straight.com/news/349641/vancouver-trustees-kill-khalsa-school-south-hill-education-centre Vancouver trustees “kill” Khalsa school at South Hill Education Centre]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025254/https://www.straight.com/news/349641/vancouver-trustees-kill-khalsa-school-south-hill-education-centre |date=2014-11-29 }}). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. February 6, 2013. Retrieved on November 16, 2014.</ref>

In 2008 Sikh Academy opened a private day school program for grades PreK-7. The campus is in Surrey.<ref name=NayarSikhYouthpPT259/>

===Post-secondary education===
The [[University of British Columbia]] (UBC) offers Punjabi classes. This is the oldest Punjabi language education program in British Columbia. [[Kwantlen Polytechnic University]] also offers Punjabi classes.<ref name=Punjabiclasses/>

===Language education===
As of 1985 several area institutions offer education in the [[Languages of India|Indian languages]] to area children: in addition to the Khalsa School, institutions that offered Punjabi language instruction included the Heritage Language School, which was held on Saturdays within the campus of a Vancouver high school, and several Sikh temples in Vancouver, [[Surrey, British Columbia|Surrey]], and [[New Westminster, British Columbia|New Westminster]].<ref name=Ironsidep8/>

===Educational demographics===
A survey conducted in 1980 selected random households from a Vancouver Sikh gurdwara; 602 households were documented. According to the survey, there was no spoken [[English as a second language|English fluency]] in 37% of people who arrived between 1961 and 1974 and 42% of people who arrived between 1975 and 1980. The same survey concluded that 65% of the male household heads and almost 80% of the wives of these household heads, while in India, had no education after ages 16 or 17. In other words they never had [[tertiary education]].<ref name=JohnstonHughp3/>

==Recreation==
The Indo-Canadian Tournaments Association and the United Summer Soccer League, under the United Summer Soccer Association, manage Indo-Canadian-oriented youth soccer. The association stated that each tournament-playing team of girls under 14 and boys under the ages of 13 or 14 may have up to four "imports" or non-Indo-Canadian players, while other teams may have up to two "imports". One parent of a team banned from the league for having too many "imports" criticized the practice in 2012.<ref>"[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-soccer-team-banned-over-lack-of-indo-canadian-players-1.1287669 B.C. soccer team banned over lack of Indo-Canadian players]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429002623/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/b-c-soccer-team-banned-over-lack-of-indo-canadian-players-1.1287669 |date=2015-04-29 }}). [[CBC News]]. August 14, 2012. Retrieved on April 13, 2015.</ref>

==Crime==
{{see also|Indo-Canadian organized crime}}
By 2009, the Indo-Canadian communities of Greater Vancouver had encountered [[Gangs in North America|gang]] violence among their young males.<ref name=Takeuchiproblem>Takeuchi, Craig. "[https://www.straight.com/blogra/documentaries-gangs-offer-insight-metro-vancouvers-problem Documentaries on gangs offer insight to Metro Vancouver's problem]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020142424/http://www.straight.com/blogra/documentaries-gangs-offer-insight-metro-vancouvers-problem |date=October 20, 2014 }}). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. March 5, 2009. Retrieved on October 20, 2014.</ref>

[[Bindy Johal]] was a prominent figure in the organized crime world.<ref name=HinduStantimespolice>"[https://archive.today/20141020145820/http://www.hindustantimes.com/punjab/punjababroadcanada/police-recent-gang-violence-in-vancouver-may-be-tip-of-the-iceberg/article1-867273.aspx Police: Recent gang violence in Vancouver may be tip of the iceberg]" (). ''[[Hindustan Times]]''. June 7, 2012. Retrieved on October 20, 2014. "It is feared that the recent shooting in Vancouver of an Indo-Canadian gangster linked to Dhak and Dhuhre gangs may just be the beginning of the return of gang violence in the region which was at its peak in the mid 2000s."</ref> As a result of the gang wars, over 100 men of South Asian origins were murdered in a period from the mid-1990s until 2012.<ref>Sumartojo, p. iii. "Since the mid-1990s, more than 100 Indo-Canadian - or South Asian - men under the age of 30 have been murdered in Greater Vancouver."</ref> Between 1992 and 2002 at least 50 people died.<ref name=ONeillwar>O'Neill, Terry. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20030609174618/http://report.ca/archive/report/20020513/p22i020513f.html Fifty bodies equals a war; Vancouver police try to end Indo-Canadian drug mayhem]" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20030609174618/http://report.ca/archive/report/20020513/p22i020513f.html Archive]). ''[[Alberta Report]]'', May 13, 2002. Vol.29(10), p. 22-3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205528/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/6620877/fifty-bodies-equals-war Available at] [[EBSCOHost]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20150328170725/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-85698416.html Available at] [[HighBeam Research]].</ref> Greater Vancouver had a peak in gang violence in the mid-2000s.<ref name=HinduStantimespolice/> The Indo-Canadian males involved in the gangs often originated from affluent families.<ref>Brown, DeNeen L. "Vancouver Struggles With Gang Violence." ''[[Washington Post]]''. Thursday July 22, 2004. p. A12. Online p. [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4162-2004Jul21_2.html 2] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141103075248/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A4162-2004Jul21_2.html |date=2014-11-03 }}). Retrieved on November 3, 2014.</ref> In 2002 Scott Driemel of the [[Vancouver Police Department]] had requested cooperation from the Indo-Canadian community; until that point there had been little cooperation between Indo-Canadians and the city police.<ref name=ONeillwar/>

One gang originally was active at the Sunset Community Centre had the name Sunset Boys. This gang morphed into the [[Independent Soldiers]] (IS). The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation stated that IS "brought together Indo-Canadian gangsters in southeast Vancouver" around 2001.<ref>Schwartz, Daniel. "[http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/notorious-gangs-of-british-columbia-1.1025987 Notorious gangs of British Columbia]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120063457/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/notorious-gangs-of-british-columbia-1.1025987 |date=2015-01-20 }}). [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]. August 19, 2011. Retrieved on January 29, 2015.</ref>

Baljit Sangra directed the 2008 film ''[[Warrior Boyz]]'' which documents Indo-Canadian gangs in Greater Vancouver.<ref>"[https://www.nfb.ca/film/warrior_boyz Warrior Boyz]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816102544/https://www.nfb.ca/film/warrior_boyz/ |date=2016-08-16 }}). [[National Film Board of Canada]]. Retrieved on October 20, 2014.</ref> This film had its premiere at the [[DOXA Documentary Film Festival]] in Vancouver.<ref>"[http://legacy.canadiansafeschools.com/content/documents/Link/Safe%20Schools%20in%20the%20News/teensfaceviolenceanddeath-may3108.pdf Teens face violence and death as they look to gangs for acceptance: filmmaker]" ({{webarchive |url=https://www.webcitation.org/6TSyZWzry?url=http://legacy.canadiansafeschools.com/content/documents/Link/Safe%20Schools%20in%20the%20News/teensfaceviolenceanddeath-may3108.pdf |date=2014-10-20 }}). ''[[The Canadian Press]]''. May 31, 2008. Retrieved on October 20, 2014.</ref> This documentary is a production of the [[National Film Board of Canada]]. The documentary ''[[A Warrior's Religion]]'', directed by Mani Amar, is also about Indo-Canadian gangs in Vancouver. It was screened in Surrey.<ref name=Takeuchiproblem/>

Surrey author [[Ranj Dhaliwal]] wrote the ''[[Daaku]]'' series of novels about crime within the Indo-Canadian community.<ref name=Gauthier>Gauthier, Jennifer. "[http://metronews.ca/news/157849/b-c-author-probes-indo-canadian-gang-culture/ B.C. author probes Indo-Canadian gang culture] " ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310195710/http://metronews.ca/news/157849/b-c-author-probes-indo-canadian-gang-culture/ |date=2016-03-10 }}). ''[[Metro News]]''. October 17, 2006. Retrieved on October 21, 2014.</ref>

R. K. Pruthi, author of ''Sikhism And Indian Civilization'', wrote that Vancouver was the centre of the [[Khalistan movement]]'s militant activities in Canada but that the movement did not only conduct militant activities in Vancouver.<ref>Pruthi, R.K. [[Discovery_Publishing_House]], January 1, 2004. {{ISBN|8171418791}}, 9788171418794. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KxndvJs3wUkC&pg=PA159 159].</ref>

==Relations with mainstream society==
{{expand section|date=November 2014}}
In the period 1905 to 1914,<ref>Indra, p. 167.</ref> the ''[[Vancouver Daily World]]'' and ''[[Vancouver Province]]'' both negatively portrayed the South Asian immigrants. Doreen M. Indra, author of "South Asian Stereotypes in the Vancouver Press," wrote that the newspapers' view was that South Asians were "intrinsically dirty and unsanitary" people who were "both physically and morally polluting."<ref>Indra, p. 168.</ref>

By the 1920s and 1930s, the newspapers still maintained a belief that, as stated by Indra, the South Asians had "negative cultural practices" and "deviant behavior",<ref>Indra, p. 174.</ref> but the papers did not have a large amount of focus and did not put importance on the idea of South Asians being a social issue, partly because South Asians, who had received the right to have family members come to Canada, did not start outright activism during that period. In addition, there were only a small number of South Asians, and the media perceived India as being distant from Canada.<ref>Indra, p. 173-174.</ref>

In 1979 Indra wrote that despite the increase in political influence and immigration of South Asians,<ref name=Indrap177/> and despite an increase in "normal" news coverage of South Asian celebrities,<ref name=Indrap180>Indra, p. 180.</ref> the mainstream newspapers continued to characterize South Asians as being outside of mainstream Canadian society and that the papers continued to associate South Asians with deviancy.<ref name=Indrap177/> Indra added that the ''[[Vancouver Sun]]'' had more positive news coverage of other ethnic groups.<ref name=Indrap180/>

==Research==
{{expand section|date=October 2014}}
James Gaylord Chadney wrote the 1984 book ''The Sikhs of Vancouver'', which is based on a late 1970s study of how the Sikh community of Vancouver retained its familial and social aspects and changed its economic character as it became a part of the wider Canadian community. Kamala Elizabeth Nayar wrote ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver]]'', which studied the development of the Sikh community in Vancouver. Nayar also wrote ''[[The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism]]''.<ref>Nayar, ''[[The Punjabis in British Columbia]]'', p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=8ETZg0CYu40C&pg=PA286 286].</ref>

==Notable residents==
* [[Ranj Dhaliwal]] — novelist<ref name=Gauthier/>
* [[Ujjal Dosanjh]] — former [[Premier of British Columbia]]<ref>Uechi, Jenny. "[http://www.vancouverobserver.com/news/vancouver-progressive-city-and-needs-progressive-mayor-ujjal-dosanjh Vancouver a "progressive city" and needs progressive mayor: Ujjal Dosanjh]." ''[[Vancouver Observer]]''. November 9, 2014. Retrieved on December 22, 2014. "Dojanjh said Vancouver -- which has been his home since he immigrated from England in 1968[...]"</ref>
* [[Dave Hayer]] — Canadian politician<ref name=TaraSinghHayerAss>"[http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=621ad684-c6a1-4939-a32f-3539ffd2b3f3 No charges in Tara Singh Hayer's assassination, 10 years later] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317154940/http://www.canada.com/vancouversun/story.html?id=621ad684-c6a1-4939-a32f-3539ffd2b3f3 |date=2015-03-17 }}." ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''. November 14, 2008. Retrieved on January 6, 2015.</ref><ref>[http://davehayer.ca/ Home page] ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819095231/http://davehayer.ca/ |date=2014-08-19 }}). Dave Hayer Official Website. Retrieved on January 6, 2014. "Dave has lived in Surrey since 1972"</ref>
* [[Tara Singh Hayer]] — Canadian journalist<ref name=TaraSinghHayerAss/>
* [[Kash Heed]] — politician
* [[Irshad Manji]] — writer of East African Indian heritage<ref>Scrivener, Leslie. "[https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2011/06/10/the_prime_of_ms_irshad_manji.html The prime of Ms. Irshad Manji]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111214339/http://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2011/06/10/the_prime_of_ms_irshad_manji.html |date=2014-11-11 }}). ''[[Toronto Star]]''. Friday June 10, 2011. Retrieved on November 12, 2014.</ref>
* [[Harjit Sajjan]] — Federal Liberal MP & Minister of National Defense
* [[Renée Sarojini Saklikar]] — poet<ref>"[https://www.straight.com/life/530426/renee-sarojini-saklikar-draws-large-crowd-sfu-woodwards-launch-new-book-poems Renee Sarojini Saklikar draws large crowd to SFU Woodward's for launch of new book of poems]" ({{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141030165124/http://www.straight.com/life/530426/renee-sarojini-saklikar-draws-large-crowd-sfu-woodwards-launch-new-book-poems |date=2014-10-30 }}). ''[[The Georgia Straight]]''. November 14, 2013. Retrieved on October 30, 2014.</ref><ref>Lederman, Marsha. "[https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/books-and-media/poets-new-book-communes-with-the-ghosts-of-the-air-india-bombing/article15349779/ Poet’s new book communes with the ghosts of the Air India bombing]." ''[[The Globe and Mail]]''. Sunday November 10, 2013. Retrieved on October 30, 2014.</ref>
* [[Alex Sangha]] — social worker and documentary film producer and founder of Sher Vancouver<ref>{{cite web |last1=General |first1=Office of the Secretary to the Governor |title=Mr. Amar Alex Sangha |url=https://www.gg.ca/en/honours/recipients/136-52792 |website=The Governor General of Canada |access-date=16 June 2020}}</ref>
* [[Moe Sihota]] — politician & broadcaster
* [[Jagmeet Singh]] — Federal NDP leader
* [[Teja Singh]] — professor and creator of the Guru Nanak Mining and Trust Company<ref name="HickmanPanp46">Hickman, Pamela. ''Righting Canada's Wrongs: The Komagata Maru: and Canada's Anti-Indian Immigration Policies in the Twentieth Century''. [[James Lorimer & Company]], April 30, 2014. {{ISBN|1459404378}}, 9781459404373. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=uQWCAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46 46].</ref>
* [[Ratana Stephens]] — co-founder and CEO of [[Nature's Path]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Canada|India}}
*[[South Asian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area]]
*[[Bangladeshi British Columbians]]
*[[Demographics of Vancouver]]
*[[Indo-Canadians in British Columbia]]
* [[Indo-Canadian organized crime]]
*{{section link|Khalistan movement|Canada}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sources ==
* Bloemraad, Irene. "Diversity and Elected Officials in the City of Vancouver" (Chapter 2). In: Andrew, Caroline, John Biles, Myer Siemiatycki, and Erin Tolley (editors). ''Electing a Diverse Canada: The Representation of Immigrants, Minorities, and Women''. [[UBC Press]], July 1, 2009. {{ISBN|0774858583}}, 9780774858588. Start p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=EWCq1_Jg82gC&pg=PA46 46].
* Campbell, Michael Graeme. 1977. ''[https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study in Minority-Host Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019120551/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 |date=2014-10-19 }}'' (M.A. thesis) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141019120551/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20481/UBC_1977_A8%20C36_2.pdf?sequence=1 Archive]), Political Science Department, [[University of British Columbia]], Vancouver. [https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/20481 Profile at] the UBC
* Chadney, James Gaylord. ''The Sikhs of Vancouver'' (Issue 1 of Immigrant communities & ethnic minorities in the United States & Canada, ISSN 0749-5951). New York: [[AMS Press]]. 1984. {{ISBN|0404194036}}, 9780404194031. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Ao0lAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Sikhs+of+Vancouver See snippet view at] [[Google Books]].
* Chadney, James Gaylord. 1980. "Sikh Family Patterns and Ethnic Adaptation in Vancouver". In ''[[Amerasia Journal|Amerasia]]'', Vol. 7: 1. p. 31-50.
* Dusenbery, Verne A. 1981. "Canadian Ideology and Public Policy: The Impact on Vancouver Sikh Ethnic and Religious Adaptation". In ''[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]]'', Vol. 13: 3, Winter.
* Fair, C. Christine ([[University of Chicago]]) 1996. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930222439/http://home.comcast.net/~christine_fair/pubs/sex_sel_fair.pdf Female Foeticide among Vancouver Sikhs: Recontextualising Sex Selection in the North American Diaspora]" (" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20150930222439/http://home.comcast.net/~christine_fair/pubs/sex_sel_fair.pdf Archive]). In ''[[International Journal of Punjab Studies]]'', Vol. 3:1.
* Hans, Raj Kumar. 2003. "Gurdwara as a Cultural Site of Punjabi Community in British Columbia, 1905 – 1965." In ''Fractured Identity: The Indian Diaspora in Canada'', Sushma J. Varma & Radhika Seshan (eds.). Jaipur: Rawat Publications.
* Indra, Doreen M. 1979. "South Asian Stereotypes in the Vancouver Press". In ''[[Ethnic and Racial Studies]]'', Vol 2:2. - {{doi|10.1080/01419870.1979.9993261}}
* Ironside, Linda L. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141025034006/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/5837/b15290943.pdf Chinese- and Indo-Canadian elites in greater Vancouver : their views on education]'' (Master's thesis) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141025034006/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/5837/b15290943.pdf Archive]). [[Simon Fraser University]]. 1985. [http://summit.sfu.ca/item/5837 See profile at] Simon Fraser University.
* Johnston, Hugh. 1988. "The Development of Punjabi Community in Vancouver since 1961". In ''[[Canadian Ethnic Studies]]'', Vol. 20:2.
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. ''[[The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism]]'' (McGill-Queen's studies in ethnic history: Series 2). [[McGill-Queen's Press]] (MQUP), October 1, 2012. {{ISBN|0773540709}}, 9780773540705.
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. ''[[The Sikh Diaspora in Vancouver: Three Generations Amid Tradition, Modernity, and Multiculturalism]]''. [[University of Toronto Press]], 2004. {{ISBN|0802086314}}, 9780802086310.
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth. "The Making of Sikh Space: The Role of the Gurdwara" (Chapter 2). In: DeVries, Larry, Don Baker, and Dan Overmyer. ''Asian Religions in British Columbia'' (Asian Religions and Society Series). [[UBC Press]], January 1, 2011. {{ISBN|0774859423}}, 9780774859424. Start: p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=dgtgGhMUgIUC&pg=PA43 43].
* Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth, "Misunderstood in the Diaspora: The Experience of Orthodox Sikhs in Vancouver." ''[[Sikh Formations]]'' 4, No. 1 2008), p. 17-32. - {{doi|10.1080/17448720802075397}}
* Nodwell, Evelyn. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20141021184008/http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/1860/ubc_1993_fall_phd_nodwell_evelyn.pdf?sequence=1 "Integrating Indian Culture into our Life": The Construction of (East) "Indian Culture" in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada]" (" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141021184008/http://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/1860/ubc_1993_fall_phd_nodwell_evelyn.pdf?sequence=1 Archive]) (PhD thesis). [[University of British Columbia]], 1993. - [http://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/1860 See record at] [[University of British Columbia]]. [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/29735902_How_do_you_integrate_Indian_culture_into_your_life__second_generation_Indo-Canadians_and_the_construction_of_Indian_culture_in_Vancouver_Canada See record at] [[ResearchGate]].
* Nodwell, Evelyn and Neil Guppy. "The effects of publicly displayed ethnicity on interpersonal discrimination: Indo-Canadians in Vancouver." ''[[The Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology]]'', Feb, 1992, Vol.29(1), p. 87(13)
* Sumartojo, Widyarini. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141019152527/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/12245/etd7152_WSumartojo.pdf “My kind of Brown”: Indo-Canadian youth identity and belonging in Greater Vancouver]'' (PhD thesis) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141019152527/http://summit.sfu.ca/system/files/iritems1/12245/etd7152_WSumartojo.pdf Archive]). [[Simon Fraser University]], 2012. [http://summit.sfu.ca/item/12245 See profile at] Simon Fraser University.
* Walton, Margaret Winifred. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002356/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/4658/ubc_1996-0539.pdf?sequence=1 Indo-Canadian Residential Construction Entrepreneurs in Vancouver: An Examination of the Interface Between Culture and Economy]" (master's thesis) (" (master's thesis) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002356/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/4658/ubc_1996-0539.pdf?sequence%3D1 Archive]). [[University of British Columbia]], 1996. [https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/4658 See profile at] UBC.
* Walton-Roberts, Margaret. 1998. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Three Readings of the Turban: Sikh Identity in Greater Vancouver]" (" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20160205002355/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Margaret_Walton-Roberts/publication/250171093_THREE_READINGS_OF_THE_TURBAN_SIKH_IDENTITY_IN_GREATER_VANCOUVER/links/53f749e90cf2823e5bd635cf Archive]). In ''[[Urban Geography]]'', Vol. 19: 4, June. - DOI [https://dx.doi.org/10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311 10.2747/0272-3638.19.4.311] - [https://www.academia.edu/1419124/Three_readings_of_the_turban_Sikh_identity_in_Greater_Vancouver Available at] [[Academia.edu]] and at [[ResearchGate]].
* Walton-Roberts, Margaret and Daniel Hiebert. "[https://web.archive.org/web/20141018124820/http://www.cjrs-rcsr.org/archives/20-1-2/WaltonRoberts-Hieberts.pdf Immigration, Entrepreneurship, and the Family: Indo-Canadian Enterprise in the Construction Industry of Greater Vancouver]" (" ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141018124820/http://www.cjrs-rcsr.org/archives/20-1-2/WaltonRoberts-Hieberts.pdf Archive]). Research on Immigration and Integration in the Metropolis (RIIM), [[University of British Columbia]]. ''[[Canadian Journal of Regional Science]]''. 1997. p. 119-140.

==Further reading==
* Cassin, A. Marguerite. 1977. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20141019121137/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20686/UBC_1977_A8%20C38_2.pdf?sequence=1 Class and Ethnicity: The Social Organization of Working Class East Indians in Vancouver]'' (M.A. thesis) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141019121137/https://circle.ubc.ca/bitstream/handle/2429/20686/UBC_1977_A8%20C38_2.pdf?sequence=1 Archive]), [[University of British Columbia]], Vancouver. [https://circle.ubc.ca/handle/2429/20686 Profile at] the UBC
* Cassin, A. Marguerite. 1979. "East Indian Women Farm Workers (in Vancouver)". In ''[[Multiculturalism (journal)|Multiculturalism]]'', Vol. 2:4.
* Chadney, James Gaylord. 1975. "The Joint Family as Structure and Process (Vancouver Sikhs)". In ''[[Journal of Social Thought]]'', Vol. 7:1.
* Chadney, James Gaylord. 1976. The Vancouver Sikhs: An Ethnic Community in Canada. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Department of Anthropology, [[Michigan State University]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=-wcgcAAACAAJ See profile at] [[Google Books]].
* Chadney, James Gaylord. 1977. "Demography, Identity and Decision-Making: The Case of the Vancouver Sikhs". In ''[[Urban Anthropology]]'': Vol. 6 (3).
* Chadney, James Gaylord. 1985. "India’s Sikhs in Vancouver: Immigration, Occupation and Ethnic Adaptation". In ''[[Population Review]]'', Vol. 29: 1-2.
* Chadney, James Gaylord. 1989. "The Formations of Ethnic Communities: Lessons from the Vancouver". ''In The Sikh Diaspora: Migration and the Experience beyond Punjab'', N. Gerald Barrier & Verne A. Dusenbery (eds.). Delhi: Chanakya.
* Colwell, Bryan C. 1988. ''A Handbook of Increasing Understanding of Sikhs in the Surrey/Delta Area: With Implications for the Mission and Ministry of the United Church of Canada''. D. Min. thesis, [[San Francisco Theological Seminary]]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=ALkSGwAACAAJ See profile at] [[Google Books]].
* Dhaliwal, Baljeet. 1985. ''Sikhs in Vancouver Region: A Descriptive Study of Certain Sikhs’ Views of Education since 1904'' (M.A. thesis), [[Simon Fraser University]], Burnaby BC.
* Mayer, Adrian C. "A report on the East Indian Community in Vancouver" (1959). - [[University of British Columbia]] Institutes of Social and Economic Research (Working Paper of Social and Economic Research). [https://books.google.com/books?id=s7k8AQAAIAAJ See profile at] [[Google Books]]. [https://openlibrary.org/books/OL14324754M/A_report_on_the_East_Indian_community_in_Vancouver See profile at] [[OpenLibrary]].
* Nodwell, Evelyn. "The effects of publicly displayed ethnicity on interpersonal discrimination: Indo-Canadians in Vancouver." ''[[Canadian Review of Sociology & Anthropology]]''; Feb1992, Vol. 29 Issue 1, p87. February 1992. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141025045417/http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/9203301106/effects-publicly-displayed-ethnicity-interpersonal-discrimination-indo-canadians-vancouver Available at] [[EBSCOHost]]. Accession #9203301106.
* Ralston, Helen, PhD. "[https://www.ualberta.ca/~pcerii/Virtual%20Library/ConferencePapers/ralston99.pdf Identity and Lived Experience of Daughters of South Asian Immigrant Women in Halifax and Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: An Exploratory Study]" (working paper) ([https://web.archive.org/web/20141018100113/http://www.ualberta.ca/~pcerii/Virtual%20Library/ConferencePapers/ralston99.pdf Archive]). [[University of Alberta]]. Prepared for International Migration and Ethnic Relations Conference "Youth in the Plural City: Individualized and Collectivized Identities" Norwegian Institute, Rome, May 25 to 28, 1999.
* Ramangalahy, Charles. 2001. ''Ethnic Entrepreneurship: Data from a Survey of Indian/Sikh Communities in the Canadian Cities of Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver''. Montreal: Chaire d’ entrepreneurship MacLean Hunter.
* Sanghera, Gumar S. ''The Male Punjabi Elderly of Vancouver: Their Background, Health Beliefs and Access to Health Care Services''. [[University of British Columbia]], 1991. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CW3EXwAACAAJ&q=Punjabis+Vancouver See profile at] [[Google Books]].
* Scanlon, Joseph. 1977. "The Sikhs of Vancouver: A Case Study of the Role the Media in Ethnic Relations". In ''From Ethnicity and the Media: An Analysis of Media Reporting in the United Kingdom, Canada, and Ireland''. Paris: UNESCO.
** Also published by [[Carleton University]], 1975. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bgb-SAAACAAJ&q=The+Sikhs+of+Vancouver See profile at] [[Google Books]].
* Singh, Mohinder. ''Indo-Canadians in Greater Vancouver : a Socio-economic Study''. [[National Association of Canadians of Origins in India]] B.C. Chapter, 1981. [https://books.google.com/books?id=zkH9MwEACAAJ&q=Indo+Canadians+Vancouver See profile] at [[Google Books]].

== External links ==
* [http://blogs.vancouversun.com/tag/indo-canadian-times/ Indo-Canadian Times] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304095339/http://blogs.vancouversun.com/tag/indo-canadian-times/ |date=2016-03-04 }} - ''[[Vancouver Sun]]''
* [http://indiansummerfestival.ca/ Indian Summer Festival]
* [http://www.indocanadianseniorssociety.com/ Surrey Delta Indo-Canadian Seniors Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141217170045/http://indocanadianseniorssociety.com/ |date=2014-12-17 }}
* [http://ics.vcn.bc.ca/ Surrey-Delta Indo Canadian Senior's Society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050308/http://ics.vcn.bc.ca/ |date=2016-03-04 }}

{{Indian diaspora}}
{{Pakistani diaspora}}
{{Bangladeshi diaspora}}

[[Category:Asian-Canadian culture in Vancouver]]
[[Category:Indo-Canadian culture| ]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Vancouver]]

Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu

2026-04-29T20:46:18Z

Maxlogistic: put up first article v1

{{Short description|2021 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu
| image = Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = Nel Senthil Kumar
| writer =
| producer = Pookadai G. Settu G. Arulkumar
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]]
*Miyasree Soumya
}}
| cinematography =
| editing =
| music = [[Srikanth Deva]]
| studio = GS Arts
| released = {{Film date|2021|03|19|df=yes}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| runtime = 110 minutes
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}

'''''Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu''''' ({{translation|Whatever has happened to our own village/town}}) is a 2021 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama film|comedy drama]] mystery thriller film directed by Nel Senthil Kumar.<ref>{{Cite news |date=18 January 2021 |title=Karthi releases Master Mahendran's Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu trailer |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-releases-master-mahendrans-namma-oorukku-ennadhan-achu-trailer/articleshow/80330240.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127153106/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/karthi-releases-master-mahendrans-namma-oorukku-ennadhan-achu-trailer/articleshow/80330240.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> The film stars [[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] and Miyasree Soumya in the main lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=மகேந்திரன் நடிக்கும் த்ரில்லர் படம் நம்ம ஊருக்கு என்னதான் ஆச்சு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/tags/namma-oorukku-ennathan-aachu |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221193316/https://www.maalaimalar.com/tags/namma-oorukku-ennathan-aachu |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=[[Maalai Malar]] |language=en-us}}</ref> The film had its theatrical release on 19 March 2021.

== Cast ==
As per the film's opening credits:<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2021 |title=Namma Ooruku Enna Than Achu - Full Movie [4K] - With English Subtitles | Mahendran | Miyasree Sowmya |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhhiuN3CK88 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221194235/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UhhiuN3CK88&feature=youtu.be |archive-date=21 February 2024 |access-date=21 February 2024 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
{{cast listing|
*[[Mahendran (actor)|Mahendran]] as Nalla Thambi
*Miyasree Soumya as Kodi
*[[R. Sundarrajan]]
*[[Manoj Kumar (Tamil director)|Manoj Kumar]]
*[[Meera Krishnan]] as Nalla Thambi's mother
*[[Appukutty]] as Nalla Thambi's uncle
*Pasanga Sivakumar as Kodi's father
*Thavasi
*[[Benjamin (actor)|Benjamin]]
*Lollu Sabha Udhaya
*Mippusamy as Nalla Thambi's friend
*Kadhal Saravanan
*[[Supergood Subramani]] as Priest
}}

== Soundtrack ==
Soundtrack was composed by [[Srikanth Deva]].<ref name="M">{{Cite web |date=28 October 2020 |title=Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu Tamil Movie Songs | Konda Mela Video Song | Master Mahendran | MMT |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cocRUIekkmA |via=YouTube}}</ref>
*Nenjaluthakaari – Jithin, Namitha<ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Nenjaluthakaari (From "Namma Oorukku Ennadhan Achu") - Single |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/nenjaluthakaari-from-namma-oorukku-ennadhan-achu-single/1556689387 |website=[[Apple Music]]}}</ref>
*Konda Mela – [[Senthil Ganesh]], Rajalakshmi, Ayyadurai, Kadaloor Jyothi<ref name="M" />

== Reception ==
A critic from ''[[Ananda Vikatan|Vikatan]]'' wrote that director Nal Senthilkumar's intention to talk about an important matter is right. But, the story and comedies he has taken for it make us say, 'What is wrong with Tamil cinema?'.<ref name="V">{{Cite web |last=டீம் |first=விகடன் |date=26 February 2021 |title=சாம்பல் மேடுகளும்... புகை மண்டலங்களும்... 'நம்ம ஊருக்கு என்னதான் ஆச்சு' ப்ளஸ் மைனஸ் ரிப்போர்ட்! |url=https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/namma-oorukku-ennadhan-achu-movie-review |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231127153105/https://cinema.vikatan.com/kollywood/namma-oorukku-ennadhan-achu-movie-review |archive-date=27 November 2023 |access-date=27 November 2023 |website=Vikatan |language=ta}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|id=tt13906752}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes|namma_oorukku_ennadhan_achu}}

[[Category:2021 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:2021 films]]
[[Category:2021 thriller films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Srikanth Deva]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Indian comedy films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2021 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2021 Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju

2026-04-24T13:48:38Z

Maxlogistic: put up basic data added tags - done

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju
| office = Member of the [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2024
| predecessor = [[Kottagulli Bhagya Lakshmi]]
| constituency = [[Paderu Assembly constituency|Paderu]]
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]
| birth_date =
}}
'''[[:te:బగత ప్రజలు|Matsyarasa Visweswararaju]]''' is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-04 |title=Amid NDA wave, YSRCP manages to win Paderu and Araku Assembly constitiencies in Alluri Sitharama Raju district |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Visakhapatnam/amid-nda-wave-ysrcp-manages-to-win-paderu-and-araku-assembly-constitiencies-in-alluri-sitharama-raju-district/article68251495.ece |access-date=2024-06-06 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> He is belongs to [[:te:బగత ప్రజలు|Bagata]] He is a member of [[YSR Congress Party]]. He has been elected as the [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] representing the [[Paderu Assembly constituency]] in [[2024 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Paderu, Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election Results 2024 Highlights: YSRCP's Matsyarasa Visweswara Raju with 68170 defeats TDP's Eswari Giddi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/story/paderu-andhra-pradesh-assembly-election-results-2024-live-updates-2548216-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Paderu Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Assembly Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MLA, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/paderu-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916766.html |access-date=2024-06-06 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raju, Matsyarasa Visweswara}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2024–2029]]

{{AndhraPradesh-YSRCP-politician-stub}}

The Bengalee

2026-04-20T10:39:27Z

Maxlogistic: stub

{{Short description|British Indian newspaper}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{pp-pc|small=yes}}
{{italictitle}}
{{onesource|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
'''''The Bengalee''''' was an English language newspaper based in Calcutta (Kolkata), British India.

==History==
''The Bengalee'' was founded in 1862 by [[Girish Chandra Ghosh]] as an English language newspaper based in Kolkata. The newspaper had a nationalist editorial stand. [[Surendranath Banerjee]] served as its editor. It was the highest circulated weekly newspaper in the late 19th and early 20th century. Following the [[Surat Split]] in the [[Indian National Congress]], the newspaper took a stand for the moderate fraction of the Congress. The paper adapted moderate policies on movements like the [[Swadeshi movement]] which reduced circulation and decreased the popularity of the newspaper. The newspaper circulation further declined following the death of [[Surendranath Banerjee]] in 1925. The newspaper developed into two editions, the morning edition was called The Bengalee, which was for metropolitan area, while the evening edition for rural areas was called [[Calcutta Evening News]] in 1931. The Bengalee newspaper closed down that year. In 1932, the two editions were consolidated and renamed The Star of India.<ref name="bt">{{cite news |last1=Dutta |first1=Abhijit |title=Bengalee, The |url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengalee,_The |accessdate=2 December 2018 |work=en.banglapedia.org |publisher=Banglapedia |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202155209/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bengalee,_The |url-status=live }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bengalee, The}}
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1862]]
[[Category:English-language newspapers published in India]]
[[Category:1862 establishments in India]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Kolkata]]

Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai

2026-04-19T06:52:15Z

Maxlogistic: creating basic info w/ infobox!

{{Short description|Punjabi Indian diplomat (1915–2003)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = 30 March 1915
| birth_place =
| death_date = 2003
| death_place =
| office = [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[East Punjab]] [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] Special Secretary in the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Ministry of Petroleum]]
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| governor =
| constituency =
| office1 =
| term_start1 =
| term_end1 =
| successor1 =
| party =
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Nayantara Sahgal]]|1979}}
| children =
| parents =
| constituency1 =
| term_start2 =
| term_end2 =
| constituency2 =
}}
'''Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai''' (30 March 1915 – 2003) was a Punjabi Indian Christian diplomat who served as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[East Punjab]] from 1957 to 1962 and the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] from 1964 to 1966, among holding other government positions in colonial India and independent India.<ref name="Bangash2020">{{cite web |last1=Bangash |first1=Yaqoob Khan |title=When Christians were partitioned in the Punjab-IV |url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/tns/detail/593471-whenchristians-were-partitioned-in-the-punjab-iv |work=[[The News International]] |access-date=10 January 2023 |language=English |date=5 January 2020}}</ref> Receiving an education in both India and England, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai was a member of the [[Indian Civil Service]].<ref name="Bangash2020"/> During his tenure as the Chief Secretary of East Punjab, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai was instrumental in designing the city of [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Bangash2020"/>

== Early life and education ==
Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai was born on 30 March 1915 to [[Dora Chatterjee]] and Rai Sahib Mangat Rai, with his family hailing from [[Multan]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[colonial India]].<ref name="Bangash2020"/> The Mangat Rais settled in [[Abbottabad]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], colonial India.<ref name="Bangash2020"/> Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai belonged to a Punjabi family of the [[Khatri]] caste who adhered to the [[Christianity|Christian]] religion.<ref name="Bangash2020"/><ref name="Singh2003">{{cite web |author=[[Khushwant Singh]] | title=Love in times of war | url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030215/windows/above.htm | work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]] | access-date=11 January 2023 | language=English | date=15 February 2003 }}</ref><ref name="Parimoo2019"/> Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai's maternal grandfather Kali Charan Chatterji was a [[Bengali Christians|Bengali Christian]] of the Brahmin caste.<ref name="Parimoo2019"/> His siblings included Charles Rajinder Mangat Rai, who later served as a [[Brigadier (India)|Brigadier]] in the [[British Indian Army|Indian Army]], Priobala Mangat Rai, who served as the principal of [[Kinnaird College]] in Lahore, and Leena Sushiela, who married Arthur Lall, a [[Punjabi Christian]] who belonged to the Indian Civil Service and represented India at the [[United Nations]].<ref name="Singh2003"/> In Abbottabad, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai was educated, after which he subsequently studied in [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]] in Delhi, where he earned a B.A and M.A. in History.<ref name="Parimoo2019"/> He then studied at the [[Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College]] in [[Dehra Dun]].<ref name="Bangash2020"/> He was academically astute and "carried away just about every academic prize in his class", according to his classmate and renowned diplomat [[Khushwant Singh]].<ref name="Singh2003"/>

At the Prince of Wales Royal Indian Military College, he sat for the [[Civil Services Examination]] to join the [[Indian Civil Service]].<ref name="Bangash2020"/> After clearing the exam, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai completed his probationary year at [[Keble College, Oxford]], a constituent college of the [[University of Oxford]], England.<ref name="Bangash2020"/> There, he was the only student out of both Indians and Britons, "who scored full marks in English essay: 200 out of 200."<ref name="Singh2003"/>

== Career ==
Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai returned to India in October, 1938.<ref name="Bangash2020"/> In the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab Province]] of British India, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai served in various government roles, including being the director of the [[Civil Supplies Department]] by 1947.<ref name="Bangash2020"/> At the time of the [[partition of India]] in 1947, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai opted for independent India, stating: "For a Christian, the choice between Pakistan and India was genuine, for he did not, by virtue of his religious label fall automatically within one fold or another. … Yet, as it was inevitable, when the choice was put to us in the form of either/or, many of us debated and considered an assessment of the future shape of things. … I myself had no doubt whatever that I would opt for India, and not for Pakistan."<ref name="Bangash2020"/>

In [[East Punjab]] in independent India, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai served as the Finance Secretary and later, the Planning and Development Commissioner.<ref name="Bangash2020"/> He served as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of East Punjab from 1957 to 1962 and during his tenure, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai, along with [[Partap Singh Kairon]], was instrumental in designing the city of [[Chandigarh]].<ref name="Bangash2020"/>

From 1964 to 1966, Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai served as the [[Chief secretary (India)|Chief Secretary]] of [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] under the leadership of [[Ghulam Mohammed Sadiq]].<ref name="Bangash2020"/>

He subsequently served as the Special Secretary in the [[Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas|Ministry of Petroleum]] at Delhi.<ref name="Bangash2020"/><ref name="Singh2003"/>

Edward Nirmal Mangat Rai died in 2003.<ref name="Parimoo2019">{{cite web | author=Bhushan Parimoo | title=Remembering Ex-Chief Secretary EN Mangat Rai & His Plaudit for Jammu | url=https://www.thedispatch.in/remembering-ex-chief-secretary-en-mangat-rai-his-plaudit-for-jammu/ | website=www.thedispatch.in | publisher=The Dispatch | access-date=11 January 2023 | language=English |date=2 June 2019 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Politicians from Multan]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Indian Protestants]]
[[Category:Alumni of Keble College, Oxford]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Indian Military College alumni]]
[[Category:People from Abbottabad]]
[[Category:Indian Civil Service (British India) officers]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]
[[Category:1915 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]

Longkhim–Chare Assembly constituency

2026-04-16T04:42:21Z

Maxlogistic: put up the entry nd citations

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Nagaland State, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| map_image = Longkhim–Chare Assembly constituency map.svg
| name = Longkhim–Chare
| state = [[Nagaland]]
| type = SLA
| district = [[Tuensang district|Tuensang]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Nagaland (Lok Sabha constituency)|Nagaland]]
| established = 1974
| constituency_no = 52
| reservation = ST
| mla = [[Sethrongkyu Sangtam]]
| party = [[BJP]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| electors = {{formatnum:22176}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14874-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2023/ |title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |accessdate=20 April 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2028|5}}
}}
'''Longkhim–Chare''' is one of the 60 [[Nagaland Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Nagaland]] state in [[India]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in/States/nagaland/nagaland-w.htm |title=Nagaland Legislative Assembly |website=legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref>

It is part of [[Tuensang district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1974]] || L. J. Toshi Sangtam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1977]] || rowspan=2 | Horangse Sangtam
|-
| [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1982]] || {{Full party name with color|Naga National Democratic Party}}
|-
| [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1987]] || Thrinimong Sangtam || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
| [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1989]] || rowspan=3 | S. Kyukhangba Sangtam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
| [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|1998]]
|-
| [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2003]] || Imtilemba Sangtam || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || S. Kyukhangba Sangtam || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || A. Imtilemba Sangtam || {{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
| [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || Muthingnyuba Sangtam || {{Full party name with color|Naga People's Front}}
|-
| [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[Sethrongkyu Sangtam]]|| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

== Election results ==
=== 2023 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2023 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare<ref>{{cite news |last1=The Indian Express |title=Nagaland Assembly Election results 2023: Check full list of winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |access-date=3 March 2023 |date=2 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303042608/https://indianexpress.com/elections/nagaland-assembly-election-results-2023-winners-8473973/ |archive-date=3 March 2023 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sethrongkyu Sangtam]] |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=10,187 |percentage=50.33% |change=12.65%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Muthingnyuba Sangtam|party=Nationalist Congress Party|votes=8,564|percentage=42.31%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Sethrichem Sangtam|party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|votes=1,450|percentage=7.16%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=38|percentage=0.19%|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,623 |percentage=8.02% |change=-1.31% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=20,239|percentage=91.27%|change=-2.53%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,176 |change =4.96% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Naga People's Front |swing= 3.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2018 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2018 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3652-nagaland-general-legislative-election-2018/?do=download&r=8575&confirm=1&t=1&csrfKey=0b619cd94134dd7b05162acdebe1ba9f|title=Nagaland General Legislative Election 2018 - Nagaland - Election Commission of India |website=eci.gov.in |date= |author= |accessdate= December 29, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128161430/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/13th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2018.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 13th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2018 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Muthingnyuba Sangtam |party=Naga People's Front |votes=9,316 |percentage=47.01% |change=19.25% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Imtilemba Sangtam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,468 |percentage=37.68% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Cholongse Sangtam |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=2,971 |percentage=14.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=64 |percentage=0.32% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,848 |percentage=9.32% |change=2.05% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,819 |percentage=93.80% |change= -4.80% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 21,129 |change =3.91% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga People's Front |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= 10.73% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2013 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2013 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125124535/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/12th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2013.pdf |archive-date=25 November 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2013 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=A. Imtilemba Sangtam |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=7,273 |percentage=36.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thrinimong Sangtam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,814 |percentage=29.00% |change=-9.88% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. T. Sangtam |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,565 |percentage=27.76% |change=1.56% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. S. Sangtam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,326 |percentage=6.61% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,459 |percentage=7.28% |change=2.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,049 |percentage=98.60% |change= 1.72% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,333 |change =2.98% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -2.60% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2008 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2008 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128170532/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/11th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2008.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 11th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2008 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kyukhangba Sangtam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,437 |percentage=38.88% |change=-10.27% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtilemba Sangtam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=6,474 |percentage=33.84% |change=-17.01% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. T. Sangtam |party=Naga People's Front |votes=5,012 |percentage=26.20% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Horangse Sangtam |party=Independent politician |votes=361 |percentage=1.89% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=963 |percentage=5.03% |change=3.32% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,130 |percentage=97.67% |change= 5.04% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 19,745 |change =27.77% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Bharatiya Janata Party |swing= -11.98% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2003 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2003 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623083626/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/10th_General_Election_Report_NLA_2003.pdf |archive-date=23 June 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 10th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 2003 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Imtilemba Sangtam |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=7,211 |percentage=50.86% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kyukhangba Sangtam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,968 |percentage=49.14% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=243 |percentage=1.71% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=14,179 |percentage=91.84% |change= 91.84% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 15,454 |change =11.93% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Bharatiya Janata Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -9.51% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1998 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1998 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128160926/https://ceo.nagaland.gov.in/ElectionFiles/NLA/9th_General_Election_Report_NLA_1998.pdf |archive-date=28 January 2022 | title = Report on the General Election to the 9th Nagaland Legislative Assembly 1998 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Nagaland}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate unopposed with party link| |candidate=S. Kyukhangba Sangtam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=Uncontested |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,807 |change =13.13% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1993 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1993 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kyukhangba Sangtam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,302 |percentage=60.37% |change=3.13% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thrinimong Sangtam |party=Naga People's Front |votes=4,794 |percentage=39.63% |change=-3.13% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=2,508 |percentage=20.73% |change=6.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=12,096 |percentage=99.42% |change= 3.41% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 12,205 |change =38.25% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.13% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1989 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1989 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kyukhangba Sangtam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,831 |percentage=57.24% |change=31.31% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thrinimong Sangtam |party=Naga People's Front |votes=3,609 |percentage=42.76% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,222 |percentage=14.48% |change=10.24% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,440 |percentage=96.01% |change= 1.55% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,828 |change =0.64% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 27.07% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1987 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1987 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Thrinimong Sangtam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,468 |percentage=30.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Kyukhangba Sangtam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=2,121 |percentage=25.93% |change=-5.22% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Horangse Sangtam |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=1,421 |percentage=17.37% |change=-15.12% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Sethrongchem |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=1,102 |percentage=13.47% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Thronglongse |party=Independent politician |votes=978 |percentage=11.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Thridongse |party=Independent politician |votes=91 |percentage=1.11% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=347 |percentage=4.24% |change=2.90% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,181 |percentage=94.46% |change= 8.91% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 8,772 |change =-24.85% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Naga National Democratic Party |swing= -2.33% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1982 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1982 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Horangse Sangtam |party=Naga National Democratic Party |votes=3,215 |percentage=32.49% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=T. Subengse Sangtam |party=Indian National Congress |votes=3,082 |percentage=31.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=K. Asungba Sangtam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,572 |percentage=26.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. Sethrougchn |party=Independent politician |votes=1,025 |percentage=10.36% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=133 |percentage=1.34% |change=-2.89% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=9,894 |percentage=85.55% |change= -5.43% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 11,673 |change =46.55% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Naga National Democratic Party |loser=Independent politician |swing= -7.40% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1977 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1977 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Horangse Sangtam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,843 |percentage=39.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=C. Thrinimong |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=2,541 |percentage=35.66% |change=11.10% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=M. Tsubongse Sangtam |party=Independent politician |votes=1,742 |percentage=24.45% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=302 |percentage=4.24% |change=0.88% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=7,126 |percentage=90.97% |change= 4.22% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,965 |change =-0.09% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Independent politician |swing= 0.50% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Nagaland Legislative Assembly election]]: Longkhim Chare}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. J. Toshi Sangtam |party=Independent politician |votes=2,663 |percentage=39.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Horang |party=Nagaland Nationalist Organisation |votes=2,436 |percentage=36.04% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Tsubongse |party=United Democratic Alliance (Nagaland) |votes=1,660 |percentage=24.56% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=227 |percentage=3.36% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=6,759 |percentage=86.75% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 7,972 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Independent politician |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Nagaland Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Tuensang district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Nagaland}}

{{coord|26.22|94.67|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Longkhim-Chare Assembly constituency}}
[[Category:Tuensang district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Politics of Nagaland]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1974]]
[[Category:1974 establishments in Nagaland]]

Nathnagar Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:49:11Z

Maxlogistic: put up basic entry w/ refs

{{Short description|Assembly constituency in Bihar}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
|name = Nathnagar Assembly constituency
|type= SLA
| map_image = 158-Nathnagar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
|mla = Mithun Kumar 
|party ={{Party index link|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)}} 
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]] 
|region =
|state = [[Bihar]]
|district = [[Bhagalpur district|Bhagalpur]]
|division =
| loksabha_cons =
|constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|158]]
|established = 1967 
| electors = 337,948
|abolished = 
}}
'''Nathnagar Assembly constituency''' is one of 243 constituencies of [[Bihar Legislative Assembly|legislative assembly of Bihar]]. It comes under [[Bhagalpur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhagalpur]] Lok Sabha constituency along with other assembly constituencies viz. [[Gopalpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Gopalpur]], [[Pirpainti Assembly constituency|Pirpainti]], [[Kahalgaon Assembly constituency|Kahalgaon]], [[Bhagalpur Assembly constituency|Bhagalpur]] and [[Bihpur Assembly constituency|Bihpur]].<ref name="election2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.elections.in/bihar/parliamentary-constituencies/bhagalpur.html | title=Bhagalpur Parliamentary Constituencies | publisher=elections.in | access-date=10 March 2014}}</ref>

==Overview==
Nathnagar comprises CD Blocks [[Nathnagar]] & [[Sabour, bhagalpur|Sabour]]; Gram Panchayats Puraini North, Puraini South, Baluachak Puraini, Sanholi, Baijani, Khiribandh, Jamani, Saino, Bhawanipur Desri, Chandapur, Jagdishpur, Sonuchak-Puraini, Imampur, Shajangi cense town & [[Habibpur|Habibpur Nagar Panchayat]] of Jagdishpur CD Block.<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2013-12-20 }}</ref>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Nathnagar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/nathnagar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|K. Jha
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Chunchun Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Sudha Srivastava
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Talib Ansari
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Chunchun Prasad Yadav]]
|{{Full party name with color|Lokdal}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Sudha Srivastava
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Lutfur Rahman (poet)|Lutfur Rahman]]
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| rowspan="3" |Sudha Srivastava
|{{Full party name with color|Samata Party}}
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=5}}
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|2019^<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur">{{cite news |last1=Zee News |date=25 October 2019 |title=By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur |url=https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240109071426/https://zeenews.india.com/india/by-election-results-2019-list-of-winners-in-51-assembly-and-satara-samastipur-2241916.html |archivedate=9 January 2024 |accessdate=9 January 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Lakshmikant Mandal]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Ali Ashraf Siddiqui]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
|Mithun Kumar
|{{Full party name with color|Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)|dab=yes}}
|}
^by-election

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nathnagar<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Nath Nagar">{{cite news |title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Results: Nath Nagar |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04158.htm |access-date=15 December 2025 |work= |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=14 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215055933/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S04158.htm |archive-date=15 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|candidate = Mithun Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:118143}}
|percentage = 48.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Sheikh Zeyaul Hassan
|votes = {{formatnum:92719}}
|percentage = 38.39
|change = -2.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Md Ismail
|votes = {{formatnum:8226}}
|percentage = 3.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Roy
|votes = {{formatnum:5233}}
|percentage = 2.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sharada Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:3434}}
|percentage = 1.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:5203}}
|percentage = 2.15
|change = +1.53
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:25424}}
|percentage = 10.53
|change = +6.56
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:241500}}
|percentage = 71.46
|change = +11.65
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Lok Janshakti Party (Ram Vilas)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Nathnagar<ref name="Bihar Election 2020"/>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = Ali Ashraf Siddiqui
|votes = {{formatnum:78832}}
|percentage = 40.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Lakshmi Kant Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:71076}}
|percentage = 36.44
|change = -2.72
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Amar Nath Prasad @ Amar Singh Kushwaha
|votes = {{formatnum:14715}}
|percentage = 7.54
|change = -27.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:9659}}
|percentage = 4.95
|change = +4.15
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Gouri Shankar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2372}}
|percentage = 1.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:2319}}
|percentage = 1.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhuneshwar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:2299}}
|percentage = 1.18
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Brahamdev Paswan
|votes = {{formatnum:2162}}
|percentage = 1.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Anuj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2078}}
|percentage = 1.07
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1201}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = -3.6
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7756}}
|percentage = 3.97
|change = -0.64
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195064}}
|percentage = 59.81
|change = +3.35
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = Janata Dal (United)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin |title=2019 Bihar Bye-Election: Nathnagar<ref name="By-election results 2019: List of winners in 51 Assembly and Satara, Samastipur"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Lakshmikant Mandal
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = 55936
|percentage = 37.32
|change = -2.16
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rabiya Khatun
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = 50824
|percentage = 33.91
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:13437}}
|percentage = 8.96
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ajay Kumar Roy
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|votes = 6314
|percentage = 4.21
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sudhir Sharma
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 3045
|percentage = 2.03
|change = New
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rest of the candidates + NOTA (None of the Above)
|party =
|votes = 20,287
|percentage = 13.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 5,112
|percentage = 3.41
|change = -1
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 149843
|percentage = 54
|change = -2.46
}}
{{Election box registered electors
|reg. electors = {{formatnum: }}
|ref=<ref name="Bihar Election 2020">{{cite web |title=Bihar Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 May 2022}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|Bihar Assembly election, 2015]]: Nathnagar<ref name="Nathnagar Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Nathnagar Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/nathnagar |access-date=15 December 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251215055948/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/nathnagar |archive-date=15 December 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Ajay Kumar Mandal]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:66485}}
|percentage = 39.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Amar Nath Prasad
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = {{formatnum:58660}}
|percentage = 34.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Abu Qaiser
|votes = {{formatnum:8725}}
|percentage = 5.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Om Prakash Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:7420}}
|percentage = 4.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Manohar Kumar Mandal
|votes = {{formatnum:5682}}
|percentage = 3.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar Alies Pappu Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4460}}
|percentage = 2.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Diwakar Chandra Dubey
|votes = {{formatnum:2534}}
|percentage = 1.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bhartiya Jan Hitkari Party
|candidate = Birendra Prasad Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2342}}
|percentage = 1.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Sandip Kumar Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:1873}}
|percentage = 1.1
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:7172}}
|percentage = 4.22
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:7825}}
|percentage = 4.61
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:169762}}
|percentage = 56.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}

[[Category:Politics of Bhagalpur district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Bihar]]

Sheohar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:04Z

Maxlogistic: done

{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sheohar
| type = SLA
| map_image = 22-Sheohar constituency.svg
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Shweta Gupta]]
| party = {{Party index link|Janata Dal (United)}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|National Democratic Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| preceded_by = [[Chetan Anand (politician)|Chetan Anand Singh]]
| region =
| state = [[Bihar]]
| district = [[Sheohar district|Sheohar]]
| division = [[Tirhut division|Tirhut]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency|Sheohar]]
| constituency_no = [[List of constituencies of the Bihar Legislative Assembly|22]]
| established = 1951
| electors = 304,871
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| abolished = 
}}
'''Sheohar Assembly constituency''' ([[Hindi]] ''pronunciation'': '''''Shivahar Vidhan Sabha Nirvachan Kshetra''''') is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Sheohar district]] in the Indian state of [[Bihar]].

==Overview==
As per orders of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008, 22. Sheohar Assembly constituency is composed of the following:
[[Sheohar]], Piprarhi, Dumri Katsari and Purnahiya [[Community Development Block in India|community development blocks]].<ref name=commission>{{cite web|url = http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf |title = Schedule – XIII of Constituencies Order, 2008 of Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly constituencies Order, 2008 of the Election Commission of India|work= Schedule VI Bihar, Part A – Assembly constituencies, Part B – Parliamentary constituencies |access-date = 2011-01-10 }}</ref>

Sheohar Assembly constituency is part of 4. [[Sheohar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref name=commission/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Name<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web|title=Sheohar Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs|url=https://www.elections.in/bihar/assembly-constituencies/sheohar.html|access-date=|website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
|Ram Swaroop Ram
|{{party name with color|Independent politician|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1957 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|Thakur Girijanandan Singh
|-
|[[1962 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Chitaranjan Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1967 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="2" |Thakur Girijanandan Singh
|{{party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1969 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}
|-
|[[1972 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan="6" |[[Raghunath Jha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1977 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|-
|[[1980 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1985 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1990 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|1998^
|Thakur Ratnakar
| {{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Satyanarayan Prasad
|-
|[[February 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
| rowspan="2" |Ajit Kumar Jha
|-
|[[October 2005 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2005]]
|-
|[[2010 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2010]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Sharfuddin (politician)|Sharfuddin]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015]]
|-
|[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020]]
|[[Chetan Anand (politician)|Chetan Anand Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Rashtriya Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2025]]
| [[Shweta Gupta]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Dal (United)|dab=y}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2025 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sheohar<ref name="2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Sheohar">{{cite news|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0422.htm|title=2025 Bihar Legislative Assembly Election Result: Sheohar|date=14 November 2025|work=|accessdate=16 November 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251116185912/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenNov2025/candidateswise-S0422.htm|archivedate=16 November 2025|publisher=Election Commission of India|language=en}}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Shweta Gupta]]
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|votes = {{formatnum:97269}}
|percentage = 46.29
|change = {{increase}}25.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Navneet Kumar (Jha)
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|votes = {{formatnum:65871}}
|percentage = 31.35
|change = {{decrease}}11.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Md Sharfuddin
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:16469}}
|percentage = 7.84
|change = {{increase}}5.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Niraj Singh
|party = Jan Suraaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:13952}}
|percentage = 6.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Vijay Chandra Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:4466}}
|percentage = 2.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4842}}
|percentage = 2.3
|change = {{increase}}0.13
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:31398}}
|percentage = 14.94
|change = {{decrease}}6.47
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:210111}}
|percentage = 68.92
|change = {{increase}}12.4
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal (United)
|loser = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2020 ===
{{Election box begin |title=[[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sheohar<ref name="election2020">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-13 |title=Bihar General Legislative Election 2020 |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/12787-bihar-legislative-election-2020/ |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Chetan Anand (politician)|Chetan Anand]]
|votes = {{formatnum:73143}}
|percentage = 42.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Sharfuddin (politician)|Mohammad Sharfuddin]]
|votes = {{formatnum:36457}}
|percentage = 21.28
|change = {{decrease}}8.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Vijay Kumar Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:18748}}
|percentage = 10.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Radha Kant Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:14178}}
|percentage = 8.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Sanjeev Kumar Gupta
|votes = {{formatnum:4049}}
|percentage = 2.36
|change = {{increase}}0.42
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Virendra Pra. Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:4030}}
|percentage = 2.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janta Dal Rashtravadi
|candidate = Shrinarayan Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:3952}}
|percentage = 2.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Jan Adhikar Party (Loktantrik)
|candidate = Mohammed Wamique
|votes = {{formatnum:3415}}
|percentage = 1.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Sangharsh Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:2934}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:3711}}
|percentage = 2.17
|change = {{decrease}}0.75
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:36686}}
|percentage = 21.41
|change = {{increase}}21.1
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:171326}}
|percentage = 56.52
|change = {{increase}}1.7
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Rashtriya Janata Dal
|loser = JDU
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2015 ===
{{Election box begin
|title = [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]]: Sheohar<ref name="Sheohar Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025">{{cite news |title=Sheohar Constituency Election Results 2015 - 2025 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sheohar |accessdate=23 November 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=14 November 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251123165704/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/constituency-show/sheohar |archivedate=23 November 2025 |language=en}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = [[Sharfuddin (politician)|Mohammad Sharfuddin]]
|votes = {{formatnum:44576}}
|percentage = 29.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Hindustani Awam Morcha
|candidate = Lovely Anand
|votes = {{formatnum:44115}}
|percentage = 29.4
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Thakur Ratnakar
|votes = {{formatnum:22309}}
|percentage = 14.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Ajit Kumar Jha
|votes = {{formatnum:15891}}
|percentage = 10.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Socialist Party (India)
|candidate = Manoj Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:3684}}
|percentage = 2.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manoj Upadhyay
|votes = {{formatnum:3418}}
|percentage = 2.28
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Mohammad Imamudin
|votes = {{formatnum:2906}}
|percentage = 1.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Sanjay Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:2834}}
|percentage = 1.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Garib Janta Dal (Secular)
|candidate = Quamruzzama
|votes = {{formatnum:2370}}
|percentage = 1.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Manisha Devi
|votes = {{formatnum:2028}}
|percentage = 1.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Forward Bloc
|candidate = Akhilesh Kumar Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1535}}
|percentage = 1.02
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:4383}}
|percentage = 2.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:461}}
|percentage = 0.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:150049}}
|percentage = 54.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Bihar Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/68-bihar/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Tirhut Division topics}}
{{coord|26|31|N|85|18|E|region:IN-{{IndAbbr|[[Bihar]]}}|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Sheohar district]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Bihar]]

Sardarshahar Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:34:48Z

Maxlogistic: data

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sardarshahar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-21-Sardarshahar.svg
| mla = [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Rajasthan politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Churu district]]
| established = 1951
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
| constituency_no = 21
}}
'''Sardarshahar Assembly Constituency''' is one of [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Churu Lok Sabha constituency]]. Current MLA of Sardarshahar constituency is Anil Kumar Sharma of [[Indian National Congress|INC]].

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Election
!Name
!colspan=2|Party
|-
| [[1952 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1952]]<ref name="election1951">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_Raj.pdf 1951 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan="3" | [[Chandan Mal Baid]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[1957 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|-
| [[1967 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1967]]<ref name="election1967">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Rajasthan%201967.pdf 1967 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Roop Singh Rajvi || {{Full party name with color|Independent (politician)}}
|-
| [[1972 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1972]]<ref name="election1972">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatReport_RJ_72.pdf 1972 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Chandan Mal Baid]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1977 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1977]]<ref name="election1977">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1977/Statistical%20Report%201977%20Rajasthan.pdf 1977 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref>|| Hajari Mal Saran || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
| [[1980 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1980]]<ref name="election1980">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1980/Statistical%20Report%201980%20Rajasthan.pdf 1980 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || Mohan Lal Sharma || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| 1982^ || Keshri Chand Bohara
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1985 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<ref name="election1985">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%201985%20Rajasthan.pdf 1985 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || rowspan="2" | [[Bhanwar Lal Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Lok Dal}}
|-
| [[1990 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1990]]<ref name="election1990">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1990/StatRep_RJ_90.pdf 1990 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1993 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1993]]<ref name="election1993">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1993/StatRep_RJ_93.pdf 1993 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Narendra Budania]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| 1996^ || rowspan="3" | [[Bhanwar Lal Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
| [[1998 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|1998]]<ref name="election1998">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1998/StatisticalReport-RAJ98.pdf 1998 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[2003 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2003]]
|-
| [[2008 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<ref name="election2008">[http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2008/Stats_report_RJ2008.pdf 2008 Rajasthan Assembly results]</ref> || [[Ashok Kumar Pincha]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
| [[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]] ||rowspan=2|[[Bhanwar Lal Sharma]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
| [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|-
| 2022^
|rowspan=2| [[Anil Kumar Sharma (Rajasthan politician)|Anil Kumar Sharma]]
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|-
|}
^By-Poll

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sardarshahar<ref name="election2023">{{Cite web |title=Rajasthan General Legislative Election 2023|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report |website=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Anil Kumar Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:99582}}
|percentage = 42.27
|change = -4.04
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Rajkaran Chaudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:77250}}
|percentage = 32.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Rajkumar Rinwa
|votes = {{formatnum:52538}}
|percentage = 22.3
|change = -15.84
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Om Prakash
|votes = {{formatnum:2135}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change = -2.38
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1401}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = -0.84
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:22332}}
|percentage = 9.48
|change = +1.31
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:235583}}
|percentage = 77.03
|change = +0.64
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2022===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2022 elections in India|2022 by-election]]: Sardarshahar}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = Anil Kumar Sharma
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 91,357
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Ashok Kumar Pincha]]
|votes = 64,505
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes =
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title= [[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sardarshahar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Bhanwar Lal Sharma]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:95282}}
|percentage = 46.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Ashok Kumar
|votes = {{formatnum:78466}}
|percentage = 38.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Rashtriya Loktantrik Party
|candidate = Baldev
|votes = {{formatnum:10273}}
|percentage = 4.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Omakar
|votes = {{formatnum:6762}}
|percentage = 3.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Comrade Chhagan Lal Choudhary
|votes = {{formatnum:3516}}
|percentage = 1.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India
|candidate = Hira Lal
|votes = {{formatnum:3327}}
|percentage = 1.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Bhupendra Singh
|votes = {{formatnum:1865}}
|percentage = 0.91
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:2943}}
|percentage = 1.43
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:16816}}
|percentage = 8.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:205747}}
|percentage = 76.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|28.4|74.5|display=title}}

[[Category:Churu district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Rajasthan]]

Meerut Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T01:43:43Z

Maxlogistic:

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Uttar Pradesh State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Meerut
| map_image = 48-Meerut City.svg
| mla = [[Rafiq Ansari]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Meerut district|Meerut]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Meerut Lok Sabha constituency|Meerut]]
| reservation = None
| electors = {{formatnum:312368}}<ref name="election2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>{{update after|2029|5}}
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 48
}}

'''Meerut Assembly constituency''' is a part of [[Meerut district]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India. [[Voter-verified paper audit trail|VVPAT]] facility with EVMs have been here in 2017 U.P. assembly polls.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bareilly/Machines-to-rule-out-fraud-confusion-at-upcoming-UP-polls/articleshow/55946986.cms|title=Machines to rule out fraud, confusion at upcoming UP polls}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Meerut Cantt. Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/meerut-cantt.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1952 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Kailash Prakash]]
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1957 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
|[[1962 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
|Jagdish Saran Rastogi
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan="3" |Mohan Lal Kapoor
| rowspan="3" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
| rowspan="3" |[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| rowspan="2" |Manzoor Ahmed
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|Jai Narain Sharma
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
|[[Laxmikant Bajpai]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| colspan="3" |{{Center|–}}
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|[[Mohammed Shahid Akhlaq|Haji Mohammed Shahid Akhlaq]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Laxmikant Bajpai]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Yaqub Qureishi|Haji Yaqoob Qureshi]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Uttar Pradesh United Democratic Front}}" |
|UP United Democratic Front
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Laxmikant Bajpai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Rafiq Ansari]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Samajwadi Party}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Samajwadi Party]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}

==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Meerut<ref name="election2022"/> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Rafiq Ansari
|votes = {{formatnum:106395}}
|percentage = 52.77
|change = -0.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Kamal Dutt Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:80330}}
|percentage = 39.84
|change = +1.76
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ranjan Sharma
|votes = {{formatnum:5333}}
|percentage = 2.64
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dilshad
|votes = {{formatnum:4939}}
|percentage = 2.45
|change = -4.01
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen
|candidate = Imran Ahmad
|votes = {{formatnum:3038}}
|percentage = 1.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:620}}
|percentage = 0.31
|change = -0.07
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:26065}}
|percentage = 12.93
|change = -1.78
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:201638}}
|percentage = 64.55
|change = -0.14
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Meerut<ref name="election2017">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3471-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2017/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2017 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=26 March 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Rafiq Ansari]]
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:103217}}
|percentage = 52.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Dr. Laxmikant Bajpai
|votes = {{formatnum:74448}}
|percentage = 38.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Pankaj Jauli
|votes = {{formatnum:12636}}
|percentage = 6.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:738}}
|percentage = 0.38
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:28769}}
|percentage = 14.71
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:195516}}
|percentage = 64.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Samajwadi Party
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of the Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Meerut district]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{Cite web |url=http://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/meerut.html |title=Meerut Elections Results 2014, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Elections.in |access-date=23 August 2014}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}

{{coord|28.98|77.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Meerut]]
[[Category:Politics of Meerut district]]

Ashok Lavasa

2026-04-08T04:55:29Z

Maxlogistic: Made new stub

{{Short description|Indian Administrative Service Officer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Lavasa
| office = [[Election Commissioner of India]]
| native_name =
| successor = [[Rajiv Kumar (civil servant)|Rajiv Kumar]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rajeev-kumar-replaces-ashok-lavasa-as-election-commissioner-6578628/|title=Rajeev Kumar replaces Ashok Lavasa as Election Commissioner|website=[[The Indian Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref>
| term_end = 18 August 2020
| term_start = 23 January 2018
| office2 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Environment, Forests and Climate Change Secretary]] of India
| predecessor2 = V. Rajagopalan
| office1 = [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] of India (in charge of Department of Expenditure)
| predecessor1 = Ratan P. Watal
| successor1 = [[Ajay Narayan Jha]]
| term_end1 = 30 October 2017
| term_start1 = 30 April 2016
| term_end2 = 30 April 2016
| term_start2 = 29 August 2014
| successor2 = [[Ajay Narayan Jha]]
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1957|10|21}}
| birth_place = [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]
| alma_mater = ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]]) [[Delhi University]] ([[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[Hindu College, Delhi]] [[Delhi University]]
([[Master of Business Administration|MBA]]) [[Southern Cross University]]
| occupation = Retired [[IAS officer]]
| office3 = [[Secretary to Government of India|Civil Aviation Secretary]] of India
| successor3 = V. Somasundaran
| predecessor3 = [[K. N. Srivastava]]
| term_start3 = 1 January 2014
| term_end3 = 29 August 2014
| appointer = [[President of India]] {{small|then, [[Ram Nath Kovind]]}}
| predecessor = G. V. G. Krishnamurty
| vice_president = [[Venkaiah Naidu]]
| image = Shri Ashok Lavasa taking charge as the New Election Commissioner of India, in New Delhi on January 23, 2018.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Lavasa as Election Commissioner
| appointer1 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| appointer2 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| appointer3 = [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
}}

'''Ashok Lavasa''' ([[International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration|IAST]]: {{IAST|Aśoka Lavāsā}}) (born 21 October 1957) is a retired 1980 batch [[Indian Administrative Service]] officer of [[Haryana]] cadre and was one of the two [[Election Commissioner of India|Election Commissioners of India]]. He has also served as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary of India]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Environment, Forests and Climate Change Secretary of India]] and [[Secretary to Government of India|Civil Aviation Secretary of India]]. He served as the vice president of [[Asian Development Bank]] (ADB) from August 2020 to August 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-07-15|title=Election Commissioner Ashok Lavasa appointed ADB vice-president|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/adb-appoints-election-commissioner-ashok-lavasa-as-new-vice-president/article32089006.ece|access-date=2020-08-25|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Education ==
Ashok Lavasa did his schooling from [[Belgaum Military School]]. He is a [[Undergraduate education|graduate]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|BA Honours]]) from [[Delhi University]] and a [[Postgraduate education|postgraduate]] ([[Master of Arts|MA]]) in [[English language|English]] from [[Hindu College, Delhi]] of [[Delhi University]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14194&PageId=|title=Ashok Lavasa - Executive Record Sheet|website=Department of Personnel and Training, [[Government of India]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/ecl.aspx|title=Election Commissioner - Shri Ashok Lavasa|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date=18 January 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/who-is-ashok-lavasa-the-new-election-commissioner-of-india/1024244/|title=Who is Ashok Lavasa, the new Election Commissioner of India|date=21 January 2018|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> He has an [[Master of Business Administration|MBA degree]] from [[Southern Cross University]] in [[New South Wales]], Australia,<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> and an [[Master of Philosophy|MPhil]] in defence and strategic studies.<ref name=":2" />

== Career ==

=== Before IAS ===
Before being appointed as an [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS officer]], Lavasa taught [[literature]] in the [[University of Delhi|Delhi University]].<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> He also had a stint with the [[State Bank of India]] as a probationary officer.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

=== As an IAS officer ===
[[File:The Election Commissioner of India, Shri Ashok Lavasa calling on the Vice President, Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu, in New Delhi on February 05, 2018.jpg|left|thumb|Lavasa calling on the [[Vice President of India]], [[Venkaiah Naidu]] in February 2018]]

Lavasa has served in key positions for both the [[Government of India]] and the [[Government of Haryana]], like as [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] and Financial Commissioner (Renewable Energy Sources), [[Principal Secretary (India)|Principal Secretary]] and Financial Commissioner (Power), Chief Coordinator (Industries), [[Resident commissioner (India)|resident commissioner]] of [[Haryana]], managing director of Haryana State Federation of Co-operative Sugar Mills (HSFCOSML), director of Haryana State Industrial Development Corporation (HSIDC), managing director of [[Haryana Tourism Corporation]] (HTC), and as the [[District Collector (India)|deputy commissioner and district magistrate]] of [[Jind district|Jind]] and [[Gurgaon district|Gurgaon]] [[List of districts of Haryana|districts]] in the [[Government of Haryana|Haryana government]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" /> and as the [[Finance Secretary (India)|Union Finance Secretary]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Environment, Forests and Climate Change Secretary]], [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Civil Aviation Secretary]], special secretary in the [[Ministry of Power (India)|Ministry of Power]], [[Joint secretary to Government of India|joint secretary]] in the Ministry of Home Affairs, and as a [[Joint secretary to Government of India|joint secretary]] in the Department of Economic Affairs of the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] in the [[Government of India|Indian government]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":1" />

==== Civil Aviation Secretary ====
Lavasa was appointed as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Civil Aviation Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) in December 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/logistics/ashok-lavasa-to-be-new-civil-aviation-secretary/article5501075.ece|title=Ashok Lavasa to be new civil aviation secretary|date=25 December 2013|website=[[Business Line]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ashok-lavasa-appointed-civil-aviation-secretary-113122600559_1.html|title=Ashok Lavasa appointed Civil Aviation Secretary|date=26 December 2013|website=[[Business Standard]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/archive/ashok-lavasa-appointed-civil-aviation-secretary/1211716/|title=Ashok Lavasa appointed civil aviation secretary|date=26 December 2013|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/india/ashok-lavasa-appointed-civil-aviation-secretary-1308363.html|title=Ashok Lavasa appointed civil aviation secretary|date=26 December 2013|website=Firstpost|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> He assumed office on 1 January 2014,<ref name=":0" /> and demitted it on 29 August 2014,<ref name=":0" /> when he was appointed as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Environment, Forests and Climate Change Secretary]].

==== Environment, Forests and Climate Change Secretary ====
Lavasa was appointed as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Environment, Forests and Climate Change Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) in August 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-secretaries-appointed-for-civil-aviation-steel-ministries/articleshow/41182705.cms|title=New secretaries appointed for civil aviation, steel ministries|date=29 August 2014|website=[[The Economic Times]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> He assumed office on 29 August 2014,<ref name=":0" /> and demitted it on 30 April 2016,<ref name=":0" /> when he was appointed as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Expenditure Secretary]].

==== Expenditure Secretary ====
Lavasa was appointed as the [[Secretary to Government of India|Union Expenditure Secretary]] by the [[Appointments Committee of the Cabinet]] (ACC) in April 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/tBP8vLXeG0UWX8bderpKXN/Ashok-Lavasa-appointed-as-new-expenditure-secretary.html|title=Ashok Lavasa appointed as new expenditure secretary|last=Prasad|first=Gireesh Chandra|date=26 April 2018|publisher=[[Live Mint]]|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/ashok-lavasa-named-expenditure-secretary/articleshow/52002065.cms|title=Ashok Lavasa named Expenditure Secretary|date=27 April 2016|website=[[The Economic Times]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/policy/ashok-lavasa-named-new-expenditure-secretary/article8524487.ece |url-access=subscription |title=Govt makes top level bureaucratic changes|author=Surabhi|date=26 April 2016|newspaper=[[Business Line]] |access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> He assumed office on 30 April 2016,<ref name=":0" /> and demitted it and simultaneously [[Pension|superannuated]] from service on 30 October 2017.<ref name=":0" />

As the seniormost [[Secretary to Government of India|secretary]] in the [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Ministry of Finance]] after the retirement of [[Ratan Watal]], Lavasa was designated as [[Finance Secretary (India)|Finance Secretary]] in May 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/ashok-lavasa-designated-as-finance-secretary/article8672407.ece|title=Lavasa is Finance Secretary|last=Srivats|first=K. R.|date=31 May 2016|newspaper=[[Business Line]]|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/ashok-lavasa-takes-over-as-finance-secretary-116053100548_1.html|title=Ashok Lavasa takes over as finance secretary|date=31 May 2016|website=[[Business Standard]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/iyNjGO2lJYpAQCxJEILPwI/lavasa.html|title=Ashok Lavasa becomes new finance secretary|date=31 May 2016|website=[[Live Mint]]|publisher=[[HT Media Ltd]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref>

=== Post-retirement ===
[[File:Shri Ashok Lavasa taking charge as the New Election Commissioner of India, in New Delhi on January 23, 2018.jpg|thumb|Lavasa taking charge as one of the two [[Election Commissioner of India|Election Commissioners of India]] in February 2018]]

==== Election Commissioner of India ====
Post-retirement, Lavasa was appointed as one of the two [[Election Commissioner of India|Election Commissioners of India]] in January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/om-prakash-rawat-to-succeed-ak-joti-as-new-chief-election-commissioner-5033745/|title=Om Prakash Rawat to succeed AK Joti as new Chief Election Commissioner|date=21 January 2018|website=[[The Indian Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/om-prakash-rawat-to-take-over-as-chief-election-commissioner-on-january-23/articleshow/62592957.cms|title=Om Prakash Rawat to take over as chief election commissioner on January 23|date=21 January 2018|website=[[The Times of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/om-prakash-rawat-appointed-new-chief-election-commissioner-ashok-lavasa-named-commissioner/1024128/|title=Om Prakash Rawat appointed new Chief Election Commissioner; Ashok Lavasa named commissioner|date=21 January 2018|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/om-prakash-rawat-appointed-new-chief-election-commissioner-1802876|title=Om Prakash Rawat Appointed New Chief Election Commissioner|date=21 January 2018|editor-last=Bose|editor-first=Abhimanyu|website=[[NDTV]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-op-rawat-to-be-next-chief-election-commissioner-to-suceed-ak-joti-2577270|title=OP Rawat to be next Chief Election Commissioner, to succeed AK Joti|date=21 January 2018|website=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=21 January 2018}}</ref> He assumed charge as Election Commissioner on 23 January 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main1/current/PN8_23012018.pdf|title=Subject: Sh. Ashok Lavasa takes over as new Election Commissioner|date=23 January 2018|website=[[Election Commission of India]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/jan/23/ashok-lavasa-assumes-charge-as-election-commissioner-1762291.html|title=Ashok Lavasa assumes charge as Election Commissioner|date=23 January 2018|website=[[The New Indian Express]]|publication-place=[[New Delhi]]|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/government-press-release/sh-ashok-lavasa-takes-over-as-new-election-commissioner-118012301312_1.html|title=Sh. Ashok Lavasa takes over as new Election Commissioner|date=23 January 2018|website=[[Business Standard]]|publication-place=[[Delhi]]|access-date=24 January 2018}}</ref>

Lavasa made headlines in 2019 after a dissenting opinion on a panel's ruling of complaints against Prime Minister Narendra Modi and [[Amit Shah]] during the Lok Sabha election campaign.

Six complaints were filed against PM Modi. Lavasa disagreed with his panel colleagues in some of these cases.<ref>[https://scroll.in/latest/922276/election-watch-army-is-not-personal-property-of-modis-says-rahul-gandhi some of these cases]</ref>

He soon stopped attending meetings, saying "minority decisions" were being "suppressed in a manner contrary to well-established conventions observed by multi-member statutory bodies".

In December 2019, Lavasa in an article in the ''Indian Express'' wrote: "The honest, however, go on regardless, perhaps driven by an inner force that borders on recklessness. A society that creates hurdles which exhaust the honest or wound them paves the path for its own perdition".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ashok Lavasa|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/the-difficulty-of-being-honest-prevention-of-corruption-act-ashok-lavasa-election-commission-of-india-6188078/|title=A society that creates hurdles to exhaust the honest, paves the path for its own perdition|date=28 December 2019|website=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=20 November 2025}}</ref>

This was two months after an income tax notice was sent to his wife, Novel S Lavasa, over alleged discrepancies in filings. Sources had said the information had been sought "related to foreign exchange". Mrs Lavasa said she had "paid all taxes due" and "disclosed all income" and that she was cooperating.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commissioner Ashok Lavasa Quits To Join Asian Development Bank|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/election-commissioner-ashok-lavasa-resigns-to-join-asian-development-bank-2281327|access-date=2021-06-14|website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=Ashok Lavasa resigns as election commissioner to join Asian Development Bank|url=https://scroll.in/latest/970709/ashok-lavasa-resigns-as-election-commissioner-to-join-asian-development-bank-say-reports|access-date=2021-06-14|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>

He served as vice president of Asian Development Bank (ADB) from 31 August 2020 to 31 August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-26|title=Will Election Commissioner Ashok Lavasa Not Join ADB?|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Election-Commissioner-Ashok-Lavasa-Not-Join-ADB|access-date=2020-08-25|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref>

== Work ==
* {{Cite book|title=An Uncivil Servant: The Success Story of a Bureaucrat Turned Businessman|last=Lavasa|first=Ashok|last2=Sethi|first2=Ravi Mohan|publisher=Rupa Publications|year=2010|isbn=978-81-291-1704-5|location=[[New Delhi]]}}
*Lavasa, Ashok (2021): ''An Ordinary Life: Portrait of an Indian Generation.'' Harper India {{ISBN|978-93-5422-317-4}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Ashok Lavasa}}

* {{URL|1=https://supremo.nic.in/ERSheetHtml.aspx?OffIDErhtml=14194&PageId=|2=Executive record sheet as maintained by Department of Personnel and Training, Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions of the Government of India}}
* {{URL|1=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/person.asp?personId=434658290&privcapId=38712919&previousCapId=8033827&previousTitle=Life%20Insurance%20Corporation%20of%20India|2=Profile at Bloomberg}}

{{Ministry of Finance (India)}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lavasa, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian Administrative Service officers]]
[[Category:Delhi University alumni]]
[[Category:Southern Cross University alumni]]
[[Category:1957 births]]
[[Category:Members of the Election Commission of India]]

V. Ramiengar

2026-04-07T00:26:20Z

Maxlogistic: started

{{Short description|Indian civil servant, administrator and statesman}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix =
| name = Vembaukum Ramiengar
| honorific_suffix = [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]]
| image = V. Ramiengar.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Portrait of Vembaukum Ramiengar
| office = [[Diwan (title)|Diwan]] of [[Travancore]]
| term_start = July 1880
| term_end = 1887
| monarch = [[Visakham Thirunal]] [[Moolam Thirunal]]
| predecessor = [[Nanoo Pillai]]
| successor = [[T. Rama Rao (administrator)|T. Rama Rao]]
| birth_date = c. 1826
| birth_place = [[Image:Flag of Imperial India.svg|20px]] [[Vembaukum]], [[Chingleput district]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 10 May 1887
| death_place = [[Image:Flag of Imperial India.svg|20px]] [[Madras]], [[British India]]
| alma_mater = [[Madras University]]
| occupation = [[Lawyer]], Administrator
| profession = Statesman
| signature =
| footnotes =
| office1 = Member of the [[Madras Legislative Council]]
}}

'''Vembaukum Ramiengar''' [[Order of the Star of India|CSI]] (c. 1826 – 10 May 1887), also rendered '''Vembakkam''' and '''Rama Iengar''', was an Indian [[civil servant]], [[public administration|administrator]], and statesman who served [[Visakham Thirunal|Sir Visakham Thirunal Rama Varma V, Maharaja of Travancore]] and his successor [[Moolam Thirunal|Sir Mulam Thirunal Rama Varma VI]], as [[Diwan of travancore|Diwan of Travancore]] from 1880 to 1887 after a lengthy career in governance in the [[Madras Presidency]], culminating in his membership of the [[Madras Legislative Council (1861–1891)|Madras Legislative Council]] from 1867 to 1879.<ref name="world_statesmen">{{cite web |title=List of dewans of Travancore |publisher=worldstatesmen.org |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_princes_K-W.html#Tiruvidamkodu |access-date=2008-07-12}}</ref> He was a trustee of [[Pachaiyappa's College|Pachaiyappa's Charities]], and a member of the powerful and accomplished [[Vembaukum family|Vembaukum clan]] of [[Vadakalai]] [[Iyengar]] [[Brahmin]]s originating in [[Vembakkam]], which also produced or encompassed such contemporaries as lawyers [[V. Sadagopacharlu]] and [[V. Rajagopalacharlu]], and [[V. Bhashyam Aiyangar|Sir V. Bhashyam Aiyangar]]; and [[Diwan of Mysore|Mysore Dewan]] [[C. V. Rungacharlu]].

==Early life==
Ramiengar was born in the traditional [[Iyengar|Vaishnavite Brahmin]] [[Vembaukum family]] in [[Vembaukum]] in the then [[Chingleput district]], [[Madras Presidency]]. He was the youngest of three sons.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Ramiengar's father was a [[clerk (position)|clerk]] and record-keeper in the service of the [[British East India Company]].<ref name="ramiengar_family">[[#Nita Kumar|Nita Kumar]], p. 7</ref>

Ramiengar was one of the six students who joined [[Presidency College, Chennai|Madras (Presidency) High School, Madras]], which would develop into Presidency College, when it was founded in April 1841. During his schooling, Ramiengar developed keen interest in physical science and astronomy and won a scholarship instituted by the [[Pachaiyappa Mudaliar|Pachaiyappa Charities]].{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==Early career==
{{Unreferenced section |date=May 2024}}
On conclusion of his education, he was appointed as a [[translator]] in the Maratha Cutcherry. In September 1850, Ramiengar was made Head Munshi of [[Nellore]]. Ramiengar served in Nellore until early 1854, when he was made Deputy Registrar of the Department of Public Works. From 1855 to 1857, Ramiengar served as the Naib Sheristadar of Nellore. In March 1857, he was appointed Head Sheristadar of [[Tanjore]] and served from 1857 to 1859, when he was made Assistant Imam Commissioner. As Assistant Imam Commissioner, he was instrumental in the Revenue Settlement of the ''olungu''{{Which lang|reason=to add appropriate language template|date=November 2021}} areas of the [[Cauvery Delta]].

In June 1860, he was appointed to inquire into the outstanding advances of the ''[[wikt:mirasdar|mirasdars]]'' and contractors who had borrowed money from the Madras government as flood relief funds. Ramiengar performed this task satisfactorily well that he was entrusted with the revenue settlement of the village of [[Nallatadi]] in [[Tanjore district]].

Ramiengar was appointed Sub-Collector of [[Namakkal]] in the beginning of 1861 and promoted to a First-grade Deputy Collector in May 1861. Ramiengar served in Namakkal from May 1861 to the end of 1864, when he was appointed Assistant Commissioner of Paper Currency. Ramiengar served for a year as the Assistant Commissioner of Paper Currency and was appointed First Assistant to the Chief Secretary of the [[Madras Presidency]] in 1866. In the beginning of 1867, Ramiengar was appointed Superintendent of Stamps at a monthly salary of Rs.1000. The next year, the Government Lord Napier nominated him to the [[Madras Legislative Council]].

==Madras Legislative Council==
Ramiengar served in the Council starting from 1867 till 1879. He was the first Indian to serve as the official member.<ref>{{cite book |last=Markandan |first=K. C. |date=1964 |title=Madras Legislative Council; Its constitution and working between 1861 and 1909 |publisher=S. Chand & CO |pages=148–188}}</ref> In 1871, Ramiengar proposed a bill to remove defects in the Religious Endowments Act of 1863, but this bill was rejected by the Government on the pretext that it was "radically incomplete and would certainly fail to attain its object"<ref name="religiousendowmentsbill1">{{cite book |last=Oddie |first=Geoffrey A. |date=1991 |title=Hindu and Christian in South-east India: Aspects of Religious Continuity and Change, 1800–1900 |page=72 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9780913215555}}</ref><ref name="religiousendowmentsbill2">{{cite book |last=Mudaliar| first=Chandra Y. |date=1976 |title=State and Religious Endowments in Madras |url=https://archive.org/details/dli.jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZI6kuQy.TVA_BOK_0008933|publisher=[[University of Madras]] |page=53}}</ref><ref name="religiousendowmentsbill3">{{cite book |last=Baliga |first=B. S. |date=1962 |title=Madras district gazetteers: South Arcot |publisher=Government of Madras |page=280}}</ref><ref name="meenakshi_temple">{{cite book |last=Breckenridge |first=Carol Appadurai |title=The Śrī Mīn̲aksi Sundarēsvarar Temple: Worship and Endowments in South India, 1833 to 1925 |publisher=[[University of Wisconsin]] |page=353}}</ref>

Ramiengar served as the Municipal Commissioner of Madras city for about eight years. He was offered the Acting Presidency by the then Governor of Madras, Sir William Robinson but declined the offer. He was appointed Inspector-General of Registration in 1875 and participated in the Delhi Durbar of 1 January 1877, receiving the associated medal. In 1873, Ramiengar was chosen to go to England to provide evidence before the Parliamentary Finance Committee but declined. Ramiengar was also appointed at the behest of [[John Bruce Norton]] as a trustee of the Pachaiyappa Charities. It was during Ramiengar's tenure as a trustee that Pachaiyappa's was raised to a Second-Grade College.{{citation needed|date=May 2024}}

==As Diwan of Travancore==
Ramiengar was appointed Diwan of Travancore by Maharaja [[Visakham Thirunal]] in 1880 on his retirement from the Madras Civil Service<ref name="travancorestatemanual">{{cite book |last=Nagam Aiya |first=V. |date=1906 |title=Travancore State Manual |url=https://archive.org/details/b29352708_0002 |publisher=Travancore Government Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/b29352708_0002/page/n586 609]}}</ref> and served in the princely state for a period of seven years. During his tenure, Ramiengar introduced the Indian Penal Code in Travancore and re-organised the police force of the state. He also increased the power and jurisdiction of the [[District Munsiff Court|Munsiff Court]]s in order to reduce the burden on the High Court. He reorganised the revenue system in Travancore by reducing the strength of the employees while increasing their salaries at the same time. Ramiengar's most important act is believed to be the revenue survey and settlement of Travancore.

Ramiengar also introduced intramural labour in jails and remitted several taxes which were a burden on the people. He encouraged indigenous sugar industries and paper and cotton mills and introduced a stamp act in the state. Ramiengar also took steps to improve the irrigation works of Travancore.

On the eve of Ramiengar's retirement, the Maharaja acknowledged Ramiengar's contributions in his speech : "He had, in fact, during the past six years, imparted an impetus to national prosperity, the full force of which remains to be felt".

==Later life and death==
In 1887, Ramiengar resigned as Diwan and returned to Madras on pension spending his last days in religious study. He suddenly fell ill and died on 10 May 1887.

==Legacy==
Ramiengar is remembered for pioneering educational reforms in Travancore and revamping the educational and judicial system in the state. He is largely credited with the revenue settlement of Travancore. He is also credited with having introduced numerous reforms in Madras Presidency during his tenure as member of the legislative council.

Ramiengar was fond of reading and he frequently imported books from England and thus, amassed a huge collection which was donated by his wife to the Pachaiyappa College library on his death. Ramiengar was methodical and ordered and was one of the founders of the [[Madras Cosmopolitan Club]] of which he served as the first Secretary.

[[Alexander John Arbuthnot|Sir Alexander Arbuthnot]], prominent British businessman, administrator and a former Acting-Governor of Madras, was a close friend of Ramiengar and often spoke highly of him. He even said once that he always relied on the integrity and sound principles of the latter.<ref name="imperial_conversations">{{cite book |last=Jayawardene-Pillai |first=Shanti |date=2006 |title=Imperial Conversations: Indo-Britons and the Architecture of South India |isbn=9788190363426 |page=36|publisher=[[Yoda Press]] }}</ref>

==Criticism==
Ramiengar was often criticised for his liberal political views and loyalist tendencies. During his tenure as Dewan of Travancore, Paramesvaran Pillai anonymously published articles on the Dewan in which he launched scathing attacks on the latter's policy of favoring non-Malayalee Brahmins in the administration in place of Malayali people.<ref name="indian_economic_and_social_history_review">{{cite book |author=Delhi School of Economics |date=1977 |title=The Indian Economic and Social History Review |publisher=Vikas Publishinbg House |page=260}}</ref>

==Political inclinations==
Ramiengar was a loyalist and Anglophile. Chatterjee and Mukhopadhyaya said he was "the first Indian in Madras to keep his house in European style, to teach [[English language|English]] and [[Culture of Europe#Art|European music]] to the females of his family, and to invite European gentlemen to parties at his residence".<ref name="ramiengar_quote">[[#Nita Kumar|Nita Kumar]], p. 10</ref>

==Honours==
In May 1871, Ramiengar was made a [[Order of the Star of India|Companion of the Order of the Star of India]].

==Notes==
{{reflist|s}}

==References==
*<cite id="Nita Kumar">{{cite book |last=Kumar |first=Nita |title=Mothers and Non-mothers: Expanding the Discourse of Education in South Asia |publisher=[[University of Michigan]] |location=Ann Arbor |url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~nitak/mothers-30%20nov.doc |archive-date=1 February 2012 |access-date=9 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201055640/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~nitak/mothers-30%20nov.doc |url-status=dead }}</cite>{{Self-published inline|date=April 2016}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last=Pillai |first=Govinda Parameswaran |date=1897 |title=Representative Indians |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170003 |publisher=Routledge |pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.170003/page/n158 114]–127}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box |before=[[Nanoo Pillai]] |title=Diwan of Travancore |after=[[T. Rama Rao (administrator)|T. Rama Rao]] |years=1880–1887}}
{{s-end}}

{{Kingdom of Travancore}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramiengar, Vembaukum}}
[[Category:1820s births]]
[[Category:1887 deaths]]
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Travancore]]
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Star of India]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:People from Kanchipuram district]]
[[Category:19th-century Hindus]]
[[Category:19th-century civil servants]]

Luguburu Ghantabari Fair

2026-04-01T00:25:56Z

Maxlogistic:

{{orphan|date=January 2025}}
{{Short description|Santhal pilgrimage and festival celebrated in India}}
{{AI-generated|date=March 2026|reason=since early versions, note [[WP:AISIGNS]] in promotionality, vocab distro typical of 2024-25 LLM text etc}}
{{Infobox recurring event
| name = Luguburu Ghantabari Fair
| native_name =
| native_name_lang = sat
| nickname =
| logo =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| logo_size =
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| status = Active
| genre = Religious, cultural
| date =
| begins = Kartik Purnima (November)<ref name="tgp">{{cite news
| title = CM Hemant Soren visits Luguburu Ghantabari to offer prayers
| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cm-hemant-soren-visits-luguburu-ghantabari-to-offer-prayers/cid/1799068
| work =[[The Telegraph (India)]]
| date= 30 November 2020
| place = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| access-date = 15 October 2024 }}</ref>
| ends =
| frequency = Annual
| venue = Luguburu Ghantabari Dharamgarh, [[Lalpania]]
| location = [[Gomia block|Gomia]], [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Jharkhand]], India
| coordinates = 
| country = {{flag|India}}
| years_active = Since 2000
| first = 2000
| founder_name =
| last =
| prev =
| next =
| participants = [[Santhals]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://truthofbengal.com/travel/luguburu-ghantabari-weekend-tour-from-kolkata-52145/30295/
| title = উইকেন্ডে দুটো দিন কাটিয়ে আসতে পারে 'লুগুবুরু ঘণ্টাবাড়িতে'
| trans-title = Spend two days in weekend at 'Luguburu Ghantabari'.
| date = 14 September 2023
| access-date = 15 October 2024
| website = truthofbengal.com
| language = bn }}</ref>
| attendance =
| capacity =
| area =
| budget =
| activity = Rituals, Prayers, Fair
| leader_name =
| patron =
| organised = Luguburu Ghantabari Dharamgarh Committee
| filing =
| people =
| member =
| sponsor =
| website =
| current =
| footnotes =
}}
The '''Luguburu Ghantabari Fair''' is an annual religious event for the [[Santal people|Santhal]] tribal community, held in [[Lalpania]], in [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]], [[Jharkhand]]. It takes place every year during [[Kartik Purnima]] and is centered around the Luguburu Ghantabari Dharamgarh, a revered religious site dedicated to Lugu Baba.<ref name="tgp"/> The event attracts large numbers of Santhal devotees from across India and abroad, particularly from [[West Bengal]], [[Bihar]], [[Orissa]], [[Nepal]] and [[Bangladesh]] also.<ref>{{cite journal
|last= Bandyopadhyay
|first= Sumahan
|date= 3 January 2019
|title=Luguburu: Ritual, Pilgrimage and Quest for Identity Among the Santals
|url= https://doi.org/10.1177/0972558X19835384
|journal= The Oriental Anthropologist: A Bi-annual International Journal of the Science of Man
|volume= 19
|issue= 1
|pages= 41–54
|doi= 10.1177/0972558X19835384
|access-date=15 October 2024}}</ref>

== Historical significance ==
Luguburu Ghantabari is steeped in Santhali tradition and faith and is believed to date back centuries. The site holds historical importance for the Santhal community, symbolizing their culture, spirituality, and connection with nature.<ref>{{cite news
| date = 8 November 2022
| title = एक पुड़िया सिंदूर और अगरबत्ती से पूरी हो जाती है मन्नत... ऐसा धर्म महासम्मेलन जिसमें जुट रहे 28 देशों के श्रद्धालु
| trans-title = One pudiya of vermilion and incense sticks fulfills the vow... such a religious convention in which devotees from 28 countries are gathering.
| url = https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/jharkhand/bokaro/luguburu-ghantabari-dhoromgarh-the-famous-pilgrimage-site-of-santhali-tribals-reached-devotees-from-all-over-the-world/articleshow/95369494.cms
| work = [[Navbharat Times]]
| location = [[Bokaro district|Bokaro]]
| access-date = 15 September 2024
}}</ref> The gathering serves not only as a religious ritual but also as a platform for preserving and promoting Santhal cultural heritage. The fair was re-established in 2000 and has grown in prominence ever since.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| date = 20 November 2021
| title = Govt committed to protect & preserve culture, traditions: CM
| url = https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/state-editions/govt-committed-to-protect---preserve-culture--traditions--cm.html
| work = [[The Pioneer (India)]]
| location = [[Ranchi]]
| access-date = 15 October 2024
}}</ref>

== Religious activities ==
The religious aspect of the fair involves rituals and prayers dedicated to Lugu Baba, a deity worshiped by the Santhals.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Jha
| first = Mithilesh
| date = 5 November 2022
| title = संतालियों की संस्कृति व परंपरा का उद्गम स्थल है लुगु बुरु, लुगु बाबा की अध्यक्षता में बने थे रीति-रिवाज
| trans-title = Lugu Buru is the origin place of the culture and traditions of the Santals. Under the leadership of Lugu Baba, customs and rituals were established.
| url = https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/jharkhand/bokaro/lugu-buru-is-origin-of-santali-culture-tradition-customs-formed-under-chairmanship-of-lugu-baba-mtj
| work = [[Prabhat Khabar]]
| location =
| access-date = 15 September 2024
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
| url = https://utsav.gov.in/view-event/luguburu-mahotsav
| title = LUGUBURU MAHOTSAV
| date =
| website = utsav.gov.in
| publisher = [[Government of India]]
| access-date =
| quote =
}}</ref> The worship takes place in a natural cave situated at the top of Lugu Hill, surrounded by scenic landscapes and dense forests. Devotees often embark on a long trek to reach the cave for the ''darshan'' (viewing) of Lugu Baba. The rituals include traditional offerings and prayers for the well-being of the community.<ref>{{cite book
| last1 = Chen
| first1 = Bixia
| last2 = Coggins
| first2 = Chris
| author-link =
| year = 2022
| title = Sacred Forests of Asia: Spiritual Ecology and the Politics of Nature Conservation
| series = The Earthscan Forest Library
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=nHYIEQAAQBAJ
| location =
| publisher = Taylor & Francis
| pages = 28–30
| isbn = 9781000577808
| lccn = 2021054056
}}</ref>

== Cultural and Social Significance ==
In addition to its religious significance, the fair serves as an important cultural event, showcasing Santhali music, dance, and traditions.<ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| date = 23 November 2023
| title = 'Lugu Buru's history must be preserved'
| url = https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/preserving-history-lugu-buru-chief-minister-hemant-soren/articleshow/105546818.cms
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| location =
| access-date =
}}</ref> It also provides a platform for tribal communities to discuss social issues and strategies for promoting Santhal culture and heritage.<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://theindiantribal.com/2022/02/16/variety-jharkhand-india-lugu-buru-ghantabari-greatest-pilgrimage-of-santhal-tribals/
| title = Santhali Homage
| last = Mishra
| first = Sudhir
| date = 16 February 2022
| website = theindiantribal.com
| publisher =
| access-date = 15 September 2024
| quote =
}}</ref> In recent years, political leaders, including the [[Chief Minister of Jharkhand]], have actively participated in the event, reinforcing its importance.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Choubey
| first = Praduman
| date = 19 November 2021
| title = Chief Minister assures overall development of Sarna religious place, distributes jobs
| url = https://www.telegraphindia.com/jharkhand/cm-assures-comprehensive-development-of-sarna-religious-place/cid/1839699
| work = [[The Telegraph (India)]]
| location = [[Dhanbad]]
| access-date = 15 October 2024
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Fairs in India]]
[[Category:Culture of Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Santhal]]
[[Category:Religious festivals in India]]
[[Category:Tribal festivals in India]]

Vinod Mehra

2026-03-28T18:17:58Z

Maxlogistic:

{{short description|Indian film actor}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Vinod Mehra
| image = Vinod Mehra (1945 – 1990).jpg 
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1945|02|13|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], [[India]])
| death_date = {{death date and age|1990|10|30|1945|02|13|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Bombay]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]]
| occupation = [[Actor]], [[Film producer|Producer]], [[Film director|Director]]
| spouse = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Meena Broca |1974|1978|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|[[Bindiya Goswami]] |1980|1984|reason=divorce}}
* {{marriage|Kiran Mehra |1988}}
}}
| children = [[Soniya Mehra]] [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Mehra]]
| yearsactive = 1955–1960, 1971–1990
}}
'''Vinod Mehra''' (13 February 1945 – 30 October 1990) was an Indian actor in [[Bollywood|Hindi]] films. He started out as a child actor in the mid 1950s, before starting his film career as an adult in 1971. He appeared in over 100 films from the 1970s, until his death in 1990. He was also the producer and director of the film ''[[Gurudev (film)|Gurudev]]'' which was released in 1993, 3 years after his death.

==Career==
Mehra made his debut as a child actor in the 1955 film ''[[Adl-e-Jehangir]]'' at the age of 10. He continued playing minor roles in films such as ''[[Raagini (1958 film)|Raagini]]'' (1958) and ''[[Bewaqoof]]'' (1960), playing the younger version of the character played by [[Kishore Kumar]].

He started his film career as an adult in 1971 with ''[[Ek Thi Reeta]]'', a smash hit based on the English play, ''A Girl Called Rita'', along with [[Tanuja]].<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970725/20650883.html A serious satirist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050328053542/http://www.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19970725/20650883.html|date=28 March 2005}} [[Subhash Chadda]], [[The Indian Express]], 25 July 1997.</ref><ref>[http://in.movies.yahoo.com/artists/Vinod-Mehra/biography-36540.html Biography]{{Dead link|date=October 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Yahoo! Movies]].</ref> He was one of finalists in the 1965 All India Talent Contest organised by United Producers and Filmfare from more than ten thousand contestants. He lost the contest to Rajesh Khanna and was the male runner-up of the contest.<ref>{{cite web|title=More facts about Rajesh Khanna|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/More-facts-about-Rajesh-Khanna/articleshow/15030591.cms|website=The Times of India|date=19 July 2012 |access-date=25 August 2014|archive-date=26 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150326025120/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/More-facts-about-Rajesh-Khanna/articleshow/15030591.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> He was an executive with Goldfield Mercantile Company, until he was the runner-up in the contest. He joined the film industry after being spotted by Roop K. Shorey at Bombay’s Gaylord restaurant.

This was followed by the film ''[[Parde Ke Peechey]]'' opposite debutant [[Yogeeta Bali]] followed by ''[[Elaan (1971 film)|Elaan]]'' (with Rekha), ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1971) and ''[[Lal Patthar]]'', though it was only [[Shakti Samanta]]'s ''[[Anuraag (1971 film)|Anuraag]]'' (1973) with [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], which established him as an actor. He went on to appear in over 100 films in a career spanning over two decades. He played lead roles in his earlier films. Later he mostly acted in multi-starrers as a secondary lead or played strong supporting roles such as a brother, friend, uncle, father and police officer. He worked with all top actors like [[Sunil Dutt]], [[Dharmendra]], [[Sanjeev Kumar]], [[Rajesh Khanna]] and [[Amitabh Bachchan]]. His frequent female co-stars included [[Rekha]], [[Moushumi Chatterjee]], [[Yogeeta Bali]], [[Shabana Azmi]] and [[Bindiya Goswami]].

Some of his most prominent films include ''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]'', ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'', ''[[Ghar (1978 film)|Ghar]]'', ''[[Swarg Narak]]'', ''[[Kartavya (1979 film)|Kartavya]]'', ''[[Saajan Bina Suhagan]]'', ''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]'', ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1977 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'', ''[[Ye Kaisa Insaaf]]'', ''[[Sweekar Kiya Maine]]'' and ''[[Khud-Daar]]''. He received [[Filmfare]] Nominations as Best Supporting Actor for ''[[Anurodh]]'' (1977), ''[[Amar Deep (1979 film)|Amar Deep]]'' (1979), and ''[[Bemisal]]'' (1982).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |title=Filmfare Nominess and Winner - 1953-2005 |date=2006-02-26 |access-date=2008-11-23 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612065210/http://deep750.googlepages.com/FilmfareAwards.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> He also played the leading role in a [[Punjwood|Punjabi]] film titled ''[[Maujaan Dubai Diyaan]]'' in 1985.

He became [[Film producer|producer]] and [[Film director|director]] with the film ''[[Gurudev (film)|Gurudev]]'' in the late 1980s, starring [[Sridevi]], [[Rishi Kapoor]] and [[Anil Kapoor]] in the lead roles. He died of a [[heart attack]] before the film was completed, at the age of 45 in October 1990. The film was released in 1993, after director [[Raj Sippy]] completed the film. Many of his delayed films were released after his death and dedicated to his memory such as ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]'' (1991), ''[[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]]'' (1994) and ''[[Aurat Aurat Aurat]]'' (1996).

Mehra's daughter [[Soniya Mehra]] has also appeared in films and his son [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan Mehra]] made his acting debut in Nikhil Advani's ''[[Baazaar]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-vinod-mehras-son-rohan/20170510.htm|title = Meet Vinod Mehra's son, Rohan|date = 10 May 2017|work = Rediff|access-date = 28 June 2017|archive-date = 7 July 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170707010352/http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/meet-vinod-mehras-son-rohan/20170510.htm|url-status = live}}</ref>

==Personal life and family==
Mehra was born in 1945, in [[Amritsar]] to a Punjabi family. His father was Parameshwaridas Mehra and his mother was Kamala Mehra. The family moved its base to Bombay from Amritsar after independence as Parameshwaridas had business interest in Bombay. He had an elder sister named Sharda who appeared in one movie ( Ek ke Bad Ek - 1960 with Dev Anand) before Mehra started his career in 1970s. Mehra completed his education at [[Sacred Heart Boys High School]] Santacruz and later earned a Bachelor's degree at [[St. Xavier's College, Mumbai]].

Mehra was close to [[Rekha]] in the mid-70s. Indeed, they were widely believed to have been married, but in a 2004 television interview with [[Simi Garewal]], Rekha denied having ever been married to him, and referred to him affectionately as a well-wisher (but in Rekha's unofficial biography The Untold Story by Yasser Usman, it is mentioned that Mehra, Rekha's rumoured husband, took her to his house in Bombay, after getting married in Calcutta, and Vinod's mother pushed the actress away when the latter tried to touch her feet)."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Indias-Greta-Garbo-breaks-silence/articleshow/717832.cms|title=India's Greta Garbo breaks silence|last=Mehta|first=Ruchika|date=3 June 2004|access-date=2008-11-23|work=The Times of India|archive-date=25 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825110012/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Indias-Greta-Garbo-breaks-silence/articleshow/717832.cms|url-status=live}}</ref> Mehra's first marriage to Meena Broca was arranged by his mother. The marriage was reportedly not consummated as [[Vinod]] suffered a [[heart attack]] shortly after the marriage. After he recovered, he eloped with his frequent leading lady of the time, [[Bindiya Goswami]]. Meena was left with no choice but to file for a divorce. Mehra's marriage with Goswami unraveled quickly and she soon divorced him to marry director [[J. P. Dutta]].<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.screenindia.com/20010921/fsalaam.html |title=Salaam Bollywood  |access-date=2008-11-23 |archive-date=3 December 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203170112/http://www.screenindia.com/20010921/fsalaam.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1988, Mehra married Kiran, the daughter of a [[Kenya]]-based transport businessman. The marriage lasted until Vinod's death in 1990 and the couple had two children: a daughter named [[Soniya Mehra|Soniya]] (born in 1988) and a son named [[Rohan Mehra (born 1991)|Rohan]] (born in 1991, after his death). Mehra died of a heart attack on 30 October 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/artists/vinod-mehra/biography/|title=Vinod Mehra Bio MTV|website=[[MTV]] |access-date=8 February 2014|archive-date=22 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222051650/http://www.mtv.com/artists/vinod-mehra/biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> He was only 45 years years old.

After Mehra's death, his widow moved to [[Kenya]], to live with her parents and sister. Their children were raised in [[Mombasa]] and went to the [[UK]] for higher education. Both later entered the film industry. Soniya made her Hindi film debut in the 2007 film ''[[Victoria No. 203 (2007 film)|Victoria No. 203]]'', a remake of the 1972 classic film [[Victoria No. 203 (1972 film)|of the same name]]. Rohan made his debut in [[Nikhil Advani]]'s ''[[Baazaar]]'' (2018).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vinod-Mehras-son-Rohan-will-be-launched-shortly/articleshow/48685004.cms |title=Rohan Mehra to make debut |website=[[The Times of India]] |date=27 August 2015 |access-date=19 August 2016 |archive-date=14 December 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214120330/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Vinod-Mehras-son-Rohan-will-be-launched-shortly/articleshow/48685004.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Filmography==

===Director and producer===
* ''[[Gurudev (film)|Gurudev]]'' (1993)

===Actor===
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* ''[[Adl-e-Jehangir|Adl-E-Jehangir]]'' (1955) as Young Khurram
* ''Patit Pawan'' (1955)
* ''[[Sharada (1957 film)|Sharada]]'' (1957) as Shekhar's Brother
* ''Duniya Rang Rangeeli'' (1957) as Street Singer
* ''Balyogi Upmanyu'' (1958)
* ''Raagini'' (1958) as Young Rajan
* ''[[Bewaqoof]]'' (1960) as Young Kishore Kumar
* ''[[Angulimaal (film)|Angulimaal]]'' (1960) as Young Ahinsak
* ''[[Ek Thi Reeta]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Parde Ke Peechey]]'' (1971) as Rajan
* ''[[Elaan (1971 film)|Elaan]]'' (1971) as Naresh Kumar Saxena
* ''[[Lal Patthar]]'' (1971) as Shekhar
* ''[[Amar Prem]]'' (1971) as Nandkishore Sharma "Nandu"
* ''[[Anuraag (1972 film)|Anuraag]]'' (1972) as Rajesh
* ''[[Bandagi|Bandgi]]'' (1972) as Darpan
* ''[[Rani Mera Naam|Rani Mera Nam]]'' (1972) as CID Inspector Anand (Special appearance)
* ''[[Bees Saal Pehle|Bees Saal Pahele]]'' (1972) as Story Listener (Guest appearance)
* ''[[Kahani Hum Sab Ki]]'' (1973) as Prabhat
* ''Teen Chor'' (1973) as Mohan
* ''Nirdosh'' (1973) as Ravi
* ''[[Hifazat (1973 film)|Hifazat]]'' (1973) as Kishore
* ''[[Do Phool]]'' (1973) as Charitra Kumar Rai "Chuttan"
* ''[[Jurm Aur Sazaa]]'' (1974) as Ratan
* ''[[Aarop]]'' (1974) as Ravi
* ''[[Kunwara Baap (1974 film)|Kunwara Baap]]'' (1974) as Vinod
* ''Vada Tera Vada'' (1974) as Vinod
* ''Ujala Hi Ujala'' (1974) as Vikram
* ''[[Us Paar]]'' (1974) as Mohan
* ''[[Shaandaar (1974 film)|Shaandaar]]'' (1974) as Chandar
* ''[[Hawas (1974 film)|Hawas]]'' (1974) as Dr. Bali
* ''[[Faslah]]'' (1974) as Vinod
* ''[[Chattan Singh]]'' (1974) as Vishal
* ''[[Albeli (1974 film)|Albeli]]'' (1974) as Vikas Chandra Verma
* ''[[Vardaan]]'' (1975) as Mahesh Sharma
* ''[[Umar Qaid]]'' (1975) as Vinod
* ''[[Mazaaq]]'' (1975) as Vinod
* ''[[Raftaar (1975 film)|Raftaar]]'' (1975) as Vikram
* ''[[Do Jhoot]]'' (1975) as Sanjay
* ''Neelima'' (1975)
* ''[[Zindagi (1976 film)|Zindagi]]'' (1976) as Ajay
* ''[[Arjun Pandit (1976 film)|Arjun Pandit]]'' (1976) as Tinu-Tina Shukla
* ''[[Nagin (1976 film)|Nagin]]'' (1976) as Rajesh
* ''[[Sabse Bada Rupaiya (1976 film)|Sabse Bada Rupaiya]]'' (1976) as Amit Rai
* ''[[Ginny Aur Johnny]]'' (1976) as Mechanic
* ''[[Do Khiladi]]'' (1976) as Sawan
* ''Saal Solvan Chadya'' (1977) as Tony's Uncle
* ''Tinku'' (1977) as Rajendra Shah
* ''Jagriti'' (1977)
* ''Duniyadari'' (1977) as Prakash
* ''Khel Kismat Ka'' (1977) as Vinod
* ''Chaalu Mera Naam'' (1977) as CBI Officer Chandrashekhar / Raju
* ''[[Ooparwala Jaane|Ooparwala Jane]]'' (1977)
* ''[[Kali Raat]]'' (1977) as Ashok
* ''[[Ek Hi Raasta (1977 film)|Ek Hi Raasta]]'' (1977) as Nirmal
* ''[[Safed Jhooth]]'' (1977) as Vinod Thakur
* ''[[Anurodh]]'' (1977) as Shreekant
* ''[[Ab Kya Hoga]]'' (1977) as Kaka's Son (Uncredited)
* ''[[Saajan Bina Suhagan]]'' (1978) as Anand
* ''[[Ghar (1978 film)|Ghar]]'' (1978) as Vikas Chandra
* ''[[Swarg Narak|Swarag Narak]]'' (1978) as Vinod
* ''[[Chowki No.11]]'' (1978) as Vijay
* ''[[Chakravyuha]]'' (1978) as Raman
* ''[[Aakhri Kasam]]'' (1979) as Inspector Ram
* ''[[Kartavya (1979 film)|Kartavya]]'' (1979) as Ajay Rai / Dushyant
* ''[[Jurmana (1979 film)|Jurmana]]'' (1979) as Prem Prakash Trivedi
* ''[[Jaani Dushman]]'' (1979) as Police Inspector / Madman
* ''[[Bin Phere Hum Tere]]'' (1979) as Raju Sharma / Debu Sharma (Double Role)
* ''[[Raakhi Ki Saugandh]]'' (1979) as CID Inspector Shankar Verma
* ''[[Love in Canada]]'' (1979) as Dr. Amit
* ''[[Jaandaar|Jaandar]]'' (1979) as Inspector Raj Kumar Verma "Raju"
* ''[[Dada (1979 film)|Dada]]'' (1979) as Moti / Jeetu
* ''[[Amar Deep (1979 film)|Amar Deep]]'' (1979) as Kishan
* ''Atmaram'' (1979) as Madan
* ''Naya Bakra'' (1979) as Vinod
* ''Premikaa'' (1980) as Vinod
* ''Kashish'' (1980) as Mohan
* ''Badla Aur Balidan'' (1980) as Deepak
* ''[[Saboot]]'' (1980) as Vikas
* ''[[The Burning Train]]'' (1980) as Rakesh
* ''[[Takkar (1980 film)|Takkar]]'' (1980) as Vinod / Boss (Double Role)
* ''[[Jyoti Bane Jwala]]'' (1980) as Inspector Arjun Bakshi
* ''[[Jwalamukhi (1980 film)|Jwalamukhi]]'' (1980) as Vikram
* ''[[Pyaara Dushman]]'' (1980) as Inspector Amar
* ''Zakhmon Ke Nishan'' (1980) as Shankar
* ''Yeh Kaisa Insaf'' (1980) as Ramnath Malhotra "Ram"
* ''[[Khoon Kharaba (1980 film)|Khoon Kharaba]]'' (1980) as Raju
* ''[[Saajan Ki Saheli]]'' (1980) as Anand
* ''[[Ye Rishta Na Tootay]]'' (1981) as Ram Kapoor
* ''Shama'' (1981) as Dargah Devotee (Special Appearance)
* ''[[Chehre Pe Chehra]]'' (1981) as David
* ''Sannata'' (1981) as CBI Officer Amit Malhotra(Special Appearance)
* ''[[Pyaasa Sawan]]'' (1981) as Jagannath
* ''[[Gehra Zakhm|Gehra Zakham]]'' (1981) as Vijay
* ''[[Kahani Ek Chor Ki]]'' (1981) as Shyam / Vilaiti
* ''[[Sansani: The Sensation|Sansani]]'' (1981) as Ajay Sachdev
* ''[[Professor Pyarelal]]'' (1981) as Professor Pyarelal
* ''[[Khoon Ki Takkar]]'' (1981) as Rajan
* ''[[Ustadi Ustad Se]]'' (1982) as Sanjay "Sonu"
* ''[[Bemisal]]'' (1982) as Dr. Prashant Chaturvedi
* ''[[Dial 100 (1982 film)|Dial 100]]'' (1982) as Gautam
* ''[[Khud-Daar]]'' (1982) as Rajesh Shrivastav "Raja"
* ''[[Lakshmi (1982 film)|Lakshmi]]'' (1982) as Mohan Saxena
* ''[[Shiv Charan]]'' (1982) as Charan
* ''Gopichand Jasoos'' (1982) as Jeetendra Verma
* ''Sumbandh'' (1982) as Prakash Khanna
* ''Raakh Aur Chingari'' (1982) as Ashok
* ''Khushnaseeb'' (1982) as Vijay Sharma
* ''Dil Hi Dil Mein'' (1982) as Vijay Kumar Anand
* ''Sweekar Kiya Maine'' (1983) as Kishan Kumar Shukla
* ''[[Mehndi (1983 film)|Mehndi]]'' (1983) as Gautam
* ''Kanku Ni Kimat'' (1983)
* ''[[Prem Tapasya]]'' (1983) as Ashok
* ''[[Naukar Biwi Ka]]'' (1983) as Inspector Amarnath
* ''[[Shubh Kaamna]]'' (1983) as Mr. Mehra
* ''[[Lalach|Laalach]]'' (1983) as Kishore
* ''[[Chor Police]]'' (1983) as Inspector Rohan Sinha
* ''[[Yeh Desh]]'' (1984) as Salim
* ''[[Bindiya Chamkegi]]'' (1984) as Shyam Kapoor
* ''[[Dharm Aur Qanoon]]'' (1984) as Dr. Basheer Khan
* ''[[Jeene Nahi Doonga]]'' (1984) as Police Inspector
* ''[[Zakhmi Sher]]'' (1984) as Police Inspector
* ''[[All Rounder (1984 film)|All Rounder]]'' (1984) as Birju
* ''Aurat Ka Inteqam'' (1984) as Dinesh
* ''Pet Pyar Aur Paap'' (1984) as Vinod
* ''Mujhe Shaktee Do'' (1984) as Suraj
* ''[[Ram Tere Kitne Nam]]'' (1985) as Aloknath Gupta
* ''[[Pyari Behna]]'' (1985) as Vinay Verma
* ''[[Sanjog (1985 film)|Sanjog]]'' (1985) as Narayan's Brother
* ''[[Shiva Ka Insaaf]]'' (1985) as Ram
* ''[[Maujaan Dubai Diyaan]]'' (1985) as Chandraprakash
* ''[[Ankahee (1985 film)|Ankahee]]'' (1985) as Doctor
* ''[[Jaal (1986 film)|Jaal]]'' (1986) as Satpal Verma
* ''[[Aap Ke Saath|Aap Ke Sath]]'' (1986) as Ashok
* ''[[Mohabbat Ki Kasam]]'' (1986) as Dancer / Singer
* ''[[Locket (1986 film)|Locket]]'' (1986) as Rajkumar Anil Pratap Singh / Raja
* ''[[Swati (1986 film)|Swati]]'' (1986) as Satyaprakash
* ''[[Aisa Pyaar Kahan|Aisa Pyar Kahan]]'' (1986) as Advocate Deepak Khanna
* ''[[Patton Ki Bazi]]'' (1986) as Inspector Vinod Saxena
* ''Inteqaam Ki Aag'' (1986) as Inspector Kishan
* ''Preeti'' (1986)
* ''Maqaar'' (1986) as Prashant / Jerry
* ''Samay Ki Dhaara'' (1986) as Dr. Vinod Kapoor
* ''Vishal'' (1987) as Dr. Tarak
* ''[[Pyar Ki Jeet (1987 film)|Pyar Ki Jeet]]'' (1987) as Dr. Anand
* ''[[Aag Hi Aag]]'' (1987) as Dr. Raghuveer Singh
* ''[[Satyamev Jayate (film)|Satyamev Jayate]]'' (1987) as Inspector Mirza
* ''[[Aulad (1987 film)|Aulad]]'' (1987) as Vikas "Vicky"
* ''Woh Milie Thi'' (1988) as Amar
* ''[[Waqt Ki Awaz]]'' (1988) as Dr. Shreekant
* ''[[Aakhri Adaalat]]'' (1988) as Barrister Shreekant Sharma
* ''[[Faisla]]'' (1988) as CID Inspector Ashok Verma / Bansi
* ''[[Mahaveera (film)|Mahaveera]]'' (1988) as Dharam
* ''[[Namumkin]]'' (1988) as Shakti Kaul
* ''[[Saazish (1988 film)|Saazish]]'' (1988) as Inspector Saxena
* ''[[Mar Mitenge]]'' (1988) as Inspector Thakur
* ''[[Bees Saal Baad (1988 film)|Bees Saal Baad]]'' (1988) as Inspector Verma
* ''[[Vardi (film)|Vardi]]'' (1989) as Police Commissioner Verma
* ''[[Meri Zabaan]]'' (1989) as Vikram Singh
* ''[[Eeshwar (1989 film)|Eeshwar]]'' (1989) as Ramesh
* ''[[Prem Pratigyaa]]'' (1989) as Professor
* ''[[Shehzaade]]'' (1989) as Inspector Shankar Shrivastav
* ''[[Mitti Aur Sona]]'' (1989) as Inspector Sunil
* ''[[Hum Intezaar Karenge]]'' (1989) as Ravi
* ''Matlabi'' (1989)
* ''[[Zimmedaaar]]'' (1990) as Inspector Prakash Verma
* ''[[Pyar Ka Karz]]'' (1990) as Police Commissioner Arun Kumar
* ''[[Patthar Ke Phool]]'' (1991) as Inspector Vijay Verma
* ''[[Shikari (1991 film)|Shikari]]'' (1991) as Chanchal's Father
* ''[[Kohraam]]'' (1991) as Masterji
* ''[[Sarphira]]'' (1992) as Advocate Raj Kishan Sinha
* ''[[Police Wala|Policewala]]'' (1993) as Inspector Prabhakar
* ''[[Prateeksha]]'' (1993) as Tom D'Costa
* ''[[Insaniyat (1994 film)|Insaniyat]]'' (1994) as Nandu (Delayed release)
* ''[[Aurat Aurat Aurat]]'' (1996) as Vijay (Delayed release)
* ''[[Aatank]]'' (1996) as Peter (Delayed release)
* ''[[Aahat – Ek Ajib Kahani|Aahat]]'' (2010) as Rajesh (Delayed release)
{{div col end}}

===Unreleased films===
* ''Dam Maro Dam'' (1980)
* ''Barrister'' (1982)
* ''Chakma'' (1984)
* ''Ek Naya Itihas'' (1984)
* ''Kasme Rasme'' (1986)
* ''Bonny'' (1993)

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|id=0576495|name=Vinod Mehra}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mehra, Vinod}}
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors in Hindi cinema]]
[[Category:Hindi-language film directors]]
[[Category:1945 births]]
[[Category:1990 deaths]]
[[Category:Punjabi Hindus]]
[[Category:Male actors from Amritsar]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Film directors from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Film producers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Hindi film producers]]

Chithegu Chinthe

2026-03-26T06:49:32Z

Maxlogistic: creating initial details first draft

{{short description|Indian Kannada-language Political satire film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Chithegu Chinthe
| image =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[M. S. Sathyu]]
| screenplay = [[Javed Siddiqui]]
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Dialogues by
| data1 = S. Ramaswamy
}}
| story = Javed Siddiqui
| producer = G. N. Lakshmipathy
| starring = {{unbulleted list|[[C. R. Simha]]|[[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]]|Paula Lindsay|Ramprakash}}
| music = {{unbulleted list| B G Ramanath| Prabhakar Bhadri}}
{{Infobox | decat = yes | child = yes
| label1= Background score by
| data1 = {{unbulleted list| [[G. K. Venkatesh]]| [[L. Vaidyanathan]]}}
}}
| cinematography = Ashok Gunjal
| editing = Chakraborthy
| studio = Savan Movies
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1978|08|23|df=yes}}
| runtime = 120 minutes
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Chithegu Chinthe''''' ({{Translation|The Restless Corpse}}) is a 1978 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[Political satire|Political satire film]] directed by [[M. S. Sathyu]] and written by [[Javed Siddiqui]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sathyu’s Satirical Gem ‘Chitegu Chinte’ to Screen at BIC |url=https://newskarnataka.com/bengaluru/sathyus-satirical-gem-chitegu-chinte-to-screen-at-bic/01012025 |access-date=1 January 2025 |website=NewsKarnataka.com}}</ref> It stars [[C. R. Simha]] and [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] in the lead roles along with Paula Lindsay, Ramprakash, [[Shivaram]] and Mac Mohan in key supporting roles.<ref>{{cite web|title=ಚಿತೆಗೂ ಚಿಂತೆ - Chithegu Chinthe|url=https://bangaloreinternationalcentre.org/event/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%82-%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%86-chithegu-chinthe/|website=Bangalore International Centre.com|date=5 January 2025}}</ref> The songs were composed by B. G. Ramanath and Prabhakar Bhadri while the background score was by [[G. K. Venkatesh]] and [[L. Vaidyanathan]]. The cinematography and editing were handled by Ashok Gunjal and Chakraborthi.

The satirical film is a comedy set in a fictional country called Gajadweepa, where a superstar becomes a politician, and it uses mainstream film tropes to deliver a keen allegorical critique of power.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bengali/movies/news/is-making-a-politically-meaningful-film-in-this-country-even-worth-it-ms-sathyu/articleshow/67794850.cms|title=Is making a politically meaningful film in this country even worth it? : M. S. Sathyu|website=TimesofIndia.com|date=2 February 2019}}</ref> Upon release, the film was critically acclaimed and went on to win the [[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] at the [[Karnataka State Film Awards]].{{fact|date=March 2026}}

==Plot summary==
A popular film star navigates a new life as a politician while avoiding the traps of crooked politicians and criminals on a mythical island called Gajadweepa.

== Cast ==
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* [[C. R. Simha]] as Gajasimha
* [[Manjula (Kannada actress)|Manjula]] as Malini
* Paula Lindsay
* Ramprakash as Avinasha
* [[Shivaram]] as film director
* [[Uma Shivakumar]] as Thayavva, film producer
* Mac Mohan as Shantharam
* Anantharam Macheri
* Padmashree Gajasimha's secretary
* Hamju Imam as Sambashiva
* Narayana Rao Phule
* Kunigal Ramanath
* [[Sundar Krishna Urs]] in a guest appearance
* [[Dheerendra Gopal]] in a guest appearance
* Shantharam in a guest appearance
* B. S. Achar in a guest appearance
* Meena Kuttappa in a guest appearance
{{div col end}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Chithegu Chinthe
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = B. G. Ramanath & Prabhakar Bhadri
| cover =
| caption =
| border = yes
| alt =
| released = 1978
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Saregama]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The music was composed by B. G. Ramanath and Prabhakar Bhadri with lyrics for the soundtrack by S. Ramaswamy.

{{tracklist
| headline = Track list
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Naavella Kurudaru
| lyrics1 = S. Ramaswamy
| extra1 = D. Prabhakar Rao
| length1 =
| title2 = Sharanu Sharanavva
| lyrics2 = S. Ramaswamy
| extra2 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[B. K. Sumitra]]
| length2 =
| title3 = Kadala Seemeyinda
| lyrics3 = S. Ramaswamy
| extra3 = [[K. J. Yesudas]]
| length3 =
| title4 = Jeeva Arasida
| lyrics4 = S. Ramaswamy
| extra4 = [[S. Janaki]]
| length4 =
}}

== Awards ==
*1978–79 [[Karnataka State Film Awards]]
** [[Karnataka State Film Award (Special Jury Award)|Special Jury Award]] – [[M. S. Sathyu]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|tt0310886}}
*[https://scroll.in/reel/879312/film-flashback-a-kannada-comedy-from-1978-about-a-power-mad-actor-makes-complete-sense-today Film flashback: A Kannada comedy from 1978 about a power-mad actor makes complete sense today]

[[Category:1978 films]]
[[Category:1978 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:1978 Indian films]]
[[Category:1970s satirical films]]
[[Category:Films directed by M. S. Sathyu]]
[[Category:Films scored by G. K. Venkatesh]]
[[Category:Films scored by L. Vaidyanathan]]
[[Category:Indian political satire films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Karnataka]]
[[Category:1978 drama films]]

Zara Hatke Zara Bachke

2026-03-22T21:48:47Z

Maxlogistic: basic cleanup content for consistency and fixed typos

{{Short description|2023 Indian film directed by Laxman Utekar}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Zara Hatke Zara Bachke
| image = Zara Hatke Zara Bachke.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Threatical release poster
| native_name = 
| director = [[Laxman Utekar]]
| writer = Maitrey Bajpai Ramiz Ilham Khan
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Dinesh Vijan]] [[Jyoti Deshpande]]
| starring = {{Plainlist|
*[[Vicky Kaushal]]
*[[Sara Ali Khan]]
}}
| cinematography = Raghav Ramadoss
| editing = Manish Pradhan
| music = '''Score:''' [[Sandeep Shirodkar]] '''Songs:''' [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| studio = {{Plainlist|
*[[Maddock Films]]
*[[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]]
}}
| distributor = [[Pen India Limited|Pen Marudhar Cine Entertainment]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Trade experts share their views on the buy-one-get-one-ticket-free offer: "It is KILLING the industry. When you give one ticket free, the films that are released alongside or are about to release get affected. People might get used to such offers" |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |first=Fenil |last=Seta |date=14 June 2023 |access-date=1 July 2023 |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/trade-experts-share-views-buy-one-get-one-ticket-free-offer-killing-industry-give-one-ticket-free-films-released-alongside-rele/ |archive-date=1 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701154736/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/news/bollywood/trade-experts-share-views-buy-one-get-one-ticket-free-offer-killing-industry-give-one-ticket-free-films-released-alongside-rele/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2023|06|02}}
| runtime = 132 minutes<ref>{{Cite news |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bachke |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdezndu3 |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |access-date=31 May 2023 |archive-date=31 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230531130902/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdezndu3 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget = {{INR|40 crore}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bachke Budget |url=https://ndtv.in/bollywood/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-box-office-collection-day-1-vicky-kaushal-and-sara-ali-khan-movies-earned-rs-5-crores-on-the-first-day-4089115 |website=[[NDTV India]] |access-date=4 June 2023 |language=hi |quote=फिल्म 'जरा हटके जरा बचके' का कुल बजट 40 करोड़ रुपये है. |trans-quote=The total budget of the film 'Zara Hatke Zara Bachke' is ₹40 crore. |archive-date=4 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604050132/https://ndtv.in/bollywood/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-box-office-collection-day-1-vicky-kaushal-and-sara-ali-khan-movies-earned-rs-5-crores-on-the-first-day-4089115 |url-status=live}}</ref>
| gross = {{estimation}} {{INR|115.89 crore}}<ref name = "bh">{{Cite web |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bachke Box Office Collection |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/zara-hatke-zara-bachke/box-office/ |website=Bollywood Hungama |date=2 June 2023 |access-date=3 July 2023 |archive-date=21 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230621171500/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/zara-hatke-zara-bachke/box-office/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
}}

'''''Zara Hatke Zara Bachke''''' ({{Translation|Move Aside and Beware}}), also abbreviated as '''''ZHZB''''', is a 2023 [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic comedy film]] starring [[Vicky Kaushal]] and [[Sara Ali Khan]] as a small-town married couple striving to own a home. The film was written and directed by [[Laxman Utekar]] and produced by [[Maddock Films]] and [[Jio Platforms|Jio Studios]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hungama |first=Bollywood |date=13 April 2023 |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bach Ke: Sara Ali Khan and Vicky Kaushal starrer receives a title : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/zara-hatke-zara-bach-ke-sara-ali-khan-vicky-kaushal-starrer-film-receives-title/ |access-date=14 May 2023 |language=en |archive-date=13 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413060720/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/bollywood/zara-hatke-zara-bach-ke-sara-ali-khan-vicky-kaushal-starrer-film-receives-title/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

It was released in theatres on 2 June 2023 to mixed reviews from critics. Produced on a budget of {{INR}}40 crore budget, ''Zara Hatke Zara Bachke'' became a [[sleeper hit]], grossing {{INR|115.89}} crore worldwide.<ref name = "bh" /> At the [[69th Filmfare Awards]], the film received four nominations, including [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] and [[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]].

==Plot==
The story revolves around Kapil and Somya - a middle-class happily married couple from [[Indore]] who want to get a house of their own through the Indian government's flagship program: the Awas Yojna scheme. The story starts with Kapil, a yoga instructor, and Somya, a teacher living under a joint family with Kapil's parents and his aunt and uncle staying with them due to which they have to give up their room and sleep in the hall. Somya a Sikh girl from background is often looked down by Kapil's aunt as they are Brahmins. Kapil always tries to intervene and make up to Somya by taking her out for lunch for her favorite food.

Somya always wanted a house of her own and after looking for a house which they both liked, the broker tries to get more money which was discussed when showcasing the house by giving all house rates as expensive. So then they learn about this Awas Yojna and Kapil goes to inquire about it but returns empty-handed as he has had an argument with the employee. However, the peon in the office who also has a side business of settlements and brokerage due to being a government employee gives advice to Kapil and Somya about the scheme and tell them that to be eligible, Kapil either has to be kicked out of their parents' inheritance or Somya should divorce him in order to qualify as a single divorced lady. They initially brush off the idea, but Somya wants her own home so badly that she convinces Kapil to go with the divorce process.

He reluctantly agrees and then a series of comedic events start as they are faking their divorce in front of all including their families. Finally their divorce is approved, but then the broker is caught and the Yojna (scheme) draw results are halted due to which there is an argument between Kapil and Somya, as the former says it was due to Somya's greed he is divorced and they are in this situation just to get some privacy and space of their own. After some time Somya gets the papers of her new home from the Indian Government and she confesses all this to her parents and they all go to Kapil's house and they come clean. But Kapil's aunt faints and is taken to hospital where it is revealed that her liver is failing and she needs urgent transplant.

During this time Somya realizes the importance of family and now no longer wants her separate house. Soon they give the house keys and papers to the security guard of the society they were living as he has a young daughter and doesn't have a house.

After sometime Somya and Kapil remarry and start a happy life.

==Cast==
{{Castlist|
*[[Vicky Kaushal]] as Kapil Dubey
*[[Sara Ali Khan]] as Somya Chawla Dubey
*[[Inaamulhaq]] as Ban Das Ishwardas Sahay
*[[Sushmita Mukherjee]] as Roshni Chawla
*[[Neeraj Sood]] as Purushottam Mama
*[[Rakesh Bedi]] as Harcharan Chawla
*[[Sharib Hashmi]] as Daroga Raghuvanshi
* [[Akash Khurana]] as Ved Prakash Dubey
* Kanupriya Pandit as Deepa Mami
* Anubha Fatehpura as Mamta Dubey
* Himanshu Kohli as Manoj Bhagel
* Srishti Ganguli Rindani as Mehjabeen
* Vivan Shah as Sajjan
* Dimpy Mishra as Dimpy Sir
* Atul Tiwari as Judge}}

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Zara Hatke Zara Bachke
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Sachin–Jigar]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2 June 2023
| recorded = 2022
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 15:25
| language = Hindi
| label = [[Saregama|Saregama Music]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Bhediya (film)|Bhediya]]
| prev_year = 2022
| year = 2023
| next_title = [[Aankh Micholi (2023 film)|Aankh Micholi]]
| next_year = 2023
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|EW4CAL_nqhc|Zara Hatke Zara Bachke - Full Album}}
}}
}}

The film's music was composed by [[Sachin–Jigar]]. Lyrics were written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].{{citation needed|date=February 2024}}

The first single "Phir Aur Kya Chahiye" was released on 16 May 2023.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=16 May 2023 |title='Zara Hatke Zara Bachke' first song 'Phir Aur Kya Chahiye' released on Vicky Kaushal's birthday |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-first-song-phir-aur-kya-chahiye-released-on-vicky-kaushals-birthday/articleshow/100282714.cms?from=mdr |access-date=19 May 2023 |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=19 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519050601/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-first-song-phir-aur-kya-chahiye-released-on-vicky-kaushals-birthday/articleshow/100282714.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref>
The second single "Tere Vaaste" was released on 22 May 2023.
The third single titled "Baby Tujhe Paap Lagega", sung by composer [[Himesh Reshammiya]] was released on 25 May 2023.<ref>{{cite news |title=Sachin-Jigar collaborates with Himesh Reshammiya for 'Baby Tujhe Paap Lagega' from 'Zara Hatke Zara Bach Ke' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/sachin-jigar-collaborates-with-himesh-reshammiya-for-baby-tujhe-paap-lagega-from-zara-hatke-zara-bach-ke/articleshow/100545064.cms?from=mdr |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=27 May 2023 |archive-date=28 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230528052353/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/sachin-jigar-collaborates-with-himesh-reshammiya-for-baby-tujhe-paap-lagega-from-zara-hatke-zara-bach-ke/articleshow/100545064.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live}}</ref> The fourth single "Sanjha" was released on 29 May 2023.

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| total_length = 15:25
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Phir Aur Kya Chahiye
| extra1 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| length1 = 4:26
| title2 = Tere Vaaste
| extra2 = Varun Jain, [[Sachin-Jigar]], [[Shadaab Faridi]], Altamash Faridi
| length2 = 3:09
| title3 = Baby Tujhe Paap Lagega
| extra3 = [[Himesh Reshammiya]], [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| length3 = 2:53
| title4 = Sanjha
| extra4 = [[Sachet Tandon]], [[Shilpa Rao]], [[Sachin-Jigar]]
| length4 = 4:57
|}}

==Release==
===Theatrical===
''Zara Hatke Zara Bachke'' was theatrically released on 2 June 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-trailer-launch-vicky-kaushal-talks-taking-shah-rukh-khans-jawans-release-date-2-june-ko-pehle-ek-pan-india-film-aane-waali-thi-ab-pan-indore-film-aa-rahi-hai/ |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bachke trailer launch: Vicky Kaushal talks about taking Shah Rukh Khan's Jawan's release date: "2 June ko pehle ek Pan-India film aane waali thi. Ab Pan-Indore film aa rahi hai" : Bollywood News - Bollywood Hungama |first=Bollywood |last=Hungama |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]] |date=15 May 2023 |access-date=1 June 2023 |archive-date=1 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601181655/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/features/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-trailer-launch-vicky-kaushal-talks-taking-shah-rukh-khans-jawans-release-date-2-june-ko-pehle-ek-pan-india-film-aane-waali-thi-ab-pan-indore-film-aa-rahi-hai/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

===Home media===
''Zara Hatke Zara Bachke'' got its OTT release almost 11 months after its theatrical release. It was released on 17 May 2024 on the streaming platform [[JioCinema|Jio Cinema]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Verma |first1=Sakshi |date=18 May 2024 |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bachke to Madgaon Express, OTT releases this week |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-to-madgaon-express-ott-releases-this-week-2024-05-18-931999 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518071222/https://www.indiatvnews.com/entertainment/ott/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-to-madgaon-express-ott-releases-this-week-2024-05-18-931999 |archive-date=18 May 2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=indiatvnews.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=What to watch on Netflix, Prime Video, JioCinema, and more: Bridgerton, Baahubali- Crown of Blood, Zara Hatke Zara Bachke |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/visualstories/technology/what-to-watch-on-netflix-prime-video-jiocinema-bridgerton-baahubali-crown-of-blood-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-136635-17-05-2024 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=businesstoday.in |language=en |archive-date=25 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240525121913/https://www.businesstoday.in/visualstories/technology/what-to-watch-on-netflix-prime-video-jiocinema-bridgerton-baahubali-crown-of-blood-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-136635-17-05-2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Streaming This Week: Madgaon Express, Zara Hatke Zara Bachke, Bridgerton season 3, latest OTT releases to binge-watch |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-madgaon-express-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-baahubali-bridgerton-latest-ott-releases-netflix-hotstar-prime-video-3089783 |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Daily News and Analysis |language=en |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518071222/https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/photo-gallery-madgaon-express-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-baahubali-bridgerton-latest-ott-releases-netflix-hotstar-prime-video-3089783 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 May 2024 |title=From Vicky Kaushal-Sara Ali Khan's Zara Hatke Zara Bachke to Godzilla x Kong: The New Empire: Here's what to watch on OTT this week |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-vicky-kaushal-sara-ali-khans-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-to-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-heres-what-to-watch-on-ott-this-week-13771821.html |access-date=18 May 2024 |website=Firstpost |language=en-us |archive-date=18 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240518071221/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/from-vicky-kaushal-sara-ali-khans-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-to-godzilla-x-kong-the-new-empire-heres-what-to-watch-on-ott-this-week-13771821.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Box office ===
The film earned ₹5.49 crore at the domestic box office on its opening day and a total domestic weekend collection of ₹ 22.59 crore.<ref name="bh" /> {{As of|2023|07|20}}, the film has grossed {{INRConvert| 104.76 |c}} in India and {{INRConvert|11.13|c}} overseas for a worldwide gross collection of {{INRConvert| 115.89 |c}}.<ref name="bh" />

=== Critical response ===
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|31|5.4|13|consensus=|ref=yes|access-date=16 December 2023}}

Grace Cyril of ''[[India Today]]'' rated the film 3 stars out of 5, writing, "Sara Ali Khan, Vicky Kaushal's chemistry is the USP of the film."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Grace |last=Cyril |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bachke Movie Review: Sara Ali Khan, Vicky Kaushal's chemistry is the USP of the film |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-vicky-kaushals-chemistry-is-the-usp-of-the-film-2387774-2023-06-02 |access-date=2 June 2023 |website=India Today |date=2 June 2023 |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602070636/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/reviews/story/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-movie-review-sara-ali-khan-vicky-kaushals-chemistry-is-the-usp-of-the-film-2387774-2023-06-02 |url-status=live}}</ref> Amandeep Narang of [[ABP Live]] gave the same rating, stating that "Vicky Kaushal, Sara Ali Khan starrer is a light-hearted rom-com done right."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-film-review-vicky-kaushal-sara-ali-khan-starrer-directed-by-laxman-utekar-1606355 |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bachke Review: Vicky Kaushal, Sara Ali Khan Starrer Is A Light-Hearted Rom Com Done Right |date=2 June 2023 |work=ABP Live |access-date=2 June 2023 |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602131752/https://news.abplive.com/movie-review/entertainment/movie-review-zara-hatke-zara-bachke-film-review-vicky-kaushal-sara-ali-khan-starrer-directed-by-laxman-utekar-1606355 |url-status=live}}</ref>

However, Saibal Chatterjee of [[NDTV]] rated the film 2 stars out of 5, writing, "The performances from Vicky Kaushal and Sara Ali Khan as the happily married couple are as wildly uneven as the film itself."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Saiba |last=Chatterjee |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bachke Review: Heed The Warning Embedded In The Title - Best Avoided |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-heed-the-warning-embedded-in-the-title-best-avoided-2-stars-4088243 |access-date=3 July 2022 |publisher=NDTV |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602095340/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-heed-the-warning-embedded-in-the-title-best-avoided-2-stars-4088243 |url-status=live}}</ref> [[Shubhra Gupta]] of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' also rated the film 2 out of 5 stars, writing, "The film is a tonal switch in its second-half, introducing a plot twist doused in mothballed sentimentality, and adding a dreary sanskari layer to the whole thing."<ref>{{Cite web |first=Shubhra |last=Gupta |title=Zara Hatke Zara Bachke movie review: Vicky Kaushal, Sara Ali Khan film fails to build on its comic potential |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-sara-ali-khan-film-8641758/ |access-date=3 July 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en |archive-date=2 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602045703/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/movie-review/zara-hatke-zara-bachke-movie-review-vicky-kaushal-sara-ali-khan-film-8641758/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Award
!Ceremony date
!Category
!Recipients
!Result
!Ref.
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="4" |[[69th Filmfare Awards|28 January 2024]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Sachin–Jigar]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="4" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nominations for the 69th Hyundai Filmfare Awards 2024 with Gujarat Tourism: Full list out |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |access-date=21 January 2024 |website=filmfare.com |language=en |archive-date=15 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240115193555/https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/nominations-for-the-69th-hyundai-filmfare-awards-2024-with-gujarat-tourism-full-list-out-63822.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Winners of the 69th Filmfare Awards 2024 |url=https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/winners |magazine=Filmfare |date=28 January 2024 |access-date=29 January 2024 |archive-date=28 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128203057/https://www.filmfare.com/awards/filmfare-awards-2024/winners |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] for "Tere Vaaste"
|{{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|Varun Jain, [[Sachin-Jigar]], [[Shadaab Faridi]], Altamash Faridi for "Tere Vaaste"
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Choreography|Best Choreography]]
|Ganesh Acharya for "Tere Vaaste Falak"
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |[[24th IIFA Awards|28 September 2024]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|[[Sachin-Jigar|Sachin–Jigar]]
|{{nom}}
| rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Awards Announces {{as written|I|t's [sic] |expecting=Its}} Highly Anticipated 2024 Nominations |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa--awards-announces-its-highly-anticipated-2024-nominations- |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA 2024: Shah Rukh Khan Wins Best Actor, Rani Mukerji Bags Best Actress Award. Check Out Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/iifa-2024-shah-rukh-khan-wins-best-actor-rani-mukerji-bags-best-actress-award-see-full-list-of-winners-6674464 |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=ndtv.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=IIFA Unveils 2024 Technical Awards Winners: Honouring the Trailblazers of Indian Cinema! |url=https://www.iifa.com/news/news-details/iifa-unveils-2024-technical-awards-winners-honouring-the-trailblazers-of-indian-cinema |access-date=2 October 2024 |website=IIFA |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|[[Amitabh Bhattacharya]] – "Tere Vaaste"
|{{nom}}
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|15576460|Zara Hatke Zara Bachke}}
*{{Bollywood Hungama movie|id=zara-hatke-zara-bachke}}
{{Laxman Utekar}}

[[Category:2023 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Laxman Utekar]]
[[Category:2023 romantic comedy films]]
[[Category:2023 films]]
[[Category:2023 Indian films]]
[[Category:Maddock Films films]]
[[Category:Jio Studios films]]

Samsara (2001 film)

2026-03-22T03:14:23Z

Maxlogistic: brief adjust lead for clarity additionally and corrected details

{{short description|2001 film by Pan Nalin}}
{{other uses|Samsara (disambiguation)}}
{{Multiple issues|
{{All plot|date=December 2019}}
{{More citations needed|date=December 2019}}
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Samsara
| image = Samsara film.jpg
| caption = Promotional release poster
| director = [[Pan Nalin]]
| producer =
| writer = [[Pan Nalin]] Tim Baker
| narrator =
| starring = [[Shawn Ku]] [[Christy Chung]] Neelesha BaVora
| music = Cyril Morin [[Dadon]]
| studio = [[Fandango (Italian company)|Fandango]] Ocean Films Distribution [[Pandora Film]] Paradis Films
| cinematography =
| editing =
| distributor = Ocean Films (France)<ref name=miramax>{{cite web|title=Miramax buys 'Samsara' for U.S.|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Adam|last=Dawtree|date=8 January 2002|access-date=20 September 2022|url=https://variety.com/2002/film/news/miramax-buys-samsara-for-u-s-1117858090/}}</ref> Fandango (Italy)<ref name=miramax/>
| released = {{Film date|2001}}
| runtime = 138 minutes
| country = India Germany France Italy Switzerland
| language = [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] [[Ladakhi language|Ladakhi]]
| budget =
}}
'''''Samsara''''' is a 2001 [[independent film]] directed and co-written by [[Pan Nalin]]. An international co-production of India, Germany, France, Italy, and Switzerland, the film tells the story of a [[Buddhist]] [[monk]]'s quest to find [[Bodhi|Enlightenment]].<ref>{{cite web | archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120919071145/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=hub061706Narrow_Gauge.asp | url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main18.asp?filename=hub061706Narrow_Gauge.asp | archivedate=19 September 2012 | title=Narrow Gauge Cowboy | date=17 June 2006 | work=[[Tehelka]] | accessdate=28 June 2022}}</ref> It stars [[Shawn Ku]] as the monk Tashi and [[Christy Chung]] as Pema.

==Plot==
Tashi began his training as a Buddhist monk at the age of five. Twenty years later, he emerges from a three-year solitary meditation, for which he is awarded the degree of [[khenpo]] by the [[rinpoche]]. When Tashi begins to have [[wet dreams]], his relationships at the temple become strained. On an official visit, he stays with a farmer and meets Pema, the farmer's daughter. He leaves monastic life, returning to the farm, where he joins the [[migrant workers]] for the harvest. After another encounter with Pema, they marry. They later have a son, Karma.

The ex-lama becomes a farmer and landowner, becoming financially successful by bringing the harvest to the city instead of selling to the local merchant Dawa, who cheats the local farmers. This puts him at odds with Jamayang, Pema's former fiancée and local stonemason, who resents Tashi for damaging the long-standing relationship between the people of the valley and Dawa.

Tashi is at odds with his sexuality and an attraction to Sujata, a migrant worker who returns to the farm to labor each year. While Pema goes to the city to sell their harvest, he and Sujata have sex. She tells him that this was something Sujata and Pema have talked about for years. His friend from his time as a lama comes to visit, and informs Tashi that their mentor, Apo, has died. Racked with guilt over his infidelity and the death of Apo, Tashi leaves the farm and want to return to the monastery.

The movie ended without confirming if Tashi did return to the monastery.

== Cast ==
* [[Shawn Ku]] as Tashi
* [[Christy Chung]] as Pema
* Neelesha Barthel as Sujata
* Lhakpa Tsering as Dawa
* Jamayang Jinpa as Sonam

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
*{{IMDb title|id=0196069|title=Samsara}}
*{{rotten-tomatoes|id=10002103-samsara|title=Samsara}}
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Ahmedabad/From_a_tea_stall_in_Amreli_to_Hollywood/articleshow/3030685.cms Article on Pan Nalin] ''[[Times of India]]''

{{DEFAULTSORT:Samsara (2001 Film)}}
[[Category:2001 drama films]]
[[Category:Paramount Pictures films]]
[[Category:Italian drama films]]
[[Category:French drama films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films about Tibet]]
[[Category:Films about Buddhism]]
[[Category:Metaphysical fiction films]]
[[Category:Tibetan-language films]]
[[Category:Ladakhi-language films]]
[[Category:Tibetan Buddhist art and culture]]
[[Category:Indian independent films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Pan Nalin]]
[[Category:2001 French films]]
[[Category:2001 Italian films]]
[[Category:2001 Indian films]]
[[Category:Fandango (Italian company) films]]

{{2000s-France-film-stub}}
{{2000s-Italy-film-stub}}
{{India-film-stub}}

Asus

2026-03-19T12:26:41Z

Maxlogistic: small changes

{{short description|Taiwanese computer and electronics company}}
{{distinguish|ASOS (retailer)|Asos|Esus}}
{{Merge from|ASUS ProArt|discuss=Talk:ASUS ProArt#Merge into ASUS|date=February 2026}}
{{pp-pc}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}
{{Infobox company
| name = ASUSTeK Computer Inc.
| logo = [[File:ASUS Logo.svg|frameless|250px|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_caption = Logo used since 1995
| image = ASUSTeK Computer headquarters 20150711.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Headquarters in [[Taipei]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| native_name = {{lang|zh-tw|華碩電腦股份有限公司}}
| romanized_name = ''Huáshuò Diànnǎo Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī''
| traded_as = {{TSE|2357}}
| founded = {{Start date and age|1989|04|02|df=y}}
| founders = {{Unbulleted_list
|Ted Hsu
|M. T. Liao
|Wayne Tsiah
|[[Tzu-Hsien Tung|T. H. Tung]]
|Luca D. M.
}}
| hq_location = [[Beitou District]], Taipei
| hq_location_country = Taiwan
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{Unbulleted list
|Jonney Shih {{small|([[chairman]] & [[chief brand officer]])}}
|Jonathan Tsang {{small|([[vice-chairman]])}}
}}
| industry = [[Computer hardware]] [[Electronics]] [[Networking hardware]]
| products = {{Hlist|[[Personal computer]]s|[[Computer monitor|monitor]]s|[[projector]]s|[[motherboard]]s|[[graphics card]]s|[[optical storage]]| [[peripheral]]s|[[Wearable computer|wearable]]s|[[Server computer|server]]s|[[workstation]]s }}
| brands = {{Hlist|[[Asus#Republic of Gamers|ROG]]|[[Asus#The Ultimate Force|TUF Gaming]]}}
| revenue = {{increase}} [[New Taiwan dollar|NT$]]537.2 billion (2022)<ref name="ASUS Annual Report">{{cite web|url=https://www.asus.com/EVENT/Investor/Content/attachment_en/2022_Annual_Report_en.pdf|title=ASUSTek Computer Inc. Annual Report 2022|work=ASUSTek|date=11 April 2023|access-date=20 June 2023|archive-date=20 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620055055/https://www.asus.com/EVENT/Investor/Content/attachment_en/2022_Annual_Report_en.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
| operating_income = {{decrease}} NT$12.9 billion (2022)<ref name="ASUS Annual Report"/>
| net_income = {{decrease}} NT$16.8 billion (2022)<ref name="ASUS Annual Report"/>
| assets = {{increase}} NT$471 billion (2022)<ref name="ASUS Annual Report"/>
| equity = {{increase}} NT$226 billion (2022)<ref name="ASUS Annual Report"/>
| num_employees = 17,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asus.com/us/About_ASUS/Company-Introduction/ |title=About ASUS |website=ASUS |access-date=1 July 2023}}</ref>
| subsid = {{Unbulleted list
|[[AAEON]]
|[[ASKEY]]
|[[ASMedia]]
|[[Asustor]]
|[[Pegatron]] (through which it owns [[ASRock]])
}}
| homepage = {{URL|www.asus.com}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| t = 華碩電腦股份有限公司
| p = Huáshuò Diànnaǒ Gǔfèn Yǒuxiàn Gōngsī
| l = ASUS Computer Stock-share Limited Company
| h = Fà sa̍k thien-nó kú fun yû han kûng-sṳ̂
| tp = Huashuo Diannao Gufen Yousiang Gongsih
| poj = Hôa se̍k tiān-náu kó͘ hūn ū hān kong si
| tl = Hôa se̍k tiān-náu kó͘ hūn ū hān kong si
| altname = ASUS
| t2 = 華碩
| p2 = Huáshuò
| l2 = "Chinese-Eminent" Eminence of/by the [[Chinese people]] ({{lang-zh|t = 華人之碩 |first = t |labels = no}})
| h2 = Fà sa̍k
| poj2 = Hôa se̍k
| tl2 = Hôa se̍k
}}

'''ASUSTeK Computer Inc.''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|eɪ|s|uː|s}},<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xEd1cBYLIk|title=Jerry Shen Keynote – ASUS NovaGo Launch {{pipe}} Snapdragon Technology Summit|publisher=ASUS|date=6 December 2017|access-date=10 January 2018|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125130645/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4xEd1cBYLIk|url-status=live}}</ref> {{IPAc-en||eɪ|ˈ|s|uː|s}},<ref name="eng">{{cite web |title = How to pronounce ASUS |url = http://www.engadget.com/2010/12/17/how-to-pronounce-ASUS-video/ |work = video |date = 17 December 2010 |publisher = Engadget |accessdate = 3 March 2011 |archive-date = 18 February 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110218154059/http://www.engadget.com/2010/12/17/how-to-pronounce-asus-video/}}</ref> {{IPAc-en||ɑ:|ˈ|-}},<ref name="eng2">{{cite web |title = How ASUS CEO pronounces ASUS |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3sSESPLSMLo#t=1m15s/ |work = video| date=8 March 2008 }}</ref> {{IPAc-en||ə|ˈ|-}};<ref name="eng3">{{cite web |title = ASUS Commercial: don't say asses, say ASUS! |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iq9B3evfu8s |work = video| date=4 December 2010 }}</ref>), [[doing business as]] '''Asus''' (stylized as '''ASUS'''), is a Taiwanese<ref>{{cite web|title=Asustek Computer Inc – Company Profile and News – Bloomberg Markets|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/2357:TT|access-date=23 July 2020|website=Bloomberg.com|archive-date=31 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200731204623/https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/company/2357:TT|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] computer, phone hardware and electronics manufacturer [[Headquarters|headquartered]] in [[Beitou District]], Taipei, Taiwan. Its products include [[desktop computers]], [[laptops]], [[netbook]]s, [[mobile phones]], networking equipment, monitors, [[wireless router|Wi-Fi routers]], [[projectors]], [[motherboards]], [[graphics cards]], [[optical storage]], multimedia products, peripherals, [[wearables]], [[server (computing)|servers]], [[workstation]]s and tablet PCs. The company is also an [[original equipment manufacturer]] (OEM).

{{as of|2024|post=,}} Asus is the [[Market share of personal computer vendors|world's fifth-largest personal computer vendor]] by unit sales.<ref>{{cite web |date=11 January 2024 |title=Gartner Says Worldwide PC Shipments Increased 0.3% in Fourth Quarter of 2023 but Declined 14.8% for the Year |url=https://www.gartner.com/en/newsroom/press-releases/01-10-2024-gartner-says-worldwide-pc-shipments-increased-zero-point-three-percent-in-fourth-quarter-of-2023-but-declined-fourteen-point-eight-percent-for-the-year |access-date=11 January 2024 |publisher=[[Gartner]]}}</ref> Asus has a primary listing on the [[Taiwan Stock Exchange]] under the ticker code ''2357'' and formerly had a secondary listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]] under the ticker code ''ASKD''.
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

==Etymology==
The company is usually referred to as ''ASUS'' or ''Huáshuò'' in [[Chinese language|Chinese]] ({{lang-zh |t = 華碩 |first = t}}, literally "Eminence" in Chinese<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asus.com/tw/About_ASUS/Origin-of-the-Name-ASUS/ |title=About ASUS Home | ASUS 台灣 |publisher=Asus.com |date= |accessdate=21 February 2022 |archive-date=12 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512060235/https://www.asus.com/tw/About_ASUS/Origin-of-the-Name-ASUS/ |url-status=live }}</ref>). According to the company website, the name ''ASUS'' originates from [[Pegasus]], the winged horse of Greek mythology.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.asus.com/sg/About_ASUS/The_Meaning_of_ASUS |title=The meaning of "ASUS" |website=ASUS website |publisher=ASUS |access-date=15 October 2020 |quote=ASUS takes its name from Pegasus, the winged horse in Greek mythology that symbolizes wisdom and knowledge. |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104009/https://www.asus.com/sg/About_ASUS/The_Meaning_of_ASUS |url-status=live }}</ref> Only the last four letters of the word were used to give the name a high position in alphabetical listings.<ref>{{cite web
|first = Kurmaz
|last = Maks
|title = Интервью с ASUS
|url = http://www.hw.by/events/ASUS.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070102235613/http://www.hw.by/events/ASUS.html
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2 January 2007
|website = hw.by
|language = ru
|trans-title = Interview with ASUS
|access-date = 4 August 2009
|quote = Компания ASUS образовалась в 1989 году [...] Ее название образовано от английского слова "PegASUS" [...] Была взята только часть названия – "ASUS", чтобы быть в начале списка по алфавиту. [Translation: The ASUS company formed in 1989 ... Its name is formed from the English word "PegASUS" ... [We] took only part of the name: "ASUS", in order to be at the beginning of alphabetical order.]
}}</ref>
As its marketing [[tagline]]s, Asus has used ''Rock Solid. Heart Touching'' (2003–2009) and subsequently ''Inspiring Innovation Persistent Perfection'' (2009–2013). Since 2013, the company's tagline has been ''In Search of Incredible.''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thenextweb.com/plugged/2013/11/01/asus-transformer-book-trio-t100-show-device-makers-sometimes-get-wrong-get-right/|title=Asus Transformer Book Trio and T100 show why device makers sometimes get it wrong to get it right|first=Ben|last=Woods|date=1 November 2013|website=Plugged {{pipe}} The Next Web|access-date=13 December 2019|archive-date=13 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213005031/https://thenextweb.com/plugged/2013/11/01/asus-transformer-book-trio-t100-show-device-makers-sometimes-get-wrong-get-right/|url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
{{Expand section|with=the company's history prior to 2005 and from 2013 to 2022|date=August 2025}}
Asus was founded in [[Taipei]] in 1989<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.engadget.com/2015/08/16/asus-chairman-jonney-shih-interview/|title=The past, present and future of ASUS, according to its chairman|website=Engadget|date=16 August 2015 |access-date=10 June 2016|archive-date=18 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160618003029/https://www.engadget.com/2015/08/16/asus-chairman-jonney-shih-interview/|url-status=live}}</ref> by [[Tzu-Hsien Tung]], Ted Hsu, Wayne Hsieh and M.T. Liao,<ref name="profile">{{cite web |url = http://www.corpasia.net/taiwan/3474/irwebsite/index.php?mod=profile |title = Company Profile |year = 2009 |website = Official website |publisher = ASUS |url-status = usurped |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125734/http://www.corpasia.net/taiwan/3474/irwebsite/index.php?mod=profile |archive-date = 22 December 2015 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> all four having previously worked at [[Acer Inc.|Acer]] as [[Hardware engineering|hardware engineer]]s. At this time, [[Taiwan]] had yet to establish a leading position in the computer hardware business. [[Intel Corporation]] would supply any new processors to more established companies like [[IBM]] first, and Taiwanese companies would have to wait for approximately six months after IBM received their engineering [[prototype]]s. According to company history, Asus created a motherboard prototype for using an [[Intel 80486|Intel 486]], but it had to do so without access to the actual processor. When Asus approached Intel to request a processor to test it, Intel itself had a problem with its own 486 motherboard. Asus solved Intel's problem and it turned out that Asus's motherboard worked correctly without the need for further modification. Since then, Asus has been receiving Intel engineering samples ahead of its competitors.<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5cSIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |title = Invisible Gold in Asia: Creating Wealth Through Intellectual Property, page 143, by David Llewelyn |publisher = Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd |date = 28 February 2011 |access-date = 22 December 2013 |isbn = 9789814312714 |archive-date = 21 February 2022 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220221114250/https://books.google.com/books?id=5cSIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA143 |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mastbusiness.com/top/asus.htm|title=ASUS Company Information < By Mast Business|website=publishesiness.com|date=3 January 2008|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-date=10 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210213216/http://www.mastbusiness.com/top/asus.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

In September 2005, Asus released the first [[PhysX]] accelerator card.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.vr-zone.com/?i=2724&s=1 |title = ASUS PhysX Card Ready |publisher = Vr-zone.com |access-date = 1 June 2010 |archive-date = 24 June 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170624104207/http://www.vr-zone.com/?i=2724&s=1 |url-status = live }}</ref> In December 2005, Asus entered the [[LCD television|LCD TV]] market with the TLW32001 model.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.newlaunches.com/archives/ASUS_enters_lcd_tv_market_with_tlw32001_32_lcd_tv.php |title = ASUS enters LCD TV market with TLW32001 32" LCD TV |date = 3 November 2006 |publisher = Newlaunches.com |access-date = 1 June 2010 |archive-date = 8 October 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101008002919/http://www.newlaunches.com/archives/asus_enters_lcd_tv_market_with_tlw32001_32_lcd_tv.php |url-status = live }}</ref> In January 2006, Asus announced that it would cooperate with [[Lamborghini]] to develop the VX laptop series.<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2002091,00.asp |title = ASUS VX1 Lamborghini |access-date = 1 April 2013 |publisher = PC Mag |date = 11 August 2006 |archive-date = 19 August 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140819134305/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2002091,00.asp |url-status = live }}</ref>

On 9 March 2006, Asus was confirmed as one of the manufacturers of the first [[Ultra-Mobile PC|Microsoft Origami]] models, together with [[Samsung Electronics|Samsung]] and [[Founder Technology]].<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.informationweek.com/news/mobility/business/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=181502222
|title = Microsoft Unfolds Origami, The 'On The Go' PC
|first = Walko
|last = John
|date = 9 March 2006
|work = [[InformationWeek]]
|access-date = 16 November 2009
|quote = Microsoft (NSDQ: MSFT) says three companies have built working models – Samsung, ASUS, and Founder, China's second-largest PC maker. The Samsung and ASUS devices are expected to be in stores by April, and the Founder device in June.
|archive-date = 29 April 2010
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100429141159/http://www.informationweek.com/news/mobility/business/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=181502222
|url-status = live
}}</ref> On 8 August 2006, Asus announced a joint venture with [[Gigabyte Technology]].<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.digitimes.com/mobos/a20060808PR203.html |title = ASUSTeK and Gigabyte form joint venture |date = 8 August 2006 |publisher = Digitimes.com |access-date = 1 June 2010 |archive-date = 28 July 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130728184831/http://www.digitimes.com/mobos/a20060808PR203.html |url-status = live }}</ref> On 5 June 2007, Asus announced the launch of the [[Asus Eee PC|Eee PC]] netbook computer line at the [[Computex]] trade fair. On 9 September 2007, Asus indicated support for [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]], announcing the release of a BD-ROM/DVD writer PC drive, BC-1205PT.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.psu.com/Blu-ray-scores-major-new-supporter--a0001253-p0.php
|title = ASUS BD-ROM/DVD writer drive
|access-date = 9 September 2007
|year = 2007
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070913095939/http://www.psu.com/Blu-ray-scores-major-new-supporter--a0001253-p0.php |archive-date = 13 September 2007 |url-status = live}}</ref> Asus subsequently released several Blu-ray based notebooks.

In January 2008, Asus began a major restructuring of its operations, splitting into three independent companies: Asus (focused on applied first-party branded computers and electronics); [[Pegatron]] (focused on OEM manufacturing of motherboards and components); and [[Unihan Corporation]] (focused on non-PC manufacturing such as cases and molding).<ref>{{cite news |url = http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/151590/ASUS-splits-into-three |title = ASUS splits into three |access-date = 1 April 2013 |publisher = PC Pro |date = 4 January 2008 |archive-date = 13 June 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130613075755/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/151590/asus-splits-into-three |url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-05-13-ASUS-eee-laptop_N.htm |title = ASUS pins future on small and inexpensive laptop |access-date = 1 April 2013 |newspaper = USA Today |date = 16 May 2008 |archive-date = 13 April 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144039/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/products/2008-05-13-asus-eee-laptop_N.htm |url-status = live }}</ref> In the process of the restructuring, a highly criticized pension-plan restructuring effectively zeroed out the existing pension balances. The company paid out all contributions previously made by employees.<ref>{{cite web
|last = Kubicki
|first = Kristopher
|title = New ASUS Corporate Structure Zeroes Employee Pensions
|url = http://www.dailytech.com/New+ASUS+Corporate+Structure+Zeroes+Employee+Pensions/article10206.htm
|work = DailyTech
|date = 3 January 2008
|access-date = 28 March 2009
|quote = Under the new corporate entity, ASUS employees were paid out all pension plans regardless of maturity as of 1 January 2008. All employees at the two new companies must start their tenure from scratch.
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090610211832/http://www.dailytech.com/New+ASUS+Corporate+Structure+Zeroes+Employee+Pensions/article10206.htm
|archive-date = 10 June 2009
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

On 9 December 2008, the [[Open Handset Alliance]] announced that Asus had become one of 14 new members of the organization. These "new members will either deploy compatible [[Android (operating system)|Android]] devices, contribute significant code to the Android Open-Source Project, or support the ecosystem through products and services that will accelerate the availability of Android-based devices."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/press_120908.html |title=Open Handset Alliance |publisher=Open Handset Alliance |date=9 December 2008 |access-date=1 June 2010 |archive-date=6 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201106095337/http://www.openhandsetalliance.com/press_120908.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

On 1 June 2010, Asus spun off Pegatron.<ref>{{cite web |url = https://www.ft.com/content/699416d2-e67a-11de-98b1-00144feab49a |newspaper = Financial Times |date = 11 December 2009 |title = Asustek to spin off motherboard arm |access-date = 1 April 2018 |archive-date = 2 April 2018 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402101326/https://www.ft.com/content/699416d2-e67a-11de-98b1-00144feab49a |url-status = live }}</ref>

In October 2010, Asus and [[Garmin]] announced that they would be ending their smartphone partnership as a result of Garmin deciding to exit the product category.<ref name=taipeitimes271010>{{cite news |url = http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2010/10/27/2003486972 |title = ASUStek, Garmin ending co-branding |access-date = 13 May 2012 |newspaper = The Taipei Times |date = 27 October 2010 |archive-date = 2 May 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130502154543/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2010/10/27/2003486972 |url-status = live }}</ref> The two companies had produced six Garmin-Asus branded smartphones over the previous two years.<ref name=taipeitimes271010/>

In December 2010, Asus launched the world's thinnest notebook, the Asus U36, with Intel processor voltage standard (not low voltage) Intel Core i3 or i5 with a thickness of only 19 mm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.trendingtech.info/technology/latest-thinnest-notebook-ASUS-u36-world-with-just-thickness-19-mm/ |title=Asus u36 review - Latest Thinnest Notebook Asus U36 World with just Thickness 19 Mm | Technology Trends |access-date=16 August 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110227020146/http://www.trendingtech.info/technology/latest-thinnest-notebook-asus-u36-world-with-just-thickness-19-mm/ |archive-date=27 February 2011 }}</ref>

In January 2013, Asus officially ended production of its Eee PC series due to declining sales caused by consumers increasingly switching to [[Tablet computer|tablets]] and [[Ultrabook]]s.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://news.yahoo.com/acer-ASUS-stop-making-netbooks-180300299.html |title=Acer and ASUS to Stop Making Netbooks |author=Spurbeck, Jared |publisher=[[Yahoo!]] |date=3 January 2013 |access-date=13 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107023146/http://news.yahoo.com/acer-asus-stop-making-netbooks-180300299.html |archive-date=7 January 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://gizmodo.com/5972429/ASUS-and-acer-the-netbooks-is-dead |title=ASUS and Acer: The Netbook Is Dead |author=Condliffe, Jeff |website=[[Gizmodo]] |date=2 January 2013 |access-date=13 February 2013 |archive-date=10 February 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210110356/http://gizmodo.com/5972429/asus-and-acer-the-netbooks-is-dead |url-status=live }}</ref>

* In January 2014, ASUS officially launches the [[Asus ZenFone|ZenFone]] smartphone line (ZenFone 4/5/[[Asus ZenFone 6|6]]) at CES.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pierce |first=David |date=2014-01-06 |title=Asus launches the small PadFone mini, and ZenFones of all colors and sizes |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/6/5279146/asus-launches-padfone-mini-and-zenfone-4-5-6 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> In September 2014, the company introduces the ZenWatch smartwatch on [[Android Wear]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pierce |first=David |date=2014-01-06 |title=Asus launches the small PadFone mini, and ZenFones of all colors and sizes |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/6/5279146/asus-launches-padfone-mini-and-zenfone-4-5-6 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> In May 2016, the ZenFone 3 (ZenFone 3 / Deluxe / Ultra) is announced.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pierce |first=David |date=2014-01-06 |title=Asus launches the small PadFone mini, and ZenFones of all colors and sizes |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/1/6/5279146/asus-launches-padfone-mini-and-zenfone-4-5-6 |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=The Verge |language=en-US}}</ref> In June 2018, ASUS launches the [[ROG Phone]], forming the “[[Mobile game|mobile gaming]]” direction and the [[Asus ROG Ally|Republic of Gamers]] ecosystem outside of PCs.<ref>{{Cite news |last=White |first=Jeremy |title=The Asus ROG is another attempt to make smartphone gaming happen |url=https://www.wired.com/story/asus-rog-gaming-smartphone-republic-of-gamers/ |access-date=2026-02-20 |work=Wired |language=en-US |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

In December 2018, [[CEO]] Jerry Shen announces his departure.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-13 |title=ASUS CEO resigns as company shifts mobile focus to power users |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018-12-13-asus-ceo-resigns-mobile-strategy-gaming-power-users.html |access-date=2026-02-20 |website=Engadget |language=en-US}}</ref>

In April 2022, the company unveiled its new logo.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2022/4/21/23035485/asus-zenbook-13-s-oled-pro-15-flip-specs-price |title=Asus drops two OLED Zenbooks and a new logo |website=The Verge |date=22 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.creativebloq.com/news/new-asus-logo |title=That new Asus logo looks strangely familiar |website=Creative Bloq |date=25 April 2022}}</ref>

In April 2025, [[Nokia]] sues ASUS, [[Acer Inc.|Acer]], and [[Hisense]] for infringing on [[Streaming television|video streaming]] technologies in the U.S.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Brittain |first=Blake |date=April 8, 2025 |title=Nokia sues Acer, Asus, Hisense in US over video streaming technology |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/nokia-sues-acer-asus-hisense-us-over-video-streaming-technology-2025-04-08/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>

== Corporate affairs ==
The key trends for Asus are (as of the financial year ending 31 December):<ref>{{Cite web |title=ASUS Income Statement |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/TW/XTAI/2357/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |website=WSJ}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2024 |title=ASUS Income Statement (2019-2023) - WSJ |url=https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/TW/XTAI/2357/financials/annual/income-statement |access-date=23 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723104350/https://www.wsj.com/market-data/quotes/TW/XTAI/2357/financials/annual/income-statement |archive-date=23 July 2024 }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!Year
!Revenue (TWD bn)
!Net profit (TWD bn)
|-
|2019
|351
|14.3
|-
|2020
|412
|23.9
|-
|2021
|535
|44.5
|-
|2022
|537
|14.6
|-
|2023
|482
|15.9
|}

== Operations ==
[[File:ASUS US Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Asus US headquarters in [[Fremont, California]]]]
[[File:Asus pro shop.jpg|thumb|right|An Asus shop in Hong Kong]]

Asus has its headquarters in [[Beitou District]], Taipei, Taiwan.<ref>"[http://green.asus.com/english/download/ASUS_CSR-Report_2007_EN.pdf 2007 Corporate Sustainability Report] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521055524/http://green.asus.com/english/download/ASUS_CSR-Report_2007_EN.pdf |date=21 May 2009 }}." ASUS. 10 of 67. Retrieved on 15 March 2010. "ASUS has its headquarters located in No. 15, Li-Te Rd., Beitou, Taipei 11259, Taiwan.".
</ref>

{{As of | 2009}}, Asus had manufacturing facilities in Taiwan (Taipei, [[Luzhu District, Taoyuan|Luzhu]], [[Nangang District, Taipei|Nangang]], [[Guishan District|Guishan]]), [[China]] ([[Suzhou]], [[Chongqing]]), Mexico ([[Ciudad Juárez]]) and the Czech Republic ([[Ostrava]]). The Asus Hi-Tech Park, located in [[Suzhou]], covers {{convert|540,000|m2|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://successstory.com/companies/asus|title=Asus Story – Profile, CEO, Founder, History {{!}} Computer Hardware Electronics Companies {{!}} SuccessStory|website=successstory.com|access-date=21 March 2018|archive-date=22 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322015228/https://successstory.com/companies/asus|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Citation needed|reason=ASUS operates around 50 service sites across 32 countries and has over 400 service partners worldwide.|date=December 2024}}

== Products ==
Asus's products include [[2-in-1 laptop|2-in-1s]], laptops, tablet computers, desktop computers, [[smartphone]]s, [[personal digital assistant]]s (PDAs), [[server (computing)|servers]], [[computer monitor]]s, [[motherboard]]s, graphics cards, sound cards, DVD drives, [[computer networking device]]s, [[computer case]]s, [[electronic component|computer components]] and [[computer cooling]] systems.

One of Asus main lineup is the [[ASUS Vivo|Vivo]] lineup consisting of laptops (VivoBooks), All-in-Ones (Vivo AiO), desktops (VivoPC), Stick PCs (VivoStick), Mini PCs (VivoMini), smartwatches (VivoWatch), computer mouse (VivoMouse) and tablets (VivoTab).<ref>{{cite web|title=World of cyborgs|url=https://worldsofcyborg.blogspot.com/2020/05/asus-vivo-tab-review.html|last=Gupta|first=Aryan|website=worldsofcyborg.blogspot.com|access-date=29 May 2020|archive-date=26 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726104047/https://worldsofcyborg.blogspot.com/2020/05/asus-vivo-tab-review.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
<gallery>
File:ASUS ZE620KL face 20181125a.jpg|Asus ZenFone
File:ASUS ROG STRIX-GTX1080-O8G-GAMING 20160614.jpg|An Asus Nvidia GeForce GTX 1080 graphics card
File:Asus x21 ultrabook.jpg|An Asus x21 ultrabook
File:Mainboard asus pbh 67-v IMGP9330 wp.jpg|An Asus motherboard
File:ASUSmouse.jpg|An Asus mouse
</gallery>

=== Smartphones ===
{{contradicts others|Asus_ZenFone#Third_generation_(2016)}}
Asus also launched many [[Android (operating system)|Android]]-based smartphones, predominantly with [[Intel]] rather than ARM processors and often with two sim slots. Asus is currently very influential in big mobile markets like [[India]], [[China]], and other [[Asia]]n countries. It is known as the [[Asus_ZenFone|ZenFone]] series. Before the ZenFone line, Asus released feature phones such as the [[ASUS v70|Asus v70]] and smartphones running on [[Windows Mobile]] during the mid-2000s.

'''First Generation (2014)'''
* ZenFone 4 (available in either 4-inch or 4.5-inch variant)
* ZenFone 5
* ZenFone 6

'''Second Generation (2015)'''
* ZenFone Zoom
* ZenFone C
* ZenFone 2
* ZenFone 2 Laser
* ZenFone Max
* ZenFone Selfie
* ZenFone Go<ref>{{cite web
|author = Gaurav Dutt
|title = Asus will launch three variants of Zenfone 2
|publisher = All Gadget Buzz
|date = 6 June 2015
|url = http://www.allgadgetbuzz.net/2015/04/asus-zenfone-2-three-variants-4GB.html
|quote = ASUS declared to also launch a cheap variant along with two major versions as they're going to do at Malaysian launch on April 21.
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150407183205/http://www.allgadgetbuzz.net/2015/04/asus-zenfone-2-three-variants-4GB.html
|archive-date = 7 April 2015
|df = dmy-all
}}
</ref>
* ZenFone 2E – made specifically for [[AT&T]] and released in 2015<ref name="ZENFONE2E">[https://www.asus.com/us/Tablets_Mobile/ZenFone-2E-US-ATT-exclusive/ "ZenFone 2E : US AT&T Exclusive"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150828212717/https://www.asus.com/us/Tablets_Mobile/ZenFone-2E-US-ATT-exclusive/ |date=28 August 2015 }}, ''asus.com''</ref>

'''Third Generation (2016)'''
* ZenFone AR
* ZenFone 3 series

'''Fourth Generation (2017)'''
* ZenFone 4 series

'''Fifth Generation (2018)'''
* ZenFone 5 series
* ZenFone Max series (M1 and M2)
* ZenFone Live series (L1 and L2)
* ROG Phone series

'''Sixth Generation (2019)'''
* ZenFone 6 series
* ROG Phone 2 series

Additionally, Asus also produced some hybrid devices with smartphones that can be docked in a tablet screen, known as '''PadFone''' series. The product lineups are:
* PadFone (A66)
* PadFone 2 (A68)
* PadFone Infinity (A80)
* PadFone Infinity Lite (A80C)
* new PadFone Infinity (A86)
* PadFone E (A68M)
* PadFone X (A91)
* PadFone S (PF500KL)
* PadFone Mini (PF400GC)
* PadFone Mini 4.3 (A11)
* PadFone X Mini (PF450CL, US only)

Most of Asus's smartphones are powered by [[Intel Atom]] processors with the exceptions of a few Padfone series and some ZenFone 2 models that use [[Qualcomm Snapdragon]], though later phones in the series now either use Qualcomm Snapdragon or MediaTek systems-on-chip.

'''Seventh Generation (2020)'''
* ZenFone 7 series
* ROG Phone 3 series

'''Eighth Generation (2021)'''
* ZenFone 8 series
* ROG Phone 5 series

'''Ninth Generation (2022)'''
* ZenFone 9
* ROG Phone 6 series
* ROG Phone 6D series

'''Tenth Generation (2023)'''
* ZenFone 10
* ROG Phone 7 series
'''Eleventh Generation (2024)'''

* ZenFone 11 Ultra<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 February 2024 |title=Asus Zenfone 11 Ultra shown in official images with ROG Phone 8 and Zenbook laptop series stylings|url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/Asus-Zenfone-11-Ultra-shown-in-official-images-with-ROG-Phone-8-and-Zenbook-laptop-series-stylings.800746.0.html|access-date=8 February 2024 |publisher=Notebookcheck}}</ref>
* ROG Phone 8 series<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sagar |title=Asus ROG Phone 8 Pro goes on sale in India |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/asus_rog_phone_8_pro_india_price_sale_date-news-61360.php |access-date=8 February 2024 |website=GSMArena.com}}</ref>
* ROG Phone 9 series<ref>{{Cite web
|author = Ewan Spence
|title = Asus ROG Phone 9 Pro Review: The Everyday Gaming Smartphone
|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/ewanspence/2024/11/26/asus-rog-phone-9-pro-gaming-smartphone-review-snapdragon-8-elite/
|website=Forbes.com
}}
</ref>

=== 2-in-1s ===
* [[Asus Transformer]]
* Asus Vivobook Flip
* Zenbook Flip
* ExpertBook Flip
* Chromebook Flip

=== Laptops ===
* [[Zenbook]]
* [[Asus Vivo#ASUS Vivobook|Asus Vivobook]]
* AsusPro
* ExpertBook
* [[ASUS ProArt|ProArt]] StudioBook
* The Ultimate Force (TUF Gaming)
* Republic Of Gamers (ROG Gaming)
* Chromebook
* EeeBook
* G Series
* N Series
* K Series
* X Series
* E Series
* Q Series
* U Series
* B Series
* V Series
* F Series
* A Series
* T Series

Discontinued series previously offered by Asus includes the [[ASUS EeeBook|EeeBook]] Series, K Series, [[ASUS Vivo#VivoBook X Series|X Series]], [[ASUS Vivo#VivoBook E Series|E Series]], Q Series, B Series, V Series, P Series, [[ASUS Vivo#VivoBook F Series|F Series]], A Series, u2e Series and G Series.

=== Tablets ===
[[File:ASUSMeMOPad.JPG|thumb|Asus Memo Pad road show]]
Two generations of the [[Google Nexus 7|Nexus 7]], manufactured for and branded as [[Google]], were announced on 27 June 2012 for release in July 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://business-news.thestreet.com/mercury-news/story/google-launches-nexus-7-tablet/11599332?IADID=Search-business-news.thestreet.com-www.mercurynews.com |title=Google Launches Nexus 7 Tablet |work=The Street.com |date=27 June 2012 |access-date=15 July 2012 |first=Chris |last=Ciaccia |archive-date=22 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130522081810/http://business-news.thestreet.com/mercury-news/story/google-launches-nexus-7-tablet/11599332?IADID=Search-business-news.thestreet.com-www.mercurynews.com |url-status=live }}</ref> On 24 July 2013, Asus announced a successor to the [[Google Nexus 7]]. Two days later, it was released.<ref>{{cite web |title = Google Nexus 7 (2013) specs |url = http://www.phonearena.com/phones/Google-Nexus-7-2013_id8021 |website = Phone Arena |access-date = 20 October 2014 |archive-date = 20 October 2014 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141020031115/http://www.phonearena.com/phones/Google-Nexus-7-2013_id8021 |url-status = live }}</ref> Asus has also been working with [[Microsoft]] in developing [[Windows 8]] convertible tablets.<ref>{{cite magazine |url = https://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonevangelho/2012/08/30/dell-and-ASUS-debut-inspired-windows-8-convertible-tablets/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120901201707/http://www.forbes.com/sites/jasonevangelho/2012/08/30/dell-and-asus-debut-inspired-windows-8-convertible-tablets/ |url-status = dead |archive-date = 1 September 2012 |title = Dell and ASUS debut inspired Windows 8 convertible tablets |magazine = Forbes |date = 18 April 2012 |access-date = 14 June 2013}}</ref> In 2013, Asus revealed an Android-based tablet computer that, when attached to a keyboard, becomes a Windows 8 device, which it called the Transformer Book Trio.<ref>[http://www.3news.co.nz/Latest-gadgets-from-Nokia-ASUS-and-Samsung/tabid/412/articleID/315164/Default.aspx Latest gadgets from Nokia, ASUS and Samsung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083108/http://www.3news.co.nz/Latest-gadgets-from-Nokia-ASUS-and-Samsung/tabid/412/articleID/315164/Default.aspx |date=19 August 2014 }}. ''3 News NZ''. 30 September 2013.</ref> The keyboard can be attached to a third-party monitor, creating a desktop-like experience. Asus is also known for the following tablet computer lines:
* [[ASUS Eee Pad Transformer|Eee Pad Transformer]]
* Eee Pad Slider
* Eee Slate
* [[ASUS Memo Pad 8|Memo Pad 8]]
* [[ASUS Vivo#VivoTab|VivoTab]]
* ZenPad: 7.0 Z370CG, C 7.0 Z170MG/Z170CG, 8.0 Z380KL, 8.0 Z380C*, S 8.0 Z580CA*, 10 Z300C* (Released 2015); 8.0 Z380M*, Z8 ZT581KL, 3 8.0 Z581KL, 10 Z300M*, 3S 10 Z500M*, Z10 ZT500KL (2016); 3S 8.0 Z582KL, Z8s ZT582KL, 3S 10 Z500KL (2017) (* no [[Subscriber identity module|SIM]])<ref name=products>{{cite web|url=https://www.asus.com/us/Tablets/ZenPad-Products/|title=ZenPad {{pipe}} Tablets|website=ASUS USA|access-date=21 April 2016|archive-date=22 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143336/http://www.asus.com/us/Tablets/ZenPad-Products|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Asus Server ===
;GPU Rack Server
* ESC8000 G3 (Up to 8 GPU high density & hybrid computing)
* ESC4000 G3/G3s

;2-Way Rack Server
* RS720Q-E8-RS8-P
* RS720Q-E8-RS12
* RS700-E8-RS8 V2
* RS700-E8-RS4 V2
* RS500-E8-RS4 V2
* RS500-E8-RS4 V2
* RS400-E8-PS2-F
* RS400-E8-PS2
* RS720-E8-RS24-ECP
* RS540-E8-RS36-ECP
* RS520-E8-RS12-E V2
* RS520-E8-RS8-E V2

;1-Way Rack Server
* RS300-E9-PS4
* RS300-E9-RS4
* RS200-E9-PS2-F
* RS200-E9-PS2
* RS100-E9-PI2

;2-Way Tower Server
* TS700-E8 V3 Series
* TS500-E8-PS4 V2

;1-Way Tower Server
* TS300-E9-PS4
* TS100-E9-PI4

=== Desktop & All-in-One PCs ===
; Tower PCs
* [[ASUS Vivo#VivoPC|VivoPC]]
* ROG series
* Gaming series

; Mini PCs
* Asus Tinker Board
* [[ASUS Vivo#VivoMini|VivoMini]]

; Chrome Devices
* [[Chromebox]]
* [[Chromebit]]

; All-in-One PCs
* Zen AiO
* [[ASUS Vivo#Vivo AiO|Vivo AiO]]
* Portable AiO

=== Eee line ===
From its launch in October 2007 and until the line was discontinued in January 2013, the [[ASUS Eee PC|Eee PC]] [[netbook]] garnered numerous awards, including [[Forbes]] Asia's Product of the Year,<ref>{{cite news |url = https://www.forbes.com/global/2008/1208/072.html |title = Product of the Year: ASUSTeK's Eee PC |work = Forbes |date = 8 December 2008 |access-date = 1 June 2010 |first = Taylor |last = Buley}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Stuff Magazine's Gadget of the Year and Computer of the Year,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://stuff.tv/News/Stuff-Gadget-Awards-Eee-PC-wins-gadget-of-the-year/10854/ |title = Stuff Gadget Awards – Eee PC wins gadget of the year |publisher = Stuff.tv |access-date = 1 June 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100629051038/http://stuff.tv/News/Stuff-Gadget-Awards-Eee-PC-wins-gadget-of-the-year/10854/ |archive-date = 29 June 2010 |url-status = live}}</ref> NBC.com's Best Travel Gadget, Computer Shopper's Best Netbook of 2008, PC Pro's Hardware of the Year, PC World's Best Netbook, and DIME magazine's 2008 Trend Award Winner.

Asus subsequently added several products to its Eee lineup, including:
* [[ASUS Eee Box PC|Eee Box PC]], a compact [[nettop]]
* [[ASUS Eee Top|Eee Top]], an all-in-one touchscreen computer housed in an LCD monitor enclosure,
* [[ASUS Eee Stick|Eee Stick]], a plug-and-play wireless controller for the PC platform that translates users' physical hand motions into corresponding movements onscreen
* [[ASUS Eee Pad Transformer|Eee Pad Transformer]], is a tablet computer that runs the Android operating system.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://asiancorrespondent.com/2011/03/taiwans-asustek-launches-android-powered-tablet|title=Taiwan's AsusTek launches Android-powered tablet|date=26 March 2011|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-date=7 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107112810/https://asiancorrespondent.com/2011/03/taiwans-asustek-launches-android-powered-tablet/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[ASUS Eee Pad Transformer Prime|Eee Pad Transformer Prime]], the successor to the original Transformer.

On 6 March 2009, Asus debuted its Eee Box B202, which [[PC Magazine|PCMag]] saw as "the desktop equivalent of the Asus Eee PC", (the "Asus Eee Box" computer line was later renamed in 2010 to "Asus Eee Box PC").<ref>{{cite news
|first=Joel
|last=Santo Domingo
|title=ASUS Debuts Desktop-Equivalent Eee PC
|publisher=PCMag
|date=2 June 2008
|access-date=3 April 2009
|url=https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2316317,00.asp
|quote=At the Computex show on Monday in Taipei, Taiwan, ASUS introduced a slew of products, including the Eee Box B202. The Eee Box is the desktop equivalent of the ASUS EeePC.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090424022746/http://www.pcmag.com/article2/0%2C2817%2C2316317%2C00.asp
|archive-date=24 April 2009
|url-status=live
}}
</ref>

=== Essentio Series ===
[[File:Asus N55 S Package.jpg|thumb|Asus N55 S Package]]
Essentio is a line of desktop PCs. {{as of|2011|December}} the line consisted of the CG Series (designed for gaming), the CM series (for entertainment and home use) and the CS and CP slimline series.<ref>{{cite web
|title = ASUSTek Computer Inc. – Desktop
|publisher = ASUS
|access-date = 1 December 2011
|url = http://www.asus.com/Desktop
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127195600/http://www.asus.com/Desktop/
|archive-date = 27 November 2011
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}</ref>

=== Digital media receivers ===
Asus sells [[digital media receiver]]s under the name Asus O!Play.<ref>{{cite web| title =Search > O!Play| publisher =ASUSTeK Computer Inc| url =http://www.asus.com/Search/?SearchKey=o!play| access-date =20 May 2012| archive-date =18 April 2012| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20120418150347/http://www.asus.com/Search/?SearchKey=o!play| url-status =live}}</ref>

=== GPS devices ===
Asus produces the R700T GPS device, which incorporates [[Traffic Message Channel]].<ref>{{cite web |author = Mobilewhack.com on 11 April 2008 3:05 am |url = http://www.mobilewhack.com/ASUS-r700t-tmc-gps-device/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120322203611/http://www.mobilewhack.com/ASUS-r700t-tmc-gps-device/ |url-status = usurped |archive-date = 22 March 2012 |title = ASUS R700t TMC GPS Device : Specs, reviews and prices |publisher = Mobilewhack.com |date = 11 April 2008 |access-date = 1 June 2010}}</ref>

=== Republic of Gamers ===
{{redirect|Asus ROG||Rog (disambiguation)}}
[[File:Asus_Republic_Of_Gamers_Logo.svg|thumb|Asus Republic of Gamers logo]]
[[File:ASUS promotional model and Republic-of-Gamers products at Computex 20100603.jpg|thumb|An Asus [[promotional model]] presenting ROG products]]

'''Republic of Gamers''' ('''ROG''') is a brand used by Asus since 2006, encompassing a range of computer hardware, personal computers, peripherals, and accessories.

[[AMD]] graphics cards were marketed under the ''Arez'' brand due to the [[Nvidia]]'s [[GeForce Partner Program]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kitguru.net/components/graphic-cards/matthew-wilson/asus-confirms-amd-radeon-arez-series-of-graphics-cards/|title=ASUS confirms AMD Radeon 'AREZ' series of graphics cards|access-date=19 April 2018|archive-date=19 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183733/https://www.kitguru.net/components/graphic-cards/matthew-wilson/asus-confirms-amd-radeon-arez-series-of-graphics-cards/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2013, Asus launched the RAIDR Express, a PCI express-based [[RAID#Standard levels|RAID 0]] SSD subsystem with two SSDs on one PCB.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rog.asus.com/articles/news/asus-rog-launches-raidr-express-pci-express-based-ssd/ |title=ASUS ROG LAUNCHES RAIDR EXPRESS PCI EXPRESS-BASED SSD |date=26 July 2013 |website=ASUS |access-date=23 June 2019 |archive-date=23 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190623202431/https://rog.asus.com/articles/news/asus-rog-launches-raidr-express-pci-express-based-ssd/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2022, Asus announced the ROG Flow Z13 during ROG's CES 2022 launch event. Equipped with the high-performance Intel's Core i9 processor and Nvidia's [[GeForce 30 series|GeForce RTX 3050 Ti]] graphic performance, making the biggest innovation breakthroughs in tablet markets. It is the world's first RTX 30 series computer in tablet form factor.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://rog.asus.com/laptops/rog-flow/rog-flow-z13-2022-series/ |title=ROG Flow Z13 (2022)|website=ASUS}}</ref>

[[File:ROG ALLY - 2.jpg|thumb|left|ASUS ROG Ally handheld gaming computer]]

In June 2023, Asus released the [[ASUS ROG Ally|ROG Ally]], a handheld device designed to compete with the [[Steam Deck]]. The Ally possesses a 7-inch (diagonal), [[1080p]] touchscreen display with a 120 Hz refresh rate capability and a [[16:9 aspect ratio]], versus the Steam Deck's panel that only manages 800p and 60 Hz with a [[16:10 aspect ratio]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fingas |first1=Jon |title=ASUS's ROG Ally is yet another Steam Deck competitor |url=https://www.engadget.com/asus-high-fashion-gaming-tablet-is-a-must-have-for-hot-dog-vendors-everywhere-145117128.html |access-date=4 April 2023 |agency=Engadget |date=3 April 2023}}</ref> In June 2025, the [[ROG Xbox Ally]], co-developed by Asus and [[Microsoft]], was unveiled during [[Xbox Games Showcase]], later releasing on 16 October 2025.<ref>{{cite web |last=Romano |first=Sal |url=https://www.gematsu.com/2025/08/rog-xbox-ally-and-rog-xbox-ally-x-launch-october-16 |title=ROG Xbox Ally and ROG Xbox Ally X launch October 16 |work=Gematsu |date=2025-08-20 |access-date=2025-08-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sones |first=Royanne |date=16 October 2025 |title=ROG Xbox Ally and ROG Xbox Ally X Now Available Worldwide |url=https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2025/10/16/rog-xbox-ally-handheld-out-now-launch/ |access-date=9 March 2026 |website=Xbox Wire}}</ref>

=== The Ultimate Force ===
[[File:ASUS TUF Gaming X3 20190601.jpg|thumb|[[Nvidia GeForce GTX 1660]] Asus TUF Gaming X3 ]]

'''The Ultimate Force''' ('''TUF''') is a brand used by Asus since about 2010.<ref>{{cite web|title=SABERTOOTH X58 {{!}} Motherboards|url=https://www.asus.com/au/Motherboards/SABERTOOTH_X58/|access-date=4 November 2020|website=ASUS Australia|archive-date=10 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141210145854/http://www.asus.com/au/Motherboards/SABERTOOTH_X58/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{cn|date=May 2025}} The brand is for Asus affordable, mid-range gaming products focusing on performance and durability.{{cn|date=May 2025}}

=== Sound cards ===
Asus released its first sound card, the Xonar DX, in February 2008. The Xonar DX was able to emulate the EAX 5.0 effects through the Asus GX software while also supporting Open AL and DTS-connect.<ref name="Xonar DX">{{cite news |last=ASUS |first=Official Website |title=Crystal Clear Audio Quality for Home Entertainment and Gaming |url=http://www.asus.com/News/SWUVwcEldIOPZ65T |access-date=3 October 2011 |date=28 February 2008 |archive-date=5 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505094352/http://www.asus.com/News/SWUVwcEldIOPZ65T |url-status=live }}</ref> In July 2008 Asus launched the Xonar D1, which offered largely similar features to the Xonar DX but connected to the motherboard through the PCI interface instead of the PCI-E ×1 connection of the Xonar DX.<ref name="Xonar D1">{{cite news |last=ASUS |first=Official Website |title=ASUS Unveils Xonar D1 7.1 Audio Card: The High-fidelity PCI Variant to the Successful Xonar DX |url=http://www.asus.com/News/e24rAeVfuIBJo4rs/ |access-date=3 October 2011 |date=27 July 2008 |archive-date=4 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504044216/http://www.asus.com/News/e24rAeVfuIBJo4rs/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Asus then released the Xonar HDAV 1.3, which was the first solution enabling loss-less HD audio bit streaming to AV receivers.<ref name="ASUS HDAV">{{cite news |last = ASUS |first = Official Website |title = ASUS Reveals Xonar HDAV1.3 Series Sound Cards with World's First Dolby TrueHD Bit-Stream Feature for the New Blu-ray Era |url = http://www.asus.com/News/bwEEp4YqqxPbCgIe/ |access-date = 3 October 2011 |date = 31 December 2008 |archive-date = 26 April 2013 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130426063258/http://www.asus.com/News/bwEEp4YqqxPbCgIe |url-status = live }}</ref>

In May 2009, Asus launched the Essence ST sound card, targeted at high-end audiophiles, and featuring 124{{nbsp}}dB SNR rating and precision audio clock tuning.<ref name="Essence ST">{{cite news |last=ASUS |first=Official Website |title=Breaking the Boundaries in Sound Quality |url=http://www.asus.com/News/vVME4fRYwvKILC6y/ |access-date=3 October 2011 |date=15 May 2009 |archive-date=10 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210131956/http://www.asus.com/News/vVME4fRYwvKILC6y |url-status=live }}</ref> In the same month, Asus refreshed the HDAV family by releasing the HDAV 1.3 slim, a card targeted for HTPC users offering similar functionality to HDAV 1.3 but in a smaller form.<ref name="HDAVS">{{cite news |last = ASUS |first = Official Website |title = ASUS Unveils New Xonar HDAV Slim Sound Card |url = http://www.asus.com/News/5KqyuL93cmEFZF0w/ |access-date = 3 October 2011 |date = 18 May 2009 |archive-date = 4 January 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120104080001/http://www.asus.com/News/5KqyuL93cmEFZF0w/ |url-status = live }}</ref> During Computex 2010, Asus introduced its Xonar Xense, an audio bundle composed of the Xense sound card and a special edition of the Sennheiser PC350 headset.<ref name="Xonar Xense">{{cite web |last=ASUS |first=Official Websiteq |title=Xonar Xense |url=http://www.asus.com/Multimedia/Audio_Cards/Xonar_Xense/#overview |publisher=ASUS |access-date=3 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930014011/http://www.asus.com/Multimedia/Audio_Cards/Xonar_Xense/#overview |archive-date=30 September 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Xonar Xense News">{{cite news |last=ASUS |first=Official Website |title=ASUS Covers all the Multimedia Bases at Computex 2010 |url=http://www.asus.com/News/GeR9KPwbVlLkbCqw/ |access-date=3 October 2011 |date=June 2010 |archive-date=4 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130504041116/http://www.asus.com/News/GeR9KPwbVlLkbCqw/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In August 2010, Asus released the Xonar DG sound card targeted at budget buyers and offering 5.1 surround sound support, 105{{nbsp}}dB SNR rating, support for Dolby headphone and GX 2.5 support for emulating EAX 5.0 technology.<ref name="Xonar DG">{{cite news |last=ASUS |first=Official Website |title=ASUS Unveils the Xonar DG Gaming Sound Card |url=http://www.asus.com/News/89GMZGutFh7FVqhq/ |access-date=3 October 2011 |date=August 2010 |archive-date=5 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505144702/http://www.asus.com/News/89GMZGutFh7FVqhq/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Xonar DG Specs">{{cite web |last=ASUS |first=Official Website |title=Xonar DG Hear all, dominate all! |url=http://www.asus.com/Multimedia/Audio_Cards/Xonar_DG/#specifications |publisher=ASUS |access-date=3 October 2011 |archive-date=30 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930025134/http://www.asus.com/Multimedia/Audio_Cards/Xonar_DG/#specifications |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Asus Vivo PC line ===
Asus entered the box-PC market with the Vivo PC line in November 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://press.asus.com/events/ASUS-vivo-pc.php |title=The ASUS Innovation Showcase at COMPUTEX 2013 |access-date=13 February 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007093439/http://press.asus.com/events/asus-vivo-pc.php |archive-date=7 October 2013 }}</ref> Asus Vivo PCs come without a pre-installed Windows operating system.

On 23 October 2013, Asus launched two models of VivoPCs in India.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.evyush.in/system/ASUS-launches-vivopc-mini-desktop-india-starts-rs-20550/1639/ |title = ASUS launches VivoPC mini desktop in India – starts at Rs. 20,550 |website = Evyush.in |date = 23 October 2013 |access-date = 23 February 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170223211936/http://www.evyush.in/system/ASUS-launches-vivopc-mini-desktop-india-starts-rs-20550/1639/ |archive-date = 23 February 2017 |url-status = dead |df = dmy-all }}</ref> VivoPC was initially announced with Intel Celeron processor equipped VM40B model. But in India, the company released VivoPC along with a new model called VC60 which is equipped with Intel Core series processors.<ref>{{cite web|title=VivoPC VC60 {{!}} Desktop|url=https://www.asus.com/Commercial-Desktop/VivoPC_VC60/|access-date=27 January 2021|website=ASUS Global|archive-date=4 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304220802/https://www.asus.com/Commercial-Desktop/VivoPC_VC60/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Portable monitors ===
In 2013, Asus released the MB168B, a USB 3.0-powered, portable external monitor. The base model shipped with a resolution of {{resx|1366x768}}, while the MB168B+ had a resolution of {{resx|1920x1080}}.<ref name="MB168B">{{cite web | url=https://www.asus.com/us/Monitors/MB168BPlus/ | title=MB168B+ {{pipe}} Monitors | access-date=30 July 2015 | archive-date=4 September 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904073229/http://www.asus.com/us/Monitors/MB168BPlus/ | url-status=live }}</ref> At the time of its release, the MB168B+ was the only 1080p portable monitor. According to Asus, it is the "world's slimmest and lightest USB monitor".<ref name="MB168B" />

=== Desktop monitors ===
* ROG Swift OLED PG27UCDM( 4K, 27", QD-OLED, 240Hz ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASUS ROG Swift OLED PG27UCDM Review |url=https://www.rtings.com/monitor/reviews/asus/rog-swift-oled-pg27ucdm |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=RTINGS.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-30 |title=Asus ROG Swift PG27UCDM Review: The OLED Gaming Monitor to Beat |url=https://www.pcmag.com/reviews/asus-rog-swift-pg27ucdm?test_uuid=04IpBmWGZleS0I0J3epvMrC&test_variant=B |access-date=2026-01-20 |website=PCMAG |language=en}}</ref>
* ROG Swift OLED PG32UCDM
* ROG Swift OLED PG27AQDP
* ROG Swift OLED PG27AQDM
* ROG Swift OLED PG42UQ
* ROG Swift OLED PG48UQ
* ROG Swift PG279QM (2560x1440, 240 Hz, IPS)
* ROG Swift PG27AQN (2560x1440, 360 Hz, IPS)
* ROG Swift PG279Q<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/10/17655110/asus-rog-swift-pg279q-review-editors-choice |title=Editor's Choice: Asus ROG Swift PG279Q gaming monitor |last=Byford |first=Sam |date=10 August 2018 |website=[[The Verge]] |access-date=7 October 2018 |archive-date=7 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007223054/https://www.theverge.com/2018/8/10/17655110/asus-rog-swift-pg279q-review-editors-choice |url-status=live }}</ref>
* ROG Swift PG348Q
* ROG Swift PG35VQ<ref>{{cite web|title=ROG SWIFT PG35VQ|url=https://www.asus.com/Monitors/ROG-SWIFT-PG35VQ/|website=ASUS Global|access-date=17 January 2018|archive-date=17 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117195306/https://www.asus.com/Monitors/ROG-SWIFT-PG35VQ/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* ROG Swift PB27UQ
* ROG Strix XG27AQ
* ROG Strix XG27AQM
* ROG Strix XG27AQMR
* ROG Strix XG27AQV
* MX34VQ
* VZ279Q

=== Motherboards===
[[File:Q-connector.jpg|thumb|Q-Connector]]
Asus motherboards sometimes include a '''Q-Connector''' which sits in between the [[motherboard]] front panel connectors and the front panel cables. The Q-Connector is marked with bigger text than the front panel connectors on the motherboard, as well as protruding from the motherboard, limiting obstruction from [[Heat sink|heatsinks]] and other connectors.<ref>{{cite web|title = Q-Connector|url = http://event.asus.com/2012/mb/tco_qr/pages/SuperiorDesign/Q-Connector.html|website = event.asus.com|access-date = 30 January 2016|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171219082825/http://event.asus.com/2012/mb/tco_qr/pages/SuperiorDesign/Q-Connector.html|archive-date = 19 December 2017|url-status = dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1makOxMl4ioC&pg=PA230|title=Building the Perfect PC|publisher="O'Reilly Media, Inc."|access-date=8 February 2022|archive-date=11 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111050448/https://books.google.com/books?id=1makOxMl4ioC&pg=PA230|url-status=live}}</ref>

The Q-connector allows the many front-panel connections to be removed as a single unit for maintenance. This greatly reduces the risk of incorrect connections when reassembling.<ref>Robert Bruce Thompson, Barbara Fritchman Thompson, ''Building the Perfect PC''. p. 230, O'Reilly Media, 2006 {{isbn|0596526865}}.</ref>

== Other initiatives ==
=== Esports ===
Asus ROG has been an active advocate for [[esports]], having established some of their very own professional gaming teams.<ref>{{cite web|title=ROG Esports Team??ESPORT-TEAMS|url=https://rog.asus.com/esport-teams/|access-date=31 January 2021|website=ROG Esports Team??ESPORT-TEAMS|archive-date=28 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128114128/https://rog.asus.com/esport-teams/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2021, ROG announced the establishment of a new esports academy in [[India]], with plans to scout and train professional gamers for the [[Counter-Strike: Global Offensive]] (CS:GO) PC game.<ref>{{cite web|last=Daniel|first=Joshua|title=ASUS ROG launches esports academy in India; scouting for CS: GO players – MEGPlay|work=MEGPlay |date=31 January 2021|url=https://megplay.com/asus-rog-esports-academy/|access-date=31 January 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416071823/https://megplay.com/asus-rog-esports-academy/|url-status=live}}</ref> The initiative will provide shortlisted gamers with coaching, gaming equipment, and [[stipend]]s to prepare them for competitive [[Esports|esports tournaments]] on both the national and international levels.<ref>{{cite web|title=Asus Is Looking for Gamers in India for E-Sports Training Programme|url=https://gadgets.ndtv.com/games/news/asus-rog-academy-programme-company-executive-shares-insight-recruitment-afk-gaming-esports-2360148|access-date=31 January 2021|website=NDTV Gadgets 360|date=31 January 2021 |archive-date=31 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131131126/https://gadgets.ndtv.com/games/news/asus-rog-academy-programme-company-executive-shares-insight-recruitment-afk-gaming-esports-2360148|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Environmental record ==
=== GreenAsus ===
In 2000, Asus launched GreenAsus,<ref>{{cite web |url = http://green.asus.com/english |title = Green ASUS |publisher = Green ASUS |access-date = 1 June 2010 |archive-date = 22 August 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090822083917/http://green.asus.com/english/ |url-status = live }}</ref> a company-wide sustainable computing initiative overseen by a steering committee led by Jonney Shih, the Chairman of Asus. According to the company, Asus pursues green policies in "Design, Procurement, Manufacturing, and Marketing."<ref>{{cite web
|title=ASUS Conferred World's First EuP Certification for Portable Notebooks for Its N Series Notebooks
|url=http://green.asus.com/english/default.aspx?page=post&IDno=97&nkind=news
|publisher=ASUS
|year=2008
|access-date=28 March 2009
|quote=Green ASUS – which was initiated in 2000, pursues the "Four Green Home Runs" in the design and production of notebooks, namely: Design, Procurement, Manufacturing, and Service and Marketing.
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220210114/http://green.asus.com/english/default.aspx?page=post&IDno=97&nKind=news
|archive-date=20 February 2009
|url-status=dead

}}</ref>

=== Recognition ===
In 2006, Asus obtained IECQ (IEC Quality Assessment System for Electronic Components) and HSPM (Hazardous Substance Process Management) certification for its headquarters and all of its manufacturing sites.<ref name="gms">{{cite web |url = http://green.asus.com/english/default.aspx?page=postl1&Idno=3 |title = GreenASUS Management System |year=2009|work=Official website|publisher=ASUSTeK Computer Inc.|access-date = 27 November 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080803042054/http://green.asus.com/english/default.aspx?page=postl1&Idno=3 |archive-date = 3 August 2008}}</ref>

In 2007, Oekom Research, an independent research institute specializing in corporate responsibility assessment, recognized Asus as a "highly environmental friendly company" in the "Computers, Peripherals and Office Electronics Industry".<ref name="greennews">{{cite web |url = http://green.asus.com/english/default.aspx?page=news |title = GreenASUS News and Awards|year=2009 |work=Official website |publisher=ASUSTeK Computer Inc. |access-date=27 November 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080803092057/http://green.asus.com/english/default.aspx?page=news |archive-date = 3 August 2008}}</ref>

In October 2008, Asus received 11 Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool ([[EPEAT]]) Gold Awards for its products,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epeat.net/|title=EPEAT Registry|website=www.epeat.net|access-date=16 February 2009|archive-date=19 February 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219180024/http://www.epeat.net/|url-status=live}}</ref> including four of its N-Series notebooks, namely the N10, N20, N50, and N80. In the following month, it received [[Ecolabel#EU Ecolabel|EU Flower]] certification for the same N-Series notebooks at an award ceremony held in Prague.<ref name=greennews/> In December 2008, [[Det Norske Veritas]] conferred the world's first EuP (Energy-using Product) certification for portable notebooks on these machines.<ref name=greennews/>

=== Recycling campaign ===
In April 2008, Asus launched its "PC Recycling for a Brighter Future"<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pcworld.about.com/od/officehardware/ASUS-Intel-Team-up-for-PC-Rec.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110815154436/http://pcworld.about.com/od/officehardware/ASUS-Intel-Team-up-for-PC-Rec.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 August 2011 |title=ASUS, Intel Team up for PC Recycling in Taiwan |publisher=Pcworld.about.com |date=22 April 2008 |access-date=1 June 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://recycling.asus.com/ASUSRecycle/PageContentShow.aspx?page=AboutSite |title = ASUS Recycle |publisher = Asus |access-date = 1 June 2010 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100806003137/http://recycling.asus.com/AsusRecycle/PageContentShow.aspx?page=AboutSite |archive-date = 6 August 2010 |df = dmy-all }}</ref> program in collaboration with Intel and with Tsann Kuen Enterprise Co. The program collected more than 1,200 desktop computers, notebooks and CRT/[[LCD]] monitors, refurbished them and donated them to 122 elementary and junior high schools, five aboriginal communities and the [[Tzu Chi]] Stem Cell Center.

== Controversies ==
In September 2008, ''[[PC Pro]]'' discovered through a reader that Asus had accidentally shipped laptops that contained cracked and unlicensed software.<ref>{{cite web |first=Barry |last=Collins |title = ASUS ships software cracker on recovery DVD |url = http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/224892/ASUS-ships-software-cracker-on-recovery-dvd.html |work=PC Pro |publisher=Dennis Publishing |date=17 September 2008 |access-date=21 June 2009 |quote = The startling discovery was made by a PC Pro reader whose antivirus software was triggered by a key cracker for the WinRAR compression software, which was located on the recovery DVD for his ASUS laptop. |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090627154147/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/224892/ASUS-ships-software-cracker-on-recovery-dvd.html |archive-date= 27 June 2009 |url-status = live}}</ref> Both physical machines and recovery CDs contained confidential documents from [[Microsoft]] and other organizations, internal Asus documents, and sensitive personal information including [[curriculum vitae|CVs]]. At the time, an Asus spokesperson promised an investigation at "quite a high level", but declined to comment on how the files got on the machines and recovery media.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/224892/ASUS-ships-software-cracker-on-recovery-dvd.html |title = News: ASUS ships software cracker on recovery DVD |publisher = PC Pro |date = 17 September 2008 |access-date = 1 June 2010 |archive-date = 27 June 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090627154147/http://www.pcpro.co.uk/news/224892/ASUS-ships-software-cracker-on-recovery-dvd.html |url-status = live }}</ref> It was demonstrated that an unattended installation of Windows Vista could accidentally copy material from a flash drive with a parameter in the "unattend.xml" file on the personal flash drive being used to script the installation.<ref>{{cite web |first=Anthony |last=Cargile |title = ASUS Recovery DVD scandal: How it happened |url = http://thecoffeedesk.com/news/index.php/2008/09/20/ASUS-recovery-dvd-scandal-how-it-happened/ |work=The Coffee Desk |date=20 September 2008 |access-date = 18 February 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110108213957/http://thecoffeedesk.com/news/index.php/2008/09/20/ASUS-recovery-dvd-scandal-how-it-happened/ |archive-date = 8 January 2011 |url-status= dead}}</ref>{{unreliable source?|date=May 2019}}

In February 2014, a security vulnerability in the AiCloud functions on a number of Asus routers was compromised to distribute a text file warning of a vulnerability, disclosed in June 2013, allowing the ability to "traverse to any external storage plugged in through the USB ports on the back of the router" via the open internet. Before making the vulnerability public, the researcher was told by Asus that the behavior was "not an issue", but the vulnerability was reportedly patched shortly before the breach.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/02/dear-asus-router-user-youve-been-pwned-thanks-to-easily-exploited-flaw/|title=Dear Asus router user: You've been pwned, thanks to easily exploited flaw|last=Goodin|first=Dan|date=17 February 2014|website=Ars Technica|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517153656/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2014/02/dear-asus-router-user-youve-been-pwned-thanks-to-easily-exploited-flaw/|url-status=live}}</ref> The IP addresses of 12,937 routers, and 3,131 AiCloud accounts were also leaked by the hackers.<ref name=":0" /> The U.S. [[Federal Trade Commission]] issued a complaint about the breach for the company's "failure to employ reasonable security practices has subjected consumers to substantial injury", alleging that Asus had also failed to perform basic [[penetration test]]s, allowed users to maintain a default admin password for the AiDisk feature and failed to notify users of security updates in a timely fashion. As a result, it was also deemed that Asus had [[False advertising|misled consumers]] over the security and protection that its routers provided. In February 2016, Asus settled the complaint, agreeing to implement a "comprehensive security program", including independent audits every two years for the next 20 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/02/asus-lawsuit-puts-entire-industry-on-notice-over-shoddy-router-security/|title=Asus lawsuit puts entire industry on notice over shoddy router security|last=Goodin|first=Dan|date=23 February 2016|website=Ars Technica|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517153654/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2016/02/asus-lawsuit-puts-entire-industry-on-notice-over-shoddy-router-security/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/asus-hit-by-ftc-with-20-year-audit-for-bungled-router-security/|title=ASUS hit by FTC with 20-year audit for bungled router security|last=Tung|first=Liam|website=ZDNet|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=1 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401054357/https://www.zdnet.com/article/asus-hit-by-ftc-with-20-year-audit-for-bungled-router-security/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Anchor|ShadowHammer}}
In March 2019, [[Kaspersky Lab]] researchers disclosed a [[supply chain attack]] that affected the Asus Live Update software bundled on its laptops, dubbed '''ShadowHammer'''. Kaspersky stated that between June and November 2018, Asus servers had been compromised to distribute a modified version of Live Update, signed with an Asus [[digital signature|signature]], that contained a [[Backdoor (computing)|backdoor]]. It deployed a further payload if the device's network adapter matched an entry on an internal target list of around 600 [[MAC address]]es. In response to ShadowHammer, Asus released a patched version of Live Update with improved security measures. Kaspersky and Symantec estimated that between 500,000 and 1 million devices were infected with the backdoor, although Asus attempted to downplay the severity of the breach by noting the extremely targeted nature of the attack. The breach did not affect the similar, identically named software associated with its motherboards.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/asus-unwittingly-pushed-out-malware-to-57000-pcs-security-firm-says/|title=Asus downplays reach of Live Update hack, issues a fix in latest version|last=Lilly|first=Paul|date=26 March 2019|magazine=PC Gamer|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326175751/https://www.pcgamer.com/asus-unwittingly-pushed-out-malware-to-57000-pcs-security-firm-says/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.extremetech.com/internet/288283-asus-update-servers-pushed-malware-to-hundreds-of-thousands-of-pcs|title=Asus Live Update Pushed Malware to 1 Million PCs|website=ExtremeTech|date=25 March 2019 |access-date=26 March 2019|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326122148/https://www.extremetech.com/internet/288283-asus-update-servers-pushed-malware-to-hundreds-of-thousands-of-pcs|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/asus-releases-fix-for-live-update-tool-abused-in-shadowhammer-attack/|title=ASUS releases fix for Live Update tool abused in ShadowHammer attack|last=Cimpanu|first=Catalin|website=ZDNet|access-date=26 March 2019|archive-date=26 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326175751/https://www.zdnet.com/article/asus-releases-fix-for-live-update-tool-abused-in-shadowhammer-attack/|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{Anchor|Plead}}
In April 2019, [[ESET]] disclosed that a group known as BlackTech had performed targeted attacks with malware known as Plead, distributed via the updater for the Asus WebStorage service. ESET stated that the group was likely using a [[man-in-the-middle attack]] via a vulnerability in routers, in combination with the updater using an unencrypted [[Hypertext Transfer Protocol|HTTP]] connection.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/05/asus-cloud-service-abused-to-install-backdoor-on-pcs/|title=Hackers abuse ASUS cloud service to install backdoor on users' PCs|last=Goodin|first=Dan|date=16 May 2019|website=Ars Technica|access-date=17 May 2019|archive-date=17 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517155627/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/05/asus-cloud-service-abused-to-install-backdoor-on-pcs/|url-status=live}}</ref>

In January 2022, Asus recalled some of its [[LGA 1700|Z690]] Maximus Hero motherboards due to a manufacturing flaw, where a RAM [[capacitor]] was installed backward—causing them to burn out associated [[MOSFET]]s and prevent the motherboard from detecting memory.<ref>{{cite web|last=Cunningham|first=Andrew|date=3 January 2022|title=Backwards capacitor causes fiery failure for some high-end Asus motherboards|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/backwards-capacitor-causes-fiery-failure-for-some-high-end-asus-motherboards/|access-date=3 January 2022|website=Ars Technica|archive-date=3 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220103213235/https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2022/01/backwards-capacitor-causes-fiery-failure-for-some-high-end-asus-motherboards/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine|Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022]], Asus initially refused to join a widespread withdrawal of businesses from the Russian market. In mid-March, the company did announce it was halting its operations in Russia, following a social media boycott and government pressure.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 March 2022 |title=Taiwan's ASUS says Russia shipments at a halt, after Ukraine urges exit |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taiwan-says-asus-will-evacuate-russia-after-ukraine-urges-exit-2022-03-14/ |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=channelnews : ASUS Bows To Pressure Pulls Out Of Supplying Russia, But Not Lenovo |url=https://www.channelnews.com.au/asus-pull-out-of-supplying-russia-but-not-lenovo/ |access-date=19 April 2022}}</ref>

In May 2023, Asus removed an application which was used to unlock the bootloader of their ROG and Zenfone phone lineup. While previously phones like the Zenfone 9 and ROG phone 7 were previously unlockable, the access to the application was removed, while Asus Support claimed it was "under maintenance", and after user workarounds, which used Asus servers to unlock the phone without the official Asus application, the servers were subsequently shut down.<ref>{{Cite news |date=13 November 2023 |title=You still cannot bootloader unlock and root the ASUS Zenfone 10 |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/asus-zenfone-10-bootloader-unlock-root-impossible-3384936/ |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref>While the Zenfone 10 was never bootloader unlockable, it was still advertised as such, and Asus promised consumers, that the tool would be available again at certain vague deadlines over and over, until they finally admitted, that the bootloader will not be unlockable anymore. There was a large outrage amongst enthusiasts, because it limited their usage for the phone as Asus offers only two years of software support on their phones. Many attempted to return their product or sell it. There was even a lawsuit in the UK because of the broken promise of an unlockable bootloader, in which Asus lost.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 April 2024 |title=ASUS refunds Zenfone buyer for failing to provide bootloader unlock tools as promised |url=https://www.androidauthority.com/asus-bootloader-unlock-settlement-3431818/ |access-date=10 November 2025}}</ref>

In April 2023, a post on the PCMasterRace [[subreddit]] began gaining popularity regarding the user's AMD [[Ryzen 7000|Ryzen 7 7800X3D]] CPU, which had visible burning, along with the [[CPU socket|socket]] of the Asus motherboard.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |author1=Anton Shilov |date=22 April 2023 |title=Users Report Ryzen 7000X3D Chips Burning Out |url=https://www.tomshardware.com/news/amd-ryzen-7000x3d-burnout-reports |access-date=18 May 2023 |website=Tom's Hardware}}</ref> This sparked the attention of both people interested in PCs, who initially thought it was an issue with the 3D V-Cache Technology (as there had been previous user reports similar to this incident),<ref name=":1" /> as well as enthusiast YouTube channels such as Gamers Nexus, who ran tests to successfully recreate the burning of their CPU.<ref name=":2">{{Citation |title=We Exploded the AMD Ryzen 7 7800X3D & Melted the Motherboard | date=29 April 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kiTngvvD5dI |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref> They realised that the cause of the burning was due to a voltage error in the BIOS. In May, Asus responded to the incidents by releasing a [[Beta software|Beta]] BIOS, which was supposed to fix the error. However, not only did the new BIOS not fix the issue; by installing it, the user voided their warranty as it was a Beta BIOS, which Asus clearly stated in the BIOS's description.<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Citation |title=The Truth About AMD's CPU Failures: X-Ray, Electron Microscope, & Ryzen Burns | date=9 May 2023 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFNi3YNJXbY |access-date=18 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Connatser |first1=Matthew |title=Asus in hot water in the midst of Ryzen 7000 malfunctions and warranty coverage |url=https://www.xda-developers.com/asus-ryzen-7000-motherboard-malfunction-warranty/ |website=XDA Developers |access-date=17 June 2023 |date=15 May 2023}}</ref> Later that month, Asus responded to the public backlash by reversing course, releasing a statement informing users that they will continue to honor warranty on motherboards that have been updated to beta BIOS versions, as well as extend motherboard warranty coverage to uses of [[AMD EXPO]], [[Intel XMP]], and [[DOCP]] memory overclocking technologies.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Norem |first1=Josh |title=Asus Reverses Course, Says Warranty Will Cover AM5 EXPO Settings, Beta BIOS Usage |url=https://www.extremetech.com/computing/asus-reverses-course-says-warranty-will-cover-am5-expo-settings-beta-bios |website=ExtremeTech |access-date=17 June 2023 |date=16 May 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Ridley |first1=Jacob |title=Asus extends AM5 motherboard warranty to cover beta BIOSes and memory overclocking presets |url=https://www.pcgamer.com/asus-extends-am5-motherboard-warranty-to-cover-beta-bioses-and-memory-overclocking-presets/ |website=PC Gamer |access-date=17 June 2023 |date=16 May 2023}}</ref>

In May 2024, hardware reviewer ''Gamers Nexus'' sent a [[ROG Ally]] in for warranty repair due to a faulty thumbstick. Asus denied the warranty repair, claiming that the thumbstick issue was due to "customer-induced damage". Furthermore, Asus demanded a repair fee of US$191.47 for replacement of the LCD panel and the top case because of a "small mark" on the casing, despite it not being related to the original issue that the device was sent in under warranty for. Asus also stated that it would send the device back to Gamers Nexus in a "disassembled state" if it did not pay the repair fee.<ref name="NBC-RA-C">{{cite web |last1=van der Merwe |first1=Julian |title=Asus warranty déjà vu for broken ROG Ally thumb stick — YouTuber catches Asus attempting to dodge repair request over "tiny" mark |url=https://www.notebookcheck.net/Asus-warranty-deja-vu-for-broken-ROG-Ally-thumb-stick-YouTuber-catches-Asus-attempting-to-dodge-repair-request-over-tiny-mark.836191.0.html |website=NotebookCheck.net |access-date=27 May 2024 |date=12 May 2024}}</ref> Several days later, Asus honoured the warranty and performed the repair of the original issue under pressure from Gamers Nexus,<ref name="NBC-RA-C" /> as well as subsequently apologised for the poor service.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kan |first1=Michael |title=Asus Apologizes for Heavily Criticized Warranty and Return Service |url=https://www.pcmag.com/news/asus-apologizes-for-heavily-criticized-warranty-and-return-service |website=PCMAG |access-date=27 May 2024 |date=16 May 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Thubron |first1=Rob |title=Asus issues apology, promises changes after RMA and repair cost outrage |url=https://www.techspot.com/news/103038-asus-issues-apology-promises-changes-after-rma-repair.html |website=TechSpot |access-date=27 May 2024 |date=17 May 2024}}</ref>

Since August 2025, over 14,000 ASUS routers have been infected by KadNap [[malware]] in order to carry out cyberattacks worldwide,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-13 |title=Criminals hijack thousands of devices to create never-before-seen cyber weapon |url=https://www.the-independent.com/tech/security/cyber-weapon-kadnap-botnet-hijack-malware-b2937703.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> according to [[Lumen gentium|Lumen]]'s Black Lotus Labs. The malware evades traditional network monitoring by using a custom version of the [[Kademlia]] [[Distributed hash table|DHT]] protocol to conceal the malware's IP address. Over 60% of the infected devices are located in the US.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lakshmanan |first=Ravie |date=2026-03-10 |title=KadNap Malware Infects 14,000+ Edge Devices to Power Stealth Proxy Botnet |url=http://thehackernews.com/2026/03/kadnap-malware-infects-14000-edge.html |access-date=2026-03-13 |website=The Hacker News}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Taiwan|Companies|Technology}}
* [[AAEON]]
* [[ASMedia]]
* [[ASRock]]
* [[Biostar]]
* [[DFI]]
* [[Elitegroup Computer Systems]]
* [[EVGA Corporation]]
* [[Fastra II]]
* [[Gigabyte Technology]]
* [[Micro-Star International]]
* [[List of companies of Taiwan]]
* [[List of wireless router firmware projects]]
* [[PEGATRON]]
* [[Tomato (firmware)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category inline}}
* {{Official website}}

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Khatri

2026-03-15T23:49:23Z

Maxlogistic: General cleanup and content improvements

{{Short description|Caste in South Asia}}
{{distinguish|Chhetri}}
{{other uses|Khatri (surname)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{pp-move}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2024}}
{{infobox caste
|caste_name = Khatri
|image = A Khattri nobleman, in 'Kitab-i tasrih al-aqvam' by Col. James Skinner, aka Sikandar (1778-1841).jpg
|caption = Khatri nobleman in ''Kitab-i Tasrih al-Aqvam'' by [[James Skinner (soldier)|James Skinner]] (1778–1841)
|religions = '''Majority''': [[Hinduism]] '''Minority''': [[Sikhism]], [[Islam]]
|languages = Major: [[Lahnda]] variety of [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] ([[Potohari]], [[Hindko]], [[Saraiki language|Multani/Saraiki]])<ref name="pl">{{Cite book|last1=Dīwānā|first1=Mohana Siṅgha Ubarāi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gxA3AAAAIAAJ&q=khatris+hindko|title=A History of Panjabi Literature (1100-1932): A Brief Study of Reactions Between Panjabi Life and Letters Based Largely on Important MSS & Rare and Select Representative Published Works, with a New Supplement|last2=Uberoi|first2=Mohan Singh|date=1971|publisher=Sadasiva Prakashan; selling agents, Bharat Prakashan|language=en}}</ref><ref name="id"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=25 September 2016|title=Blame caste for Pakistan's violent streak, not faith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/aakarvani/blame-caste-for-pakistans-violent-streak-not-faith/|access-date=17 September 2021|website=Times of India|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Wagha 1990 6–7">{{Cite book |last=Wagha |first=Ahsan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IOljAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Siraiki+language+:+its+growth+and+development. |title=The Siraiki Language: Its Growth and Development |date=1990 |publisher=Dderawar Publications |pages=6–7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Fenech|first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&dq=The+term+is+typically+used+dismissively+by+Jats+to+express+opprobrium+towards+Sikhs+of+these+castes.+Until+recently+it+was+never+used+in+polite+company+or+print%2C+but+today+the+word+is+used+quite+openly&pg=PA67 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H.|date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|language=en}}</ref> Minor: [[Hindi]], [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Kangri language|Kangri]], [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]],<ref>{{cite book |author=K.S. Singh|title=People of India: A–G.|volume=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jHQMAQAAMAAJ&q=brahman-khatri|publisher=Oxford University. Press |year=1998|isbn=978-0-19563-354-2|page=3285}}</ref> [[Pashto]], [[Urdu]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Christine Everaert|title=Tracing the Boundaries Between Hindi and Urdu: Lost and Added in Translation Between 20th Century Short Stories|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LqZ-6QRKc7wC&pg=PA259|year=1996 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004177314|pages=259}}</ref> [[Kutchi language|Kutchi]]
|country = [[India]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Afghanistan]]
|region = [[Punjab]], [[Sindh]], [[Delhi]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]],<ref>{{cite book |author=A. H. Advani |title=The India Magazine of Her People and Culture|volume=16 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cAluAAAAMAAJ&q=khatris+delhi |year=1995|publisher=the University of Michigan|pages=56–58}}</ref> [[Himachal Pradesh]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hesse |first1=Klaus |title=No reciprocation? Wife-givers and wife-takers and the bartan of the samskara among the Khatris of Mandi, Himachal Pradesh |journal=Contributions to Indian Sociology |date=May 1996 |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=109–140 |doi=10.1177/006996679603000105 |s2cid=53703281 |issn=0069-9667|url=http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?gs-1/13005 }}</ref> [[Haryana]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Kiran Prem|title=Haryana District Gazetteers: Ambala|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IFXRAAAAMAAJ&q=khatris |year=1970|publisher=Haryana Gazetteers Organization|page=42}}</ref> [[Gujarat]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Satish Chandra |last=Misra|title=Muslim communities in Gujarat: preliminary studies their history and social organization |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H1k1AQAAIAAJ&q=khatris|year=1964|publisher=Asia Pub. House|page=97}}</ref> [[Maharashtra]],<ref name="Dandekar19512">{{cite book|author1=Irawati Karve|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uLc0AAAAIAAJ|title=Anthropometric Measurements of Mahārāṣhṭra|author2=Vishnu Mahadeo Dandekar|publisher=Deccan College Postgraduate and Research Institute, Pune|year=1951|quote=(Pg 16) Group I. Castes which follow various professions like teachers, doctors, clerks, pleaders, engineers etc:-All Brahmins, Non Brahmins: Kayastha Prabhu, Pathare Prabhu, Pathare Kshatriya, Khatri, Vaishya Vani (pg 29) Castes called Khatris are found in Gujarat Karnataka and Maharashtra. This sample represents the Marathi speaking khatris who claim to have living near the Bombay island for the last century at least. Khatris are found in other towns in the west maratha countries their hereditary profession is said to be that of silk weavers and merchants. Now they have entered into all services like clerks, teachers and higher administrative jobs and also follow professions like law and medicine.....}}</ref> [[Uttar Pradesh]]
|population=
}}

'''Khatri''' ({{ipa|pa|kʰət̪ɾiː|ipa}}) is a [[caste system in India|caste]] originating from the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] and [[Majha]] areas of [[Punjab]] region<ref>{{Citation |last=Sarkar |first=Natasha |title=Glossary |date=19 April 2024 |work=The Last Great Plague of Colonial India |pages=219–222 |url=https://academic.oup.com/book/56235/chapter/444639909 |access-date= |edition=1 |place=Oxford |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |language=en |doi=10.1093/9780191986406.003.0012 |isbn=978-0-19-198640-6 |quote= Khatri: A predominantly merchant and trading community that originated from the [[Malwa (Punjab)|Malwa]] and [[Majha]] areas in the [[Punjab]]|url-access=subscription }} {{cite journal |author1=H. Singh Syan |title=Khatrīs and Aroṛās |journal=Encyclopedia of Sikhism Online |date=2017 |doi=10.1163/2589-2118_beso_com_031682 |url=https://doi.org/10.1163/2589-2118_BESO_COM_031682 |publisher=Brill |language=en|quote=|url-access=subscription }} {{Cite book |last=Bowker |first=John |date=2003 |title=Khatrī |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100035777 |access-date=29 April 2024 |publisher=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions |language=en |isbn=9780191727221 |quote=}} {{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Pashaura |date=2019 |title=Khatrī |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001/acref-9780191831874-e-192 |access-date= |website=A Dictionary of Sikh Studies |publisher=Oxford University Press |language=en |doi=10.1093/acref/9780191831874.001.0001 |isbn=9780191831874 |quote=}} {{Cite book |last=Levi |first=Scott Cameron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niuDjwEACAAJ |title=Caravans: Punjabi Khatri Merchants on the Silk Road |date=2016 |publisher=Portfolio Penguin |isbn=978-0-14-342616-5 |language=en|page=4}}</ref> of the [[Indian Subcontinent]] that is predominantly found in [[India]], and in small numbers in [[Pakistan]]. The Khatris claim they are warriors who took to trade.<ref name="McLeod_AtoZ"/> In the [[Indian subcontinent]], they were mostly engaged in mercantile professions such as banking and trade.<ref name="Lorenzen199522">{{cite book |author=Mark Juergensmayer|title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action|date=1 January 1995|publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6|editor=David N. Lorenzen |page=86 |chapter=The social significance of Radhasoami|quote=In the past members of such castes such as Khatris served as shopkeepers, moneylenders, traders and teachers. Their reputation for mastering knowledge sometimes extended to the spiritual realm: Guru Nanak and the other nine founding gurus of the sikh tradition were Khatris, member of the Bedi subcaste.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC&pg=PA86}}</ref><ref name="Brass3">{{cite book|author=Tom Brass |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VXlACwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96 |title=Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates |publisher=Routledge |year=2016 |isbn=9781317827351 |page=96 |quote=For the role of the khatri caste as village moneylender, shopkeeper and grain-dealer in pre-Independence Punjab, see ...}}</ref><ref name="ip">{{Cite book |last=Eaton |first=Richard Maxwell |author-link=Richard M. Eaton |title=India in the Persianate age, 1000-1765 |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-520-97423-4 |location=UK |pages=349, 347, 381 |oclc=1088599361}}</ref> They were the dominant commercial and financial administration class of late-medieval India.<ref name="ip"/> Some in Punjab often belonged to hereditary agriculturalist land-holding lineages,<ref name="Oldenburg 2002 41, 15422"/><ref>{{Cite book |last=Dhawan |first=Purnima |title=Oxford Handbook of the Mughal World |publisher=Oxford Library Press |year=2020 |isbn=9780190222659}}</ref> while others were engaged in artisanal occupations such as silk production and weaving.<ref name="SinghIndia19982">{{cite book |author1=Singh |first=Kumar Suresh |author-link=Kumar Suresh Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ |title=India's Communities |author2=Anthropological Survey of India |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2 |page=1730 |quote=The traditional and present-day occupation of the Khatri is silk and cotton weaving, colouring, dyeing of threads and making jari and garlands. Some of them are engaged in other occupations like business and government jobs}}</ref><ref name="GillowBarnard20082">{{cite book|author1=John Gillow|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=647rAAAAMAAJ |title=Indian Textiles |author2=Nicholas Barnard|publisher=Thames & Hudson|year=2008|isbn=978-0-500-51432-0|page=222|quote=KHATRI A caste of professional dyers}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Subramaniam |first1=Lakshmi |title=The Political Economy of Textiles in Western India: Weavers, Merchants and the transition to a Colonial Economy |journal=How India Clothed the World |date=2009 |pages=253–280 |doi=10.1163/ej.9789004176539.i-490.71 |isbn=9789004176539 |url=https://www.lse.ac.uk/Economic-History/Assets/Documents/Research/GEHN/GEHNConferences/conf8/PUNESubramanian.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Barendse20092">{{cite book|author=R. J. Barendse|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_qvq9dN8j5MC&pg=PA164|title=Arabian Seas, 1700-1763|publisher=M.E. Sharpe |year=2009|isbn=978-0-7656-3364-4|pages=164–|quote=The silk trade between Bengal and Gujarat was a domain of Khatri merchants, for example.}}</ref>

The Khatris of Punjab, specifically, were [[scribe]]s and traders during the medieval period, with the [[Gurmukhi|Gurumukhi]] script used in writing the [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] language deriving from a standardised form of the [[Lahnda|Lāṇḍa]] script used by Khatri traders;<ref>{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=2009-07-24 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |pages=82 |language=en}}</ref> the invention of the script is traditionally ascribed to [[Guru Angad]]. During the medieval period, with the rise of Persian as an elite vernacular due to Islamic rule, some of the traditional high status [[Forward caste|upper-caste]] literate elite<ref>{{Cite book |last=King |first=Christopher Rolland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B8RjAAAAMAAJ |title=One Language, Two Scripts: The Hindi Movement in Nineteenth Century North India |date=1999 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-565112-6 |pages=10 |language=en |quote=Three Hindu communities had particularly strong ties with Persian and Urdu, namely the Kayasths, Kashmiri Brahmins and Khatris. Two of the three - Kayasths and Khatris could claim a high status among their fellow Hindus, while the third, Kashmiri Brahmins - ranked among the highest of the Brahmin castes.}}</ref> such as the Khatris, [[Kashmiri Pandits|Kashmiri Brahmins]] and [[Kayastha]]s took readily to learning Persian from the times of [[Sikandar Khan Lodi|Sikandar Lodi]] onwards and found ready employment in the Imperial Services, specifically in the departments of accountancy (siyaq), draftsmanship (insha) and offices of the revenue minister ([[Dewan|diwan]]).<ref name="Pollock200323">{{cite book |author=Alam |first=Muzaffar |author-link=Muzaffar Alam |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |isbn=9780520228214 |editor=Sheldon Pollock |page=163 |chapter=The culture and politics of Persian in pre-colonial Hindustan |quote=Hindus—Kayasthas (of the accountant and scribe caste) and Khatris (of the trading and scribe caste of the Panjab) in particular—joined madrasahs in large numbers to acquire training in Persian language and literature, which now promised good careers in imperial service. |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA163}}</ref><ref name="McLeod_AtoZ" />

In the 15th century, the [[Sikhism|Sikh religion]] was founded by [[Guru Nanak]], a Bedi Khatri. The second guru, [[Guru Angad]] was a Trehan Khatri. The third guru, [[Guru Amar Das]] was a Bhalla Khatri. The fourth through tenth gurus were all [[Sodhi]] Khatris.<ref name="McLeod_AtoZ" /> During the [[Sikh Empire]], many Khatris formed the military vanguard of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army|Khalsa Army]] and its administrative class as [[Dewan]]s of all the provinces. [[Hari Singh Nalwa]], the commander-in-chief of the Sikh Khalsa Army, was an Uppal Khatri and responsible for most of the Sikh conquests up until the [[Khyber Pass]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=e-Book: English - General Hari Singh Nalwa by Autar Singh Sindhu; Pure |url=https://apnaorg.com/books/english/hari-singh-nalwa/book.php?fldr=book |access-date=24 November 2022 |website=apnaorg.com}}</ref><ref>Singh, Gulcharan (October 1976), "General Hari Singh Nalwa", ''The Sikh Review'', '''24''' (274): 36–54</ref> Others such as [[Dewan Mokham Chand|Mokham Chand]] commanded the Sikh Army against the [[Durrani Empire]] at [[Attock]] while those such as [[Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra|Sawan Mal Chopra]] ruled [[Multan]] after wrestling it from the Afghans.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sheikh |first=Mohamed |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HBOMDwAAQBAJ |title=Emperor of the Five Rivers: The Life and Times of Maharajah Ranjit Singh |date=17 March 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-78673-095-4 |language=en}}</ref>

During the British colonial era, they also served as lawyers and engaged in administrative jobs in the colonial bureaucracy.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jones|first1=Kenneth W.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C&dq=khatris+lawyer+21&pg=PA176|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab |last2=Jones |first2=Kenneth W.|date=1976|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-02920-0 |pages=176 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Raj|first=Dhooleka Sarhadi |title=Where are you from?: Middle-class migrants in the modern world|date=2003|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-92867-1 |location=Berkeley |pages=222 |oclc=56034872}}</ref> Some of them served in the [[British Indian Army|British Indian army]] after being raised as Sikhs.<ref name="Oldenburg 2002 41, 15422" />

During the [[Partition of India|Partition of British India]] in 1947, Khatris migrated en masse to India from the regions that comprise modern-day Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Puri |first=Baij Nath |author-link=Baij Nath Puri |title=The Khatris, a socio cultural study |publisher=M. N. Publishers and Distributors |year=1998 |location=India}}</ref><ref name="mw">{{Cite book |last1=Bessel |first1=Richard |author1-link=Richard Bessel |title=Removing Peoples: Forced Removal in the Modern World |last2=B. Haake |first2=Claudia |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0199561957 |pages=324}}</ref> [[Hinduism in Afghanistan|Hindu Afghans]] and [[Sikhism in Afghanistan|Sikh Afghans]] are predominantly of Khatri and [[Arora]] origin.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Inderjeet |title=Afghan Hindus and Sikhs |publisher=Readomania |year=2019 |isbn=978-93-858543-8-5 |location=India |pages=24}}</ref>

Khatris have played an active role in the [[Indian Armed Forces]] since 1947, with many heading it as the [[Chief of the Army Staff (India)|Chief of Army]] or [[Chief of the Naval Staff (India)|Admiral of the Navy]]. Some such as [[Vikram Batra]] and [[Arun Khetarpal]] have won India's highest wartime gallantry award, the [[Param Vir Chakra]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nalwa|first=Vanit|title=Hari Singh Nalwa, "Champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837) |year=2009 |isbn=978-81-7304-785-5|location=India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Bansal|first=Bobby Singh|title=Remnants of the Sikh Empire: Historical Sikh Monuments in India & Pakistan|publisher=Hay House, Inc|year=2015}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
Historians, including [[W. H. McLeod]] and Louis Fenech<ref name="hd">{{Cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&dq=w.h+mcleod+punjabi+form+of+kshatriya&pg=PA182 |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W. H. |author-link2=W. H. McLeod |date=11 June 2014 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1 |language=en}}</ref>, [[Peter Hardy (historian)|Peter Hardy]]<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Hardy |first1=Peter |author-link1=Peter Hardy (historian) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RDw4AAAAIAAJ&dq=%22derived+from+kshatriya%22&pg=PA279 |title=The Muslims of British India |date=7 December 1972 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-09783-3 |pages=279 |language=en}}</ref>, and [[Akshay Ramanlal Desai|A. R. Desai]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=A. R. |author-link=Akshay Ramanlal Desai |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0yqV1Ux0oGIC&dq=state+and+society+in+india+khatri+a.r.+desai&pg=PA530 |title=State and Society in India |date=1975 |publisher=Popular Prakashan |isbn=978-81-7154-013-6 |pages=539–540 |language=en |quote=Nanak was probably of a khatri jati, traditionally tradesmen and government officials in the Punjab, though the name Khatri is from the word Kshatriya. The nine Sikh gurus who came after him were certainly Khatris}}</ref> agree that the Punjabi term ''Khattrī'' has its origin in the [[Sanskrit]] ''Kṣatriya'', not particularly surprising as Punjabi evolved from Sanskrit through intermediate stages of [[Prakrit]] and [[Apabhraṃśa]], making it a descendant of the Sanskrit lineage. The Shabda-Sāgara, a Sanskrit-English lexicon, also supports this etymology, stating “the word ''Khattrī'' - used for the caste of Hindus from Punjab - derives from the Sanskrit ''Kṣatriya,'' with the female member being a ''Khatrānī (Skt. Kṣatrāṇī).''”<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dasa |first=Syamasundara |date=1965–1975 |title=Hindi Sabdasagara, pg 1126 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/dasa-hindi_query.py?page=1126 |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=dsal.uchicago.edu}}</ref>

[[Dharamvir Bharati|Dr. Dharamvir Bharati]] comments that in Punjabi language, ''Kṣatriya'' is pronounced as ''Khattrī''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OgygQ3w77VYC&q=khatri+sanskrit+punjabi&pg=PA243|title=Dalit Chintan ka Vikas Abhishapt Chintan se Itihas|publisher=Vani Prakashan|pages=243|language=hi}}</ref> As per Dr. GS Mansukhani and RC Dogra, "Khatri appears to be unquestionably a Prakritised form of Sanskrit word Kshatriya."<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Dogra |first1=R. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=upLXAAAAMAAJ&q=Khatri+or+Kshatriya+and+their+Castes+Khatri+appears+to+be+unquestionably+a+Prakritised+form+of+Sanskrit+Kshatriya,%22+Encyclopaedia+of+Sikh+Religion+and+Culture+-+Page+264,+by+R.+C.+Dogra,+%E2%80%8EGobind+Singh+Mansukhani. |title=Encyclopaedia of Sikh Religion and Culture |last2=Mansukhani |first2=Gobind Singh |date=1995 |publisher=Vikas Publishing House |isbn=978-0-7069-8368-5 |pages=264 |language=en}}</ref> According to philologist [[Ralph Lilley Turner]], in his etymological Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Lexicon, it is the Punjabi word "''khattrī''", meaning "warrior", derived from Sanskrit "''kṣatriya''", whereas another Gujarati word "''khātrī''", meaning "a caste of Hindu weavers", derives from Sanskrit "''kṣattr̥''", meaning "carver, distributor, attendant, doorkeeper, charioteer, son of a female slave".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Turner |first=Ralph Lilley |author-link=Ralph Lilley Turner |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/frontmatter/frontmatter.html |title=A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages |publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London |year=1985 |pages=189}}</ref>

John Stratton Hawley and Mann clarify the word "Khatri" derives from the Sanskrit "Kshatriya", in Punjab's context Khatri refers to a "cluster of merchant castes including Bedis, Bhallas and Sodhis".<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Stratton Hawley |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bTCFDfh7Qv4C&pg=PA179 |title=Studying the Sikhs: Issues for North America |author2=Gurinder Singh Mann |publisher=State University of New York Press |year=1993 |isbn=9780791414255 |page=179 |quote=Khatri (khatri) "merchant-caste." Although the name derives from Sanskrit kshatriya, which designates the warrior or ruling castes, khatri in Punjabi usage refers to a cluster of merchant castes including Bedis, Bhallas and Sodhis}}</ref> Purnima Dhavan sees the claim as originating from a conflation of the phonetically similar words khatri and kshatriya, but refers to Khatris as a "trading caste" of the Sikh Gurus.<ref name="dhavan2">{{cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA36 |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19987-717-1 |pages=36–37}}</ref>

==Early history==
According to [[S. Srikanta Sastri]], Greek historians have mentioned Alexander faced stiff resistance from an Indian army of "Kathiyo" warriors. Sastri further says "even in present day modern-India, a group of martial caste members called Khati (Khatri) exist in [[North India|North-India]]".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sastri |first=S. Srikanta |author-link=S. Srikanta Sastri |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7xg6EAAAQBAJ&dq=khatri&pg=PT167 |title=Indian Culture: A Compendium of Indian History, Culture and Heritage |date=28 July 2021 |publisher=Notion Press |isbn=978-1-63806-511-1 |language=en}}</ref> [[Michael Witzel]], writing in his paper "''Sanskritization of the Kuru State"'' states the ''Kathaiois'' were Kaṭha [[Brahmin]]s.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Witzel |first=Michael |author-link=Michael Witzel |date=1995 |title=Early Sanskritization Origins and Development of the Kuru State |url=https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/view/823/913 |url-status=dead |journal=Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220407172825/https://crossasia-journals.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/index.php/ejvs/article/view/823/913 |archive-date=7 April 2022 |access-date=18 August 2021 |quote=Note also the fierce Kathaíoi “tribe” (i.e. Kaṭha Brahmins) who live in the same area as the Salva (and Mahāvr̥ṣa) at the time of Alexander, see Arrian, Anabasis 5.22).}}</ref>

== Medieval history ==
Emperor [[Jahangir]] in his autobiography [[Tuzk-e-Jahangiri|Jahangirnama]] while talking about the castes observed "The second highest caste (after Brahmins in the caste system) is the Chhatri which is also known as Khattri. The Chhatri caste's purpose is to protect the oppressed from the aggression of the oppressors".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nalwa |first=Vanit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhgNexD92QC&q=khatris+jahangir|title=Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837) |date=13 January 2009|publisher=Manohar, New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7304-785-5|pages=21|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jahangir |first1=Emperor of Hindustan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T_QNAQAAMAAJ&q=the+second+caste+is+chhatri,+which+is+also+known+as+khattri+kachhi |title=The Jahangirnama: Memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India|last2=Hindustan)|first2=Jahangir (Emperor of|date=1999|publisher=Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery|isbn=978-0-19-512718-8|language=en}}</ref>

=== Punjab ===
Historian [[Muzaffar Alam]] describes the Khatris of Punjab as a "scribe and trading caste". They occupied positions in revenue collection and record keeping and learnt [[Persian language|Persian]] during Mughal era. However, this profession often created conflicts with the Brahmin scribes who discontinued the use of Persian and started using Marathi in the Deccan districts of the [[Mughal Empire]].<ref name="OHanlon201422">{{cite book |author=O'Hanlon |first=Rosalind |author-link=Rosalind O'Hanlon |title=Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=9781136018329 |editor1=Joya Chatterji |pages=97–98 |chapter=Scribal migrations in early modern India |quote=In northern India and Rajput states, Persian assimilated Kayasths and the khatris were the leading scribal people. These communities were not Brahmans, but had early in the second millennium developed as specialised scribes and clerks. Popular literatures reviled them for the influence they were able to command as royal scribes, but they also appear in inscriptional literature represented as pious donors and great men in their own right. Originally serving medieval Hindu kings, the coming of the Muslim empires opened up new opportunities for them. In these new courtly contexts, their willingness to assimilate themselves to the Persianate language and the culture of Muslim courts gave them a sharp advantage - although often, in the process, attracting sharp hostility from Brahman scribal rivals(O'Hanlon 2010b:563-95) |editor2=David Washbrook |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hCUAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT98}}</ref><ref name="Avari201322">{{cite book |author=Avari |first=Burjor |author-link=Burjor Avari |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGHpVtQ8eKoC&pg=PA142 |title=Islamic Civilization in South Asia:A History of Muslim Power and Presence in the Indian Subcontinent |publisher=Routledge |year=2013 |isbn=9780415580618 |page=142 |quote=Anyone who wished to enter the large Mughal bureaucracy as an accountant or a scribe had to be well qualified in Persian, since all papers and imperial orders (firmans) were written in that language. The elders of the Hindu castes such as Kayasths and Khatris, who were professional scribes, encouraged their children to learn Persian; and Hindu writers in Persian increased greatly in numbers through the eighteenth century.}}</ref><ref name="Pollock200323"/><ref name="Spruyt202022">{{cite book|author=Hendrik Spruyt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3BzhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA200|title=The World Imagined: Collective Beliefs and Political Order in the Sinocentric, Islamic and Southeast Asian International Societies |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1108811743|page=200|quote=Kayastha and Khatri caste members acted as scribes (monshi) throughout the Mughal dynasty, and in so doing occupied positions in revenue collection, and record keeping}}</ref><ref name="Adrahtas202022">{{cite book |author=Prashant Keshavmurthy|title=Islam, Civility and Political Culture|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2020|isbn=9783030567613|editor1=Milad Milani |page=121|chapter=The limits of Islamic civility in India|quote=Writing in the 1760s in the Deccan districts of the Mughal empire, he was witness to the rise there of the Brahmin Peshwas who took over the Mughal Bureaucracy and promoted Marathi in place of Persian, displacing the North Indian Persian-literate Hindu scribes of the Kāyastha and Khatri castes.|editor2=Vassilios Adrahtas|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5P0MEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121}}</ref> Because the Khatris were not only scribes but also merchants and traders, by the 1700s (but likely earlier) they dominated trade in Punjab, Afghanistan, and many parts of India. This complete domination by the eighteenth century has led some historians to hypothesize that the Khatris may have been present in Bengal before the Mughals arrived in 1576.<ref>{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|page=131|quote=The Khatris were a Punjabi mercantile caste who claimed to be Kshatriyas. Nineteenth-century Indians and British administrators failed to agree whether that claim should be accepted. The fact that overwhelming majority were engaged in Vaishya (mercantile), not Kshatriya (military), pursuits was balanced against the Khatri origin myths...By the eighteenth century, and probably long before, they were a dominant group in the trade of the Punjab and Afghanistan, and they had penetrated into Turkistan and also east and south into many parts of India. ...This raises the possibility that Khatris were resident in Bengal in pre-Mughal times.}}</ref>

According to a 17th-century legend, Khatris continued their military service until the time of [[Aurangzeb]], when their mass death during the emperor's [[Deccan wars|Deccan Campaign]] caused him to order their [[Women in Hinduism#Widowhood and remarriage|widows to be remarried]]. The order was made out of sympathy for the widows but when the Khatri community leaders refused to obey it, Aurangzeb [[Termination of employment|terminated]] their military service and said they should be shopkeepers and brokers.<ref name="cb">{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA132|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|pages=132–133}}</ref> This legend is probably fanciful: McLane notes a more likely explanation for their revised position was that a Sikh rebellion against the Mughals in the early 1700s severely compromised the Khatri's ability to trade and forced them to take sides. Those who were primarily dependent on the Mughals went to significant lengths to assert that allegiance in the face of accusations they were in fact favouring "[[Jat Sikh]] followers of the rebel leader [[Banda Singh Bahadur|Banda]]". The outcome of their assertions - which included providing financial support to the Mughals and shaving their beards - was that the Khatris became still more important to the Mughal rulers as administrators at various levels, in particular because of their skills in financial management and their connections with bankers.<ref name="cb"/>

Khatri standards of literacy and caste status were such during the early years of Sikhism that, according to [[W. H. McLeod]], they dominated it.<ref name="syan22">{{cite book |last=Syan |first=Hardip Singh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9RzzxcEL4C0C&pg=PA35 |title=Sikh Militancy in the Seventeenth Century: Religious Violence in Mughal and Early Modern India |publisher=I. B. Tauris |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-78076-250-0 |pages=35, 39}}</ref>

===Kashmir===
[[Sukh Jiwan Mal]], a [[Dewan]] of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], was a Khatri officer from [[Bhera]]. He liberated [[Kingdom of Kashmir (1754–1762)|Kashmir]] from [[Durrani Empire|Afghan]] dominancy in 1754 and ratified his control over the valley by assuming his duties as a [[Raja]]. Mal was subsequently defeated in 1762 by Nur-ud-Din Bamzai, a general deputed by Durrani himself.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthikeyan |first=Ananth |title=Raja Sukh Jiwan's Brief Defiance in Kashmir |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/column-raja-sukh-jiwan-s-brief-defiance-in-kashmir-2786486 |access-date=2025-02-08 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=eGangotri |url=https://archive.org/details/AHistoryOfMuslimRuleInKashmir13201819R.K.Parmu |title=A History Of Muslim Rule In Kashmir 1320 1819 R. K. Parmu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=University Of Panjab |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53651 |title=Kashir A History Of Kashmir}}</ref>

=== Benares ===
According to scholars, Khatri Hindus dominated the [[Textile industry in India|weaving industry]] in Benaras. When the first caravan of Muslim weavers arrived in [[Varanasi|Benaras]], the Khatri, who were considered low-caste Hindus at the time, helped them. The Muslims had to depend on the Khatri weavers because the Muslims found it difficult to interact with the high-caste Hindus directly at the time. Since these new immigrant Muslims were cheap labour, the Khatris took over marketing and thus transited from weavers to traders over time. The Muslims, who learned the technique of [[weaving]] from them, soon came to be known as ''Chira-i-Baaf'' or 'fine cloth weavers'.<ref name="alam172">{{cite journal|author=Parvez Alam|date=July 2017|title=Trade, Textile and other Industrial Activities: A Study of Banaras region in Medieval India|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/indianStudies/PDF/4_v3_1_17.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Studies |volume=3 |issue=1|pages=49–56|quote=When the first caravan of Muslim weavers known as 'sat gharua' entered Banaras, there was monopoly of Khatri Hindus over the weaving industry in Banaras. The Khatri Hindus known as Pattikas or Pattakars assisted to these immigrant Muslim weavers in founding their craft both by cash and raw material. Since these Muslims were not allowed to have any direct connection with high caste Hindus, the finished products of Muslims were marketed by the Khatris. The Muslim weavers were good in weaving and their labour was cheap for they had to take whatever they were paid to establish themselves. Now the Khatris started focusing more on marketing. By this way, weaving from the Khatris passed into the hands of the Muslims. Gradually, the Khatris became traders.}}</ref><ref name="Pandey812">{{cite book|author=Badri Prasad Pandey|title=Banaras Brocades: Structure and Functioning|publisher=Gandhian Institute of Studies|year=1981|page=18|quote=Muslim community learned the art of weaving from the Pattikas khatris - a low Hindu caste at that time. It was easier to mix with low Hindu castes than higher one for muslims. The muslims who installed their own looms and learnt weaving were known as 'chira-i- Baaf' meaning 'Fine cloth weavers'. By and by Pattikas khatris withdrew from the scene and it was replaced by muslim community" When muslim community came to Varanasi after conquering Varanasi they settled at Alaipura and other muslim localities}}</ref>

===Bengal===
[[File:Burdwan_bahadur_96_4.jpg|right|thumb|225x225px|Mehtab Chand of Burdwan, c. 1860-65]]In Bengal, [[Burdwan Raj]] (1657–1955) was a Khatri dynasty, which gained a high social position for Khatris in the region resulting in the increased migration of Khatris from Punjab to Bengal.<ref>{{cite book |last1=McLane |first1=John R. |title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal |date=25 July 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52654-8 |pages=125–133, 157 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YH6ijJnUPmcC&pg=PA125 |language=en}}</ref> When Guru [[Tegh Bahadur]] visited Bengal in 1666, he was welcomed by the local Khatris, thereby supporting earlier waves of migration of Khatris to Bengal as well.<ref name="McLane2">{{cite book |author=John R. McLane |title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1993 |page=132 |language=en}}</ref>

===Gujarat===
Historian Douglas E. Hanes states he Khatri weavers in Gujarat trace their ancestry to either [[Champaner]] ([[Panchmahal district|Panch Mahals District]]) or [[Hinglaj]] (Sindh) and the community genealogists believe the migration happened during the late sixteenth' century.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xS4O4yHQiMC&pg=PA31 |title=Small Town Capitalism in Western India:Artisans, Merchants and the making of the Informal Economy |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2012 |isbn=9780521193337 |page=31 |quote=Weavers and other artisans frequently moved to places where the prospects for international trade or state patronage were great. Khatri weavers living in Gujarat largely trace their ancestry to Champaner in the current Panch Mahals district or to Hinglaj in Sind. Community genealogists today preserve the memory of how Khatri families fanned out through towns in central and southern Gujarat during the late sixteenth century, a period of rapid expansion in the region's foreign trade.}}</ref>

[[Suraiya Faroqhi]], writes that in 1742 Gujarat, the Khatris had protested the immigration of Muslim weavers by refusing to deliver cloth to the East India Company. In another case Khatris taught weaving to [[Patidar|Kunbis]] due to receiving excessive orders who soon became strong competitors to the Khatris,.much to their chagrin. In the mid-1770s, the Mughal governor granted the Kunbi rivals the rights to manufacture [[sari]]s. This licence was later revoked in 1800 due to pressure from the British, after a deal was struck between the Khatris and the [[East India Company]], in which the Khatris would weave only for the EIC until certain quotas were met.<ref>{{cite book |author=Faroqhi |first=Suraiya |author-link=Suraiya Faroqhi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DvalDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA254 |title=The Ottoman and Mughal Empires: Social History in the Early Modern World |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |year=2019 |isbn=9781788318730 |page=254 |quote=In the study of the political economy of Gujarat in the second half of the eighteenth century, the author points out that castes and subcastes did not prevent inter-caste mobility. Thus, when the Khatri weavers found that they have more orders for high-quality cottons than they could fill on their own, they employed adjuncts from another caste known as Kunbis. The latter soon learnt the craft and turned into formidable competitors. Particularly, the Khatris resented that at some time in the mid-1770s, at the very end of the period studied here, the Mughal governor had granted their Kunbi rivals the right to manufacture saris, a popular female garment. In 1742, the Khatri weavers refused to deliver cloth to the EIC to protest against the immigration of Muslim weavers; it is difficult to say whether this strike was a purely economic matter or whether religion, status and caste were an issue as well.}}</ref><ref name="Qazi20142">{{cite book|author=Moin Qazi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Y8uBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT147|title=Woven Wonders of the Deccan |publisher=Notion Press|year=2014|isbn=978-93-83808-62-5|pages=147–|quote=With the Muslim invasion the hereditary art fell on bad times, as the khatri community of weavers scattered far and wide in search of work}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nadri|first=Ghulam A.|title=Eighteenth Century Gujarat: The Dynamics of Its Political Economy, 1750-1800|publisher=Brill|year=2009|isbn=978-90-04-17202-9|pages=26–28, 31}}</ref>

The [[Gujarat Sultanate]] (1407–1523) was a medieval Muslim dynasty founded by [[Muzaffar Shah I|Zafar Khan Muzaffar]], a member of the Tank caste of Punjabi Khatris according to the contemporary historian Shiekh Sikander<ref>{{Cite book |last=Subrahmanyam |first=Sanjay |author-link=Sanjay Subrahmanyam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o5nsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT60 |page=60|title=Across the Green Sea: Histories from the Western Indian Ocean, 1440-1640 |date=2024 |publisher=University of Texas Press |isbn=978-1-4773-2879-8 |language=en |quote=The latter sultanate was founded by a former Tughluq governor, perhaps from a family of Punjabi Khatri converts, who took the title Muzaffar Shah in the early fifteenth century but reigned for only a short time.}} {{Cite book|last=Wink|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&q=muzaffar+khan+tank+khatri&pg=PA143|title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries|date=2003|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-13561-1|pages=143|language=en|quote=Similarly, Zaffar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of low subdivision called Tank.}} {{Cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Aparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ&q=in+praise+of+kings,+rajputs |title=Gujarat: The Long Fifteenth Century and the Making of a Region |date=16 May 2018 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-15331-8 |pages=120 |language=en |quote=the Gujarati historian Sikandar does narrate the story of their ancestors having once been Hindu 'Tanks', a branch of Khatris.}}</ref> or Rajputs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapadia |first=Aparna |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qrxsDwAAQBAJ |title= In Praise of Kings Rajputs, Sultans and Poets in Fifteenth-century Gujarat |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2018 |isbn= 9781107153318 |pages=8|quote= These men, a certain Saharan and his brother Sadhu, were, mostly likely peasants or pastoralists, non-Muslim Tank Rajputs from [[Thanesar]] in northwestern India (modern-day [[Haryana]]).}} {{Cite book|last=Mahajan|first=VD|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JnscEAAAQBAJ&q=mahajan+zafar+khan+rajput&pg=PA245|title=History of Medieval India|publisher=S. Chand|year=2007|pages=245|isbn=9788121903646|language= en|quote= Zafar Khan, a son of Rajput convert to Islam was appointed as governor of Gujarat in 1391AD.}}</ref> He started as a menial but rose to the level of a noble in the [[Delhi Sultanate|Delhi Sultan's]] family and became the Governor of Gujrat. After [[Timur]] attacked Delhi, people fled to Gujarat and it became independent.<ref name="Wink 1990 1432">{{Cite book |last=Wink |first=André |author-link=André Wink |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nyYslywJUE8C&pg=PA143 |title=Indo-Islamic society: 14th - 15th centuries |date=1990 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-13561-1 |pages=143 |language=en |quote=Similarly, Zafar Khan Muzaffar, the first independent ruler of Gujarat, was not a foreign muslim but a Khatri convert, of a low subdivision called Talk, originally from southern Punjab, but born in Delhi, where he rose from menial to noble status in the Delhi sultan's household. As the governor of Gujarat he became independent from Delhi after Timur devastated the city an immense number of people fled to Gujarat..}}</ref><ref name="Misra633">{{Cite book|last=Misra|first=S. C. (Satish Chandra)|url=https://archive.org/details/riseofmuslimpowe0000unse|title=The rise of Muslim power in Gujarat; a history of Gujarat from 1298 to 1442|date=1963|publisher=New York, Asia Pub. House|others=Internet Archive|pages=137–138|quote=[137]Khatris were an agrarian people belonging mainly to south Punjab; claiming descent from Kshatriyas of old. It is for this reason that Sikander gives a long genealogy that would link the Sultans of Gujarat with Ramachandra, in other words, with the Suryavanshis. Like most genealogies fabricated to glorify royalty, it is obviously a fake.}}</ref>

=== Trans-regional trading history ===
The Khatris, as a part of the diaspora community known as ''[[Multanis|Multani]]'' or ''Shikarpuri'', played an important role in India's trans-regional trade during the period,<ref>{{cite book |last=Oonk |first=Gijsbert |title=Global Indian diasporas |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-90-5356-035-8 |page=43}}</ref> being described by Levi as among the "most important merchant communities of early modern India."<ref>{{cite book |last=Levi |first=Scott Cameron |url= |title=The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade, 1550–1900 |publisher=BRILL |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12320-5 |location=Leiden}}</ref> Levi writes: "[[Stephen Dale]] locates Khatris in [[Astrakhan]], [[Russia]] during the late 17th century and, in the 1830s, [[Mountstuart Elphinstone|Elphinstone]], was informed that Khatris were still highly involved in northwest India's trade and that they maintained communities throughout [[Afghanistan]] and as far away as [[Astrakhan]]".<ref name="ca">{{Cite book |last=Levi |first=Scott Cameron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PriGAAAAIAAJ |title=The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and Its Trade, 1550-1900 |date=2002 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-12320-5 |pages=108 |language=en}}</ref> According to Kiran Datar, they often married [[Tatars|Tatar]] local women in Astrakhan and the children from these marriages were known as ''[[Agrzhan|Agrijan]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Datar |first=Dr. Kiran |url=https://archive.org/details/ThePunjabPastAndPresent-Volume20Part1 |title=The Punjab Past and Present - Volume 20 Part 1 |date=April 1986 |editor-last=Ganda Singh |pages=85 |language=en}}</ref> As per Stephen Dale, the children born out of Indo-Turkic alliance were in sufficient number to form an Agrizhan suburb in the city.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Dale |first=Stephen Frederic |author-link=Stephen Dale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GqEWw_54uVUC&dq=agrizhan+communities&pg=PA107 |title=Indian Merchants and Eurasian Trade, 1600-1750 |date=15 August 2002 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-52597-8 |language=en}}</ref>

Dale states most of the 10,000 (as estimated by [[Jean Chardin]]) Indian merchants and money-lenders in [[Isfahan]] (Iran) in 1670, belonged to the Khatri caste of Punjab and north-west India. In Iran's [[Bazaar]]s, Khatris sold cloth and various items and also practised money-lending. Dale believes Khatris had possibly been travelling from Punjab via [[Caravan (travellers)|caravans]] since the era of [[Ziauddin Barani]] (around 1300 AD). Chardin specifically stereotyped and expressed disapproval of the money-lending techniques of the Khatri community. According to Dale, this racist criticism was ironic given Chardin's non-English background but adds it was Chardin's way of giving an "ethnic explanation" to the economic disparity between Iran and India at that time.<ref>{{cite book |author=Stephen F. Dale |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vNmaBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT190 |title=The Muslim Empires of the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughals |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2009 |isbn=9781316184394 |pages=190–191 |quote=Some of them, known in sources as banians, sold goods and lent money in the Persian gulf port of Bandar 'Abbas. However, most of the 10,000 Indians whom Chardin estimated resided in Isfahan in 1670 belonged to the prominent Khatri caste group, whose members were native to the Punjab and northwestern India. Khatris had probably been travelling from the Punjab since the days of Saltanate curmudgeon Zia al-Din Barani, whose denunciation of the Hindu dominance of the Indo-Muslim economy would have been appropriate for the Mughal period as well. Khatris would have found it easy to join caravans that has traversed the Khyber and other Indo Afgan passes since ancient times.[...]In Iran, Khatris both sold cloth and various other Indian goods in bazaars, such as Isfahan's Maidain-i Shah, and lent money to merchants in the cash starved Iranian economy. In the early eighteenth century, the Englishman Edward Pettus, who served the East India company in Isfahan, complained about Indian aggressive marketing techniques. Using Banian as a general term for all non-Muslim Indians he wrote:[beginquote] The bannians, the cheif[sic] Marchantes who vende Linene of India, of all sorts and prices, which this Countrye cannot bee without, except the people should goe naked...they vende most of the linene they bring to Spahan after a most base peddlinge, and unmarchante like manner...carying it up and down on their shoulders [in] the Bazar[endquote]. Later in the century Chardin criticized Indians for their moneylending and wrote stereotyped characterization of the Khatris that reminds readers of European Christian portrayals of Jews, ironic considering Chardin was a Huguenot who had taken refuge in England. He pictured the Khatris as a nefarious class of usurious moneylenders who drained Iran of its precious metals by repatriating their ill-gotten gains to India. His was an ethnic explanation for a fundamental economic imbalance between the two regions.}}</ref>

=== Afghanistan ===
According to historians Roger Ballard and [[Harjot Oberoi]], Afghan Hindus and Sikhs descend from the members of the country's indigenous Khatri population who resisted the conversion from [[Buddhism]] to Islam between 9th and 13th centuries. Later, they aligned themselves to the teachings of Guru Nanak, himself a Khatri and converted to Sikhism. Hence, Khatris of Afghanistan are in no way of "Indian origin" but are components of the original population of the region. [[George Campbell (civil servant)|George Campbell]] says "I do not know the exact limits of Khatri occupation to the West, but certainly in all Eastern Afghanistan they seem to be just as much part of the community as they are in the Punjab. They find their way into Central Asia."<ref name="mt"/>[[File:Hari_Singh_Nalwa_on_Elephant.jpg|thumb|256x256px|ca. 19th century, paint on paper A military procession of Hari Singh Nalwa (1791–1837), one of the greatest generals of the Sikh Empire. The military procession depicted is led by two horsemen carrying battle standards]]

=== Sikh Empire ===
The Khatris took on a prominent role in the emerging Sikh milieu of post-Mughal Punjab. According to the Khalsa Durbar Records, [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]'s army was composed of majorly Jats followed by Khatris.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Rishi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EPCICwAAQBAJ&q=khalsa+durbar+khatris|title=State Formation and the Establishment of Non-Muslim Hegemony: Post-Mughal 19th-century Punjab|date=23 April 2015|publisher=SAGE Publications India|isbn=978-93-5150-504-4|pages=199|language=en}}</ref> [[Sardar Gulab Singh Khatri]] founded the [[Dallewalia Misl|Dallewallia Misl]], an independent 18th century Sikh sovereign state in [[Ludhiana district|Ludhiana]] and [[Jalandhar district|Jalandhar]] district that would later on join Maharaja Ranjit Singh's kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Mandair|first1=Arvind-Pal S.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315028583 |title=Sikh Religion, Culture and Ethnicity|last2=Shackle|first2=Christopher|last3=Singh|first3=Gurharpal|date=16 December 2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-84627-4|doi=10.4324/9781315028583}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dhavan|first=Purnima|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199756551.001.0001|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks|date=22 November 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-975655-1 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199756551.001.0001}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}} In the Sikh Empire, [[Hari Singh Nalwa]] (1791–1837) an Uppal Khatri from [[Gujranwala]], became the Commander-in-chief of the [[Sikh Khalsa Army]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Naīara|first=Gurabacana Siṅgha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5BHAAAAMAAJ|title=The Campaigns of General Hari Singh Nalwa|date=1995|publisher=Punjabi University |isbn=978-81-7380-141-9|language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}} He led the Sikh conquests of [[Kasur]], [[Sialkot]], [[Attock]], [[Multan]], [[Kashmir]], [[Peshawar]] and [[Jamrud]]. He was responsible for expanding the frontier of Sikh Empire to beyond the [[Indus River]], up to the mouth of the [[Khyber Pass]]. At the time of his death, the western boundary of the empire was Jamrud.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kapūra |first=Prithīpāla Siṅgha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v49HAAAAMAAJ |title=Perspectives on Hari Singh Nalwa |date=1993 |publisher=ABS Publications |isbn=978-81-7072-056-0 |language=en}}</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}}

[[Dewan Mokham Chand]] (1750-1814) became one of the most distinguished leaders of the Khalsa Army. He was the commander in chief of armies in [[Battle of Attock]] which defeated [[Durrani Empire]] Wazir Fateh Khan and [[Dost Mohammad Khan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Singh |first=Khushwant |title=Constitutional Reforms and the Sikhs |date=18 November 2004 |work=A History of the Sikhs |pages=216–234 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.003.0014 |access-date=31 July 2021 |publisher=Oxford University Press |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195673098.003.0014 |isbn=978-0-19-567309-8 |author-link=Khushwant Singh |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Other Khatris like [[Diwan Sawan Mal Chopra]] served as governors of [[Lahore]] and [[Multan]], after helping conquer the region,<ref name="syan22"/> while his son [[Diwan Mulraj Chopra]] (1814-1851), the last [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] ruler of Multan led a Sikh rebellion against British suzerainty over Multan after the fall of the [[Sikh Empire]] in the [[Anglo-Sikh wars (disambiguation)|Anglo-Sikh Wars]]. He was arrested after the Siege of Multan and put to death.<ref>Hernon, Ian (2002). ''Britain's Forgotten Wars''. Sutton Publishing</ref>{{page needed|date=August 2021}}

Purnima Dhawan described that together with [[Jat people|Jat]] community, the Khatris gained considerably from the expansion of the Mughal empire, although both groups supported [[Guru Hargobind]] in his campaign for Sikh self-government in the Punjab plains.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA31|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19987-717-1|pages=3, 30–31}}</ref>

In the 1830s, Khatris were working as [[governor]]s in districts like [[Bardhaman district|Bardhaman]], [[Lahore]], [[Multan]], [[Peshawar District|Peshawar]] and [[Hazara region|Hazara]], but independently from Mughal rule.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nirad Baran|first=Sarkar|title=Bardhaman Raj|publisher=Sujata Sarkar|year=1999|pages=210}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hans |first=Herrli |title=The Coins of the Sikhs|publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal|year=2004|isbn=8121511321|location=Delhi|pages=122–123}}</ref>

== British colonial era ==

===Punjab===
In Punjab, they were moneylenders, shopkeepers and grain-dealers among other professions.<ref name="Brass3"/>

=== Hyderabad ===
A Peshawari Khatri family in [[Hyderabad State]] would become part of the Hyderabadi nobility and occupy the post of Prime Minister of Hyderabad. Notable individuals of the family include [[Kishen Pershad|Maharaja Kishen Prasad]], [[Order of the Indian Empire|GCIE]] who would serve as Prime Minister of the State twice.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Patel|first1=Alka|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GU8zAQAAQBAJ|title=Indo-Muslim Cultures in Transition |last2=Leonard|first2=Karen|date=7 December 2011|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-21887-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Leonard |first=Karen Isaksen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32aMey7k-IYC&q=kishen+pershad+khatri&pg=PA183 |title=Social History of an Indian Caste: The Kayasths of Hyderabad |date=1994 |publisher=Orient BlackSwan |isbn=978-81-250-0032-7 |pages=63, 67, 98 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bawa |first=Basant K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h45uAAAAMAAJ&q=kishen+pershad+khatri |title=The Last Nizam: The Life and Times of Mir Osman Ali Khan |date=1992 |publisher=Viking |isbn=978-0-670-83997-1 |pages=119 |language=en}}</ref> In [[Hyderabad]], around the mid-20th century, Khatris and [[Padmasali (caste)|Padmasalis]] were the leading "Hindu weaving castes" who owned 43% of the [[loom]]s. The Khatris specialised in silk, while the Padmasalis in cotton weaving.<ref name="RoyRoy19992">{{cite book |author1=Roy |first=Tirthankar |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZTo1tALvvEsC&pg=PA93 |title=Traditional Industry in the Economy of Colonial India |date=4 November 1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-65012-0 |pages=93 |quote=43 percent of the looms were owned by the main Hindu weaving castes, Khatri (silk) and Salis/padmasalis (cotton)}}</ref>

===Rajasthan===
In the early 19th century, the Khatris, [[Bhatia caste|Bhatias]] and [[Lohana]]s were the main trading castes in [[Rajasthan]], [[Delhi]], [[Agra]], [[Sind]] and [[Punjab]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Roy |first=Tirthankar |author-link=Tirthankar Roy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6tQBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT44 |title=The Economic History of India, 1857–2010 |date=10 September 2020 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-099203-3 |page=44}}</ref> Banking, trading and business were considered "traditional occupations of the Khatri in Rajasthan".<ref>{{Cite book|title=India's Communities|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|editor1-last=Singh|editor1-first=Kumar Suresh|editor1-link=Kumar Suresh Singh|volume=2 H–M|location=New Delhi, India|pages=1722, 1728–1729}}</ref>

==Post independence==
Harish Damodaran says the rise of Khatri industrialists in post-1947 India was a consequence initially of the cataclysmic [[Partition of India|Partition]], which pushed them in droves towards Delhi and its neighbourhoods. This exodus opened new opportunities for them. A combination of enterprise, articulation, and strategic closeness to the national capital— which, in itself, was becoming a major growth hub - created conditions for Khatri capital to flourish in the post-Partition period.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&q=cataclysmic|title=INDIA'S NEW CAPITALISTS: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|date=25 November 2018|publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5195-280-0|language=en}}</ref>

Damodaran adds the land Khatris originally belonged to had very little industry and rail infrastructure until the 20th century and hence were not comparable to merchant groups like the [[Bania (caste)|Banias]] in terms of scale and spread of operation. Before independence they were only regional players and their rise in phenomenal proportions was a post-independence feature. Since then, they have produced leading entities in fields of pharmaceuticals, two-wheelers, tractors, paper, tyre-making and hotels with the groups of [[Ranbaxy Laboratories|Ranbaxy]], [[Hero MotoCorp|Hero]], [[Mahindra & Mahindra|Mahindra]], [[Ballarpur Industries]], [[Apollo Tyres]] and [[The Oberoi Group|Oberoi]] respectively.<ref name="mn">{{Cite book |last=Damodaran |first=Harish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&q=khatris+little+rail+infrastructure|title=INDIA'S NEW CAPITALISTS: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|date=25 November 2018|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5195-280-0|language=en}}</ref> They have also co-founded companies like [[Snapdeal]], [[Hotmail]], [[Yes Bank|YesBank]], [[India Today|IndiaToday]], [[Aaj Tak|AajTak]], [[IndiGo|IndiGo Airlines]], [[Sun Microsystems]], [[Max Group]] etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&q=12+oberoi|title=INDIA'S NEW CAPITALISTS: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|date=25 November 2018|publisher=Hachette India|isbn=978-93-5195-280-0|language=en}}</ref><ref name="mn"/>

Punjabi Khatris and others, together with the traditionally "urban and professional" castes, formed a part of the elite middle class immediately after independence in 1947. According to P. K. Verma, "Education was a common thread that bound together this pan Indian elite" and almost all the members of these [[Forward caste|upper castes]] communities could read and write English and were educated beyond school.<ref>{{cite book |author=Pavan K. Varma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pbgMy8KfD74C&pg=PA28|title=The Great Indian Middle class|publisher=Penguin Books |year=2007 |isbn=9780143103257 |page=28 |quote=...its main adherents came from those in government service, qualified professionals such as doctors, engineers, and lawyers, business entrepreneurs, teachers in schools in the bigger cities and in the institutes of higher education, journalists[etc]...The upper castes dominated the Indian middle class. Prominent among its members were Punjabi Khatris, Kashmiri Pandits, and South Indian brahmins. Then there were the 'traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpawans and the Ckps (Chandrasenya Kayastha Prabhus)s of Maharashtra and the Kayasthas of North India. Also included were the old elite groups that emerged during the colonial rule: the Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis, and the upper crusts of the Muslim and Christian communities. Education was a common thread that bound together with this pan Indian elite...But almost all its members spoke and wrote English and had had some education beyond school}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=D. L. Sheth |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eNtCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA180 |title=At Home with Democracy: A Theory of Indian Politics |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2018 |isbn=9789811064128 |editor=Peter Ronald deSouza |quote=The old neocolonial upper-caste elite, with a long tradition of education in the language of the ruling elite, with a long tradition of education in the language of the ruling elite of the time -Sanskrit of Persian in the past or english today - still constitutes its core. However, the ranks of the 'national' elite have now expanded to include several new groups of castes, by and large of the dwija varna, which have acquired access to English education in the post Independence period[...]Sociologically viewed, the ranks of the pan-Indian elite are drawn from several groups ousted from the regions, such as Punjabi Hindus, Kashmiri Pundits and South-Indian Brahmins. Then there are the traditional urban-oriented professional castes such as the Nagars of Gujarat, the Chitpawans and the CKPs(Chandrasenya Kayastha Prabhus) of Maharashtra and the Kayasthas of North India whose members have joined the ranks, albeit more through responding to the pull factor than being subject to the push factor.Also included amound them are the old elite groups which emerged during the colonial rule: The Probasi and the Bhadralok Bengalis, the Parsis, and the upper crusts of the Muslim and Christian communities with a pronounced secular and nationalist persuation.}}</ref>

=== Delhi NCR ===
[[Delhi]]'s population increased by 1.1 million in the period 1941–1951. This growth of 106% largely resulted from the influx of [[Partition of India|Partition]] migrants among other reasons. These were members of the Hindu and Sikh Khatri/Arora castes of the [[West Punjab]]. Many moved to the city for better economic opportunities.<ref name="mw"/>

=== Haryana ===
During 1947, Punjabis who migrated to Haryana after the Partition were mostly Khatris or Aroras. As per a survey conducted by [[Maharshi Dayanand University|Maharishi Dayanand University]], the migrant population were forced to live in camps under open sky. Only a meager 5% received "grossly undervalued claims against their properties in shape of very poorly cultivable land, while the remaining 95% though entitled for compensation could not get any thing to sustain". This migrant population is also referred to as ‘refugee’ and ‘sharnarthi’ (शरणार्थी) in a derogatory manner by some locals. A Punjabi organisation had approached the Haryana government with a demand to ban both words and enact a law on the lines of the [[Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989|SC/ST Act]] with similar penalties. The community has a high literacy rate and is not dependent on money-lending and shopkeeping. They are engaged as doctors, engineers, administrators etc.<ref name="gh"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Manvir Saini|date=25 September 2018|title=Ban the word 'refugee' in Haryana: Punjabis urge Manohar Lal Khattar {{!}} Gurgaon News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/gurgaon/ban-the-word-refugee-in-haryana-punjabis-urge-manohar-lal-khattar/articleshow/65945554.cms|access-date=17 September 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref>

=== Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh ===
The Khatris of [[Kashmir]], also known as "Bohras", were traders and had the second largest Hindu population after the [[Kashmiri Pandits|Pandits]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lawrence|first=Sir Walter Roper|url=https://rarebooksocietyofindia.org/book_archive/196174216674_10153460989311675.pdf|title=The Valley of Kashmir|year=1895|pages=296–302}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sheikh|first=Tariq|date=January 2019|title=Cradle of Castes in Kashmir (From Medieval Period to Present Day)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330313369|access-date=24 August 2021|website=ResearchGate|language=en}}</ref> Many of these Khatris had to face the brunt of [[Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus|1990 Kashmiri Hindu Exodus]].<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Gigoo |first1=Siddhartha |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=InAwDQAAQBAJ&q=four+thousand+and+two+hundred+families+of+kashmiri+migrants+have+been+living+there&pg=PT145 |title=A Long Dream of Home: The persecution, exile and exodus of Kashmiri Pandits|last2=Sharma|first2=Varad|date=18 October 2016|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-93-86250-25-4|language=en}}</ref> The Khatris of Himachal Pradesh are the numerically most important commercial classes and are mostly concentrated in [[Mandi district|Mandi]], [[Kangra district|Kangra]] and [[Chamba district|Chamba]].<ref name="tc">{{Cite book |last=Minhas |first=Poonam |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_52-WyPfLG0C&dq=most+gaddis+are+khatri&pg=PA64|title=Traditional Trade & Trading Centres in Himachal Pradesh: With Trade-routes and Trading Communities|date=1998|publisher=Indus Publishing|isbn=978-81-7387-080-4|pages=64|language=en}}</ref>

===Maharashtra===
Anthropologist [[Irawati Karve]], based on the post-Independence research of castes in [[Konkan]], [[Maharashtra]], classified [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Khatris{{efn|Khatris claimed to live near the Bombay island from at least the mid-1800s and would speak Marathi.}} as one of the "professional/advanced castes" as they were doctors, engineers, clerks, lawyers, teachers, etc. during independence. She states their traditional professions was [[Weaving|silk weaving]] and working as merchants although they had entered other professions later.<ref name="Bowles19772">{{cite book|author=Gordon Townsend Bowles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaq0AAAAIAAJ|title=The People of Asia |publisher=Scribner |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-684-15625-5 |page=173|quote=Following Karve's classification in the Konkan, the Kayastha Prabhu, Pathare Prabhu, Pathare Kshatriya, Khatri and Vaisya Vani may be listed with the Brahmins as professional groups. The intermediate or artisan and service castes include the Sonar (goldsmiths), Kasar (coppersmiths), Shimpi (tailors), Teli (oil pressers), Khosti (weavers), Bhajvsar (dyers), Nhavi (barbers), Parit (washermen) ...}}</ref><ref name="Dandekar19512"/> Khatris in modern Maharashtra are divided into endogamous subgroups, such as the Brahmo Khatris and Kapur Khatris.<ref name="SinghIndia199817282">{{cite book|author1=K. S. Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lZuAAAAMAAJ|title=India's Communities |author2=Anthropological Survey of India|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=978-0-19-563354-2|page=1728|quote=In Maharashtra, the Khatri have different subgroups, such as Brahmo Khatri, Gujarathi Khatri, Kapur Khatri, Sahashtrarjun Khatri, Surthi Khatri, Somvanshiya Khatri, and Maratha Khatri which are territorial and endogamous. They are weavers by profession.}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
=== Before partition ===
The French traveller [[Jean de Thévenot]] visited India during the 1600s where he commented "At [[Multan]], there is another sort of gentiles whom they call Catry, the town is properly their country and from thence they spread all over the Indies." According to Dr. Madhu Tyagi, Thevenot is referring to the Hindu Khatri caste here.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Tyagi|first=Dr Madhu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YMpJDwAAQBAJ&dq=khatris+multan+thevenot&pg=PA18 |title=THEORY OF INDIAN DIASPORA: DYNAMICS OF GLOBAL MIGRATION|date=1 January 2017|publisher=Horizon Books (A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd) |isbn=978-93-86369-37-6|pages=18|language=en}}</ref>

The last caste-based census was conducted by the British in 1931 which regarded Khatri and [[Arora]] as a different caste. During 1931, Khatris were prominent in the [[West Punjab]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|North-Western Frontier Province]] (NWFP), which is now known as Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK).<ref name="ks">{{Cite book|last=Puri|first=Baij Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7ytuAAAAMAAJ&q=khatris+a+socio+cultural+study|title=The Khatris, a Socio-cultural Study|date=1988|publisher=M.N. Publishers and Distributors|pages=19–20|language=en}}</ref> The Khatris spoke [[Hindko]] and [[Pahari-Pothwari|Potohari]] language.<ref name="pl"/><ref name="ds">{{Cite book|last1=Fenech|first1=Louis E.|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |last2=McLeod |first2=W.H |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2014|isbn=978-1442236004|pages=67}}</ref> The highest concentration of Khatris (excluding Aroras) was in the Potohar regions of [[Jhelum District|Jhelum]] and [[Rawalpindi]].<ref name="ks"/> In NWFP, the Khatris were found mainly in [[Peshawar]] and [[Hazara Division|Hazara]].<ref name="nw">{{Cite book|last=Singer|first=André|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asqdNQAACAAJ |title=Guardians of the North-West Frontier: The Pathans|date=1982|publisher=Time-Life Books|isbn=978-0-7054-0702-1|language=en}}</ref>

Arora-Khatris were centered in the [[Multan]] and [[Derajat]] regions of Punjab and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa|NWFP]].<ref name="mt">{{Cite book |last=Oonk |first=Gijsbert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BkwsMTyShi8C&dq=they+are+the+only+hindus+known+in+central+asia+khatris&pg=PA44|title=Global Indian Diasporas: Exploring Trajectories of Migration and Theory|date=2007|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5356-035-8|pages=43–45|language=en}}</ref> In the NWFP, the Aroras which are considered a sub-caste of Khatris by some scholars and were concentrated in the districts of [[Bannu District|Bannu]], [[Kohat District|Kohat]] and [[Dera Ismail Khan District|Dera Ismail Khan]].<ref name="nw"/><ref name="id">{{Cite book |last=Levi |first=Scott Cameron |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9qVkNBge8mIC |title=The Indian Diaspora in Central Asia and its Trade 1550-1900 |year=2002 |isbn=978-90-04-12320-5 |page=107 |publisher=Brill }}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> The Aroras spoke the [[Jatki language|Jatki]] language which is the 9th century version of [[Saraiki language|Saraiki]] according to [[Denzil Ibbetson|Ibbetson]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 September 2016 |title=Blame caste for Pakistan's violent streak, not faith |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/aakarvani/blame-caste-for-pakistans-violent-streak-not-faith/|access-date=17 September 2021 |website=Times of India Blog|language=en-US}}</ref>

They were also found in Afghanistan at a population of 300,000 in 1880. According to an 1800s colonial source referred by [[Shah Mahmoud Hanifi|Shah Hanifi]], "[[Hindki]] is the name given to Hindus who live in Afghanistan. They are Hindus of Khatri class and are found all over Afghanistan even amongst the wildest tribes. They are wholly occupied in trade and form numerous portion of the population of all the cities and towns, and are also to be found in the majority of large villages."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hanifi |first=Shah Mahmoud |author-link=Shah Mahmoud Hanifi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VV7ZK8BLLOsC&q=khattris+hindki&pg=PA48 |title=Connecting Histories in Afghanistan: Market Relations and State Formation on a Colonial Frontier |date=11 February 2011 |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=978-0-8047-7411-6 |pages=48 |language=en}}</ref>[[File:Portret_van_een_onbekende_handelaar_uit_Lahore_Khatris._Hindoo_traders._Lahore_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-2001-7-1122D-51.jpg|thumb|207x207px|Photograph of a Hindu Khatri man of [[Lahore]] c. 1859-1869]] [[File:A Sodhee Sikh, Lahore.jpg|thumb|[[Sikhs|Sikh]] of [[Sodhi]] clan, Lahore.|171x171px]] [[File:Largest Hindu Caste by District (Census 1931).jpg|thumb|310x310px|Map depicting the most numerous community by district according to Census of India 1931.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India, 1931, Vol. IV Baluchistan Parts I & II|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/census-india-1931-vol-iv-baluchistan-parts-i-ii|access-date=7 November 2021|website=Indian Culture|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Report, Part 1 Volume XVII, Punjab|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/DigitalLibrary/data/Census_1931/Publication/Punjab/26728%20_1931_REB.pdf|website=Census India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Khan|first=Ahmad Hassan|title=Census of India, Part 2, Volume XVII, Punjab |year=1933 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.56042}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India, 1931, Vol. VIII-Part II Bombay Presidency Statistical Tables|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/census-india-1931-vol-viii-part-ii-bombay-presidency-statistical-tables|access-date=7 November 2021|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Census of India, 1931, Vol. XV North-West Frontier Province Part I- Report Part II- Tables|url=http://indianculture.gov.in/census-india-1931-vol-xv-north-west-frontier-province-part-i-report-part-ii-tables|access-date=7 November 2021|website=INDIAN CULTURE|language=en}}</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population Concentration of Khatris & Aroras by region (Note: The numbers are expected to be more since many Hindus boycotted the Census)<ref name="ks"/>
!Region
!State
!Total % pop.
!Khatri
!Arora
!Year
!Ref
|-
|Amritsar district
|Punjab (East)
|05.47%
|03.30%
|02.17%
|1901
|<ref name="fp">{{Cite book|last=Rose, H A|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18839|title=Census of India, 1901. Imperial Tables Part: I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for Punjab and the North-West Frontier Province |year=1902|language=English}}</ref>
|-
|Attock dist.
|Punjab (West)
|09.90%
|07.32%
|02.58%
|1901
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Government of Punjab|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/punjab-district-gazetteers-attock-district-part-maps-1907 |title=Punjab District Gazetteers: Attock District Part A. With Maps, 1907|publisher=Lahore, Civil and Military Gazetteers Press |year=1909 |pages=96–97 |language=English}}</ref>
|-
|Bahawalpur dist.
|Punjab (West)
|07.36%
|00.50%
|06.86%
|1931
|<ref name="p2">{{Cite book|last=Khan Ahmad Hasan|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18984|title=Census of India, 1931. Vol. XVII: Punjab. Part II: Tables|publisher=Government of Punjab|year=1931|pages=283–292}}</ref>
|-
|Balochistan
|Balochistan
|01.93%
|00.03%
|01.90%
|1931
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Census of India, 1931|first=Gul Muhammad Khan|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18968|title=Census of India, 1931. Vol. IV: Baluchistan. Part I: Report and Part II: Imperial and Provincial Tables|year=1934|pages=164}}</ref>
|-
|Bannu dist.
|KPK
|07.83%
|00.50%
|07.30%
|1921
|<ref name="p1">{{Cite book|last=Lehna Singh, R B Bhai|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/18930|title=Census of India, 1921. Vol. XIV: North-West frontier provinces: Part I: Reports and Part II: Tables|year=1922|pages=Part 2: Table XIII}}</ref>
|-
|DG Khan dist.
|Punjab (West)
|10.01%
|00.79%
|09.22%
|1891
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Diack, A H (Punjab Government)|url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/handle/10973/33520|title=Gazetteers of Dera Ghazi Khan District: Revised Edition 1893-97|year=1893–1897|pages=x (table IX)|publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore}}</ref>
|-
|DI Khan dist.
|KPK
|09.86%
|00.72%
|09.14%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Dir, Chitral & Swat
|KPK
|20.33%
|16.32%
|04.01%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Ferozpur dist.
|Punjab (East)
|03.57%
|01.11%
|02.46%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Gujranwala dist.
|Punjab (West)
|10.01%
|04.46%
|05.55%
|1931
|<ref name="p2"/>
|-
|Gujrat district
|Punjab (West)
|06.30%
|02.46%
|03.84%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Gurdaspur dist.
|Punjab (East & West)
|01.98%
|01.83%
|00.15%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Hazara district
|KPK
|02.97%
|02.29%
|00.68%
|1901
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Government of North-West Frontier Province|url=https://www.sikhnationalarchives.com/book/read/gazetteer-of-the-hazara-district-1907/#page/69/mode/2up|title=Hazara District Gazetteers 1907|pages=70}}</ref>
|-
|Jammu Province
|Jammu-Kashmir
|03.01%
|03.01%
|00.00%
|1901
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Walter Lawrence, J.L. Kaye|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazettes/imperial-gazetteer-india-kashmir-and-jammu|title=Imperial Gazetteer of India: Kashmir and Jammu|publisher=Calcutta, Superintendent of Government Printing|year=1909|pages=32}}</ref>
|-
|Kangra district
|Himachal Pradesh
|00.87%
|00.85%
|00.02%
|1931
|<ref name="p2"/>
|-
|Kohat district
|KPK
|05.07%
|01.50%
|03.57%
|1921
|<ref name="p1"/>
|-
|Jalandhar dist.
|Punjab (East)
|02.88%
|02.78%
|00.10%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Jhang district
|Punjab (West)
|15.06%
|04.34%
|10.72%
|1931
|<ref name="p2"/>
|-
|Jhelum district
|Punjab (West)
|09.77%
|07.27%
|02.50%
|1881
|<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.indianculture.gov.in/gazetteer-jhelam-district-1883-84|title=Gazetteer of the Jhelam District 1883-84|publisher=The Calcutta Central Press Co., Calcutta|year=1883–1884|pages=vi (Table IX)}}</ref>
|-
|Lahore district
|Punjab (West)
|08.01%
|05.10%
|02.91%
|1931
|<ref name="p2"/>
|-
|Lyallpur district
|Punjab (West)
|07.50%
|01.82%
|05.68%
|1931
|<ref name="p2"/>
|-
|Mianwali district
|Punjab (West)
|13.20%
|02.24%
|10.96%
|1931
|<ref name="p2"/>
|-
|Montgomery dist
|Punjab (West)
|11.91%
|01.09%
|10.82%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Multan district
|Punjab (West)
|14.05%
|01.53%
|12.52%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Muzzafargarh dist
|Punjab (West)
|09.67%
|00.45%
|09.22%
|1931
|<ref name="p2"/>
|-
|Patiala district
|Punjab (East)
|01.29%
|01.14%
|00.15%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Peshawar dist.
|KPK
|04.34%
|02.26%
|02.08%
|1921
|<ref name="p1"/>
|-
|Rawalpindi dist.
|Punjab (West)
|10.01%
|07.71%
|02.30%
|1891
|<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/gazetteers-rawalpindi-district-1893-94|title=Gazetteers of the Rawalpindi District 1893-94|publisher=Civil and Military Gazette Press, Lahore|year=1893–1894|pages=295}}</ref>
|-
|Shahpur district
|Punjab (West)
|11.08%
|03.02%
|08.06%
|1901
|<ref name="fp"/>
|-
|Sheikhupura dist
|Punjab (West)
|05.50%
|02.18%
|03.32%
|1931
|<ref name="p2"/>
|-
|Sialkot district
|Punjab (West)
|04.01%
|02.01%
|02.00%
|1921
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=Government of Punjab|title=Punjab District Gazetteers, Volume XV Part B, Sialkot District (Statistical Tables) - 1936 |year=1936 |pages=57–64}}</ref>
|}

=== After partition ===
Apart from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]], Khatris arrived in [[Delhi]] and [[Haryana]] among other regions after the partition where they make up 9% and 8.0% of the population respectively.<ref name="mw"/><ref name="gh">{{Cite web|title=Report of Haryana Backward Classes Commission - 2012 {{!}} Welfare of Scheduled Caste & Backward Classes Department, Government of Haryana|url=http://haryanascbc.gov.in/report-of-haryana-backward-classes-commission-2012|access-date=29 August 2021|website=haryanascbc.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Kumar |first=Sanjay |title=A tale of three cities |url=http://www.india-seminar.com/2004/534/534%20sanjay%20kumar.htm |website=India Seminar}}</ref>

== Clan organisation ==
Historically, Khatris were divided into various hierarchal [[Endogamy|endogamous]] sections. This includes [[Dhai Ghar|u''rhai/dhai ghar'']], ''char ghar'', [[Bahri|''barah ghar/bahri'']] and ''bunjayee or bavanjah ghar'' which translated to House of 2.5, 4, 12 and 52 respectively. They formed the majority of Khatris and were deemed superior. This was followed by [[Sareen]] Khatris who formed a minority. Another sub-group of Khatris include [[Khukhrain]] which had split up from the ''bunjayees''.<ref name="Oldenburg 2002 41, 15422">{{Cite book |last=Oldenburg |first=Veena Talwar |author-link=Veena Talwar Oldenburg |title=Dowry Murder: The Imperial Origins of a Cultural Crime |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2002 |pages=41, 154}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Group
!Clan names<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hardip Singh Syan|title=The Indian Economic and Social History Review: The merchant gurus: Sikhism and the development of the medieval Khatri merchant family |publisher=Sage |pages=312|citeseerx=10.1.1.885.9901}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Pashaura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ciwpDwAAQBAJ&dq=khatri+sub-castes&pg=PT79|title=Life and Work of Guru Arjan: History, Memory, and Biography in the Sikh Tradition|date=10 July 2006|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-908780-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Damodaran|first=Harish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92F7DwAAQBAJ&dq=khatri+family+names&pg=PT360 |title=INDIA'S NEW CAPITALISTS: Caste, Business, and Industry in a Modern Nation|date=25 November 2018|publisher=Hachette India |isbn=978-93-5195-280-0|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Hanks|first=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG7MZ9J6dAgC |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set|date=8 May 2003|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=978-0-19-508137-4|pages=Volume 1: (26, 86, 496, 122, 124, 162, 316, 325, 454, 477 491, 2340), Volume 2: (1,11, 32, 100, 127, 269, 288, 299, 567,600), Volume 3: (168,271, 277,572) |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hanks|first1=Patrick|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ|title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland|last2=Coates|first2=Richard|last3=McClure|first3=Peter|date=17 November 2016|publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-252747-9|pages=111, 501|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Puri|first=Baij Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXX1MAAACAAJ|title=The Khatris, a Socio-cultural Study |date=1988|publisher=M.N. Publishers and Distributors|pages=7–8|language=en}}</ref><ref name="McLeod_AtoZ">{{Cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |author-link=W. H. McLeod |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vgixwfeCyDAC&q=google+book+famous+punjabi+khatri |title=The A to Z of Sikhism |date=24 July 2009 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-6344-6 |pages=21, 86, 115}}</ref>
|-
|House of 2.5
|[[Kapoor]], [[Khanna (name)|Khanna]] and [[Mehra]]/[[Malhotra]]
|-
|House of 4
|Including the above 3, [[Seth (surname)|Seth]] (also known as [[Kakkar|Kakar]])<ref name="fn">{{Cite book |last=Hanks |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vG7MZ9J6dAgC&dq=bahri+khatri&pg=PR97 |title=Dictionary of American Family Names: 3-Volume Set |date=8 May 2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-508137-4 |pages=84,266 |language=en}}</ref> is also added which forms this unit
|-
|House of 12
|Including the above 4, [[Chopra (surname)|Chopra]], [[Dhawan]], [[Mahendru|Mahindru]]/[[Mohindra]], [[Mehrotra]], [[Sehgal]], [[Talwar (surname)|Talwar]], [[Tandon]], [[Vohra]] and [[Wadhwan|Wadhawan]] is added<ref name="fn"/>
|-
|House of 52
(Bunjahis)
|[[Abhi (surname)|Abhi]], [[Bagga]], [[Bahl]], [[Bakshi]], [[Bassi (surname)|Bassi]], [[Beri (surname)|Beri]], [[Bhambri]], [[Bhandari]], [[Chandok (surname)|Chandok]], [[Chhachi (Punjabi clan)|Chhachhi]], [[Chowdhury|Chaudhary]], [[Dheer (surname)|Dheer]], [[Dhoopar (surname)|Dhoopar]], [[Duggal]], [[Ghai]], [[Handa (surname)|Handa]], [[Jalota (surname)|Jalota]], [[Jhanjhi (surname)|Jhanjhi]], [[Johar (surname)|Johar]], [[Kandhari]], [[Katyal]], [[Khullar]], [[Kochhar]], [[Lamba (surname)|Lamba]], [[Mall (surname)|Mal]], [[Madhok]], [[Mago (surname)|Mago]], [[Maini (disambiguation)|Maini]], [[Makkar (surname)|Makkar]], [[Mangal]], [[Nanda (surname)|Nanda]], [[Puri (surname)|Puri]], [[Rana (name)|Rana]], [[Rekhi (subcaste)|Rekhi]], [[Sachar (name)|Sachar]], [[Sial tribe|Sial]], [[Sibal (surname)|Sibal]], [[Soi (surname)|Soi]], [[Soni (name)|Soni]], [[Tangri]], [[Thapar (surname)|Thapar]], [[Tuli (name)|Tuli]], [[Uppal (surname)|Uppal]], [[Vij]], [[Vinaik (surname)|Vinaik]] and [[Wahi (surname)|Wahi]]
|-
|Khukrains
|[[Anand (surname)|Anand]], [[Bhasin (surname)|Bhasin]], [[Chadha]], [[Kohli]], [[Ghai]], [[Sabharwal]], [[Sahni]] (Sawhney), [[Sethi]] and [[Suri (name)|Suri]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gupta|first=Shilpy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vsBTFEC_mdkC&dq=kohli+sahni+suri+sabharwal&pg=PA121 |title=Human Rights Among Indian Populations: Knowledge, Awareness and Practice|date=2009|publisher=Gyan Publishing House |isbn=978-81-212-1015-7 |pages=121|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|Aroras<ref name="id"/>
|[[Ahuja]], [[Allawadi (surname)|Allawadi]], [[Aneja (surname)|Aneja]], [[Babbar (tribe)|Babbar]], [[Bajaj (surname)|Bajaj]], [[Batra]], [[Baweja (surname)|Baweja]], [[Bhutani tribe|Bhutani]], [[Chhabra (surname)|Chhabra]], [[Chhimba]], [[Chhapola]], [[Channa (surname)|Channa]], [[Chandna]], [[Chawla]], [[Chugh]], [[Dawar (surname)|Dawar]], [[Dhingra]], [[Dhuria (surname)|Dhuria]], [[Dua (surname)|Dua]], [[Dudeja (surname)|Dudeja]], [[Juneja (surname)|Juneja]], [[Gambhir]], [[Gaba (surname)|Gaba]], [[Gandhi (surname)|Gandhi]], [[Gera (surname)|Gera]], [[Grover (surname)|Grover]], [[Gulati]], [[Gumber (surname)|Gumber]], [[Hans (surname)|Hans]], [[Huria (surname)|Huria]], [[Kalra (surname)|Kalra]], [[Kamra (surname)|Kamra]], [[Kaura (surname)|Kaura]], [[Khattar (clan)|Khattar]], [[Khetarpal]], [[Khurana (surname)|Khurana]], [[Luthra]], [[Madan (surname)|Madaan]], [[Manchanda]], [[Mehndiratta (surname)|Mehndiratta]], [[Mehmi]], [[Mehta]], [[Midha (surname)|Midha]], [[Miglani (surname)|Miglani]], [[Munjal]], [[Nagpal]], [[Nārang (disambiguation)#Surname|Narang]], [[Narula]], [[Pasricha]], [[Pruthi (surname)|Pruthi]], [[Rajpal]], [[Rawail]], [[Sachdev]]a, [[Saini (surname)|Saini]], [[Saluja]], [[Sardana (name)|Sardana]], [[Sethi]], [[Suneja (surname)|Suneja]], [[Taneja]], [[Tuteja]], [[Wadhwa]] and [[Walia]]
|-
|Others (including Sareens)
|[[Abrol]], [[Arya (surname)|Arya]], [[Ajimal (surname)|Ajimal]], [[Alagh]], [[Badhwar]], [[Baijal (name)|Baijal]], [[Bawa (disambiguation)|Bawa]], [[Bedi (disambiguation)|Bedi]], [[Bhagat]], [[Bhalla]], [[Bindra]], [[Chatrath (surname)|Chatrath]], [[Chhatwal (surname)|Chhatwal]], [[Chhura (surname)|Chhura]], [[Dang (surname)|Dang]], [[Dhaliwal (surname)|Dhariwal]], [[Dewan|Diwan]], [[Goindi (surname)|Goindi]], [[Gujral]], [[Jaggi]], [[Jolley (surname)|Jolly]], [[Julka (surname)|Julka]], [[Kunwar (surname)|Kanwar]], [[Kashyap (surname)|Kashyap]], [[Kaushal]], [[Keer (surname)|Keer]], [[Khalsa]], [[Kharbanda]], [[Kehar|Khehar]], [[Khosla]], [[Lal]], [[Majithia (surname)|Majithia]], [[Malik (surname)|Malik]], [[Marwaha|Marwah]], [[Nagrath (surname)|Nagrath]], [[Nayyar (surname)|Nayyar]], [[Nijhawan (surname)|Nijhawan]], [[Oberoi]], [[Ohri (surname)|Ohri]], [[Pahwa (surname)|Pahwa]], [[Passi (surname)|Passi]], [[Popat (surname)|Popat]], [[Kanungo (surname)|Qanungo]], Ratra, [[Rekhi (surname)|Rekhi]], [[Sagar (surname)|Saggar]], [[Sarna (Polish surname)|Sarna]], [[Saund]], [[Shroff]], [[Sobti (surname)|Sobti]], [[Sodhi]], [[Takiar (surname)|Takiar]], [[Thakkar]], [[Trehan]], [[Varma (surname)|Varma]] and [[Vig (surname)|Vig]] (Whig)
|}

== Varna status ==
{{disputed section|reason= Juergensmayer has summarised opinions of historians that the Kshatriya claim is generally not acccepted hence this looks like original research or POV. Wikipedia editors cannot form their own summary by synthesising sources.|date=May 2022}}

[[Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas|M. N. Srinivas]] states Khatri made different Varna claims at different times in the [[Census of India prior to independence|Census of India]] before Independence. In 1911, they did not make any [[Varna (Hinduism)|Varna]] claim, while in 1921 they claimed a [[Kshatriya]] status but later in 1931 they claimed a [[Vaishya]] status.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mysore Narasimhachar Srinivas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MBOb5X_VrDMC&pg=PA97 |title=Social Change in Modern India|publisher=University of California Press-Berkeley and Los Angeles|year=1967|page=97}}</ref> However, most scholars do not agree with the Khatris' claims to Kshatriya varna. They consider castes in north India, like Khatri and [[Kayastha]] to be merchant castes who claimed higher status based on the educational and economic progress they made in the past.<ref>{{cite book|author=Mark Juergensmayer|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rpSxJg_ehnIC&pg=PA86|title=Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action|date=1 January 1995|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-2025-6|editor=David N. Lorenzen|page=86|chapter=The social significance of Radhasoami|quote=In the past members of such castes such as Khatris served as shopkeepers, moneylenders, traders and teachers. Their reputation for mastering knowledge sometimes extended to the spiritual realm:Guru Nanak and the other nine founding gurus of the sikh tradition were Khatris, member of the Bedi subcaste.}}</ref>

According to [[Anand Yang|Yang]], the Khatris in the [[Saran district|Saran]] district of [[Bihar]], were included in the list of "Bania" along with Agarwals and Rastogis of the [[Vaishya]] Varna. According to Yang, their position in the Varna system should be "just below" the [[Dvija|twice-born]] varnas.<ref>{{cite book|author=Anand A. Yang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC&pg=PA47|title=The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920|publisher=University of California Press|year=1989|isbn=0520057112|access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> Jacob Copeman writes "[[Agarwal]], Khatri, and Bania usually denote people of merchant-trader background of middling clean-caste status, often of Vaishya varna".<ref name="Copeman20092" />

While some historians agree with the claim of Khatris to be of [[Kshatriya]] varna,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Westerlund |first=David |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hg2ZyH7nr9cC&dq=questioning+the+secular+state+punjabi+khatris+kshatriyas&pg=PA261 |title=Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics|date=1996|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|isbn=978-1-85065-241-0|pages=261|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Lorenzen|first=David N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oa0qAQAAMAAJ&q=caste+system+khatris|title=Religious Movements in South Asia 600-1800|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-567876-5|pages=321|language=en}}</ref><ref name="js">{{Cite book |last=Mooney |first=Nicola |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Hu4X3AOhS8C&q=khatris |title=Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs |date=17 September 2011|publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-6268-1 |pages=152–153}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Clarke |first1=Peter B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k8mLAgAAQBAJ&dq=khatri+caste+warrior&pg=PT981|title=The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations|last2=Beyer|first2=Peter|date=7 May 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-21099-1|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Melton |first1=J. Gordon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v2yiyLLOj88C&dq=born+in+a+khatri+family+nanak&pg=PA2013|title=Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]|last2=Baumann|first2=Martin|date=21 September 2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-204-3|pages=2013|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Kamala Elizabeth Nayar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oPeWqdoqJQC&q=born+in+a+khatri+family&pg=PA214|title=Religious Understandings of a Good Death in Hospice Palliative Care|last2=Harold Coward|date=13 June 2012 |publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-1-4384-4275-4|editor-last=Kelli I. Stajduhar|pages=214|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Rai |first1=Rajesh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzkrDwAAQBAJ&dq=khatris+warrior&pg=PA104|title=Religion and Identity in the South Asian Diaspora |last2=Sankaran |first2=Chitra|date=5 July 2017|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-55159-5|pages=104|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Renard |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fCjVRqPD-HQC&dq=ravi+das+khatri&pg=PA18|title=Fighting Words: Religion, Violence, and the Interpretation of Sacred Texts|date=31 December 2012|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-95408-3|pages=18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh |first=Nikky-Guninder Kaur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0s2dUUMHbkC&dq=khatri&pg=PA22|title=Sikhism|date=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1779-9|pages=22|language=en}}</ref> many others do not.<ref name="Lorenzen199522" /><ref>{{cite book |author=Anand A. Yang |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck4jmD7H34UC&pg=PA47 |title=The Limited Raj: Agrarian Relations in Colonial India, Saran District, 1793-1920 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1989 |isbn=0520057112 |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="Copeman20092">{{cite book |author=Jacob Copeman |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EbSXa5Fag9gC&pg=PA203 |title=Veins of Devotion: Blood Donation and Religious Experience in North India |publisher=Rutgers University Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-8135-4449-6 |pages=203 |quote=Agarwal, khatri, and bania usually denote people of merchant-trader background of middling clean-caste status, often of vaishya varna}}</ref><ref name="ma">{{cite book|author=Susan Bayly|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&pg=PA329|title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2001|isbn=9780521798426|pages=328–329|quote=Examples of continuing fascination with the Kshatriya ideal abound, as can be seen in the many post-Independence publications which exalt the doings of individual named jatis. The production of these ‘community’ histories has been as active an industry in the late twentieth century as it was in the pre-Independence period. As recently as 1988, a polemicist representing himself as an Oxford-trained Indian ‘socio-historian’ published an account of the supposed origins and heritage of north India's Khatris. Today, as in the past, those who call themselves Khatri favour the livelihoods of the pen and the ledger. In the colonial period, however, Khatri caste associations extolled the heritage of their ‘community’ as one of prowess and noble service (seva), claiming that their dharmic essence was that of the arms-bearing Kshatriya and therefore quite unlike that of the commercial Agarwals and other pacific Vaishyas. These same themes were recapitulated by the author of the 1988 text: the Khatris, ‘one of the most acute, energetic, and remarkable race [sic] in India’, are heirs to a glorious martial past, ‘pure descendants of the old Vedic Kshatriyas’. The writer even tries to exalt Khatris above Rajputs, whose blood he considers ‘impure’, being supposedly mixed with that of ‘inferior’ Kols or ‘aborigines’: in his view only Khatris are ‘true representatives of the Aryan nobility’.<39>Footnote: 39 Puri 1988: 3, 78, 163, 166. The writer appeals to the Khatri ‘race’ to ‘wake up’ and cherish their heritage as ‘followers of the Hindu Dharma Sastras’ (5). Above all they should guard against ‘hybridising’, i.e. marrying non-Khatris (166). These views closely resemble those of pre-Independence race theorists (see Chapters 3-4). Compare Seth 1904}}</ref><ref name="JonesJones19762">{{cite book|author1=Kenneth W. Jones |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RpvXCtNzrz8C&pg=PA4|title=Arya Dharm: Hindu Consciousness in 19th-century Punjab|author2=Kenneth W.Jones |publisher=University of California Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-520-02920-0|pages=4–5|quote=Among Punjabi Hindus the Vaishyas would lead; among Vaishyas, the Khatri and his associates, the Saraswat Brahmins. The Khatris claimed with some justice and increasing insistence, the status of Rajputs, or Kshatriyas, a claim not granted by British but illustrative of their ambiguous position on the great varna scale of class divisions and their importance within the Hindu community. Processed of questionable and flexible status in the traditional hierarchy, literate, urban and often wealthy, in search of recognition for their achievements and pretentions, the Khatris acted as traditional innovators, leaders into new worlds}}</ref><ref name="McLane2002222">{{cite book|last=McLane|first=John R.|title=Land and Local Kingship in Eighteenth-Century Bengal|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-52654-8|page=131|quote=The Khatris were a Punjabi mercantile caste who claimed to be Kshatriyas. Nineteenth-century Indians and British administrators failed to agree whether that claim should be accepted. The fact that overwhelming majority were engaged in Vaishya (mercantile), not Kshatriya (military), pursuits was balanced against the Khatri origin myths...By the eighteenth century, and probably long before, they were a dominant group in the trade of the Punjab and Afghanistan, and they had penetrated into Turkistan and also east and south into many parts of India. ...This raises the possibility that Khatris were resident in Bengal in pre-Mughal times.}}</ref> According to some historians, even though they participated in mercantile or other occupationally diverse professions such as Agriculture, they were originally Kshatriyas.<ref name="ca"/><ref>{{Cite book|last=Farhadian|first=Charles E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VV-BAAAQBAJ&q=khatri+sanskrit+punjabi&pg=PT293|title=Introducing World Religions: A Christian Engagement|date=9 June 2015|publisher=Baker Academic|isbn=978-1-4412-4650-9|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Jeffrey |first=Robin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qQO_DAAAQBAJ&dq=khatris+warrior&pg=PA52|title=What's Happening to India?: Punjab, Ethnic Conflict, and the Test for Federalism|date=27 July 2016|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-349-23410-3|pages=52|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Pechilis |first1=Karen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kaubzRxh-U0C&dq=khatris+warrior&pg=PA239|title=South Asian Religions: Tradition and Today |last2=Singh |first2=Pashaura|last3=Raj|first3=Selva J.|date=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-44851-2|pages=239|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Oldenburg 2002 41, 15422" /> In Indian historian [[Satish Chandra (historian)|Satish Chandra]]'s opinion, certain castes like Khatris and Kayasthas "do not quite fit" in the Hindu Varna system. According to him, Khatris are neither Vaishyas nor Kshatriyas but are "par excellence traders".<ref name="Chandra20082">{{cite book |author=Satish Chandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6xVm9lkknUC|title=Social Change and Development in Medieval Indian History|publisher=Har-Anand Publications|year=2008|isbn=978-81-241-1386-8|pages=43|quote=In fact, there are some castes which do not quite fit into any of the four varnas. I do not know enough about the situation in south India. But in Northern India, castes such as Khatris and Kayasths are difficult to fit into the varna system. The Khatris are par excellence traders, but they are not classified amongst vaishyas. Nor are they part of the Kshatriyas.}}</ref>

The [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s are the [[purohit]]s of Khatris and accept gifts only from them.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nalwa|first=Vanit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhgNexD92QC&q=khatris+sarsut|title=Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837)|date=13 January 2009|publisher=Manohar, New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-785-5|pages=97|language=en}}</ref> Jürgen Schaflechner cites the historian Rowe who states such Saraswat Brahmins who were considered a low caste, formed a symbiotic relationship with [[Vaishya]] castes such as [[Khatris]], [[Lohanas]], etc. who were trying to raise their varna status - which in turn would benefit the Saraswats as well. For this purpose, certain religious texts were written during the British Raj era.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Jürgen Schaflechner |date=2018 |title=Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=59–60 |isbn=978-0-19-085052-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khBADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA59}}</ref>

[[Susan Bayly]] states the Khatris had scribal traditions and despite this Khatri caste organisations in the British Raj era tried to portray their caste as Kshatriyas. Similar caste glorifying ideas were written by the historian [[Baij Nath Puri|Puri]] who describes Khatris as "one of the most acute, energetic, and remarkable race [sic] in India", "pure descendants of the old Vedic Kshatriyas" and "true representatives of the Aryan nobility". Puri also tried to show the Khatris as higher than the Rajputs whose blood he considered "impure", mixed with ‘inferior’ Kolis or ‘aborigines’.<ref name="ma"/> She considers his views to represent those of "pre-Independence race theorists". Bayly further describes the Khatris as a "caste title of north Indians with military and scribal traditions".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bayly |first=Susan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HbAjKR_iHogC&dq=khatri+military+scribal+bayly&pg=PA385 |title=Caste, Society and Politics in India from the Eighteenth Century to the Modern Age |date=22 February 2001 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-79842-6 |pages=385 |language=en}}</ref> Hardip Singh Syan says Khatris considered themselves to be of pure [[Vedic]] descent and thus superior to the Rajputs, who like them claim the Kshatriya status of the Hindu [[Varna (Hinduism)|varna system]].<ref name="syan22"/>

=== Punjab ===
Historian Kenneth W. Jones states the Khatris of Punjab had some justification in claiming Kshatriya status from the British government. However, the fact that this claim was not granted at the time showing their ambiguous position in the varna system. Although Jones also classifies Khatris as one of the Vaishya caste of Punjabi Hindus, he shows that their social status was higher than the Arora, Suds and Baniyas in the 19th century Punjab. He quotes Ibbetson who states that the Punjabi Khatris who held prominent military and civil posts were traditionally different from the Aroras, Suds or Baniyas who were rural, of low status and mostly commercial. Punjabi Khatris, on the other hand, were urban, usually prosperous and literate. Thus, the Khatris led the Vaishyas in seeking a higher social position in the flexible Varna hierarchy based on their superior achievements. Similar social mobility efforts were followed by other Hindus in Punjab.<ref name="JonesJones19762" />

McLane also describes them as a "mercantile caste who claimed to be Kshatriyas". In the 19th century, British failed to agree whether their claim of Kshatriya status should be accepted. [[John Nesfield|Nesfield]] and [[George Campbell (civil servant)|Campbell]] were leaning towards accepting this claim but [[Herbert Hope Risley|Risley]] and [[Denzil Ibbetson|Ibbetson]] cast doubts on it. McLane opines that the confusion was caused since Khatris pursued mercantile occupations and not military ones. However, he adds that this Vaishya occupation fact was balanced by their origin myths, the "possible" derivation of the word Khatri from ''Kshatriya,'' their large physical stature, the superior status accorded to them by other [[Punjabis]] as well as the willingness of the [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s, their [[Purohit|chaplains]], to accept cooked food from them.<ref name="McLane2002222" />

In the case of [[Sikhs|Sikh]] Khatris, their Kshatriya claim reflects a contradictory attitude towards the traditional Hindu caste system. It is evident in ''[[Guru Granth Sahib]]'', which on the one hand rises above the Hindu caste paradigm and on the other hand seeks to portray the Khatri gurus as a group of warrior-defenders of their faith, just as with the Kshatriya varna.<ref name="dhavan2"/>

Majority of the male members of the [[Arya Samaj]] in the late 19th century Punjab came from the [[Arora]] and Khatri merchant castes. In Punjab, the Kshatriya castes who were ritually higher than the Aroras and Khatris had been disempowered and thus the Brahmins who had lost their patrons had to turn to these non-Kshatriya castes. [[Christophe Jaffrelot]] explains the attraction of these trading castes to the Arya Samaj as a means of social mobility associated with their prosperity during the British rule. He cites N. G. Barrier to show that the philosophy of the Arya Samaj founder, [[Dayananda Saraswati]], was responsible for the aspirations of these [[Vaishya]] castes from Punjab to higher status:<ref name="Jaffrelot2010">{{cite book |author=Christophe Jaffrelot |date=2010 |title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India |publisher=Primus Books |pages=98– |isbn=9789380607047 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAO3i_gS61wC&pg=PA98 |quote=In 1891, more than half the 9,105 male members of the movement belonged to the Khatri and Arora merchant castes. This sociological composition reflected the same socio-cultural logic as in Gujarat where Dayananda had set up the Arya samaj with the support of traders seeking a better status more in keeping with their new prosperity (Jordens 1978) linked with the economic advance of British India; in the Punjab, his movement developed along the same lines among the merchant castes which felt that they could aspire all the more legitimately to the leadership of their community as the Brahmins and Kshatriyas, who had been hierarchically superior to them had been marginalized. Barrier hence explains the attraction that the Arya Samaj exercised over the merchant castes by the fact that: Dayananda's claim that caste should be determined primarily by merit not birth, opened new paths of social mobility to educated Vaishyas who were trying to achieve social status commensurate with their improving economic status.}}</ref>

{{blockquote| Dayananda's claim that caste should be determined primarily by merit not birth, opened new paths of social mobility to educated [[Vaishyas]] who were trying to achieve social status commensurate with their improving economic status<ref name="Jaffrelot2010"/>}}

=== Rajasthan, Gujarat and Maharashtra ===
[[Dasharatha Sharma]] described Khatris of [[Rajasthan]] as a mixed ''pratiloma'' caste of low ritual status but they could be a mixed caste born of Kshatriya fathers and Brahmin mothers.<ref>{{cite book|last=Sharma|first=Dasharatha|title=Early Chauhān dynasties: a study of Chauhān political history, Chauhān political institutions, and life in the Chauhān dominions, from 800 to 1316 A.D.|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1975|page=279|author-link=Dasharatha Sharma}}</ref> [[Banking]], [[Trade|trading]], agriculture and service are traditional occupations of the Khatris in Rajasthan. The [[Literacy|literacy rate]] is appreciably high among them.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=K.S|title=India's Communities A-G|publisher=OUP India |year=1998 |isbn=978-0195633542 |pages=1728}}</ref>

[[Ashok Malik]], former press secretary to the President of India, says that there were two groups of Khatris in Gujarat, that arrived right after the Mughal invasion and during the reign of [[Akbar]] respectively. The latter considered themselves superior to the former and they called themselves "Brahmakshatriyas" after arriving in Gujarat. When the older Khatri community of Gujarat started prospering, they also started calling themselves "Brahmakshatriya", causing the new Khatri community to panic and adopt the name "Nayar Brahmakshatriyas" for themselves. In addition, another community - the Gujarati [[Teli]]s, considered an [[Other Backward Class|Other Backward Class (OBC)]] in India began to call themselves ''Khatris.'' Malik calls this as [[Sanskritization]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Malik|first=Ashok|date=2010|title=Caste Census|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23006464|journal=India International Centre Quarterly|volume=37|issue=1|pages=142–147|issn=0376-9771|jstor=23006464}}</ref>

Historian Vijaya Gupchup from the [[University of Mumbai]] states that in [[Maharashtra]], Brahmins showed resentment in the attempt by the [[Marathi people|Marathi]] Khatris or Koshti to elevate themselves from ritually low status to Kshatriya by taking advantage of the British neutrality towards castes. She quotes a translation from a [[Marathi language|Marathi]] publication that gave a Brahminic opinion of this attempt:

{{blockquote|Everyone does what he wants, Sonars have become Brahmins, Treemungalacharya was insulted by throwing cowdung at him in Pune, but he has no shame and still calls himself a Brahmin. Similarly a Khatri or Koshti who are included in Panchal at places other than Bombay, call themselves Kshatriya in Bombay and say their needles are the arrows and their thimbles are the sheaths. How surprising that those Sonars and Khatris at the hands of whom even Shudras will not take water have become Brahmins and Kshatriyas. In short day by day higher castes are disappearing and lower castes are prospering.<ref name="Gupchup1993">{{cite book|author=Vijaya V. Gupchup|title=Bombay: Social Change, 1813-1857|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BeXZAAAAMAAJ |year=1993 |publisher=Popular Book Depot|page=191|quote=The cynical remarks of the Brahmin point out that there was a general tendency of the castes to elevate themselves in the social strata, no doubt taking advantage of the British policy of neutrality towards castes. Thus he says: Everyone does what he wants, Sonars have become Brahmins, Treemungalacharya was insulted by throwing cowdung at him in Pune, but he has no shame and still calls himself a Brahmin. Similarly a (Marathi) Khatri or Koshti (weavers) who are included in Panchal at places other than Bombay, call themselves Kshatriya in Bombay and say their needles are the arrows and their thimbles are the sheaths. How surprising that those Sonars and Khatris at the hands of whom even Sudras will not take water have become Brahmins and Kshatriyas. He continues, in short day by day higher castes are disappearing and lower castes are prospering.}}</ref>}}

==Religious groups==
===Hindu Khatris===
The vast majority of Khatris are Hindu.<ref name="hd"/> Many Hindu Khatris made their first newborn a Sikh. Daughters were married into both Hindu and Sikh families according to the Khatri sub-hierarchy rules.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Manpreet J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3KL8DwAAQBAJ&q=many+hindu+families+made+their+firstborn+a+sikh+manpreet+j+singh&pg=PT39|title=The Sikh Next Door: An Identity in Transition |date=31 August 2020|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-93-89165-58-6|language=en}}</ref> Hindu-Sikh intermarriages among Khatris and [[Arora]]s were common in the cities of [[Peshawar]] and [[Rawalpindi]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mooney|first=Nicola|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k1B2vdLBizIC&dq=khatris+aroras+peshawar+rawalpindi&pg=PA12|title=Rural Nostalgias and Transnational Dreams: Identity and Modernity Among Jat Sikhs|date=1 January 2011 |publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9257-1|pages=12|language=en}}</ref> They worship [[Hinglaj Mata mandir|Hinglaj Mata]], [[Chandi|Chandi Mata]], [[Shiva]], [[Hanuman]] and [[Dashavatara|Vishnu's avatars]]. Worship of [[totem]]istic symbols such as snakes and trees used to be common among them. [[Meditation]] upon the flame while reciting [[Vindhyavasini|Vidhyavasini's]] hymns was a common practice and reverence was paid to the dead ancestors.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Hertel|first1=Bradley R.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r-OYL6Khg0UC&dq=khatris+worship&pg=PA199|title=Living Banaras: Hindu Religion in Cultural Context|last2=Humes|first2=Cynthia Ann|date=1 January 1993|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=978-0-7914-1331-9|language=en}}</ref><ref name="sc">{{Cite book|last=Puri|first=Baij Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXX1MAAACAAJ|title=The Khatris, a Socio-cultural Study |date=1988|publisher=M.N. Publishers and Distributors|pages=67–72, 149–150|language=en}}</ref> They are both vegetarian and non-vegetarian depending on their affiliations with the sects of [[Vaishnavism]] and [[Shaktism]] respectively.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Nayar|first1=V. G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3sAn2eNvF7EC&dq=khatris+vegetarian&pg=PA124|title=Sociology of Religion in India|last2=Nayar|first2=M. G.|date=2001|publisher=Cosmo Publications |isbn=978-81-7755-151-8|pages=124|language=en}}</ref> Sects of [[Arya Samaj]], [[Nirankari]] and [[Radha Soami|Radhasoami]] are also followed.<ref name="sc"/>

===Sikh Khatris===
All the ten Sikh Gurus were from various Khatri clans.<ref>{{cite book|last=Singha|first=H. S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA125 |title=The Encyclopedia of Sikhism|publisher=Hemkunt Press|year=2000|isbn=978-81-7010-301-1|page=125}}</ref> The early followers of [[Guru Nanak]] were Khatris but later a large number of [[Jat]]s joined the faith.<ref>{{cite book|author=Richard M. Eaton|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP168|title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |publisher=Penguin |year=2019 |isbn=9780141966557 |pages=168–169 |quote=The Sikh community grew rapidly in the sixteenth century. Nanak's earliest followers had been fellow Khatris engaged in petty trade, shopkeeping, or lower level civil service in the Lodi or Mughal bureaucracies. But as the movement grew, it experienced a significant influx of Jat cultivators.}}</ref> Khatris and Brahmins opposed "the demand that the Sikhs set aside the distinctive customs of their castes and families, including the older rituals."<ref>{{cite book |last=Dhavan |first=Purnima |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q0ZpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42|title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-19987-717-1|pages=42, 47, 184}}</ref>

[[Bhapa]] (pronounced as Pahpa) is a term used in a derogatory sense to denote Sikhs who left [[Pothohar Plateau|Potohar Region]] of modern-day Pakistan during [[Partition of India|Partition]], specifically of Khatri and [[Arora]] caste. Bhapa translates to elder brother in the [[Pahari-Pothwari|Potohari]] dialect spoken around [[Rawalpindi District|Rawalpindi]] region. [[W. H. McLeod|McLeod]], referring to the Khatris and Aroras says "The term is typically used dismissively by [[Jat Sikh|Jats]] to express opprobrium towards Sikhs of these castes. Until recently it was never used in polite company or print, but today the word is used quite openly"<ref name="ds"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Singh|first=Pukhraj|date=31 May 2014|title=Bluestar Baby Boomers |work=Newslaundary |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2014/05/31/bluestar-baby-boomers|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=Dharminder|date=3 January 2016|title=The Sardar Joke Is On You|work=Mumbai Mirror|url=http://www.mumbaimirror.com/columns/columnists/by-invitation/The-Sardar-joke-is-on-you/articleshow/50422145.cms|access-date=25 August 2021}}</ref> According to Birinder Pal Singh, [[Jat Sikh]]s consider only themselves as Sikhs and consider Khatris as "bhapas".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Birinder Pal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=be1GDwAAQBAJ&q=khatris|title=Sikhs in the Deccan and North-East India|date=12 January 2018|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-351-20105-6|language=en}}</ref> In Nicola Mooney's opinion, Jat Sikhs consider Arora Sikhs as "Hindu Punjabis" which reserves Sikhism for the Jats alone, denying even the fully [[Amrit Sanskar|baptised]] Arora as Sikhs.<ref name="js"/>

=== Muslim Khatris ===
{{main|Muslim Khatris}}

According to Historian [[Baij Nath Puri|B. N. Puri]], [[Muslims|Muslim]] Khatris are commonly known as [[Khawaja Shaikh|Khojas]] in Punjab.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Puri|first=Baij Nath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tXX1MAAACAAJ|title=The Khatris, a Socio-cultural Study |date=1988 |publisher=M.N. Publishers and Distributors|pages=149–150|language=en}}</ref> [[Khattak]] tribe of [[Pashtuns]] is credited with origin from the Khatris but was divided in belief to its descent according to the 1883 book "Glossary of the Tribes and Castes of the Punjab and North-West Frontier Province".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nalwa|first=Vanit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhgNexD92QC&dq=khattak+khatris&pg=PA360|title=Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837)|date=13 January 2009|publisher=Manohar, New Delhi|isbn=978-81-7304-785-5|pages=98|language=en}}</ref>

== Culture and lifestyle ==
According to [[Prakash Tandon]], during Khatri weddings, a ritual is carried out to test the Khatri groom's strength. The groom is supposed to slice the thick branch or stem of a [[Prosopis cineraria|Jandi Tree]] (Prosopis cineraria) in one blow using a sword.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Tandon |first=Prakash |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p6zTk-ibjTwC&q=punjabi+khatri+history |title=Punjabi Century, 1857-1947 |date=1968 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-01253-0 |pages=136 |language=en}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=Tandon was a businessman, see [[WP:HISTRS]]|date=August 2021}} During the pregnancy period of a female, a [[baby shower]] ceremony called "reetan" or "goadbharai" is carried out amongst Khatris and Aroras. During the event, gifts are showered to the pregnant mother from family and friends among other traditions.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Rait |first=S. K. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hRfkTq1ykSIC&q=born+in+a+khatri+family&pg=PA71 |title=Sikh Women in England: Their Religious and Cultural Beliefs and Social Practices |date=2005 |publisher=Trentham Books |isbn=978-1-85856-353-4 |pages=71 |language=en}}</ref>

== Literature and in popular culture ==
Khatris are mentioned in a popular Punjabi literature "[[Heer Ranjha]]" written by [[Waris Shah]].

<blockquote>Heer's beauty slays rich [[Khwaja|Khojas]] and Khatris in the [[bazaar]], like a murderous [[Qizilbash|Kizilbash]] trooper riding out of the royal camp armed with a sword
:— Waris Shah (Translated by Charles Frederick Usborne)<ref>{{Cite book|last=Shāh|first=Vāris̲|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Exo2AAAAMAAJ&q=the+adventures+of+hir+and+ranjha+khatri|title=The Adventures of Hir & Ranjha|date=1966|publisher=Lion Art Press|pages=41|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Shah|first=Waris|url=http://crossasia-repository.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/246/1/hir.pdf|title=The Adventure of Hir and Ranjha |publisher=Rupa |year=2003 |isbn=978-8129103796|translator-last=Usborne|translator-first=Charles Frederick}}</ref></blockquote>

== Sikh theology ==

According to ''[[Bichitra Natak]]'', traditionally said to be the autobiography of the last Sikh Guru, [[Gobind Singh]], but possibly not so,<ref>The Sikh Struggle in the Eighteenth Century and Its Relevance for Today, W. H. McLeod, History of Religions, Vol. 31, No. 4, Sikh Studies (May 1992), pp. 344-362, The University of Chicago Press/ quote: "Although Bachitar Natak is traditionally attributed to Guru Gobind Singh, there is a strong case to be made for regarding it as the work of one of his followers..."</ref> the Bedi sub-caste of the Khatris derives its lineage from [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]], the son of [[Rama]] (according to Hindu epic ''[[Ramayana]]''). Similarly, according to the same legend, the [[Sodhi]] sub-caste claims descent from [[Lava (Ramayana)|Lav]], the other son of Rama.<ref name="Bichitra2">The Cosmic Drama: Bichitra Natak, Author Gobind Singh, Publisher Himalayan International Institute of Yoga Science and Philosophy of the U.S.A., 1989 {{ISBN|0-89389-116-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-89389-116-9}}</ref>{{Better source needed|reason=not [[WP:HSC]]|date=August 2021}}

In [[Guru Granth Sahib]], the primary scripture of [[Sikhism]], Khatri is mentioned as one among the four [[Varna (Hinduism)|varnas]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Singh|first=Nikky-Guninder Kaur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8daLDwAAQBAJ&dq=khatri+brahmin+shudra+vaishya+guru+nanak&pg=PT62 |title=Sikhism: An Introduction|date=22 February 2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-0-85773-549-2|language=en}}</ref>

{{Blockquote|text=ਖਤ੍ਰੀ ਬ੍ਰਾਹਮਣ ਸੂਦ ਵੈਸ ਉਪਦੇਸੁ ਚਹੁ ਵਰਨਾ ਕਉ ਸਾਝਾ ॥ (SGGS, ang 747)
''Khatri brahman sud vais updesu cahu varna ku sanjha''
[[Kshatriya]]s, [[Brahmin]]s, [[Shudra]]s and [[Vaishya]]s all have the same mandate
|multiline=yes
}}

[[File:Portret van een onbekende handelaar uit Hazara Khutree. Hindoo trader. Hazara (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122E-20.jpg|thumb|Photograph of a Hindu Khatri man of [[Hazara region|Hazara]] c. 1868-1872|188x188px]]

[[Guru Gobind Singh]], said the following in a [[Savaiya|swayya]]:

{{Blockquote|text=''Chattri ko poot ho, Baman ko naheen kayee tap aavat ha jo karon; Ar aur janjaar jito greh ko tohe tyaag, kahan chit taan mai dharon, Ab reejh ke deh vahey humko jo-oo, hau binti kar jor karoon; Jab aao ki audh nidaan bane, att hi ran main tab jujh maroon.''
I am the son of a Chhatri (Khatri), not of a [[Brahmin]] and I will live according to my [[Dharma]]. All other complications of life are meaningless for me, and I set my heart on the path of righteousness. I humbly beseech thee God Almighty that when the time comes for me to fulfill my Dharma, may I die with honour in the field of battle.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Nalwa|first=Vanit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ULhgNexD92QC&q=chhatri+ko+poot |title=Hari Singh Nalwa, "champion of the Khalsaji" (1791-1837) |date=2009-01-13 |publisher=Manohar, New Delhi |isbn=978-81-7304-785-5 |pages=329 |language=en}}</ref>
|multiline=yes
|author=Translated by Vanit Nalwa
}}

== Related communities ==
=== Arora ===
The [[Arora]] is a community that Levi describes as a sub-caste of Khatris.<ref name="id"/> They originate in [[Punjab]] and [[Sindh]] region. The name is derived from their native place [[Aror]] and the community comprises both Hindus and Sikhs.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hans |first=Patrick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0AyDDQAAQBAJ&q=Aror |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Family Names in Britain and Ireland |year=2016 |isbn=9780192527479 |page=78|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> As per [[W. H. McLeod]], a historian of Sikhism, "traditionally the Aroras, though a relatively high caste were inferior to the Khatris, but the difference has now progressively narrowed. Khatri-Arora marriages are not unknown nowadays."<ref name="McLeod_AtoZ"/>

=== Lohana, Bhatia, and Bhanushali ===
According to Claude Markovits, castes such as [[Bhatia caste|Bhatia]] and [[Lohana]] were close to the Khatris and intermarried with them.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Markovits|first=Claude|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M2vu7Odjz6kC&q=claude+markovits+india+and+the+world+2000|title=The Global World of Indian Merchants, 1750–1947: Traders of Sind from Bukhara to Panama|date=22 June 2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-43127-9 |pages=47 |language=en}}</ref> Jürgen Schaflechner mentions that many Khatris and [[Bhatia caste|Bhatias]] were absorbed into Lohanas when they arrived in Sindh during the 18th century from cities in Punjab such as [[Multan]].<ref name="tp">{{Cite book |last=Schaflechner |first=Jürgen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khBADwAAQBAJ&q=schaflechner+hinglaj+devi|title=Hinglaj Devi: Identity, Change, and Solidification at a Hindu Temple in Pakistan|date=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-085052-4|pages=73–74|language=en}}</ref> He further adds that the genealogy of communities such as Khatri, Lohana and Arora is described in the composition of Hiṃgulā Purāṇ that brings them all into one mytho-historic narrative. He also notes that common mythologies found among Khatris and Lohanas. Some members, around 10-15% of the [[Lohana|Sindhi Lohanas]] began working for the local rulers and hence achieved a higher status than Khatris and Lohanas. These people came to known as "[[Amils]]" while the ones who continued with their merchant professions came to be known as "[[Bhaiband]]s". The Amils then started to recruit members from the general Khatris and Lohanas.<ref name="tp"/>

Upendra Thakur mentions that there is a strong connection between the Khatris, Aroras, Lohanas and the [[Bhanushali]]s who all recruit the Saraswat Brahmins as their priests.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thakur|first=Upendra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wubpGAAACAAJ|title=Sindhi Culture |date=1997 |publisher=Sindhi Academy|isbn=978-81-87096-02-3|pages=61|language=en}}</ref>

=== Gaddi ===
Gaddi is a [[nomad]]ic [[Sheepherding|shepherding]] [[tribe]] that resides in the mountainous terrains of the [[Himalayas]]. Gaddi is an amalgamation of various groups such as Khatris, Rajputs, Brahmins etc.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Sharma|first=Manorma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CDxa5G2S0AwC&q=gaddi+khatri&pg=PA10|title=Tribal Melodies of Himachal Pradesh: Gaddi folk music|date=1998|publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7024-912-2 |pages=9 |language=en}}</ref> Most [[Gaddis]] of Himachal Pradesh call themselves Khatris.<ref name="tc"/> There is a popular saying among them "Ujreya Lahore te baseya Bharmaur" meaning that when [[Lahore]] was deserted (possibly by the Muslim invasion), [[Bharmour]] was inhabited. Some Khatris clans are known to have settled there during Aurangzeb's reign.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hāṇḍā |first=Omacanda |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EaFNQ7Zfl8C&dq=Ujreya+Lahore+te+baseya+Bharmaur&pg=PA29 |title=Gaddi Land in Chamba: Its History, Art & Culture: New Light on the Early Wooden Temples |date=2005 |publisher=Indus Publishing |isbn=978-81-7387-174-0 |pages=29 |language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Khatris]]
* [[Roman Catholic Kshatriya]]s
* [[Caste system]]

==References==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}

{{Ethnic groups, tribes and clans of the Punjab}}{{Social groups of Gujarat}}{{Social groups of Maharashtra}}{{Social groups of Rajasthan}}

[[Category:Punjabi tribes|*]]
[[Category:Indian castes]]
[[Category:Merchant castes]]
[[Category:Sikh communities]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Social groups of Punjab, Pakistan]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Sindhi tribes]]

Jaihind (1994 film)

2026-03-07T21:01:19Z

Maxlogistic: Updated article with clearer structure

{{short description|1994 film directed by Arjun Sarja}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2023}}
{{Infobox film
| image = Jaihind 1994.jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]
| writer = Arjun
| producer = S. Chain Raaj Taleda
| starring = {{ubl|Arjun |[[Ranjitha]]}}
| cinematography = K. S. Selvaraj
| editing = [[P. Sai Suresh]]
| music = [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]]
| studio = Mishri Entreprises
| released = {{film date|1994|5|20|df=y}}
| runtime = 150 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
| budget = {{INR}}3 crore<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஹர்ஷா |date=15 May 1994 |title=கமலின் ஜனரஞ்சகப் படம்! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-05-15/page/40/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230322123728/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-05-15/page/40/mode/2up |archive-date=22 March 2023 |access-date=14 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |pages=40–41 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
}}

'''''Jaihind''''' ({{translation|[[Jai Hind|Victory to India!]]}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Action film|action]] [[war film]] written and directed by [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]]. The film stars him and [[Ranjitha]]. It was released on 20 May 1994,<ref>{{Cite web |title=ஜெய் ஹிந்து / Jai Hind (1994) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/jai-hind |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20231104074123/https://screen4screen.com/movies/jai-hind |archive-date=4 November 2023 |access-date=4 November 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> and became a commercial success.<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 May 2013 |title=Arjun to make Jai Hind 2 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-to-make-jai-hind-2/articleshow/20002064.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20260218005206/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/arjun-to-make-jai-hind-2/articleshow/20002064.cms |archive-date=2026-02-18 |access-date=2026-02-18 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> A [[spiritual successor]] titled ''[[Jaihind 2]]'', also starring Arjun, was released in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Rangan |first=Baradwaj |author-link=Baradwaj Rangan |date=7 November 2014 |title=Arjunin Jai Hind 2: Well, if you liked Jai Hind... |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/arjunin-jai-hind-2well-if-you-liked-jai-hind/article6574863.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220506041053/https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/cinema-reviews/arjunin-jai-hind-2well-if-you-liked-jai-hind/article6574863.ece |archive-date=6 May 2022 |access-date=6 May 2022 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=February 2024}}
[[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Bharath is a police officer with high patriotic image. His brother Sriram was in an encounter with a terrorist group, which is responsible for the death of the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]. He is romantically interested in his colleague, Inspector Priya. Priya's father is also a nationalist political leader who supports Arjun. The Government decides to destroy the terrorist group. Arjun, Priya along with some condemned prisoners move to a remote island to nab the terrorist group.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]] as [[Assistant commissioner of police|ACP]] Bharath [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]
*[[Ranjitha]] as [[Inspector]] Priya
*[[Goundamani]] as [[Head constable]] Kottaisamy
*[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]] as Bharath's mother
*[[Senthil]] in dual role as Kottaisamy's dream and [[Deputy inspector general of police|DIG]]
*[[Major Sundarrajan]] as Ravichandran
*[[Kalyan Kumar]] as the [[Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu]]
*[[Devan (actor)|Devan]] as Sriram, Bharath's brother
*[[Rajesh (Tamil actor)|Rajesh]] as Seenivasan
*[[Pandari Bai]] as Maria Devi
*[[Vagai Chandrasekhar|Chandrasekhar]] as Sekhar
*[[Vaishnavi (Malayali actress)|Vaishnavi]] as Susila
*[[Charuhasan]] as Priya's father
*[[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]]
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]] as a police constable
*Vimalraj as the terrorist leader
*[[Bayilvan Ranganathan]] as Inspector
*Gowtham as Gowtham
*Kamala Kamesh
*Baby Vichitra
;Cameo appearances
*Kavithasri
*[[Raju Sundaram]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The music was composed by [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], with lyrics written by [[Vairamuthu]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jai Hind (1994) |url=https://mio.to/album/Jai+Hind+%281994%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928201920/http://mio.to/album/Jai+Hind+(1994) |archive-date=28 September 2018 |access-date=6 May 2022 |website=Music India Online}}</ref> The song "Thayin Manikodi" remains hugely popular and is frequently played during [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 October 2020 |title=மறக்க முடியுமா? - ஜெய்ஹிந்த் |url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=92163 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103172356/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=92163 |archive-date=3 November 2023 |access-date=3 October 2023 |website=[[Dinamalar]] |language=Ta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Praveenkumar |first=K |date=15 August 2021 |title=Happy Independence Day 2021: Five patriotic Tamil songs you can tune into |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-independence-day-2021-five-patriotic-tamil-songs-you-can-tune-into/photostory/85303365.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20241007040226/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/happy-independence-day-2021-five-patriotic-tamil-songs-you-can-tune-into/photostory/85303365.cms |archive-date=7 October 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024 |work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> It inspired the title of a [[Thayin Manikodi|1998 film]] also directed by and starring Arjun.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Karthi |first=Laxmi |date=1 February 2024 |title=அர்ஜுன் இயக்கிய லாபமும் நஷ்டமும் அடைந்த படங்கள்.. 60 வயதிலும் லியோ சித்தப்பா செய்யும் அக்கப்போரு! |url=https://www.cinemapettai.com/action-king-arjuns-hit-and-flop-movies-in-tamil-cinema/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308092929/https://www.cinemapettai.com/action-king-arjuns-hit-and-flop-movies-in-tamil-cinema/ |archive-date=8 March 2024 |access-date=7 October 2024 |website=Cinemapettai |language=Ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration
|-
| "Bodhai Yeri Pocchu" || [[S. P. Sailaja]], [[Suresh Peters]] || 4:29
|-
| "Kanna En Selai" || [[S. Janaki]], [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:53
|-
| "Muttham Thara" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Sindhu || 3:22
|-
| "Thanni Vachu" || [[Malgudi Subha]], [[Vidyasagar (composer)|Vidyasagar]], Arjun || 4:49
|-
| "Thayin Manikodi" || S. P. Balasubrahmanyam || 4:26
|}

== Reception ==
K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote, "The strong family theme helps prop up all the action scenes and makes it different from just another ''[[Rambo (franchise)|Rambo]]''-style movie."<ref name="NST">{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=11 June 1994 |title=Strong family theme saves this action movie |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gs1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6530%2C130379 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528085338/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gs1OAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6530%2C130379 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=13 March 2019 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=13 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote that Arjun has done a one man show like Seshan, but felt that Arjun has messed up in aspects like music, calling it torture, keeping lengthy dialogues and the poor choice of actor as antagonist. He concluded that one must appreciate the makers for the fact that they have made a point, but sighed at the fact that they did not know how to convey it.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=3 July 1994 |title=ஜெய்ஹிந்த் |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-07-03/page/n11/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230209051332/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-07-03/page/n11/mode/2up |archive-date=9 February 2023 |access-date=13 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=10 |language=Ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{Arjun Sarja}}

[[Category:1990s action war films]]
[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 action films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Fictional portrayals of the Tamil Nadu Police]]
[[Category:Films about terrorism in India]]
[[Category:Films directed by Arjun Sarja]]
[[Category:Films scored by Vidyasagar (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian action war films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language action films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language war films]]

Arjuna (film)

2026-03-03T21:20:11Z

Maxlogistic: fixed formatting as per guidelines and cleaned formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Arjuna
| image = Arjuna_(film).jpg
| caption = Promotional poster
| director = P. C. Shekar
| producer = {{plainlist|
*K. Muthuraj
*P. Ramesh
}}
| story = P. C. Shekar
| screenplay = P. C. Shekar
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Prajwal Devaraj]]
*[[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]
*[[Devaraj]]
}}
| music = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cinematography = A.Kumaran
| editing = Saravanan
| studio = Arya Creations
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2015|08|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = [[Kannada]]
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Arjuna''''' is a 2015 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[crime drama film]] directed by P. C. Shekar and stars [[Prajwal Devaraj]], [[Devaraj]] and [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]] in the lead roles. First time father ([[Devaraj]]) and son ([[Prajwal Devaraj]]) share the screen.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://123kannadamovies.com/2015/07/01/prajwal-is-back-with-a-bang-with-arjuna-kannada/|title=Prajwal Is Back with a bang with ARJUNA|publisher=123Kannadamovies|date=25 July 2015|access-date=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717043123/http://123kannadamovies.com/2015/07/01/prajwal-is-back-with-a-bang-with-arjuna-kannada/|archive-date=17 July 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref> The film's music is scored by [[Arjun Janya]].

==Plot==
Arjuna is shown as a very good guy with great conscience. There is no clue about his dealing with a murder. But when the murder news opens up, Arjuna becomes uneasy, which deepens ACP Verma's doubt.
The director does his job in a good manner in the first half. But the second half betrays us. The suspense eventually ends up in losing its flavor. The real reason for Arjuna's transformation could have been handled much better.

Devaraj comes out with a splendid performance. Prajwal, his real life offspring, has imbibed his role to a good extent and does it commendably. Bhama comes only in few scenes in the film, but does a neat job. The film has its share of double meaning dialogues, and they do nothing to make you smile. Dynamic's Star Devaraj's stunts are just ok.
Updated by: Emjay Khan

==Cast==
* [[Prajwal Devaraj]] as Arjuna
* [[Devaraj]] as CBI Officer
* [[Bhama Kurup|Bhama]]
* [[Ramesh Bhat]]
* Sheethal
* Kaddipudi Chandru as MLA
* Rajashekar Naidu as Police Commissioner

==Production==
P. C. Shekar had earlier titled the film as ''Kshatriya'' and cast Prajwal Devaraj and Devaraj opposite each other for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/news/5381-prajwal-devaraj-s-kshatriya-renamed-as-arjuna.html|title=Prajwal Devaraj's Kshatriya Renamed as Arjuna|publisher=Chitraloka|date=26 August 2014}}</ref> Bhama was chosen to play the female lead.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalamactress.org/2015/04/actress-bhama-in-kannada-film-arjuna.html|title=Bhama in Kannada film Arjuna|publisher=Malayalamactress|accessdate=6 August 2015|archive-date=2 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202071035/http://www.malayalamactress.org/2015/04/actress-bhama-in-kannada-film-arjuna.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Since the title had already been registered by another producer, Shekar renamed the film as ''Arjuna''. The official trailer was released on 30 July 2015 in the presence of actor [[Ganesh (actor)|Ganesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://123kannadamovies.com/2015/06/27/arjuna-trailer-on-20th-july/|title=Arjuna Trailer on 30 July|publisher=123Kannadamovies|accessdate=6 August 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150811151540/http://123kannadamovies.com/2015/06/27/arjuna-trailer-on-20th-july/|archive-date=11 August 2015|url-status=usurped}}</ref>

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Arjuna
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Arjun Janya]]
| cover =
| border = yes
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 14 July 2015
| recorded = 2015
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| label = [[Anand Audio]]
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's soundtrack and original score is composed by [[Arjun Janya]]. The track list comprises only one song and three instrumental themes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://southsongs4u.co.in/arjuna-2015-kannada/ |title=Arjuna 2015 Kannada songs |publisher=Southsongs4u |accessdate=6 August 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725160427/http://southsongs4u.co.in/arjuna-2015-kannada/ |archivedate=25 July 2015 }}</ref> Arjun Janya played all the themes during the audio launch on 14 July 2015 with his piano.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/music/Arjun-Janya-unplugged-at-Arjuna-audio-launch/articleshow/48080326.cms|title=Arjun Janya unplugged at Arjuna audio launch|work=The Times of India|date=15 July 2015}}</ref>

===Track listing===
{{Track listing
| total_length =
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Sakhiye Sakhiye
| extra1 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| lyrics1 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| length1 =
| title2 = Dynamic theme of Arjuna
| extra2 = Instrumental
| lyrics2 =
| length2 =
| title3 = Mystery of Arjuna
| extra3 = Instrumental
| lyrics3 =
| length3 =
| title4 = Soul of Arjuna
| extra4 = Instrumental
| lyrics4 =
| length4 =
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://twitter.com/arjunamovie Arjuna Movie at Twitter]
*[https://www.indiaglitz.com/bhama-teamed-with-prajwal-kannada-news-106189.html Bhama Teamed with Prajwal]
*{{IMDb title|tt6275386}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Arjuna}}
[[Category:2015 films]]
[[Category:2015 crime drama films]]
[[Category:2015 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Arjun Janya]]
[[Category:2015 masala films]]
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]

{{2010s-Kannada-film-stub}}

Lapalang

2026-02-27T10:55:24Z

Maxlogistic: put up a post initial version - done

{{Orphan|date=August 2022}}

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Lapalang<ref>{{cite web |title=Pin Code Of Lapalang |url=https://allpincodes.in/address/lapalang-shillong-pin-code-is-793006/ |website=allpincodes.in |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| nickname =
| image_map =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Meghalaya#India
| pushpin_label_position = left
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|25.5660641|91.9181408|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Meghalaya]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[East Khasi Hills district|East Khasi Hills]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web |title=Page 27 |url=http://cgwb.gov.in/AQM/NAQUIM_REPORT/Meghalaya/East%20Khasi%20hills_report.pdf |website=Central Ground Water Board Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti Government of India |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 111.59
| population_total = 4292
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Khasi language|Khasi]] & [[English language|English]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 793006
| registration_plate = ML-02
| blank_name = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank_info = [[Humid subtropical climate|Cwa]]
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Lapalang''' is a village in the [[East Khasi Hills district]], [[Meghalaya]], [[India]]. As per [[2011 Census of India]], Lapalang has a population of 4,292 people with a literacy rate of 76.47%.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lapalang Village Population |url=https://www.indiagrowing.com/Meghalaya/East_Khasi_Hills/Mylliem/Lapalang |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220713122005/https://www.indiagrowing.com/Meghalaya/East_Khasi_Hills/Mylliem/Lapalang |url-status=usurped |archive-date=July 13, 2022 |website=IndiaGrowing.com |access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref>

There is a boys hostel of [[National Institutes of Technology (India)|National Institute of Technology]], Meghalaya, in the Lapalang village.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lapalang-II Boys Hostel |url=https://nitm.ac.in/p/lapalang-ii-boys-hostel |access-date=13 July 2022 |website=National Institute of Technology, Meghalaya}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

[[Category:Villages in Meghalaya]]

Maintenance

2026-02-10T04:57:49Z

Maxlogistic: updated details

{{Short description|Maintaining a device in working condition}}
{{hatnote group|
{{other uses}}
{{For|the Bharatpedia administrative page|Bharatpedia:Maintenance|selfref=y}}
}}
{{Redirect2|Repair|repairman|home repair|Home repair}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-E0208-0005-001, Reparatur eines Traktors.jpg|thumb|A tractor being mechanically repaired in [[Werneuchen]], 1966]]
[[File:Field repair of aircraft engine 1915-1916.jpg|thumb|Field repair of aircraft engine (1915–1916)]]

The technical meaning of '''maintenance''' involves functional checks, servicing, repairing or replacing of necessary devices, equipment, [[machinery]], building [[infrastructure]] and supporting utilities in industrial, business, and residential installations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Defense Logistics Agency|url=http://www.dla.mil/|website=DLA.mil|access-date=5 August 2016|archive-date=2 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502100137/http://www.dla.mil/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|title=European Federation of National Maintenance Societies
|url=http://www.efnms.org
|website=EFNMS.org
|quote=All actions which have the objective of retaining or restoring an item in or to a state in which it can perform its required function. These include the combination of all technical and corresponding administrative, managerial, and supervision actions.|access-date=5 August 2016}}</ref> Terms such as "predictive" or "planned" maintenance describe various cost-effective practices aimed at keeping equipment operational; these activities occur either before<ref name=DPenn.PdM>{{cite web|url=https://www.danielpenn.com/insights-resources/case-studies/preventive-predictive-maintenance|title=Defining Preventive & Predictive Maintenance|author=Ken Staller|access-date=2019-03-24|archive-date=2020-02-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213042252/https://www.danielpenn.com/insights-resources/case-studies/preventive-predictive-maintenance/|url-status=dead}}</ref> or after a potential failure.

==Definitions==
Maintenance functions can be defined as '''maintenance, repair and overhaul''' ('''MRO'''), and MRO is also used for '''maintenance, repair and operations'''.<ref>{{cite web|title=MRO – Definition |website=RF System Lab |url=http://www.rfsystemlab.us/glossary/mro-maintenance-repair-and-overhaul}}</ref> Over time, the terminology of maintenance and MRO has begun to become standardized. The [[United States Department of Defense]] uses the following definitions:<ref name="1037C">[[Federal Standard 1037C]] and from [[MIL-STD-188]] and from the [[Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms]]</ref>

* Any activity—such as tests, measurements, replacements, adjustments, and repairs—intended to retain or restore a [[functional unit]] in or to a specified state in which the unit can perform its required functions.<ref name="1037C" />
* All action taken to retain material in a serviceable condition or to restore it to serviceability. It includes [[inspection]]s, testing, servicing, classification as to serviceability, repair, [[rebuilding]], and reclamation.<ref name="1037C" />
* All supply and repair action taken to keep a force in condition to carry out its mission.<ref name="1037C" />
* The routine recurring work required to keep a facility (plant, building, structure, [[Ground (electricity)|ground]] facility, utility [[system]], or other real property) in such condition that it may be continuously used, at its original or designed capacity and efficiency for its intended purpose.<ref name="1037C" />

Maintenance is strictly connected to the utilization stage of the product or technical system, in which the concept of [[maintainability]] must be included. In this scenario, maintainability is considered as the ability of an item, under stated conditions of use, to be retained in or restored to a state in which it can perform its required functions, using prescribed procedures and resources.<ref>{{cite journal|publisher=[[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]]|journal=NATO Standardization Agency|title=AAP-6 – Glossary of terms and definitions|page=158}}</ref>

In some domains like [[aircraft maintenance]], terms ''maintenance, repair and overhaul''<ref>United States Code of Federal Regulations Title 14, Part 43 – Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration</ref> also include inspection, rebuilding, alteration and the supply of spare parts, accessories, raw materials, adhesives, sealants, coatings and [[consumables]] for aircraft maintenance at the [[Rental utilization|utilization]] stage. In international civil aviation maintenance means:

* The performance of tasks required to ensure the continuing airworthiness of an aircraft, including any one or combination of overhaul, inspection, replacement, defect rectification, and the embodiment of a modification or a repair.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://store.icao.int/airworthiness-manual-english-printed.html|title=Airworthiness Manual, Doc 9760|date=2014|publisher=[[International Civil Aviation Organization]]|isbn=978-92-9249-454-4|edition=3|location=Montreal (Canada)|pages=375|quote=The Airworthiness Manual (Doc 9760) contains a consolidation of airworthiness-related information previously found in other ICAO documents ... provides guidance to States on how to meet their airworthiness responsibilities under the Convention on International Civil Aviation. This third edition is presented based on States' roles and responsibilities, thus as State of Registry, State of the Operator, State of Design and State of Manufacture. It also describes the interface between different States and their related responsibilities. It has been updated to incorporate changes to Annex 8 to the Chicago Convention — Airworthiness of Aircraft, and to Annex 6 — Operation of Aircraft|access-date=2018-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901145432/https://store.icao.int/airworthiness-manual-english-printed.html|archive-date=2018-09-01|url-status=dead}}</ref>

This definition covers all activities for which [[aviation regulations]] require issuance of a maintenance release document (aircraft certificate of return to service – CRS).[[File:Pothole repair.jpg|thumb|Road repair]]

==Types==
The marine and air transportation,<ref>{{cite book|title=Marine Painting Manual|last1=Berendsen|first1=A. M.|last2=Springer|date=2013|isbn=978-90-481-8244-2|edition=1st}}</ref> offshore structures,<ref name="ISO 12944-9:2018">{{cite ISO standard|csnumber=64832|title=ISO 12944-9:2018 – Paints and Varnishes – Corrosion Protection of Steel Structures by Protective Paint Systems – Part 9: Protective Paint Systems and Laboratory Performance Test Methods for Offshore and Related Structures}}</ref> [[industrial plant]] and [[facility management]] industries depend on ''maintenance, repair and overhaul'' (MRO) including scheduled or preventive [[paint]] maintenance programmes to maintain and restore [[coatings]] applied to steel in environments subject to attack from erosion, corrosion and environmental pollution.<ref name="ISO 12944-9:2018" />

The basic types of maintenance falling under MRO include:

*[[#Preventive maintenance|Preventive maintenance]], where equipment is checked and serviced in a planned manner (in a scheduled points in time or continuously)
*[[Maintenance#Corrective maintenance|Corrective maintenance]], where equipment is repaired or replaced after wear, malfunction or break down
* Reinforcement<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/01/03/nyregion/l-train-shutdown-changes.html
|title=What's Different in the M.T.A.'s New Plan for Repairing the L Train Tunnel
|newspaper=The New York Times
|date=January 1, 2019|last1=Singhvi
|first1=Anjali
|last2=Gröndahl
|first2=Mika
}}</ref>

[[Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property|Architectural Conservation]] and [[Conservation and restoration of cultural property|Art Conservation]] employ MRO to preserve, rehabilitate, restore, or reconstruct historical structures and artifacts with stone, brick, glass, metal, wood, etc. which match the original constituent materials where possible, or with suitable alternative materials when not.<ref>{{cite book |title=Materials for Conservation: Organic Consolidants, Adhesives and Coatings |author=Charles Velson Horie|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|edition=2nd |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-75-066905-4}}</ref>

===Preventive maintenance===
[[File:C-130J Hercules cleaning.jpg|thumb|[[Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules|C-130J Hercules]] preventive cleaning at Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi after a period of operation over the [[Gulf of Mexico]] (salt and moisture which lead to active corrosion require regular cleaning)]]
'''Preventive maintenance''' ('''PM''') is "a routine for periodically inspecting" with the goal of "noticing small problems and fixing them before major ones develop."<ref name="PMckList.NYT">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/02/17/realestate/preventive-maintenance-a-checklist.html|title=Preventive Maintenance: A Checklist
|author=Micharl Decourcy Hinds |date=February 17, 1985}}</ref> Ideally, "nothing breaks down."<ref name="PM.PC-NYT">{{cite web|website=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1984/08/14/science/personal-computers-preventive-maintenance-for-an-aging-computer.html |title=Personal computers preventive maintenance for an aging computer |author=Erik Sandberg-Diment |date=August 14, 1984}}</ref>

The main goal behind PM is for the equipment to make it from one planned service to the next planned service without any failures caused by fatigue, extreme fluctuation in temperature(such as heat waves<ref>{{Cite web |title=6 Tips to Keep Your Machine Cool in Summer {{!}} Al Marwan |url=https://almarwan.com/news/1126/Al-Marwan-Blog-8-6-Quick-Tips-to-Keep-Your-Machine-Cool-this-Summer |access-date=2024-06-20 |website=Al Marwan Heavy Machinery |language=en}}</ref>) during seasonal changes, neglect, or normal wear (preventable items), which Planned Maintenance and Condition Based Maintenance help to achieve by replacing worn components before they actually fail. Maintenance activities include partial or complete overhauls at specified periods, oil changes, lubrication, minor adjustments, and so on. In addition, workers can record equipment deterioration so they know to replace or repair worn parts before they cause system failure.

The New York Times gave an example of "machinery that is not lubricated on schedule" that functions "until a bearing burns out." Preventive maintenance contracts are generally a fixed cost, whereas improper maintenance introduces a variable cost: replacement of major equipment.<ref name="PMckList.NYT" />

'''Main objectives of PM are:'''

# Enhance capital equipment productive life.
# Reduce critical equipment breakdown.
# Minimize production loss due to equipment failures.

'''Preventive maintenance''' or '''preventative<ref name="TaTive.NYT">{{cite news|newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/18/magazine/18FOB-onlanguage-t.html |title=Wellness |quote=Complaints about preventative go back to the late 18th century ... ("Oxford English Dictionary dates preventive to 1626 and preventative to 1655) ..preventive has won" |date=April 18, 2010 |author=Ben Zimmer}}</ref> maintenance''' ('''PM''') has the following meanings:

* The care and servicing by personnel for the purpose of maintaining equipment in satisfactory operating condition by providing for systematic inspection, [[Fault detection and isolation|detection]], and correction of incipient failures either before they occur or before they develop into major defects.
* The work carried out on equipment in order to avoid its breakdown or malfunction. It is a regular and routine action taken on equipment in order to prevent its breakdown.<ref>{{cite book
|author1=O. A. Bamiro |author2=D. Nzediegwu |author3=K. A. Oladejo |author4=A. Rahaman |author5=A. Adebayo
|date=2011 |title=Mastery of Technology for Junior School Certificate Examination |location=Ibadan |publisher=Evans Brothers (Nigeria Publishers) Limited}}</ref>
* Maintenance, including tests, measurements, adjustments, parts replacement, and cleaning, performed specifically to prevent faults from occurring.

Other terms and abbreviations related to PM are:

* scheduled maintenance<ref name="Downtime.mil">{{cite web |title=CPOL: System Maintenance and Downtime Announcements |url=http://cpol.army.mil/announcements
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002072445/http://cpol.army.mil/announcements/
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=October 2, 2008
|access-date=March 21, 2019
|quote=... out of service from 6:00–7:00am Eastern for regularly scheduled maintenance.}}</ref>
* planned maintenance,<ref name="Upgrade.gov">{{cite web |title=Dodge City Radar Planned Maintenance |website=weather.gov (National Weather Service) |url=https://www.weather.gov/ddc/DodgeCityRadarUpgrade |quote=... will be down for approximately five days}}</ref> which may include scheduled downtime for equipment replacement
* planned preventive maintenance (PPM) is another name for PM<ref name="WhatPPM" />
*{{Visible anchor|breakdown maintenance}}:<ref name="WhatPPM">{{cite web|title=The development of a cost benefit analysis method for monitoring the condition of batch |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/p010185.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322072113/https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/p010185.pdf |url-status=live |archive-date=March 22, 2019 }}</ref> fixing things only when they break. This is also known as "a reactive maintenance strategy"<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bidwells.co.uk/insights-and-research/blog-what-is-ppm-maintenance |title=What is PPM Maintenance? |access-date=2019-03-22|archive-date=2021-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429091847/https://www.bidwells.co.uk/insights-and-research/blog-what-is-ppm-maintenance/|url-status=dead }}</ref> and may involve "consequential damage."<ref>e.g. from leaks that could have been prevented</ref>

====Planned maintenance====
{{redirect|Routine maintenance|the album by Aaron West and the Roaring Twenties|Routine Maintenance (album)}}
Planned preventive maintenance (PPM), more commonly referred to as simply '''planned maintenance''' ('''PM''') or '''scheduled maintenance''', is any variety of scheduled [[Corrective maintenance|maintenance]] to an object or item of equipment. Specifically, planned maintenance is a scheduled service visit carried out by a competent and suitable agent, to ensure that an item of equipment is operating correctly and to therefore avoid any unscheduled breakdown and downtime.<ref>{{cite book | last1 = Wood | first1 = Brian | title = Building care | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell | year = 2003 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=xi6e4KhRoPwC | access-date = 2011-04-22 | isbn = 978-0-632-06049-8}}</ref>

The key factor as to when and why this work is being done is timing, and involves a service, resource or facility being unavailable.<ref name="Downtime.mil" /><ref name="Upgrade.gov" /> By contrast, condition-based maintenance is not directly based on equipment age.

Planned maintenance is preplanned, and can be date-based, based on equipment running hours, or on distance travelled.

Parts that have scheduled maintenance at fixed intervals, usually due to wearout or a fixed [[shelf life]], are sometimes known as time-change interval, or TCI items.

==== Predictive maintenance ====
{{main|Predictive maintenance}}
'''Predictive maintenance''' techniques are designed to help determine the condition of in-service equipment in order to estimate when maintenance should be performed. This approach promises [[Cost saving|cost savings]] over routine or time-based [[preventive maintenance]], because tasks are performed only when warranted. Thus, it is regarded as condition-based maintenance carried out as suggested by estimations of the degradation state of an item. The main promise of predictive maintenance is to allow convenient scheduling of [[corrective maintenance]], and to prevent unexpected equipment failures.<ref name="DPenn.PdM" /> This maintenance strategy uses sensors to monitor key parameters within a machine or system, and uses this data in conjunction with analysed historical trends to continuously evaluate the system health and predict a breakdown before it happens.<ref name="simap">{{Citation| last1 = Garcia | first1 = Mari Cruz| last2 = Sanz-Bobi | first2 = Miguel A.| last3 = Del Pico | first3 = Javier| title = SIMAP: Intelligent System for Predictive Maintenance: Application to the health condition monitoring of a windturbine gearbox| journal = Computers in Industry| volume = 57| issue = 6| pages = 552–568| date = August 2006| doi = 10.1016/j.compind.2006.02.011 }}</ref> This strategy allows maintenance to be performed more efficiently, since more up-to-date data is obtained about how close the product is to failure.<ref>{{Citation| last1 = Kaiser | first1 = Kevin A.| last2 = Gebraeel | first2 = Nagi Z.| title = Predictive Maintenance Management Using Sensor-Based Degradation Models| journal = IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics - Part A: Systems and Humans| volume = 39| issue = 4| pages = 840–849| date = 12 May 2009| doi = 10.1109/TSMCA.2009.2016429 | bibcode = 2009ITSMA..39..840K| s2cid = 5975976| hdl = 1853/56106| hdl-access = free}}</ref>

'''Predictive replacement''' is the replacement of an item that is still functioning properly.<ref name="BatRep.NYT">{{cite news
|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2019/03/22/science/ap-us-sci-space-station.html|title=Spacewalking Astronauts Swap Out Space Station's Batteries|date=March 22, 2019|access-date=March 22, 2019}}</ref> Usually it is a tax-benefit based {{citation needed|date=March 2019}} replacement policy whereby expensive equipment or batches of individually inexpensive supply items are removed and donated on a predicted/fixed [[shelf life]] schedule. These items are given to tax-exempt institutions.<ref>such as universities and local schools, which write government-acceptable receipts</ref>{{citation needed|date=March 2019}}

==== Condition-based maintenance ====
'''Condition-based maintenance''' ('''CBM'''), briefly described, is maintenance [[Maintenance, repair and operations|when need arises]]. Albeit chronologically much older, it is considered one section or practice inside the broader and newer predictive maintenance field, where new AI technologies and connectivity abilities are put to action and where the acronym CBM is more often used to describe 'condition based monitoring' rather than the maintenance itself. CBM maintenance is performed after one or more indicators show that equipment is going to fail or that equipment performance is deteriorating.

This concept is applicable to mission-critical systems that incorporate [[active redundancy]] and [[fault reporting]]. It is also applicable to non-mission-critical systems that lack redundancy and fault reporting.

Condition-based maintenance was introduced to try to maintain the correct equipment at the right time. CBM is based on using real-time data to prioritize and optimize maintenance resources. Observing the state of the system is known as [[condition monitoring]]. Such a system will determine the equipment's health, and act only when maintenance is actually necessary. Developments in recent years have allowed extensive instrumentation of equipment, and together with better tools for analyzing condition data, the maintenance personnel of today is more than ever able to decide what is the right time to perform maintenance on some piece of equipment. Ideally, condition-based maintenance will allow the maintenance personnel to do only the right things, minimizing spare parts cost, system downtime and time spent on maintenance.

=====Challenges=====
Despite its usefulness of equipment, there are several challenges to the use of CBM. First and most important of all, the initial cost of CBM can be high. It requires improved instrumentation of the equipment. Often the cost of sufficient instruments can be quite large, especially on equipment that is already installed. Wireless systems have reduced the initial cost. Therefore, it is important for the installer to decide the importance of the investment before adding CBM to all equipment. A result of this cost is that the first generation of CBM in the [[Petroleum industry|oil]] and gas industry has only focused on vibration in heavy rotating equipment.

Secondly, introducing CBM will invoke a major change in how maintenance is performed, and potentially to the whole maintenance organization in a company. Organizational changes are in general difficult.

Also, the technical side of it is not always simple. Even if some types of equipment can easily be observed by measuring simple values such as vibration (displacement, velocity or acceleration), temperature or pressure, it is not trivial to turn this measured data into actionable knowledge about the health of the equipment.

=====Value potential=====
As systems get more costly, and equipment and information systems tend to become cheaper and more reliable, CBM becomes an important tool for running a plant or factory in an optimal manner. Better operations will lead to lower production cost and lower use of resources. Lower use of resources may be one of the most important differentiators in a future where environmental issues become more important by the day.

Another scenario where value can be created is by monitoring the health of a car motor. Rather than changing parts at predefined intervals, the car itself can tell you when something needs to be changed based on cheap and simple instrumentation.

It is US Department of Defense policy that condition-based maintenance (CBM) be ''"implemented to improve maintenance agility and responsiveness, increase operational availability, and reduce life cycle total ownership costs".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140701070946/http://www.acq.osd.mil/log/mpp/cbm%2B/cbm_policy_memorandum.pdf CBM Policy Memorandum].</ref>''

=====Advantages and disadvantages=====
CBM has some advantages over planned maintenance:

* Improved system reliability
* Decreased maintenance costs
* Decreased number of maintenance operations causes a reduction of [[human error]] influences

Its disadvantages are:

* High installation costs, for minor equipment items often more than the value of the equipment
* Unpredictable maintenance periods cause costs to be divided unequally.
* Increased number of parts (the CBM installation itself) that need maintenance and checking.

Today, due to its costs, CBM is not used for less important parts of machinery despite obvious advantages. However it can be found everywhere where increased safety is required, and in future will be applied even more widely.<ref>{{cite journal | title=An enhanced diagnostic scheme for bearing condition monitoring | journal=IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement| year=2010 | last1=Liu |author2=Wang, Golnaraghi | volume=59 | issue=2 | pages=309–321 | first1=Jie | doi=10.1109/tim.2009.2023814| bibcode=2010ITIM...59..309L| s2cid=1892843}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title=A review on machinery diagnostics and prognostics implementing condition-based maintenance| journal=Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing| year=2006 | last1=Jardine |author2=Lin, Banjevic | volume=20 | issue=7 | pages=1483–1510 | first1=A.K.S. | doi=10.1016/j.ymssp.2005.09.012| bibcode=2006MSSP...20.1483J}}</ref>

===Corrective maintenance===
{{Main|Corrective maintenance}}

Corrective maintenance is a type of maintenance used for equipment after equipment break down or malfunction is often most expensive – not only can worn equipment damage other parts and cause multiple damage, but consequential repair and replacement costs and loss of revenues due to down time during overhaul can be significant. Rebuilding and resurfacing of equipment and infrastructure damaged by erosion and corrosion as part of corrective or preventive maintenance programmes involves conventional processes such as welding and metal flame spraying, as well as engineered solutions with [[Thermosetting polymer|thermoset polymeric]] materials.<ref>{{cite book|title=Industrial Polymer Applications: Essential Chemistry and Technology|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|location=United Kingdom|edition=1st|date=2016|isbn=978-1782628149}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Wiktionary|repair|revamping}}
{{columns-list|colwidth=18em|
* {{annotated link|Active redundancy}}
* {{annotated link|Aircraft maintenance}}
* {{annotated link|Aircraft maintenance checks}}
* {{annotated link|Auto maintenance}}
* {{annotated link|Bicycle maintenance}}
* {{annotated link|Bus garage}}
* {{annotated link|Darning}}
* {{annotated link|Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms}}
* {{annotated link|Design for repair}}
* {{annotated link|Fault reporting}}
* {{annotated link|Intelligent maintenance system}}
* {{annotated link|Kludge}}
* {{annotated link|Logistics center}}
* {{annotated link|Maintainability}}
* {{annotated link|Motive power depot}}
* {{annotated link|Operational availability}}
* {{annotated link|Operational maintenance}}
* {{annotated link|Predictive maintenance}}
* {{annotated link|Product lifecycle}}
* {{annotated link|Prognostics}}
* {{annotated link|RAMS}}
* {{annotated link|Reliability centered maintenance}}
* {{annotated link|Reliability engineering}}
* [[Repair shop (disambiguation)]]
* {{annotated link|Remanufacturing}}
* {{annotated link|Right to repair}}
* {{annotated link|Total productive maintenance}}
* {{annotated link|Value-driven maintenance}}
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
* {{FS1037C MS188}}

==Sources==
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.reliabilityweb.com/art08/walter_reed.htm |title=Walter Reed Building 18 – It Could Happen Anywhere – So Don't Let It Happen To You |first=Maj. Ricky |last=Smith |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309221047/http://www.reliabilityweb.com/art08/walter_reed.htm |archive-date=March 9, 2012 }}
{{ref end}}

==Further reading==
* ''Maintenance Planning, Coordination & Scheduling'' by Don Nyman & Joel Levitt, Industrial Press, 2001 {{ISBN|978-0831134181}}
* ''The Care of Things: Ethics and Politics of maintenance'' by Jérôme Denis & David Pontille, Polity Press, 2025 {{ISBN|978-1509562381}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=S.|last2=Zuo|first2=M.J.|year=2010|title=Linear and nonlinear preventive maintenance|journal=IEEE Transactions on Reliability|volume=59|issue=1|pages=242–249|doi=10.1109/TR.2010.2041972|s2cid=34832834|url=https://kar.kent.ac.uk/31008/1/IEEE_UoK.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818021323/https://kar.kent.ac.uk/31008/1/IEEE_UoK.pdf |archive-date=2016-08-18 |url-status=live}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Maintenance| ]]
[[Category:Mechanical engineering]]
[[Category:Planning]]
[[Category:Prevention]]
[[Category:Product lifecycle management]]
[[Category:Reliability engineering]]
[[Category:Reuse]]

Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2022

2026-02-05T20:46:16Z

Maxlogistic: created a stub.

{{short description|International cricket tour}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Infobox cricket tour
| series_name = India cricket team in Ireland in 2022
| team1_image = Cricket Ireland flag.svg
| team1_name = Ireland
| team2_image = Flag of India.svg
| team2_name = India
| from_date = 26
| to_date = 28 June 2022
| team1_captain = [[Andrew Balbirnie]]
| team2_captain = [[Hardik Pandya]]
| no_of_twenty20s = 2
| team1_twenty20s_won = 0
| team2_twenty20s_won = 2
| team1_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Harry Tector]] (103)
| team2_twenty20s_most_runs = [[Deepak Hooda]] (151)
| team1_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] (4)
| team2_twenty20s_most_wickets = [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] (2)
| player_of_twenty20_series = [[Deepak Hooda]] (Ind)
}}
The [[India national cricket team|India cricket team]] toured Ireland in June 2022 to play two [[Twenty20 International]] (T20I) matches.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/121268/india-among-four-full-members-to-tour-ireland-in-2022|title=India among four full members to tour Ireland in 2022|work=CricBuzz |access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> On 1 March 2022, [[Cricket Ireland]] announced the schedule.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/season-of-stars-largest-ever-summer-of-international-cricket-is-coming |title=Season of Stars: Largest-ever summer of international cricket is coming |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=1 March 2022 |archive-date=16 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221116064728/https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/season-of-stars-largest-ever-summer-of-international-cricket-is-coming |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ireland-confirm-india-new-zealand-south-africa-fixtures-for-2022-summer-1303189|title=Ireland confirm India, New Zealand, South Africa fixtures for 2022 summer|work=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=1 March 2022}}</ref> On 15 June 2022, Ireland named their squad for the two-match series.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ireland-call-up-uncapped-duo-of-doheny-olphert-for-india-t20is-1320097 |title=Ireland call up uncapped duo of Doheny, Olphert for India T20Is |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref> Later the same day, India also confirmed their squad for the matches, with [[Hardik Pandya]] named as their captain.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122653/hardik-pandya-to-captain-in-ireland-t20is-sanju-samson-rahul-tripathi-picked |title=Hardik to captain in Ireland T20Is; Samson, Tripathi picked |work=CricBuzz |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>

The first T20I was delayed by more than two hours due to rain, before the match was reduced to twelve overs per side.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122827/hooda-pandya-power-indias-winning-start |title=Hooda, Pandya power India's winning start |work=CricBuzz |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> Each side fielded a debutant, with [[Conor Olphert]] making his international debut for Ireland, and [[Umran Malik]] playing his first match for India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-ireland-2022-1303299/ireland-vs-india-1st-t20i-1303307/match-report |title=Hooda and Bhuvneshwar help India cruise to victory |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> Batting first, Ireland made 108/4 from their twelve overs, with [[Harry Tector]] making an unbeaten 64 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/61946191 |title=Ireland v India: Tourists secure comfortable seven-wicket win in Malahide |work=BBC Sport |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> In reply, India chased down the target in 9.2 overs,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2656778 |title=India hammer 111 in 9.2 overs to win shortened Ireland T20I at a canter |work=International Cricket Council |access-date=27 June 2022}}</ref> to win the match by seven wickets.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/india-claims-first-t20i-despite-harry-tector-heroics-with-the-bat |title=India claims first T20I despite Harry Tector heroics with the bat |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=27 June 2022 |archive-date=7 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807164920/https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/india-claims-first-t20i-despite-harry-tector-heroics-with-the-bat |url-status=dead }}</ref>

In the second T20I, India scored 225/7, with [[Deepak Hooda]] scoring his first century in a T20I match.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2022/articles/000008/000812.shtml |title=India given real scare by Ireland |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=28 June 2022 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In reply, Ireland fell just four runs short of the target,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2022/articles/000008/000813.shtml |title=Ireland give India the fright of their lives |work=Cricket Europe |access-date=29 June 2022 |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629135750/https://www.cricketeurope.com/DATABASE/ARTICLES2022/articles/000008/000813.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> as they made 221/5, with India winning the match and taking the series 2–0.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/cricket/61975105 |title=Ireland v India: Tourists edge Irish by four runs in T20 thriller at Malahide |work=BBC Sport |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref> Deepak Hooda was named the player of the series for his century and his 47 [[not out]] in the first match.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-ind-2022-deepak-hooda-shows-his-range-in-india-top-order-audition-1322171 |title=Deepak Hooda shows his range in India top-order audition |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref> After the match, Ireland's captain [[Andrew Balbirnie]] said that "it's not every day you get that close against a team like India", but was "bitterly disappointed" in losing the match by such a narrow margin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/ire-vs-ind-2nd-t20i-andy-balbirnie-bitterly-disappointed-as-ireland-fall-agonisingly-short-in-226-chase-1322172 |title=Andy Balbirnie 'bitterly disappointed' as Ireland fall agonisingly short in 226 chase |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=29 June 2022}}</ref>

==Squads==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:auto"
|-
!colspan=2|T20Is
|-
!{{cr|IRE}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/squad-announced-for-ireland-mens-t20is-against-india-at-malahide |title=Squad announced for Ireland Men's T20Is against India at Malahide |work=Cricket Ireland |access-date=15 June 2022 |archive-date=15 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615124216/https://www.cricketireland.ie/news/article/squad-announced-for-ireland-mens-t20is-against-india-at-malahide |url-status=dead }}</ref>
!{{cr|IND}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bcci.tv/articles/2022/news/55555892/india-s-squad-for-t20i-series-against-ireland-announced?type=Latest |title=India's squad for T20I series against Ireland announced |work=The Board of Control for Cricket in India |access-date=15 June 2022}}</ref>
|- style="vertical-align:top"
|
* [[Andrew Balbirnie]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Mark Adair]]
* [[Curtis Campher]]
* [[Gareth Delany]]
* [[George Dockrell]]
* [[Stephen Doheny]]
* [[Josh Little]]
* [[Andy McBrine]]
* [[Barry McCarthy]]
* [[Conor Olphert]]
* [[Paul Stirling]]
* [[Harry Tector]]
* [[Lorcan Tucker]]
* [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]]
|
* [[Hardik Pandya]] ([[captain (cricket)|c]])
* [[Bhuvneshwar Kumar]] ([[captain (cricket)#Vice-captain|vc]])
* [[Ravi Bishnoi]]
* [[Yuzvendra Chahal]]
* [[Ruturaj Gaikwad]]
* [[Deepak Hooda]]
* [[Venkatesh Iyer]]
* [[Dinesh Karthik]] ([[wicket-keeper|wk]])
* [[Avesh Khan]]
* [[Ishan Kishan]]
* [[Umran Malik]]
* [[Axar Patel]]
* [[Harshal Patel]]
* [[Sanju Samson]]
* [[Arshdeep Singh (cricketer)|Arshdeep Singh]]
* [[Rahul Tripathi]]
* [[Suryakumar Yadav]]
|}

==T20I series==
===1st T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 26 June 2022
| time = 16:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IRE}}
| team2 = {{cr|IND}}
| score1 = 108/4 (12 overs)
| runs1 = [[Harry Tector]] 64[[not out|*]] (33)
| wickets1 = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] 1/11 (3 overs)
| score2 = 111/3 (9.2 overs)
| runs2 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 47[[not out|*]] (29)
| wickets2 = [[Craig Young (cricketer)|Craig Young]] 2/18 (2 overs)
| result = India won by 7 wickets
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1303307.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]], [[Malahide]]
| umpires = [[Mark Hawthorne (umpire)|Mark Hawthorne]] (Ire) and [[Paul Reynolds (umpire)|Paul Reynolds]] (Ire)
| motm = [[Yuzvendra Chahal]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to field.
| rain = The match was reduced to 12 overs per side due to rain.
| notes = [[Conor Olphert]] (Ire) and [[Umran Malik]] (Ind) both made their T20I debuts.
* [[Hardik Pandya]] captained India for the [[List of India national cricket captains#T20I|first time in T20Is]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-ireland-2022-1303299/ireland-vs-india-1st-t20i-1303307/match-preview |title=All eyes on India's bench as Ireland welcome Full-Member feast |work=ESPNcricinfo |access-date=26 June 2022}}</ref>
}}

===2nd T20I===
{{Single-innings cricket match
| date = 28 June 2022
| time = 16:30
| daynight =
| team1 = {{cr-rt|IND}}
| team2 = {{cr|IRE}}
| score1 = 225/7 (20 overs)
| runs1 = [[Deepak Hooda]] 104 (57)
| wickets1 = [[Mark Adair]] 3/42 (4 overs)
| score2 = 221/5 (20 overs)
| runs2 = [[Andrew Balbirnie]] 60 (37)
| wickets2 = [[Ravi Bishnoi]] 1/41 (4 overs)
| result = India won by 4 runs
| report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1303308.html Scorecard]
| venue = [[Malahide Cricket Club Ground|The Village]], [[Malahide]]
| umpires = [[Roland Black]] (Ire) and [[Jareth McCready]] (Ire)
| motm = [[Deepak Hooda]] (Ind)
| toss = India won the toss and elected to bat.
| rain =
| notes = [[Deepak Hooda]] (Ind) scored his first century in T20Is.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/ireland-vs-india-deepak-hooda-smashes-55-ball-century-to-put-india-in-command-in-2nd-t20i-1967865-2022-06-28 |title=Ireland vs India: Deepak Hooda smashes 55-ball century to put India in command in 2nd T20I |work=India Today |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
* [[Sanju Samson]] and [[Deepak Hooda]] set a new record for the [[List of Twenty20 International records#Highest partnerships (by wicket)|highest partnership for the second wicket]] in T20Is and the [[List of India Twenty20 International cricket records#Highest partnerships by wicket|highest partnership for any wicket for India]] in T20Is with 176 runs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/122864/2nd-t20i-deepak-hooda-sanju-samson-umran-malik-help-india-beat-ireland |title=India prevail in high-scoring affair in Dublin, take series 2–0 |work=CricBuzz |access-date=28 June 2022}}</ref>
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/india-in-ireland-2022-1303299 Series home at ESPNcricinfo]

{{International cricket tours of Ireland}}
{{International cricket in 2022}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Indian cricket team in Ireland in 2022}}
[[Category:2022 in Irish cricket]]
[[Category:2022 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:International cricket competitions in 2022]]
[[Category:Indian cricket tours of Ireland]]
[[Category:Long stubs with short prose]]

{{Ireland-cricket-tour-stub}}

Malay Ghosh

2026-01-26T00:32:19Z

Maxlogistic: put up new pg w/ infobox

{{Short description|Statistician and professor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2023}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = Malay Ghosh
| image = Malay Ghosh.jpg
| caption = Professor Malay Ghosh
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1944|4|15}} 
| birth_place = [[Calcutta]], [[Bengal Presidency|Bengal Province]], [[British India]]
| citizenship = [[United States]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| field = [[Statistics]]
| work_institution = [[University of Florida]]
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|B.A.]], [[Master of Arts|M.A.]]) [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]] ([[Ph.D.]])
| doctoral_advisor = [[Pranab K. Sen]]
| doctoral_students =
| known_for =
| prizes =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Malay Ghosh''' ([[Bengali language|Bengali]]: মলয় ঘোষ) is an [[Indian-American]] [[statistician]] and currently a [[Distinguished Professor]] at the [[University of Florida]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://archived.stat.ufl.edu/_personnel/usrpages/ghosh.shtml|title=Malay Ghosh|website=archived.stat.ufl.edu}}</ref> He obtained a [[Bachelor of Science|B.S.]] in 1962 from the [[University of Calcutta]], and subsequently a [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] in 1964 from the [[University of Calcutta]]. Then he moved to the United States to pursue higher academic studies and obtained his [[Doctor of Philosophy|Ph.D.]] degree in 1969 from the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]], under the supervision of [[Pranab K. Sen]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Malay Ghosh - the Mathematics Genealogy Project | url=https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=46725 }}</ref>

== Career ==
Ghosh was a faculty member at the [[Indian Statistical Institute]] in the 1970s before briefly joining [[Iowa State University]].
In 1982 he joined the [[University of Florida]].
Ghosh is well known for his research in [[nonparametric inference]], [[sequential analysis]], [[decision theory]], [[Bayesian statistics]]<ref>{{cite book | title = Bayesian Methods for Finite Population Sampling |author=Malay Ghosh |author2=Glen Meeden | publisher = Chapman and Hall/CRC | year = 1997 | isbn = 978-0412987717 | page = 296 }}</ref> and small-area estimation.<ref>RRC09 Recent Advances in Small Area Estimation http://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=25359</ref>
As a recognition of his seminal contributions, Ghosh served from 1996 to 2001 in the [[United States]] Census Advisory Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/cac|title=Census Advisory Committees (CAC) |website=The United States Census Bureau}}</ref> He has co-authored two books and more than 250 research publications and is the advisor of over 40 Ph.D. students, including Nitis Mukhopadhyay, Parthasarathi Lahiri and Gauri Sankar Datta.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=46725&fChrono=1 |title=Info |website=The Mathematics Genealogy Project |date= |access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref>

== Honors ==
In [[College Park, Maryland]], a conference was held in May 2014 honoring Professor Ghosh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jpsm.umd.edu/ghosh|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130626183149/http://www.jpsm.umd.edu/ghosh|title=Invited Speakers |website=The Joint Program in Survey Methodology |archive-date=26 June 2013}}</ref>

* Samuel S. Wilks Memorial Award, 2020. [[American Statistical Association]]<ref>{{cite web | title=Samuel S. Wilks Memorial Award | website=American Statistical Association (ASA) | url=https://www.amstat.org/ASA/Your-Career/Awards/Samuel-S-Wilks-Memorial-Award.aspx | access-date=2021-03-18}}</ref>
* Elected Fellow of [[Institute of Mathematical Statistics]]<ref>{{cite web |title=IMS Fellows: Honored IMS Fellows |website=Institute of Mathematical Statistics |url=http://imstat.org/awards/honored_fellows.htm |access-date=2013-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161019175343/http://imstat.org/awards/honored_fellows.htm |archive-date=2016-10-19 }}</ref>
* Elected Fellow of [[American Statistical Association]], 1984<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amstat.org//ASA/Your-Career/Awards/ASA-Fellows-list.aspx|title=ASA Fellows List|website=www.amstat.org|access-date=2021-03-18|archive-date=2016-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616161612/https://www.amstat.org/awards/fellowslist.cfm}}</ref>
* [[Lukacs Distinguished Professor]] 1993-1994

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*[https://archived.stat.ufl.edu/_personnel/usrpages/ghosh.shtml Dr. Ghosh's profile at University of Florida]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Malay}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:20th-century American statisticians]]
[[Category:Indian statisticians]]
[[Category:Presidency University, Kolkata alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Calcutta]]
[[Category:University of Florida faculty]]
[[Category:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill alumni]]
[[Category:Fellows of the American Statistical Association]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian mathematicians]]
[[Category:Scientists from Kolkata]]
[[Category:21st-century American statisticians]]

Bhooteshwarnath

2026-01-22T05:30:13Z

Maxlogistic: Made new details

{{Infobox Mandir
|name = Bhuteshwarnath Mahadeva Temple
| image = Bhuteshwarnath.jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|20.608359|N|82.045487|E|display=title,inline}}
| country = India
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| district = [[Gariaband district]]
| location =
| elevation_m =
| deity = [[Shiva]] (Mahadeva)
| festivals = [[Mahashivratri]], [[Sawan]]
| architecture =
| temple_quantity =
| monument_quantity=
| inscriptions =
| year_completed =
| creator =
| website =
}}

'''Bhuteshwarnath''' (or Bhooteshwarnath) (भूतेश्वरनाथ महादेव) also known as Bhakurra Mahadeva (भकुर्रा महादेव) is a temple of [[Lord Shiva]], situated near Marouda Village of [[Gariaband district]], [[Chhattisgarh]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://gariaband.gov.in/en/tourist-place/bhooteshwarnath-temple/|title=Bhooteshwarnath Temple}}</ref> It is in the middle of the Gariaband Forests. It is the second largest natural Shivlinga ([[Lingam]]) in the world, after Siddheshwarnath in [[Ziro]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]]. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.naidunia.com/spiritual/kehte-hain-here-is-the-world-largest-natural-shivling-288172|title=Here is the world's largest natural shivling}}</ref>

Local belief holds that the Shivlinga is increasing in size. According to devotees who visit this place every year, the Shivlinga was once small in size, but now it is very huge. Government officials measure the size of Shivlinga every year.<ref name=yahoo>{{Cite web|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/miraculous-bhuteshwar-shivling-growing-every-own-075906962.html|title=Bhuteshwar Shivling|website=news.yahoo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630185839/https://in.news.yahoo.com/miraculous-bhuteshwar-shivling-growing-every-own-075906962.html|archive-date=2018-06-30|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Every year on Mahashivratri and on Mondays of [[Sawan]] month people with Holy Water from [[Mahanadi]] River, [[Rajim]] ([[Kanwar Yatra]]) arrive here. In Chhattisgarh, like "Dwadas Jyotirling", it is recognized as "Ardhnarishwara Shivlinga".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.inspirock.com/india/raipur/bhuteshwar-mahadev-of-gariaband-a7325186445|title=Bhuteshar Mahdev of Gariaband}}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot }}</ref>

== Legends ==
It is said that at the time of the [[Zamindar | Zamindari]] system hundreds of years ago, a zamindar named Shobha Singh, of Paragaon, [[Gariaband]], had a farm here. When Shobha Singh went to his farm in the evening, he used to hear the sound of a bull screaming and a lion roaring. He told this to the villagers; the villagers came to the farm in the evening and heard the same noises. They searched for the bull and the lion, but no such animals were found; the sounds seemed to be coming from the vicinity of this stone. Thus, people started considering this mound as a Shivlinga.<ref name=yahoo/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.patrika.com/raipur-news/amazing-this-bhuteshwar-shiv-linga-is-expanding-its-dimension-every-year-1078107/|title=This Butheswhar is Expanding Its Dimension Every Year}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://gariaband.gov.in/en/tourist-place/bhooteshwarnath-temple Bhooteshwarnath Temple on Gariaband Tourism]

[[Category:Shiva temples in Chhattisgarh]]

Pablo Ganguli

2026-01-18T05:30:20Z

Maxlogistic: Creating New Entry.

{{Short description|Indian cultural entrepreneur (born 1983)}}
{{Use British English|date=January 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2021}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pablo Ganguli
| honorific_suffix =
| image = Pablog.jpg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kolkata]], India
| education = [[Port Moresby International High School]]
| alma_mater =
| occupation = Director, Producer, Impresario
| years_active = 2001–present
| agent =
| known_for = Founder, [[Liberatum]]
| notable_works =
| style =
| height = 
| title =
| term =
| successor =
| movement =
| opponents =
| partner =
| children =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| signature_size =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Pablo Ganguli''' is an entrepreneur,<ref>[http://www.anothermag.com/current/view/304/Pablo_Ganguli_on_Istancool "Pablo Ganguli on Istancool"], ''Another Magazine'', 24 June 2010</ref> artist, producer,<ref>[http://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2016/05/17/pablo-ganguli-roi-de-la-people-connexion_4920718_4500055.html 'Pablo Ganguli, roi de la people connexion'], 'Le Monde', 17 May 2016</ref> director<ref>[http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2014-05/19/james-franco-inspiring-creativity-liberatum-films "Watch James Franco, Hans Zimmer and Paul Schrader talk inspiration"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906155656/http://www.gq-magazine.co.uk/comment/articles/2014-05/19/james-franco-inspiring-creativity-liberatum-films |date=6 September 2014 }}, ''GQ'', 19 May 2014</ref> and impresario<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090509082912/http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article6228501.ece Britain goes to Moscow], ''T2 The Times'', 6 May 2009</ref> who has created<ref>[http://www.nowness.com/day/2011/12/28/1745/liberatum-all-tomorrows-parties "Pablo Ganguli Reveals the Secrets of Hosting the World's Artistic Elite"], ''NOWNESS'', 28 December 2011</ref> and directed several international festivals,<ref>[http://travel.cnn.com/hong-kong/life/liberatum-brings-pharell-williams-and-mike-figgis-hong-kong-176753 "Liberatum brings Pharrell Williams and Mike Figgis to Hong Kong"], CNN, 22 March 2012</ref> movements and summits of arts, literature, media, film, fashion and culture, through his organisation [[Liberatum]].<ref name="Guardian-11-17-07">Ganguli's Guardian Profile, [https://archive.today/20130422062536/http://commentisfree.guardian.co.uk/pablo_ganguli/profile.html Comment is free]</ref>

Ganguli has led<ref>[http://hk.asiatatler.com/culture-lifestyle/arts/interview-pablo-ganguli-brings-liberatum-to-hong-kong "Interview: Pablo Ganguli in Hong Kong"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906161400/http://hk.asiatatler.com/culture-lifestyle/arts/interview-pablo-ganguli-brings-liberatum-to-hong-kong |date=6 September 2014 }}, ''Asia Tatler'', 23 May 2012</ref> [[cultural diplomacy]] ventures worldwide.<ref>[http://tmagazine.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/23/tagged-instagram-exhibit-kim-kardashian-kanye-west-lindsay-lohan-lorde-damien-hirst-w-hotel/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0 "Gallery | An Exhibit of Instagram Photos of Kimye with LiLo, Lorde, Damien Hirst and More"], ''T Magazine, The New York Times'', 23 June 2014</ref> Ganguli's organisation Liberatum also promotes environmental, human rights, [[freedom of speech]] and other important issues.<ref>[http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/from-london/2010/11/pablo-ganguli "Pablo Ganguli profile on Vogue Italia"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304055526/http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/from-london/2010/11/pablo-ganguli |date=4 March 2012 }}, ''Vogue Italia'', 23 November 2010</ref>

==Early life==
Ganguli was born in a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] family in [[Kolkata]], [[West Bengal]], India.<ref name="ESL-8-24-06"/> Some sources state that one of his great-grandfathers was the private secretary to [[Rabindranath Tagore]], the Bengali poet who was Asia's first Nobel laureate.<ref name="Scot-2-24-07"/> As an infant, Ganguli was brought up by his grandmother. He claimed he had never met his mother, and throughout his childhood was only visited by his art-historian father once a month.<ref name=Standard2010>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23790891-the-talented-mr-ganguli-one-of-londons-best-connected-people.do 'The talented Mr Ganguli, one of London's best connected people'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107054616/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/lifestyle/article-23790891-the-talented-mr-ganguli-one-of-londons-best-connected-people.do |date=7 January 2010 }}, ''London Evening Standard'', 5 January 2010</ref> He grew up in Kolkata in a creative environment pursuing artistic interests.<ref>[http://hypebeast.com/2012/4/interview-with-pablo-ganguli-the-founder-of-liberatum 'Interview with Pablo Ganguli'], ''Hypebeast'', 26 April 2012</ref>

==Career==
In 2001 at the age of 17 Ganguli founded his company, Liberatum, to organise events around the world.<ref>[https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/art/features/a-meeting-of-minds-on-the-bosphorus-2293430.html?origin=internalSearch "A meeting of minds on the Bosphorus"], ''The Independent'', 6 June 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2018.</ref>

In August 2006, in an article "The Boy Who Beguiled London's Literary Luvvies", a columnist in the ''[[Evening Standard]]'' of London noted that Ganguli had made 'the remarkable journey from a student studying French in Calcutta to, seemingly, one of the world's leading literary salonistas in just three years'.<ref name="ESL-8-24-06"/>

In November 2010 and 2011, Ganguli was selected as one of the 1000 most influential figures in London by the ''Evening Standard.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/article-24007174-londons-1000-most-influential-people-2011-literati.do |date=15 November 2011 |title=London's 1000 most influential people 2011: Literati |author=ES |work=Evening Standard |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120126124959/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard-home/article-24007174-londons-1000-most-influential-people-2011-literati.do |archivedate=26 January 2012 }}</ref>''

In March 2011, Ganguli said with regard to the festivals he puts on: "It’s not a job. It’s my life. It’s what I dream about and have nightmares about". The principal source of income for his festivals is sponsorship, which he says is "never easy to get and requires a lot of hard work". He does not pay the speakers at his festivals: "It’s like giving a fee to someone for attending the Oscars."<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ft.com/content/c2a7f5fa-4e56-11e0-a9fa-00144feab49a |date=24 March 2011 |title=Lucrative celebration: earning money from festivals |author=Emma Jacobs |work=Financial Times}}</ref>

==Ventures==

=== Papua New Guinea ===
In 2001, Ganguli created Connect UK, a Papua New Guinea based organisation,<ref>[http://www.unv.org/en/news-resources/news/doc/writers-in-papua-new.html "Writers in Papua New Guinea convene on the 'importance of volunteerism'"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924153054/http://www.unv.org/en/news-resources/news/doc/writers-in-papua-new.html |date=24 September 2016 }}, ''United Nations Volunteers'', 11 December 2001</ref> whose stated purpose was to forge cultural ties between the South Pacific and Britain.<ref name="ESL-8-24-06"/> In November 2002, the British High Commission and Connect UK jointly put on the first 'British Week' in that country, 'a celebration of British arts, culture, design, education and science and technology'.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20021124085517/http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket%2FXcelerate%2FShowPage&c=Page&cid=1026490772427 'UK Embassies Overseas: British Week, Papua New Guinea'], British Foreign Office</ref> Festival participants included [[Janet Street-Porter]] and [[Benjamin Zephaniah]].<ref name="Scot-2-24-07"/>

Ganguli directed the first Women's Rights Conference in Papua New Guinea supported by the PNG, Australian, United States and British governments. Baroness [[Valerie Amos]], the then British [[Secretary of State for International Development]] sent a message of good wishes for the conference.<ref name="Connect UK">[http://www.liberatum.org/papua_content.htm 'Connect UK, Papua New Guinea'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928011722/http://www.liberatum.org/papua_content.htm |date=28 September 2007 }}, Liberatum Papua New Guinea</ref> The [[British Council]] and the [[Foreign and Commonwealth Office]] supported the work of Ganguli in Papua New Guinea. Connect UK organised events promoting human rights, [[youth]] issues and Aids awareness projects.

===Morocco===
Between 2003 and 2006, Ganguli spent part of his time in Morocco.<ref>Laurie Werner, [https://www.forbes.com/fyi/2005/1212/045.html 'Travel'], ''Forbes'' magazine, 12 December 2005</ref><ref name="DNAI"/><ref>Tim Bullamore, [http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,19969-2251146.html 'Making a home in Marrakesh']{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''The Times'', 30 June 2006</ref> Ganguli was head of public relations and events at Kasbah Agafay and Kssour Agafay,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kssouragafay.com/contact.htm |title=Kssour Agafay |accessdate=2007-01-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061217114825/http://www.kssouragafay.com/contact.htm |archivedate=17 December 2006 }}</ref> a private member's club and luxury hotel in [[Marrakesh]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kssouragafay.com/index.htm |title=Kssour Agafay |accessdate=2007-01-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104015507/http://www.kssouragafay.com/index.htm |archivedate=4 January 2007 }}</ref> Tim Willis in The London Evening Standard on 5 January 2010 reported of Ganguli's deportation from Morocco in 2005 thus: "when, returning from a trip to India in 2005, he learnt that his ex had been expelled from Morocco and that he had 48 hours to leave the country. "I was never given a reason", he says. Ganguli moved into a house owned by Scaddan (his ex lover) in Edinburgh".<ref name=Standard2010 />

=== United Kingdom and Festivals by Ganguli ===

Beginning in 2005, Ganguli moved to the United Kingdom to make it his base. Around the same time, he started creating and directing cultural festivals in different parts of the world.<ref name=Standard2010 />

====North Africa====

'''Arts in Marrakech Festival'''

The [[Arts in Marrakech Festival|Arts in Marrakech International Festival]], a festival of English and Arabic art and literature, was organised by Ganguli<ref name="TUK-10-3-05">Sam Leith, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3620112/Notebook.html 'The king of Morocco and his carpet magic'], ''The Daily Telegraph'' (UK), 3 October 2005</ref> and held in [[Morocco]] from 29 September to 3 October 2005,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kssouragafay.com/pdf/AiM%20Press%20Release.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-01-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104080117/http://www.kssouragafay.com/pdf/AiM%20Press%20Release.pdf |archivedate=4 January 2007 }}</ref> and was preceded by Scottish Week Marrakesh, 21–28 September, also organised by Ganguli.<ref>Tim Bullamore, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/services/avantgo/article/0,,1765267,00.html 'Bagpipers facing a battle to be heard']{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''Times (UK)''</ref>

====India====

'''Kitab New Delhi'''

Kitab, sponsored by the ''[[Hindustan Times]],'' with ''[[The Times]]'' (UK) as its English media partner, was held at the [[India Habitat Centre]] in south [[Delhi]], India,<ref>Boyd Tonkin, [http://enjoyment.independent.co.uk/books/features/article357548.ece 'A Week in Books']{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''The Independent (UK)'', 14 April 2006</ref> 7–9 April 2006.<ref name="DNAI">Subuhi Jiwani, [http://www.dnaindia.com/report.asp?NewsID=1019841 'Literary festival gets a novel spin'], ''Daily News and Analysis, India'', 24 March 2006</ref> It was India's first international literary festival.<ref name="TTUK-4-15-06">Geordie Grieg, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,923-2133343,00.html 'Giggles and some Goldie philosophy']{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''Times'' (UK), 15 April 2006</ref>

'''Kitab Mumbai'''

The second Kitab was held in [[Mumbai]], India, February 23–36, 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kitabfest.org/aboutus.htm |title=About us |accessdate=2007-01-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214103426/http://www.kitabfest.org/aboutus.htm |archivedate=14 February 2007 }}</ref><ref>Farrukh Dhondy, [http://www1.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/SUNDAY_SPECIALS/Book_Mark/Confessions_of_a_festival_fly/articleshow/1343990.cms 'Confessions of a festival fly']{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Sunday Times (India). Retrieved 24 January 2007.</ref>

====China====

'''Liberatum Hong Kong'''

Asia Tatler and the Wall Street Journal announced that Ganguli would present Liberatum in Hong Kong in 2012.<ref>[http://www.asiatatler.com/hong-kong/luxury-news/pablo-ganguli-brings-liberatum-hong-kong 'Pablo Ganguli Brings Liberatum To Hong Kong'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120615235220/http://www.asiatatler.com/hong-kong/luxury-news/pablo-ganguli-brings-liberatum-hong-kong |date=15 June 2012 }}, ''Asia Tatler'', 6 February 2012</ref> Participants include [[Pharrell Williams]], [[Rossy de Palma]], [[Paul Schrader]], [[Thomas Heatherwick]], [[Daniel Wu]] and [[Khalil Fong]].<ref>[https://blogs.wsj.com/scene/2012/03/14/liberatum-releases-festival-lineup 'Pharrell Williams, V.S. Naipaul, Marianne Faithfull on Liberatum’s Lineup'], ''The Wall Street Journal'', 14 March 2012</ref> Vogue China editor in chief said it was one of the very few free cultural events open to the public. The event was reportedly a wild ride with Pharrell Williams as the headliner.<ref>[http://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/liberatum-diary/ 'Nobel Laureates Take Hong Kong'], ''Interview''</ref>

====Arab World====

'''Majestic Petra'''

The Majestic Petra Festival was originally scheduled to be held in December 2006 in Petra, [[Jordan]]. Ganguli postponed the festival in October, citing 'security concerns'.<ref>Oliver Marre, [https://www.theguardian.com/observer/7days/story/0,,1922721,00.html 'Looks like no Rania on their literary parade'], ''The Guardian (UK)'', 15 October 2006</ref> In mid-December 2006 it was reported that the festival's location had changed to [[Dubai]].<ref>Oliver Duff, [http://news.independent.co.uk/people/pandora/article2073007.ece ' Festival moves to save Amis and Greer from al-Qa'ida'] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071001063106/http://news.independent.co.uk/people/pandora/article2073007.ece |date=1 October 2007 }}, ''The Independent (UK)'', 14 December 2006</ref> It eventually did not take place.

====Russia====

'''Jewel of Russia'''

An international festival of arts, literature and music<ref name="James Collard 2006, pages 52-54">James Collard, 'Culture Clubber', ''Saturday Times Magazine'' (''Saturday Times'' Newspaper), 28 October 2006, pages 52–54</ref> called "Jewel of Russia" was held in [[St Petersburg]] from 27 to 31 October 2007. As of February 2007, Ganguli was hoping to stage talks, readings and discussions.<ref name="Scot-2-24-07"/>

'''The St PetersBall'''

Pablo Ganguli and Liberatum were commissioned by Corinthia Hotels to develop a festival in St Petersburg in November 2010. The St PetersBall celebrated ballet, art, film and fashion.<ref>[http://www.vogue.co.uk/article/liberatum-st-petersball-festival-2010 "Russian Revolution"],''Vogue UK'', 12 November 2010</ref>

====Turkey====

'''Istancool'''

Ganguli founded and directed a major festival of cultural diplomacy and international arts in Istanbul in July 2010 under the title 'Istancool'.<ref>[http://www.anothermag.com/current/view/328/Istancool "In Pictures – Istancool"], ''Another Magazine'', 8 July 2010</ref>

'''Istancool 2'''

Liberatum and Ganguli worked in partnership with Turkish agency Istanbul '74 and ''AnOther Magazine'' on the second edition of Istancool in May 2011.<ref>[http://www.nowness.com/day/2011/6/9/1494/istancool-diary 'Istancool Diary'], ''Nowness'', 9 June 2011</ref>

====Europe====

'''England'''

On 23 November 2010, Pablo Ganguli launched the Liberatum Cultural Honour award and hosted a Liberatum dinner in honour of Nobel Laureate Sir VS and Lady Naipaul.<ref>[http://londonersdiary.standard.co.uk/2010/11/great-and-good-salute-a-british-literary-giant.html "Great and good salute a British literary giant"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716081102/http://londonersdiary.standard.co.uk/2010/11/great-and-good-salute-a-british-literary-giant.html |date=16 July 2011 }}, ''Evening Standard'', 24 November 2010</ref> The dinner was held in London at the [[Langham Hotel]].<ref>[http://www.tatler.com/bystander/events/2011/november/liberatum%E2%80%99s-10th-anniversary#/5833/image/1 "Liberatum's 10th Anniversary"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105180904/http://www.tatler.com/bystander/events/2011/november/liberatum%e2%80%99s-10th-anniversary#/5833/image/1 |date=5 January 2012 }}, ''Tatler'', 23 November 2011</ref>

In 2011, Pablo Ganguli, Liberatum and [[W Hotels]] hosted an event celebrating fashion and cinema with [[Andre Leon Talley]], [[Dame Vivienne Westwood]] and [[Manolo Blahnik]] in London.<ref>[http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG8386067/Manolo-Blahnik-and-Andre-Leon-Talley-talk-movies-and-fashion.html "Manolo Blahnik and André Leon Talley talk movies and fashion"], ''The Daily Telegraph'', 16 March 2011</ref>

==Films==

'''Inspiring Creativity'''

Ganguli directed a short film with [[illy]]<ref>[http://www.wallpaper.com/design/what-inspires-creativity-cultures-top-dogs-answer-the-burning-question-in-a-new-film-by-liberatum/7411 What inspires creativity? Culture's top dogs answer the burning question in a new film by Liberatum], ''Wallpaper'', 15 May 2014</ref> in international press. The film featured several world-renowned artists, musicians and actors such as James Franco, Tracey Emin and Hans Zimmer. It was co-directed by Tomas Auksas.<ref>[http://www.fastcocreate.com/3030718/hear-what-james-franco-hans-zimmer-tracey-emin-moby-and-others-have-to-say-about-creativity HEAR WHAT JAMES FRANCO, HANS ZIMMER, TRACEY EMIN, MOBY, AND OTHERS HAVE TO SAY ABOUT CREATIVITY], ''Fast Company'', May 2014</ref>

'''Artistry/Technology'''

Ganguli directed another short film with Tomas Auksas on the relationship between art and technology featuring Frank Gehry, David Hockney, Francis Ford Coppola and MIA.<ref>[https://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-04/02/artistry-technology 'ARTISTRY/TECHNOLOGY' PROBES THE NEXUS OF DIGITAL CREATIVITY] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915174746/http://www.wired.co.uk/news/archive/2015-04/02/artistry-technology |date=15 September 2015 }}, ''Wired'', 2 April 2015</ref>

'''In This Climate'''

Ganguli made a feature-length documentary with Tomas Auksas on climate change and the environment called in This Climate<ref>[https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/11/in-this-climate-documentary-cher-mark-ruffalo Cher, Mark Ruffalo Join Forces for Climate Change Documentary], ''Vanity Fair'', November 2016</ref> featuring Sir David Attenborough, Mark Ruffalo and Cher.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/video/2016/nov/29/david-attenborough-on-climate-change-the-world-will-be-transformed-video David Attenborough on climate change: 'The world will be transformed' – video], ''The Guardian'', November 2016</ref>

==Personal life==
In 2000, Ganguli met Simon Scaddan, then British Deputy High Commissioner to eastern India, at a musical soiree in the French Consulate in Calcutta. When Scaddan became British High Commissioner to [[Papua New Guinea]] in 2001, Ganguli moved into his diplomatic residence as his official consort/partner. The relationship became public in 2003.<ref name="ESL-8-24-06">Caroline Philips, [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4153/is_20060824/ai_n16700982 'The boy who beguiled London's literary luvvies'], ''Evening Standard'' (London), 24 August 2006</ref><ref>Paul Gould, [http://us.ft.com/ftgateway/superpage.ft?news_id=fto090120061146285852 'Diplomatic impunity']{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''Financial Times'', 1 September 2006</ref>

In August 2006 it was reported that the Ganguli and Scaddan had split,<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/observer/7days/story/0,,1922721,00.html "Looks like no Rania on their literary parade"], ''The Observer'', 15 October 2006</ref> although remaining friends, and that Ganguli was living in Scaddan's [[Edinburgh]] apartment.<ref name="ESL-8-24-06"/> In 2007, it was reported that Ganguli was living in Wales.<ref name="Scot-2-24-07">David Robinson, [http://living.scotsman.com/books.cfm?id=293702007 "Ariel perspectives"], ''The Scotsman'', 24 February 2007</ref> In 2009, The Times stated that Ganguli was based in London.

The Times reported in 2009 that Ganguli's partner was the Lithuanian artist Tomas Auksas who joined him at his Moscow festival.<ref>Hugo Rifkind, [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article6228501.ece 'Britain goes to Moscow for AngloMockba']{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''The Times'', 6 May 2009</ref> In 2024, Ganguli was photographed with his Brazilian fiancé Lucas Vilas by Vanity Fair in Venice at a Liberatum award event honouring the American actress [[Ellen Burstyn]]. <ref>[https://www.vanityfair.it/gallery/ellen-burstyn-liberatum-taylor-russell-venezia-premio 'Ellen Burstyn e un premio a Venezia per i 70 anni di carriera'], 'Vanity Fair' </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.liberatum.org Liberatum]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ganguli, Pablo}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Businesspeople from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:Arts managers]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ businesspeople]]
[[Category:Indian LGBTQ rights activists]]
[[Category:Activists from West Bengal]]

Narasapuram

2026-01-14T13:04:09Z

Maxlogistic: Improved wording and formatting

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Narasapuram
| other_name = Narasapur
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = File:Kovela.jpg
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Narasapuram Adikesava Embarmannar Swamy
| pushpin_map = India Andhra Pradesh#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Andhra Pradesh, India##Location in India
| coordinates = {{coord|16.4361|N|81.7016|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[West Godavari district|West Godavari]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Revenue division]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Narasapuram revenue division|Narasapuram]]
| subdivision_type4 = [[Mandal]]
| subdivision_name4 = [[Narasapuram Mandal|Narasapuram]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Narasimha]]
| government_footnotes = <ref name=civicbody>{{cite web|title=Municipalities, Municipal Corporations & UDAs |url=http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/7-ULBs.pdf |website=Directorate of Town and Country Planning |publisher=Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=3 December 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305044311/http://dtcp.ap.gov.in:9090/webdtcp/7-ULBs.pdf |archive-date= 5 March 2016 }}</ref>
| government_type = [[Municipal council]]
| governing_body = Narasapuram Municipality
| leader_title1 = [[Municipal Commissioner (India)|Municipal Commissioner]]
| leader_name1 = C. Srinivas
| leader_title2 = [[Chairman|Municipal Chairperson]]
| leader_name2 =
| leader_title3 = [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]]
| leader_name3 = [[Bommidi Nayakar]]
| leader_title4 = [[Member of Parliament|MP(Loksabha)]]
| leader_name4 = [[Bhupathiraju srinivasa varma]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = <ref name=census>{{cite web|title=District Census Handbook – West Godavari|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/2815_PART_B_DCHB_WEST%20GODAVARI.pdf|website=Census of India|access-date=22 January 2016|pages=22, 54}}</ref>
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 11.32
| elevation_footnotes = <ref name=geo>{{cite web|url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/IN/02/Narasapur.html|title=Maps, Weather, and Airports for Narasapuram, India|work=fallingrain.com}}</ref>
| elevation_m = 2
| population_total = 58770
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes = <ref name=population>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=625722|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|access-date=5 April 2015}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 534275
| area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in India|Telephone code]]
| area_code = 08814
| registration_plate = AP-37
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest town
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Palakollu]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| official_name =
}}

'''Narasapuram''' is a town in [[West Godavari district]] of the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mandal wise villages |url=http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf |website=Revenue Department – AP Land |publisher=National Informatics Center |access-date=10 November 2014 |page=9 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208134347/http://apland.ap.nic.in/cclaweb/Districts_Alphabetical/westgodavari.pdf |archive-date= 8 February 2015 }}</ref> It is a [[municipality]] and mandal headquarters of [[Narasapuram Mandal]] in [[Narasapuram revenue division]].<ref name=census /><ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Guntur District Mandals|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/maps/atlas/28part31.pdf|publisher=Census of India|access-date=19 January 2015|pages=460, 470}}</ref> The city is situated on the banks of the Vasista [[Godavari River]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Nagaraja|first1=G|title=Narsapur civic body set to get a voice|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/narsapur-civic-body-set-to-get-a-voice/article3983449.ece|access-date=2 March 2015|work=The Hindu|date=10 October 2012|location=Narsapur}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Edgar Thurston|title=The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States|date=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781107600683|page=25|edition=reissue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O4VLY1KcltcC&q=narasapuram+major+towns+on+the+bank+of+the+Vasishta+Godavari+river.&pg=PA25|access-date=2 March 2015}}</ref> The lace industry is prevalent in the city and its surroundings.<ref>{{cite news|title=Handicraft exports jump 44 p.c. in November|url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/handicraft-exports-jump-44-pc-in-november/article71244.ece|access-date=8 May 2015|work=The Hindu|date=27 December 2009|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gdwlace.com/lace/|title=Godavari Delta Women Lace Artisans Co-Operative Cottage Industrial Society Ltd., – Manufacturers and Exporters of Handmade Cotton Crochet Laces & Processed Cotton Made ups|work=gdwlace.com}}</ref>

== Etymology ==

Narsapur was also known as "Nrusimhapuri", named after the [[Lord Narasimha]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://areaprofiler.gov.in/aboutUsIntgeratedPES.do?stateCode=28&lbCode=6063&languageId=1|title=Layout page|work=areaprofiler.gov.in}}</ref> Gradually it changed into Narasimhapuram and now to Narasapuram.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}} It is also known as Abhinavabhutapuri.

== History ==

The existence of Narsapur dates back to 1173 AD. [[Dutch people]] landed in Narsapur in 1626. Narsapur was used as a port by the Dutch and ships and boats were built here. It was noted for its ship building activity and some of the Europeans also were customers at this place; small boats are still built in Narsapur. In the 16th century, [[Portugal|Portuguese]] established their own factory which remained as a trading centre for a few years. In the 18th century, Narsapur became an important trading port. From this port, teak was exported to other regions. The ports at [[Kakinada]] and Narsapuram became famous for manufacturing ships. At present there is no port handling at Narsapur.

Madhavayapalem ([[Madapollam]]) is celebrated as one of the earliest places where the [[English people|English]] established a [[Factory (trading post)|factory]] and was famous for its trade in cloth. According to [[Alexander Hamilton (sailor)|Alexander Hamilton]]'s ''A New Account of the East Indies'' (1727): <blockquote>"Next to Matchulipatam ([[Machilipatnam]]) is Narsipore, where the English had a Factory for long Cloth, for the Use of their Factory of Matchulipatam, when they manufactured Chintz there. It also affords good Teak Timber for building, and has a fine deep River, but a dangerous Bar, which makes it little frequented."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Bowrey|first=Thomas|author-link=Thomas Bowrey|editor-last=Temple|editor-first=Richard Carnac|editor-link=Sir Richard Temple, 1st Baronet|title=A Geographical Account of Countries Round the Bay of Bengal, 1669 to 1679 |url=https://archive.org/details/ageographicalac00bowrgoog|year=1895|page=[https://archive.org/details/ageographicalac00bowrgoog/page/n171 99]|publisher=Printed for the Hakluyt Society}}</ref></blockquote>

The trade of the town has steadily declined since the abolition of the company's factory in 1827. Before independence, British civilians had made imports and exports from Narsapur.

==Geography==
[[File:Narasapuram Municipality in Narasapuram mandal.jpg|thumb|right|Narasapuram municipality in Narasapuram mandal map]]

Narsapur is located at {{coord|16.4361|N|81.7016|E}} and on the right bank of Vasista Godavari River at an altitude of {{Convert|0|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=geo /> The [[River Godavari]] empties into [[Bay of Bengal]] near [[Antervedi|Antarvedi]], at 9.6 km from Narsapur.<ref name=map />
==Climate==
{{Weather box
| location = Narasapuram (1991–2020)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| width = auto
| Jan record high C = 33.3
| Feb record high C = 37.2
| Mar record high C = 37.0
| Apr record high C = 39.3
| May record high C = 46.1
| Jun record high C = 44.6
| Jul record high C = 38.9
| Aug record high C = 37.6
| Sep record high C = 35.6
| Oct record high C = 36.2
| Nov record high C = 34.4
| Dec record high C = 33.4
|year record high C = 46.1
| Jan high C = 29.1
| Feb high C = 30.8
| Mar high C = 32.8
| Apr high C = 34.2
| May high C = 36.4
| Jun high C = 35.1
| Jul high C = 32.6
| Aug high C = 31.9
| Sep high C = 31.9
| Oct high C = 31.2
| Nov high C = 30.2
| Dec high C = 29.2
| year high C = 32.1
| Jan low C = 20.0
| Feb low C = 21.2
| Mar low C = 23.7
| Apr low C = 26.3
| May low C = 28.2
| Jun low C = 27.6
| Jul low C = 26.4
| Aug low C = 26.1
| Sep low C = 26.2
| Oct low C = 24.9
| Nov low C = 22.3
| Dec low C = 20.1
| year low C = 24.4
| Jan record low C = 13.5
| Feb record low C = 14.6
| Mar record low C = 18.9
| Apr record low C = 20.0
| May record low C = 21.2
| Jun record low C = 20.5
| Jul record low C = 21.6
| Aug record low C = 22.2
| Sep record low C = 21.5
| Oct record low C = 20.5
| Nov record low C = 15.6
| Dec record low C = 15.5
|year record low C = 13.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 8.6
| Feb rain mm = 6.4
| Mar rain mm = 5.2
| Apr rain mm = 11.3
| May rain mm = 53.3
| Jun rain mm = 131.3
| Jul rain mm = 203.0
| Aug rain mm = 199.7
| Sep rain mm = 193.7
| Oct rain mm = 245.7
| Nov rain mm = 91.2
| Dec rain mm = 19.7
| year rain mm = 1169.0
| Jan rain days = 0.6
| Feb rain days = 0.4
| Mar rain days = 0.2
| Apr rain days = 1.2
| May rain days = 1.9
| Jun rain days = 6.7
| Jul rain days = 10.9
| Aug rain days = 11.2
| Sep rain days = 9.3
| Oct rain days = 10.7
| Nov rain days = 3.8
| Dec rain days = 0.8
|year rain days = 57.6
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 66
| Feb humidity = 64
| Mar humidity = 67
| Apr humidity = 68
| May humidity = 65
| Jun humidity = 67
| Jul humidity = 72
| Aug humidity = 74
| Sep humidity = 77
| Oct humidity = 79
| Nov humidity = 73
| Dec humidity = 67
|year humidity = 70
|source 1 = [[India Meteorological Department]]<ref>{{cite web
| url = https://imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| title = Climatological Tables of Observatories in India 1991-2020
| publisher = [[India Meteorological Department]]
| access-date = April 8, 2024
}}</ref>}}

==Demographics==

{{As of|2011}} [[Census of India|census]], the city had a population of 58,770. The total population is constituted of 28,796 males and 29,974 females – a sex ratio of 961 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 940 per 1000. 29,974 children are in the age group of 0–6 years, of which 2,665 are boys and 2,456 are girls. The average literacy rate stands at 86.24% with 46,266 literates, significantly higher than the district average of 73.00%.<ref name=population /><ref>{{cite web|title=Chapter–3 (Literates and Literacy rate) |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf|publisher=Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India|access-date=1 September 2014}}</ref>

== Governance ==

=== Civic administration ===

[[Narasapuram Municipality]] was constituted in 1956. Narsapur was made a 3rd Grade Municipality in 1956. It was upgraded to 2nd Grade Municipality in 1965 and again upgraded to 1st Grade Municipality in 2001. Narsapur Municipality consists of 31 wards and 48 slums in an area of 11.52 km2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://narasapur.cdma.ap.gov.in|title=About Narasapur Municipality {{!}} Narasapur Municipal Corporation|website=narasapur.cdma.ap.gov.in|language=en|access-date=27 June 2018}}</ref>

=== Politics ===

Narasapuram is represented by [[Narasapuram (Assembly constituency)]] for [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly]]. Under Narasapuram [[mandal]], the town falls in [[Narasapuram (Lok Sabha constituency)]]. Bommidi Narayana nayakar is the present [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] of the constituency from [[Janasena Party]]
and the present [[Member of parliament|MP]] is Srinivas Varma from [[BJP]].

== Economy ==
[[File:International Lace trade Centre.jpg|center|thumb]]
[[File:Lace Park.jpg|center|thumb]]
'''Industries'''
[[File:Dawn @ Godavari.JPG|thumb|FishBoat]]
Handmade crochet lace-work is one of the most common form of industry in the town.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chari|first1=Pushpa|title=On a creative trip|url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/crafts/on-a-creative-trip/article1038504.ece|access-date=3 December 2015|work=The Hindu|date=6 January 2011}}</ref>

There are many industries in and around the town such as International Lace Trade Centre,<ref>{{Cite web|title = International lace trade centre to be set up at Narsapuram in AP|url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/economy/international-lace-trade-centre-to-be-set-up-at-narsapuram-in-ap/article3790514.ece|website = The Hindu Business Line| date=18 August 2012 |access-date = 11 October 2015}}</ref> Oil and Natural Gas Corporation of India,<ref>{{cite web|title=ONGC|url=http://www.godavarimahapushkaram2015.org/about-narasapuram/industriespsu/|publisher=godavarimahapushkaram2015|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> Central Industrial Security Force,<ref>{{cite web|title=CISF|url=http://www.cisf.gov.in/directory/south-sector/|publisher=Cntral Industrial Security Force|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute,<ref>{{cite web|title=CMFRI|url=http://www.cmfri.org.in/uploads_en/media/cmfri-map.swf|publisher=Central Marine Fisheries Institute|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> PanGodavari (Handicrafts),<ref>{{cite web|title=Pangodavari|url=http://www.pangodavari.com/|publisher=pangodavari|access-date=16 May 2015}}</ref> Comprehensive Handicrafts Cluster Development Scheme, AWS (Automatic Weather Station) installed and commissioned by IMD.<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Automatic Weather Stations (AWS)|url=http://www.imdaws.com/125_AWS.PDF|website=[[India Meteorological Department]], AWS Lab|location=[[Pune]], India|access-date=16 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070520/http://www.imdaws.com/125_AWS.PDF|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

'''Aquaculture'''

[[Fishery]] is one of the main occupations that generates good amounts of revenues for the fishermen. It involves cultivation of a variety of [[estuarine fish]] called ''Pulasa''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Murali Sankar|first1=K.N|title=Pulasa fishermen wait for Pushkaram to end|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/pulasa-fishermen-wait-for-pushkaram-to-end/article7453925.ece|access-date=5 February 2016|work=The Hindu|date=23 July 2015}}</ref>

== Culture ==

Godavari [[Pushkaram]] is held every twelve years in Narasapuram with a holy dip in the Vasista Godavari River.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Hyland|first1=Paul|title=Indian balm : travels amongst fakirs and firewarriors|date=1994|publisher=TPP|location=London|isbn=1845110854|page=52|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nebl_Xb4K_IC&q=narsapur+pushkaram&pg=PA52|access-date=24 April 2015}}</ref> This river is said to have been brought to earth by the Maharishi [[Vashishtha]], one of the seven great sages of the [[Hindu mythology]]. The place draws people from the world over throughout the year. [[Antarvedi]], the merging of the Bay of Bengal and Vasista River (which is a tributary of the River Godavari) is about 10 kms away. The place of confluence of the ocean and river is called the "Sapta Sagara Sangam Pradesam". It is also known as the ''Anna Chelli Gattu'' (meaning brother–sister embankment).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aptdc.gov.in/blog/history-of-antarvedi/|title=AP Tourism Blog – Written words last}}</ref>

Some of the religious sites in the town are Adikesava Emberumaanar Temple, a Vaishnavite temple 300 years old which was constructed by translator of the British East India Company, Prasannagresara Puppala Ramanappa Naidu.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://antaryami.net/darpanam/2013/04/22/sri-adikesava-perumal-brahmotsavams-narsapur/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513135520/http://antaryami.net/darpanam/2013/04/22/sri-adikesava-perumal-brahmotsavams-narsapur/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 May 2013|title=Sri Adikesava Perumal Brahmotsavams, Narsapur – Antaryami.net Sri Vaishnava Portal|work=indiamapped.com}}</ref>

== Landmarks ==
[[File:Perupalem Beach.jpg|center|thumb|Perupalem Beach]]
The Perupalem Beach is located at a distance of 20 km from the town.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coastaltourism.in/perupalem-beach/|title=Perupalem Beach|author=Puja Tripathy|work=Coastal Tourism India}}</ref> Narasapuram has become a key landmark destination for foreigners due to monkey tourism.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

==Education==
[[File:Sri YN College.jpg|thumb|Sri YN College|none]]
[[File:Swarnandra Engineering College.jpg|thumb|Swarnandra Engineering College|none]][[File:J_Beera.webp|frameless]]
[[File:Flaiz Adventist College.jpg|none|thumb]]
The primary and secondary school education is imparted by government, aided and private schools, under the ''School Education Department'' of the state.<ref>{{cite web|title=School Education Department |url=http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |publisher=School Education Department, Government of Andhra Pradesh |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151227185018/http://rmsaap.nic.in/Notification_TSG_2015.pdf |archive-date=27 December 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Department of School Education – Official AP State Government Portal {{!}} AP State Portal |url=http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |website=www.ap.gov.in |access-date=7 November 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107155331/http://www.ap.gov.in/department/organizations/school-education/ |archive-date= 7 November 2016 }}</ref> The mediums of instruction followed by different schools are [[English language|English]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]].

Taylor High School is one of the major landmarks in Narsapuram showcasing the Dutch and the British buildings. The high school was founded by British Educationist and local Revenue Officer H. Taylor in 1852, and was later named after him.<ref>{{cite news|title=A major landmark fallen on bad days|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-major-landmark-fallen-on-bad-days/article5965002.ece|access-date=24 April 2015|work=The Hindu|date=1 May 2014}}</ref> The 'manyam veerudu' (jungle hero) [[Alluri Sitarama Raju]] had his schooling in this institution before he led the [[Rampa Rebellion of 1922|Rampa rebellion]] against the British.<ref>{{cite news|title=Alluri Sita Rama Raju Biography|url=http://www.baynews.in/editorial/alluri-sita-rama-raju-biography|access-date=24 April 2015|work=Baynews}}</ref> [[Chilakamarti Lakshmi Narasimham]], a freedom fighter and a noted Telugu litterateur also attended the school.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-andhrapradesh/a-major-landmark-fallen-on-bad-days/article5965002.ece|title=A major landmark fallen on bad days|author=Special Correspondent|work=The Hindu|date=30 April 2014 }}</ref>

Swarnandhra College of Engineering and Technology, an affiliation to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University of Kakinada,<ref>{{Cite web|title = Swarnandhra College of Engineering & Technology – Home|url = http://www.swarnandhra.ac.in/|website = www.swarnandhra.ac.in|access-date = 13 October 2015}}</ref> Sri Yerramilli Narayanamurthy college which was established in 1949, J Beera School of Education, BGBS Women's and music college, Flaiz Adventist Degree college and Some Corporate colleges are some of the other professional colleges.<ref>{{Cite web|title = About us {{!}} Shri YN College|url = http://www.sriyncollege.org/about-us/|website = www.sriyncollege.org|access-date = 13 October 2015}}</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Narsapur5.jpg|thumb|Narsapur Railway Station]]

===Roadways===

The town has a total road length of {{Convert|79.67|km|mi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Details of Roads in each ULB of Andhra Pradesh|url=http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|website=Commissioner and Directorate of Municipal Administration|publisher=Municipal Administration and Urban Development Department – Government of Andhra Pradesh|access-date=28 March 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801101300/http://centralapp.cdma.ap.gov.in:8080/CDMAAPTaxesInfo/RoadDetails.jsp|archive-date=1 August 2016}}</ref> The [[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation]] operates bus services from Narasapuram bus station.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bus Stations in Districts |url=http://www.apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |website=Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation |access-date=9 March 2016 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322233330/http://apsrtc.gov.in/Bus%20Stations.aspx |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}</ref> [[National Highway 216 (India)|NH216]] connects [[National Highway 16 (India)|NH 16]] near [[Ongole]], a short route for [[Kolkata]] - [[Chennai]] route.

[[Andhra Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation|APSRTC]] operates Bus servies from Narasapuram to [[Eluru]], [[Rajahmundry]], [[Vijayawada]], [[Visakhapatnam]], [[Nidadavolu]], [[Ramachandrapuram, East Godavari|Ramachandrapuram]], [[Mandapeta]], [[Palakollu]], [[Hyderabad]], [[kakinada]], [[Ravulapalem]], [[Machilipatnam|Machilipatanam]], and [[Kaikaluru]].

===Railways===
[[Narasapur railway station]] is a [[terminal station]] located on the [[Bhimavaram–Narasapur branch line]] of Bhimavaram -Nidadavolu loop line in [[South Coast Railway zone]].
It is classified as a ''B–category'' station in South Coast Railway zone.<ref>{{cite web |title=Divisional info |url=http://www.scr.indianrailways.gov.in/cris/uploads/files/1404647822154-Division%20profile.pdf |publisher=[[Indian Railways]]|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>[[Kotipalli]]-[[Narsapuram]] railway line is the important railway project to the town.

===Waterways===

Narasapur Port is proposed for developing it as a minor port, fishing harbor and ONGC Jetty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apports.in/in/content/view/47/66/|title=Department of Ports, Andhra Pradesh|work=apports.in}}</ref>

===Airways===

[[Rajahmundry Airport]] is the nearest airport - 80 km away from the town.

==Sports==
Narsapuram Football Club is part of FLOW (Football League Of West Godavari).<ref>{{Cite web|title = FLOW|url = http://www.flow.football/default.aspx|website = www.flow.football|access-date = 18 February 2016}}</ref> National level [[Kabaddi]] competitions are held every year on the eve of [[Sankranti]] festival at Kabadi Stadium, Narsapur. All India level Seniors Tennis Tournament is held in Narsapur officers club every year.

== See also ==
* [[List of municipalities in Andhra Pradesh]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Narasapuram}}

{{Municipalities of Andhra Pradesh}}
{{West Godavari district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Mandal headquarters in West Godavari district]]
[[Category:Places situated on the banks of the Godavari river]]

Varanasi Cantonment Assembly constituency

2026-01-13T01:12:10Z

Maxlogistic: general improved structure per standard format also and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Constituency of the Uttar Pradesh legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Varanasi Cantonment
| map_image = 390-Varanasi Cantonment.svg
| mla = Saurabh Srivastava
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = 2022
| state = [[Uttar Pradesh]]
| district = [[Varanasi district|Varanasi]]
| reservation = None
| electors = 4,32,293 (2019)
| type = SLA
| constituency_no = 390
}}
'''Varanasi Cantonment''' is a constituency of the [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly]] covering the city of Varanasi Cantonment in the [[Varanasi district]] of Uttar Pradesh, India.<ref name=delimitation2008>{{cite web |url=https://upload.indiacode.nic.in/showfile?actid=AC_CEN_3_20_00030_200233_1517807324510&type=order&filename=Delimitation%20Order,2008.pdf |title=Delimitation of Parliamentary and Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |date=26 November 2008 |access-date= 24 June 2021}}</ref>

Varanasi Cantonment is one of five assembly constituencies in the [[Varanasi Lok Sabha constituency]]. Since 2008, this assembly constituency is numbered 390 amongst 403 constituencies.

As of now, this seat belongs to [[Bharatiya Janta Party]] candidate ''Saurabh Srivastava'' who won in [[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Elections]] by defeating [[Indian National Congress]] candidate ''Anil Srivastava'' by a margin of 61,326 votes.<ref name="election2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/varanasi-cantt.html|title=Assembly result 2017|website=Elections.in|access-date=2017-08-25}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref name="election2018">{{Cite web |title=Varanasi Cantt. Election and Results 2018, Candidate list, Winner, Runner-up, Current MLA and Previous MLAs |url=https://www.elections.in/uttar-pradesh/assembly-constituencies/varanasi-cantt.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1967 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Varmeshwar Pandey
| style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Jana Sangh}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Jana Sangh]]
|-
|[[1969 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
|Lal Bahadur Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1974 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shatarudra Prakash]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Kranti Dal}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Kranti Dal]]
|-
|[[1977 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Mandavi Prasad Singh
| style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress (I)}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress (I)]]
|-
|[[1985 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Shatarudra Prakash]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Lok Dal}}" |
|[[Lok Dal]]
|-
|[[1989 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1989]]
| style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Dal}}" |
|[[Janata Dal]]
|-
|[[1991 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jyotsana Srivastava]]
| rowspan="8" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="8" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1993 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1993]]
|-
|[[1996 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Harish Chandra Srivastava]]
|-
|[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|-
|[[2007 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Jyotsana Srivastava]]
|-
|[[2012 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|-
|[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Saurabh Srivastava (politician)|Saurabh Srivastava]]
|-
|[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|}
==Election results==

=== 2022 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]]: Varanasi Cantonment<ref name="results2022">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14185-uttar-pradesh-general-legislative-election-2022/ |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |title=State Election, 2022 to the Legislative Assembly Of Uttar Pradesh |website=eci.gov.in |accessdate=4 March 2023}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Saurabh Srivastava (politician)|Saurabh Srivastava]]
|votes = {{formatnum:147833}}
|percentage = 60.63
|change = +2.37
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Samajwadi Party
|candidate = Pooja Yadav
|votes = {{formatnum:60989}}
|percentage = 25.01
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Rajesh Mishra
|votes = {{formatnum:23807}}
|percentage = 9.76
|change = -21.56
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Kaushik Pandey
|votes = {{formatnum:7068}}
|percentage = 2.9
|change = -3.3
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1522}}
|percentage = 0.62
|change = +0.29
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:86844}}
|percentage = 35.62
|change = +8.68
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:243821}}
|percentage = 53.09
|change = -2.11
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2017 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2017 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2017]]: [[Varanasi Cantonment]]<ref name="election2017"/>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Saurabh Srivastava (politician)|Saurabh Srivastava]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:132609}}
|percentage = 58.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Anil Srivastava]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:71283}}
|percentage = 31.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Rijwan Ahmad
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = {{formatnum:14118}}
|percentage = 6.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:758}}
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:61326}}
|percentage = 26.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:227600}}
|percentage = 55.2
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2012===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2012 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2012]]: [[Varanasi Cantonment]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Jyotsana Srivastava]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 57,918
|percentage = 32.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Anil Srivastava|Anil Kumar Srivastava]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 45,066
|percentage = 24.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ashfaq Ahmad
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 37,922
|percentage = 20.99
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Chandra Kumar Mishra
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 22,162
|percentage = 12.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mohammad Saleem
|party = Quami Ekta Dal
|votes = 5,366
|percentage = 2.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 12,852
|percentage = 7.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,80,689
|percentage = 51.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2007===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2007]]: [[Varanasi Cantonment]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Jyotsana Srivastava]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 31,642
|percentage = 26.04
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Manoj Rai
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 26,163
|percentage = 21.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anil Srivastava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 19,778
|percentage = 16.27
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Raj Kumar Singh
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 17,193
|percentage = 14.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ashfaq Ahmad
|party = Suheldev Bhartiya Samaj Party
|votes = 11,787
|percentage = 9.70
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 5,479
|percentage = 4.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,21,520
|percentage = 31.58
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2002===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2002 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election|U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 2002]]: [[Varanasi Cantonment]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Harish Chandra Srivastava]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 41,426
|percentage = 31.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = manoj rai
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 28,729
|percentage = 21.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mohammad Istaqbal Qureshi
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 20,915
|percentage = 15.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shatrudra Prakash
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 18,041
|percentage = 13.52
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Abhishek Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 15,595
|percentage = 11.69
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 12,697
|percentage = 9.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,33,405
|percentage = 39.26
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1996===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1996: Varanasi Cantonment}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Harish Chandra Srivastava]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 55,240
|percentage = 43.03
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Sunil Kumar Rai
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 26,752
|percentage = 20.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anil Srivastava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 25,651
|percentage = 19.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Rajendra Singh
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 7,879
|percentage = 6.14
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Akaram
|party = Apna Dal (Kamerawadi)
|votes = 6,360
|percentage = 4.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 28,488
|percentage = 22.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,28,366
|percentage = 41.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1993===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1993: Varanasi Cantonment}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Jyotsana Srivastava]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 51,388
|percentage = 44.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Athar Jamal Lari
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 35,388
|percentage = 30.96
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shatrudra Prakash
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 13,559
|percentage = 11.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = J. P. Singh
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 6,437
|percentage = 5.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Meera Yadav
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = 1,000
|percentage = 0.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 16,000
|percentage = 14.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 1,14,288
|percentage = 48.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1991===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1991: Varanasi Cantonment}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Jyotsana Srivastava]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 31,305
|percentage = 37.39
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Athar Jamal Lari
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 26,209
|percentage = 31.31
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Anil Srivastava
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 10,091
|percentage = 12.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Shatrudra Prakash
|party = Janata Party
|votes = 8,200
|percentage = 9.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mansha Ram
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 2,792
|percentage = 3.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 5,096
|percentage = 6.08
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 83,718
|percentage = 39.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Janata Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1989===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1989: Varanasi Cantonment}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Shatarudra Prakash]]
|party = Janata Dal
|votes = 35,173
|percentage = 41.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Majumdar
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 17,111
|percentage = 20.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jyotsana Srivastava
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 13,262
|percentage = 15.79
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Mahesh Kumar Yadav
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 5,445
|percentage = 6.48
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Pramod
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 3,486
|percentage = 4.15
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 18,062
|percentage = 21.51
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 83,988
|percentage = 40.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Janata Dal
|loser = Lok Dal
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===1985===
{{Election box begin | title=U. P. Legislative Assembly Election, 1985: Varanasi Cantonment}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|
|candidate = [[Shatarudra Prakash]]
|party = Lok Dal
|votes = 17,721
|percentage = 32.16
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Ganesh Prasad Jaiswal
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 15,414
|percentage = 27.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Jeetendra Nath Dubey
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,538
|percentage = 11.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Moti Lal Patel
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = 3,412
|percentage = 6.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|
|candidate = Channu Lal Shastri
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,473
|percentage = 4.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|
|votes = 2,307
|percentage = 4.19
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|
|votes = 55,111
|percentage = 37.11
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Lok Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress (Indira)
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Results of Uttar Pradesh Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/92-uttar-pradesh/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh}}
{{coord|25.33|82.97|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Varanasi]]
[[Category:Politics of Varanasi district]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Uttar Pradesh]]

Bharatpedia:WikiProject Tamil Nadu

2026-01-11T02:59:36Z

Maxlogistic: data

{{short description|Wikimedia subject-area collaboration on Tamil Nadu}}
<div style="padding:10px; border-bottom:10px solid #D0F0C0; border-top:10px solid #D0F0C0;">
{{center|'''{{font|size=200%|css=font-family: Linux Libertine;font-variant:small-caps;|WikiProject Tamil Nadu}}'''}}
''{{center|A WikiProject under [[WP: India|WikiProject India]]''}}
</div>
<div style="padding:10px;text-align:center;">
{{clickable button 2|Participate in the project|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Tamil_Nadu/Participants?action=edit|class=mw-ui-progressive}}
</div>{{WikiProject status|inactive|type=geo|sc1=WP:INTN|sc2=WP:TAMIL NADU|sc3=WP:NADU}}
{{Wikipedia:WikiProject India/Navigation}}

Some [[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Wikipedian]]s have formed a [[Wikipedia:WikiProject|project]] to improve organisation and standardised look and feel of articles related to the [[India|Indian]] state of [[Tamil Nadu]].

If you would like to help, please inquire on the [[{{NAMESPACE}} talk:{{PAGENAME}}|talk page]] and see the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tamil Nadu#To-do_list|to-do list]] there.

'''[[Wikipedia:WikiProject Tamil Nadu/New articles|New articles]]''' page contains articles that may be Tamil Nadu related. Please add this page your watchlist and monitor the articles.

==Scope==
The scope of this article fundamentally is loosely defined as all articles and sections relating to [[Tamil Nadu]]. Almost all of these will be (eventually) categorised under [[:Category:Tamil Nadu]] and [[:Category:India]]

===Goals===
# Creation of a generally standard look and feel for all Tamil Nadu-related articles.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Featured articles|Featured Articles]] as possible related to Tamil Nadu.
# To produce as many [[Wikipedia:Good articles|Good Articles]] as possible related to Tamil Nadu.
# To write as many [[WP:DYK|Did you know]] articles as possible related to Tamil Nadu.
# Tamil Nadu-related Tourist Attractions to be given more importance and it should be improved with suitable images of the places, since these articles will be read by many from outside India.
# Those who read about Tamil Nadu should have the feeling that they should visit Tamil Nadu and India.

==Members==
<big><big>Click '''[[wikipedia:WikiProject Tamil Nadu/Participants|here]]''' to view the Project members or To join the project.</big></big>

===Member userboxes===
You may place either '''{{tltt|User WikiProject Tamil Nadu}}''' or '''{{tltt|User WP Tamil Nadu}}''' on your user page to display one of the following userboxes:
{{User WikiProject Tamil Nadu}}{{User WP Tamil Nadu}}{{clear|left}}
Either of these templates will add your user page to:
*[[:Category:WikiProject Tamil Nadu participants]]
*[[:Category:Wikipedians interested in Tamil Nadu]]
For more Tamil Nadu user templates, please see:
*[[Category:Tamil Nadu Wikipedians]]
*[[Category:Tamil Wikipedians]]
*[[:Category:Tamil Nadu user templates]]

== Discussion ==
*[[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Tamil Nadu]]

==Project standards==

===Naming conventions===
*[[Wikipedia:Naming conventions (Indic)]]

===Structure===
Refer to
* [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Cities/Settlements: Article structure]]
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_states#Sections]] for state articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_districts#Sections]] for district articles
*[[Wikipedia:WikiProject_Indian_cities#Sections]] for city articles

==Project Toolbox==

=== WikiProject Tamil Nadu notice ===

Place this WikiProject notice [[Template:WP India]] at the top of an article's Talk page to direct editors to the WikiProject Tamil Nadu for guidelines.

To use it, place
'''<nowiki>{{WikiProject India|tamilnadu=yes}}</nowiki>'''
at the top of an article's Talk page.
It will produce:
{{WP India|tamilnadu=yes|category=no}}

=== Templates ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Templates
!'''Note'''
|-
|{{tl|Tamil Invite}}
|Project invite template
|-
|{{tl|Tamil Nadu}}
|Navbox
|-
|{{tl|Tamil Nadu topics}}
|Navbox
|-
|{{tl|Tamils}}
|Vertical Navbox
|-
|{{tl|TNhistory}}
|Vertical Navbox
|-
| colspan="2" |View all the Templates related to Tamil Nadu at [[:Category:Tamil Nadu templates|Category:Tamil Nadu templates]]
|-
! colspan="2" |Stub templates
|-
|{{tl|TamilNadu-stub}}
|Tamil Nadu related stubs
|-
|{{tl|TamilNadu-geo-stub}}
|If it is about the geography of Tamil Nadu, may also be used in addition.
|-
|{{tl|Tamil-stub}}
|Tamil related stubs
|-
|{{tl|Tamil-film-stub}}
|Tamil film related stubs
|-
| colspan="2" | For more see the list of stub templates at [[:Category:Tamil Nadu stub templates]]
|}

==Featured content==

{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 100%; border: 3px dashed gold;"
|+
!#
![[Wikipedia:Featured lists|Featured lists]]
|-
|1
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[List of Chief Ministers of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|2
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[M. G. Ramachandran filmography]]
|-
|4
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Suriya filmography]]
|-
|3
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Vijay filmography]]
|-
|5
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Ajith Kumar filmography]]
|-
|6
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Dhanush filmography]]
|-
|7
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Mani Ratnam filmography]]
|-
|8
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Rajinikanth filmography]]
|-
|9
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Trisha filmography]]
|}

Featured content related to Tamil Nadu.
=== Featured articles ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!Article
![[wikipedia:TFA|Main page appearance]]
|-
|1
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Tamil language]]
|[[Wikipedia:Today's featured article/April 14, 2005|April 14, 2005]]
|-
|4
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Iravan]]
|[[Wikipedia:Today's featured article/May 28, 2010|May 28, 2010]]
|-
|6
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Tiruchirappalli]]
|[[Wikipedia:Today's featured article/January 20, 2014|January 20, 2014]]
|-
|11
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Gemini (2002 Tamil film)|''Gemini'' (2002 Tamil film)]]
|[[Wikipedia:Today's featured article/April 12, 2015|April 12, 2015]]
|-
|5
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] ''[[Mayabazar]]''
|[[Wikipedia:Today's featured article/March 27, 2017|March 27, 2017]]
|-
|9
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] ''[[Eega]]''
|[[Wikipedia:Today's featured article/July 6, 2017|July 6, 2017]]
|-
|2
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Chandralekha (1948 film)|''Chandralekha'' (1948 film)]]
|
|-
|3
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] ''[[Enthiran]]''
|
|-
|7
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] ''[[Anbe Sivam]]''
|
|-
|8
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] ''[[Andha Naal]]''
|
|-
|10
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] [[Kalidas (film)|''Kalidas'' (film)]]
|[[Wikipedia:Today's featured article/August 16, 2019|August 16, 2019]]
|-
|12
|[[File:Featured article star.png|20x20px]] ''[[Keechaka Vadham]]''
|
|}
===Featured pictures===
<gallery>
File:Shiva as the Lord of Dance LACMA edit.jpg|Nataraja, Chola bronze sculpture
Farmer in Tamil Nadu 1993.JPG|Farmer in Tamil Nadu 1993
Marakkanam Salt Pans.JPG|Marakkanam Salt Pans
Toda Hut.JPG|Hut of Toda tribe
Agasthiyamalai range and Tirunelveli rainshadow.jpg|Agasthiyamalai range rainshadow
Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg|Bharatanatyam Performance
Papilio crino Melagiri TN IMG 6325.jpg|''Papilio crino'' in Melagiri
Interior of San Thome Basilica.jpg|Interior of San Thome Basilica
MGR Memorial, Marina Beach.jpg|MGR Memorial, Marina Beach
Ripon Building panorama.jpg|Ripon Building panorama
Brihadeeswara.jpg|Thanjavur Brihadeeswara temple
Madurai-alanganallur-jallikattu.jpg|Madurai Alanganallur Jallikattu
</gallery>

==Project tasks==

{{User:WolterBot/Cleanup listing subscription}}
===Article alerts===
{{/Article alerts}}

=== New articles ===
A list of recently created articles potentially related to Tamil Nadu can be found here ([[User:AlexNewArtBot/TamilNaduSearchResult|full list]]).

{{scrolling window|link=User:AlexNewArtBot/TamilNaduSearchResult|height=450px|title=New articles}}

=== To-do list ===

{| style="font-size: 0.90em; border: 1px solid #C6D5DC; background-color:#DEE0E2;"
!#
![[File:LinkFA-star.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkFA-star.png]] '''Must be FA'''
!Note
!#
![[File:LinkFA-star.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkFA-star.png]] '''Must be FA'''
!Note
!#
![[File:LinkFA-star.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LinkFA-star.png]] '''Must be FA'''
!Note
|-
|1
|[[Tamils]]
|''A'' [[wikipedia:Featured_article_review/History_of_Tamil_Nadu/archive1|former]] ''featured article'' {{icon|B}}
|11
|[[Pandyan dynasty]]
|{{icon|C}}
|21
|[[Tamil literature in the Chola Empire]]
|{{icon|START}}
|-
|2
|[[History of Tamil Nadu]]
|''A'' [[wikipedia:Featured_article_review/History_of_Tamil_Nadu/archive1|former]] ''featured article'' {{icon|B}}
|12
|[[Chera dynasty]]
|{{icon|B}}
|22
|[[Tamil cuisine|Tamil cusine]]
|{{icon|C}}
|-
|3
|[[Chennai]]
|''A'' [[wikipedia:Featured_article_review/History_of_Tamil_Nadu/archive1|former]] ''featured article'' {{icon|GA}}
|13
|[[Pallava dynasty]]
|{{icon|C}}
|23
|[[Tamil script]]
|{{icon|B}}
|-
|4
|[[Chola dynasty]]
|''A'' [[wikipedia:Featured_article_review/History_of_Tamil_Nadu/archive1|former]] ''featured article'' {{icon|B}}
|14
|[[Chola art and architecture]]
|{{icon|B}}
|24
|[[Tamil cinema]]
|{{icon|C}}
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|[[History of Madras Presidency]]
|{{icon|B}}
|15
|[[Pallava architecture]]
|{{icon|START}}
|25
|[[Dance forms of Tamil Nadu]]
|{{icon|B}}
|-
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|[[Sangam literature]]
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|[[:Category:Pandyan architecture|Pandyan architecture]]‎
|{{icon|START}}
|26
|[[Music of Tamil Nadu]]
|{{icon|START}}
|-
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|[[Tamil culture]]
|{{icon|B}}
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|[[Architecture of Tamil Nadu]]
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|-
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|''[[Tirukkuṛaḷ]]''
|{{icon|B}}
|18
|[[Tamilakam]]
|{{icon|C}}
|28
|[[Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu]]
|{{icon|GA}}
|-
|9
|[[Tamil literature]]
|{{icon|B}}
|19
|[[Economy of ancient Tamil country]]
|{{icon|B}}
|29
|[[Coimbatore]]
|{{icon|GA}}
|-
|10
|[[Sources of ancient Tamil history]]
|{{icon|GA}}
|20
|[[Madurai Nayak dynasty]]
|{{icon|B}}
|30
|[[Madurai]]
|{{icon|GA}}
|}

===Articles for Improvement and Expansion===
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!#
!Articles for Improvement and Expansion
!Note
|-
|1
|[[2015 South Indian floods]]
|{{icon|A}}
|-
|2
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|3
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=== Article to be Translated ===

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Gondoid languages

2026-01-01T11:07:01Z

Maxlogistic: creating the pg first draft

{{Infobox language family
| name = Gondoid languages
| ethnicity = [[Gondi people|Gonds]]
| region = Throughout Central [[India]], mostly [[Madhya Pradesh]] and [[Chhattisgarh]], [[Maharashtra]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Telangana]],
[[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Assam]], [[Odisha]]
| familycolor = Dravidian
|fam2 = South-Central
|fam3 = Gondi–Kui
| child1 = [[Gondi language|Gondi]]
| child2 = [[Muria language|Muria]]
| child3 = [[Koya language|Koya]]
| child4 = [[Madiya language|Madiya]]
| child5 = [[Khirwar language|Khirwar]]?
| glotto = gond1265
| glottorefname = Gondi
}}

The '''Gondoid languages''' are a subgroup of the indigenous family that includes Gondi and related languages. [[Gondi language|Gondi]] proper is the most widely spoken language, with over 10 million speakers.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/languages-atlas/en/atlasmap/language-id-1586.html|title=UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger|website=www.unesco.org|language=en|access-date=2017-12-22}}</ref> Other languages in this subgroup include [[Muria language|Muria]], [[Madiya language|Madiya]], and [[Koya language|Koya]]. It is undetermined whether [[Pardhan language|Pardhan]] is a separate language or a dialect of Gondi, although current fieldwork suggests it is a [[dialect]].<ref>{{Cite CiteSeerX |title=A Sociolinguistic Survey Among the Pardhan Community of Central India|last1=Thangmulian|first1=Valte|last2=Mathai|first2=Elrose K. |last3=George|first3=Symon |date=August 2008 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.559.17}}</ref> [[Khirwar language|Khirwar]] is a poorly-attested language spoken by people in the general Gond area, and so is assumed to be related to Gondi.

==Internal classification==
Glottolog classifies the Gondoid languages as follows:<ref name="Glottolog">{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/gond1265 |title=Gondi |date=2025-11-10 |access-date=2025-11-10 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald }}</ref>
{{clade
|label1=Gondoid
|1={{clade
|label1=Northwest Gondi
|1={{clade
|1=Northern Gondi
|label2=Southwest Gondi
|2={{clade
|label1=[[Muria language|Muria]]
|1={{clade
|1=Eastern Muria
|2=Western Muria}}
|label2=Southern Gondi
|2={{clade
|1=Adilabad Gondi
|label2=Eastern Gondi
|2={{clade
|1=Aheri Gondi
|2=Far Western Muria
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=Southeast Gondi
|2={{clade
|1=[[Madiya language|Madiya]]
|label2=South Bastar Gondi-Koya
|2={{clade
|1=[[Madiya language|Dandami Madiya]]
|2=[[Koya language|Koya]]
}}
}}
|3=[[Khirwar language|Khirwar]]?
|4=[[Nagarchal language|Nagarchal]]?
|5=[[Pardhan language|Pardhan]]?
}}
}}

== References ==
<references />

{{Dravidian languages}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Dravidian languages]]

{{Dravidian-lang-stub}}

India at the 2025 Asian Winter Games

2025-12-29T18:33:45Z

Maxlogistic: created new article

{{Infobox country at games
|NOC = IND
|NOCname = [[Indian Olympic Committee]]
|oldcode =
|flagcaption = [[Flag of India]]
|year = 2025
|start_date = {{Start date|2025|02|7|df=y}}
|end_date = {{End date|2025|2|14|df=y}}
|games = Asian Winter Games
|games_link = 2025 Asian Winter Games
|location = [[Harbin]], China
|competitors = 59
|sports = 6
|flagbearer = [[Arif Khan (skier)|Arif Khan]] & [[Bhavani Thekkada]]
|officials =
|gold = 0
|silver = 0
|bronze = 0
|rank =
|appearances = auto
|seealso =
|website =
}}
[[India]] competed at the [[2025 Asian Winter Games]] in [[Harbin]], China, from February 7 to 14.<ref>{{cite news|agency=[[Xinhua]]|date=22 January 2025|title=Record-high 34 countries and regions will participate in Harbin Asian Winter Games|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202501/22/WS67909d0da310a2ab06ea89ef.html|work=[[China Daily]]|location=Beijing, China|access-date=22 January 2025|archive-date=22 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250122135530/https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202501/22/WS67909d0da310a2ab06ea89ef.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://oca.asia/news/5873-hawgoc-confirms-record-entry-of-nocs-athletes-for-harbin-2025.html|title=HAWGOC confirms record entry of NOCs, athletes for Harbin 2025|date=21 January 2025|website=www.oca.asia/|publisher=[[Olympic Council of Asia]]|access-date=21 January 2025|archive-date=23 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123170222/https://oca.asia/news/5873-hawgoc-confirms-record-entry-of-nocs-athletes-for-harbin-2025.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

The final Indian team consisted of 59 athletes.<ref>{{cite news|date=31 January 2025|title=Ministry clears 88-member Indian contingent for Asian Winter Games|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ministry-clears-88-member-indian-contingent-for-asian-winter-games/articleshow/117791558.cms?from=mdr|work=[[The Economic Times|Economic Times]]|location=Mumbai, India|access-date=31 January 2025|archive-date=8 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208232113/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/ministry-clears-88-member-indian-contingent-for-asian-winter-games/articleshow/117791558.cms?from=mdr|url-status=live}}</ref> Alpine skier [[Arif Khan (skier)|Arif Khan]] and cross-country skier [[Bhavani Thekkada]] were the country's opening ceremony flagbearers.<ref>{{Cite Instagram|user=asiangamesoca|postid=DFxC15fSDQB|title=Today is the day! Meet the flag bearers who will proudly carry the flags of their NOCs at today’s Harbin Asian Winter Games Opening Ceremony! With 34 NOCs represented by both male and female athletes, it’s a powerful moment of unity and equality. Just a few more hours to go! Are you excited or super excited?|date=7 February 2025}}</ref> India finished the event with no medals.<ref>{{cite news|date=13 February 2025|title=Asian Winters Games: India ends medal-less, Tara Prasad impresses in ice skating|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/sports/asian-winters-games-india-ends-medal-less-tara-prasad-impresses-in-ice-skating/|work=[[The Tribune (India)|The Tribune]]|location=Chandigarh, India|access-date=13 February 2025}}</ref>

==Competitors==
The following table lists the Indian delegation per sport and gender.<ref name="competitors">{{cite web|url=https://mis.harbin2025.com/nation/IND/entry|title=India|website=www.harbin2025.com|publisher=Organising Committee for the 9th Harbin Asian Winter Games 2025|date=26 January 2025|access-date=7 February 2025|archive-date=26 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126050418/https://mis.harbin2025.com/nation/IND/entry|url-status=live}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!width=180|Sport
!width=55|Men
!width=55|Women
!width=55|Total
|-
|align=left|[[Alpine skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games|Alpine skiing]]
|4||3||7
|-
|align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games|Cross-country skiing]]
|5||1||6
|-
|align=left|[[Figure skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games|Figure skating]]
|1||1||2
|-
|align=left|[[Ice hockey at the 2025 Asian Winter Games|Ice hockey]]
|23||0||23
|-
|align=left|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games|Short-track speed skating]]
|6||6||12
|-
|align=left|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games|Speed skating]]
|7||2||9
|-
!Total||46||13||59
|}

==Alpine skiing==
{{main|Alpine skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games}}
India entered seven alpine skiers.<ref name=competitors/>

;Men
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Run 1
!colspan=2|Run 2
!colspan=2|Total
|-style="font-size:90%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Hussain Baqir]]
|align=left rowspan=4|[[Alpine skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's slalom|Slalom]]
|58.59
|34
|align=center colspan=4|DNF
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Arif Khan (skier)|Arif Khan]]
|56.40
|28
|57.08
|27
|1:53.48
|25
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sunil Kumar (alpine skier)|Sunil Kumar]]
|58.18
|33
|55.55
|23
|1:53.73
|26
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mayank Panwar]]
|54.57
|25
|53.41
|19
|1:47.98
|20
|}

;Women
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Run 1
!colspan=2|Run 2
!colspan=2|Total
|-style="font-size:90%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sandhya Sandhya]]
|align=left rowspan=4|[[Alpine skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's slalom|Slalom]]
|1:07.05
|26
|1:04.38
|21
|2:11.43
|21
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Aanchal Thakur]]
|1:10.34
|30
|1:06.07
|24
|2:16.41
|25
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Tanuja Thakur]]
|1:11.92
|35
|1:08.37
|29
|2:20.29
|28
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Mehak Kawan]]
|align=center colspan=6|DNS
|}

==Cross-country skiing==
{{main|Cross-country skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games}}

;Distance
;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=3|Total
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Time
!Deficit
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Manjeet (skier)|Manjeet]]
|align=left rowspan=4|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 10 km freestyle|10 km freestyle]]
|25:23.2
| +4:16.7
|23
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Padma Namgail]]
|25:57.7
| +4:51.2
|25
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Rameez Ahmad Padder]]
|25:01.5
| +3:55.0
|21
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shubham Parihar]]
|25:20.9
| +4:14.4
|22
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Manjeet (skier)|Manjeet]] [[Padma Namgail]] [[Rameez Ahmad Padder]] [[Shubham Parihar]]
|align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 4 × 7.5 km relay|4 × 7.5 km relay]]
|1:28:34.5
| +16:24.9
|7
|}

;Women
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=3|Total
|-style="font-size: 95%"
!Time
!Deficit
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Bhayani Thekkada]]
|align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 5 km freestyle|5 km freestyle]]
|18:10.4
| +6:02.9
|25
|}

;Sprint
;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Quarterfinals
!colspan=2|Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Manjeet (skier)|Manjeet]]
|align=left rowspan=4|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's sprint classical|Sprint classical]]
|4:06.55
|33
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Padma Namgail]]
|4:00.15
|30 '''Q'''
|3:47.95
|6
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Rameez Ahmad Padder]]
|4:16.27
|35
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shubham Parihar]]
|4:18.91
|36
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|}

;Women
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Qualification
!colspan=2|Quarterfinals
!colspan=2|Semifinals
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Bhayani Thekkada]]
|align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's sprint classical|Sprint classical]]
|5:34.69
|24 '''Q'''
|4:94.64
|5
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|}

==Figure skating==
{{main|Figure skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games}}

India competed in the figure skating competitions. The team consists of two athletes.

{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete(s)
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|{{abbr|SP|Short program}}
!colspan=2|{{abbr|FP|Free program}}
!colspan=2|Total
|-
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
!Points
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Manjesh Tiwari]]
|align=left|[[Figure skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's singles|Men's]]
|28.15
|15
|48.26
|15
|76.41
|15
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Tara Prasad]]
|align=left|[[Figure skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's singles|Women's]]
|49.17
|8
|99.17
|7
|148.34
|8
|}

==Ice hockey==
{{main|Ice hockey at the 2025 Asian Winter Games}}

===Men's tournament===
{{main|Ice hockey at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's tournament}}
India qualified a men's hockey team of 23 athletes. The Indian team qualified after being invited following the initial announcement of the first 12 qualified teams.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harbin2025.com/news/p/6272.html|title=OCA announces qualified teams for AWG Harbin 2025 ice hockey tournament|date=21 August 2024|website=www.harbin2025.com/|publisher=Harbin 2025 Asian Winter Games Organizing Committee|access-date=22 September 2024|archive-date=26 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926210058/https://www.harbin2025.com/news/p/6272.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

;Group stage
{{#section:Ice hockey at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's tournament|Group C Standing}}

{{#section:Ice hockey at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's tournament|C3}}
{{#section:Ice hockey at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's tournament|C1}}
{{#section:Ice hockey at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's tournament|C6}}

;Eleventh place game
{{#section:Ice hockey at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's tournament|PO2}}

==Short-track speed skating==
{{main|Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games}}
;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Heat
!colspan=2|Quarterfinal
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Prajwal Sharath]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 500 metres|500 m]]
|45.063
|4
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Eklavya Jagal]]
|44.384
|3
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Akash Aradhya]]
|46.144
|5
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Akash Aradhya]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 1000 metres|1000 m]]
|1:45.335
|5
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sohan Sudhir Tarkar]]
|1:40.344
|4
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Prajwal Sharath]]
|1:35.991
|3
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Noyal Charli Chevrian]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|2:52.916
|6
|colspan=5|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Eklavya Jagal]]
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|colspan=2 |PEN
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Suyog Sanjay Tapkir]]
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|2:37.211
|6
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Suyog Sanjay Tapkir]] [[Prajwal Sharath]] [[Akash Aradhya]] [[Eklavya Jagal]]
|align=left|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 5000 metre relay|5000 m relay]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|7:45.117
|4 '''FB'''
|7:56.944
|7
|}

;Women
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Heat
!colspan=2|Quarterfinal
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Suvarnika Radhakrishnan]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]
|1:11.366
|5
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Varsha Puranik]]
|53.888
|5
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sravana Murthy]]
|51.383
|5
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Varsha Puranik]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 1000 metres|1000 m]]
|1:49.271
|4
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Dashiel Concessao]]
|1:51.620
|5
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Swarali Deo]]
|1:54.962
|5
|colspan=6|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Suvarnika Radhakrishnan]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|3:04.736
|5
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Sravana Murthy]]
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|2:56.634
|5
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Raina Kukreja]]
|colspan=2 {{n/a}}
|3:17.216
|5
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Varsha Puranik]] [[Suvarnika Radhakrishnan]] [[Dashiel Concessao]] [[Sravana Murthy]]
|align=left|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 3000 metre relay|3000 m relay]]
|colspan=4 {{n/a}}
|5:16.173
|3
|colspan=2|Did not advance
|}

;Mixed
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!rowspan=2|Athlete
!rowspan=2|Event
!colspan=2|Quarterfinal
!colspan=2|Semifinal
!colspan=2|Final
|-style="font-size:95%"
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Dashiel Concessao]] [[Sravana Murthy]] [[Prajwal Sharath]] [[Eklavya Jagal]]
|align=left|[[Short-track speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Mixed 2000 metre relay|2000 m relay]]
|colspan=2|PEN
|colspan=4|Did not advance
|}
Qualification legend: '''FA''' - Qualify to medal final; '''FB''' - Qualify to consolation final

==Speed skating==
{{main|Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games}}
India entered nine speed skaters (seven men and two women).<ref name=competitors/>

;Men
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Athlete
!Event
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Anubhav Gupta]]
|align=left rowspan=4|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 100 metres|100 m]]
|11.59
|21
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Chandra Mouli Danda]]
|10.83
|17
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Yogaraj Omkara]]
|10.99
|19
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Srivatsa Srikantha Rao]]
|11.10
|20
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Anubhav Gupta]]
|align=left rowspan=4|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 500 metres|500 m]]
|43.09
|20
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Chandra Mouli Danda]]
|38.97
|17
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Yogaraj Omkara]]
|1:02.06
|23
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Srivatsa Srikantha Rao]]
|40.58
|19
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Daniel Concessao]]
|align=left rowspan=4|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 1000 metres|1000 m]]
|1:25.35
|21
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Chandra Mouli Danda]]
|1:18.40
|17
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Yogaraj Omkara]]
|1:24.64
|20
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Srivatsa Srikantha Rao]]
|1:21.86
|19
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Chandra Danda]]
|align=left rowspan=4|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 1500 metres|1500 m]]
|2:02.41
|16
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Vishwaraj Jadeja]]
|2:05.80
|18
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Amitesh Mishra]]
|2:02.71
|17
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Srivatsa Srikantha Rao]]
|2:06.60
|19
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Dafnal Concessao]]
|align=left rowspan=3|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's 5000 metres|5000 m]]
|8:28.76
|15
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Vishwaraj Jadeja]]
|7:47.31
|14
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Amitesh Mishra]]
|colspan=2|Disqualified
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Chandra Mouli Danda]] [[Vishwaraj Jadeja]] [[Amitesh Mishra]]
|align=left|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's team pursuit|Team pursuit]]
|4:29.32
|5
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Chandra Mouli Danda]] [[Vishwaraj Jadeja]] [[Amitesh Mishra]]
|align=left|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Men's team sprint|Team sprint]]
|1:20.72
|5
|}

;Women
{|class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%"
|-
!Athlete
!Event
!Time
!Rank
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Diya Harsha Rao]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 100 metres|100 m]]
|13.21
|18
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shruti Kotwal]]
|11.68
|16
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Diya Harsha Rao]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 500 metres|500 m]]
|52.94
|20
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shruti Kotwal]]
|42.86
|18
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Diya Harsha Rao]]
|align=left rowspan=2|[[Speed skating at the 2025 Asian Winter Games – Women's 1000 metres|1000 m]]
|1:49.59
|20
|-align=center
|align=left|[[Shruti Kotwal]]
|1:28.59
|18
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Nations at the 2025 Asian Winter Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 2025 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:India at the Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:2025 in Indian sport]]

Khedbrahma

2025-12-18T23:03:45Z

Maxlogistic:

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Khedbrahma
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Town
| image_skyline = Brahmaji Temple of Khedbrahma2.jpg
| image_alt = Brahmaji Temple of Khedbrahma
| image_caption = Brahma Temple, built {{circa|1060 AD}}.
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat#India3
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Gujarat, India
| coordinates = {{coord|24|1|42|N|73|2|29|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Gujarat]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Sabarkantha district]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for = [[Brahma]]
| government_type =
| governing_body = [[Nagar Palika]]
| leader_title = Nagarpati
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes = of uska
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 202
| population_total = 25,001
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]], [[Hindi language|Hindi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 383255
| registration_plate = starting with GJ 9
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Human sex ratio|Sex ratio]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 1000/916 [[male|♂]]/[[female|♀]]
| website =
| footnotes =
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91 2775]]
}}

'''Khedbrahma''' ({{audio|Khedbrahma.ogg|pronunciation|help=yes}}) is a town and a [[Tehsil|taluka]] headquarter in Khedbrahma Taluka of [[Sabarkantha district|Sabarkantha]] district, [[Gujarat]], India. It is situated on the banks of Harnav river. The town is connected with religious history and has been pilgrim site for centuries. The 11th century [[Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma|Brahma]], [[Durga|Ambika]] and Pankhnath Mahadev temples are the oldest monuments of the town. The town has an old stepwell, the [[Brahma Vav]]. It was under [[Paramara dynasty|Parmara]]s, [[Chaulukya]]s and [[Parihar (clan)|Parihara]]s before it came under [[Idar State]] in 13th century.

==Etymology==
''Brahmakshetra Mahatmaya'' mentions that [[Brahma]] had established the town so the region was known as Brahmakshetra, the land of Brahma. He ploughed the land here and a river had flown out of it which was later known as Harnav, a corruption of Hiranyaganga which was named after [[Hiranyagarbha]], another name of Brahma.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Raval|first=Deepak|date=August 1994|editor-last=Darji|editor-first=Pravin|editor-link=Pravin Darji|title=બ્રહ્મક્ષેત્રથી ખેડબ્રહ્મા|trans-title=Brahmakshetra To Khedbrahma|journal=[[Shabdasrishti]]|publisher=[[Gujarat Sahitya Akademi]]|location=[[Gandhinagar]]|volume=11|issue=8|pages=38–45}}</ref><ref name="thesis" /><ref name=":0" /> According to the inscription ([[Vikram Samvat|Samvat]] 1256) in Aditi stepwell; the place was known as Brahmapur in [[Satya Yuga]] (1st age), Agnikhet in [[Treta Yuga]] (2nd age), Hiranyapur in [[Dvapara Yuga]] (3rd age) and Tulakhet in [[Kali Yuga]] (4th age).<ref name="Others">{{cite book|author=Anjali H. Desai|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gZRLGZNZEoEC&pg=PA186|title=India Guide Gujarat|publisher=India Guide Publications|year=2007|isbn=978-0-9789517-0-2|page=191}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.305767|title=Puratan Brahma Kshetra Prachin Arvachin Itihas|last=Shastri|first=Ganpatishankar|publisher=Idar State|year=1935|location=Idar|pages=3, 7–11, 15, 20, 54, 56–59, 111–157, 167–168|language=gu|trans-title=Ancient Brahma Kshetra: Ancient and Modern History}}</ref><ref name=":GVK">{{Cite book|title=ગુજરાતી વિશ્વકોશ|last=Rajgor|first=Shivprasad|publisher=Gujarati Vishwakosh Trust, Ahmedabad|year=1993|editor-last=Thaker|editor-first=Dhirubhai|editor-link=Dhirubhai Thaker|volume=V|location=[[Ahmedabad]]|pages=846|trans-title=Gujarati Encyclopedia|language=gu|oclc=164915270}}</ref> ''Brahmanotpattimartand'' mentions that the place was known as Brahmapur in Satya Yuga, Tryambakpur in Treta Yuga and Dvapara Yuga and Brahmakhetak in Kali Yuga.<ref name=":2" />

==History==
[[File:Harnav River Bridge Khedbrahma Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Bridge on Harnav River|left]]
''Brahmakshetra Mahatmaya'' (written after 10th century), the ''jnati-purana'' of Khedaval Brahmins, is a chief source of the mythological history of the region. It has 18 chapters. It was translated in Gujarati from [[Sanskrit]] in 1938. Ganpatishankar Shastri wrote ''Puratan Brahmakshetra'' in 1938 which traces mythological and literary history of the region in his book which is chiefly based on ''Brahmakshetra Mahatmaya''.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="thesis">{{cite thesis|last=Patel|first=Bipinkumar Hemrajbhai|script-title=gu:પ્રમુખ પુરાણોમાં ગુજરાત દર્શન: સમીક્ષાત્મક અભ્યાસ|date=2015|publisher=[[Saurashtra University]]|place=Rajkot |trans-title= Glimpses of Gujarat in the Principal Puranas: A Critical Study|language=gu|type=PhD|script-chapter=gu:2. ગુજરાતના સ્થળ-જ્ઞાતિ-પુરાણો: સમીક્ષાત્મક પરિચય |trans-chapter=2. Place and Caste Puranas of Gujarat: A Critical Introduction|hdl=10603/126451|pages=91–92}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Mythological narratives describes that the place was associated with Brahma and [[Bhrigu]]. Bhrigu had done several [[yajna]] (sacrifices) here. The temple ruins of Shiva, Shakti and [[Surya]] outskirt of the town confirms it antiquity.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Inamdar|first=P A|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281941|title=Some Archaeological Finds In The Idar State|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Idar State|year=1936|location=Idar|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281941/page/n19 12]–17}}</ref> ''Brahmanotpattimartand'' mentions Brahmakhetak town in south of [[Mount Abu]]. It also mentions Hiranya river, confluence of two rivers and Brahma temple housing statues of Brahma and his two consorts.<ref name=":2" /> ''Sabhramati Mahatmya'' of ''Padmapurana'' also mentions the town.<ref name=":GVK" />

The 15" long, 10" wide and 4" thick bricks were used in foundations of old temples and houses. They had crude finger marks which was a practise of [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period. So the settlement can be as old as 4th century.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":GVK" /><ref name="govts" />

The Pankshindra Mahadev temple was built in early 11th century which has statues of Shiva in one niche dated to this period. The Ambika temple was also built in early 11th century confirmed by the style of its ''phansana'' roof. The Brahma Temple was built in late 11th century<ref name="Dhaky1961">{{cite journal|last=Dhaky|first=Madhusudan A.|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/30|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|volume=3|pages=34, 76–77}}</ref> while the Brahma stepwell was built in the 14th century.<ref name="govts">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wIxhAAAAIAAJ|title=Gujarat State Gazetteers: Sabarkantha district|publisher=Directorate of Government Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State|year=1974|editor-last=Rajyagor|editor-first=S. B.|volume=IX|location=Ahmedabad|pages=74, 88, 91, 172, 720–722|access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref> The inscription in Aditi stepwell is dated Samvat 1256 (c. 1200) which definitely proves historicity of the town. There are several old Jain temples in the region.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dalpatram]] has noted that Gadhaiya coins of Gupta period were found during the rebuilding of Nilkanth Mahadev temple near Brahma stepwell in Samvat 1912.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="govts" /> Bhrigu Ashram and Kshirajamba temple are also of older origin. In 1930s, more than hundred Jain images buried in ground were exposed by rain which were later moved to Digambar Jain temple on [[Idar, Gujarat|Idar]] hill. The practice of burial of images were meant to protect them during raids. These images belonged to 12th century.<ref name=":1" />

The region was under Bhil king of Tarsang who was defeated by [[Parmara dynasty|Parmara]] of [[Malwa]]. Later it was under [[Chaulukya dynasty]] of [[Patan, Gujarat|Patan]]. The region was later ruled by [[Parihar (clan)|Parihar]] Rajputs and came under sway of Rao of [[Idar State]] in 13th century. Rana Meghaji, who came to power in Samvat 1474, had repaired the Brahma temple.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />

In past, the fair was held in February which used to draw large number of pilgrims and traders from Gujarat and Rajasthan. The Kathiawar traders used to raise booths on the south bank of the Harnav river and deal in opium, cloth, copperware, jewelry, grocery, and horses. The fair used to last for fifteen days. Goods worth {{INRConvert|1|l|year=1600}} were sold. The fair lost its importance from the time of Rao Kalyanmal (about 1630), when the Idar State fell a prey to rebellion and disorder.<ref name="ggbc">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA437|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Pálanpur, and Mahi Kántha|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1880|pages=437–438}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name=":GVK" /> Juvansinhji of Idar restarted the fair in Samvat 1917. In Samvat 1936, Kesharisinhji of Idar got Ambika temple repaired. In Samvat 1947, Gilabchand Manukchand of [[Vadali, Gujarat|Vadali]] took a ''Sangh'' (procession) to Ambika temple and built rest house for pilgrims at cost of {{INRConvert|2600|year=1880}}. In 1920, Daulatsinhji of Idar State order to give land surrounding the Ambika temple to the temple authorities. Between Samvat 1978 and 1987, thirteen rest houses for pilgrims were built near the temples by various donors. [[Himmat Singh|Himmatsinhji]] of Idar had built a hanging bridge on the Harnav river.<ref name=":0" /> The bridge was replaced by concrete bridge in 1959 and was expanded in 2017 at the cost of {{INRConvert|34|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.gujaratsamachar.com/articles/display_article/north-gujarat/harnav-will-facilitate-pedestrians-over-the-river-after-the-completion-of-the-construc|title=હરણાવ નદી ઉપર નવા પુલનું નિર્માણ પૂર્ણ થયા બાદ પદયાત્રીઓને સરળતા મળશે.|date=2015|website=Gujarat Samachar|trans-title=New bridge on Harnav River will be helpful to pilgrims after completion|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170829043142/http://m.gujaratsamachar.com/articles/display_article/north-gujarat/harnav-will-facilitate-pedestrians-over-the-river-after-the-completion-of-the-construc|archive-date=29 August 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=2017-08-29}}</ref>

During the British period, Khedbrahma was under the [[Idar State]] which was under the [[Mahi Kantha Agency]] until 1933 when it was included in the [[Sabar Kantha Agency]]. The Sabar Kantha Agency was merged with the Eastern [[Kathiawar Agency]] on 1 September 1943 which was subsequently merged in the [[Western India States Agency]] in 1944 followed by the [[Baroda, Western India and Gujarat States Agency]] (BWIGSA) in 1947. After the [[independence of India]] in 1947, BWIGSA was merged in the [[Bombay State]] and Khedbrahma fell under the [[Sabarkantha district]]. In 1960, Bombay State was later divided along linguistic lines in Gujarat and Maharashtra. Sabarkantha became part of Gujarat. Khedbrahma is the headquarter of Khedbrahma [[Taluka]] (sub-district).

==Geography==
The confluence of three small rivers (''Triveni Sangam''); namely Hiranyakshi, Bhimakshi and Kamakshi; is located here.<ref name=":GVK" /><ref name="Sompura1968">{{cite book|last=Sompura|first=Kantilal F.|title=The Structural Temples of Gujarat, Upto 1600 A.D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXTqAAAAMAAJ|year=1968|publisher=Gujarat University|pages=172–173|isbn=9780861862450 }}</ref><ref name="govts" /> These rivers are also known as Hiranyaganga, Bhimashankari and Kosambi respectively.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name="govts" /> Harnav river is also referred as Hiranyaksh or Harnai river.<ref name="ggbc" /> After the confluence, the river is known as Harnav which empties into the reservoir of [[Dharoi dam]] built on [[Sabarmati]] river down stream. Harnav river divides the town in north and south parts.<ref name="taluka">{{cite web|url=http://sabarkanthadp.gujarat.gov.in/sabarkantha/taluka/khedbramha/index.htm|title=Khedbrahma Taluka Official Govt. Website|access-date=1 October 2012}}</ref>

===Climate===
Khedbrahma has a tropical climate. According to [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen–Geiger climate classification system]], this climate is classified as [[Tropical savanna climate]] (Aw). The average annual temperature is 26.5 °C. Average precipitation is 843 mm.<ref name=cdo/>
{{weather box
|location = Khedbrahma (1982-2012)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|temperature colour=pastel

|Jan high C = 26.9
|Feb high C = 30.4
|Mar high C = 34.5
|Apr high C = 38.4
|May high C = 40.4
|Jun high C = 37.7
|Jul high C = 32.3
|Aug high C = 30.9
|Sep high C = 32.2
|Oct high C = 34.5
|Nov high C = 31.9
|Dec high C = 28.7

|Jan mean C=18.8
|Feb mean C=21.7
|Mar mean C=26.1
|Apr mean C=30.4
|May mean C=33.4
|Jun mean C=32.3
|Jul mean C=28.7
|Aug mean C=27.5
|Sep mean C=27.9
|Oct mean C=27.4
|Nov mean C=23.2
|Dec mean C=20.1

|Jan low C=10.8
|Feb low C=13.0
|Mar low C=17.8
|Apr low C=22.5
|May low C=26.4
|Jun low C=26.9
|Jul low C=25.2
|Aug low C=24.2
|Sep low C=23.6
|Oct low C=20.3
|Nov low C=14.5
|Dec low C=11.5

|precipitation colour=green
|Jan precipitation mm=3
|Feb precipitation mm=0
|Mar precipitation mm=1
|Apr precipitation mm=1
|May precipitation mm=2
|Jun precipitation mm=73
|Jul precipitation mm=321
|Aug precipitation mm=257
|Sep precipitation mm=165
|Oct precipitation mm=15
|Nov precipitation mm=3
|Dec precipitation mm=2

|source 1= ''Climate-Data.org'' (altitude: 207m)<ref name=cdo>{{cite web|title=Climate: Khedbrahma – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table |url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/174284/ |publisher=Climate-Data.org |access-date=28 March 2017}}</ref>

|source 2=

}}

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 Census of India]], Khedbrahma municipality had a population of 25,001. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Khedbrahma has an average literacy rate of 67%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 73%, and female literacy is 56%. In Khedbrahma, 13% of the population is under 6 years of age.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=572050|title=Census of India 2011 - Khedbrahma (M)(802466)|website=Census of India, Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India under Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170819072658/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=572050|archive-date=19 August 2017|url-status=dead|access-date=19 August 2017}}</ref> In 1991, Khedbrahma had population of 17,114.<ref name=":GVK" /> In 1974, it had population of 8,858.<ref name="govts" />

==Civic administration==
[[File:Nagar Seva Sadan Khedbrahma.jpg|thumb|Nagar Seva Sadan, Khedbrahma|left]]
Khedbrahma has a [[Nagar Palika]] (municipality) and is a Taluka headquarter. The municipality was established on 15 April 1994. There are 9 wards and 36 seats in municipality. There are 15 seats for reserved categories and 12 seats for unreserved categories.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sec.gujarat.gov.in/mun-gen-ele.htm|title=State Election Commission, Gujarat Official Website|access-date=1 October 2012|archive-date=30 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151130041853/http://sec.gujarat.gov.in/mun-gen-ele.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Khedbrahma (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Khedbrahma constituency]] is represented in [[Gujarat Legislative Assembly]] by one elected member.

==Places of interest==
===Brahma temple===
{{main|Brahma Temple, Khedbrahma}}
[[File:Brahmaji Temple of Khedbrahma8.jpg|thumb|Idol of Brahma in Temple]]
[[File:Brahma Vaaav Khedbrahma.jpg|thumb|Brahma Vav]]
Brahma temple was built in third quarter of the 11th century during reign of Chaulukya king [[Karna (Chaulukya dynasty)|Karna]], according to historian [[Madhusudan Dhaky|M. A. Dhaky]].<ref name="Dhaky19612">{{cite journal|last=Dhaky|first=Madhusudan A.|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/30|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|volume=3|pages=34, 76–77}}</ref><ref name="x2">{{cite book|author=M. A.|first=Dhaky|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/studies-indian-temple-architecture-papers-presented-seminar-held-varanasi-1967|title=Studies in Indian Temple Architecture: Papers Presented at a Seminar Held in Varanasi, 1967|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|year=1975|editor-last=Chandra|editor-first=Pramod|location=Bombay|pages=128|chapter=The Genesis and Development of Maru-Gurjara Temple Architecture}}</ref> The spire, ''mandapa'' (dome) and doorway must have been destroyed which are rebuilt later in bricks and mortar.<ref name=":12">{{Cite book|last=Inamdar|first=P A|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281941|title=Some Archaeological Finds In The Idar State|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Idar State|year=1936|location=Idar|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281941/page/n19 12]–17}}</ref> It is built of white sandstone and cement-covered bricks.<ref name="ggbc2">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lr4IAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA437|title=Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Cutch, Pálanpur, and Mahi Kántha|publisher=Government Central Press|year=1880|pages=438}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

The sanctum is ''navaratha'' in ''anga'' and ''hastangula'' in plan and is of fully decorated class. Its ''pitha'' (base), the ''vedibandha'' and the ''mandovara'' (middle part of the wall) is resemble to the temple at Sunak.<ref name="Dhaky19613">{{cite journal|last=Dhaky|first=Madhusudan A.|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/30|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|volume=3|pages=34, 76–77}}</ref> The lower part of main shrine is intact and is filled with images of gods, goddesses and [[apsara]]s.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last=Inamdar|first=P A|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281941|title=Some Archaeological Finds In The Idar State|publisher=Department of Archaeology, Idar State|year=1936|location=Idar|pages=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281941/page/n19 12]–17}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|last=Cousens|first=Henry|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.35542/page/n329/mode/2up|title=Annual Report of The Archaeological Survey of India 1906-07|publisher=Superintendent Government Printing, India|year=1909|location=Calcutta|pages=171–178|chapter=The Temple of Brahma at Khed-Brahma}}</ref> These images in ''jangha'' portion are poorly retouched. The chauri-bearers on ''nandika'' are elegantly carved which are common in 11th century temples. The ''phansana'' roof resembles [[Dilwara Jain Temples|Vimala Vasahi temple]] and is crowned with a ''ghanta''.<ref name="Dhaky19614">{{cite journal|last=Dhaky|first=Madhusudan A.|author-link=Madhusudan Dhaky|year=1961|editor-last=Deva|editor-first=Krishna|title=The Chronology of the Solanki Temples of Gujarat|url=http://vmis.in/Resources/digital_publication_popup?id=136#page/30|journal=Journal of the Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|location=[[Bhopal]]|publisher=Madhya Pradesh Itihas Parishad|volume=3|pages=34, 76–77}}</ref> There are images of Brahma in the niches on the three sides.<ref name=":13" /><ref name=":22" />

===Brahma stepwell===
{{main|Brahma Vav}}
There is a [[stepwell]], situated opposite the Brahma temple, known as ''Brahma Vav''. It is constructed in east-west direction; the entrance is in the east and the well is in the west. The stepwell becomes narrower as one goes downwards and to the well. It has four ''kuta'' (pavilion-towers) where fourth is attached to the well. It had row of 27 miniature shrines as an ornamentation in the wall of shaft of the stepwell which suggests it was built in 14th century. There is no inscription in the stepwell to ascertain its age.<ref name="Jain-Neubauer1981">{{cite book|author=Jutta Jain-Neubauer|title=The Stepwells of Gujarat: In Art-historical Perspective|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=61fSwBF4bbYC&pg=PA53|year=1981|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-0-391-02284-3|page=53}}</ref>

=== Ambika temple ===
[[File:Ambika Mataji Temple (Nana Ambaji) at Khedbrahma.jpg|thumb|Ambika Temple|left]]
Situated in north-east of the town, the Ambika temple was originally built in the early 11th century and renovated many time subsequently.<ref name="x3">{{cite book|author=M. A.|first=Dhaky|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/rarebooks/studies-indian-temple-architecture-papers-presented-seminar-held-varanasi-1967|title=Studies in Indian Temple Architecture: Papers Presented at a Seminar Held in Varanasi, 1967|publisher=American Institute of Indian Studies|year=1975|editor-last=Chandra|editor-first=Pramod|location=Bombay|pages=128|chapter=The Genesis and Development of Maru-Gurjara Temple Architecture}}</ref> It is also known as Nana Ambaji to distinguish it from Arasur [[Ambaji]].<ref name="govts" /><ref name="Others" /><ref name=":GVK" /> The older parts of the modern temple belong to the 17th century.<ref name=":1" /> The temple is simple rectangular chamber with ''mukhamandapa'' in front. The base has an unusually thick ''jadyakumbha'', a ''karnika'' and a plain ''pattika''. It is followed by a ''vedibandha'' and a plain ''mandovara'' relieved by three niches, now empty. The temple is roofed by ''phansana'' topped by three ''ghanata''s in a row, the form only seen in 11th century. The ''mukhamandapa'' has usual moulding of ''mattavarana''.<ref name="Dhaky1961"/> The square of temple was known as Chachar Chowk. The temple is north-facing. The older idols in the temple complex include Ganesha idol on the entrance and [[Hanuman]] and Kal [[Bhairava]] idols. Of Brahmani, Sarasvati, Tripurasundari idols; the first two were originally found during excavation for construction of the main entrance or the rest house.<ref name=":0" />

Every year many pilgrims come to Ambika temple especially during September–October due to [[Bhadrapada|Bhadarvi]] Purnima festival.<ref name="Others" /> There are fairs organised on full moon days in Hindu calendar months of [[Kartik (month)|Kartika]], [[Chaitra]] and [[Bhadra (Hindu calendar)|Bhadrapada]].<ref name="govts" /> [[Pushya]] Purnima (full moon day of February–March) is important because it is considered as a foundation day (Pragatya Divas) of the temple.<ref name="Divya Bhaskar 2015">{{cite web|url=http://m.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/UGUJ-SBK-khedbrahma-grew-venue-for-watching-amba-mata-4954320-NOR.html|title=ખેડબ્રહ્મામાં મા અંબાના દર્શન માટે માનવ મહેરામણ ઊમટ્યો|date=5 April 2015|website=Divya Bhaskar|language=gu|trans-title=People flocked to Khedbrahma for glimpse of Goddess Amba|access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>

===Bhrigurishi Ashram===
There is also the [[Bhrigu]][[rishi]] ashram and a [[Shiva|Bhrigunath Mahadev]] temple which is associated with folklores and [[Purana|Puran]]ic stories. It is located in southeast of the town, on the south bank of the river and near the hillock.<ref name=":1" />

According to the ''Brahmakshetra Mahatmaya'', the temple was built by Bhrigu, Brahma's son who was once sent by the seers, rishi, to find out who was the noblest of the [[Hindu trinity]]. Insulting Brahma and Rudra, they got angry and threatened to punish him. Seeking out Vishnu, Bhrigu was bold enough to place his foot on the god's chest. Instead of resenting, the kindly god asked the seer's pardon for the hardness of his breast. Bhrigu returned and praised Vishnu as the noblest of the gods. To wipe out the sin of insulting the gods, Bhrigu came to ''Brahma Kshetra'', bathed in the Hiranyaksh, made his hermitage the seat of a Shiva, and performed such rigid austerities, that Shiva was pleased and freed him from his sin.<ref name=ggbc/><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":GVK" /><ref name="govts" />

===Kshirjamba Mahalaxmi temple===
The temple dedicated to Kshirjamba or Kshetramba is located on the hill near the Bhrigurishi Ashram.<ref name=":1" />

According to the ''Brahmakshetra Mahatmaya'' or ''Brahma Purana'' legend, Kshirja was the family goddess of people created during the yajna of Brahma.<ref name="ggbc" />

=== Pakshindra Mahadev temple ===
Near the confluence of rivers, on the north bank opposite the Bhrigurishi Ashram, there is an old Pankhanath or Pankheshwar or Pakshindra Mahadev temple dedicated to Shiva. It is west-facing plain simple temple which is restored several times. In the back-niche of ''mandovara'' of temple, there is a figure of [[Nataraja]] (Shivatandav) with eight hands which helps in deciding the dating of the temple.<ref name="Sompura1968" /><ref name="govts" /> There is also one more Shiva figure in other form. The temple belongs to {{circa|11th century}}, built during reign of [[Bhima I]] of [[Chaulukya dynasty]], contemporary of [[Sun Temple, Modhera]].<ref name="govts" /><ref name="Dhaky1961"/> In the sanctum, there is a small protuberance instead of an elaborate [[lingam]] which is considered ''swayambhu'' (self-existent) by the devotees.<ref name=":1" />

According to the legend mentioned in ''Brahmakshetra Mahatmaya'', the serpent king Pingal Nag had enmity towards the [[Garuda]]. He had taken a form of Brahmin to escape from the Garuda and hid in Brahmakshetra. He exposed his true form to his Brahmin wife on occasion of [[Nag Panchami]]. The Garuda learned of it and they fought each other. The wing of the Garuda was broken off in the battle and the temple was erected at the place of the battle to commemorate it and named Pankhanath.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

===Other temples===
[[File:Kashi Vishwanath Mahadev Temple Khedbrahma Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Kashi Vishwanath Mahadev Temple]]
Hatakeshwar Hanuman temple located in old town is considered old. Near the Brahma stepwell, there is a Nilkanth Mahadev temple. There is an inscription dated Samvat 1912 about renovation of earlier temple.<ref name="govts" /><ref name=":0" /> Kashi Vishvanath Mahadev temple is situated on the south bank of the river which are popular locally. Mahavira Jain temple, situated in northern part of town, was almost 500 years old. The central catechu coloured idol of Mahavira is 90 cm in height and in [[Lotus position|Padmasana]] position.<ref name="taluka"/><ref name="govts"/><ref name="google520">{{cite book|title=Teerth Darshan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gobXAAAAMAAJ|year=2002|publisher=Shree Jain Prarthana Mandir Trust (Regd.)|page=520}}</ref>

==Amenities==
[[File:Government Taluka Library of Khedbrahma Gujarat.jpg|thumb|Government Taluka Library|left]]
The town has a Government Taluka Library. There were two cinemas in the town one of which was Aradhana. There is a 150-bed government referral hospital equipped with modern medical facilities which was opened in August 2015.<ref name="DeshGuj2015">{{cite web | author=DeshGujarat | title=Gujarat CM dedicates 150-bed govt hospital in tribal Khedbrahma | website=DeshGujarat | date=2015-08-16 | url=http://DeshGujarat.Com/2015/08/16/gujarat-cm-dedicates-150-bed-govt-hospital-in-tribal-khedbrahma/ | access-date=2015-08-17}}</ref> The town has all major national bank branches and some cooperative banks.<ref name="govts" />

A public park spread over {{convert|3392|sqm|sqft}} on the banks of Harnav river was completed in March 2015 at the cost of {{INRconvert|1.2|c}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Beautification of Harnav River Edge, at Khedbrahma, by Studio UA Lab|url=https://architecturelive.in/harnav-river-edge-khedbrahma-gujarat-india-studio-ua-lab/|access-date=2020-06-22|website=ArchitectureLive!|language=en-US}}</ref>

===Education===
Khedbrahma has educational institutions teaching from primary level to graduation.<ref name=":GVK" />

====Higher education====

* Arrdekta College of Engineering
* D. D. Thakar Arts and K. J. Patel Commerce College
* Krishi Polytechnic affiliated to Dantiwada Agriculture University
* Industrial Training Institute and Skill Certification Centre

====Schools====
* St. John's Secondary and Higher Secondary School
* Ramjibapa KKP Kanya Vidyalaya
* Sant Shri Natthurambapa Jyoti Vidhyalay
* Sheth Keshavji Thakarsinh High School
* Chanchalba Government Primary School
* Asiana English School
* Gravity School

== Economy ==
Khedbrahma has a cooperative ginning factory, [[sawmill]]s, cement pipe factories and an [[Agricultural produce market committee|Agricultural Produce Market Committee]] (APMC) market.<ref name="govts" />

==Transportation==
Khedbrahma is connected to all major towns of Sabarkantha district by State Highway No. 9.<ref name="govts" />

There is a bus-station of [[Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation]] connecting all major cities of Gujarat.<ref name=":GVK" /> The new bus station was opened on 26 January 2020. It is spread over an area of {{convert|29036|sqm|sqft}} and built at the cost of {{INR convert|450.59|l}}.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=નવીન બનાવાયેલ ખેડબ્રહ્મા એસટી સ્ટેન્ડનું પ્રજાસત્તાક દિને લોકાર્પણ કરાયું.|url=https://westerntimesnews.in/news/37006|access-date=2021-11-21|website=Western Times News|language=gu}}</ref>
[[File:Khedbrahma Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Khedbrahma Railway station]]
[[Khedbrahma railway station]] serves the town.<ref name=":GVK" /> Since 2017, the rail service is suspended for gauge conversion.<ref name="Gujarat Samachar2017">{{cite web|url=http://m.gujaratsamachar.com/index.php/articles/display_article/north-gujarat/north-gujarat-tower-stop-trains-from-today-khedbrahma|title=રેલ્વે લાઇનનું બ્રોડગેજમાં રૃપાંતરથી આજથી તલોદ-ખેડબ્રહ્મા તરફની ટ્રેનો બંધ|date=1 January 2017|website=[[Gujarat Samachar]]|language=gu|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170124053010/http://m.gujaratsamachar.com/articles/display_article/north-gujarat/north-gujarat-tower-stop-trains-from-today-khedbrahma|archive-date=24 January 2017|access-date=24 January 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2019|title=ઈડરથી ખેડબ્રહ્મા વચ્ચે 3 વર્ષથી ગેજ પરિવર્તનના નામે રેલવે વ્યવહાર બંધ|language=gu|work=Divya Bhaskar|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/news/railway-connection-cut-between-idar-and-khedbrahma-for-3-years-for-gauge-conversion-125995286.html}}</ref> It was a terminal station of the metre gauge railway line connecting Khedbrahma to Himmatnagar and Ahmedabad.<ref name="govts" /> In June 2022, {{INRconvert|482|c}} were allocated for gauge conversion.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.divyabhaskar.co.in/local/gujarat/sabarkantha/news/482-crore-sanctioned-for-gauge-conversion-of-himmatnagar-khedbrahma-railway-129889016.html|title=આનંદની લાગણી:હિંમતનગર-ખેડબ્રહ્મા રેલવે ગેજ પરિવર્તન માટે 482 કરોડ મંજૂર, આગામી 6 માસમાં ટેન્ડરીંગ|language=gu|date=2022-06-03|publisher=Divya Bhaskar}}</ref> The work is ongoing.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [https://sabarkanthadp.gujarat.gov.in/gu/taluka/Khedbramha/home Khedbrahma Taluka Official Government Website]
* {{Gujarati Vishwakosh}}
{{Commons category}}
{{wikivoyage}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:12th-century establishments in India]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Sabarkantha district]]
[[Category:Khedbrahma]]
[[Category:Cities and towns in Sabarkantha district]]

2018 Telangana T20 League

2025-11-17T16:42:27Z

Maxlogistic:

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox cricket tournament
| name = 2018 Telangana T20 League
| image =
| fromdate = 3 February
| todate = {{End date|df=yes|2018|02|25}}
| administrator = [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] (HYCA)
| cricket format = [[Twenty20]]
| tournament format = [[Round-robin tournament|Round-robin]] and [[Single-elimination tournament|knockout]]
| host =
| champions = [[Adilabad Tigers]]
| count = 1
| runner up = [[Medak Mavericks]]
| participants = 10
| matches = 49
| attendance =
| player of the series =
| most runs = [[Danny Dereck Prince]] (485)<ref name="stats">{{cite web|url=http://www.hyderabad.cricket/TTL/tstats.html|title=Tournament Statistics|publisher=hyderabad.cricket/TTL |access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
| most wickets = [[Siddantham Praneeth Raj]] (20)<ref name="stats" />
| website = {{URL|http://www.hyderabad.cricket/TTL/}}
| drs =
| previous_year =
| previous_tournament =
| next_year = 2019
| next_tournament = 2019 Telangana T20 League
}}

The 2018 season of the Telangana T20 League, also known as '''Venkataswamy T20 tournament''', was the first edition of the [[Telangana T20 Premier League|TTL]], a professional [[Twenty20 cricket]] league in [[Telangana]], [[India]]. The league was formed by the [[Hyderabad Cricket Association]] (HYCA) in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/201217/telangana-t20-league-hca-launches-a-twenty20-league-for-telangana-players.html|title=Telangana T20 League: HCA launches a Twenty20 league for Telangana players|date=20 December 2017|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|access-date=22 February 2020}}</ref> After [[Tamil Nadu Cricket Association|Tamil Nadu]] and [[Karnataka Cricket Association|Karnataka]], Telangana became third state in South India to launch its state T20 league with an initiative to provide major boost to rural cricketers who lag behind dur to lack of proper infrastructure and coaching facilities. The owners of the teams competing in the league are announced on 13 January 2018 by HYCA who have been selected on a first-come-first-serve basis after submitting an Expression of Interest and paying Rs 12.5 lakh each to HYCA for one-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/130118/hyderabad-cricket-association-unveils-telangana-t20-league-owners.html|title=Hyderabad Cricket Association unveils Telangana T20 League owners|date=13 January 2018 |publisher=[[Deccan Chronicle]]|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref> The team colours and logos were launched on 2 February 2018 with the inaugural match being held on 3 February at [[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hyderabad.cricket/TTL/newsdetails.html?mediaId=165&mId=3|title=G.Venkataswamy T20 League team logos launched|publisher=hyderabad.cricket/TTL|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/venkataswamy-t20-tournament-in-hyderabad-from-feb-3|title=Venkataswamy T20 tournament in Hyderabad from Feb 3|publisher=telanganatoday.com|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

[[Adilabad Tigers]] won the inaugural tournament beating [[Medak Mavericks]] by 9 runs and [[Hitesh Yadav]] was adjudged as the man of the match for the Final.<ref name="finalwin" /><ref name="finalwin1" />

==Teams==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!| '''Team'''
!| '''City'''
!| '''Captain'''
|-
| [[Hyderabad-Srinidhian Thunderbolts|Hyderabad Thunderbolts]]
| [[Hyderabad]]
| [[Chandan Sahani]]
|-
| [[Adilabad Tigers]]
| [[Adilabad]]
| [[Neeraj Bist]]
|-
| [[MLR Royals Mahabubnagar|Royals Mahabubnagar]]
| [[Mahabubnagar]]
| [[Aniketh Reddy]]
|-
| [[Kakatiya Kings]]
| [[Warangal]]
| [[Charan Teja]]
|-
| [[Medak Mavericks]]
| [[Medak]]
| [[Bavanaka Sandeep]]
|-
| [[Nizamabad Knights]]
| [[Nizamabad, Telangana|Nizamabad]]
| [[Anuraag Haridas]]
|-
| [[Nalgonda Lions]]
| [[Nalgonda]]
| [[Ashish Reddy]]
|-
| [[Karimnagar Warriors]]
| [[Karimnagar]]
| [[Amol Shinde]]
|-
| [[Khammam Tiraa]]
| [[Khammam]]
| [[Mukesh Gilda]]
|-
| [[Rangareddy Risers]]
| [[Sangareddy]]
| [[Akshath Reddy]]
|}
Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyderabad.cricket/TTL/newsdetails.html?mediaId=165&mId=3|title=G.Venkataswamy T20 League team logos launched|work=hyderabad.cricket/TTL|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hyderabad.cricket/TTL/teamlist.html|title=Teams Squad List|work=hyderabad.cricket/TTL|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>

==Tournament results==
===Points rable===
* {{Color box|#cfd|border=darkgray}} advanced to the knock-out stage
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! '''Team'''
! '''Played'''
! '''Won'''
! '''Lost'''
! '''Tie'''
! '''NR'''
! '''Points'''
! '''NRR'''
|- style="background:#cfd;"
| [[Hyderabad-Srinidhian Thunderbolts|Hyderabad Thunderbolts]] || 9 || 8 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 16 || +1.803
|- style="background:#cfd;"
| [[Rangareddy Risers]] || 9 || 7 || 2 || 0 || 0 || 14 || +1.017
|- style="background:#cfd;"
| [[Adilabad Tigers]] || 9 || 6 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 12 || +1.408
|- style="background:#cfd;"
| [[Medak Mavericks]] || 9 || 6 || 3 || 0 || 0 || 12 || +0.404
|-
| [[Nizamabad Knights]] || 9 || 5 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 10 || +0.956
|-
| [[Khammam Tiraa]] || 9 || 5 || 4 || 0 || 0 || 10 || -0.661
|-
| [[Nalgonda Lions]] || 9 || 3 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 6 || +0.076
|-
| [[MLR Royals Mahabubnagar|Royals Mahabubnagar]] || 9 || 3 || 6 || 0 || 0 || 6 || -0.832
|-
| [[Karimnagar Warriors]] || 9 || 2 || 7 || 0 || 0 || 4 || -0.895
|-
| [[Kakatiya Kings]] || 9 || 0 || 9 || 0 || 0 || 0 || -3.38
|}
Source:[http://www.hyderabad.cricket/TTL/resultsv2.html TTL Website]

[[Hyderabad-Srinidhian Thunderbolts|Hyderabad Thunderbolts]] along with [[Rangareddy Risers]], [[Adilabad Tigers]] and [[Medak Mavericks]] moved into semifinals of Telangana T20 tournament.<ref>{{Cite web|date=February 22, 2018|title=Thunderbolts storm into semis of Telangana T20 league|url=https://telanganatoday.com/thunderbolts-storm-semis-telangana-t20-league|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2018|website=Telangana Today|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505134944/https://telanganatoday.com/thunderbolts-storm-semis-telangana-t20-league |archive-date=5 May 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=24 February 2018|title=Telangana T20 league: Top four clash in scorching semis|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/240218/telangana-t20-league-top-four-clash-in-scorching-semis.html|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2018|website=Deccan Chronicle|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180505072443/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/sports/cricket/240218/telangana-t20-league-top-four-clash-in-scorching-semis.html |archive-date=5 May 2018 }}</ref>

===Knockout stage===
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | Match
! scope="col" | Venue
! scope="col" | Winner
! scope="col" | Winning margin
! scope="col" | Loser
! scope="col" | Player of the match
! scope="col" | Ref.
|-
|Semifinal-1
|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
|[[Medak Mavericks]] 151/4 (19 overs)
|Won by 6 wickets
|[[Hyderabad-Srinidhian Thunderbolts|Hyderabad Thunderbolts]] 150/7 (20 overs)
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=25 February 2018|title=Medak stun Hyd to enter TTL final|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sports/2018-02-25/Medak-stun-Hyd-to-enter-TTL-final/361480|url-status=live|access-date=4 May 2018|website=The Hans India|publisher=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180301090547/http://www.thehansindia.com:80/posts/index/Sports/2018-02-25/Medak-stun-Hyd-to-enter-TTL-final/361480 |archive-date=1 March 2018 }}</ref>
|-
|Semifinal-2
|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
|[[Adilabad Tigers]] 182/7 (20 overs)
|Won by 16 runs
|[[Rangareddy Risers]] 166/10 (19.2 overs)
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/adhirath-powers-medak-into-final|title=Adhirath powers Medak into final|publisher=telanganatoday.com|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
|-
|Third-Place Play-off
|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
|[[Hyderabad-Srinidhian Thunderbolts|Hyderabad Thunderbolts]] 194/3 (20 overs)
|Won by 1 run
|[[Rangareddy Risers]] 193/6 (20 overs)
|
|
|-
|Final
|[[Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium]], [[Hyderabad]]
|[[Adilabad Tigers]] 148/7 (20 overs)
|Won by 9 runs
|[[Medak Mavericks]] 139/5 (20 overs)
|[[Hitesh Yadav]]
|<ref name="finalwin">{{Cite web|url=https://telanganatoday.com/adilabad-tigers-emerge-champions-telangana-t20-league|title=Adilabad Tigers emerge champions in Telangana T20 League|publisher=telanganatoday.com|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref><ref name ="finalwin1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thehansindia.com/posts/index/Sports/2018-02-27/Tigers-annex-inaugural-TTL-trophy/361819|title=Tigers annex inaugural TTL trophy|publisher=thehansindia.com|access-date=4 May 2018}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Portal bar|Cricket|India|border=no}}

[[Category:2018 in Indian cricket]]
[[Category:Sport in Telangana]]

{{Indian-domestic-cricket-competition-stub}}

Bendiganahalli, Bengaluru East

2025-11-07T05:15:14Z

Maxlogistic: Made a stub!

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Bendiganahalli, Bengaluru East
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Village
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India
| coordinates = {{coord|13.0708304|N|77.7445201|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bangalore]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s
| parts = [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]]
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 240
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 562129
| area_code_type = Telephone code
| area_code = 080
| registration_plate = KA 53
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Bangalore Central (Lok Sabha constituency)]]
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[Legislative Assembly]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = [[Mahadevapura Assembly constituency]]<ref name="174_Mahadevapura">{{cite web|url=https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|title="174-Mahadevapura : BLO Details"|accessdate=2025-02-24|archive-date=17 May 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240517042839/https://ceo.karnataka.gov.in/uploads/56331647503263.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| website =
| footnotes =
}}

''' Bendiganahalli ''' is a village in the southern state of [[Karnataka]], India. Bendiganahalli village is located in [[Bangalore East (Taluk)|Bangalore East]] taluka of Bangalore Urban district in Karnataka, India. It is situated 11 km away from [[Krishnarajapuram]] and around 11 km from [[Hoskote]]. As per 2009 stats, [[Mandur, Bengaluru East|Mandur]] is the gram panchayat of Bendiganahalli village.<ref name="census_2011">{{cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/census.website/data/population-finder|title=2011 census of India Village: Bendiganahalli|accessdate=2025-02-24}} </ref>

==Demographics==
According to [[2011 census of India]] information the location code or village code of Bendiganahalli village is 613095. The total geographical area of the village is 80.89 hectares. Bendiganahalli has a total population of 240 people, out of which male population is 132 while female population is 108. The literacy rate of Bendiganahalli village is 62.50 % out of which 68.94 % of males and 54.63 % of females are literate. There are about 350 houses in Bendiganahalli village. Pincode of Bendiganahalli village locality is 562129.<ref name="census_2011"/>

==Facilities==
Bendiganahalli has below basic types of facilities.

* Govt Lower Primary School, Bendiganahalliu – The school is owned by the Government of Karnataka.<ref name="174_Mahadevapura"/>

==Places of Worship==
* Shri Abhaya Anjaneya Swamy Temple
* Basavanna temple

==See also==
* [[Hancharahalli]]
* [[Lagumenahalli, Bengaluru East|Lagumenahalli]]
* [[Bommenahalli, Bengaluru East|Bommenahalli]]
* [[Raghuvanahalli, Bengaluru East|Raghuvanahalli]]

==References==
*Book: Census of India, 1981: District census handbook. A. Village & town directory ; B. Village & townwise primary census abstract, Publisher: University of Minnesota, Contributor:India. Director of Census Operations, Karnataka
*Book: The Mysore Gazette, 1962
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* https://bengaluruurban.nic.in/en/

{{Settlements in Bangalore Urban district}}
{{Bangalore Urban district}}

[[Category:Villages in Bengaluru Urban district]]

{{Bangalore-geo-stub}}

Surjit Memorial Hockey Tournament

2025-10-30T08:15:57Z

Maxlogistic:

{{Short description|Hockey event in Punjab, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}
{{For|other article with name Surjit|Surjit (disambiguation){{!}}Surjit}}
{{notability|Events|date=November 2012}}
{{Infobox sports league
| name = Surjit Memorial Hockey Tournament
| image =
| pixels =
| country = {{flagicon|IND}} [[India]]
| administrator = [[Surjit Hockey Society]]
| headquarters = [[Jalandhar]]
| sport = [[Field hockey]]
| founded = {{start date and age|1984}}
| tournament_format =
| folded =
| teams =
| champion = Indian Oil Mumbai (5th title)
| most_champs = Punjab & Sind Bank (11 titles)
| tv =
| website = {{URL|https://www.surjithockey.com/|surjithockey.com}}
| current =
}}
The '''Surjit Memorial Hockey Tournament''' (also known as the '''Indian Oil Servo Surjit Hockey Tournament''' for sponsorship reason) is organized by [[Surjit Hockey Society]] every year in [[Jalandhar]], Punjab. The tournament was instituted in memorial of [[Surjit Singh Randhawa|Surjit Singh]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Surjit hockey tourney begins from October 11 |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/briefly-nation/1006320 |date=22 September 2012 |publisher=Indian Express }}</ref><ref>[http://www.surjithockey.in/the-society/history-of-society.html History of society] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029051429/http://www.surjithockey.in/the-society/history-of-society.html |date=29 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Plans to revive hockey - in hues of pink and blue |url=http://www.indiatimes.com/hockey/plans-to-revive-hockey-in-hues-of-pink-and-blue-36476.html |date= August 2012|publisher= [[Indiatimes.com]]}}</ref>

==Venue==
The matches are held at [[Surjit Hockey Stadium]].

==Teams==
The teams which participates in the tournament consists of public sector teams from across the country, such as:

* Indian Oil, Mumbai
* Army-XI, Delhi
* Corps of Signal, Jalandhar
* ONGC, Delhi
* Punjab National Bank, Delhi
* Bharat Petroleum, Mumbai
* BSF, Jalandhar
* Namdhari-XI, Sirsa
* Punjab Police, Jalandhar
* Punjab & Sind Bank, Jalandhar
* RCF, Kapurthala
* Northern Railways, Delhi
* CRPF, Delhi

==Results==
The results of the Surjit Memorial Hockey Tournament:<ref>{{cite web|title=Surjit Hockey Tournament: Year Winners — Runners-ups|url=https://hockeypassion.in/analysis/surjit-hockey-tournament-winners/|website=hockeypassion.in|date=21 October 2021 |publisher=Hockey Passion|access-date=17 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021100116/https://hockeypassion.in/analysis/surjit-hockey-tournament-winners/|archive-date=21 October 2022}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year
!Winner
!Runner-up
|-
|1984
|Western Command
|PSEB, Patiala
|-
|1985
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|PSEB, Patiala
|-
|1986
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|-
|1987
|RCF Kapurthala
|JCT Phagwara
|-
|1988
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|-
|1989
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|-
|1990
|[[Services Sports Control Board|Services XI]]
|RCF Kapurthala
|-
|1991
|ASC, Jalandhar
|PSEB, Patiala
|-
|1992
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|Air India Mumbai
|-
|1993
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|1994
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|Air India Mumbai
|-
|1995
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Air India Mumbai
|-
|1996
|Army-XI Delhi
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|1997
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|1998
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|1999
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2000
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2001
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|2002
|Bharat Petroleum
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2003
|Bharat Petroleum
|[[Border Security Force Sporting Club|BSF Jalandhar]]
|-
|2004
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|-
|2005
|Indian Airlines, Delhi
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|-
|2006
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|-
|2007
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|Indian Airlines, Delhi
|-
|2008
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|{{flagicon|PAK}} Javed Hockey Club, Gojra
|-
|2009
|Bharat Petroleum
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|-
|2010
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|Air India Mumbai
|-
|2011
|Air India Mumbai
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|-
|2012
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|Bharat Petroleum
|-
|2013
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|-
|2014
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2015
|[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Indian Railways]]
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|-
|2016
|PNB Delhi
|Army-XI Delhi
|-
|2017
|[[Punjab Police FC|Punjab Police]]
|ONGC Delhi
|-
|2018
|Army-XI Delhi
|[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Indian Railways]]
|-
|2019
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|-
|2020
| style="text-align: center;" colspan=2 | ''Tournament not held''
|-
|2021
|[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Indian Railways]]
|Punjab & Sind Bank
|-
|2022<ref>{{cite web|title=Indian Railways Retain Surjit Hockey Tournament Crown|url=https://hockeypassion.in/top-slider/indian-railway-retain-surjit-hockey-tournament-crown/|website=hockeypassion.in|date=5 November 2022 |publisher=Hockey Passion|access-date=5 November 2022}}</ref>
|[[Railways Sports Promotion Board|Indian Railways]]
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|-
|2023<ref>{{cite web|title=Surjit Hockey meet: Gurjinder Singh's hat-trick helps Indian Oil Mumbai lift title|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jalandhar/surjit-hockey-meet-gurjinders-hat-trick-helps-indian-oil-mumbai-lift-title-559263/|website=The Tribune|date=4 November 2023}}</ref>
|Indian Oil Mumbai
|CAG New Delhi
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.surjithockey.com/ Official Website]

{{Field Hockey in India}}

[[Category:Field hockey cup competitions in India]]
[[Category:Sport in Jalandhar]]
[[Category:Field hockey in Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 1984]]

Fenil Shah

2025-10-25T20:42:53Z

Maxlogistic: added intro further and improved wording

{{Short description|Indian chess player (born 1995)}}
{{Undisclosed paid|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox chess player
| name = Fenil Shah
| image = Shah_in_2018.jpg
| caption = Shah in 2018
| country = [[India]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1995|04|20|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]], India
| title = [[International Master]] (2018)
| rating = [https://ratings.fide.com/profile/5019850/chart 2352] (May 2019)
| peakrating = 2412 (August 2018)
| FideID = 5019850
}}

'''Fenil Shah''' (born 20 April 1995) is an Indian [[chess player]], who holds the [[FIDE title]] of [[International Master]] (IM).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://epaper.timesgroup.com/Olive/ODN/TimesOfIndia/shared/ShowArticle.aspx?doc=TOIA/2018/05/25&entity=Ar02113&sk=38A4FDF4&mode=text#|title=‘I feel on top of the world right now’ - The Times Of India - Ahmedabad, 5/25/2018|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://ratings.fide.com/card.phtml?event=5019850|title=Fenil, Shah FIDE Chess Profile - Players Arbiters Trainers|last=Administrator|website=ratings.fide.com|language=en-gb|access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref> He was the youngest rated chess player in 2002 and also the youngest chess player to represent Indian Team.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/2002/01/01/stories/2002010101842000.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140930051803/http://www.thehindu.com/2002/01/01/stories/2002010101842000.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2014-09-30|website=[[The Hindu]]|title=Andhra kids rule the roost|date=2002-01-01|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/This-chess-champ-loves-to-play-cricket/articleshow/886729.cms|title=This chess champ loves to play cricket - Times of India|work=The Times of India|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chess-db.com/public/pinfo.jsp?id=5019850|title=Shah Fenil chess games and profile - Chess-DB.com|website=chess-db.com|access-date=2018-11-22}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Fenil Shah was born in [[Ahmedabad, Gujarat]], India. He did his early schooling at [[Udgam School For Children|Udgam School]] and pursued high school at St.Xaviers Loyola hall. Shah graduated with Bachelor's in Civil Engineering from [[Nirma University]] in 2017.<ref name=":0" /> Fenil was introduced to the chessboard at the age of five.<ref name=":2" /> He has a Masters in Construction Management from [[Purdue University]] in [[West Lafayette]], United States.

==Chess career==
Fenil was introduced to the chessboard at the age of five. His journey began when he won his first-ever state Championship U-7 category. In 2002, he finished third in the U-7 Category National Championship in Lucknow. He was also adjudicated as the youngest-rated player of India in the same year.<ref name=":1" />

In August 2003, he won the British U-11 and U-9 Categories at Smith and Williamson British Championship in Edinburg, Scotland. He also won the silver medal in [[Commonwealth Games|Commonwealth]] Youth Championship U10 in 2003. Consequently, in 2005 he secured a silver medal in Asian Youth U10 Championship in New Delhi.<ref name=":2" />

In 2006, he became the National U11 Champion of India and got selected for the India Team to represent India on international platforms. Later on, he went on to win myriad Asian and Commonwealth Medals at international platforms in consecutive years.

In the Chennai Open in 2010, Fenil finished with 8 points out of 11, one point behind the eventual winner Turov Maxim. He defeated Grandmaster Gutov Andrey in the tournament and secured his first International Master Norm.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ahmedabadmirror.indiatimes.com/sports/cricket/fenil-shah-does-his-bit-for-gujarat-chess/articleshow/36584450.cms|title=Fenil Shah does his bit for Gujarat chess|work=Ahmedabad Mirror|access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chessbase.in/news/IM_Fenil_Shah|title=Breaking the break - 4th IM from Gujarat and his story of not giving up on his dream - ChessBase India|website=chessbase.in|access-date=2018-11-24}}</ref>

He earned the title of [[FIDE Master]] (FM) after breaching the 2300 [[Elo rating]] mark in the Catalan Circuit.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/yourlanguage/gujarati/en/article/2018/05/23/checkmate-fenil-shah-international-master-chess|title=Checkmate: Fenil Shah International Master in Chess|work=SBS Your Language|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en}}</ref>

He secured his second International Master Norm in Rilton Cup 2017–18 in Stockholm, Sweden defeating International Master Krisel Robert in the final crucial game. In Aeroflot Open in Moscow, Russia Shah earned his final International Norm with a round to spare and thus completed his norm requirements. Fenil completed his title formalities in May 2018 when he had a published rating of 2411, thus completing the rating criteria and becoming an International Master. He was awarded the International Master Title in the 2nd Presidential Board Meeting at Bucharest, Romania.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chessbase.in/news/IM_Fenil_Shah|title=Breaking the break - 4th IM from Gujarat and his story of not giving up on his dream - ChessBase India|website=chessbase.in|access-date=2018-11-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{FIDE|5019850}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shah, Fenil}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chess International Masters]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Nirma University alumni]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian chess players]]

Sritattvanidhi

2025-10-25T00:14:44Z

Maxlogistic: General improvements and edits

{{Short description|19th century Hindu iconographical treatise}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2017}}
[[File:Opening page of Sritattvanidhi.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Opening page of the [[Kannada]] treatise ''Sritattvanidhi'' (19th century)]]
The '''''Sritattvanidhi''''' ({{IAST|Śrītattvanidhi}}, "The Illustrious Treasure of Realities") is a treatise written in the 19th century in the [[Mysore Palace]], [[Karnataka]] on the iconography and iconometry of divine figures in South India. One of its sections includes instructions for, and illustrations of, 122 [[hatha yoga]] postures.

== Authorship ==

The ''Sritattvanidhi'' is attributed to the then [[Kingdom of Mysore|Maharaja of Mysore]], [[Krishnaraja Woḍeyar III]] (b. 1794 - d. 1868). The Maharaja was a great patron of art and learning, and was himself a scholar and writer. Around 50 works are ascribed to him.{{sfn|Gopal|Prasad|2004|pp=92–94}} The first page of the ''Sritattvanidhi'' attributes authorship of the work to the Maharaja himself:

{{blockquote|''May the work Sri Tattvanidi, which is illustrated and contains secrets of mantras and which is authored by King Sri Krishna Raja Kamteerava, be written without any obstacle. Beginning of Shaktinidhi.''{{sfn|Woḍeyar |1997|loc=Shakti nidhi}} }}

Martin-Dubost's review of the history of this work says that the Maharaja funded an effort to put together in one work all available information concerning the iconography and iconometry of divine figures in South India. He asked that a vast treatise be written, which he then had illustrated by miniaturists from his palace.{{sfn|Martin-Dubost|1997|p=120}}

==Contents==

The resulting [[illuminated manuscript]], which he entitled the ''Sritattvanidhi'', brings together several forms of [[Shiva]], [[Vishnu]], [[Murugan|Skanda]], [[Ganesha]], different goddesses, the nine planets ([[navagraha]]), and the eight protectors of the cardinal points ({{IAST|aṣṭadikpālas}}). The work is in nine parts, each called a ''[[nidhi]]'' ("treasure"). The nine sections are:{{sfn|Woḍeyar|1997|pages=xviii-xxiv (Volume 1: Shakti nidhi}}

# [[Shakti]] nidhi, with [[Thirty-two forms of Ganesha]]
# [[Vishnu]] nidhi, with [[Vaishnavism|vaishnava]] deities
# [[Shiva]] nidhi, with [[Shaivism|shaiva]] deities
# [[Brahma]] nidhi, with Brahma, [[Indra]], and [[deva (Hinduism)|the devas]]
# [[Graha]] nidhi, with the nine planets of Hindu mythology
# [[Vaishnava]] nidhi, with [[Shaligram|salagrama]] stones that symbolise Vishnu
# [[Shaiva]] nidhi, with [[lingam]] images
# [[Agama (Hinduism)|Agama]] nidhi, with [[tantra|tantric]] descriptions
# [[Kautuka]] nidhi, with 122 [[asana]]s as a physical activity

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=175 heights=175>
File:MahA gaNapati.jpg|Section 3, ''Shiva nidhi'', includes the [[thirty-two forms of Ganesha]]; [[Mahaganapati]] pictured
File:Navagraham (cropped).jpg|Section 5, ''Graha nidhi'', with the nine planets ([[navagraha]] shrine pictured)
File:Saligram stones, Kaligandaki.jpg|Section 6, ''Vaishnava nidhi'', includes [[ammonite]] fossils, [[Shaligram|salagrama]] stones, which serve as a non-anthropomorphic symbol of [[Vishnu]]
File:Kamapithasana (Setubandhasana) from Sritattvanidhi.jpg|Section 9, ''Kautuka nidhi'', with [[asana]]s ([[Setubandhasana|"Kamapithasana"]] pictured)
</gallery>

==Published editions==

An original copy of this colossal work is available in the Oriental Research Institute at the [[University of Mysore]]. Another copy is in the possession of the royal family of Mysore. An unedited version with text in [[Devanagari]] script was published around 1900 by Khemraj Krishna Das of Sri Venkateshvar Steam Press, [[Mumbai|Bombay]].

In recent times the Oriental Research Institute has published three volumes (''Saktinidhi'', ''Vishnunidhi'', and ''Sivanidhi''.{{sfn|Woḍeyar|1997}}

==Influence on modern yoga==

An important work on the subject is by the scholar of Sanskrit and hatha yoga, [[Norman Sjoman]]. His 1996 book ''The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace'' presents the first English translation of the ''kautuka nidhi'' in the ''Sritattvanidhi'', which provides instructions for{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|pp=69–85}} and illustrations{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|loc=plates 1–20}} of 122 postures performed by a [[yogini]] in a topknot and [[loincloth]]. Some of these poses—which include handstands, backbends, foot-behind-the-head poses, lotus variations, and rope exercises—are familiar to modern practitioners, though most of the Sanskrit names differ from the ones they are known by today, but they are more elaborate than anything depicted in other pre-twentieth-century texts. Sjoman describes the origins of some asanas from a gymnastics exercise manual of the late 19th century, the ''Vyāyāma Dīpikā''.{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|pp=53–57}} Sjoman asserts that the influential yoga teacher [[Krishnamacharya]], who did much to create modern [[yoga as exercise]] while teaching in the Mysore Palace, including training the yoga masters [[B. K. S. Iyengar]] and [[K. Pattabhi Jois]] there, was influenced by the ''Sritattvanidhi''.{{sfn|Sjoman|1999|pp=49–52}}<ref name="Cushman">{{cite journal |title=New Light on Yoga |url=http://www.yogajournal.com/wisdom/466 |last=Cushman |first=Anne |journal=[[Yoga Journal]] |date=Jul–Aug 1999 |issn=0191-0965 |page=43}}</ref>

The yoga scholar-practitioners [[James Mallinson (author)|James Mallinson]] and [[Mark Singleton (yoga scholar)|Mark Singleton]] note that the ''Sritattvanidhi'', like another late 18th or early 19th century text, the ''[[Haṭhābhyāsapaddhati|Hathabhyasapaddhati]]'', indicates for the first time that yoga asanas may include "a wide variety of physical exercises, from squat thrusts to rope-climbing". In these texts, the asanas, too, have the sole purpose of making the body firm enough for the practice of the [[satkarma]]s.{{sfn|Mallinson|Singleton|2017|p=94}}

The yoga scholars [[Jason Birch]] and [[Jacqueline Hargreaves]] describe the ''Sritattvanidhi'' as "a beautifully illustrated royal compendium commissioned by the Mahārāja of Mysore", noting that alongside other sources including "an unillustrated notebook in rudimentary Sanskrit", it demonstrates interest in asanas throughout Indian society.<ref name="Birch Hargreaves 2023">{{cite journal |last1=Birch |first1=Jason |author1-link=Jason Birch |last2=Hargreaves |first2=Jacqueline |title=Premodern Yogāsanas and Modern Postural Yoga Practice: Distinct Regional Collections of Āsanas on the Eve of Colonialism |journal=Journal of Yoga Studies |volume=4 |date=10 April 2023 |doi=10.34000/JoYS.2023.V4.01 |doi-access=free |pages=31–82 |url=https://journalofyogastudies.org/index.php/JoYS/article/download/JoYS.2023.V4.01/JoYS.2023.V4.01}}</ref>

<gallery class=center mode=nolines widths=180px>
File:Ankusasana from Sritattvanidhi (cropped).jpg|A yogini in ''[[Aṇkuśāsana]]'', the [[Elephant goad]] pose
File:Gajasana in Sritattvanidhi (cropped).jpg|Gajasana, Elephant pose, a forerunner of [[Downward Dog Pose|Downward Dog]]
File:Kakasana in Sritattvanidhi.jpg|[[Kakasana]], Crow Pose in the ''Sritattvanidhi''
File:Pose labelled Bakasana from Vyayamadipika.jpg|Engraving of "Bakasana" in the 1896 ''Vyāyāma Dīpikā'' (Light on Exercise)
</gallery>

== See also ==

* [[Wodeyar]]
* [[Hindu iconography]]
* [[Illuminated manuscript]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist|30em}}

== Cited sources ==

* {{cite book |last1=Gopal |first1=R. |last2=Prasad |first2=S. Narendra |title=mummaDi kRuShNarAja oDeyaru - oMdu cAriTrika adhyana |trans-title=Mummaḍi Kṛṣṇarāja Woḍeyar - a Historic Study |year=2004 |publisher=Directorate of Archeology and Museums |location=Karnataka}}
* {{cite book |last1=Mallinson |first1=James |author1-link=James Mallinson (author) |last2=Singleton |first2=Mark |author2-link=Mark Singleton (yoga scholar) |title=[[Roots of Yoga]] |publisher=[[Penguin Books]] |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-241-25304-5 |oclc=928480104 }}
* {{cite book |last=Martin-Dubost |first=Paul |title=Gaņeśa: The Enchanter of the Three Worlds |year=1997 |publisher=Project for Indian Cultural Studies |location=Mumbai |isbn=81-900184-3-4}}
* {{cite book |last=Sjoman |first=Norman E. |author-link=Norman Sjoman |title=The Yoga Tradition of the Mysore Palace |publisher=Abhinav Publications |year=1999 |edition=2nd |orig-year=1996 |isbn=81-7017-389-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1BU2WI8wMpcC}} Contains 20 color plate reproductions of 112 asanas reproduced from the ''Sri Tattvanidhi''.
* {{cite book |last=Woḍeyar |first=Mummaḍi Kṛṣṇarāja |author-link=Krishnaraja Wodeyar III |title=Sritattvanidhi |year=1997 |publisher=Oriental Research Institute, [[University of Mysore]]}} Volume [https://archive.org/details/QsHS_sri-tattva-nidhi-vol-3-siva-nidhi-mysore-oriental-research-institute 3, 2004]

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last=Chinmayananda |first=Swami |author-link=Chinmayananda |title=Glory of Ganesha |year=1987 |publisher=Central Chinmaya Mission Trust |location=Bombay |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |title=Annals of the Mysore Royal Family, Part II |year=1922 |publisher=Government Branch Press |location=Mysore |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Heras |first=H. |title=The Problem of Ganapati |year=1972 |publisher=Indological Book House |location=Delhi|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Krishan |first=Yuvraj |title=Gaņeśa: Unravelling An Enigma |year=1999 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers |location=Delhi |isbn= 81-208-1413-4|ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last=Ramachandra Rao |first=S. K. |title=The Compendium on Gaņeśa |year=1992 |publisher=Sri Satguru Publications |location=Delhi |isbn=81-7030-828-3 |ref=none}} Contains colour plate reproductions of the 32 Ganapati forms reproduced from the ''Sri Tattvanidhi''.
* {{cite book |last=Thapan |first=Anita Raina |title=Understanding Gaņapati: Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult |year=1997 |publisher=Manohar Publishers |location=New Delhi |isbn=81-7304-195-4 |ref=none}}

== External links ==

{{commons category|1=Sritattvanidhi}}

* [https://archive.org/details/ShriTattvaNidhiVenkateshwarPress/mode/2up Shritattvanidi, Venkateshwar Press edition]
* [https://archive.org/details/RsWG_shri-tattva-nidhi-by-krishna-raja-wadayar-1901-bombay-kshemaraj-publishers/page/n3/mode/2up Shritattvanidi, Kshemaraj Publishers, Bombay 1901 edition]

{{Hatha yoga}}
{{Yoga}}

[[Category:Hindu texts]]
[[Category:Kannada literature]]
[[Category:Ganesha]]
[[Category:Kingdom of Mysore]]
[[Category:History of Mysore]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian books]]
[[Category:Hatha yoga texts]]

Sritattvanidhi

2025-10-25T00:14:44Z

Maxlogistic: General improvements and edits

National Bingo Night (Indian game show)

2025-10-17T15:56:14Z

Maxlogistic: put up first article w/ refs

{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| genre = [[Game Show]]
| presenter = [[Abhishek Bachchan]]
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 13
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2010|1|23}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2010|4|3}}
| channel = [[Viacom 18|Colors TV]]
}}

'''''National Bingo Night''''' is an Indian [[game show]], based on the American game show of the [[National Bingo Night (US game show)|same name]], produced by Urban Brew Studios which schedule to premiere on [[Colors TV]] on 23 January 2010.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web |url=http://www.ptinews.com/news/473721_Big-B-to-be-son-Abhishek-s-first-guest-on--Bingo- |title=Big B to be son Abhishek's first guest on 'Bingo' |date=2010-01-18 |publisher=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> The show is hosted by Indian actor [[Abhishek Bachchan]].<ref name="autogenerated2">{{cite web |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/news/Colors-bets-big-on-game-show-Bingo/568890/ |title=Colors bets big on game show Bingo |date=2010-01-19 |publisher=[[The Financial Express (India)|Financial Express]]}}</ref> The first celebrity guest on the show was [[Amitabh Bachchan]], the father of the show's host.<ref name="autogenerated5">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/release/y2k10/jan/janrel49.php |title=Amitabh Bachchan to play Bingo with his son Abhishek |date=2010-01-23 |publisher=indiantelevision}}</ref>

==Overview==
''National Bingo Night'' is marketed as an [[interactive]] experience for both the studio audience and viewers at home. Members of the studio audience attempted to win a game of [[Bingo (U.S.)|bingo]] while competing against a solo studio contestant as well as live television audience.

=== Rules ===
In each episode, two fast-paced, rounds of BINGO are played. The contestant plays one of many in-studio games, which is driven by the game ball numbers (1–75). The nation can play alongside the studio contestant by crossing out the numbers on their own 'National Bingo Night' tickets.

Each Ticket is only applicable for the Game number specified on it. Every episode of the Game Show will have two games: a Yellow Ticket Game and a Green Ticket Game. The host announces the game number and colour of the ticket to be played on at the beginning of each Game. The home viewer has to circle the numbers announced by the host that are taken out of the dome, if they appear on their ticket. Viewers are instructed not to poke a hole in their tickets, or scratch out or strike-through the numbers. All the balls/numbers that are taken out will be displayed on the television screen from time to time during the game.

=== Marketing ===
National Bingo Night, had teaser campaign running in the form of [http://www.abhishekaaramclasses.com Abhishek Aaram Classes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201195043/http://www.abhishekaaramclasses.com/ |date=1 February 2010 }} where individuals could take a quiz of being lazy, sign a lazy petition earn a certificate for being lazy or the coined term being ''aarami''.<ref name="autogenerated3">{{cite web |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=381905 |title=Bachchan Jr to rouse the aarami in you |date=2010-07-01 |publisher=[[Business Standard]]}}</ref> The show was first unveiled to viewers via a teaser campaign and witnessed the host, Abhishek Bachchan associated with 'Abhishek's Aaram Classes'.<ref name="autogenerated4">{{cite web |url=http://www.campaignindia.in/news/2009/12/30/orchard-generates-buzz-for-colors-national-bingo-night |title=Orchard generates buzz for Colors' National Bingo Night |date=2009-12-20 |publisher=Campaign India |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102053302/http://www.campaignindia.in/news/2009/12/30/orchard-generates-buzz-for-colors-national-bingo-night |archivedate=2 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

== Guests appearance ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Guest(s)
!Date
!Prize won
!Notes
|-
|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]
|23 January 2010
|{{INR}} 25,00,000
|First guest
|-
|[[Vidya Balan]] [[Arshad Warsi]]
|30 January 2010
|
|For the promotion of ''[[Ishqiya]]''
|-
|[[Karan Johar]] [[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]
|6 February 2010
|[[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki Sx4 Car]] {{INR}} 25,00,000
|For the promotion of ''[[My Name Is Khan]]''
|-
|[[Kirron Kher]] [[Sonali Bendre]]
|13 February 2010
|[[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki Sx4]]
|
|-
|[[Deepika Padukone]] [[Farhan Akhtar]]
|27 February 2010
|[[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki Sx4]] {{INR}} 25,00,000
|For the promotion of ''[[Karthik Calling Karthik]]''
|-
|[[Avinash Mukherjee]] as Jagdish [[Avika Gor]] as Anandi
|6 March 2010
|[[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki Sx4]]
|In [[Balika Vadhu]]
|-
|[[Pravesh Rana]] [[Vindu Dara Singh]]
|13 March 2010
|[[Maruti Suzuki|Maruti Suzuki Sx4]]
|''[[Bigg Boss (season 3)|Bigg Boss 3]]'' Contestant
|-
|[[Ritesh Deshmukh]] [[Jacqueline Fernandez]]
|3 April 2010
|{{INR}} 1,00,000
|For the promotion of ''[[Jaane Kahan Se Aayi Hai]]''
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100131155931/http://bingo.in.com/ Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100202005911/http://bingo.in.com/registration.php Download Bingo Tickets]
* [http://colorstv.in/ Colors TV] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226010004/http://www.colorstv.in/ |date=26 December 2010 }}
* [http://www.abhishekaaramclasses.com/ Abhishek Aaram Classes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201195043/http://www.abhishekaaramclasses.com/ |date=1 February 2010 }}

{{Colors Programmes}}
{{National Bingo Night}}

[[Category:Indian game shows]]
[[Category:Bingo]]
[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Colors TV original programming]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]

Anil Menon (writer)

2025-10-16T16:00:40Z

Maxlogistic: Made new entry!

{{Short description|Indian writer and computer scientist}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2011}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox writer 
| name = Anil Menon
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| pseudonym =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Writer
| nationality =
| period = 2000s–present
| genre = [[Speculative fiction]], [[science fiction]], [[children's literature]]
| notableworks = ''Into the Night'', ''Love In A Hot Climate'', ''The Poincaré Sutra'', ''The Beast With Nine Billion Feet'', "The Coincidence Plot"
| website = {{URL|anilmenon.com}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Anil Menon''' is an Indian computer scientist and writer of [[speculative fiction]]. He has authored research papers and edited books on [[evolutionary algorithm]]s. His research, in collaboration with Kishan Mehrotra, Chilukuri Mohan, and Sanjay Ranka, addresses the mathematical foundations of replicator systems, majorization, and reconstruction of [[probabilistic database]]s. His short stories and reviews have appeared in the anthology series ''[[Exotic Gothic]]'', ''[[Strange Horizons]]'', [[Interzone (magazine)|''Interzone'']], ''[[Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet]]'', [[Chiaroscuro (disambiguation)|''Chiaroscuro'']], ''[[Sybil's Garage]]'', ''[[Apex Digest]]'', and others.

In 2009, [[Zubaan|Zubaan Books]], India's leading feminist press, published his debut [[young adult fiction|young adult]] novel ''The Beast With Nine Billion Feet''. It was shortlisted for the 2010 [[Vodafone Crossword Book Award]] and the 2010 Parallax Prize.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-25 |title=Carl Brandon Society Awards |url=https://carlbrandon.org/awards/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Carl Brandon Society |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vodafonecrossword-book-award-nominees-announced/126004-40-100.html |title=Vodafone-Crossword book award nominees announced - Books - Books News - ibnlive |access-date=11 April 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812014741/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/vodafonecrossword-book-award-nominees-announced/126004-40-100.html |archive-date=12 August 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2009, in conjunction with [[Vandana Singh]] and [[Suchitra Mathur]], he helped organize India's first in-residence, three-week speculative fiction workshop at [[IIT-Kanpur]]. He co-edited the anthology ''Breaking the Bow''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-04-25 |title=Breaking the Bow: Speculative Fiction Inspired by the Ramayana |url=https://zubaanbooks.com/shop/breaking-the-bow-speculative-fiction-inspired-by-the-ramayana/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Zubaan |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Book review: Breaking the Bow |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/review-book-review-breaking-the-bow-1754506 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref>

He is the author of the short story collection ''The Inconceivable Idea Of The Sun: Stories''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hachette India |url=https://www.hachetteindia.com/Home/bookdetails/Info/9789391028602/the-inconceivable-idea-of-the-sun |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.hachetteindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fluid realities |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/books/fluid-realities-the-inconceivable-idea-of-the-sun-by-anil-menon/cid/1888265 |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=www.telegraphindia.com |language=en}}</ref> Menon’s novel, ''Half of What I Say''<ref>{{Cite web |last=December 2016 |first=Gautam Bhatia Issue: 12 |date=2016-12-14 |title=Half of What I Say by Anil Menon |url=http://strangehorizons.com/non-fiction/reviews/half-of-what-i-say-by-anil-menon/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Strange Horizons |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=bloomsbury.com |title=Half of What I Say |url=https://www.bloomsbury.com/in/half-of-what-i-say-9789384898229/ |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Bloomsbury |language=en}}</ref> was shortlisted for the 2016 ''The Hindu Literary Prize<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-10-15 |title=Shortlist for The Hindu Prize 2016 announced |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-authors/Shortlist-for-The-Hindu-Prize-2016-announced/article16072933.ece |access-date=2023-08-16 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>''. ''The Coincidence Plot'' (2013)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Menon |first=Anil |date=2023-06-05 |title=This new novel weaves a tale through multiple cities and lives connected by strange coincidences |url=https://scroll.in/article/1050042/this-new-novel-weaves-a-tale-through-multiple-cities-and-lives-connected-by-strange-coincidences |access-date=2023-08-16 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> is his latest novel.

Along with Pervin Saket and Akshat Nigam, Menon co-founded the [https://kolamworkshop.com/ Kolam Writers' Workshop] (previously called the Dum Pukht Writers’ Workshop). This annual two-week residential workshop, currently in its fifth iteration, is held at the Adishakti Theatre Complex in the former French colony [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]] (Pondicherry) in Tamil Nadu.

He is the editor-in-chief of [https://bombaylitmag.com/ ''The Bombay Literary Magazine''.]

==Works==

===Short fiction===
* "Love In A Hot Climate" in ''Tel: Stories'' (ed. Jay Lake), Wheatland Press, 2005. {{ISBN|0-9755903-3-2}}.
* "Archipelago" in ''[[Strange Horizons]]'' Magazine, April 2005. Shortlisted: 2006 [[Carl Brandon#The CBS Parallax and Kindred Awards|Carl Brandon Society Parallax Award]].
* "Eustace Albert" in ''Time For Bedlam'' (ed. Roger Arbuckle), Saltboy Publishers, 2005. {{ISBN|1-4116-5438-2}}.
* "Standard Deviation" in ''Chiaroscuro'' Magazine, March 2005. Reprinted in ''Kalkion Magazine'', July 2010. Honorable Mention: ''Year's Best Fantasy & Horror'' (ed. Ellen Datlow), 2006.
* "Dialetheia" in ''New Genre Magazine'', Issue No. 5, Spring 2007.
* "Invisible Hand" in ''[[Lady Churchill's Rosebud Wristlet]]'', No. 20, June 2007.
* "A Sky Full Of Constants" in ''[[Albedo One]]'', Issue 33, 2007.
* "Vermillion" in ''Internova'' Magazine, Issue 10, January 2007.
* "Harris On The Pig: Practical Hints For The Pig-Farmer" in ''From The Trenches'' (ed. J. P. Haines & S. Henderson), Carnifax Press, 2006. {{ISBN|0-9789583-2-2}}. Reprinted in ''Apex'' Magazine, December 2008.
* "Into The Night" in ''[[Interzone (magazine)|Interzone]]'', January 2008. Reprinted in ''The Apex Book Of World SF'' (ed. [[Lavie Tidhar]]), 2008. Reprinted'' Apex Digest'', November 2008. Reprinted ''Galaxies'', January 2010.
* "The Scorching Glass" in ''Return of the Raven'' (ed. Maria Grazia Cavicchiolli), 2009.
* "The Poincaré Sutra" in ''[[Sybil's Garage]]'', Issue 7, 2011. Nominated for the 2010 [[Carl Brandon#The CBS Parallax and Kindred Awards|Carl Brandon Society Parallax Award]] and the [[Carl Brandon#The CBS Parallax and Kindred Awards|Carl Brandon Society Kindred Award]].
* "The Uncertain Hour" in ''The Tangled Bank: Love, Wonder, and Evolution'' (ed. Chris Lynch), February 2011.
* "Haveli" in ''[[Exotic Gothic]] 5'', Vol. II (ed. [[Danel Olson]]), [[PS Publishing]], 2012.

===Children's fiction===
* "Ice" in ''Shockwave & Other Cyber Stories'' (ed. Vatsala Kaul), Penguin Books, India, 2007. {{ISBN|0-14-333054-3}}.
* "Before and After" in ''Dignity Dialogue'', August 2010.
* "Shrieknath" in ''Whispers in the Classroom, Voices on the Field'' (ed. Richa Jha), July 2011.
* "A Different Ballgame" in ''Sports Stories'' (ed. Himanjali Sankar), [[Scholastic India]], 2011.
* "No More", ''Hoot'' Magazine, July 2011.

===Novels===
* ''The Beast with Nine Billion Feet,'' Zubaan Publishers (India), 2009, {{ISBN|978-81-89884-39-0}}. Shortlisted for the 2010 Vodafone-Crossword Award.
* ''Half of What I Say,'' Bloomsbury (2016), {{ISBN|9789386141187}}. Shortlisted for the 2016 Hindu Literary Prize
* ''The Coincidence Plot,'' Simon & Schuster (2023), {{ISBN|9789392099670}}.

===Anthologies===
* ''Breaking the Bow: Speculative Fiction Inspired by the Ramayana'' (eds. Anil Menon & Vandana Singh), Zubaan Books, December 2011.
* ''The Inconceivable Idea Of The Sun: Stories'' (2022), Hachette India, {{ISBN|9391028608}}.

==Articles==
*[http://www.literaturaprospectiva.com/?p=4544 "Hunting a Snark: On the Trail of Regional Indian SF". Translated by: Juan Madrigal], ''Literatura Prospectiva''5 May 2010.
*[http://worldsf.wordpress.com/2010/05/12/original-content-world-building-in-a-hot-climate-by-anil-menon/ "World Building in a Hot Climate", ''World SF Blog'' Editorial, 19 May 2010]
*[http://worldsf.wordpress.com/2009/11/25/wednesday-editorial-the-raw-and-the-cooked-by-anil-menon/ "The Raw and the Cooked"], ''World SF Blog'' Editorial, 25 November 2009.

==Interviews==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008042015/http://www.sfsignal.com/archives/2009/11/exclusive-interview-anil-menon/ SF-Signal Interview] 2 Nov. 2009.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111008073200/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/It-s-2040-the-future-is-here/Article1-483420.aspx Hindustan Times], Interview by Sumeet Kaul, 6 Dec. 2009.
* [http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2010/01/16/stories/2010011654210700.htm The Hindu, Kochi Metroplus]{{dead link|date=January 2025|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, Interview by Prema Manmadhan, 15 January 2010.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110912044921/http://www.kalkion.com/interviews/914/some-facts-behind-anil-menons-fiction Kalkion Online] Interview by Swapnil Bhartiya, 15 February 2010.
* [http://venetiaansell.wordpress.com/2010/03/05/the-speculative-ramayana Sanskrit Literature Blog], Interview by Venetia Ansell, 4 March 2010.
* [http://www.openthemagazine.com/article/books/changing-epic-traditions OPEN Magazine: Changing Epic Traditions], Interview by Sudha G. Tilak, 2 August 2010.
* [http://nrk.no/nyheter/kultur/litteratur/1.7669394 NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation)], Interview by Ana Leticia Sigvartsen, 16 June 2011.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{official website|http://anilmenon.com/blog/}}
*{{ISFDB name|id=Anil_Menon|name=Anil Menon}}

{{Authority control}}
{{Malayalam Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Menon, Anil}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Writers from Pune]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Indian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Ranjith Raj

2025-10-04T04:07:28Z

Maxlogistic: Creating Details.

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Ranjith Raj
| birth_place = [[Kannur district|Kannur]], [[Kerala]], India
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 2004–2023
| known_for = ''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''
| spouse = {{Marriage|Dhanya|8 May 2017}}
| children = 1
}}

'''Ranjith Raj''' is an Indian actor, known for his work in [[Malayalam]] television [[soap opera]]s and films. He is recognised for his role as James Albert in the [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]] teen drama serial ''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]'' (2009–2012).

== Early and personal life ==
Ranjith was born in the [[Kannur district]] of [[Kerala]], India.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Nakul |first=V. G. |date=10 July 2019 |title=ഓട്ടോഗ്രാഫിലെ പ്ലസ് ടു 'പയ്യൻ' അച്ഛനായി; പ്രാർഥന പോലെ ജീവിതത്തിലേക്ക് ഇസബെൽ |trans-title=The 'plus two boy' in Autograph becomes a father; Izabel enters life like a prayer |url=https://www.vanitha.in/celluloid/movies/2019/07/10/ranjith-raj-actor-and-daughter-special.html |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Vanitha |language=ml}}</ref> His mother, Usha, was a former actress in the [[Malayalam film]] and television industry.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 May 2020 |title='നിങ്ങളുടെ കൂട്ടത്തിലെ ഒരു മാലഖയെ ഞാൻ അടിച്ചുമാറ്റീട്ടുണ്ട് കേട്ടോ'; കുറിപ്പുമായി പ്രേക്ഷകരുടെ 'ജെയിംസ് |trans-title=I've stolen a queen from your group; note from audience's James |url=https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/autograph-serial-fame-renjith-raj-shared-a-note-in-instagram-qac2kb |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Asianet News Malayalam |language=ml |archive-date=14 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210614210639/https://www.asianetnews.com/spice-entertainment/autograph-serial-fame-renjith-raj-shared-a-note-in-instagram-qac2kb |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Network |first=Karma News |date=11 November 2021 |title=അവന്റെ മരണശേഷം ആ വീട്ടിലേക്ക് ഞാന്‍ പോകാറില്ല, രഞ്ജിത്ത് രാജ് പറയുന്നു |trans-title=I won't go to that house after his death, says Ranjith Raj |url=https://thekarmanews.com/ranjith-raj-open-up/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Karma News |language=ml}}</ref> He lost his father at the age of two.<ref name=":1" /> After studying marine technology, Ranjith worked in the [[merchant navy]] for few years before leaving the profession due to [[malaria]].<ref name=":4" />

Ranjith married Dhanya on 8 May 2017, and they have a daughter.<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 July 2019 |title=ഇവൾ എന്റെ ഇസ, അച്ഛനായ സന്തോഷം പങ്കുവച്ച് രഞ്ജിത്ത് രാജ് |trans-title=This is my Iza, Ranjith Raj shares his joy of becoming a father |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2019/07/11/serial-actor-ranjith-raj-blessed-with-baby-girl.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801003004/https://www.manoramaonline.com/style/love-n-life/2019/07/11/serial-actor-ranjith-raj-blessed-with-baby-girl.html |archive-date=1 August 2019 |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Manorama Online |language=ml}}</ref>

== Career ==
Ranjith's acting career began in 2004 with the [[Surya TV]] serial ''Kanyadhanam,'' in which he played the character Nandhu''.''<ref name=":1" /> His [[Breakthrough role|breakthrough]] came in 2009 with the portrayal of James Albert in the teen drama serial ''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]'' aired on [[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=23 April 2020 |title=Autograph fame Ranjith Raj: Most of the viewers don't know my real name, they still call me James |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/autograph-fame-ranjith-raj-most-of-the-viewers-dont-know-my-real-name-they-still-call-me-james/articleshow/75324484.cms |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In addition to television, he acted in Malayalam films such as ''[[Akashangalil]]'' (2015)'','' ''Ariyathe Ishtamai'' (2015), and ''Priyapettavar'' (2019)''.''<ref name=":3" />

== Filmography ==

=== Films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Title
!Role
!Notes
!{{Reference column heading}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |2015
|''[[Akashangalil]]''
|Leo
|
|<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=രഞ്ജിത് രാജ് |trans-title=Ranjith Raj |url=https://m3db.com/renjith-raj |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=M3DB |language=ml}}</ref>
|-
|''Ariyathe Ishtamai''
|Manu
|
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ariyaathe Ishtamaay [2015] |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?8039 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=en.msidb.org |archive-date=21 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521165827/https://en.msidb.org/m.php?8039 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2019
|''Priyapettavar''
|Sudhi
|
|<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Priyappettavar [2018] |url=https://en.msidb.org/m.php?8958 |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=en.msidb.org |archive-date=22 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250422171107/https://en.msidb.org/m.php?8958 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{{Inc-tv|date=June 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year(s)
!Title
!Role
!Network
!Notes
!{{Reference column heading}}
|-
|2004
|''Kanyadhanam''
|Nandhu
| rowspan="2" |[[Surya TV]]
|Debut
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=11 July 2019 |title=Autograph fame Ranjith Raj blessed with a baby girl, shares first picture with the newborn |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/autograph-fame-ranjith-raj-blessed-with-a-baby-girl-shares-first-picture-with-the-newborn/articleshow/70171634.cms |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=20 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420152348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/autograph-fame-ranjith-raj-blessed-with-a-baby-girl-shares-first-picture-with-the-newborn/articleshow/70171634.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":1" />
|-
|2008
|''Kudumbayogam''
|Cletus
|
|
|-
|2009–2012
|''[[Autograph (TV series)|Autograph]]''
|James Albert
|[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]
|Lead role
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| rowspan="3" |2012
|''Sree Padmanabham''
|[[Rama]]
|[[Amrita TV]]
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|''Chandralekha''
|Soorya Prakash
|Asianet
|Lead role
|<ref name=":4">{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?si=WWGSlDC3muvpYqHl&v=Wl-h2Q9VqLw&feature=youtu.be |title=Chat with Ranjith Raj (Malayalam Serial Actor) |date=17 May 2014 |type=Video |language=ml |access-date=23 June 2025 |via=YouTube}}</ref>
|-
|''Hridayam Sakshi''
|{{N/a}}
| rowspan="2" |[[Mazhavil Manorama]]
|
|<ref name=":4" />
|-
|2014–2015
|[[Aniyathi (TV series)|''Aniyathi'']]
|Vinayan
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Meghasandesam''
|{{N/a}}
|[[Kairali TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meghasandesham- New Serial on Kairali TV launched on 9 November 2015 |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2015/11/meghasandesham-serial-on-kairali-tv.html |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2017
|''[[Mangalyapattu]]''
|Denny Mathew
|Mazhavil Manorama
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalyapattu Serial- Actors and Actress {{!}} Cast&Crew of Mazhavil Manorama Serial |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2016/10/mangalyapattu-serial-cast-actress-actor.html |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Vinodadarshan |archive-date=23 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170623031313/http://www.vinodadarshan.com/2016/10/mangalyapattu-serial-cast-actress-actor.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Mangalyapattu all episodes by Mazhavil Manorama |url=https://kazhchapetty.com/shows/mangalyapattu-on-mazhavil-manorama |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=kazhchapetty.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
|-
|2016–2018
|''[[Rathri Mazha (TV series)|Rathri Mazha]]''
|Saji
|[[Flowers TV]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rarthrimazha Serial Cast& Crew{{!}} Flowers TV Serial Actors and Actresses |url=https://www.vinodadarshan.com/2016/11/rarthrimazha-serial-cast-actors-actress.html |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Vinodadarshan}}</ref>
|-
|2017
|''Chempattu''
|Falgunan
| rowspan="2" |Asianet
|
|
|-
|2018–2020
|''[[Kasthooriman (TV series)|Kasthooriman]]''
|Dhyan
|
|
|-
|2018
|''[[Makkal (TV series)|Makkal]]''
|Raj
|Mazhavil Manorama
|
|
|-
|2019–2020
|''[[Kabani (TV series)|Kabani]]''
|Varun
|[[Zee Keralam]]
|
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 April 2020 |title=From making Dalgona coffee to parotta, Kabani actor Ranjith is honing his culinary skills during the lockdown; take a look |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-making-dalgona-coffee-to-parotta-kabani-actor-ranjith-is-honing-his-culinary-skills-during-the-lockdown-take-a-look/articleshow/75068774.cms |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257 |archive-date=13 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213060906/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/from-making-dalgona-coffee-to-parotta-kabani-actor-ranjith-is-honing-his-culinary-skills-during-the-lockdown-take-a-look/articleshow/75068774.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
|2019–2020
|''Classmates''
|Sethu
|Flowers TV
|
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=K. S. |first=Anish |date=11 November 2019 |title=Classmates flowers tv serial launching on 18th November at 6.30 P.M |url=https://www.keralatv.in/classmates-flowers-serial/ |access-date=23 June 2025 |website=Kerala TV |language=en-US}}</ref>
|-
|2020–2021
|''[[Sathya Enna Penkutty]]''
|Abhijith
|Zee Keralam
|
|<ref name=":2" />
|-
| rowspan="2" |2021
|''Ente Bharya''
|Rahul
|Flowers TV
|Lead role
|<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=23 March 2021 |title=Autograph stars Ranjith and Ambarish reunite in 'Ente Bharya' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/malayalam/autograph-stars-ranjith-and-ambarish-reunite-in-ente-bharya/articleshow/81649504.cms |access-date=23 June 2025 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|-
|''[[Sasneham (TV series)|Sasneham]]''
|Sajan
|Asianet
|
|
|-
|2022
|''[[Kaliveedu (TV series)|Kaliveedu]]''
|Jeevan
|Surya TV
|
|
|-
|2023
|''[[Sukhamo Devi (TV series)|Sukhamo Devi]]''
|Sethu
|Flowers TV
|
|
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{IMDb name}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raj, Ranjith}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kannur]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam television]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Shahabad, Bihar Lok Sabha constituency

2025-08-15T19:17:51Z

Maxlogistic: started

{{Short description|Former constituency in Bihar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date = February 2024}}
{{About|Shahabad Lok Sabha constituency in Bihar|constituency in Uttar Pradesh|Shahabad, Uttar Pradesh Lok Sabha constituency}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Shahabad
|type = LS
|incumbent_image =
|established = 1952 ([[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna-cum-Shahabad]]) 1957 (Shahabad)
| abolished = 1977
|reservation = None
|mp =
|party =
|preceded_by =
|latest_election_year = [[1971 Indian general elections|2019]]
|state = [[Bihar]]
|assembly_cons =
{{blist|[[Bikram Assembly constituency|Bikram]]|[[Paliganj Assembly constituency|Paliganj]]|[[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]]|[[Ara Assembly constituency|Arrah]]|Arrah Muffasil|[[Sahar, Bihar|Sahar]]}}
}}
'''Shahabad''' (formerly Patna-cum-Shahabad) was one of the [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Bihar]], [[India]]. It was a part of [[Shahabad district]] ([[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur]]) and [[Patna district]] and was in existence during [[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]] to [[5th Lok Sabha]]. In 1977, Shahabad Lok Sabha was renamed as [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] Lok Sabha constituency.

==Assembly segments==

===1951-1961===
From 1951 to 1961, the [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna-cum-Shahabad]] Lok Sabha constituency (renamed as '''Shahabad''' in 1957) comprised the following areas: Bikram, Bihta and Paliganj police stations of [[Danapur]] sub-division in [[Patna District]]; Barhara, Arrah Muffasil, Sahar, Sandesh, Arrah Town and Arrah Nawada police stations of [[Arrah|Shahabad Sadar]] (Arrah) sub-division of [[Bhojpur district, India|Shahabad district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 12 October 2022}}</ref>

===1961-1976===
From 1961 to 1976, the '''Shahabad''' Lok Sabha constituency (renamed as [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] in 1976) had 6 [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] seats. [[Bikram Assembly constituency|Bikram]] and [[Paliganj Assembly constituency|Paliganj]] from [[Patna district]] and [[Sandesh Assembly constituency|Sandesh]], [[Arrah Assembly constituency|Arrah]], Arrah Muffasil and [[Sahar, Bihar|Sahar]] from [[Bhojpur district, India|Bhojpur district]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3950-dpaco-1961/ |title=DPACO (1961) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 12 October 2022}}</ref>

==Members of Parliament==
===1952-1957===
As [[Patna Lok Sabha constituency|Patna-cum-Shahabad]] Lok Sabha constituency. This constituency was in existence in only the [[1st Lok Sabha]] from 1952 to 1957.

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1951-52 Indian general election|1952]]
|[[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

===1957-1977===
As '''Shahabad''' Lok Sabha constituency. This constituency was in existence from [[2nd Lok Sabha|2nd]] to [[5th Lok Sabha]] (1957-1977).

{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Name
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
| rowspan="4" |[[Bali Ram Bhagat]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=4}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1967|1967]]
|-
|[[Indian general election, 1971|1971]]
|}

===1977-Present===
See [[Arrah Lok Sabha constituency|Arrah]] Lok Sabha constituency for members of [[6th Lok Sabha]] onwards.

==See also==
* [[Bhojpur District, Bihar|Bhojpur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]
* [[Ara Junction railway station|Arrah Junction Railway station]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/bihar/arrah/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Arrah lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar}}
{{Patna Division topics}}

{{coord|25.6|84.7|display=title}}

[[Category:Former Lok Sabha constituencies of Bihar]]
[[Category:Politics of Bhojpur district, India]]

National symbols of Laos

2025-08-10T23:34:45Z

Maxlogistic: expanded content

{{Short description|none}}
{{Culture of Laos|expanded=Symbols}}
The '''national symbols of Laos''' are official and unofficial flags, icons or cultural expressions that are emblematic, representative or otherwise characteristic of Laos and of its culture.

== Symbol ==
{| class="wikitable"
!Title
!Name of symbol
!Picture
|-
|[[National flag]]
|[[Flag of Laos]]
|[[File:Flag_of_Laos.svg|80x80px]]
|-
|[[Coat of arms]]
|[[Coat of arms of Laos]]
|[[File:Coat_of_arms_of_Laos.svg|70x70px]]
|-
|[[National anthem]]
|[[Pheng Xat Lao]]
|{{Sound
| filename = National_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg
| title = Pheng Xat Lao
}}

|-
|[[National flower]]
|[[Plumeria|Dok Champa]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-08-07 |title=National flower - Dok Champa |url=https://www.laostourism.org/national-flower-dok-champa/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Laos Tourism |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[File:Plumeria (Frangipani) flowers.jpg|80x80px]]
|-
|[[National bird]]
|[[Siamese fireback|Siamese Fireback]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-28 |title=National bird of Laos - Siamese Fireback {{!}} Symbol Hunt |url=https://symbolhunt.com/laos/national-bird/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=symbolhunt.com |language=en-us}}</ref>
|[[File:Siamese Fireback displaying - Khao Yai NP - Thailand S4E5685 (14235642956) (2).jpg|80x80px]]
|-
|[[National animal]]
|[[Asian elephant|Elephant]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oon |first=Amanda |date=2022-02-28 |title=Thailand and Laos: Elephant |url=https://southeastasiaglobe.com/thailand-and-laos-elephant/ |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Southeast Asia Globe |language=en-US}}</ref>
|[[File:Male Elephant Tusker Nagarhole Karnataka Apr22 D72 23736.jpg|120x53px]]
|-
|[[National dish]]
|[[Larb|Laap]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Laap, the national dish of Laos |url=https://www.travelfish.org/beginners_detail/laos/10 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=Travelfish |language=en}}</ref>
|[[File:LaoFood LarbNeua.JPG|80x80px]]
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Asia topic|National symbols of}}

[[Category:National symbols of Laos| ]]

Mohan Joshi (politician)

2025-05-09T18:18:16Z

Maxlogistic: cleanup

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Multiple issues|{{update|date=July 2022}}
{{BLP sources|date=July 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Mohan Joshi
| image =
| image_size =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1956|12|3}}
| birth_place = [[Pune]], Maharashtra, India
| residence = Pune
| office = Member of [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
| term_start = 2008
| term_end = 2014
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]
| occupation = Politician
| website = http://mohanjoshi.org
}}

'''Mohan Joshi''' is an Indian politician from [[Pune]], Maharashtra. He represents the [[Indian National Congress]] in various organizational and constitutional capacities, including as head of the [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] as state general secretary since 2009.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mahacongress.com/eng/state-organization/|title=State Organizations – Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee|access-date=17 December 2018}}</ref> He belongs to the Pune Constituency. He is the president of the Maharashtra branch of [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]].

==Career==
In 1972, Joshi was president of the Pune [[Indian Youth Congress|Youth Congress]]. In 1987, he was president of the Maharashta Youth Congress.
Under his leadership from 1997 to 2004, the [[Indian National Congress]] party won all the elections for the Parliament, the [[State Assembly]], and the [[Pune Municipal Corporation]]. He served as the working president of [[Pune General Workers Union]].{{When|date=July 2023}}

In the [[1999 Lok Sabha elections]], Joshi was a Congress candidate for the Parliament elections from Pune constituency. Joshi received 212,000 votes and secured the second position. In 2002, in response to the alleged religious [[chauvinism]] of the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad|Vishwa Hindu Parishad]] (VHP), Joshi stormed into a VHP meeting and blackened the face of VHP leader [[Pravin Togadia|Parvin Togadia]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Togadia faces Cong wrath |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/pune/Togadia-faces-Cong-wrath/articleshow/26103925.cms |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref>

Joshi served as General Secretary of [[Maharashtra Pradesh Congress Committee]] beginning in 2005 and as a member of the Executive Committee of the State Unit beginning in 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Kulkarni |first1=Prachee |date=October 12, 2017 |title=Congress drops old members in state committee reshuffle |url=https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/congress-drops-old-members-in-state-committee-reshuffle/articleshow/61042424.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181218011023/https://punemirror.indiatimes.com/pune/civic/congress-drops-old-members-in-state-committee-reshuffle/articleshow/61042424.cms |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2018 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Pune Mirror}}</ref> From 2008 to 2010, he was a member of the Estimate Committee in the [[Maharashtra Legislative Council]].

In 2010, Joshi was nominated as a public representative of [[Pune University]]'s senate.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 October 2013 |title=Appointed legislators rarely show up at Pune University senate meetings |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/pune/appointed-legislators-rarely-show-up-at-pune-university-senate-meetings/ |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Joshi was selected as a member of the Commonwealth Parliamentarian Association study-tour of Europe and the UK in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mohan Joshi, Congress MLC from Pune has been selected for the five European nation tour of the state legislators organised by Maharashtra branch of Rashtrakul Sansadiya Mandal. |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Mohan-Joshi-Congress-MLC-from-Pune-has-been-selected-for-the-five-European-nation-tour-of-the-state-legislators-organised-by-Maharashtra-branch-of-Rashtrakul-Sansadiya-Mandal-/articleshow/9595994.cms |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=The Times of India}}</ref> Starting in 2011, he was the chairman of the Assurance Committee in the Maharashtra Legislative Council.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-11-07 |title=आमदार मोहन जोशी यांची आश्वासन समितीवर फेरनिवड |url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/mla-mohan-joshi-re-elected-on-assurance-committee-247947/ |access-date=2018-12-30 |website=Loksatta |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

For the [[2019 Lok Sabha election]]s, Joshi was the Congress candidate for Pune constituency.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Shoumojit|date=2019-04-03|title=Congress fields Mohan Joshi from Pune|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha-2019/congress-fields-mohan-joshi-from-pune/article26715395.ece|access-date=2021-03-05|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2014, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] won the Pune Lok Sabha constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/congress-fields-mohan-joshi-against-bjps-girish-bapat-in-pune-2085887.html|title=Congress Fields Mohan Joshi Against BJP's Girish Bapat in Pune|website=News18|date=2 April 2019|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref>

Joshi is president of the Maharashtra branch of [[Harijan Sevak Sangh]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=महाराष्ट्र हरिजन सेवक संघाच्या अध्यक्षपदी मोहन जोशी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/mohan-joshi-become-harijan-sevak-sangh-chief-1247445/ |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=Loksatta |language=mr-IN}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome To Harijan Sevak Sangh |url=http://www.gandhicreationhss.org/orgsture.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127210641/http://www.gandhicreationhss.org/orgsture.php |archive-date=27 November 2016 |access-date=17 December 2018 |website=gandhicreationhss.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2016 |title=महाराष्ट्र हरिजन सेवक संघाच्या अध्यक्षपदी मोहन जोशी |url=https://www.loksatta.com/pune-news/mohan-joshi-become-harijan-sevak-sangh-chief-1247445/ |access-date=19 December 2018 |website=Loksatta |language=mr-IN}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joshi, Mohan}}
[[Category:People from Pune district]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress politicians from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:Members of the Maharashtra Legislative Council]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1956 births]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]

Fu Bai Fu

2024-12-18T03:57:23Z

Maxlogistic:

{{short description|Indian Marathi-language comedy television show}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox television
| list_episodes =
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2022|12|17}}
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2010|04|14}}
| released =
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]
| network = [[Zee Marathi]]
| creator =
| runtime = 45-60 minutes
| num_episodes =
| company = [[Frames Production]]
| image = Fu Bai Fu.jpeg
| num_seasons = 9
| country = India
| editor =
| writer = [[Nilesh Sable]] Sachin Mote
| presenter = [[Sai Tamhankar]] (season 2) [[Nilesh Sable]] (seasons 1-8) [[Vaidehi Parashurami]] (season 9)
| director = Sachin Goswami
| language = Marathi
| caption =
| image_alt =
}}

'''''Fu Bai Fu''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language]] comedy reality show which aired on [[Zee Marathi]] from 2010 to 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-04-18|title='फू बाई फू - नया है यह'चा हास्यधमाका २१ एप्रिलपासून|url=https://divyamarathi.bhaskar.com/news/BOL-fu-bai-fu-naya-hain-yah-4585543-PHO.html|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Divya Marathi|language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-04-15|title=Fu Bai Fu Naya Hai Yeh Zee Marathi Comedy Show Contestants Cast Host Judges|url=https://marathistars.com/tv-serial/fu-bai-fu-naya-hai-yeh-season-8/|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Marathi Stars}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New 'Fu Bai Fu' from 11th May 2011|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/new-fu-bai-fu-from-11th-may-2011.php|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Grand Finale of 'Fu Bai Fu' full of variety|url=https://marathimovieworld.com/news/grand-finale-fu-bai-fu.php|access-date=2020-12-26|website=Marathi Movie World}}</ref>

== Seasons ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Season
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" |Name
! style="padding: 0 8px" colspan="2" |Originally Broadcast
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" | Days
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" |Host
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" |Judges
! style="padding: 0 8px" rowspan="2" |Winner
|-
! style="padding: 1 8px" | First aired
! style="padding: 1 8px" | Last aired
|-
|style="background:Red"|
|align="center"| 1
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2010|04|14}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2010|08|15}}
|align="center"| Wed-Thu
|align="center"| [[Nilesh Sable]]
|
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
* [[Smita Talwalkar]]
|
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]]
* [[Vishakha Subhedar]]
|-
|style="background:Blue"|
|align="center"| 2
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2010|08|25}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2010|12|26}}
|align="center"| Wed-Thu
|
* [[Nilesh Sable]]
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]
|
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
|
* [[Anshuman Vichare]]
* Atul Todankar
|-
|style="background:Green"|
|align="center"| 3
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2011|05|11}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2011|09|25}}
|align="center"| Wed-Thu
|align="center" rowspan="7"|[[Nilesh Sable]]
|
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
* [[Renuka Shahane]]
|
* Kishori Ambiye
* Santosh Pawar
|-
|style="background:Violet"|
|align="center"| 4
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2012|02|13}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2012|05|13}}
|align="center"| Mon-Tue
|
* [[Mahesh Kothare]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
|
* Satish Tare
* Vijay Patwardhan
|-
|style="background:Yellow" rowspan="2"|
|align="center" rowspan="2"| 5
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2012|08|13}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2012|11|04}}
|align="center" rowspan="2"| Mon-Tue
|rowspan="2"|
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* [[Jitendra Joshi]]
|rowspan="2"|Team [[Kushal Badrike]]
|-
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu -Dhoom Dhadaka''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2012|11|05}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2012|12|11}}
|-
|style="background:Orange"|
|align="center"| 6
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu -Comdeycha Aadharcard''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2013|03|18}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2013|06|23}}
|align="center"| Mon-Tue
|
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
|
* [[Bhalchandra Kadam]]
* [[Supriya Pathare]]
|-
|style="background:Purple"|
|align="center"| 7
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu - Toll Free Comedy''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2013|10|14}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2014|01|12}}
|align="center"| Mon-Tue
|
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
|
* [[Bharat Ganeshpure]]
* Sagar Karande
|-
|style="background:Grey"|
|align="center"| 8
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu - Naya Hain Yaha''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2014|04|21}}
|align="center"| {{end date|df=yes|2014|08|09}}
|align="center"| Mon-Tue
|
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* [[Sanjay Jadhav]]
|
* [[Bharat Ganeshpure]]
* Sagar Karande
|-
|style="background:Pink"|
|align="center"| 9
|align="center"| ''Fu Bai Fu - Jithe Asal, Tithe Hasal''
|align="center"| {{start date|df=yes|2022|11|03}}
|17 December 2022
|align="center"| Thu-Sat
|
[[Vaidehi Parshurami]]
|
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
* [[Umesh Kamat]]
| {{N/A}}
|}

== Cast ==
=== Contestants ===
* ''Anand Ingale''
* ''[[Anand Abhyankar]]''
* ''[[Aditi Sarangdhar]]''
* ''[[Bhalchandra Kadam]]''
* ''[[Vaibhav Mangle]]''
* ''[[Supriya Pathare]]''
* ''[[Ashwini Ekbote]]''
* ''Sudesh Mhashilkar''
* ''[[Surekha Kudachi]]''
* ''Ajinkya Joshi''
* ''Aarti Wadabgalkar''
* ''Aarti Solanki''
* ''[[Bharat Ganeshpure]]''
* ''Sagar Karande''
* ''[[Kushal Badrike]]''
* ''[[Girish Oak]]''
* ''[[Shreya Bugade]]''
* ''Sharvari Patankar''
* ''Sunil Tawde''
* ''Shashikant Kerkar''
* ''Sankarshan Karhade''
* ''[[Priyadarshan Jadhav]]''
* ''Pandharinath Kamble''
* ''[[Vishakha Subhedar]]''
* ''Vikas Samudre''
* ''[[Namrata Sambherao]]''
* ''[[Neha Shitole]]''
* ''Digamber Naik''
* ''Prajakta Hanamghar''
* ''Ajay Jadhav''
* ''[[Leena Bhagwat]]''
* ''Madhvi Juvekar''
* ''Kishori Ambiye''
* ''[[Kishori Godbole]]''
* ''Satish Tare''
* ''[[Kshitee Jog]]''
* ''Santosh Mayekar''
* ''[[Priya Arun]]''
* ''[[Bhargavi Chirmule]]''
* ''Bhakti Desai''
* ''Santosh Pawar''
* ''[[Hemangi Kavi]]''
* ''Atul Todankar''
* ''Snehlata Tawde-Vasaikar''
* ''[[Atisha Naik]]''
* ''Mangesh Desai''
* ''[[Sharmishtha Raut]]''
* ''[[Anshuman Vichare]]''
* ''[[Onkar Bhojane]]''

=== Judges ===
* ''[[Nirmiti Sawant]]''
* ''[[Renuka Shahane]]''
* ''[[Swapnil Joshi]]''
* ''[[Ashwini Kalsekar]]''<ref>{{Cite news|title=I learnt how to abuse because of Ekta's show |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movies/news/Ashwini-Kalsekar-Ekta-Kapoor-Kasamh-Se-CID-Fu-Bai-Fu-Maham-Anga/articleshow/27012825.cms|date=12 January 2017|access-date=2022-01-08|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Sanjay Jadhav]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swapnil replaced by Sanjay Jadhav|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/Sanjay-Jadhav-Fu-Bai-Fu-Duniyadari-Ashwini-Kalsekar-Swwapnil-Joshi/articleshow/33954941.cms|date=19 April 2014|access-date=2022-01-08|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
* ''[[Smita Talwalkar]]''
* ''[[Jitendra Joshi]]''
* ''[[Mahesh Kothare]]''
* ''[[Umesh Kamat]]''

== Awards ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+ [[Zee Marathi Utsav Natyancha Awards]]
!Year
!Category
!Recipient
|-
|rowspan="2"|2010
|Best Anchor
|[[Nilesh Sable]]
|-
|Best Reality Show
|rowspan="3"|[[Essel Vision Productions]]
|-
|2012
|Best Reality Show
|-
|rowspan="2"|2013
|Best Non-fiction show
|-
|Best Judge
|[[Swapnil Joshi]]
|}

== Summary ==
===Season 1===
====Host====
* [[Nilesh Sable]]

====Judges====
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]
* [[Smita Talwalkar]]

====Contestants====
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]] (Winner)
* [[Vishakha Subhedar]] (Winner)
* Aarti Solanki
* [[Anand Abhyankar]]
* [[Surekha Kudachi]]
* Ajinkya Joshi
* Digambar Naik
* [[Girish Oak]]
* Sharvari Patankar
* Sunil Tawde
* Vikas Samudre
* [[Neha Shitole]]
* [[Namrata Sambherao]]
* Satish Tare
* Bhaktee Desai
* Santosh Pawar

===Season 2===
====Host====
* [[Nilesh Sable]]
* [[Sai Tamhankar]]

====Judges====
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]

====Contestants====
* [[Anshuman Vichare]] - Atul Todankar (Winner)
* Kishori Ambiye - Anand Ingale
* Sagar Karande - Sunil Tawde
* Vikas Samudre - Aarti Solanki
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]] - [[Kshitee Jog]]
* [[Supriya Pathare]] - Purnima
* Anand Ingale - Digambar Naik

===Season 3===
====Host====
* [[Nilesh Sable]]

====Judges====
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
* [[Renuka Shahane]]

====Contestants====
* Kishori Ambiye - Santosh Pawar (Winner)
* [[Bhau Kadam]] - Satish Tare
* [[Kushal Badrike]] - [[Hemangi Kavi]]
* [[Bhargavi Chirmule]] - Mangesh Desai
* Santosh Mayekar - [[Priya Arun]]
* Atul Todankar - Snehlata Tawde-Vasaikar
* Sunil Tawde - [[Atisha Naik]]

====Special appearance====
* [[Vaibhav Mangle]] - Anand Ingale

===Season 4===
====Host====
* [[Nilesh Sable]]

====Judges====
* [[Mahesh Kothare]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]

====Contestants====
* Vijay Patwardhan - Satish Tare (Winner)
* Digambar Naik - [[Hemangi Kavi]]
* [[Anand Abhyankar]] -
* [[Kushal Badrike]] - Purnima
* [[Amita Khopkar]] - Jaywant Wadkar
* Anand Ingale - [[Supriya Pathare]]

===Comedycha Aadharcard===
====Host====
* [[Nilesh Sable]]

====Judges====
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]

====Contestants====
* [[Bhau Kadam]] (Winner)
* [[Supriya Pathare]] (Winner)
* [[Leena Bhagwat]]
* [[Hrishikesh Joshi]]
* [[Kushal Badrike]]
* Santosh Pawar
* Vijay Patwardhan
* [[Priyadarshan Jadhav]]
* [[Kshitee Jog]]
* [[Sharmishtha Raut]]
* [[Hemangi Kavi]]
* Rajan Bhise

====Special appearance====
* [[Mohan Joshi]]

===Toll Free Comedy===
====Host====
* [[Nilesh Sable]]

====Judges====
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* [[Swapnil Joshi]]

====Contestants====
* [[Bharat Ganeshpure]] (Winner)
* Sagar Karande (Winner)
* [[Bhau Kadam]]
* [[Supriya Pathare]]
* Vijay Patwardhan
* Madhavi Juvekar
* Sunil Tawde
* [[Priyadarshan Jadhav]]
* [[Anshuman Vichare]]
* Atul Todankar
* Hemant Dhome
* Sudesh Mhashilkar
* Avinash Narkar

===Naya Hain Yaha===
====Host====
* [[Nilesh Sable]]

====Judges====
* [[Ashwini Kalsekar]]
* [[Sanjay Jadhav]]

====Contestants====
* [[Bharat Ganeshpure]] - Sagar Karande (Winner)
* Anand Ingale - [[Vaibhav Mangle]]
* [[Bhau Kadam]] - [[Supriya Pathare]]
* Sudesh Mhashilkar - [[Surekha Kudachi]]
* Ajinkya Joshi – Aarti Wadagbalkar
* Sunil Tawade - Shashikant Kerkar
* Sankarshan Karhade - [[Shreya Bugade]]
* [[Priyadarshan Jadhav]] - [[Vishakha Subhedar]]

===Jithe Asal, Tithe Hasal===
====Host====
* [[Vaidehi Parshurami]]

====Judges====
* [[Nirmiti Sawant]]
* [[Umesh Kamat]]

====Contestants====
* [[Onkar Bhojane]]
* Sagar Karande
* Pandharinath Kamble
* Kamlakar Satpute
* Ashish Pawar
* Madhavi Juvekar
* [[Neha Khan]]
* Sneha Majgaonkar
* Pranav Raorane
* Shashikant Kerkar
* Nandkishor Choughule

== Reception ==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" | Week
! rowspan="2" | Year
! rowspan="2" | [[TAM Media Research|TAM]] [[Audience measurement|TVR]]
! colspan="2" | Rank
! rowspan="2" | Ref.
|-
! Mah/Goa
! All India
|-
|Week 17
|2010
|0.68
|1
|90
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 25/04/2010 to 01/05/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608102842/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=25/04/2010&endperiod=01/05/2010|archive-date=2010-06-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=25/04/2010&endperiod=01/05/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 20
|2010
|0.8
|1
|80
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 16/05/2010 to 22/05/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100913071355/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/05/2010&endperiod=22/05/2010|archive-date=2010-09-13|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=16/05/2010&endperiod=22/05/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 21
|2010
|0.76
|1
|77
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 23/05/2010 to 29/05/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100608101246/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=23/05/2010&endperiod=29/05/2010|archive-date=2010-06-08|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=23/05/2010&endperiod=29/05/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 22
|2010
|0.83
|1
|66
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 30/05/2010 to 05/06/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100618012139/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=30/05/2010&endperiod=05/06/2010|archive-date=2010-06-18|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=30/05/2010&endperiod=05/06/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 24
|2010
|0.76
|2
|95
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 13/06/2010 to 19/06/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227114040/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=13/06/2010&endperiod=19/06/2010|archive-date=2010-12-27|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=13/06/2010&endperiod=19/06/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 26
|2010
|0.86
|1
|80
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 27/06/2010 to 03/07/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100719100204/http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=27/06/2010&endperiod=03/07/2010|archive-date=2010-07-19|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee%20Marathi&startperiod=27/06/2010&endperiod=03/07/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 31
|2010
|0.87
|2
|72
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 01/08/2010 to 07/08/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825214347/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=01/08/2010&endperiod=07/08/2010|archive-date=2010-08-25|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=01/08/2010&endperiod=07/08/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 32
|2010
|0.78
|1
|80
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 08/08/2010 to 14/08/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826070933/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=08/08/2010&endperiod=14/08/2010|archive-date=2010-08-26|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=08/08/2010&endperiod=14/08/2010}}</ref>
|-
|Week 48
|2010
|0.7
|1
|97
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tvr Ratings from 28/11/2010 to 04/12/2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221072018/http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=28/11/2010&endperiod=04/12/2010|archive-date=2010-12-21|url=http://www.indiantelevision.com:80/tvr/telemeter/telechanneltam.php?ch=Zee+Marathi&startperiod=28/11/2010&endperiod=04/12/2010}}</ref>
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Cite web | url = http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=481 | title = Fu Bai Fu | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100115032541/http://zeemarathi.com/Zee_Serial.aspx?zsid=481 | archive-date = 15 January 2010 | access-date = 10 February 2021 | url-status = live }}
* {{IMDb title|tt10127736}}

[[Category:Indian reality television series]]
[[Category:Indian stand-up comedy television series]]
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Zee Marathi original programming]]
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]
[[Category:2014 Indian television series endings]]