https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=MaximilianGreenbBharatpedia - User contributions [en]2026-08-08T01:44:24ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.6https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gorakhpur%E2%80%93Mailani_Express&diff=500955Gorakhpur–Mailani Express2026-05-02T21:51:43Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Made Data</p>
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<div>{{more citations needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}<br />
{{Short description|Train in India}}<br />
{{Infobox rail service<br />
| name = Gorakhpur-Izzatnagar Express<br />
| image = <br />
| image_width = <br />
| caption = <br />
| type = [[Express trains in India|Express]]<br />
| locale = <br />
| first = {{start date and age|df=yes|2016|09|14}}<br />
| last = <br />
| operator = [[North Eastern Railway zone|North Eastern Railway]]<br />
| ridership = <br />
| start = [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station|Gorakhpur]] (GKP)<br />
| stops = 26<br />
| end = [[Izzatnagar railway station|Izzatnagar]] (IZN)<br />
| distance = {{convert|659|km|0|abbr=on}}<br />
| journeytime = 14 hours 30 minutes<br />
| frequency = Daily.{{efn|Runs seven days in a week for every direction.}}<br />
| class = AC 2 Tier, AC 3 Tier, Sleeper Class, General Unreserved<br />
| seating = No<br />
| sleeping = Yes<br />
| autorack = <br />
| catering = E-catering only<br />
| observation = Largest windows<br />
| entertainment = <br />
| baggage = No<br />
| otherfacilities = Below the seats<br />
| stock = [[LHB coach]]<br />
| gauge = {{track gauge|1676mm|al=on|allk=on}}<br />
| electrification = <br />
| trainnumber = 15009 / 15010<br />
| speed = {{convert|41|km/h|0|abbr=on}} average including halts.<br />
| map = <br />
| map_state = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The 15009 / 15010 '''Gorakhpur–Izzatnagar Express''' is an [[Express trains in India|Express]] train belonging to [[North Eastern Railway zone]] that runs between [[izzatnagar railway station]] and {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}} in India. It is currently being operated with 15009/15010 train numbers on a daily basis.<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/New-train-between-Lucknow-Gorakhpur/articleshow/53702504.cms New train between Lucknow-Gorakhpur]</ref><ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/Superfast-train-from-Gomtinagar-to-begin-today/articleshow/50259943.cms Superfast train from Gomtinagar to begin today]</ref><br />
<br />
== Service==<br />
<br />
The 15009/Gorakhpur–Izzatnagar Express has an average speed of 42&nbsp;km/h and covers 649&nbsp;km in 14.5h.<br />
<br />
The 15010/Izzatnagar–Gorakhpur Express has an average speed of 37&nbsp;km/h and covers 649&nbsp;km in 14.5h.<br />
<br />
== Route and halts ==<br />
The important halts of the train are:<br />
<br />
* {{stnlnk|Gorakhpur Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Anandnagar Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Barhni}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Pachperwa}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Tulsipur}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Balrampur}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Gonda Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Barabanki Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Gomti Nagar}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Badshahnagar}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Sitapur Junction}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Lakhimpur}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Gola Gokarannath}}<br />
* {{stnlnk|Mailani Junction}}<br />
* [[Pilibhit Junction railway station|Pilibhit junction]]<br />
* [[Bhojipura Junction railway station|Bhojipura Junction]]<br />
* [[Izzatnagar railway station|Izzatnagar]]<br />
<br />
==Coach composition==<br />
<br />
The train has LHB rakes with max speed of 110 kmph. The train consists of 16 coaches:<br />
<br />
* 1 AC III Tier<br />
* 5 Sleeper coaches<br />
* 8 General Unreserved<br />
* 2 Seating cum Luggage Rake<br />
<br />
==Traction==<br />
<br />
Both trains are hauled by a [[Gonda, Uttar Pradesh|Gonda]] or [[Izzatnagar]] Loco Shed-based [[WAP-7]] Electric locomotive from Gorakhpur to Izzatnagar and vice versa.<br />
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== See also ==<br />
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* [[Gorakhpur Junction railway station]]<br />
* [[Izzatnagar railway station]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://d.indiarailinfo.com/train/49094 15009/Gorakhpur–Sitapur Jn. Express] India Rail Info<br />
* [https://d.indiarailinfo.com/train/49095 15010/Sitapur Jn.–Gorakhpur Express] India Rail Info<br />
<br />
{{Railways in Northern India}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gorakhpur-Sitapur Express}}<br />
[[Category:Sitapur]]<br />
[[Category:Passenger trains originating from Gorakhpur]]<br />
[[Category:Express trains in India]]<br />
[[Category:Railway services introduced in 2016]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-express-train-stub}}</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=K._Sreekumar&diff=507055K. Sreekumar2026-05-02T05:55:28Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Added a bio.</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian writer (born 1967)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox writer<br />
| name = K. Sreekumar<br />
| image = K. Sreekumar 05.jpg<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| pseudonym = <br />
| birth_name = <br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1967|12|31|df=yes}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Chottanikkara]], [[Ernakulam district]], [[Kerala]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| occupation = Writer<br />
| nationality = Indian<br />
| alma_mater = [[Maharaja's College, Kochi]]<br />
| period = <br />
| genre = Children's literature<br />
| subject = <br />
| movement = <br />
| notableworks = <br />
| spouse = R. Indu<br />
| partner = <br />
| children = 2<br />
| relatives = <br />
| influences = <br />
| influenced = <br />
| awards = {{bullet list|[[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]] (2012)|[[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (2003&2022)|[[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]}}<br />
}}<br />
'''K. Sreekumar''' a Malayalam language writer and journalist from [[Kerala]], India. His book ''Malayalam Sangeetha Nataka Charitram'', a book on Malayalam musical dramas won four awards, including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature]] (2003) and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]. For overall contribution to children's literature, he received the [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]], the children's literature award of [[Sahitya Akademi]] in 2012, and the C G Santhakumar Award, instituted by the [[Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature]], in 2016. In 2023, he received Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for the year 2022, for his children's book ''Chakkkaramampazham''.<br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
K. Sreekumar was born in [[Chottanikkara]] in [[Ernakulam district]] to K. M. Lakshmanan Nair and A. S. Visalakshi, on 31 December 1967.<ref name="green">{{cite web |title=K Sreekumar |url=https://greenbooksindia.com/dr-k-sreekumar}}</ref><ref name="KMA">{{Cite web |title=Dr.K Sreekumar {{!}} Kerala Media Academy |url=https://keralamediaacademy.org/archives/?q=content/drk-sreekumar |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=keralamediaacademy.org}}</ref> His parents were teachers.<ref name="Madhyamam">{{cite news |last1=Pradeep |first1=M |title=ബാലസാഹിത്യത്തിന്റെ മുഖശ്രീ {{!}} Chakkaramambazham- Kerala Sahitya Academy award- children's literature- Dr. K. Sreekuma {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/chakkaramambazham-kerala-sahitya-academy-award-childrens-literature-dr-k-sreekuma-1206818 |work=www.madhyamam.com |date=24 September 2023 |language=ml}}</ref> After completing his M.A., M.Phil., B.Ed. degrees in Malayalam literature and a P.G. Diploma in Journalism, he obtained a doctorate degree for research on Malayalam musical dramas.<ref name="puzha">{{cite web |title=Author Details- K. Sreekumar |url=http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=1876 |website=www.puzha.com |access-date=2025-07-16 |archive-date=2012-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007154313/http://www.puzha.com/malayalam/bookstore/cgi-bin/author-detail.cgi?code=1876 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
<br />
Sreekumar's writing career was influenced by his undergraduate and postgraduate studies in Malayalam at [[Maharaja's College, Ernakulam]], under distinguished teachers such as [[Thuravoor Viswambharan]], [[M. Thomas Mathew]], [[K. G. Sankara Pillai]], and [[George Irumbayam]].<ref name="Madhyamam"/> After his studies, he worked as a journalist in [[Mathrubhumi]] from 1993 to 2016.<ref name="puzha"/><ref name="parag">{{cite web |title=K. Sreekumar – Winner Author, BLBA 2021 – Interview {{!}} Parag |url=https://www.paragreads.in/parag-nurtures/big-little-book-award/blba-2021/dr.-k.-sreekumar-winner-illustrator-blba-2021-interview/}}</ref> During this period, he was also responsible for many publications under the Mathrubhumi Group, including the [[Mathrubhumi Azhchappathippu|Mathrubhumi weekly]] and Sunday special editions of newspaper.<ref name="KMA" /><br />
<br />
He is currently the coordinator of the Tirur Thunchan Memorial Trust and a consultant editor at Poorna Publications, Kozhikode.<ref name="Madhyamam"/><br />
<br />
===Personal life===<br />
Sreekumar and his wife R. Indu, who is also the principal of Balussery G.G.H.S.S. school, have two children, Vyshakhan, a software engineer, and Nayanathara, an archaeology student.<ref name="Madhyamam"/> They lives in [[Balussery]] in [[Kozhikode district]] now.<ref name="KMA" /><br />
<br />
==Literary career==<br />
Sreekumar's first published work was ''Unnayayem Ponnu Muthassim'', published in 1996.<ref name="Madhyamam"/> Of the 200 books he wrote, 186 are in the children's literature category.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |last1=Meethal |first1=Amiya |title=Seasoned writer's 200th book is milestone in Malayalam children's litt |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2021/Nov/14/seasoned-writers-200th-book-is-milestone-inmalayalam-childrens-litt-2383318.html |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 November 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Among them, the books related to drama or theatre include ''Malayalam Sangeetha Nataka Charitram'' (meaning: History of Malayalam Musical Theatre), ''Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavatar'' (biography of Malayalam theatre actor [[Sebastian Kunjukunju Bhagavathar]]), ''Orumugham - Janapriya Nataka Vediyude Midippukal'', and ''Andrews Master'', the biography of Malayalam theatre person Andrews Master, published by [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi]].<ref name="green"/><ref name="Times">{{cite news |title=K Sreekumar bags children's literature award |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/K-Sreekumar-bags-childrens-literature-award/articleshow/51102737.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=23 February 2016}}</ref> His notable works of children's literature include three volume book ''Nammude Nadodikathakalum Aythihyangalum'' (meaning:Our Folktales and Legends), published in 2010, ''Naradan'', ''Ganapati'', ''Karnan'', ''Kunchirama Circus'', ''Kuchelan'', ''Lalithangi'', ''Unnikatha'', ''Viddi! Kushmanda'', ''Ozhivukalam'', ''Chakkaramampazham'' and ''Balakathasaram'' (published in 2018).<ref name="Indian Express"/> Some of the stories he wrote are taught in classes 3 and 4 under the Kerala school syllabus.<ref name="Indian Express"/> A poetry collection called Snehachanta has also been published.<ref>{{cite news |title=ഡോ.കെ.ശ്രീകുമാർ |url=https://archives.mathrubhumi.com/books/special/mbifl-2020/speakers/dr-k-sreekumar-mbifl2020-1.4468394 |work=Mathrubhumi Archives |date=23 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The children's book ''Soviet Naatile Balakathakalum Nadodikathakalum'', on children's stories and folktales from [[Soviet Union]] was published in two volumes by Mathrubhumi.<ref name="parag"/> The children's novel ''Kannur'' was about children becoming victims of political unrest in [[Kannur district]], which he witnessed during his journalism times.<ref name="Madhyamam"/> The stories in ''Chakkaramambazham'', which won 2023 [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] are developed around new topics such as gender equality, adoption, floods, and COVID-19.<ref name="Madhyamam"/> <br />
<br />
His 200th book is, 1312-page two-volume book ''Malayala Balasahitya Charithram'', which documents the history of Malayalam children's literature from ancient folk tales and ballads to writings of 2021.<ref name="Indian Express"/> <br />
<br />
His next book to be released is the biography of [[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]. MT had already announced that he would not write an autobiography. His stance was that since his life had been covered in many books he written, there was no point in writing another autobiography.<ref name="Janayugom">{{Cite web |date=2024-12-26 |title=ജീവചരിത്രം പുറത്തിറങ്ങും മുമ്പേ എംടി വിട വാങ്ങി: വേദനയിൽ ഡോ. കെ ശ്രീകുമാർ |url=https://janayugomonline.com/mt-bid-farewell-before-the-release-of-the-biography-dr-k-sreekumar/ |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Janayugom Online |language=ml}}</ref> But one day, he unexpectedly called Sreekumar to his flat and asked him to write a biography.<ref name="Janayugom" /> MT died when the writing was ninety percent complete.<ref name="Janayugom" /> The 1008-page book, which comprehensively documents MT's personal and creative life, is scheduled for release on 13 August 2025, the day of Uthrattathi ([[Uttara Bhadrapada]]) in the month of [[Karkkitakam|Karkkidakam]], the birthday of MT according to [[Nakshatra|birth star]] and [[Malayalam calendar]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=ലേഖകൻ |first=മാധ്യമം |date=2025-03-05 |title=എം.ടിയുടെ ജീവചരിത്രഗ്രന്ഥം എഴുതിത്തീർന്നതായി ഡോ. കെ. ശ്രീകുമാർ; 'ഞാനേറ്റെടുത്തതിൽ ഏറ്റവും ശ്രമകരമായ ദൗത്യം' {{!}} Dr K Sreekumar says MTs biography has been written {{!}} Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/culture/literature/drksreekumar-says-mts-biography-has-been-written-1386234 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=www.madhyamam.com |language=ml}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-14 |title=ദിവസവും ഒന്നരമണിക്കൂർവരെ നീണ്ട സംസാരം; പൂർത്തിയായത് 1008 പേജിൽ എം.ടിയുടെ ജീവചരിത്രം |url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/literature/news/mt-vasudevan-nair-biography-k-sreekumar-1.10746262 |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=Mathrubhumi |language=en}}</ref> The book is written by combining information gathered from MT's relatives, friends, and cultural activists associated with MT, as well as things MT told him directly.<ref name="Janayugom" /> The book does not have a foreword or introduction. Sreekumar decided that MT's biography did not need an introduction by anyone else.<ref name="Janayugom" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and honors==<br />
''Malayalam Sangeetha Nataka Charitram'', a books on Malayalam musical dramas won four awards, including the [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award for Scholarly Literature]] (2003) and the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]].<ref name="puzha"/> Sreekumar received the [[Bal Sahitya Puraskar]], the children's literature award of [[Sahitya Akademi]], Government of India in 2012 for his comprehensive contribution to the field of children's literature.<ref>{{cite news |title=കെ.ശ്രീകുമാറിന് കേന്ദ്രസാഹിത്യ അക്കാദമി അവാര്ഡ് - Latest News - Mathrubhumi |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=297363 |work=www.mathrubhumi.com |language=ml |archive-date=2012-08-27 |access-date=2025-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827023434/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=297363 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <br />
<br />
In 2012 May, he received the Sree Padmanabha Swami children's literature award, instituted by Gramam Samskarika Vedi for his children's novel ''Ozhivukalam''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=archive |first=From our online |date=2008-11-25 |title=Children's literature award |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2008/Nov/25/childrens-literature-award-2325.html |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, he received the C G Santhakumar Award for overall contribution to children's literature, instituted by the [[Kerala State Institute of Children's Literature]].<ref name="Times"/> In 2023, he received [[Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]] (for the year 2022) for his children's book ''Chakkkaramampazham''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Express News |date=2023-07-01 |title=Kerala Sahitya Akademi fellowships for M M Basheer, N Prabhakaran |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/kerala/2023/Jul/01/kerala-sahitya-akademi-fellowships-for-m-m-basheer-n-prabhakaran-2590213.html |access-date=2025-07-16 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> He also received several other awards including [[Abu Dhabi Sakthi Award]], [[Cherukad Award]], Bhima Children's Literature Award, Yuva Puraskar of Calcutta Bharatheeya Bhasha Parishad, Kadavanad Award and SBT Award.<ref name="green"/><ref name="Mathrubhumi">{{cite news |title=K Sreekumar |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/mbifl-2020/speakers/k-sreekumar-mbifl-2020-aaef96d5 |work=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=15 January 2020 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
As a journalist Sreekumar also received the Kerala State Media Award for General Reporting.<ref name="Manorama">{{cite web |title=K Sreekumar |url=https://manoramahortus.com/speaker/k-sreekumar-2/ |website=Manorama Hortus : Celebrates Art and Literature {{!}} SUBHASH PARK, KOCHI, 27, 28, 29 and 30, NOVEMBER 2025 |publisher=[[Malayala Manorama]] |date=16 October 2024}}</ref> The award went to the news series ''Aashubhayatra Arakshitayatra'', which deals with the problems of train travel in Kerala that time.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mathrubhumi Latest News ഡോ. കെ.ശ്രീകുമാറിന് സംസ്ഥാന മാധ്യമ പുരസ്കാരം |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=260151 |work=www.mathrubhumi.com |archive-date=2012-03-20 |access-date=2025-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320133221/http://www.mathrubhumi.com/story.php?id=260151 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sreekumar, K.}}<br />
[[Category:1967 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's writers]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Malayalam]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian novelists]]<br />
[[Category:Novelists from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian male writers]]<br />
[[Category:Maharaja's College, Ernakulam, alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Journalists from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Writers from Ernakulam district]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Act,_2013&diff=513536Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 20132026-05-01T06:58:20Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Act of the Parliament of India}}<br />
{{distinguish|Jan Lokpal Bill}}<br />
{{update|date=December 2013}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox legislation<br />
| short_title = Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013<br />
| legislature = [[Parliament of India]]<br />
| imagesize = 150<br />
| imagealt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| long_title = An Act to provide for the establishment of a body of Lokpal for the Union and Lokayukta for States to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain public functionaries and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.<ref name="bare_url">{{cite web|url=https://egazette.nic.in/WriteReadData/2014/157689.pdf |title=THE LOKPAL AND LOKAYUKTAS ACT, 2013 |access-date=19 Dec 2022}}</ref><br />
| citation = [https://www.indiacode.nic.in/handle/123456789/2122?sam_handle=123456789/1362 Act No. 1 of 2014]<br />
| territorial_extent = [[India]]<br />
| enacted_by = [[Lok Sabha]]<br />
| date_passed = 27 December 2011<br />
| enacted_by2 = [[Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| date_passed2 = 17 December 2013<br />
| date_assented = 1 January 2014<br />
| signed_by = [[Pranab Mukherjee]]<br />
| date_commenced = 16 January 2014<br />
| date_of_expiry = <br />
| date_repealed = <br />
| administered_by = <br />
| bill_history_url = https://prsindia.org/billtrack/the-lokpal-and-lokayuktas-bill-2011<br />
| bill = Lokpal and Lokayuktas Bill, 2011<br />
| bill_citation = [https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/bills_parliament/2011/Lokpal_and_Lokayuktas_Bill_2011.pdf Bill No. 134 of 2011]<br />
| bill_date = 22 December 2011<br />
| introduced_by = [[V. Narayanasamy]], [[Minister of State|MoS]] in the [[Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions]]<br />
| 1st_reading = <br />
| 2nd_reading = <br />
| 3rd_reading = <br />
| conf_committee_passed = <br />
| bill2 = <br />
| bill_citation2 = <br />
| bill_date2 = <br />
| introduced_by2 = <br />
| 1st_reading2 = <br />
| 2nd_reading2 = <br />
| 3rd_reading2 = <br />
| passed2 = 17 December 2013<br />
| conf_committee_passed2 = <br />
| date_final_passage = 18 December 2013<br />
| date_amendments_considered = 18 December 2013<br />
| date_conf_committee = <br />
| white_paper = <br />
| passed = 27 December 2011<br />
| committee_report = <br />
| repeals = <br />
| related_legislation = <br />
| summary = <br />
| keywords = <br />
| status = in force<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013''', commonly known as the '''Lokpal Act''', is an [[Anti-corruption laws in India|anti-corruption]] [[Act of Parliament|Act of Indian Parliament]] which "seeks to provide for the establishment of the institution of [[Lokpal]] to inquire into allegations of corruption against certain important public functionaries including the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], [[First Modi ministry|cabinet ministers]], [[Member of parliament (India)|members of parliament]], Group A officials of the [[Government of India|Central Government]] and for matters connecting them".<ref>{{cite news|title=Lokpal Bill tabled in Rajya Sabha, din blocks debate|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/lokpal-bill-tabled-in-rajya-sabha-din-blocks-debate-113121300622_1.html|work=Business Standard India|date=13 December 2013|access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref><br />
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The Bill was tabled in the [[Lok Sabha]], the lower house of Indian parliament, on 22 December 2011 and was [[Lawmaking procedure in India#Procedure relating to an ordinary Bill in the Union Parliament|passed]] by the House on 27 December as The [[Lokpal]] and [[Lokayuktas]] Bill, 2011. It was subsequently tabled in the [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house, on 29 December. After a [[marathon]] [[Debate (parliamentary procedure)|debate]] that stretched until midnight of the following day, the [[voting|vote]] failed to take place for lack of time.<ref>{{cite news |author=K.V. Prasad |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2758728.ece |title=News / National : No vote on Lokpal, Rajya Sabha adjourns abruptly |newspaper=The Hindu |date=30 December 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> On 21 May 2012, it was referred to a Select Committee of the Rajya Sabha for [[Clause-by-clause consideration|consideration]]. It was passed in the Rajya Sabha on 17 December 2013, after certain amendments were made to the earlier Bill, and in the Lok Sabha the next day.<ref name="Economic Times">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/27581104.cms|title=Lokpal Bill passed in Lok Sabha |newspaper=Economic Times |date=18 December 2013 |access-date=18 December 2013}}</ref> It received assent from [[President of India|President]] [[Pranab Mukherjee]] on 1 January 2014 and came into force on 16 January.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lokpal-Bill-gets-Presidents-nod/articleshow/28243367.cms | work=The Times Of India | title=Lokpal Bill gets President's nod - The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Notification|url=http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02ser/407_12_2014-AVD-IV-B-15022014.pdf|website=Department of Personnel and Training, Government of India|access-date=7 March 2014|archive-date=7 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307130230/http://ccis.nic.in/WriteReadData/CircularPortal/D2/D02ser/407_12_2014-AVD-IV-B-15022014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
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The Bill had been introduced in the parliament following [[2011 Indian anti-corruption movement|massive public protests]] led by anti-corruption crusader [[Anna Hazare]] and his [[Team Anna|associates]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lokpal-bill-tabled-in-rs-unlikely-to-be-passed/260007-37-64.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523050556/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lokpal-bill-tabled-in-rs-unlikely-to-be-passed/260007-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 May 2012 |title=Lokpal Bill tabled in RS, sent to select committee – Politics – Politics News – ibnlive |website=Ibnlive.in.com |date=21 May 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> The Bill was one of the most widely discussed and debated Bills in India, both by the [[Media of India|media]] and the [[Indian people|people of India]] at large, in recent times.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-lokpal-bill-top-fb-status-updates-in-2011/210098-3.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203211556/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/anna-lokpal-bill-top-fb-status-updates-in-2011/210098-3.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2012|website=CNNIBN|access-date=5 June 2012|title=Anna, Jan Lokpal Bill top FB status updates in 2011|agency=Press Trust of India|date=9 December 2011}}</ref> The Hazare-led protests were named among the "Top 10 News Stories of 2011" by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine.<ref name="anna time">{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2101344_2101368_2101650,00.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107201533/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2101344_2101368_2101650,00.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2012|title=The Top 10 Everything of 2011: Number 10 – Anna Hazare's Hunger Fasts Rock India|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=7 December 2011|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref><ref name="anna ec">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/anna-hazares-movement-among-top-10-news-stories-of-2011-time-magazine/articleshow/11030825.cms|title=Anna Hazare's movement among top 10 news stories of 2011: Time magazine|newspaper=The Economic Times|date=8 December 2011|access-date=9 December 2011}}</ref> The bill received worldwide media coverage.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/28/world/asia/indian-parliament-begins-debate-on-corruption-bill.html|newspaper= New York Times|date=27 December 2011 |access-date=4 June 2012|title=Lower House of Indian Parliament Passes Anticorruption Measure|first1=Jim|last1=Yardley|first2=Vikas|last2=Bajaj}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://hbr.org/2011/10/occupy-wall-street-what-business |title=Occupy Wall Street: What Businesses Need to Know |author1=Hari Bapuji |author2=Suhaib Riaz |name-list-style=amp |website=[[Harvard Business Review]] |date=21 October 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://one.ndtv.com/special/126792|access-date=4 June 2012|date=December 2011|website=NDTV|title=Foreign media on Lokpal Bill}}</ref><br />
<br />
Retired [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] judge [[Pinaki Chandra Ghose]] was appointed as the first Lokpal of India by a committee consisting of [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] and [[Chief Justice of India]] [[Ranjan Gogoi]] and [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha speaker]] [[Sumitra Mahajan]] and eminent jurist [[Mukul Rohatgi]] on 17 March 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/former-sc-judge-pinaki-chandra-ghose-tipped-to-be-indias-first-lokpal/article26559961.ece|title=Pinaki Chandra Ghose set to be India's first Lokpal|last=Langa|first=Mahesh|date=2019-03-17|work=The Hindu|access-date=2019-03-18|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The term ''Lokpal'' was coined in 1963 by [[Laxmi Mall Singhvi]], a member of parliament during a parliamentary debate about [[grievance]] mechanisms.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=732773 |title=Lokpal: Father Coins Name, Son Prepares Final Draft |website=news.outlookindia.com |access-date=29 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The [[Administrative Reforms Commission]] (ARC) headed by [[Morarji Desai]] submitted an interim report on "Problems of Redressal of Citizen's Grievances" in 1966. In this report, ARC recommended the creation of two special authorities designated as 'Lokpal' and 'Lokayukta' for redress of citizens' grievances. The word was derived from the [[Sanskrit]] words ''"Lok"'' (people) and ''"Pala"'' (protector/caretaker), meaning 'Caretaker of People'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.preservearticles.com/2012012521466/short-essay-on-jan-lokpal-bill.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302170703/https://www.preservearticles.com/2012012521466/short-essay-on-jan-lokpal-bill.html |archive-date=2 March 2012|author= Meenakshi|website=Preserve Articles|title=Short Essay on Jan LokPal Bill|date= 25 January 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Maharashtra]] was the first [[States of India|state]] to introduce [[Maharashtra Lokayukta|Lokayukta]] through ''The Maharashtra Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act in 1971''.<ref name="The Maharashtra Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 1971">{{cite web|title=The Maharashtra Lokayukta and Upa-Lokayuktas Act, 1971|url=http://gad.maharashtra.gov.in/Sitemap/gad/pdf/LokAayuktaActEng.pdf|publisher=General Administration Department, Government of Maharashtra|access-date=6 November 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106010233/http://gad.maharashtra.gov.in/Sitemap/gad/pdf/LokAayuktaActEng.pdf|archive-date=6 November 2012|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="Lokayukta a 'paper tiger' in Anna's home state">{{cite news|title=Lokayukta a 'paper tiger' in Anna's home state |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Lokayukta-a-paper-tiger-in-Annas-home-state/articleshow/9643506.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021132327/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-18/mumbai/29900222_1_upa-lokayukta-powers-report |url-status=live |archive-date=21 October 2011 |access-date=6 November 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=18 August 2011}}</ref> Presently, there are no Lokayuktas in the states of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Arunachal Pradesh]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Manipur]], [[Meghalaya]], [[Mizoram]], [[Nagaland]], [[Sikkim]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Tripura]].<br />
<br />
The Lokpal bill was first introduced in the [[Lok Sabha]] in 1968. The version enacted in 2013 was from a draft prepared in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/lokpal-bill-over-four-decades-of-failed-attempts-158150 |title=Lokpal Bill: Over four decades of failed attempts |website=Ndtv.com |date=15 December 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> The bill is an [[implementation]] of the [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.persmin.gov.in/DOPT/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/PCAct/pcact.pdf |title=Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 |publisher=Government of India |access-date=11 June 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224840/http://www.persmin.gov.in/DOPT/EmployeesCorner/Acts_Rules/PCAct/pcact.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Eleven parliamentary panels have been formed to discuss the Lokpal bill.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/264789/team-anna-questions-logic-rs.html |title=Team Anna questions logic of RS Committee looking into Lokpal|access-date=16 July 2012|date=16 July 2012|newspaper=Deccan Herald}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Act for each state says “Every State shall establish a body to be known as the Lokayukta for the State, if not so established, constituted or appointed, by a law made by the State Legislature, to deal with complaints relating to corruption against certain public functionaries, within a period of one year from the date of commencement of this Act”.<ref name="Loka Ref2">{{cite news |title=Simply put: The search for a Lokpal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/lokpal-lokayuktas-bill-anna-hazare-5547507/ |access-date=22 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |date=21 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"<br />
|+ Recurring cost of lokpal over the years<ref>{{cite web|url=http://forbesindia.com/graphics/special/cost-of-the-lokpal-bill/27462|access-date=11 June 2012|website=The Forbes, India|title=Cost of Lokpal}}</ref><br />
<br />
|- <br />
! Year !! Cost of lokpal (recurring) !! Status of bill<br />
|-<br />
| 1968|| ₹300,000 || The Fourth Lok Sabha dissolved before the bill could be passed by the Rajya Sabha. The bill lapsed.<br />
|-<br />
| 1971 || ₹2&nbsp;million || This bill lapsed on dissolution of the Fifth Lok Sabha.<br />
|-<br />
| 1977 || ₹2.5&nbsp;million || The Sixth Lok Sabha dissolved just before the recommendations of the Joint Select Committee could be considered.<br />
|-<br />
| 1985 || ₹2.5&nbsp;million || This bill was withdrawn by the government.<br />
|-<br />
| 1989 || ₹3.5&nbsp;million || This bill lapsed on dissolution of the Ninth Lok Sabha.<br />
|-<br />
| 1996 || ₹10&nbsp;million || The Standing Committee presented its report to Parliament on 9 May 1996. However, the Lok Sabha was dissolved before government could finalise its stand.<br />
|-<br />
| 1998 || ₹10&nbsp;million || The Twelfth Lok Sabha was dissolved before government could take a view on the recommendations made by The Parliamentary Standing Committee. <br />
|-<br />
| 2001 || ₹15&nbsp;million || The Lok Sabha was dissolved. Hence, the bill lapsed.<br />
|-<br />
| 2011/2012 || The Government's version of Lokpal does not have any financial memorandum. || Passed by the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha. Rajya Sabha passed the bill on 17 December 2013. Lok sabha passed the bill on 18 December 2013.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===2010 draft bill===<br />
[[File:Anna Hazare on 2nd day.jpg|thumb|left|Anna Hazare's hunger strike at [[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]] in New Delhi|alt=Anna Hazare's hunger strike at Jantar Mantar in New Delhi]]<br />
The 2010 draft<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lawyersclubindia.com/share_files/Draft-Lokpal-Bill-2010-6387.asp |title=Draft Lokpal Bill, 2010 |website=Lawyersclubindia.com |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> was created by the [[United Progressive Alliance]] to create an [[Ombudsman]] tasked with tackling political corruption.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/pictures/videos/pictures/lokpal-bill-know-the-real-difference-between-governments-draft-and-anna-hazares-jan-lokpal/articleshowpics/9634368.cms |title=Lokpal Bill: Know the real difference between Government's draft and Anna Hazare's Jan Lokpal &#124; News in Pictures |work=Economic Times |date=17 August 2012 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> The draft was circulated to various ministries for their review. It provided a mechanism for filing complaints against the prime minister, [[Minister (government)|ministers]] and [[Member of Parliament|MPs]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lokpal-bill-to-cover-pm/135533-3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110204192101/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lokpal-bill-to-cover-pm/135533-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=4 February 2011 |title=Lokpal bill to cover PM |website=IBNLive |date=21 November 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> However, [[civil society]] groups were not satisfied and rejected it as a toothless body with only recommendatory powers.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/133482/draft-lokpal-bill-disappoints-parties.html |title=Draft Lokpal bill disappoints, parties cagey |newspaper=Deccan Herald |date=31 January 2012|access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sacw.net/article1805.html |title=Lokpal Bill 2010 – A Farce on Public |website=South Asia Citizens Web |date=31 October 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
Hazare started an indefinite [[hunger strike]] on 5 April 2011 to pressure the government to create an ombudsman with the power to deal with corruption in public places as envisaged in the [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]. The fast led to nationwide protests in support. The fast ended on 9 April, one day after the government accepted his demands.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13022337 |title=India activist Anna Hazare ends hunger strike |work=BBC News |date=9 April 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> The government issued a [[Gazette of India|gazette notification]] on the formation of a joint committee, consisting of government and civil society representatives, to draft the legislation.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1637935.ece |title=News / National : Govt issues notification on committee to draft Lokpal Bill |newspaper=The Hindu |date=9 April 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012 |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Joint draft bill===<br />
A Joint Drafting Committee was established, consisting of five ministers and five members of the civil society. The chairman of the Joint Drafting Committee was [[Pranab Mukherjee]]. The Committee set 30 June 2011 as the [[time limit|deadline]] to complete the drafting process.<ref name="GOVERNMENT ISSUES NOTIFICATION TO CONSTITUTE A JOINT DRAFTING COMMITTEE TO PREPARE DRAFT LOK PAL BILL- (Release ID :71560)"><br />
{{cite web<br />
|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=71560<br />
|title=Government issues notification to constitute a joint drafting committee to prepare draft Lok Pal Bill<br />
|author=Press Information Bureau<br />
|date=8 April 2011<br />
|publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India<br />
|page=1<br />
|access-date=29 April 2012<br />
|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Lokpal Bill: Text of Gazette notification"><br />
{{Cite news<br />
|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article1645254.ece<br />
|title=Lokpal Bill: Text of Gazette notification<br />
|agency=PTI<br />
|date=9 April 2011<br />
|work=The Hindu<br />
|access-date=29 April 2012<br />
|location=New Delhi}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="max-width: 22em"<br />
|+ Ten member Joint Drafting Committee<br />
|-<br />
! Member Name !! Party<br />
|-<br />
| [[Pranab Mukherjee]] || [[Minister of Finance (India)|Union Minister of Finance]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[P. Chidambaram]] || [[Minister for Home Affairs (India)|Union Minister of Home Affairs]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[M. Veerappa Moily]] || [[Ministry of Law and Justice (India)|Union Minister of Law and Justice]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kapil Sibal]] || [[Ministry of Communications and Information Technology (India)|Minister of Communication and Information Technology]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Salman Khursheed]] || [[Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation|Union Minister of Water Resources]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Anna Hazare]] || [[Civil society]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[N. Santosh Hegde]] || Civil Society, Retired Judge [[Supreme Court of India]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shanti Bhushan]] || Civil Society, Former Union Minister of Law and Justice<br />
|-<br />
| [[Prashant Bhushan]] || Civil Society<br />
|-<br />
| [[Arvind Kejriwal]] || Civil Society<br />
|}<br />
<br />
====First draft meeting====<br />
[[File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img1.jpg|thumb|left|All of the Joint Draft meetings took place at the North Block|alt=All of the Joint Draft meetings took place at the North Block]]<br />
<br />
The Committee first met on 16 April 2011, in the [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|North Block]] and lasted for about ninety minutes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_First_Meeting_English.PDF |title=Minutes of the First Meeting of the Joint Drafting Committee (JDC) for drafting the Lok Pal Bill held on 16.4.2011 (Saturday) at 11:30 hrs. in Room No. 41, North Block |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions |date=16 April 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> [[Team Anna]] presented their version of the bill with a slight modification relating to the selection panel to choose the Lokpal and its members. Under the revised proposal, the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and the [[Leader of the Opposition (India)#List of Leaders of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha]] were replaced with the [[Vice President of India|Rajya Sabha chairman]] and the [[Speaker of the Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha Speaker]]. The meeting was allegedly recorded and the Committee claimed that decisions would be made available to the general public. [[HRD Ministry|HRD Minister]] and Committee member [[Kapil Sibal]], said that both the sides were keen that the new Bill should be introduced in the Monsoon session, which would begin early July.<ref>{{cite news|agency=PTI |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lokpal-Bill-First-joint-drafting-committee-meet-today/articleshow/7998202.cms |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120701132518/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-16/india/29425174_1_lokpal-bill-law-minister-lok-pal-bill |url-status=live |archive-date=1 July 2012 |title=Lokpal Bill: First joint drafting committee meet today |date=16 April 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lokpal-bill-first-joint-drafting-panel-meet-ends-next-on-may-2/777038/1 |title=Lokpal Bill: First joint drafting panel meet ends, next on May 2 |newspaper=Indian Express |date=16 April 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Second draft meeting====<br />
The Committee met as planned on 2 May 2011. The meeting was termed "very good" and with "no difference of opinion" between the panel members.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lokpal-panel-has-very-good-second-meeting_703642.html |title=Lokpal panel has 'very good' second meeting |website=Zeenews.india.com |date=3 March 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> Sibal said that the meeting discussed the document presented previously by the civil society members. [[Prashant Bhushan]] said, "The meeting was mainly to discuss the basic principles behind the Jan Lokpal Bill. The discussion was on essential features, objects and reasons of the bill which have been prepared according to the main provisions of the [[United Nations Convention against Corruption|UN Convention against Corruption]]. All signatories of the United Nations Convention against Corruption have to pass this kind of law."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://post.jagran.com/lokpal-bill-joint-drafting-committee-meet-for-second-time-1304420282 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623110434/http://post.jagran.com/lokpal-bill-joint-drafting-committee-meet-for-second-time-1304420282 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2011 |title=Lokpal Bill: Joint Drafting Committee meet for second time |website=Post.jagran.com |date=3 May 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_Second_Meeting_English.PDF |title=Minutes of the Second Meeting of the Joint Drafting Committee (JDC) for drafting the Lok Pal Bill held on 2.5.2011 (Monday) at 11:00 hrs. in Room No.41, North Block |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions |access-date=29 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref> In May 2011, the Indian Government had ratified two UN Conventions – the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC) and the United Nations [[Convention against Transnational Organized Crime|Convention against Transnational Organised Crime]] (UNTOC) and its three protocols.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/southasia/en/frontpage/2011/may/indian-govt-ratifies-two-un-conventions.html|title=India: Government ratifies two UN Conventions related to transnational organized crime and corruption|website=UNODC|year=2011|access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=72119|title=India ratify UN Conventions against Transnational Organised Crime and Corruption|publisher=PIB Government of India|date=13 May 2011<!-- 13:23 IST-->|access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Third draft meeting====<br />
[[File:Kapil Sibal.jpg|thumb|right|Kapil Sibbal, member of the Joint Drafting Committee of Lokpal|alt=Kapil Sibbal, member of the Joint Drafting Committee of Lokpal]]<br />
After the third meeting on 7 May 2011, Bhushan said "Lokpal will have powers to initiate investigation and prosecution and will not need permission from the government. The model on which the financial independence will be based is yet to be decided. Various models were discussed, including from other countries and of institutions like the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]], the [[Comptroller and Auditor General of India|Comptroller and Auditor General]] and the [[Central Vigilance Commission]]."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_Third_Meeting_English.PDF |title=Minutes of the Third Meeting of the Joint Drafting Committee (JDC) for drafting the Lokpal Bill held on 7.5.2011 (Saturday) at 16:30 hrs. in Room No. 41, North Block |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions |access-date=29 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><br />
<br />
Kapil Sibal said the meeting was "exceptionally constructive" and added, "The approach was very constructive. There were areas of broad agreement, including the process of appointment of Lokpal which should be transparent."<ref>{{cite news|author=Sagarika Satapathy |url=http://www.indiansocialstudy.com/2011/05/lokpal-bill-draft-panel-to-meet-today.html |title=Lokpal Bill Draft Panel to Meet Today |website=Social Work for Mankind |date=7 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510015458/http://www.indiansocialstudy.com/2011/05/lokpal-bill-draft-panel-to-meet-today.html |archive-date=10 May 2011}}</ref> Another group of civil society members led by [[Aruna Roy]] and [[Harsh Mander]] working for a strong Lokpal Bill, upped its ante against Team Anna. Under the banner of the "National Campaign for People's Right to Information" (NCPRI)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://righttoinformation.info/ |title=NCPRI – Right to Information |website=Righttoinformation.info |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> they claimed that Anna's diktat could be dangerous and that the government's functioning could not be handled by one group.<ref>{{cite web|author=Mitesh Shah |url=http://realityviews.blogspot.in/2011/05/3rd-meeting-lokpal-bill-drafting.html |title=3rd Meeting Lokpal Bill drafting committee details of the third meeting government and civil society members agree |website=Realityviews.blogspot.in |date=8 May 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_third-draft-of-lokpal-bill-by-aruna-roy-seeks-middle-path_1577967 |title=Third draft of Lokpal bill by Aruna Roy seeks middle path |newspaper=DNA |date=20 August 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref>{{clarify|date=July 2012}}<br />
<br />
====Fourth draft meeting====<br />
The 23 May meeting in 2011 lasted over three hours and the two sides agreed "[[Agreement in principle|in-principle]]" on half of the 40 basic principles for the anti-graft Lokpal bill proposed by the civil society members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://lokpalbill2011.blogspot.in/p/discussions-at-fourth-meeting-of-jt.html |title=LOKPAL BILL: Discussions at fourth meeting of Jt Committee on 23rd May 2011 |website=Lokpalbill2011.blogspot.in |date=23 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140505234121/https://lokpalbill2011.blogspot.com/p/discussions-at-fourth-meeting-of-jt.html |archive-date=5 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mitesh Shah |url=http://realityviews.blogspot.in/2011/05/complete-details-of-4th-meeting-of.html |title=Complete details of 4th Meeting of Lokpal bill panel held on 23rd May 2011 |website=Realityviews.blogspot.in |date=24 May 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_4_Meeting_English.PDF |title=Minutes of the Fourth Meeting of the Joint Drafting Committee (JDC) for drafting the Lokpal Bill held on 23.5.2011 (Monday) at 11:00 hrs. in Room No.41, North Block |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions |access-date=29 May 2012 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Fifth draft meeting====<br />
At the 30 May 2011 meeting the chairman made it clear during the discussion that the matters pertaining to the exclusion of Prime Minister, [[Judiciary]] would be a part of the discussions on the scope of the Lokpal. The Chairman of the Panel announced that the conduct of the MPs' inside Parliament would remain outside its remit of the Lokpal to comply with [Article 105(2)] of the [[Constitution of India|Constitution]] and that the views of the [[India|State]] and the political parties would be discussed with the civil society members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.persmin.nic.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_5_Meeting_English.PDF |title= Minutes of the Fifth Meeting of the Joint Drafting Committee (JDC) for drafting the Lok Pal Bill held on 30.5.2011 (Monday) at 11:00 hrs. in Room No.41, North Block |publisher=Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> These announcements created a stalemate between the committee's two-halves.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.southspy.com/home/newsdetails/6525/Consequences-of-Lokpal-Meet |title=Lokpal meet: breakthrough or breakdown? |website=Southspy.com |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
====Sixth draft meeting====<br />
Team Anna boycotted 6 June 2011 meeting, alleging that [[Ramdev#Bhrashtachar Mitao Satyagrah 4 June 2011 at Ramlila Maidan|the police crackdown]] on [[Ramdev|Baba Ramdev]] had "strengthened the doubts" about the government's intentions and demanded that the next meeting be rescheduled because of Hazare's other commitments.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legalindia.in/lokpal-meeting-boycotted-by-drafting-committee |title=Lokpal meeting boycotted by drafting committee |website=Legalindia.in |date=6 June 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> Shanti Bhushan produced a letter that was read by the Chair "indicating their inability to attend the meeting" and "that what happened at the [[Ramlila Maidan|Ramlila]] ground had nothing to do with the proceedings of the Joint Drafting Committee". The chairman suggested that the drafting should be the focus. Post meeting, the draft was to be circulated to the other political parties for their consideration. They rescheduled the seventh meeting to 15 June.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/listen-audio-of-lokpal-drafting-panel-meet/191798-37-64.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120719161628/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/listen-audio-of-lokpal-drafting-panel-meet/191798-37-64.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=19 July 2012 |title=Listen: Team Anna vs Cong in the Lokpal tapes – Politics – Politics News – ibnlive |website=Ibnlive.in.com |date=14 October 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/ideopreneur/d/64079154-Lokpal-JDC-Minutes-of-Meeting-6 |title=Lokpal JDC – Minutes of Meeting 6 |website=Scribd.com |access-date=29 May 2012 |archive-date=8 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408024736/https://www.scribd.com/ideopreneur/d/64079154-Lokpal-JDC-Minutes-of-Meeting-6 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
====Seventh draft meeting====<br />
The two-hour event took place on 15 June 2011, without agreement on several issues. Both sides furnished versions to the Union Cabinet for consideration.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-lokpal-bill-7th-meeting-lasted-for-2-hrs-consensus-only-on-two-versions-of-draft-2192988.html?PRVNX= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403122622/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/NAT-TOP-lokpal-bill-7th-meeting-lasted-for-2-hrs-consensus-only-on-two-versions-of-draft-2192988.html?PRVNX= |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 April 2015 |title=Fight for Lokpal Bill: Anna Hazare to fast again from Aug 16 |website=www.daily.bhaskar.com |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> Team Anna blamed the government for not being serious, claiming "The government is planning to kill Lokpal before it's born".<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/No-consensus-on-Lokpal-Bill-Team-Anna-slams-govt/articleshow/8864705.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911143958/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-15/india/29661518_1_hazare-team-lokpal-bill-civil-society |url-status=live |archive-date=11 September 2011 |title=No consensus on Lokpal Bill, Team Anna slams govt |date=15 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> The civil society members suggested that the Lokpal be empowered to probe corruption cases in instead<!-- in addition to?--> of the departmental probes and CBI inquiries of the prior approach. The government rejected the idea. [[Chief Minister]]s of several [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]-ruled states expressed surprise that they were being consulted before the final draft was ready. Chief ministers of [[Indian National Congress|Congress]]-ruled states backed the [[Government of India|Centre's]] stand and opposed bringing the prime minister under the Lokpal's ambit. BJP-ruled states sought wider deliberations. Opposition parties demanded to comment on the whole bill rather than on the six contentious issues.<!--what were the 6?--><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/opp-you-kept-us-out-prepare-draft-first/800157/0 |title=Opp: You kept us out, prepare draft first |newspaper=Indian Express |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref> Anna Team demanded that the audio of the proceedings be made available to them. Hazare threatened to resume an indefinite fast if the bill was not passed by 15 August.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/team-anna-government-agree-to-disagree-to-submit-separate-draft-lokpal-bills-26366.html|magazine= The First Post|access-date=4 June 2012|date=15 June 2011 |title=Team Anna, govt agree to disagree; two draft bills now}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/lokpal-panel-meet-ends-without-consensus_712789.html |title=Lokpal panel meet ends without consensus |website=Zeenews.india.com |date=16 June 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+ Comparison of Draft Lokpal Bill with the Jan Lokpal Bill<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiapolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Comparison_of_Lokpal_Bill_Drafts|access-date=21 June 2012|website=India Policy Wiki|title=Comparison of Lokpal Bill Drafts}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! width="10%" | Issues<br />
! width="40%" | Draft Lokpal Bill, 2011 (government representatives)<br />
! width="40%" | Draft Jan Lokpal Bill, 2011 (nominees of Anna Hazare)<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Composition<br />
| Chairperson and 10 members (at least 4 judicial members) <br />
| Chairperson and 10 members (at least 4 members with legal background). The chairperson to have extensive knowledge of law. <br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Tenure<br />
| Five years or till he is 70 years<br />
| Five years or till he is 70 years<br />
|- style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Manner of appointment<br />
| Presidential appointment on the recommendation of the selection committee. <br />
| Presidential appointment on the recommendation of the selection committee. <br />
|-<br />
|Committee membership<br />
|Prime Minister, speaker, Leader of the House of which PM is not member, Minister of Home Affairs, Leader of the Opposition in both Houses, judge of Supreme Court, Chief Justice of a High Court, President of National Academy of Science, Cabinet Secretary (secretary of committee).<br />
|Prime Minister, Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha, 2 judges of the Supreme Court, 2 chief justices of a high court, the Chief Election Commission, the CAG, and all previous chairpersons of the Lokpal. The members shall be selected from a list prepared by the Search Committee (10 members including civil society representatives).<br />
|-<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Qualification<br />
| Impeccable integrity with at least 25 years of experience in public affairs, academics, commerce, finance etc. Once appointed, cannot be an MP, MLA or be connected with a political party, business or practice a profession. A judicial member has to be either a Chief Justice of the High Court or a judge of the Supreme Court.<br />
| A judicial member should have held judicial office for at least 10 years or been an advocate of the High Court or Supreme Court for at least 15 years. All members should be of impeccable integrity with record of public service especially in the field of corruption. Must be a citizen of India at least 45 years old. Must have no case involving moral turpitude framed against him by a court. Cannot have been a government servant within the last 2 years.<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Removal <br />
| Complaint against members are made to the President who may refer it to the Supreme Court who will conduct an inquiry. The President may remove the member, on the opinion of the Chief Justice, on grounds of bias, corruption, insolvency, paid employment or infirmity.<br />
| The President removes members on the recommendation of the Supreme Court made within 3 months of a complaint. Grounds for removal: misbehavior, infirmity, insolvency, paid employment outside the office. An Independent Complaints Authority at the state level inquires into complaints against Lokpal staff.<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Jurisdiction <br />
| All corruption cases under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988. It covers MPs, Ministers, 'Group A' officers, 'Group A' officers in a company or body owned by the government, any officer of a government-financed society or trust or funded by Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act, 1976 or that gets funds from the public. Excludes PM, judiciary and any action of an MP in the Parliament or Committee.<br />
<br />
| Offences by a public servant, including government employees, judges, MPs, Ministers, and the Prime Minister under the Indian Penal Code and the 1988 Corruption Act. Any offence committed by an MP in respect of a speech or vote in the House; wilfully giving or taking benefit from a person. Victimizing a whistleblower or witness.<br />
<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Investigation <br />
| Lokpal must conduct a preliminary inquiry within 30 days. If there is no prima facie case, the matter is closed. Given a prima facie case, Lokpal investigates after providing a suitable forum to the accused. The investigation must be completed within six months with an optional six-month extension after giving reasons in writing. No sanction shall be required by the Lokpal to investigate any complaint against a public servant.<br />
| When investigating corruption cases, the CBI works under the Lokpal. Investigation of the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs and judges of the Supreme Court or High Courts require the permission of a 7-member bench of the Lokpal. Investigations can last 6 to 18 months. Investigation of whistleblower complaints who are in danger of victimisation, must be completed within 3 months.<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Prosecution<br />
| The Lokpal may constitute a prosecution wing headed by a director who files cases in the Special Court (to be constituted by the central government on recommendation of the Lokpal). Trials must complete within one year, which may be extended to two years for reasons given in writing. No sanction is required to file a case against a public servant. The Lokpal files cases in the Special Court and sends a copy of the report to the competent authority.<br />
<br />
'''Procedure for persons other than MPs and ministers''': The competent authority is the Minister for officers of government bodies and the society head for officers of societies. The Lokpal recommends disciplinary proceedings to the competent authority and provides a copy of the report to the accused. The competent authority must take action within 30 days and inform the Lokpal within 6 months of initiating disciplinary proceedings.<br />
<br />
'''Procedure for MPs and ministers''': The competent authority is the PM for Ministers and the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha for MPs. The Speaker/Chairman tables the report in Parliament. The House reports to the Lokpal on any action taken within 90 days.<br />
| The CBI's prosecution wing moves under Lokpal. After an investigation is completed, the Lokpal may either initiate prosecution against the accused or impose penalty or both. The Lokpal can initiate prosecution in the Special Court formed under the Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.<br />
<br />
The Lokpal shall appoint retired judges or retired civil servants as judicial officers. A bench of judicial officers can impose a penalty on a public servant after conducting an inquiry. The decision shall be subject to approval from a higher authority to be prescribed.<br />
<br />
Prosecution can be initiated against the Prime Minister, Ministers, MPs and judge of the Supreme Court or High Courts only with permission of a 7-member bench of the Lokpal. If the Lokpal grants permission to investigate or initiate prosecution, no sanction is required from any other authority.<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Penalty<br />
| Any person making false and frivolous or vexatious complaints shall be penalised with 2 to 5 years of jail and fine of ₹25,000 to ₹200,000.<br />
| For any act of corruption, the penalty shall be from six months to life imprisonment. If the beneficiary for an offence is a business entity, a fine of up to five times the loss caused to the public shall be recovered. If a company director is convicted, the company shall be blacklisted from any government contract. Convicted public servants are removed from office. Persons making a false complaint, are fined up to ₹100,000. False complaints against a member of the Lokpal may result in 3 months imprisonment.<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Funding <br />
| Paid by [[Consolidated Fund of India]]. <br />
| Paid by Consolidated Fund of India. The budget of the Lokpal should not be less than 0.25 percent of total government revenue. No sanction required from government to incur expenditure. The CAG audits Lokpal and a Parliamentary Committee evaluates Lokpal operations.<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| Other powers <br />
| The Lokpal can search and seize documents, attach property for 90 days, file for confirming the attachment within 30 days, and recommend suspension of the accused.<br />
| The Lokpal can receive complaints from whistle-blowers, issue search warrants, attach property, recommend cancellation/modification of a lease or license or blacklist a company. If recommendation of Lokpal is not accepted it can approach the High Court. A bench of the Lokpal can approve interception and monitoring of messages transmitted through telephone or internet.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Union Cabinet approved bill===<br />
The government moved its version of the bill<ref name="bare_url" /> in the Lok Sabha on 4 August, the ninth such introduction. The bill was introduced by the [[Minister of State]] in the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]], [[V. Narayanasamy|V Narayanasamy]]. [[Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha|Leader of Opposition]] [[Sushma Swaraj]] opposed the exclusion of the prime minister from the purview of the proposed Lokpal. V Narayanasamy told the House that Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]] was in favour of bringing his office under the purview of the Lokpal, but the Cabinet rejected the idea after deliberation.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/181304/lokpal-bill-moved-lok-sabha.html|access-date=4 June 2012|date=4 August 2011|newspaper=The Deccan Herald|title=Lokpal bill moved in Lok Sabha}}</ref> Anna Hazare burnt copies of the bill, to protest the government's lack of sincerity.<ref name="bare_url_a">{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/43-years-eight-lokpal-bills-zero-consensus/articleshow/9745373.cms |title=43 years, eight Lokpal bills, zero consensus |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=28 October 2011 |access-date=29 May 2012 }} {{Dead link|date=April 2014|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/multimedia/archive/00871/The_Constitution__1_871623a.pdf|newspaper=The Hindu|access-date=4 June 2012|date=Aug 2011|title=Bill No. 135 of 2011|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 27 August the Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha passed a Pranab Mukherjee-proposed [[Resolution (law)|resolution]] conveying the sense of the House on the Lokpal Bill.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Anna-Hazare-wins-Parliament-passes-resolution-on-Lokpal-Bill/articleshow/9760064.cms| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911145057/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-27/india/29935152_1_lokpal-bill-team-anna-lokpal-and-lokayuktas| url-status=live| archive-date=11 September 2011|date=27 Aug 2011<!--, 08.42pm IST-->|access-date=4 June 2012| work=[[The Times of India]]|title=Anna Hazare wins, Parliament passes resolution on Lokpal Bill|agency=TNN}}</ref> The House agreed 'in principle' on a [[Citizen's Charter]], placing the lower bureaucracy under the Lokpal and establishing the [[Lokayukta]] in the States.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2696012.ece|date= 8 December 2011|access-date=4 June 2012|newspaper= The Hindu|title=Parliamentary Standing Committee report on Lokpal Bill adopted|author=Smita Gupta|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Act was finally notified by [[President of India]] on 1 January 2014, after getting approved in both Houses of Parliament and Union Cabinet, providing for setting up of an institution of Lokpal, to be headed by a chairperson, who is or has been a [[Chief Justice of India]], or is or has been a judge of the Supreme Court, or a person of eminence fulfilling the eligibility criteria as specified in the Act.<ref name="Act Ref2">{{cite news |title=Simply put: The search for a Lokpal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/lokpal-lokayuktas-bill-anna-hazare-5547507/ |access-date=25 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |date=21 January 2019 |language=en}}</ref> The Act also provides for the appointment of other members, which shall not exceed eight, of which 50% are to be judicial members, and among others not less than 50% of the members belong to the [[Scheduled Castes]], [[Scheduled Tribes]], [[Other Backward Class|OBC]]s, minorities, and women.<br />
<br />
The Act provides for the appointment of a director of inquiry who shall not be below the rank of Joint Secretary to the Government of India and shall be appointed by the Central government for conducting preliminary inquiries in respect of public servants belonging to groups A, B, C or D and who are referred by the Lokpal to the Central Vigilance Commission (CVC).<ref name="Act Ref1">{{cite news |title=Lokpal yet to get director of inquiry |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/lokpal-yet-to-get-director-of-inquiry/article35398195.ece |access-date=24 July 2021 |work=The Hindu |date=18 July 2021 |language=en-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Standing Committee bill===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright" style="max-width: 22em"<br />
|+ 31-member committee consisting of 25 MPs belonging to 22 political parties with 6 seats vacant<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=732147|magazine=Outlook India|access-date=5 June 2012|date=23 August 2011|title=Tiwari, Lalu, Amar Singh on Lokpal Standing Comm |archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102192222/http://news.outlookindia.com/items.aspx?artid=732147|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Member Name !! Party !! Member Of<br />
|-<br />
| [[Abhishek Manu Singhvi]]|| Congress || Rajya Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chandresh Kumari Katoch|Chandresh Kumari]]|| Congress || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[N. S. V. Chitthan]]|| Congress || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Deepa Dasmunsi|Deepa Dashmunsi]]|| Congress || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Prabha Kishor Taviad|Prabha Kishore Taviad]]|| Congress || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Manish Tewari]] || Congress || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[P. T. Thomas]] (Idukki) || Congress || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Meenakshi Natrajan]] || Congress || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| Balavant alias [[Bal apte|Bal Apte]]|| BJP || Rajya Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[D. B. Chandregowda|D. B. Chandre Gowda]]|| BJP || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Harin Pathak]]|| BJP || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Jyoti Dhurve]]|| BJP || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Devji M Patel]] || BJP || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Parimal Nathwani]] || Independent || Rajya Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Amar Singh (Uttar Pradesh politician)|Amar Singh]] || Independent || Rajya Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kirodi Lal Meena]]|| Independent || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ram Jethmalani]] || Nominated Member || Rajya Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Ram Vilas Paswan]] || [[Lok Janshakti Party|LJSP]] || Rajya Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[O. T. Lepcha]]|| [[Sikkim Democratic Front|SDF]] || Rajya Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu Prasad]] || [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shailendra Kumar]]|| [[Samajwadi Party|SP]] || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Monazir Hassan]]|| [[Janata Dal (United)|JD(U)]] || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[S. Semmalai]]|| [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[Vijay Bahadur Singh]]|| [[Bahujan Samaj Party|BSP]] || Lok Sabha<br />
|-<br />
| [[R. Thamaraiselvan]]|| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] || Lok Sabha<br />
|}<br />
The Jan Lokpal Bill was submitted to the committee by Congress MP from [[Bareilly]] [[Praveen Singh Aron]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/standing-committee-members-who-are-examining-the-lokpal-bill-2371510.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005124105/http://daily.bhaskar.com/article/standing-committee-members-who-are-examining-the-lokpal-bill-2371510.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 October 2011|access-date=5 June 2012|website=Daily Bhaskar |title=Standing Committee members who are examining the Lokpal Bill |date=22 August 2011}}</ref> The draft bill was distributed to members on 28 November. The committee recommended keeping judiciary and MPs' out of the Lokpal's purview and rejected the demand to move the prosecution wing of CBI under its [[jurisdiction]]. Committee members had unanimously recommended conferring constitutional status on the Lokpal and setting up of Lokpal and Lokayuktas in states under one bill. The draft document did not take a position on the inclusion of prime minister. Another of Team Anna's demands for inclusion of entire bureaucracy was turned down, given that the draft favoured inclusion of Group A and B officials, leaving out C and D staff.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsbullet.in/component/content/article/34-more/22111-standing-committee-distributes-draft-of-lokpal|access-date=5 June 2012|date=29 Nov 2011<!-- 08:38-->|website=News Bullet|title=Draft of Lokpal Bill distributed to standing committee members|agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/lokpal-bill-standing-committees-final-draft-report-156697|access-date=5 June 2012|website=NDTV|date=9 Dec 2011<!-- 17:36 IST-->|title=Lokpal Bill: Standing Committee's Final Draft Report}}</ref> Anna Hazare rejected this draft.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.mid-day.com/news/india-news/article/anna-disapproves-of-draft-of-lokpal-bill-144509|access-date=5 June 2012|date=1 December 2011|newspaper=The Mid Day|title=Anna disapproves of draft of Lokpal bill}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/team-anna-rejects-parl-panels-lokpal-draft_745741.html|access-date=5 June 2012|website=Zee News|title=Team Anna rejects Parl panel's Lokpal draft|date=7 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/news/30458892_1_lower-bureaucracy-lokpal-bill-team-anna|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202184116/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-11-30/news/30458892_1_lower-bureaucracy-lokpal-bill-team-anna|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2014|access-date=5 June 2012|newspaper=The Economic Times|title=Lokpal Bill: Anna Hazare rejects the draft report, threatens agitation|date=30 Nov 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
At the final meeting on 7 December they decided to bring Group C and D officers under the ambit of state Lokayuktas.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-07/news/30485945_1_lokpal-draft-lokpal-bill-lokpal-legislation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102193918/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-07/news/30485945_1_lokpal-draft-lokpal-bill-lokpal-legislation|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|website=The economic Times|access-date=5 June 2012|date=7 Dec 2011<!--, 02.20am IST-->|title=Standing committee to bring Group C and D officers under state Lokayuktas; silent on central govt employees}}</ref> Sixteen dissent notes were submitted at the meeting by members from [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]], [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]], [[Samajwadi Party|SP]], [[Indian National Congress|Congress]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] and the Left.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/nation/article231532.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103220936/http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article231532.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2014|website=Express Buzz, The Indian Express|access-date=5 June 2012|date=4 June 2012<!-- 09:52 PM-->|title=Patch up by Team Anna, to join Ramdev protest|agency=PTI}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Enactment by the Lok Sabha==<br />
The Lokpal Bill was tabled in the Lok Sabha on 22 December 2011<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Government-tables-Lokpal-bill-in-Lok-Sabha/articleshow/11205735.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102195830/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-22/india/30546070_1_lokpal-bill-minorities-lokpal-bench|url-status=live|archive-date=2 January 2014|access-date=5 June 2012|date=22 Dec 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |title=Government tables Lokpal bill in Lok Sabha|agency=TNN}}</ref> and passed by [[voice vote|voice voting]] on the first day of the three-day extended session of the Winter session of the Lok Sabha, on 27 December 2011, after a marathon debate that lasted over 10 hours.<ref name="Lok Sabha passes Lokpal Bill">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/lok-sabha-passes-lokpal-bill/892719|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=5 June 2012|date=27 December 2011|title=Lok Sabha passes Lokpal Bill}}</ref> The lokpal body was not given the constitutional status as the [[Amendment of the Constitution of India|Constitutional Amendment]] Bill, which provided for making the Lokpal a constitutional body, was defeated in the house. The Prime Minister described this as "a bit of disappointment", adding, "We have, however, fulfilled our objective of bringing these bills to Parliament as we had promised."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lokpal-will-not-be-a-constitutional-body-570724|website=NDTV|access-date=5 June 2012|title=Lokpal will not be a constitutional body |date=27 December 2011}}</ref> The bill passed by the house was termed "useless" by Team Anna, who reiterated their view that there was no need to give constitutional status to such a weak Lokpal.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lokpal-bill-Team-Anna-rubbishes-the-present-form-as-weak/articleshow/11278968.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|title=Team Anna rubbishes 'weak' Lokpal passed in Lok Sabha|access-date=5 June 2012|date=28 Dec 2011<!--, 03.14PM IST-->|agency=IANS}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:Sansad Bhavan-2.jpg|thumb|right|The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha. But, it is pending in the Rajya Sabha|alt=The bill was passed in the Lok Sabha. But, it is pending in the Rajya Sabha]]<br />
<br />
The government withdrew its previous version and had introduced a newer version of the bill. RJD leader [[Lalu Prasad Yadav|Lalu Prasad]], along with the support from the other parties like SP, [[All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|AIMMM]] and LJP, demanded an inclusion of candidates from minorities in the nine member Lokpal Bench. The government gave in to the demands of parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/lokpal-minority-quota-govt-accepts-lalus-demand-160015|access-date=5 June 2012|website=NDTV |title=Lokpal minority quota: Govt accepts Lalu's demand|date=22 December 2011}}</ref> The principal opposition party, the BJP, objected to it, classifying that such a move was illegal and asked the government to withdraw the bill.<ref name="Lok Sabha passes Lokpal Bill"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lokpal-bill-tabled-in-ls-bjp-opposes-quota/214234-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107214124/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/lokpal-bill-tabled-in-ls-bjp-opposes-quota/214234-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2012|website=CNNIBN|title=Lokpal Bill tabled in Lok Sabha, BJP opposes minority quota|access-date=5 June 2012|date=22 December 2011}}</ref> [[Biju Janata Dal|BJD]], [[Janata Dal (United)|JDU]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]], [[Samajwadi Party|SP]], [[Telugu Desam Party|TDP]] and [[Communist Party of India|Left]] said the bill was weak and wanted it to be withdrawn.<ref name=autogenerated1 /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/lokpal-bill-tabled-in-lok-sabha-160093|website=NDTV|access-date=5 June 2012|title=Lokpal Bill tabled in Lok Sabha|date=22 December 2011}}</ref><br />
<br />
The bill passed by the house deleted the provision that gave presiding officers the power to act against ministers and MPs, even before trial, but the exemption time of former MPs was increased from five to seven years.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-28/news/30565296_1_lokpal-bill-anti-graft-bill-lokayuktas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102201319/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-12-28/news/30565296_1_lokpal-bill-anti-graft-bill-lokayuktas|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 January 2014|newspaper=The Economic Times|access-date=5 June 2012|date=28 Dec 2011<!--, 03.44am IST-->|title=Lokpal bill finally passed in Lok Sabha after many failures}}</ref> It excluded [[Indian Army|armed forces]] and [[Indian Coast Guard|coast guard]] from the purview of the anti-graft body.<ref name="Lok Sabha passes Lokpal Bill"/> The lokpal would take complaints against the prime minister after the consent of two-thirds of the Lokpal panel. The consent of state governments is mandatory for the notification to set up Lokayuktas in the states, but the setting up of them in the states was made mandatory. The appointment panel is loaded in favour of the government. The Lokpal Bill was passed under Article 252 of the [[constitution of India]]. The Prime Minister said, "We believe that the CBI should function without interference through any Government diktat. But no institution and no individual, howsoever high he may be, should be free from accountability."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/lok-sabha-passes-historic-lokpal-bill-161294|access-date=5 June 2012|website=NDTV|title=Lokpal Bill passed in Lok Sabha, but no constitutional status|author1=Sandeep Phukan |author2=Sunil Prabhu |name-list-style=amp |date=28 December 2011 <!-- 09:42 IST --> }}</ref><br />
<br />
The Left, Samajwadi Party and BSP staged a [[walkout]] during voting of the bill, protesting that their demands were not being met. At least 15 Congress members and close to a dozen belonging to [[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] [[Alliance|allies]] were not present at the time of voting. The house also secured the passage of the [[Whistleblower protection in India|Whistleblowers Bill]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lok-Sabha-passes-Lokpal-bill-with-changes-but-without-constitutional-status/articleshow/11272807.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200044/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-28/india/30564362_1_116th-amendment-lokpal-bill-constitutional-status|url-status=live|archive-date=2 January 2014|access-date=5 June 2012|date=28 Dec 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]<!--, 01.51AM IST-->|title=Lok Sabha passes Lokpal bill with changes, but without constitutional status}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ls-passes-lokpal-bill-left-sp-bsp-walk-out/215545-37-64.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120107193003/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ls-passes-lokpal-bill-left-sp-bsp-walk-out/215545-37-64.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 January 2012|website=IBN Live|access-date=5 June 2012 |date=28 December 2011|title=Lok Sabha passes Lokpal Bill, UPA gets a red face; Left, SP, BSP walk out}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Journey through The Rajya Sabha ==<br />
=== Winter session, 2011 ===<br />
[[File:Hamid ansari.jpg|thumb|left|Hamid Ansari, Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, adjourned the house sine die|alt=Hamid Ansari, Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, adjourned the house sine die]] <br />
The ombudsman debate was taken up by The Rajya Sabha during the last day of the three-day extension of the winter session of Parliament, but the body recessed on 29 December without voting.<ref name="Cable News Network">{{cite news|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2011/12/29/world/asia/india-corruption-bill/|title=Time runs out on India's anti-graft bill|access-date=3 June 2012|date=29 December 2011|website=CNN|author=Harmeet Shah Singh |author2=Moni Basu }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/news/lokpal-bill-s-passage-through-rajya-sabha-remains-uncertain-news-national-mfukOeaiged.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120520080127/http://www.sify.com/news/Lokpal-Bill-s-passage-through-Rajya-Sabha-remains-uncertain-news-National-mfukOeaiged.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 May 2012|title=Lokpal Bill's passage through Rajya Sabha remains uncertain|date=20 May 2012|access-date=3 June 2012|website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> The bill was debated for over 12 hours ending abruptly at midnight as the House ran out of scheduled time. The House was [[Adjournment sine die|adjourned sine die]] by [[Vice President of India|Chairman]] [[Hamid Ansari]]. A verbal duel marred proceedings as some members including UPA ally [[Trinamool Congress]] interrupted V. Narayanasamy's defence of the Bill.<ref name="bloomberg">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-12-29/uproar-over-india-graft-laws-sinks-singh-vote.html|website=Bloomberg|access-date=3 June 2012|title=Singh Caps 'Annus Horribilis' With Anti-Graft Law Stymied by Upper House|author1=Andrew MacAskill |author2=Bibhudatta Pradhan |name-list-style=amp |date=30 Dec 2011<!-- 6:16 PM GMT+0530-->}}</ref> A vociferous opposition insisted on a vote while the government maintained it needed time to reconcile the 187 amendments/ Confusion marked the proceedings. Ansari asked for the national anthem [[Jana Gana Mana]] to be played, signalling the end of the proceedings and told the house: <br />
<blockquote>This is an unprecedented situation…there appears to be a desire to outshout each other. There is a total impasse. The House cannot be conducted in the noise that requires orderly proceedings, I am afraid the Chair has no option…most reluctantly…I am afraid I can't and…</blockquote><br />
<br />
After a 15-minute adjournment between 11.30 and 11.45 PM, Pawan Kumar Bansal said that the decision on extension of the House was the government's prerogative. [[Leader of the Opposition (India)#List of Leaders of the Opposition in Rajya Sabha|Leader of the Opposition]] [[Arun Jaitley]] charged that the government was running away from Parliament and that the House should decide how long it should sit. He added:<br />
<br />
<blockquote>You are creating an institution where you control the appointment mechanism, where you control the removal mechanism. We will support the appointment of the Lokpal procedures, but we cannot be disloyal to our commitment to create an integrity institution.<ref name="Cable News Network"/></blockquote> [[Sitaram Yechury]] (CPI-M) said the House had expected the bill on Wednesday, but it came only on Thursday, the last day of the session. [[Derek O'Brien (quizmaster)|Derek O'Brien]] said "This is a shameful day for India's democracy. The government handled this situation very badly."<ref name="bloomberg" /> As the Opposition insisted on a vote, Bansal said the government was willing provided that the House passed the Bill voted by the Lok Sabha on Tuesday. This meant that the proposed amendments would have to be set aside.<br />
<br />
As stalemate and wrangling continued, the chairman called an end to the proceedings.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article2758728.ece|title=No vote on Lokpal, Rajya Sabha adjourns abruptly|access-date=3 June 2012|date=30 December 2011|newspaper=The Hindu|author=K. V. Prasad|location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://in.reuters.com/article/rajya-sabha-adjourned-without-vote-on-lo-idINDEE7BS0C720111229|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203124057/http://in.reuters.com/article/rajya-sabha-adjourned-without-vote-on-lo-idINDEE7BS0C720111229|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2016|access-date=4 June 2012|date=30 December 2011|work=Reuters|title=Rajya Sabha fails to vote on Lokpal bill|author=Rajesh Kumar Singh}}</ref> Chidambaram defended the deferment of Lokpal and Lokayukta Bill, 2011 in Rajya Sabha on 29 December contending that it was the "only prudent course" before the government and that it had ensured that the Bill remained alive. He continued to attack the BJP and called the amendments an "ingenious" method to scuttle the bill.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/west/story/lokpal-bill-congress-bjp-chidambaram-150483-2011-12-30|access-date=5 June 2012|date=31 December 2011 |magazine=India Today|title=Opposition blocked the Lokpal Bill in Rajya Sabha: Chidambaram}}</ref> Hazare called off his hunger strike prematurely, blaming poor health.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/30/world/asia/anticorruption-bill-stalls-in-adjourning-india-parliament.html|access-date=10 June 2012|date=29 December 2011|work=The New York Times|title=Bill to Create Anticorruption Agency Stalls in India|first=Jim|last=Yardley}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Budget session, 2012 ===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable floatright"<br />
|+ Members of the panel proposed by the government<ref>{{cite news|title=UPA pushes lokpal bill into deep freezer|date=21 May 2012|newspaper =The Hindustan Times |access-date =3 June 2012|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/UPA-pushes-lokpal-bill-into-deep-freezer/Article1-859162.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120522023647/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/UPA-pushes-lokpal-bill-into-deep-freezer/Article1-859162.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=22 May 2012}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! Member Name !! Party<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Shantaram Naik]]|| Congress<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Satyavrat Chaturvedi]]|| Congress<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Shadi Lal Batra]]|| Congress<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Arun Jaitley]]|| BJP<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Rajiv Pratap Rudy]]|| BJP<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Bhupendra Yadav]]|| BJP<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[K. N. Balagopal|KN Balagopal]]|| CPM<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Shivanand Tiwari]]|| JD-U<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Tiruchi Siva|Tiruchi Shiva]]|| DMK<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Satish Mishra]]|| BSP<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[D.Bandyopadhyay|D Bandyopadhyay]]|| Trinamool Congress<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[Ram Gopal Yadav|Ramgopal Yadav]]|| SP<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[DP Tripathi]]|| NCP<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[V. Maitreyan|V Maitreyan]]|| AIADMK<br />
|-style="text-align:left;"<br />
| [[AK Ganguly]]|| Nominated<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Activists pushing hoped that the House would approve the bill towards the end of the second half of the budget session of 2012. The bill was re-introduced in the Rajya Sabha on 21 May 2012.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lokpal-Bill-tabled-in-Rajya-Sabha/articleshow/13358333.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220013927/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-21/india/31800442_1_lokpal-bill-rajya-sabha-public-grievances|url-status=live|archive-date=20 December 2013|title=Lokpal Bill tabled in Rajya Sabha|date=21 May 2012<!--, 06.14PM IST-->|agency=PTI|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date =4 June 2012}}</ref> While moving the bill, the minister said that the differences had been narrowed. He said that the government proposed to bring the lower bureaucracy under the Lokpal, which would have investigation and prosecution powers. CVC would monitor Lokpal-referred investigations by the CBI. There would be provisions for attaching properties and a time-frame for investigations. An amendment was proposed whereby the states would pass the bill so the national law would not be forced upon states. After the amended bill was introduced, Narayanasamy, Samajwadi Party member Naresh Agrawal sought to send the bill to a ''select committee''. This was strongly objected to by BJP, the Left parties and BSP, with their members arguing that only the minister concerned (Narayanasamy) could do so and accusing the ruling coalition of "using the shoulder" of a "friendly opposition" party. After high drama the government yielded and Narayanasamy moved the motion, which immediately passed by voice vote. The 15-member select committee was to submit its report by the first day of the last week of the Monsoon Session.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lokpal-Bill-tabled-in-Rajya-Sabha-referred-to-select-committee/articleshow/13360057.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527112252/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-21/india/31799872_1_prosecution-wing-motion-bsp|url-status=live|archive-date=27 May 2013|access-date =4 June 2012|date=21 May 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]<!--, 07.47PM IST-->|title=Lokpal Bill tabled in Rajya Sabha, referred to select committee|agency=PTI}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/government-sends-lokpal-bill-to-house-panel-bjp-protests-213838|access-date =4 June 2012|date=21 May 2012 |title=Government sends Lokpal Bill to House panel; BJP protests |website=NDTV}}</ref><br />
<br />
The committee met on 25 June and decided on "wider consultations" with the government officials and the public.<ref name="First Meeting HBL">{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/government-and-policy/article3569614.ece?ref=wl_industry-and-economy|title=Rajya Sabha panel for wider consultation on Lokpal|newspaper=Hindu Business Line|date=26 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> The panel invited public comments and called representatives of various ministries for recording evidence.<ref name="First Meeting DNA, India">{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_new-panel-scrutinising-lokpal-bill-to-call-law-secretary_1706594|title=New panel scrutinising Lokpal Bill to call Law Secretary |newspaper=DNA India|date=25 June 2012|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> The meeting was headed by senior Congress MP Satyavrat Chaturvedi.<ref name="First Meeting HBL"/> Law Secretary B A Agarwal was summoned to clarify various matters.<ref name="First Meeting DNA, India"/> The committee met again on 19 July 2012. The director of the CBI aired his views in the meeting. He made it clear that the CBI is open to changes in the Lokpal bill that strengthen the agency's autonomy by enhancing the proposed Lokpal's role in key appointments like those of director, head of prosecution and lawyers who represent CBI. He also mentioned in the meeting that the Lokpal should be given a significant say in appointing the director of the prosecution wing instead of the process being controlled by the law ministry as is currently the procedure, the persistent criticism about CBI's investigations being throttled by political directives could be addressed as well. He opposed making the prosecution or the anti-corruption wings subservient to the Lokpal. The select committee had in its earlier sittings examined senior law officials who agreed with the members that the prescription for lokayuktas under Article 253 that refers to fulfilment of international obligations – in this case the UN convention against corruption – might not be feasible. Recourse to international treaties to frame a law that impact the federal structure is not within the ambit of the law. The Select committee referred the Bill for Public Suggestions in July 2012. In reply hundreds of responses were received to the Rajya Sabha. The committee took a view and shortlisted certain recommendations and took Oral Evidence in physical presence of the Members. Committee considered some of the most valid suggestions being done by the Members. Mr. Deepak Tongli of Hyderabad had come with a proposal of setting up the lower most unit to keep regular check on Anti Corruption in petty cases at District Level. In addition few other members also shared their views in this regard. Mr. Tongli, aged 26 happened to be the youngest person to appear before the Parliamentary committee for Oral Evidence at Rajya Sabha.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/CBI-links-changes-in-Lokpal-Bill-to-more-autonomy/articleshow/15049157.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510194159/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-20/india/32763683_1_lokpal-bill-team-anna-cbi-director|url-status=live|archive-date=10 May 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]|title=CBI links changes in Lokpal Bill to more autonomy|date=20 July 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Monsoon session, 2012 ===<br />
The monsoon session of parliament was to be held in August 2012. Hence, a bill that is pending before the upper house whether or not it was passed by the Lok Sabha, does not lapse on its dissolution. Hence, the bill is still alive in its present form.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/2nd_cham_ip_rol_sta_2009.pdf|access-date=10 June 2012|year=2009|title=Second Chambers of Parliament of India- The Rajya Sabha|publisher=The Rajya Sabha, Parliament of India}}</ref> The bill was not expected to be tabled in the Rajya Sabha before the first day of the last week of the session.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Lokpal-bill-delayed-goes-to-another-panel/articleshow/13367939.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103032940/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-22/india/31815683_1_friendly-opposition-party-lokpal-bill-team-anna |url-status=live |archive-date=3 January 2014 |title=Lokpal bill delayed, goes to another panel |date=22 May 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=29 May 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
{{Portal|India|Politics|Law}}<br />
<br />
* [[Indian Penal Code]]<br />
* [[Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988]]<br />
* [[Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002]]<br />
* [[Lokpal]]<br />
* [[Lokayukta]]<br />
* [[Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill, 2011]]<br />
* [[Jan Lokpal Bill]]<br />
* [[List of acts of the Parliament of India]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
{{refbegin|colwidth=30em}}<br />
;Official documents pertaining to the Lokpal Bill of Government of India<br />
* "The Lokpal Bill, 2011– As Introduced in Lok Sabha". ''[http://164.100.24.219/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/asintroduced/Lokpal%20%2039%20of%202011%20English.pdf]''. 2011, PRS India.<br />
* "The Lokpal And Lokayuktas Bill, 2011". ''[http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Lok%20Pal%20Bill%202011/Lokpal%20and%20Lokayuktas%20Bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123234614/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Lok%20Pal%20Bill%202011/Lokpal%20and%20Lokayuktas%20Bill%20as%20passed%20by%20LS.pdf |date=23 January 2014 }}''. 27 December 2011, PRS India.<br />
* "Report of Parliamentary Standing Committee on Lokpal". ''[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/48th_lokpal_report.pdf]''. December 2011, Rajya Sabha<br />
* "The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Bill, 2013" (As passed by both houses)''[http://164.100.47.4/BillsTexts/LSBillTexts/PassedBothHouses/134F_2011_LS_Eng.pdf]'' January 2014<br />
<br />
;Minutes of the Joint Drafting Committee (JDC) for Drafting the Lokpal Bill<br />
* "Minutes of the First Meeting". ''[http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_First_Meeting_English.PDF]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}''. 2011, The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India<br />
* "Minutes of the Second Meeting". ''[http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_Second_Meeting_English.PDF]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}''. 2011, The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India<br />
* "Minutes of the Third Meeting". ''[http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_Third_Meeting_English.PDF]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}''. 2011, The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India<br />
* "Minutes of the Fourth Meeting". ''[http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_4_Meeting_English.PDF]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}''. 2011, The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India<br />
* "Minutes of the Fifth Meeting". ''[http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_5_Meeting_English.PDF]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}''. 2011, The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India<br />
* "Minutes of the Sixth Meeting". ''[https://www.scribd.com/ideopreneur/d/64079154-Lokpal-JDC-Minutes-of-Meeting-6]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. 2011, The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India. Source:SCRIBD<br />
* "Minutes of the Seventh Meeting". ''[http://persmin.nic.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_7_Meeting_English.PDF ]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}''. 2011, The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India<br />
* "Minutes of the Eight Meeting". ''[http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_8_Meeting_English.PDF]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}''. 2011, The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India<br />
* "Minutes of the Ninth Meeting". ''[http://persmin.gov.in/Lokpal/JDC_Minutes_of_9_Meeting_English.PDF]{{Dead link|date=June 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}''. 2011, The Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions, Government of India<br />
<br />
;Non-Official Versions of Lokpal Bill<br />
* "The Foundation of Democratic Reforms and Lok Satta Position". ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130514041334/http://fdrindia.org/lokpal/LokpalBill_LSandFDRposition.pdf]''. 2011, FDR India<br />
* "The Jan Lokpal Bill- Version-2". ''[http://www.box.com/shared/static/t4r6ea251rkkddkrsfja.pdf]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. 2011, India Against Corruption<br />
* "The Bahujan Lokpal Bill". ''[http://www.prajnya.in/bahujanlokpal.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425174544/http://www.prajnya.in/bahujanlokpal.pdf |date=25 April 2012 }}''. 2011, Prajnya, Drafted by All India Confederation of SC/ST Organisations and others.<br />
* "The NCPRI approach to Lokpal and comparative differences of it with the Jan Lokpal Bill". ''[http://www.prajnya.in/lokpaldebate.htm]{{Dead link|date=May 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}''. 2011, Prajnya<br />
<br />
;Similar International Anti-Corruption/Bribery Laws<br />
* "The United Kingdom Bribery Act, 2010". ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130514041616/http://fdrindia.org/lokpal/UKBriberyAct.pdf]''. 2010, FDR India<br />
* "The Anti-Corruption Act of Bhutan 2006". ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130514040946/http://fdrindia.org/lokpal/Anti_Corruption_Law_Bhutan.pdf]''. 2006, FDR India<br />
* "International Anti-Bribery And Fair Competition Act of 1998". ''[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-105publ366/pdf/PLAW-105publ366.pdf]''. 1998, United States federal Law, US Government Printing Office<br />
* "Sri Lanka- Bribery Act". ''[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/37/62/46817244.pdf]''. 1954, OECD<br />
<br />
;International Anti-Corruption/Bribery Conventions<br />
* "United Nation Convention Against Corruption". ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20130514042421/http://fdrindia.org/lokpal/UN_Convention_Against_Corruption.pdf]''. New York 2004, FDR India<br />
* "CONVENTION ON COMBATING BRIBERY OF FOREIGN PUBLIC OFFICIALS IN INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRANSACTIONS". ''[http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/4/18/38028044.pdf]'' 1997 Convention, the 2009 Recommendation of the Council for Further Combating Bribery, the 2009 Recommendation on the Tax Deductibility of Bribes to Foreign Public Officials and other related instruments, OECD<br />
<br />
;Other useful documents<br />
* "The Second Chamber of Rajya Sabha". ''[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/publication_electronic/2nd_cham_ip_rol_sta_2009.pdf]''. 2009, The Second Chamber of Rajya Sabha, The Rajya Sabha<br />
* "The Two Houses: Powers and Relationship". ''[http://rajyasabha.nic.in/rsnew/two_house_parliament.pdf]''. The Rajya Sabha<br />
* "Battling India's malaise of Corruption". ''[http://www.cvc.nic.in/CEO.pdf]''. Address to the India CEO Forum Organised by International Market Assessment India Pvt. Ltd, CVC India<br />
* "Combating Corruption: Lessons Out Of India". ''[http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan047816.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811021209/http://unpan1.un.org/intradoc/groups/public/documents/apcity/unpan047816.pdf |date=11 August 2017 }}''.2009, International Public Management Review:Volume 10, Krishna K. Tummala<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|3}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [http://bombayhighcourt.nic.in/libweb/actc/2014.01.pdf The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act,2013]<br />
* [http://loksabha.nic.in/ Official portal of the Lok Sabha.]<br />
* [http://rajyasabha.nic.in/ Official portal of the Rajya Sabha.]<br />
* [https://archive.today/20120710150336/http://www.indiaagainstcorruption.org/index1.html Official website of India Against Corruption.]<br />
* [http://righttoinformation.info/ Official website of NCPRI.]<br />
* [http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/audio-files-of-meetings-on-lokpal-bill-140119 Audio files of meetings of the Lokpal Bill] Source:NDTV<br />
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120527170538/http://arc.gov.in/ Second Administrative Reforms Commission], a committee appointed by the Government of India for giving recommendations for reviewing the public administration system of India<br />
<br />
{{Corruption}}<br />
{{Lokayukta}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Political Corruption}}<br />
[[Category:Acts of the Parliament of India 2013]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-corruption measures in India]]<br />
[[Category:Manmohan Singh administration]]<br />
[[Category:2013 in Indian law]]<br />
[[Category:Lokayuktas| ]]<br />
[[Category:Ombudsmen in India| ]]<br />
[[Category:Anti-corruption laws]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nakshathra_Nagesh&diff=520078Nakshathra Nagesh2026-04-30T12:50:50Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian actress}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Nakshathra Nagesh<br />
| image = Nakshathra Nagesh.jpg<br />
| caption =Nakshathra in 2021<br />
| birth_date = <!-- {{birth date and age|1995|9|11|df=y}} --><br />
| birth_place = [[Chennai]], India<br />
| occupation = {{Hlist | Actress | television host}}<!-- Occupation(s) as given in the lead; observe sentence case and capitalise only the first letter of the first item; --><br />
| years_active = 2013- present<br />
| spouse = {{Marriage|Raghav|2021}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2021|title=சீரியல் நடிகை நக்ஷத்ராவின் திருமண புகைப்படங்கள்..|url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-serial-actress-nakshathra-marriage-photos-tmn-635799.html|access-date=17 December 2021|website=News18 Tamil|language=ta|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217114544/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-serial-actress-nakshathra-marriage-photos-tmn-635799.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| relatives = <!-- Names of siblings or other relatives; include only if independently notable and particularly relevant --><br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Nakshathra Nagesh''' is an Indian actress and television host who has worked in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] films and television shows.<ref>{{Cite news |date=16 March 2018 |title=Nakshatra was dressed all traditional for the Womens achievers awards at Pakwan restaurant in Chennai |work=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chennai/nakshatra-was-dressed-all-traditional-for-the-womens-achievers-awards-at-pakwan-restaurant-in-chennai/articleshow/63317634.cms |url-status=live |access-date=1 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200105233307/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/events/chennai/nakshatra-was-dressed-all-traditional-for-the-womens-achievers-awards-at-pakwan-restaurant-in-chennai/articleshow/63317634.cms |archive-date=5 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite AV media |date=22 May 2018 |title=My Super Fan Moment with Thalapathy&nbsp;— VJ Nakshatra &#124; Exclusive Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFHzlIF53Tk |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214164517/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gFHzlIF53Tk |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=3 November 2019 |publisher=Galatta Tamil |via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Nakshathra was schooled at [[Chettinad Vidyashram]] in Chennai. She studied hotel management at IHM, before moving into the entertainment industry as a video jockey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gupta |first=Namita |date=12 June 2018 |title=The star strikes back: Nakshathra Nagesh |url=http://www.ritzmagazine.in/the-star-strikes-back-nakshathra-nagesh/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103213917/http://www.ritzmagazine.in/the-star-strikes-back-nakshathra-nagesh/ |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |website=Ritz}}</ref> She first worked on Thanthi TV by hosting the show ''Vaanavil'' before moving on to work as a host on television shows such as ''Sun Singer'' for Sun TV, and as an awards host for ceremonies such as [[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]] and the [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]. Nakshatra also acted in short films such as ''En Iniye Pon Nilave'', while also making appearances in small roles in the feature films, ''[[Settai (2013 film)|Settai]]'' (2013) and ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' (2014). She then appeared alongside an ensemble cast in [[Balaji Mohan]]'s web series, ''[[As I'm Suffering From Kadhal]]'', which marked one of the first Tamil language web-series.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Mythily |date=14 June 2017 |title=Balaji Mohan shows the way with upcoming web series |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/balaji-mohan-shows-the-way-with-upcoming-web-series-1.2043315 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103213916/https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/balaji-mohan-shows-the-way-with-upcoming-web-series-1.2043315 |archive-date=3 November 2019 |access-date=3 November 2019 |website=[[Gulf News]]}}</ref> A reviewer noted that Nakshatra "looks fantastic and plays her role perfectly."<ref>{{Cite news |last=K |first=Janani |date=5 June 2017 |title=Opening up a new avenue |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050617/opening-up-a-new-avenue.html |url-status=live |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103213913/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/050617/opening-up-a-new-avenue.html |archive-date=3 November 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
Nakshatra subsequently took on a leading role in [[Khushbu Sundar|Khushbu]]'s television series ''[[Lakshmi Stores]]'', which marked her first lead appearance on a primetime Tamil television drama. Portraying the timid Bhagyalakshmi, Nakshatra won critical acclaim for her portrayal of the character.<ref>{{Cite news |date=24 December 2018 |title=Khushbu Sundar returns to television after five years |work=[[The Indian Express]] |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khushbu-sundar-returns-tv-after-5-years-lakshmi-stores-5507332/ |url-status=live |access-date=3 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412165752/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/khushbu-sundar-returns-tv-after-5-years-lakshmi-stores-5507332/ |archive-date=12 April 2019}}</ref> In 2018, she was also listed by the ''[[Chennai Times]]'' as the fourth most "desirable woman on television".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2019 |title=Chennai Times 15 Most Desirable Women on Television 2018. She subsequently went on to play saraswathy in one of Vijay television's most popular shows tanizhum saraswathiyum which went on for nearly 750 episode. She also runs her own channel on youtube that is widely popular for her authentic and candid conversations. <br />
|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-15-most-desirable-women-on-television-2018/articleshow/67792954.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20201214170823/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/chennai-times-15-most-desirable-women-on-television-2018/articleshow/67792954.cms |archive-date=14 December 2020 |access-date=14 December 2020 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Personal life ==<br />
Nakshathra got engaged to Raghav in early 2021,<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2021 |title=Actress Nakshathra Nagesh makes her relationship official; introduces her beau Raghav |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-nakshathra-nagesh-makes-her-relationship-official-introduces-her-beau-raghav/articleshow/80388789.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121144543/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/tamil/actress-nakshathra-nagesh-makes-her-relationship-official-introduces-her-beau-raghav/articleshow/80388789.cms |archive-date=21 January 2021 |access-date=27 January 2021 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> and they married on 9 December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 December 2021|title=காதலர் ராகவ்வை கரம் பிடித்தார் நக்ஷத்திரா|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=101374|url-status=dead|access-date=15 December 2021|website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|archive-date=15 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215153220/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=101374}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
===Films===<br />
;Feature films<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Key<br />
| style="background:#FFCC;"| {{dagger|alt=Films that has not yet released}}<br />
| Denotes films that have not yet been released<br />
|}<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Role(s)<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''[[Settai (film)|Settai]]'' || Gayathri ||<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | 2014 || ''[[Vaayai Moodi Pesavum]]'' || rowspan="2"| Saraswathi ||<br />
|-<br />
|''Samsaaram Aarogyathinu Haanikaram''<br />
|[[Malayalam]] film<br />
|-<br />
|''[[Pulivaal]]''<br />
|Monica's Friend<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Irumbu Kuthirai]]'' || College Student ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Nambiyaar]]'' || Confused Girl ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Indrajith (2017 film)|Indrajith]]''|| College Student ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || ''[[Mr. Local]]'' || Sowmiya ||<br />
|-<br />
|2022|| ''[[Hey Sinamika]]'' || RJ Divya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |TBA<br />
| style="background:#FFFFCC;" | ''Vanjagan'' {{Dagger}}||{{TBA}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|style="background:#FFFFCC;"|''Vanigan'' {{Dagger|alt=Films that have not yet been released}}<br />
|{{TBA}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=ஹீரோயின் ஆனார் நட்சத்திரா நாகேஷ்|url=https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=83985|access-date=19 June 2021|website=[[Dinamalar]]|language=ta|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200645/https://m.dinamalar.com/cinema_detail.php?id=83985|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
;Short films<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Film<br />
! Role(s)<br />
! Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2015<br />
|''En Iniya Pon Nilave''<br />
|Megha<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''Yeno Vaanilai Maaruthey''<br />
|Archana<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2020<br />
|''Kadhal Ondru Kanden''<br />
|Jenni<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Television ===<br />
;Reality<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
! Role(s)<br />
! Network<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''Vaanavil''|| Host<br />
| [[Thanthi TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || ''[[Jodi No.1 (TV series)|Jodi Number One]] Season 8''|| Contestant<br />
|[[Star Vijay|Vijay TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| 2015–2017 || ''[[Sun Singer]] Season 4 & 5''<br />
| rowspan="4" |Host<br />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" |2021<br />
|''[[Kana Kaanum Kaalangal]]'' ''Reunion''<br />
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Vijay]]<br />
|-<br />
|''Rani Maharani''<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2022 || ''The Galatta Crown 2022'' || [[Kalaignar TV]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Anda Ka Kasam'' || Participant || rowspan="2" |[[Star Vijay]]<br />
|-<br />
| ''Koodi Vazhnthal Kodi Nanmai'' || Contestant<br />
|}<br />
<br />
;Shows<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Year<br />
! Name<br />
! Role(s)<br />
!Channel<br />
!<br />
|-<br />
| 2015–2016 || ''[[Vani Rani (TV series)|Vani Rani]]''|| Rudhra<br />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2017|| ''[[As I'm Suffering From Kadhal]]''<br />
|Tanvi<br />
|[[Disney+ Hotstar]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| 2018–2020 || rowspan="2"|''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''|| rowspan="2"|Bhagya Lakshmi <br />
|[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]] <br />
|Bilingual series<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"|2019 || [[Gemini TV]] ||<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Roja (Tamil TV series)|Roja]]''|| Bhagya Lakshmi (Special appearance) || rowspan="4" |[[Sun TV (India)|Sun TV]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |2020||''[[Minnale (TV series)|Minnale]]''|| rowspan="2" |Herself (Special appearance)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|''Thirumagal''<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
| ''[[Nayagi (TV series)|Nayagi]]'' || Divya<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2021–2024 ||''[[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]''<br />
|Saraswathi Thamizharasan<br />
| rowspan="4" |[[Star Vijay]]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2021 ||''[[Pandian Stores]]''<br />
|rowspan="2"|Saraswathi (Special appearance)<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|[[Bharathi Kannamma (2019 TV series)|''Bharathi Kannamma'']]<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2026–Present || ''[[Azhagae Azhagu]]''<br />
|Azhagumadhi <br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards and nominations==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+<br />
!Year<br />
!Work<br />
!Award<br />
!Category<br />
!Result<br />
!Ref.<br />
|-<br />
|2017<br />
|''En Iniya Pon Nilave''<br />
|[[1st SIIMA Short Film Awards]]<br />
|Best Short Film Actress<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 December 2021|title=சீரியல் நடிகை நக்ஷத்ராவின் திருமண புகைப்படங்கள்..|url=https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-serial-actress-nakshathra-marriage-photos-tmn-635799.html|access-date=17 December 2021|website=News18 Tamil|language=ta|archive-date=17 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217114544/https://tamil.news18.com/photogallery/entertainment/cinema-serial-actress-nakshathra-marriage-photos-tmn-635799.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="4" |2019<br />
| rowspan="4" |''[[Lakshmi Stores]]''<br />
|Galata Nakshatra Awards<br />
|Best Debut Actor Of The Year –Female<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
| {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}} <br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" |[[Sun Kudumbam Viruthugal]]<br />
|Popular Heroine<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<ref>{{Cite AV media|title=Popular Heroine Award - Nakshathra Nagesh for Lakshmi Stores {{!}} Sun Kudumbam Virudhugal 2019 {{!}} Sun TV|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sdtm6gcoH_A|language=en|access-date=25 September 2021|archive-date=25 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925184907/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sdtm6gcoH_A|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Best Heroine<br />
|{{Nominated}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|Best Romantic Couple (with Hussain Ahmed Khan)<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|2022<br />
|''[[Thamizhum Saraswathiyum]]''<br />
|7th Annual [[Vijay Television Awards]]<br />
|Favorite On-Screen Pair (with [[Deepak Dinkar]])<br />
|{{Won}}<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb name|6662434}}<br />
*{{Instagram|id=nakshathra.nagesh|name=nakshathra nagesh}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nagesh, Nakshatra}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]<br />
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]<br />
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil television]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anna_Sarah_Kugler&diff=486790Anna Sarah Kugler2026-04-24T16:13:15Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: creating first stub w/ infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Infobox person<br />
|name = Anna Sarah Kugler<br />
|image = Dr. Anna Sarah Kugler.jpg<br />
| alt = Anna Sarah Kugler<br />
|birth_date = {{Birth date|1856|4|19}}<br />
|birth_place = [[Ardmore, Pennsylvania|Ardmore]], [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania]], U.S.<br />
|death_date = {{Death date|1930|7|26}} (aged 74)<br />
|death_place = [[Guntur]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]] <br />
|occupation = Medical Missionary in India<br />
| known_for = Founding a hospital in Guntur, India and teaching medicine<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dr. Anna Sarah Kugler''' (19 April 1856 &ndash; 26 July 1930) was the first medical missionary of the [[Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of North America]]. She served in India for 47 years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livinglutheran.com/seeds/7-influential-lutheran-women.html |title=7 influential Lutheran women |work=Living Lutheran |access-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015000034/http://www.livinglutheran.com/seeds/7-influential-lutheran-women.html |archive-date=15 October 2013 }}</ref> She founded a [[Kugler Hospital|hospital]] in [[Guntur]] which was later named for her.<br />
<br />
==Early life and education==<br />
She was born in [[Ardmore, Pennsylvania|Ardmore]], [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]], [[Pennsylvania]], on April 19, 1856, to Charles Kugler and Harriet S. Sheaff.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=73xfDQAAQBAJ|title=Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5|last1=Kurian|first1=George Thomas|last2=Lamport|first2=Mark A.|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2016|isbn=978-1442244320|pages=1299}}</ref> She attended a private school in Bryn Mawr and graduated from [[Friends' Central School|Friends' Central High School]] in [[Philadelphia]]. She then attended the [[Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania]], graduating in 1879.<ref name=":0" /> She interned for two years in the Women's Department of the [[Norristown State Hospital]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Medical career==<br />
In 1882 she received a letter from the Reverend Adam D. Rowe, a Lutheran missionary serving in India, suggesting that India urgently needed medical missionaries to serve women.<ref name = "archives" /> She decided to apply for sponsorship to the Woman's Home and Foreign Missionary Society of the [[Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of North America|General Synod]] of the [[Lutheran Church in America]]. The Synod board said it was "not yet ready to undertake work of this kind" (i.e., medical mission) but was willing to send her to India as a teacher for Muslim women living in harems.<ref name = "lutheran" /> She accepted the assignment because she was sure she could eventually convince the board to establish medical work in India, and she wanted to be in at the beginning.<ref name = "archives" /> On August 25, 1883, she sailed for India, arriving on November 29, 1883. She was assigned to Guntur in the state of [[Andhra Pradesh]].<br />
<br />
In addition to her teaching duties, she practised medicine for the local women, who had previously received only primitive medical care. Her work was hampered by limitations of caste and race - as a white woman she was regarded as "unclean" by high-caste Hindus - but she said, "it was all in the way of opening up the path for those who came later."<ref>{{Cite book|title=Glimpses of the Lives of Great Missionary Women|last=Kretzmann|first=Paul E.|publisher=Concordia Publishing House|year=1930|location=St. Louis|page=80}}<br />
</ref> Despite the restrictions, during her first year in Guntur she treated 185 patients at their homes, and 276 at the Zenana Home where she lived. Her motto was "Ourselves Your Servants for Jesus' Sake."<ref name="archives">{{cite web|url=http://www.elca.org/Who-We-Are/History/ELCA-Archives/Luth-Leaders-Collection/Anna-Kugler.aspx|title=Anna Sarah Kugler|work=Lutheran Leaders Collection|publisher=ECLA Archives|access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref><br />
<br />
She continued her teaching and was placed in charge of the Hindu Girls School and the Girls Boarding School.<ref name = "archives" /> In December 1885 she was finally appointed a medical missionary.<ref name="lutheran">{{cite web|url=http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article.cfm?article_id=6075 |title=The way we were: 1886 |work=The Lutheran |access-date=16 September 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808065216/http://www.thelutheran.org/article/article.cfm?article_id=6075 |archive-date=8 August 2014 }}</ref> She immediately began planning for a hospital and a dispensary. From 1889 to 1891 she was back in the United States on furlough; she used the time to complete her postgraduate work and study hospital-building and equipment. When she returned to India she was able to purchase an 18-acre plot of land with the donations generated by the goodwill she had earned and also with help from her fellow missionaries who collected money for her.<br />
<br />
A dispensary was opened on the land in February 1893, and later that year the cornerstone for the [[Kugler Hospital|American Evangelical Lutheran Mission Hospital]] was laid. The hospital itself opened on June 23, 1897. It was a 50-bed hospital and was regarded as one of the best in India. Bhuyanga Rao Bahadur of Ellore, a local [[Raja]], became a supporter of Dr. Kugler's work after she treated his wife and delivered their son, and he donated the "Rao Chinnamagari Satram" as a rest-house opposite the hospital, where Hindu families could stay while their relatives were being treated.<br />
<br />
In 1895 she was finally released from other mission duties and was able to devote herself full-time to medical work. In addition to her duties at the dispensary and hospital, she worked to open dispensaries in other villages throughout South India; raised funds for a children's ward, maternity ward and operating room in the hospital; and did medical work in [[Rentachintala]].<br />
<br />
While on furlough in the United States in 1928, she wrote ''Guntur Mission Hospital'', an autobiography intended as a guide to future medical missionaries.<ref>{{cite book|last=Kugler|first=Anna Sarah|title=Guntur Mission Hospital, Guntur, India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hYEPGQAACAAJ|year=1928|publisher=Women's Missionary Society, The United Lutheran Church in America}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWdZTaJdc6UC|title=The United States in Asia: A Historical Dictionary|last=Shavit|first=David|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1990|isbn=031326788X|location=New York|pages=288}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Recognition==<br />
In recognition of her work she was twice (1905 and 1917) awarded the [[Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]], an award of distinction bestowed on civilians of any nationality who rendered services to the [[British Raj]].<br />
<br />
<br />
She fell ill from exhaustion in 1925 and returned to the United States for two years to recuperate. She then returned to India to carry on her work despite having [[pernicious anemia]]. She died at her own hospital in Guntur on July 26, 1930. She was buried in Guntur though there is a memorial to her in the Saint Paul's Lutheran Cemetery in [[Ardmore, Pennsylvania]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/36726707|title=Dr Anna Sarah Kugler|work=Find a Grave Memorial|access-date=16 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lowermerionhistory.org/burial/lutheran/k.html|title=Dr Anna Sarah Kugler Memorial|work=Lower Merion History|access-date=2 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kgmm.org|title=Anna S. Kugler, M.D. Guntur Medical Mission Hospital}}</ref> Shortly before her death she is reported to have said to [[Ida Scudder|Dr. Ida Scudder]], her colleague and close associate, "I would like to get well and work longer, for I would like to feel I had served India for fifty years, and I have served only forty-seven." After her death the hospital she had founded was renamed [[Kugler Hospital]] in her honor.<br />
[[File:ASK.jpg|thumb|125px|''The Life and Work of Dr. Anna Sarah Kugler'', new title in 2017 by Eva Sundari Elizabeth.]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*{{cite book |editor-last1=Lindley |editor-first1=Susan Hill|editor-last2=Stebner |editor-first2=Eleanor J.|title=The Westminster Handbook to Women in American Religious History|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|date=2008 |pages=124}}<br />
*{{cite book |last=Elizabeth |first=Eva Sundari |date=2017 |title=The Life and Work of Dr. Anna Sarah Kugler}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kugler, Anna Sarah}}<br />
[[Category:Female Christian missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Christian medical missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:American women medical doctors]]<br />
[[Category:Lutheran missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:American Lutheran missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Kaisar-i-Hind Medal]]<br />
[[Category:1856 births]]<br />
[[Category:1930 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Woman's Medical College of Pennsylvania alumni]]<br />
[[Category:American missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:American medical missionaries]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_districts_of_Kerala_by_highest_point&diff=512941List of districts of Kerala by highest point2026-04-23T05:53:21Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|None}}<br />
<br />
This is the '''list of the highest points of the [[Districts of Kerala]]'''<br />
<br />
== District ==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Rank<br />
!District<br />
!Peak<br />
!Range/Region<br />
!Height ([[Metre|m]])<br />
!Height ([[Foot (unit of length)|ft]])<br />
!Coordinates<br />
!Location (political)<br />
!Source<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|[[Idukki district|Idukki]]<br />
|[[Anamudi]]<br />
|[[Anaimalai Hills]]<br />
|2,695<br />
|8,842<br />
|{{Coord|10|10|11.10|N|77|3|41.37|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Munnar]] Panchayat, [[Devikulam taluk|Devikulam Taluk]], Idukki / [[Kuttampuzha]] Panchayat, [[Kothamangalam]] Taluk, Ernakulam<br />
|It is the highest point in [[South India]] that is located in the southern region of [[Eravikulam National Park]] at the junction of the [[Cardamom Hills]], the [[Anaimalai Hills]], and the [[Palani Hills]].<br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|[[Ernakulam district|Ernakulam]]<br />
|[[Anamudi]]<br />
|[[Anaimalai Hills]]<br />
|2,695<br />
|8,842<br />
|{{Coord|10|10|11.10|N|77|3|41.37|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Kuttampuzha]] Panchayat, [[Kothamangalam]] Taluk, Ernakulam / [[Munnar]] Panchayat, [[Devikulam taluk|Devikulam Taluk]], Idukki<br />
|Anamudi lies on the border of Idukki and Ernakulam district after the transfer of Kuttampuzha panchayat from Idukki to Ernakulam district <br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|[[Malappuram district|Malappuram]]<br />
|[[Unnamed|Unnamed point]]<br />
|[[Nilgiris|Nilgiri escarpment]]<br />
|2,594<br />
|8,511<br />
|{{Coord|11|18|3.44|N|76|32|43.75|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Karulai]] Panchayat, [[Nilambur Taluk]], Malappuram / [[Kundah taluk|Kundah Taluk]], [[Nilgiris district|Nilgiris]], Tamil Nadu<br />
|The highest point is along the border with [[Tamil Nadu]] on the edge of the Nilgiri escarpment. It is less than 2&nbsp;km NW from [[Kolaribetta]], the second highest summit of the Nilgiris.<br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|[[Palakkad district|Palakkad]]<br />
|[[Anginda peak|Anginda]]<br />
|[[Nilgiri hills|Nilgiri]] section of the [[Western Ghats]]<br />
|2,383<br />
|7,818<br />
|{{Coord|11|11|15.64|N|76|27|30.35|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Pudur, Palakkad|Pudur]] Panchayat, [[Mannarkkad]] Taluk, Palakkad / Kundah Taluk, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu<br />
|[[Anginda peak]] situated on the [[Tamil Nadu]] border. It is located near the head of the Kunti river in Silent Valley.<br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|[[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]]<br />
|[[Vavul Mala]]<br />
|Vellarimala range, [[Western Ghats]]<br />
|2,339<br />
|7,674<br />
|{{Coord|11|25|37.26|N|76|07|51.87|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Thiruvambady]] Panchayat, [[Thamarassery]] Taluk, Kozhikode / [[Chungathara]] Panchayat, [[Nilambur]] Taluk, Malappuram<br />
|The hill resembles a camel's humpback. Situated on the Kozhikode-Malappuram border. It is separated from the [[Nilgiri hills]] by the [[Chaliyar]] river valley.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Hill stations|url=http://www.kerenvis.nic.in/Database/HillStations_1479.aspx|access-date=2020-09-24|website=www.kerenvis.nic.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|[[Wayanad district|Wayanad]]<br />
|Vellarimala<br />
|Vellarimala range, [[Western Ghats]]<br />
|2,240<br />
|7,349<br />
|{{Coord|11|27|05.87|N|76|08|34.22|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Meppadi]] Panchayat, [[Vythiri]] Taluk, Wayanad / Thiruvambady Panchayat, Thamarassery Taluk, Kozhikode / [[Pothukal]] Panchayat, Nilambur Taluk, Malappuram<br />
|The highest peak in the [[Wayanad]] district is located at the tri-junction of Wayanad, Kozhikode and Malappuram districts, less than 3&nbsp;km away from Vavul Mala.<br />
|-<br />
|7<br />
|[[Pathanamthitta district|Pathanamthitta]]<br />
|[[Devar Mala]]<br />
|Achenkovil Range, [[Cardamom Hills]].<br />
|1,923<br />
|6,309<br />
|{{Coord|9|11|21.98|N|77|14|45.13|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Seethathodu]] Panchayat / [[Aruvappulam]] Panchayat, [[Konni, Kerala|Konni]] Taluk, Pathanamthitta<br />
|It is last major relief above 1600m before '''Shenkottah gap'''.<br />
|-<br />
|8<br />
|[[Thiruvananthapuram district|Thiruvananthapuram]]<br />
|[[Agastya Mala|Agastyarkoodam]] (shared with [[Tamil Nadu]])<br />
|[[Pothigai]] hills, Southern Hills<br />
|1,868<br />
|6,128<br />
|{{Coord|8|36|58.64|N|77|14|44.62|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Kallikkad]] Panchayat / [[Kuttichal]] Panchayat, [[Kattakada]] Taluk, Thiruvananthapuram / [[Ambasamudram taluk|Ambasamudram Taluk]], [[Tirunelveli district|Tirunelveli]], Tamil Nadu<br />
|It borders the [[Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve]] and [[Neyyar Wildlife Sanctuary]]. Famous for annual trek prior to [[Sivarathri]]. Highest peak south of 7&nbsp;km wide Schenkottah gap.<br />
|-<br />
|9<br />
|[[Kollam district|Kollam]]<br />
|Karimalai Kadakal (Pandimotta)<br />
|[[Cardamom Hills]] near [[Aryankavu|Aryankavu Pass]]<br />
|1,758<br />
|5,768<br />
|{{Coord|8|48|27.78|N|77|13|55.12|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Kulathupuzha]] Panchayat, [[Punalur]] Taluk, Kollam / Ambasamudram Taluk, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu<br />
|Situated within [[Western Ghats]] on the border with Tamil Nadu. The peak is situated almost 21&nbsp;km directly north of Agastyamala.<br />
|-<br />
|10<br />
|[[Kannur]]<br />
|Karimala<br />
|[[Western Ghats]]<br />
|1,598<br />
|5,243<br />
|{{Coord|11|56|04.25|N|75|56|09.67|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Kottiyoor]] Panchayat, [[Iritty taluk|Iritty Taluk]], Kannur / [[Thirunelly]] Panchayat, [[Mananthavady]] Taluk, Wayanad<br />
|Located on the border with Wayanad district. It is located about 6&nbsp;km west of Brahmagiri peak and less than a km south of the Kerala-Karnataka border.<br />
|-<br />
|11<br />
|[[Thrissur district|Thrissur]]<br />
|[[Karimala Gopuram]]<br />
|[[Anaimalai Hills]]<br />
|1,439<br />
|4,721<br />
|{{Coord|10|21|58.47|N|76|44|48.43|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Athirappilly]] Panchayat, [[Chalakudy taluk|Chalakudy Taluk]], Thrissur / [[Nelliampathi|Nelliyampathy]] Panchayat, [[Chittur taluk|Chittur Taluk]], Palakkad<br />
|Lies in the southern boundary of [[Parambikulam Tiger Reserve]].<br />
|-<br />
|12<br />
|[[Kottayam district|Kottayam]]<br />
|Kurisumala<br />
|[[Idukki district|Idukki plateau]] escarpment<br />
|1,195<br />
|3,921<br />
|{{Coord|9|40|38.63|N|76|53|12.44|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Teekoy]] Panchayat, [[Meenachil]] Taluk, Kottayam<br />
|Kurisumala lies just within the boundaries of Kottayam district, very close to Vagamon in Idukki.<br />
|-<br />
|13<br />
|[[Kasaragod district|Kasaragod]]<br />
|Madathu Mala Peak<br />
|[[Western Ghats]]<br />
|1,046<br />
|3,432<br />
|{{Coord|12|25|06.97|N|75|21|12.40|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Panathady]] Panchayat / [[Balal]] Panchayat, [[Vellarikundu]] Taluk, Kasaragod<br />
|About 1&nbsp;km from [[Ranipuram]], this peak lies on a ridge extending west from Talacauvery, which is a little more than 15&nbsp;km away. <br />
|-<br />
|14<br />
|[[Alappuzha district|Alappuzha]]<br />
|Unnamed point <br />
|Palamel, [[Mavelikkara]] taluk<br />
|102<br />
|335<br />
|{{Coord|9|10|17.40|N|76|40|36.79|E|format=dms|display=inline}}<br />
|[[Palamel]] Panchayat, [[Mavelikkara]] Taluk, Alappuzha<br />
|Point right across the Pathanamthitta border from Pazhakulam. This is the only district in Kerala with the highest point lower than 1000m above msl.<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* [[List of Indian states and union territories by highest point]]<br />
* [[List of mountains in Kerala]]<br />
* [[List of peaks in the Western Ghats]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Landforms of Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of highest points in Asia|Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Kerala geography-related lists|Highest point]]<br />
[[Category:Lists of mountains of India|Kerala]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sabir_Khan_(musician)&diff=531573Sabir Khan (musician)2026-04-21T11:58:48Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: started a entry</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian musician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox musical artist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --><br />
| name = Sabir Khan<br />
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1987|1|26}}<br />
| birth_place =[[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]], [[India]]<br />
| death_date = <br />
| genre = [[Indian classical music]]<br />
| years_active = 1991–present<br />
| label = <br />
| associated_acts = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Sabir Khan''' is an Indian [[sarangi]] player and the son of sarangi player and vocalist [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Padma Bhushan Ustad Sultan Khan]].<ref>[http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=212462 A Classic(al) act: Cousins Ustad Dilshad Khan and Sabir Khan mesmerised the audience..]{{dead link|date=February 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} [[Indian Express]], 9 December 2006.</ref> He belongs to the [[Sikar]] [[gharana]] school of music giving several stalwarts to Indian classical music.<br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Khan was born in [[Jodhpur]], [[Rajasthan]]<ref>[http://www.vistaentertainments.com/music/aboutevent.html#Sabir Sabir]</ref> to sarangi player and vocalist Padma Bhushan [[Sultan Khan (musician)|Ustad Sultan Khan]]. He trained under his father and his uncle [[Ustad Nasir Khan]]. He is the ninth generation to take up sarangi. His great-grandfather [[Ustad Azim Khan Sahab]] was a court musician in Sikar Rajasthan.<ref>[http://www.kalavant.org/artists_sabir_khan.htm Sabir Kahn Profile]</ref><br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
Khan was exposed to music when he was six years old through his grandfather [[Ustad Gulab Khan]].<br />
<br />
Khan is known today for his mastery of sarangi. His technique of playing is a rare combination of sur and laya (note and rhythm).<br />
<br />
Khan performs with his father in concert and also solo. He has performed alongside artists such as Ustad Zakir Hussain, Pt. Kumar Bose, and Pt. Anindo Chatterjee. He has also played with gazal maestro Ustad Gulam Ali, Talat Aziz, Asha Bhosle and The Hazards at a terrace gig near Citi Centre. He recently played on the album of Lata Mangeshkar.<br />
<br />
He has played in feature films including ''[[Chameli (film)|Chameli]]'', ''[[Rog, Dor]]'', ''[[Anwar (2007 film)|Anwar]]'', ''[[Sanwariya]]'', ''[[Chodon na yaar]]'', ''[[Jodha Akbar]]'', and [[Faisal Saif]]'s ''[[Amma (2015 film)|Amma]]'', a [[multilingual]] film.<br />
<br />
He was part of A.R. Rehman and Shreya Ghosal's episode for ''MTV Unplugged''.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Sabir}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustani musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Indian male classical musicians]]<br />
[[Category:Musicians from Jodhpur]]<br />
[[Category:Sarangi players]]<br />
[[Category:1978 births]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{India-musician-stub}}</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhairyashil_Patil&diff=496556Dhairyashil Patil2026-04-19T05:30:36Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Made Stub...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician (born 1971)}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Dhairyasheel Patil}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]<br />
| term_start = 28 August 2024<br />
| term_end = 2 April 2026<br />
| successor = [[Vinod Tawde]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Udayanraje Bhosale]]<br />
| constituency = [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]<br />
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member]] of [[Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2009<br />
| term_end2 = 2019<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Ravisheth Patil]]<br />
| successor2 = Ravisheth Patil<br />
| constituency2 = [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1971|03|22}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Pen, Maharashtra]], India<br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] {{small|(since 2023)}}<br />
| other_party = [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]] {{small|(until 2023)}}<br />
| spouse = {{marriage|Nilima Patil|1996}}<br />
| children = 2 daughters<br />
| father = Mohan Patil<br />
| mother = Vijaya Patil<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Engineering|Bachelor of Engineering (Civil)]]<br />
| alma_mater = [[University of Bombay]]<br />
| profession = {{hlist|Agriculturist|politician}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dhairyashil Mohan Patil''' (born 22 March 1971) is an Indian politician who served as [[List of Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra|Rajya Sabha member from Maharashtra]] from August 2024 till April 2026. Prior to that, he previously served as [[member of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly]] for [[Pen Assembly constituency|Pen constituency]] between 2009 and 2019.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-20 |title=BJP names Dhairyasheel Patil as candidate for RS seat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/bjp-names-dhairyasheel-patil-as-candidate-for-rs-seat-9524354/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Patil was born on 1971 in [[Pen, Maharashtra]]. His father, Mohan Mahadev Patil, was the state minister of Maharashtra, leader of [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]] and had served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] from Pen for 24 years until 2004.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2014-07-24 |title=Former Maharashtra Minister Mohan Patil Passes Away |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2014/Jul/24/former-maharashtra-minister-mohan-patil-passes-away-639590.html |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was a science student at a private High School in Pen, then he studied at University of Bombay. In 1991, he pursued a diploma of Civil Engineering in [[Bharati Vidyapeeth]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dhairyashil Mohan Patil(Peasants And Workers Party of India):Constituency- PEN(RAIGAD) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/maharashtra2019/candidate.php?candidate_id=7853 |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Legislative career ==<br />
Like his father, Patil joined [[Peasants and Workers Party of India]] and contested Pen seat in [[2009 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2009 elections]]. He won by margin of 7,616 votes. He was re-elected in 2014.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-20 |title=BJP picks ex-PWP MLA Dhairyashil Patil for RS polls |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/bjp-picks-ex-pwp-mla-dhairyashil-patil-for-rs-polls/articleshow/112660156.cms |access-date=2024-09-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
<br />
Patil later lost the seat in [[2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|2019 elections]] to his rival [[Ravisheth Patil]] by a margin of 24,085 votes, after later switching from [[Indian National Congress|Congress]] to [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=BJP welcomes 'young & dynamic' Dhairyashil Patil, MLA could be LS candidate from Raigad |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/mumbai/pen-dhairyashil-patil-joins-bjp-could-be-ls-candidate-for-raigad |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> He joined Bharatiya Janata Party in December 2023. He was elected unopposed to Rajya Sabha in a by-election in August 2024.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-21 |title=BJP nominates Dhairyasheel Patil for RS polls, NCP likely to field Nitin Patil |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/bjp-nominates-dhairyasheel-patil-for-rs-polls-ncp-likely-to-field-nitin-patil-101724181301091.html |access-date=2024-09-03 |work=Hindustan Times}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2024-08-21 |title=BJP and NCP candidates file nominations for two Rajya Sabha seats from Maharashtra |url=https://theprint.in/india/bjp-and-ncp-candidates-file-nominations-for-two-rajya-sabha-seats-from-maharashtra/2232055/ |access-date=2024-09-03 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NCP's Nitin Patil, BJP's Dhairyasheel Patil Elected To Rajya Sabha">{{cite news |title=NCP's Nitin Patil, BJP's Dhairyasheel Patil Elected To Rajya Sabha |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ncps-nitin-patil-bjps-dhairyasheel-patil-elected-to-rajya-sabha-6425620 |access-date=1 January 2025 |work= |publisher=NDTV |date=27 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250101123506/https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ncps-nitin-patil-bjps-dhairyasheel-patil-elected-to-rajya-sabha-6425620 |archive-date=1 January 2025 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Patil, Dhairyashil}}<br />
[[Category:1971 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Rajya Sabha members from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2009–2014]]<br />
[[Category:Maharashtra MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Peasants and Workers Party of India politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Maharashtra]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ashok_Kushwaha&diff=487912Ashok Kushwaha2026-04-14T10:59:56Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: creating initial data w/ infobox</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian politician from Bihar}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Ashok Kumar Singh (disambiguation){{!}}Ashok Kumar Singh}}<br />
{{use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Ashok Kumar<br />
| image = Dr. Ashok Kumar.jpg<br />
| caption = Ashok Kumar<br />
| birth_name =<br />
| birth_date = <br />
| birth_place = [[Sasaram]], [[Bihar]], India<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| death_cause = <br />
| resting_place = <br />
| resting_place_coordinates = <br />
| other_names = <br />
| office = Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| constituency = [[Sasaram Assembly constituency|Sasaram]]<br />
| term_start = 2015<br />
| term_end = 2020<br />
| constituency1 = [[Sasaram Assembly constituency|Sasaram]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2000<br />
| term_end1 = 2005<br />
| education = <br />
| employer = <br />
| occupation = <br />
| spouse = <br />
| partner = <br />
| children = <br />
| parents = Lachhuman Mahato (father)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6InJ6WW9tT0ZQMWh0RmtrTnZFNit0WEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidVcxS3ZJMnRJNU1sOUtscVkyUldLdz09IiwibWFjIjoiZjg4MTY3Nzc0NzdmMGNkN2Q1N2YyNGE1N2I0NDkyMzhiN2IwOTgyYzZiNWUxMTFlOGU0NThiZTRjNGM2Mzc1MiJ9/MTM=/OQ==/Mw==/QUM=|title=Election Affidavit|website=Election Commission of India|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304183020/https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-profile/eyJpdiI6InJ6WW9tT0ZQMWh0RmtrTnZFNit0WEE9PSIsInZhbHVlIjoidVcxS3ZJMnRJNU1sOUtscVkyUldLdz09IiwibWFjIjoiZjg4MTY3Nzc0NzdmMGNkN2Q1N2YyNGE1N2I0NDkyMzhiN2IwOTgyYzZiNWUxMTFlOGU0NThiZTRjNGM2Mzc1MiJ9/MTM=/OQ==/Mw==/QUM=|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| relatives = <br />
| signature = <br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
| other_party = [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]]<br />
| party = [[Bahujan Samaj Party]] <br />
}}<br />
'''Ashok Kumar''' better known as '''Ashok Kushwaha''' is a former Member of the [[Bihar Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Sasaram Assembly constituency]]. He was a member of [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]], and was elected in the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2000 Bihar assembly elections]] as well as the [[2015 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2015 Bihar assembly elections]]. Kumar shifted his allegiance to [[Janata Dal (United)]] (JDU) prior to [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]] and was made a candidate of JDU from Sasaram constituency against Rajesh Kumar Gupta of Rashtriya Janata Dal. However, he was defeated in the 2020 elections.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/triangular-contest-due-to-shifting-loyalties/articleshow/78607774.cms|title=Bihar Assembly election 2020: Sasaram headed for triangular contest due to shifting loyalties|website=Economic Times|access-date=4 March 2023|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026070818/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/assembly-elections/bihar/triangular-contest-due-to-shifting-loyalties/articleshow/78607774.cms|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/rohtas-sasaram-mla-ashok-kumar-hands-jdu-expelled-from-rjd-20635392.html|title=सासाराम विधायक अशोक कुमार ने थामा जदयू का हाथ, राजद से निष्काषित|website=jagran.com|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=4 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304180250/https://www.jagran.com/bihar/rohtas-sasaram-mla-ashok-kumar-hands-jdu-expelled-from-rjd-20635392.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oneindia.com/sasaram-assembly-elections-br-208/|title=Sasaram assembly results 2020|website=one India|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=2 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211102203642/https://www.oneindia.com/sasaram-assembly-elections-br-208/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sasaram/bihar-chunav-2020-kushwaha-occupies-sasaram-seat-for-40-years-kushwaha-11-times-in-16-elections-kayastha-candidate-four-times-asj|title=Bihar Chunav 2020 : सासाराम सीट पर है 40 वर्षों से कुशवाहा का कब्जा|website=prabhat khabar|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025142849/https://www.prabhatkhabar.com/state/bihar/sasaram/bihar-chunav-2020-kushwaha-occupies-sasaram-seat-for-40-years-kushwaha-11-times-in-16-elections-kayastha-candidate-four-times-asj|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=664|title=ASHOK KUMAR Winner 2015|website=National Election watch|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=22 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210622081617/https://myneta.info/bihar2015/candidate.php?candidate_id=664|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-sasaram-assembly-election-result-2020-ashok-kumar-rajesh-kumar-gupta-jdu-rjd-rameshwar-chaurasiya-ljp-bihar-polls-2020-662888|title=Sasaram Election Result: RJD's Rajesh Kumar Gupta defeats JDU's Ashok Kumar by a margin of over 26,000 votes|website=India Tv|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=10 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110063355/https://www.indiatvnews.com/elections/news-sasaram-assembly-election-result-2020-ashok-kumar-rajesh-kumar-gupta-jdu-rjd-rameshwar-chaurasiya-ljp-bihar-polls-2020-662888|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2015 assembly elections, Kumar had defeated [[Jawahar Prasad]] of [[Bhartiya Janata Party]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/sasaram-assembly-seat-bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-2020-bihar-election-sasaram-seat-rjd-ashok-kumar-jdu-congress-nda-lbs-1138276-2020-09-30|title=सासाराम विधानसभा सीट:पिछले चुनाव में RJD ने बिगाड़ा था भाजपा का खेल, इस बार वापसी पर नजर|website=Aajtak|accessdate=4 March 2023|archive-date=2022-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425183740/https://www.aajtak.in/elections/bihar-assembly-elections/story/sasaram-assembly-seat-bihar-vidhan-sabha-election-2020-bihar-election-sasaram-seat-rjd-ashok-kumar-jdu-congress-nda-lbs-1138276-2020-09-30|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Janata Dal (United) politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2015–2020]]<br />
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]<br />
[[Category:People from Sasaram]]<br />
<br />
{{Bihar-JDU-politician-stub}}</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jagalur_Assembly_constituency&diff=505072Jagalur Assembly constituency2026-04-14T03:23:48Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Added pg</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Karnataka State, India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian constituency<br />
| name = Jagalur<br />
| type= SLA<br />
| constituency_no = 103<br />
| map_image = 103-Jagalur constituency.svg<br />
| state = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| district = [[Davanagere district|Davanagere]] and [[Vijayanagara district|Vijayanagara]]<br />
| loksabha_cons = [[Davangere (Lok Sabha constituency)|Davangere]]<br />
| established = 1951 (first establishment)<br>1961 (second establishment)<br />
| reservation = ST<br />
| electors = {{formatnum:193028}}<ref name=election2023>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/15163-karnataka-2023/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2023 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |website=eci.gov.in |access-date=24 July 2023 |url-access=limited}}</ref>{{update after|2028|7}}<br />
| mla = B. Devendrappa<br />
| party = [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]]<br />
| preceded_by = S. V. Ramachandra<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Jagalur Assembly constituency''' is one of the 224 [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] constituencies of [[Karnataka]] in [[India]].<ref name=electors2019>{{cite web |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PCELE2019/GE2019_VOTERS_COUNT.pdf |title=Karnataka Loksabha Elections - 2019 - Voters Count |website=ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in |accessdate= 10 February 2021}}</ref><br />
<br />
It is part of [[Davanagere district]] and is reserved for candidates belonging to the [[Scheduled Tribes]]. As of 2023, it is represented by [[B. Devendrappa (politician)|B. Devendrappa]] of the [[Indian National Congress]].<br />
<br />
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! Election<br />
! Member<br />
! colspan=2|Party<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Mushir-u. L.-mulk. J. Mohamed Imamsab || {{Full party name with color|Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || M. N. Krishna Singh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1967]] || J. R. Halsaswamy<br />
|-<br />
| bgcolor="#FFF58A" | [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election|1972]] || rowspan="5" | G. H. Ashwath Reddy<br />
|-<br />
| [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1978]] || {{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1983]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=3}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1985]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1989]]<br />
|-<br />
| [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1994]] || M. Basappa || {{Full party name with color|Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|1999]] || G. H. Ashwath Reddy || {{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]] || T. Gurusiddana Gowda || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] || rowspan="2" | S. V. Ramachandra || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2011 elections in India#Karnataka|2011 By-election]] || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2013]] || H. P. Rajesh || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2018]] || S. V. Ramachandra || {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2023]] || [[B. Devendrappa (politician)|B. Devendrappa]] || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Election results==<br />
=== Assembly Election 2023 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref name="Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Jagalur">{{cite news |title=Karnataka Assembly Elections 2023: Jagalur |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10103.htm?ac=103 |access-date=1 May 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=13 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501182259/https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMay2023/ConstituencywiseS10103.htm?ac=103 |archive-date=1 May 2025}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Devendrappa (politician)|B. Devendrappa]] |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 50,765 |percentage = 32.44% |change = {{decrease}}1.08 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Ramachandra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 49,891 |percentage = 31.88% |change = {{decrease}}21.34 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Rajesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 49,442 |percentage = 31.60% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 1,996 |percentage = 1.28% |change = {{increase}}0.70 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Mallapura Devaraj |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,972 |percentage = 1.26% |change = {{decrease}}7.77 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 874 |percentage = 0.56% |change = {{decrease}}19.14 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 156,728 |percentage = 81.19% |change = {{increase}}3.11 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 156,483}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 193,028 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.53 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{decrease}}20.78 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2018 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2018 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/6933-karnataka-2018/ |title=Karnataka Legislative Assembly Election - 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |accessdate= 4 February 2021}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Ramachandra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 78,948 |percentage = 53.22% |change = {{increase}}51.99 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Rajesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 49,727 |percentage = 33.52% |change = {{decrease}}18.27 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = [[B. Devendrappa (politician)|B. Devendrappa]] |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 13,401 |percentage = 9.03% |change = {{increase}}6.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. L. Pushpa Lakshmana Swamy |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,856 |percentage = 1.25% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = None of the above |party = None of the above |votes = 855 |percentage = 0.58% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 29,221 |percentage = 19.70% |change = {{decrease}}4.86 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 148,439 |percentage = 78.08% |change = {{decrease}}0.90 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 148,335}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 190,117 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.62 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}1.43 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2013 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2013 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2013 : To the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |website=eci.nic.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=2014-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131220034253/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/AE2013/StatReports2013.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Rajesh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 77,805 |percentage = 51.79% |change = {{increase}}27.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Ramachandra |party = Karnataka Janata Paksha |votes = 40,915 |percentage = 27.24% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. G. Rangaiah |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 4,325 |percentage = 2.88% |change = {{decrease}}0.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Dr. Basappa Arun Kumar |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,845 |percentage = 1.23% |change = {{decrease}}34.64 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Halappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,304 |percentage = 0.87% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. H. Ramanna |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,079 |percentage = 0.72% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemappa. G. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 985 |percentage = 0.66% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 36,890 |percentage = 24.56% |change = {{increase}}20.77 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 132,149 |percentage = 78.98% |change = {{increase}}2.57 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 150,223}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 167,330 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.30 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}15.92 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly By-election 2011 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2011 elections in India#Karnataka|2011 Karnataka Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/statistical-report/detailed-bye-election-results/ |title=Bye-Election Results - Election Commission of India |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Ramachandra |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 41,961 |percentage = 35.87% |change = {{increase}}1.76 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Rajesh |party = Independent politician |votes = 37,528 |percentage = 32.08% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Y. Devendrappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 28,625 |percentage = 24.47% |change = {{decrease}}12.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. Manjunatha |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 3,804 |percentage = 3.25% |change = {{decrease}}3.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bheemappa. G. N |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,846 |percentage = 2.43% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = C. Manjunatha |party = Independent politician |votes = 880 |percentage = 0.75% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. B. Chowdappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 732 |percentage = 0.63% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,433 |percentage = 3.79% |change = {{increase}}1.11 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 116,977 |percentage = 76.41% |change = {{increase}}4.37 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 116,977}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 153,096 |ref = |change = {{increase}}5.13 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}0.92 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2008 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web |title=General Election Karnataka Legislative Assembly 2008 Election Statistics |url=https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |publisher=Government of Karnataka |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201232433/https://www.ceokarnataka.kar.nic.in/PDFS/Previous%20Elections/Election%20Statistics%202008%20Final.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = S. V. Ramachandra |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 38,574 |percentage = 36.79% |change = {{increase}}6.76 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. P. Rajesh |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 35,763 |percentage = 34.11% |change = {{decrease}}2.32 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. Sreenivasa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 7,208 |percentage = 6.87% |change = {{decrease}}7.97 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Palaiah |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 6,471 |percentage = 6.17% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Viswanath |party = Independent politician |votes = 6,354 |percentage = 6.06% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hutchhavvanahalli Manjunath |party = Sarvodaya Karnataka Paksha |votes = 4,140 |percentage = 3.95% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Hanumanthappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,246 |percentage = 2.14% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. Chowdappa |party = Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) (Liberation) |votes = 2,024 |percentage = 1.93% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = S. Pandurangappa |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,042 |percentage = 0.99% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,811 |percentage = 2.68% |change = {{decrease}}3.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 104,917 |percentage = 72.04% |change = {{increase}}1.69 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 104,846}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 145,628 |ref = |change = {{decrease}}3.34 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Bharatiya Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}0.36 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 2004 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2004 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006204912/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_2004/StatisticalReports_KT_2004.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = T. Gurusiddana Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 38,530 |percentage = 36.43% |change = {{increase}}16.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Ashwath Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 31,767 |percentage = 30.03% |change = {{increase}}3.60 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 15,698 |percentage = 14.84% |change = {{increase}}13.13 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Venkatesh. S. M |party = Janata Party |votes = 7,339 |percentage = 6.94% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. P. Palaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 4,389 |percentage = 4.15% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunath. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,921 |percentage = 2.76% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Jayanna. K |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,891 |percentage = 1.79% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Manjunatha. K. B |party = Urs Samyuktha Paksha |votes = 1,198 |percentage = 1.13% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Shanthakumari. M. V |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,062 |percentage = 1.00% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 6,763 |percentage = 6.39% |change = {{decrease}}18.64 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 105,990 |percentage = 70.35% |change = {{decrease}}4.09 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 105,772}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 150,659 |ref = |change = {{increase}}10.30 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Bharatiya Janata Party |loser = Independent politician |swing = {{decrease}}15.03 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1999 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1999 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1999 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006053217/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1999/StatisticalReport-KT99.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Ashwath Reddy |party = Independent politician |votes = 48,865 |percentage = 51.46% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 25,097 |percentage = 26.43% |change = {{decrease}}6.35 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Gurusiddana Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,367 |percentage = 20.40% |change = {{decrease}}0.15 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Hanumanthappa |party = Janata Dal (Secular) |votes = 1,627 |percentage = 1.71% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 23,768 |percentage = 25.03% |change = {{increase}}22.08 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 101,678 |percentage = 74.44% |change = {{increase}}3.59 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 94,956}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 6,684 |percentage = 6.57% |change = {{increase}}4.63 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 136,592 |ref = |change = {{increase}}1.89 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Independent politician |loser = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |swing = {{increase}}15.73 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1994 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1994 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1994 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006211324/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1994/StatisticalReport-KT94.pdf|archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basappa |party = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |votes = 33,272 |percentage = 35.73% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Ashwath Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 30,526 |percentage = 32.78% |change = {{decrease}}20.17 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Gurusiddana Gowda |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 19,134 |percentage = 20.55% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Koncha Jayadevappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 7,373 |percentage = 7.92% |change = {{decrease}}35.62 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Krishnamurthy |party = Samajwadi Party |votes = 1,461 |percentage = 1.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = R. Obelesha Ghatti |party = Bahujan Samaj Party |votes = 786 |percentage = 0.84% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,746 |percentage = 2.95% |change = {{decrease}}6.47 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 94,973 |percentage = 70.85% |change = {{decrease}}1.93 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 93,126}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,847 |percentage = 1.94% |change = {{decrease}}3.06 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 134,057 |ref = |change = {{increase}}8.86 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Karnataka Pradesh Congress Committee |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}17.22 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1989 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1989 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1989 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007070737/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1989/Statistical%20Report%20karnataka%201989.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Ashwath Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 45,085 |percentage = 52.95% |change = {{increase}}3.37 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basappa |party = Janata Dal |votes = 37,068 |percentage = 43.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. B. Kallarudreshappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 2,639 |percentage = 3.10% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,017 |percentage = 9.42% |change = {{increase}}7.15 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 89,621 |percentage = 72.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.32 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 85,142}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 4,479 |percentage = 5.00% |change = {{increase}}3.22 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 123,142 |ref = |change = {{increase}}23.97 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}3.37 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1985 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1985 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1985 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006143216/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1985/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201985.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Ashwath Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 35,365 |percentage = 49.58% |change = {{decrease}}9.14 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 33,749 |percentage = 47.32% |change = {{increase}}8.94 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Kollarappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 684 |percentage = 0.96% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Thippeswamy |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 625 |percentage = 0.88% |change = {{decrease}}1.33 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 1,616 |percentage = 2.27% |change = {{decrease}}18.08 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 72,616 |percentage = 73.10% |change = {{decrease}}1.58 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 71,324}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,292 |percentage = 1.78% |change = {{decrease}}0.70 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 99,336 |ref = |change = {{increase}}11.81 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}9.14 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1983 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1983 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1983 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007124742/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1983/Statistical%20Report%201983%20karnatkaa.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Ashwath Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 37,998 |percentage = 58.72% |change = {{increase}}38.86 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = M. Basappa |party = Janata Party |votes = 24,832 |percentage = 38.38% |change = {{decrease}}1.74 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Gandugali |party = Bharatiya Janata Party |votes = 1,427 |percentage = 2.21% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Ramanjaneya |party = Independent politician |votes = 448 |percentage = 0.69% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 13,166 |percentage = 20.35% |change = {{increase}}20.25 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 66,353 |percentage = 74.68% |change = {{increase}}1.68 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 64,705}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,648 |percentage = 2.48% |change = {{decrease}}0.01 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 88,845 |ref = |change = {{increase}}7.72 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Janata Party |swing = {{increase}}18.60 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1978 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1978 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1978 to the Legislative Assembly of Karnataka |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007164123/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1978/Statistical%20Report%20Karnataka%201978.pdf |archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Ashwath Reddy |party = Janata Party |votes = 23,555 |percentage = 40.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Sreenivasa Naik |party = Indian National Congress (I) |votes = 23,496 |percentage = 40.02% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = P. G. Nagana Gowda |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 11,658 |percentage = 19.86% |change = {{decrease}}35.45 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 59 |percentage = 0.10% |change = {{decrease}}17.09 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 60,206 |percentage = 73.00% |change = {{increase}}8.96 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 58,709}}<br />
{{Election box rejected |votes = 1,497 |percentage = 2.49% |change = {{increase}}2.49 }}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 82,478 |ref = |change = {{increase}}9.17 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Janata Party |loser = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}15.19 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1972 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1972 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1972 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006074555/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1972/StatisRep_Mysore_72.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = G. H. Ashwath Reddy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 26,132 |percentage = 55.31% |change = {{decrease}}3.49 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Sreenivasa Naik |party = Indian National Congress (Organisation) |votes = 18,010 |percentage = 38.12% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = D. B. Raju |party = Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 3,102 |percentage = 6.57% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,122 |percentage = 17.19% |change = {{decrease}}0.41 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 48,382 |percentage = 64.04% |change = {{decrease}}10.76 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,244}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 75,553 |ref = |change = {{increase}}14.78 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{decrease}}3.49 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1967 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1967 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1967 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006083645/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Mysore%201967.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = J. R. Halsaswamy |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 27,787 |percentage = 58.80% |change = {{increase}}14.57 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = T. Thoriyappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 19,468 |percentage = 41.20% |change = {{increase}}12.86 }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 8,319 |percentage = 17.60% |change = {{increase}}1.71 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 49,234 |percentage = 74.80% |change = {{increase}}20.45 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 47,255}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 65,825 |ref = |change = {{increase}}13.69 }}<br />
{{Election box hold with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = {{increase}}14.57 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1962 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1962 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006093153/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Mysore_1962.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = M. N. Krishna Singh |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 12,390 |percentage = 44.23% |change = {{increase}}1.03 }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = K. V. Venkatappa |party = Praja Socialist Party |votes = 7,938 |percentage = 28.34% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = A. D. Krishnappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 3,513 |percentage = 12.54% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Yallappa |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,244 |percentage = 8.01% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = H. C. Keshavan |party = Independent politician |votes = 1,260 |percentage = 4.50% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = B. H. Parthaiah |party = Independent politician |votes = 665 |percentage = 2.37% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 4,452 |percentage = 15.89% |change = {{increase}}2.29 }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 31,468 |percentage = 54.35% |change = {{decrease}}11.87 }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 28,010}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 57,899 |ref = |change = {{increase}}54.19 }}<br />
{{Election box gain |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing = {{decrease}}12.57 }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===<br />
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Mysore State Legislative Assembly election]] : Jagalur <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Mysore |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101007130946/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatRep_51_MYSORE.pdf|archive-date=7 October 2010|format=pdf}}</ref>}}<br />
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Mushir-Ul-Mulk J. Mohamed Imamsab |party = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |votes = 14,123 |percentage = 56.80% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = J. S. Kallappa |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 10,741 |percentage = 43.20% |change = ''New'' }}<br />
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,382 |percentage = 13.60% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box turnout |votes = 24,864 |percentage = 66.22% |change = }}<br />
{{Election box total valid |votes= 24,864}}<br />
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 37,550 |ref = |change = }}<br />
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party |swing = }}<br />
{{Election box end}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[List of constituencies of the Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]<br />
* [[Davanagere district]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Assembly constituencies of Karnataka}}<br />
<br />
{{coord|14.52|76.34|display=title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Davanagere district]]<br />
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Politics of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]<br />
[[Category:1951 establishments in Mysore State]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmopolitan_Club_(Chennai)&diff=494923Cosmopolitan Club (Chennai)2026-04-12T20:15:59Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Made A Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Golf course in Chennai, India}}<br />
{{For|the New York women's private club|Cosmopolitan Club (New York)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2015}}<br />
{{Coord|13.02014|N|80.234431|E|display=title}}<br />
{{Infobox organization<br />
|name = Cosmopolitan Club, Chennai<br />
|image = Cosmopolitan Club Golf Course Aerial Chennai Jul18 DSC05377.jpg<br />
|image_border = <br />
|image_size = <br />
|caption = Aerial view of the Cosmpolitan Club Golf Course, 2018<br />
|formation = 1873<br />
|type = [[Private club]]<br />
|headquarters = No.63 Anna Salai, [[Chennai]] 600 002<br />
|location = India<br />
|membership = <br />
|leader_title = <br />
|leader_name = <br />
|key_people = <br />
|num_staff = <br />
|budget = <br />
|website = https://www.cosmopolitanclubchennai.com<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Cosmopolitan Club''' was established in 1873.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=About > History of Cosmopolitan Club |url=https://www.cosmopolitanclubchennai.com/ |access-date=18 July 2025 |website=[[Cosmopolitan Club, Chennai]]}}</ref> It has one of the three 18-hole [[golf]] courses in [[Chennai]], India.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tripathi |first=Anuj |title=Cosmopolitan Club chennai |website=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/cosmopolitan-club-moves-hc/article31005115.ece |date=March 7, 2020 |access-date=20 July 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
It has bowling since 2010.{{citation needed|date=May 2014}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Guindy Links]]<br />
* [[Gymkhana Club, Chennai|Gymkhana Club]]<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Sports}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Golf clubs in India}}<br />
{{Sport venues in Tamil Nadu}}<br />
{{Chennai Topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Sport in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:Golf clubs and courses in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues in Chennai]]<br />
[[Category:19th-century establishments in India]]<br />
[[Category:Sports venues completed in the 19th century]]<br />
[[Category:Year of establishment missing]]<br />
[[Category:Clubs and societies in India]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Golfcourse-stub}}</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acharya_Prashant&diff=484470Acharya Prashant2026-04-06T18:32:39Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: creating initial pg w/ refs!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian spiritual leader, philosopher, author and former civil sevent}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{COI|date=December 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox youtuber<br />
| name = Acharya Prashant<br />
| image = Acharya Prashant in an Interview.jpg<br />
| birth_name = Prashant Tripathi<br />
| birth_date = 7 March 1978<br />
| birth_place = [[Agra]], Uttar Pradesh, India<br />
| alma_mater = [[Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi]] ([[BTech]]) <br /><br />
[[Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad]] ([[MBA]])<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Philosopher|Author|Advaita teacher|Social activist}}<br />
| organization = PrashantAdvait Foundation<br />
| notable_works = <br />
| mother = <br />
| father = <br />
| awards = <br />
| website = https://acharyaprashant.org/<br />
| youtube_handle = shriprashant<br />
| youtube_display_name = आचार्य प्रशांत<br />
| youtube_years_active = 2006–present<br />
| youtube_genre = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Advaita Vedanta]]<br />
}}<br />
| youtube_subscribers = 60.1 million<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --><br />
| youtube_views = 5.60 billion<!-- PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE WITHOUT UPDATING stats_update BELOW --><br />
<br />
<br />
| stats_update = 28 March, 2026<br />
}}<br />
<!-- Note: The following pages were redirects to [[Acharya_Prashant]] before draftification:<br />
*[[Draft:Acharya Prashant]]<br />
--><br />
<br />
'''Prashant Tripathi''', known as '''Acharya Prashant''' is an Indian spiritual leader, philosopher, author and poet.<ref>{{Cite web|title=सिविल की नौकरी छोड़ आचार्य प्रशांत बने कर्मयोगी, युवाओं में जगा रहे अध्यात्म की अलख|url=https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/state/uttar-pradesh/noida/acharya-prashant-leading-the-youth-towards-spirituality-after-resign-post-of-administrative-officer/articleshow/77368096.cms|access-date=2020-08-23|website=Navbharat Times|language=hi}}</ref> He conducts live Gita sessions both offline and online, where he teaches seventeen forms of [[Bhagavad Gita|Gita]] and sixty forms of [[Upanishads]] with eastern and western philosophy and religion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15 |title=Acharya Prashant Brings E-course On Upanishads And Gitas For Netizens|url=https://bweducation.businessworld.in/article/Acharya-Prashant-Brings-E-course-On-Upanishads-And-Gitas-For-Netizens/15-03-2021-383838}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-21 |title=On a spiritual mission |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/sunday-edition/on-a-spiritual-mission.html}}</ref> He is the founder of a [[not-for-profit organization]] named PrashantAdvait Foundation,<ref>{{Cite web|title=प्रशांत अद्वैत फाउंडेशन के संस्थापक पहुंचे मैक्लोडगंज|url=https://www.jagran.com/himachal-pradesh/dharmshala-13958023.html|access-date=2022-02-14|website=Dainik Jagran|language=hi}}</ref> and is an [[List of vegans|Animal Rights Activist]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-17|title=वैश्विक महामारियों का मुख्य कारण मांसाहार को लेकर हमारी चुप्पी, वीगनिज्म के असली मायने सीखना अभी बाकी|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/rajasthan/news/people-are-yet-to-learn-the-real-meaning-of-veganism-acharya-prashant-127519020.html|website=Dainik Bhaskar (In Hindi)}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Prashant received his [[bachelor's degree|B.Tech]] from [[IIT Delhi]] and later did his [[Postgraduate education|Post Graduation]] in [[Management Studies|Management]] from [[IIM Ahmedabad]] in 2003.<ref>{{Citation |title=मेरी ये बातें आज तक किसी के सामने नहीं आईं {{!}} @आचार्य प्रशान्त - Acharya Prashant {{!}} Josh Talks Hindi |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2rVWA4hDIqI |access-date=2022-12-04 |language=en}}</ref> He also cleared the Indian [[Civil Services Examination]] but chose not to pursue a career in the civil services, later becoming a teacher of Vedanta and an author.<ref>{{Cite web |title=This guru has been to IIT and IIM but wants to connect with his students spiritually |url=https://www.edexlive.com/people/2019/jul/03/this-spiritual-guru-reaches-out-to-students-with-innovative-programmes-that-can-empower-their-lives-6865.html |access-date=2020-06-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Awards and recognitions ==<br />
In April 2025, Acharya Prashant was honoured with the 'Outstanding Contribution to National Development' Award by the [[IIT Delhi]] Alumni Association for his efforts in advancing spiritual wisdom and fostering national consciousness through his teachings, books, and large-scale initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-27 |title=Acharya Prashant Receives 'Outstanding Contribution to National Development' Award from IIT Delhi Alumni Association |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/education/acharya-prashant-receives-outstanding-contribution-to-national-development-award-from-iit-delhi-alumni-association-article-151508778 |access-date=2025-04-27 |website=Times Now |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
With over 50 million subscribers, Acharya Prashant was the most followed spiritual teacher globally on YouTube in 2024.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Acharya Prashant Is Most Followed Spiritual Leader On YouTube |url=https://www.india.com/news/india/acharya-prashant-becomes-most-followed-spiritual-leader-globally-on-youtube-bhagavad-gita-vedanta-7063300/ |access-date=2024-07-13 |website=www.india.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Entrepreneur |date=2024-09-08 |title=Ancient Wisdom With Modern Relevance: Acharya Prashant's 50 Million Subscriber Success |url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/ancient-wisdom-with-modern-relevance-acharya-prashants-50/479473 |access-date=2024-10-26 |website=Entrepreneur |language=en}}</ref> He directs a [[Bhagavad Gita]] Teaching Program that includes over 150,000 participants and recently concluded the world's most extensive online Gita-based spiritual examination.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fernandes |first=Vinod |date=2025-12-24 |title=The Silent Salience of PrashantAdvait Foundation |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/education/the-silent-salience-of-prashantadvait-foundation-1926013 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=www.deccanchronicle.com |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Poetry ==<br />
Acharya Prashant’s poetic work is mainly expressed through his simple poetic translations of the verses of the [[Shrimad Bhagavad Gita]].<br />
<br />
He has also written poems on deep and sensitive aspects of life, compiled in a book called ''Raat Aur Chaand'' (Night and the Moon).<ref>{{Cite web |title=दर्शन और काव्य का अनूठा संगम : आचार्य प्रशांत - A unique confluence of philosophy and poetry: Acharya Prashant |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-a-unique-confluence-of-philosophy-and-poetry-acharya-prashant-23936612.html |access-date=2025-05-17 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
A few poems from the book ''"Raat Aur Chaand"'':<br />
<br />
* ''Sone Ka Haq''<br />
* ''Jab Geet Na Arpit Kar Pao''<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
!No.<br />
!Title<br />
!Publisher<br />
!Year<br />
![[ISBN]]<br />
|-<br />
|1<br />
|''Karma: Why Everything You Know About It Is Wrong''<br />
|Penguin Random House<br />
|2021<br />
|9780143453314<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karma |url=https://www.penguin.co.in/book/karma-3/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Penguin Random House India |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|2<br />
|''Nirbhay Hoy na Koy''<br />
|Rajpal and Sons<br />
|2022<br />
|978-9393267030<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nirbhay Hoy na Koy by Acharya Prashant - Rajpal and Sons |url=https://rekhtabooks.com/products/nirbhay-hoy-na-koy |access-date=2025-10-04 |website=rekhtabooks.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|3<br />
|''Ananda: Happiness Without Reason''<br />
|HarperCollins<br />
|2022<br />
|978-9356292192<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy Ananda: Happiness Without Reason Online By Acharya Prashant - HarperCollins India |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/product/ananda/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=HarperCollins Publishers India Books, Novels, Authors and Reviews}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|4<br />
|''Maya: I Bow to Thee, You Cannot be Overcome''<br />
|Jaico<br />
|2022<br />
|978-9393559418<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buy Maya: I Bow to Thee, You Cannot be Overcome by Acharya Prashant online |url=https://www.jaicobooks.com/shop/religion-philosophy/spirituality/maya-i-bow-to-thee-you-cannot-be-overcome/ |access-date=2024-07-16 |website=Jaico Publishing House |language=en-US}}</ref> <br />
|-<br />
|5<br />
|''Mukti: Bandhan ko Bandhan to Jano''<br />
|Prabhat Prakashan<br />
|2022<br />
|978-9355210616<ref name="book-mukti">{{Cite web |title=Mukti (Bandhan ko Bandhan to Jano) {{!}} 9789355210616 {{!}} Prabhat Prakashan |url=https://www.prabhatbooks.com/mukti-acharya-prashant-a-journey-towards-inner-freedom-and-spiritual-enlightenment-self-realization-spiritual-liberation-enlightenment-book-in-hindi.htm <br />
|access-date=2025-10-04 |website=www.prabhatbooks.com}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|6<br />
|''Truth Without Apology: For Those Tired of Sweet Lies''<br />
|HarperCollins<br />
|2025<br />
|978-9369896578<ref>{{Cite web |title=HarperCollins Presents Truth Without Apology by Acharya Prashant |url=https://harpercollins.co.in/blog/announcements/harpercollins-presents-truth-without-apology-by-acharya-prashant/ |website=HarperCollins India |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Acharya Prashant’s Truth Without Apology dominates Amazon charts; #1 bestseller since Day One |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/insights/report-acharya-prashant-s-truth-without-apology-dominates-amazon-charts-1-bestseller-since-day-one-3179736 |website=DNA India |access-date=27 August 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Truth Without Apology’ Now Dominates Flipkart Bestseller Charts<br />
|url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/latest-news/after-1-on-amazon-and-nielsen-truth-without-apology-now-dominates-flipkart-bestseller-charts |website=Free Press Journal |access-date=24 October 2025}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Advaita Vedanta]]<br />
* [[Upanishads]]<br />
* [[Veganism]]<br />
* [[Ashtavakra Gita]]<br />
* [[Bhagavad Gita]]<br />
* [[List of most-subscribed YouTube channels]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Veganism and vegetarianism}}<br />
{{Animal rights}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prashant, Acharya}}<br />
[[Category:Indian spiritual teachers]]<br />
[[Category:1978 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:IIT Delhi alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Hindus]]<br />
[[Category:Indian spiritual writers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Indian veganism activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian YouTubers]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=VR_Bengaluru&diff=543180VR Bengaluru2026-04-05T21:58:38Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox shopping mall<br />
| name = VR Bengaluru<br />
| image = VR Bengaluru.jpg<br />
| image_width = 270px<br />
| caption = VR Bengaluru - Black Box On Whitefield Road<br />
| location = [[Whitefield, Bangalore]], [[India]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|12.996|N|77.695|E|display=inline,title}}<br />
| opening_date = 2015<ref name='VR Bengaluru'/><br />
| closing_date = <br />
| developer = [[Virtuous Retail]]<br />
| manager = Virtuous Retail<br />
| owner = Virtuous Retail<br />
| architect = <br />
| number_of_stores = 100+<br />
| number_of_anchors = <br />
| floor_area = {{convert|600000|sqft|m2}}<ref name='VR Bengaluru'>{{cite news|title=VR Bengaluru|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/services/retail/hm-zeroes-in-on-bengaluru-mall-for-its-third-outlet-in-india/articleshow/49163705.cms|newspaper=EconomicTimes|date=30 September 2015}}</ref><br />
| floors = 7<br />
| website = {{URL|vrbengaluru.com}}<br />
| publictransit = {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|broute|X}} at [[Singayyanapalya metro station|Singayyanapalya]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''VR Bengaluru''',<ref>{{cite news|title=VR Bengaluru BlackBox on Whitefield Road Launched|url=http://www.vogue.in/video/vogue-gq-present-the-black-box-launch-at-vr-bengaluru/|newspaper=Vogue India|date=21 June 2016}}</ref> is a mixed-use retail development in India, situated in [[Whitefield, Bangalore]]. Its [[gross floor area]] is {{convert|600,000|sqft|m2}}.<ref name='VR Bengaluru'/><ref>{{cite web|title=VR Bengaluru Detalils|url=https://www.popup72.com/PopUpInfo/51/VR-Bengaluru}}</ref> In addition to the retail arcade, the compound hosts a hotel, a multiplex with the largest [[PVR Cinemas|Gold Class]]<ref>{{cite news|title=PVR opens biggest Gold Class at VR Bengaluru|url=http://www.vrbengaluru.com/media.asp?nYear=2015|newspaper=Economic Times|date=28 December 2015}}</ref> in India along with an [[IMAX]],<ref>{{cite news|title=PVR opens Bangalores 2nd IMAX at VR Bengaluru|url=http://www.vrbengaluru.com/media.asp?nYear=2015|newspaper=Economic Times|date=28 December 2015}}</ref> commercial spaces and customisable collaborative working spaces for start-ups and entrepreneurs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vrbengaluru.com/office-the-hive.asp|title=The Hive|publisher=VR Bengaluru}}</ref><br />
<br />
The centre consists of The Hive - a co-working space, The Waverly - Hotel & Residences and the SkyDeck - an activated rooftop with a temperature-controlled pool, a jogging track and an open-air LED screen. South India's first [[H&M]] store was launched there in 2016.<ref>{{cite news|title=India's most stunning malls|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/its-time-to-queue-up/article8389356.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 March 2016}}</ref><br />
[[File:Garden City @ VR Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|Garden City @ VR Bengaluru]]<br />
<br />
==About==<br />
This center is owned, developed and operated by [[Virtuous Retail]] South Asia Pte Ltd. VR Bengaluru is part of a [[mixed-use development]] which includes residential spaces, a retail arcade and customisable collaborative working spaces. VR Bengaluru is touted as a "first-of-its-kind community-centric integrated lifestyle destination of the city". The centre is home to an assortment of brands, a nine-screen multiplex including a purpose-built IMAX which is the biggest in [[Bangalore]], apart from [[India]]'s largest Gold Class, several pubs, cafes and restaurants spread across the centre, an upscale food court and several fitness & wellness options.<br />
<br />
The open landscaped events space at VR Bengaluru, known as "Garden City" regularly hosts community events such as music festivals, farmers’ & artisan markets, activities for children, etc.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://bangalore.mallsmarket.com/malls/vr-bengaluru|title=Multiplex, shops at Phoenix mall sealed|date=11 Aug 2016|work=[[Malls Market]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:The Magic Circle - Vintage Carousel at VR Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|The Magic Circle - Vintage Carousel at VR Bengaluru]]<br />
[[File:Whitefield Art Collective 1st Edition at Garden City, VR Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|Whitefield Art Collective 2016 at Garden City, VR Bengaluru]][[File:Whitefield Art Collective 2016 at Garden City, VR Bengaluru.jpg|thumb|Whitefield Art Collective 2016 at Garden City, VR Bengaluru]]<br />
<br />
==Entertainment==<br />
VR Bengaluru hosts a 9-screen multiplex from [[PVR Cinemas|PVR]] and also Bangalore's second [[IMAX]] theatre plus India's biggest Gold Class theatres. This is Bangalore's only purpose-built IMAX screen and not retrofitted from a pre-existing screen, thus delivering a pure, unadulterated IMAX experience to viewers.<ref>{{cite news|title=PVR opens biggest Gold Class at VR Bengaluru|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-28/news/69356727_1_pvr-ltd-ajay-bijli-total-screen-count|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110035107/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-12-28/news/69356727_1_pvr-ltd-ajay-bijli-total-screen-count|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 January 2016|newspaper=Economic Times|date=28 December 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
Apart from a cinema, the centre also places kids at the top of its list of patrons to engage. To this end, they have pedestrianised outdoor locales with a landscaped "Garden City" area where kids can run, play and be themselves without worrying about traffic or other hazards present in an urban environment.<br />
<br />
VR Bengaluru has also invested in "Magic Garden",<ref>{{cite news|title=Magic Garden|url=http://www.buzzingbubs.com/bangalore/the-magic-garden-vr-mall-whitefield-omvGhLTL-l|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306185300/http://www.buzzingbubs.com/bangalore/the-magic-garden-vr-mall-whitefield-omvGhLTL-l|url-status=dead|archive-date=6 March 2016|newspaper=Buzzing Bubs|date=15 Oct 2015}}</ref> a sculpted, soft foam play area for kids that is safe, secure and germ free.<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[List of shopping malls in Bangalore]]<br />
*[[List of shopping malls in India]]<br />
*[[VR Chennai]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{commons category|VR Bengaluru}}<br />
<br />
{{Shopping malls in India}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shopping malls established in 2016]]<br />
[[Category:Shopping malls in Bengaluru]]<br />
[[Category:2016 establishments in Karnataka]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Mizoram&diff=492463Buddhism in Mizoram2026-04-03T14:42:47Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Buddhism in the Indian state}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Kamalanagar Buddhist Temple.png|thumb| [[Kamalanagar, Mizoram|Kamalanagar]] Buddhist Temple]]<br />
<br />
Buddhism is the second largest religion in the Indian State of [[Mizoram]]. It is followed by 8.51% of its population. There are 93411 Buddhists in Mizoram.<ref name="religion2">{{cite web|publisher=Census Department, Government of India|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11385|title=C-01: Population by religious community, Mizoram - 2011|access-date=7 October 2022|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Most of the Buddhists in Mizoram are [[Chakma people|Chakma]]s <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-mizoram-political-parties-likely-to-field-chakmas-despite-diktat-by-influential-ngos/story-Epn5ZEcQjsFjkYi7CRUEuK_amp.html|title=In Mizoram, political parties likely to field Chakmas despite diktat by influential NGOs|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref> Most of them live in the autonomous region called [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]] and follow the [[Theravada]] branch of Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://scroll.in/article/719322/why-the-bjp-is-gaining-popularity-in-some-parts-of-minority-dominated-mizoram|title=Why the BJP is gaining popularity in some parts of minority-dominated Mizoram|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
An archaeological study in 2023 discovered 8th century CE Hindu and Buddhist-influenced sculptures at Kolalian village in the [[Mamit district]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2023 |title=ASI to survey 8th Century Hindu-Buddhist sculptures found near Assam-Mizoram border |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/asi-to-survey-8th-century-hindu-buddhist-sculptures-found-near-assam-mizoram-border-101702009333192.html |access-date=25 December 2023 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
The Chakma people, who mainly follow Buddhism, have been in the state for centuries. In 1960s many Chakmas from the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh migrated to the Mizoram and other neighbouring Indian states after their lands were submerged by the filling of Kaptai dam. Some also migrated to Mizoram to escape from religious persecution in Bangladesh. <br />
In 1972, when Mizoram became a State, the Centre government granted the Chakmas tribes autonomy by creating [[Chakma Autonomous District Council]].<ref>{{cite news |title=In Mizoram, the BJP depends on the Chakmas to make its debut in the state assembly |url=https://scroll.in/article/903494/in-mizoram-the-bjp-depends-on-the-chakmas-to-make-its-debut-in-the-state-assembly |publisher=Scroll |date=7 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Demographics==<br />
In 2001 Census, Buddhism constituted 7.93% of the State's population.<ref name="religion1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Total population by religious communities|publisher=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> It increased slightly to 8.51% in the 2011 Census.<ref name="religion2"/><br />
<br />
About 91.7% or 88,885 Chakmas follows Buddhism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.cpsindia.org/2016/10/religion-data-of-census-2011-xxxi.html|title=Christianity among the Scheduled Tribes of the Northeast Mizoram, Manipur and Nagaland|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
===District wise Buddhist Population===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! '''District'''<ref name="Census2011">{{Cite web|url=https://www.census2011.in/data/religion/state/15-mizoram.html|title= Mizoram Religion Census 2011|access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><br />
! '''Percent'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Aizawl district|Aizawl]]'''<br />
| '''0.39%'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Lawngtlai district|Lawngtlai]]'''<br />
| '''43.72%'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Siaha district|Saiha]]'''<br />
| '''0.18%'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Serchhip district|Serchhip]]'''<br />
| '''0.09%'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Mamit district|Mamit]]'''<br />
| '''14.27%'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Champhai district|Champhai]]'''<br />
| '''0.12%'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Lunglei district|Lunglei]]'''<br />
| '''17.06%'''<br />
|-<br />
| '''[[Kolasib district|Kolasib]]'''<br />
| '''0.13%'''<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Subdivision wise Buddhist Population===<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|+ Buddhist population by block in Lawngtlai, Lunglei and Mamit districts (Census 2011)<ref name="Census2011"/><br />
|-<br />
! District !! Block !! Buddhist population !! Percentage of total population<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="3" | '''Lawngtlai'''<br />
| Chawngte || 41,715 || 92.07%<br />
|-<br />
| Lawngtlai || 3,438 || 8.88%<br />
|-<br />
| S. Bungtlang || 6,387 || 37.29%<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''Lunglei'''<br />
| Lungsen || 18,019 || 46.18%<br />
|-<br />
| West Bunghmun || 9,219 || 49.00%<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2" | '''Mamit'''<br />
| Zawlnuam || 5,785 || 12.26%<br />
|-<br />
| [[West Phaileng]] || 6,532 || 30.65%<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Christianity in Mizoram]]<br />
* [[Hinduism in Mizoram]] <br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Buddhist communities of India]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhism in Mizoram]]<br />
[[Category:Religion in Mizoram|Buddhism]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methodist_College_of_Engineering_and_Technology&diff=471734Methodist College of Engineering and Technology2026-03-29T14:57:17Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: correct details further and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Osmania University]]<br />
<br />
{{Rcat shell|<br />
{{R to related topic}}<br />
}}</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meerut_Metro&diff=474951Meerut Metro2026-03-29T12:59:12Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: slightly correct lead and added references to improve readability</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Rapid transit system in India}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox public transit<br />
| name = Meerut Metro<br />
| native_name = <!--Please do not add any Hindi or other language script here, per WP: NOINDICSCRIPT. Thanks.--><br />
| image = File:NCRTC logo.png<br />
| caption = Logo of [[NCRTC]]<br />
| imagesize = 100px<br />
| image2 = File:Meerut metro coaches.jpg<br />
| caption2 = A trainset at [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]]<br />
| imagesize2 = 300px<br />
| owner = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC)<br />
| locale = [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
| transit_type = [[Rapid transit]]<br />
| system_length = {{cvt|47.6|km}}<br>'''Phase–I:''' {{cvt|23.6|km}}<br>'''Phase–II:''' {{cvt|15|km}}<br>'''Phase–III:''' {{cvt|9|km}}<ref name="TFE">{{cite news|last=Parashar|first=Shipra|title=Meerut Metro Update: NCRTC unveils first look of domestically designed train set, major boost to rapid rail project – Details inside|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-meerut-metro-update-ncrtc-unveils-first-look-of-domestically-designed-train-set-major-boost-to-rapid-rail-project-details-inside-3397249/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|date=17 February 2024|access-date=17 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
| lines = 1 (Phase–I)<br>1 (Phase–II)<br />
| stations = 25<br>'''Line-1:''' 13<br>12 (Operational)<br>1 (Under construction)<br>'''Line-2:''' 12<ref name="TFE"/><br />
| chief_executive = <br />
| ridership = <br />
| annual_ridership = <br />
| headquarters = <br />
| website = <br />
| began_operation = {{start date and age|2026|02|22|df=y|p=n|br=n}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-02-22 |title=PM inaugurates India's fastest metro in Meerut, entire Namo Bharat corridor |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/pm-modi-namo-bharat-delhi-meerut-rrts-meerut-metro-yogi-adityanath-inauguration-2872326-2026-02-22|access-date=2026-02-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
| operator = [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC)<br />
| vehicles = <br />
| train_length = 3 coaches<ref name="TFE"/><br />
| headway = <br />
| character = [[Elevated]], underground and [[At-grade railway|at-grade]]<br />
| track_gauge = {{Track gauge|sg|allk=on}}<br />
| el = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[overhead line|overhead catenary]]<br />
| average_speed = 80 km/h<br />
| top_speed = 135 km/h<ref name="TFE"/><br />
| map = <br>{{Meerut Metro Route}}<br />
| map_name = <br />
| map_state = collapsed<br />
}}<br />
<br />
The '''Meerut Metro''' is a [[rapid transit system]], which serves the city of [[Meerut]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]. The first phase, covering {{cvt|23.6|km}} with 12 stations from [[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]] to [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]], opened in February 2026. It has nine [[elevated]] and three underground stations, one [[At-grade railway|at-grade]] station at the depot Modipuram is still under construction. Four stations are integrated with the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] on a single corridor, making the metro the first such rapid transit system in India to be merged directly with a [[Commuter rail|regional transit system]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Meerut metro closer to reality, trainset unveiled|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/meerut-metro-closer-to-reality-latest-trainset-unveiled/articleshow/107769079.cms|work=The Times of India|date=17 February 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> It is the second-largest metro network in Uttar Pradesh, following the [[Noida Metro]]. The second phase will include a second line covering {{cvt|15|km}} from Shradhapuri Phase-II to Jagrati Vihar, with 12 stations, out of which seven will be elevated and five will be underground, thereby taking the overall length to {{cvt|38.6|km}}. A possible third line as a third phase has also been put forward for feasibility studies, that will increase the total length by another {{cvt|9|km}} to {{cvt|47.6|km}}. The metro is the fastest metro of India, at an operational speed of {{cvt|120|km/h}}.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Look Of Meerut Metro Unveiled; Trainset Handed Over To NCRTC – See Pics|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/delhi/first-look-of-meerut-metro-unveiled-trainset-handed-over-to-ncrtc-see-pics-article-107770529|work=Times Now|date=17 February 2024|access-date=18 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TMRG">{{cite news|title=Meerut Metro – Information, Route Map, Fares, Tenders & Updates|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/meerut-metro-information-map-updates/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-11-04 |title=Meerut Metro Route, Map, Stations, Progress and Latest Updates - Infra Info Hub |url=https://infrainfohub.com/meerut-metro-route-map-stations-progress-and-latest-updates/ |access-date=2024-11-07 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
The [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the project was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 8 March 2019, along with the RRTS, and construction began on both the RRTS and the metro projects in June 2019. The 1st phase was opened on 22 February 2026, after missing the deadline of June 2025. It is being built at an estimated cost of {{INRConvert|11540|c}}, and due to its merger with the RRTS, the metro and its trains will be owned and operated by [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC).<ref name="MRN">{{cite news|last=Shah|first=Narendra|title=Prime Minister has laid the foundation stone of country's first RRTS|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/prime-minister-has-laid-the-foundation-stone-of-countrys-first-rrts/|work=The Metro Rail News|date=8 March 2019|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI">{{cite news|last=Agarwal|first=Priyangi|title=Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor on track for June 2025 completion|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-on-track-for-june-2025-completion/articleshow/97183830.cms|work=The Times of India|date=21 January 2023|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
Due to rising population, traffic, congestion and demand in [[Meerut]], and also because of its location in the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR), the plan for developing a metro for the city and integrating it with the [[National Capital Region (India)|transport systems of NCR]] was proposed by the [[Government of India|Governments of India]] and [[Government of Uttar Pradesh|Uttar Pradesh]] in the early 2010s. Therefore, the feasibility study of the metro project was completed by [[Rail India Technical and Economic Services]] (RITES) in June 2015 and submitted to the [[Government of Uttar Pradesh]] the next year, in June 2016. In 2017, the [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]] (UPMRC) was assigned to bring all stakeholders together and get the project started, then operate the metro after completion. The line was initially planned to have eleven stations, from Modipuram to [[Partapur, Uttar Pradesh|Partapur]], but was later extended to Meerut South to provide connectivity to the city's outskirts, thereby increasing the number of stations to 13 and the length to {{cvt|23.6|km}}. The initiation of the project was marked after the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] was laid by [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] on 8 March 2019, along with the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS), and construction of both the projects commenced in June of the same year. Both the projects, including the Meerut section of the RRTS, can be extended beyond also. The metro is the first [[rapid transit]] system in [[India]] being directly integrated and merged with a [[Commuter rail|regional transit system]] on one single corridor, and also the fastest in India, with an operational speed of {{cvt|120|km/h}}.<ref name="TMRG"/><ref name="MRN"/><ref name="HT">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-16 |title=NCRTC unveils first of 10 train sets set to operate on Meerut Metro line |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/noida-news/ncrtc-unveils-first-of-10-train-sets-set-to-operate-on-meerut-metro-line-101708106235636.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref name="TOI"/><br />
<br />
During the [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|clash]] in the [[Galwan Valley]] in 2020, the [[Swadeshi Jagran Manch]] urged the Government of India to withdraw the bid from a [[List of Chinese companies|Chinese company]] associated with manufacturing the trains of the metro. In view of this, a re-bidding for making the trains was conducted by the owner of the metro and the RRTS projects, the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC), and [[Bombardier Transportation]], now acquired by [[Alstom]], won the bid on 7 May 2020. The trains have been manufactured at Alstom's plant in [[Savli]], [[Gujarat]], supplying 90 coaches for 30 trains, each consisting of 3 coaches.<ref name="TOI2">{{Cite news |date=2021-01-04 |title=Chinese company gets contract for part of Delhi-Meerut RRTS project |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/chinese-company-gets-contract-for-part-of-delhi-meerut-rrts-project/articleshow/80090623.cms |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="BBD">{{cite news|title=Bombardier wins contract to supply 210 commuter and intracity cars for the Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System|url=https://bombardier.com/en/media/news/bombardier-wins-contract-supply-210-commuter-and-intracity-cars-delhi-meerut-regional|work=[[Bombardier Inc.|Bombardier]]|date=7 May 2020|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref> The first train of the metro was delivered by Alstom to the NCRTC on 16 February 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meerut Metro's first trainset unveiled in major boost to rapid rail project |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/meerut-metros-first-trainset-unveiled-in-major-boost-to-rapid-rail-project-2503313-2024-02-17 |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
After roughly five years of construction, in January 2025, the first trial runs were conducted by the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC) from [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]], the southern terminal of the metro with the RRTS, to [[Meerut Central metro station|Meerut Central]]<!--To encourage creation of article, please do not remove the linkages. Thanks.-->, one of the stations to serve only the metro. The trials continued until the metro becomes operational by February 2026.<ref name="MM">{{cite news|title=Meerut Metro trial runs begin! NCRTC testing trains at varying speeds from Meerut South to Central Station – Check routes, stations and more|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/business/infrastructure-meerut-metro-trial-runs-begin-ncrtc-testing-trains-at-varying-speeds-from-meerut-south-to-central-station-check-routes-stations-and-more-3713465/|work=The Financial Express|date=13 January 2025|access-date=15 January 2025|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Construction ==<br />
The [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC) has divided the civil construction work of the first phase of the metro project into 13 stations and one depot at Modipuram, which will be for both the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS) and the metro trains, and four packages, which are part of the packages of the RRTS as well. The list of the packages, contractors and their statuses is as follows:<ref name="TMRG"/><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
!Packages<br />
!Description<br />
!Phase <br />
!Contractors<br />
!Status<br />
!Ref<br />
|-<br />
|Part of Package-3 <br />
|[[Partapur, Uttar Pradesh|Partapur]] – Shatabdi Nagar (elevated viaduct and 3 stations at Partapur, Rithani and Shatabdi Nagar)<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|[[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T)<br />
| align="center" {{Yes|Completed}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=L&T Wins Delhi-Meerut RRTS' Package 3 Contract|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/02/27/lt-lowest-bidder-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-duhai-shatabdi-nagar-leg/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=27 February 2020|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Package-5B<br />
|Modipuram Depot and Workshop<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|KSM Bashir Mohammad & Sons<br />
|{{Partial|Under construction}}<br />
|align="center"|<ref>{{cite news|title=KSM Awarded Delhi-Meerut RRTS Modipuram Depot's Contract|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2023/02/14/ksm-awarded-delhi-meerut-rrts-modipuram-depots-contract/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=14 February 2023|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Package-7<br />
|Shatabdi Nagar – Brahampuri Down Ramp and Begumpul Up Ramp – Modipuram (elevated viaduct and 5 stations at Brahmapuri, MES Colony, Daurli, Meerut North and Modipuram)<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|[[Larsen & Toubro]] (L&T)<br />
| align="center" {{Yes|Completed}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=L&T Wins Delhi – Meerut RRTS Line's Package 7|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/09/lt-wins-delhi-meerut-rrts-lines-package-7/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=9 October 2020|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|Package-8<br />
|Brahampuri Down Ramp to Begumpul Up Ramp (underground twin tunnels and 3 stations at Meerut Central, Bhaisali and Begumpul)<br />
|align="center"|1<br />
|[[Afcons Infrastructure]]<br />
| align="center" {{Yes|Completed}}<br />
|<ref>{{cite news|title=Afcons Wins Delhi – Meerut RRTS Line's Package 8|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/10/29/afcons-wins-delhi-meerut-rrts-lines-package-8/|work=The Metro Rail Guy|date=29 October 2020|access-date=18 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Corridors ==<br />
The metro is being developed in two phases, which will together cover a distance of {{cvt|38.6|km}}, currently of which the first phase consisting of the first line to run along the RRTS is in use. A possible third phase consisting of an east–west line has also been planned, that will increase the total length of the network by another {{cvt|9|km}} to {{cvt|47.6|km}} once finalised. The details of the lines are as follows:<ref name="TMRG"/><br />
<br />
===Phase I===<br />
* '''Line 1:''' [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]] to Modipuram, {{cvt|23.6|km}}–[[elevated]] {{cvt|14.8|km}}, underground {{cvt|8.8|km}} and one [[At-grade railway|at-grade]] station as the depot station at Modipuram. The line will have 13 stations, of which nine will be elevated, three underground and one at-grade station at Modipuram depot. It will run parallelly along the RRTS on a single corridor.<br />
<br />
===Phase II===<br />
* '''Line 2''': Shradhapuri Phase II to Jagrati Vihar, {{cvt|15|km}}–elevated {{cvt|10.7|km}} and underground {{cvt|4.3|km}}. The line will have 12 stations, of which seven will be elevated and five underground. It is currently waiting for approval for a new [[Project plan|Detailed Project Report]] (DPR) tender to be floated.<br />
<br />
=== Phase III ===<br />
* '''Line 3''': CCS University to Begumpul via [[Ganga Nagar, Meerut|GangaNagar]], {{cvt|9|km}}–elevated {{cvt|6|km}} and underground {{cvt|3|km}}. The line will have 6 stations, of which five will be elevated and one underground. It is currently under planning stage.<br />
<br />
== Facilities ==<br />
All stations of the metro will have similar facilities like the stations of the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS). They will have facilities like booking counters, ticket and food vending machines, on-board catering, check-in kiosks, baggage checking counters, CCTVs, [[platform screen doors]] (PSDs), washrooms, restaurants, retail stores, free WiFi, child care facilities, emergency and medical facilities, facilities for physically challenged passengers like wheelchairs, escalators, elevators and connecting facilities to RRTS stations and other transport modes like bus stations, railway stations, cabs, parking spaces, etc.<ref>{{cite news|title=First Meerut Metro train set handed over to NRCTC|url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/first-meerut-metro-train-set-handed-over-to-nrctc.html|work=The Pioneer|date=16 February 2024|access-date=19 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Features ==<br />
All stations of the metro will have similar features like the stations of the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS). They will have several features to enhance passenger experience, as follows:<br />
<br />
* '''Multi-Modal Transport Integration:''' All stations will be integrated with various modes of transport like railway stations, inter-state bus terminals, cabs and parking spaces to seamlessly facilitate the movement of commuters between the modes through skywalks, elevated walkways and entry/exit points. The metro will be the first metro system in [[India]] to merge and operate parallelly along a [[Commuter rail|regional transit system]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Neha|date=14 March 2020|title=NCRTC to integrate Delhi-Meerut RRTS corridor with other modes of transport|url=https://www.metrorailnews.in/ncrtc-to-integrate-delhi-meerut-rrts-corridor-with-other-modes-of-transport/|access-date=15 October 2020|website=Metro Rail News|language=en-US}}</ref><br />
* '''Safety:''' All stations will be fully monitored with surveillance from CCTVs and security staff. They will also have [[platform screen doors]] (PSDs) on platforms for enhanced commuter safety.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2019|title=All RRTS stations to have platform screen doors |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/all-rrts-stations-to-have-platform-screen-doors/articleshow/70627928.cms|access-date=15 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
* '''Sustainability:''' All stations will use eco-friendly measures to generate electricity, dispose of waste, and conserve water without affecting the environment, like solar panels on the roofs, dustbins, water and sewage treatment systems, green spaces in the stations' premises and proper cleanliness in the entire premises, similar to the RRTS stations. The implementation of the metro will shift the [[modal share]] in favour of public transport higher in the region, which will then result in drastic reductions in traffic on roads, thereby ensuring sustainability.<ref>{{Cite web|date=22 January 2019|first=Dipak K.|last=Dash|title=Delhi Meerut Rapid Rail News: RRTS may take 1 lakh vehicles off roads |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/rrts-may-take-1l-vehicles-off-roads/articleshow/67631602.cms|access-date=15 October 2020|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Stations ==<br />
The metro, together with two lines, will consist of 25 stations, of which the first line will have 13, and the second line will have 12 stations. Additionally, there will be interchange points with the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS) at Meerut South, Shatabdi Nagar, Begumpul, and Modipuram stations. The stations being built on the metro in its first phase are:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Interactive Map – NCRTC |url=https://ncrtc.in/interactive-map/ |access-date=2024-02-17 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%;"<br />
! colspan="13" align="center" style="background:#{{rcr|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut}};" |<span style="color:WHITE;">'''Meerut Metro'''</span><br />
|-<br />
! rowspan="2" |No.<br />
! rowspan="2" |Station code<br />
! colspan="2" |Station name<br />
! rowspan="2" |Phase<br />
! rowspan="2" |Opening<br />
! rowspan="2" |Interchange connection(s)<br />
! rowspan="2" |Station layout<br />
! rowspan="2" |Platform level type<br />
! rowspan="2" |Depot connection(s)<br />
! rowspan="2" |Depot layout<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="1" |[[English language|English]]<br />
![[Hindi]]<br />
|-<br />
!1<br />
|[[File:A10 Meerut South RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]]'''<br />
|'''मेरठ दक्षिण'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|{{ric|RapidX}} {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}}<br />
|Elevated<br />
|Island<br />
|TBD<br />
|TBD<br />
|-<br />
!2<br />
|[[File:A11 Partapur RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Partapur metro station|Partapur]]'''<br />
|'''परतापुर'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|None <br />
|Elevated<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!3<br />
|[[File:A12 Rithani RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Rithani metro station|Rithani]]'''<br />
|'''रिठानी'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|None <br />
|Elevated<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!4<br />
|[[File:A13 Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Shatabdi Nagar RRTS station|Shatabdi Nagar]]'''<br />
|'''शताब्दी नगर'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|{{ric|RapidX}} {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}}<br />
|Elevated<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!5<br />
|[[File:A14 Brahampuri RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Brahmapuri metro station|Brahmpuri]]'''<br />
|'''ब्रह्मपुरी'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|None <br />
|Elevated<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!6<br />
|[[File:A15 Meerut Central RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Meerut Central metro station|Meerut Central]]'''<br />
|'''मेरठ सेंट्रल'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|None <br />
|Underground<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!7<br />
|[[File:A16 Bhaisali RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Bhaisali metro station|Bhaisali]]'''<br />
|'''भैसाली'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|None <br />
|Underground<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!8<br />
|[[File:A17 Begumpul RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Begumpul RRTS station|Begumpul]]'''<br />
|'''बेगमपुल'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|{{ric|RapidX}} {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}}<br />
|Underground<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!9<br />
|[[File:A18 MES Colony RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[MES Colony metro station|MES Colony]]'''<br />
|'''एमईएस कॉलोनी'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|None <br />
|Elevated<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!10<br />
|[[File:A19 Daurli RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Daurli metro station|Daurli]]'''<br />
|'''डौरली'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|None <br />
|Elevated<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!11<br />
|[[File:A20 Meerut North RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Meerut North metro station|Meerut North]]'''<br />
|'''मेरठ उत्तर'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|None <br />
|Elevated<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!12<br />
|[[File:A21 Modipuram RRTS station.svg|frameless|20x20px]]<br />
|'''[[Modipuram RRTS station|Modipuram]]'''<br />
|'''मोदीपुरम'''<br />
|1<br />
|22 February 2026<br />
|{{ric|RapidX}} {{rcb|RapidX|Delhi–Meerut|croute}}<br />
|Elevated<br />
|Island<br />
|None<br />
|None<br />
|-<br />
!13<br />
|<small>'''AS3'''</small><br />
|'''[[Modipuram Depot metro station|Modipuram Depot]]'''<br />
|'''मोदीपुरम डिपो'''<br />
|1<br />
|2026<br />
|None<br />
|At-grade<br />
|Side<br />
|'''[[Modipuram Depot metro station#Modipuram Depot and Workshop|Modipuram Depot]]'''<br />
|At-grade<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Rolling stock ==<br />
The trains of the metro are being manufactured and delivered by [[Alstom]], a global [[List of French companies|French company]] in railway manufacturing, at its plant in [[Savli]], [[Vadodara district]], [[Gujarat]]. In May 2020, the [[Bombardier Transportation]], a former [[List of Canadian companies|Canadian company]] in railway manufacturing, now acquired by Alstom since 2021, won a contract from the [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC) for indigenously making 30 coaches in a configuration of 10 trainsets of three cars each, with a capacity of 700 passengers. The first train was delivered to the NCRTC on 16 February 2024.<ref name="TOI2"/><ref name="BBD"/><br />
<br />
Designed at Alstom's [[Hyderabad]] engineering centre and manufactured at Savli, these advanced, state-of-the-art trains are designed for a maximum speed of {{cvt|135|km/h}} and operational speed of {{cvt|120|km/h}}, making the trains the second-fastest [[rapid transit]] trains in India, just after the [[Namo Bharat (trainset)|Namo Bharat]] trains of the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS), at {{cvt|180|km/h}}. These trains are similar to the features present in the Namo Bharat trains, like aerodynamic structure and seats, which are a first for India, dedicated seats for physically challenged passengers, on-board wheelchairs, CCTVs, information display systems, fire alarms, window blinders and enhanced passage space. The rolling stock is based on Alstom's Adessia commuter train family, incorporating worldwide experience.<ref>{{cite press release|last=Upadhyay|first=Ankita|title=Alstom successfully delivers the first trainset for the Meerut Metro project|url=https://www.alstom.com/press-releases-news/2024/2/alstom-successfully-delivers-first-trainset-meerut-metro-project|work=[[Alstom]]|date=16 February 2024|access-date=19 February 2024|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Integration with Delhi–Meerut RRTS == <br />
[[File:Namo_Bharat_Trains.jpg|left|thumb|[[Namo Bharat (trainset)|Namo Bharat]] trainsets of the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS) parked at [[Duhai Depot RRTS station|Duhai depot]]]]<br />
In the metro's first phase, the first line will run in parallel along the RRTS tracks on both sides, and the four of its 13 stations will be integrated with the RRTS, at Modipuram, Begumpul, Shatabdi Nagar and Meerut South, so that commuters can seamlessly connect with the metro and the [[Namo Bharat (trainset)|Namo Bharat]] trains of the RRTS, providing them the ease of travel within [[Meerut]] and for connectivity to [[Delhi]], [[Noida]], [[Ghaziabad]] and adjoining parts of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] (NCR). This makes the metro the first metro in India to run along and directly integrate with a [[Commuter rail|regional transit system]].<ref name="TFE"/><br />
<br />
== Signalling and train control system ==<br />
The [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]] (NCRTC) has decided to equip the line with [[ETCS L3]] signalling, one of the most advanced signalling systems used in [[Europe]], as the metro will run on the same corridor as the [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS). Tenders for its procurement were invited on 17 April 2020, and [[Alstom]] was awarded the contract worth approximately {{INRConvert|937|c}} in January 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themetrorailguy.com/2020/04/28/ncrtc-invites-bids-for-delhi-meerut-rrts-etcs-signalling-system/|title=NCRTC Invites Bids for Delhi - Meerut RRTS' ETCS Signalling System|date=28 April 2020|website=The Metro Rail Guy|language=en|access-date=19 February 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 January 2021 |title=Alstom Will Deploy India's First ETCS L3 System, Bags 937 Cr Delhi-Meerut RRTS Signalling Contract |url=https://www.railpost.in/alstom-will-deploy-indias-first-etcs-l3-system-bags-937-cr-delhi-meerut-rrts-signalling-contract/amp/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503004852/https://www.railpost.in/alstom-will-deploy-indias-first-etcs-l3-system-bags-937-cr-delhi-meerut-rrts-signalling-contract/amp/ |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=19 February 2024|website=RailPost}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Nokia]] partnered with Alstom to implement the 4.9G/LTE [[Private Shared Wireless Network|private wireless network]] to support the ETCS L2 signalling. This is the first time in the world that an [[LTE network]] is being used along with ETCS L2 signalling.<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 August 2022 |title=Nokia tests mission-critical voice and data on 4.9G private wireless network for NCRTC |url=https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/nokia-tests-mission-critical-voice-and-data-on-4-9g-private-wireless-network-for-ncrtc/93341322 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503005619/https://telecom.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/nokia-tests-mission-critical-voice-and-data-on-4-9g-private-wireless-network-for-ncrtc/93341322 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=19 February 2024|website=ET Telecom}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Status updates ==<br />
* '''Jul 2016:''' The [[Project plan|Detailed Project Report]] prepared by [[Rail India Technical and Economic Services]] (RITES) was submitted to the state government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/uttar-pradesh-government-dprs-meerut-agra-lucknow-metro-2886707/|title = Uttar Pradesh govt gets DPRS for Meerut, Agra|date = 1 July 2016}}</ref><br />
* '''Jun 2017:''' The project had been put on hold in view of the higher-priority [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]] (RRTS) project.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://www.amarujala.com/uttar-pradesh/meerut/in-meerut-metro-in-slow-process|title=मेरठ की मेट्रो ठंडे बस्ते में - Amarujala|work=Amar Ujala|access-date=2017-06-02|language=en}}</ref><br />
* '''Jan 2018:''' The state cabinet decided to build metros in [[Meerut]], [[Kanpur]], and [[Agra]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/news/india/up-to-start-metro-services-in-agra-kanpur-and-meerut|title=UP to Start Metro Services in Agra, Kanpur and Meerut|date=18 January 2018}}</ref><br />
* '''Sep 2018:''' The DPR was sent by the state government to the central government for approval.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/india/detailed-project-report-of-kanpur-agra-meerut-metro-sent-to-centre-2919871.html|title = Detailed Project Report of Kanpur, Agra, Meerut Metro Sent to Centre}}</ref><br />
* '''Jan 2019:''' The Meerut Metro and Delhi–Meerut RRTS were decided to run on the same corridor.<br />
* '''Mar 2019:''' [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] [[Narendra Modi]] laid the [[Cornerstone|foundation stone]] for the RRTS and the metro projects.<ref name="MRN"/><br />
* '''Jun 2019:''' The initiation of the RRTS and metro projects was marked by the beginning of the pillar work by [[Larsen & Toubro]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=दिल्ली से मेरठ तक का सफर 60 मिनट में, रोजाना हजारों यात्रियों को होगा फायदा - All you need to about Delhi Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System Jagran Special |url=https://www.jagran.com/delhi/new-delhi-city-ncr-all-you-need-to-about-delhi-meerut-regional-rapid-transit-system-jagran-special-19282345.html |access-date=2024-02-17 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref><br />
* '''May 2020:''' [[Bombardier Transportation]], now acquired by [[Alstom]], won the bid for making the train sets of the RRTS and metro projects.<ref name="BBD"/><br />
* '''Feb 2024:''' The first train of the metro was received by the NCRTC. Both the RRTS and metro projects are on track to be completed by June 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-17 |title=Meerut metro closer to reality, trainset unveiled |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/meerut/meerut-metro-closer-to-reality-latest-trainset-unveiled/articleshow/107769079.cms |access-date=2024-02-17 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><br />
* '''Jan 2025:''' The first trials started between [[Meerut South RRTS station|Meerut South]] to [[Meerut Central metro station|Meerut Central]] section of the metro. The trials will continue until the metro begins operations.<ref name="MM"/><br />
* '''December 2025:''' Extensive trials are underway. Of both Namo Bharat and Meerut Metro. Finishing work of underground stations is underway.<br />
* '''January 2026:''' Work is underway at Modipuram metro depot and final touches are being given to Modipuram station. <br />
* '''February 2026:''' Metro will be opened simultaneously with the remaining stretch of RRTS on 22 February. The metro will be operated from Duhai depot as the work on Modipuram depot is not finished yet.<br />
<br />
==Ridership==<br />
In February 2026, the Namo Bharat RRTS — a high-speed regional rail corridor connecting Delhi, Ghaziabad, and Meerut — recorded significant early ridership following the completion of its full 82&nbsp;km route. On the first full day of commercial operations after the formal inauguration by India's prime minister, the National Capital Region Transport Corporation reported that passenger numbers surpassed 100,000, marking the highest single-day ridership recorded on the corridor to date.<br />
<br />
Following this initial milestone, ridership continued to grow. On the first weekday after the launch of remaining sections, daily usage was reported to have increased by nearly 70% over previous average figures, again exceeding the 100,000 mark. Major stations such as Begumpul in Meerut, Anand Vihar, and Ghaziabad were among the busiest points of entry and exit for commuters.<br />
<br />
The early ridership numbers indicate strong public adoption of the service, with the system aimed at offering faster regional connectivity and reducing travel times across key urban centres in the National Capital Region.<ref>https://news.abplive.com/cities/namo-bharat-rrts-crosses-1-lakh-riders-on-first-day-after-launch-1828473</ref><br />
<br />
Now Meerut Metro is averaging around 92,000 users on daily Basis<ref>https://www.msn.com/en-in/news/India/how-island-platform-design-is-transforming-meerut-metro-pushing-namo-bharat-corridor-ridership-close-to-92000-daily/ar-AA1YSFnI?ocid=BingNewsVerp</ref>.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Delhi–Meerut Regional Rapid Transit System]]<br />
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]<br />
* [[National Capital Region Transport Corporation]]<br />
* [[Uttar Pradesh Metro Rail Corporation]]<br />
* [[Urban rail transit in India#List of systems|List of metro cities in India]]<br />
* [[National Capital Region#Transport|Transport in NCR]]<br />
* [[Meerut#Transport|Transport in Meerut]]<br />
* [[List of metro networks in Uttar Pradesh]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
{{Portal bar|India|Trains|Transport|Engineering}}<br />
<br />
{{Meerut division topics}}<br />
{{Rapid transit in India}}<br />
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|Uttar Pradesh}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Transport in Meerut]]<br />
[[Category:Standard-gauge railways in India]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vaanaran&diff=543204Vaanaran2026-03-29T01:03:13Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: creating a data</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Tamil-language film}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2026}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Vaanaran<br />
| image = Vaanaran.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = Sriram Padmanabhan<br />
| writer =<br />
| producer = Rajesh Padmanabhan<br>Sujatha Rajesh<br />
| starring = Bijesh Nagesh<br>A. Akshya<br>Baby Varshini<br>[[Lollu Sabha Jeeva|Jeeva Thangavel]]<br />
| cinematography = Niran Chander<br />
| editing = Vithu Jeeva<br />
| music = Shajahan<br />
| studio = Orange Pictures<br />
| distributor =<br />
| released = {{Film date|2025|08|08|df=y}}<br />
| runtime =<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Vaanaran''''' is a 2025 Indian [[Tamil cinema|Tamil-language film]] written and directed by Sriram Padmanabhan. The film stars Bijesh Nagesh, A. Akshya and Baby Varshini in the lead roles. It is produced by Rajesh Padmanabhan and Sujatha Rajesh under the banner of Orange Pictures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=பிரிவு |first=இணையதளச் செய்திப் |date=2025-08-08 |title=வறுமையும் ஆஞ்சனேயரும்... திரையரங்குகளில் வெளியானது நாகேஷ் பேரனின் வானரன்! |url=https://www.dinamani.com/cinema/cinema-news/2025/Aug/08/nagesh-grandson-bijesh-starring-vanaran-is-out-in-theaters |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Dinamani |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
* Bijesh Nagesh<br />
* A. Akshya<br />
* Baby Varshini<br />
* [[Lollu Sabha Jeeva|Jeeva Thangavel]]<br />
* Adesh Bala<br />
* Lollu Sabha Udhaya<br />
* Nanjil Vijayan<br />
* [[Deepa Shankar]]<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
The film is written and directed by Sriram Padmanabhan,<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-09 |title=Nagesh's grandson Bijesh's next titled 'Vaanaran' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/nageshs-grandson-bijeshs-next-titled-vaanaran/articleshow/109151758.cms |access-date=2025-08-11 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> while the technical team consists of Niran Chander as the cinematographer,<ref>{{Cite web |title=తాత వారసత్వాన్ని కొనసాగించేందుకు హీరోగా! {{!}} Nagesh's Grandson Bijesh Next Titled As 'Vaanaran' - Sakshi |url=https://www.sakshi.com/telugu-news/movies/nagesh-grandson-bijesh-doing-vaanaran-hero-2021474 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.sakshi.com |language=te}}</ref> Vithu Jeeva as the editor and Shajahan as the music director.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-04-09 |title=Bhagyaraj reveals first look poster of Nagesh grandson's film titled Vaanaran |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2024/Apr/09/bhagyaraj-reveals-first-look-poster-of-nagesh-grandsons-film-titled-vaanaran |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Reception ==<br />
''[[Dina Thanthi]]'' critic wrote that "Director Sriram Padmanabhan has shed light on how everything changes when ordinary people face insurmountable problems. The 'climax' is heart-wrenching"<ref>{{Cite web |last=தினத்தந்தி |date=2025-08-11 |title=கூலி திரைப்படத்தை இணையதளங்களில் வெளியிட தடை |url=https://www.dailythanthi.com/cinema/cinemanews/ban-on-publishing-the-film-coolie-on-websites-1173581 |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=www.dailythanthi.com |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
''[[Dinakaran]]'' critic stated that "Shahjahan's music is excellent. 'Do' Sriram Padmanabhan has written and directed it well, bringing the lives of those who wear the guise of God to our eyes."<ref>{{Cite web |title=வானரன்: விமர்சனம் |url=https://cinema.dinakaran.com/cinema/vaanaran_movie_review/ |access-date=2025-08-11 |website=Kollywood News {{!}} Kollywood Images - Cinema.dinakaran.com |language=ta-IN}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<!-- Inline citations added to your article will automatically display here. See en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WP:REFB for instructions on how to add citations. --><br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|37816263}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2025 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:2025 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian drama films]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jammu_and_Kashmir_Peoples_Democratic_Party&diff=460575Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party2026-03-29T00:52:52Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Political party in Jammu and Kashmir, India}}<br />
{{pp-extended|small=yes}}<br />
{{missing information|the party's ideology|date=August 2017}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox Indian political party<br />
|party_name = Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party<br />
|abbreviation = JKPDP<br />
|party_logo = Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party.png<br />
|colorcode = {{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}<br />
|chairman = <br />
|ppchairman = <br />
|foundation = 1999<br />
|founder = [[Mufti Mohammed Sayeed]]<br />
|headquarters = 2, Circuit House, Emporium Lane, Residency Road, [[Srinagar]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]]<ref>{{cite web|title=JKPDP Srinagar Office |url=http://jkpdp.org/contact-us/srinagar-office |publisher=JKPDP.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503124958/http://jkpdp.org/contact-us/srinagar-office/ |archive-date=2014-05-03 }}</ref><br />
|eci = State Party<ref>{{cite web|title=List of Political Parties and Election Symbols main Notification Dated 18.01.2013|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/ElectoralLaws/OrdersNotifications/ElecSym19012013_eng.pdf|publisher=Election Commission of India|access-date=9 May 2013|location=India|year=2013}}</ref><br />
| alliance =<br />
{{hidden|Former Alliances|<br />
* [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance|INDIA]] (2023–2024) <br />
*[[United Progressive Alliance|UPA]] (2004–2008)<br />
*[[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] (2019–2024) (State Level)<br />
* [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA]]<ref name="dupref">{{cite news | url=https://www.cp24.com/world/hindu-nationalist-party-forms-coalition-government-in-kashmir-1.2258773 | title=Hindu nationalist party forms coalition government in Kashmir | first=Aijaz | last=Hussain | publisher=The Associated Press | date=1 March 2015 | access-date=18 March 2018 | archive-date=25 December 2018 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225081858/https://www.cp24.com/world/hindu-nationalist-party-forms-coalition-government-in-kashmir-1.2258773%20 | url-status=dead }}</ref> (2014–2018) (India)}}<br />
|loksabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|543|hex={{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|rajyasabha_seats = {{Composition bar|0|245|hex={{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|state2_seats_name = [[District Development Council]]<br />
|state2_seats =<br />
{{Composition bar|27|280|hex={{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}} <br />
|ideology = [[Kashmiriyat]]<br>[[Restoration of the statehood of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh|Jammu and Kashmir statehood]]<ref>{{cite web |last1=Jammu Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party |title=Self Rule |url=https://jkpdp.in/self-rule |access-date=16 October 2020}}</ref><br>[[Regionalism (politics)|Regionalism]]<br>[[Islamic democracy]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mehbooba Mufti suspends poll campaign for a day after killing of Hezbollah leader, says 'stand with people of Palestine, Lebanon'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mehbooba-mufti-suspends-poll-campaign-for-a-day-after-killing-of-hezbollah-leader-says-stand-with-people-of-palestine-lebanon/article68696995.ece}}</ref><br />
|position = [[Centre-right politics|Centre-right]]<br />
|publication = <br />
|youth =PDP Youth Wing <br />
|students = Peoples Democratic Student Union<ref>{{cite news|title=PDSU- students' wing of PDP formulated |url=http://www.greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Nov/29/pdsu-students-wing-of-pdp-formulated-26.asp |publisher=Greater Kashmir |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221124558/http://greaterkashmir.com/news/2013/Nov/29/pdsu-students-wing-of-pdp-formulated-26.asp |archive-date=2014-02-21 }}</ref><br />
|women = <br />
|labour = <br />
|peasants = <br />
|website = {{URL|https://jkpdp.in}}<br />
|symbol = [[File:Indian Election Symbol Ink Pot and Pen.png|Ink-pot & Pen|200px]]<br />
|international =<br />
|colours = <br />
|state_seats_name = [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|state_seats = {{Composition bar|4|90|hex={{party color|Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|flag=<br />
|president=[[Mehbooba Mufti]]<br />
|Legislative Leader=[[Waheed Para]]<br />
|general_secretary=Abdul Haq Khan, Mohd Khurshid Alam|chairperson=[[Waheed Para]]}}<br />
<br />
The '''Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party''' ('''JKPDP''') is a state [[political party]] in [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/spotlight/kashmirtheforgottenconflict/2011/07/2011731141936565451.html|title=Profiles: Political parties: The key political parties in Jammu and Kashmir.<br />
|date=2 August 2011|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2018-07-04}}</ref> The PDP was headed and founded by [[Mufti Mohammed Sayeed]]. His daughter, [[Mehbooba Mufti]], succeeded him as party leader and as [[List of Chief Ministers of Jammu and Kashmir|chief minister of Jammu and Kashmir]] following his death in January 2016. The party was a member of the [[People's Alliance for Gupkar Declaration]] electoral alliance. The party was also a member of the [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] from its founding on 18 June 2023 till 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2024/Feb/19/remain-committed-to-unity-of-india-bloc-says-pdp-amid-reports-of-party-quitting-alliance|title=Remain committed to unity of INDIA bloc, says PDP amid reports of party quitting alliance|publisher=The Indian Express|date=19 Feb 2024|access-date=29 March 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
Currently Mehbooba Mufti<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-05-17 |title=Engineer Rashid's campaigner Shoukat Pandit detained by J-K police: Mehbooba Mufti |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/engineer-rashids-campaigner-shoukat-pandit-detained-by-j-k-police-mehbooba-mufti/articleshow/110200985.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-05-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> remains as the president of the party, with [[Waheed Para]] serving as the legislative party leader in the J&K Assembly, [[Fayaz Ahmad Mir]] as whip <ref>{{Cite web |last=Desk |first=GK Web |date=2024-11-14 |title=PDP appoints Dr Mehboob Beg as party's chief spokesperson |url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu-kashmir/pdp-appoints-dr-mehboob-beg-as-partys-chief-spokesperson/ |access-date=2024-11-14 |website=Greater Kashmir |language=en-US}}</ref> and [[Mirza Mehboob Beg]] as the Chief Spokesperson for the party.<br />
<br />
== History ==<br />
<br />
The PDP was founded in 1999 by the former [[Minister of Home Affairs (India)|Union Home Minister]] [[Mufti Mohammed Sayeed]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Official Website of Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party (J&K PDP)|url=https://jkpdp.in/|access-date=2021-02-12|website=Jammu & Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name = "rediff_new_party">{{cite news | last = Mukhtar | first = Ahmad | title = Mufti floats new regional party in Kashmir | work=[[Rediff.com]] | date = 28 July 1999 | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/1999/jul/28mufti.htm | access-date = 5 March 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=JKPDP History |url=http://jkpdp.org/our-party/history |publisher=JKPDP.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109151442/http://jkpdp.org/our-party/history/ |archive-date=2014-01-09 }}</ref> It captured power in Jammu and Kashmir in [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|October 2002 Assembly elections]]. In 2004, it had one member each in the [[Lok Sabha]] and in the [[Rajya Sabha]]. It was a member of the ruling [[United Progressive Alliance]] until the [[2009 Indian general election|2009 general election]].<ref>{{cite news|title=United Progressive Alliance: Partners in governance|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/United-Progressive-Alliance-Partners-in-governance/articleshow/1716941.cms|publisher=Times of India}}</ref><br />
<br />
Sayeed headed the PDP-[[Indian National Congress]] coalition government between October 2002 and November 2005, and the PDP- [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] government between March 2015 and January 2016 and he was the party's patron until his death on 7 January 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=JKPDP Patron |url=http://jkpdp.org/organization/patron |publisher=JKPDP.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514162149/http://jkpdp.org/organization/patron/ |archive-date=2014-05-14 }}</ref> The PDP is now headed by [[Mehbooba Mufti]], Sayeed's daughter.<ref>{{cite web|title=JKPDP Office Bearers |url=http://jkpdp.org/organization/office-bearers |publisher=JKPDP.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503051107/http://jkpdp.org/organization/office-bearers/ |archive-date=2014-05-03 }}</ref><br />
<br />
The PDP operates on the ideology of self-rule, as distinctly different from the issues of autonomy. It believes that self-rule as a political philosophy, as opposed to autonomy, ensures the empowerment of the people of Jammu and Kashmir, while further engaging in debates over new political territoriality of the Jammu and Kashmir.<ref name="b">{{cite web|title=Self Rule Framework |url=http://jkpdp.org/self-rule/self-rule-framework |publisher=JKPDP.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140109142821/http://jkpdp.org/self-rule/self-rule-framework/ |archive-date=2014-01-09 }}</ref><br />
<br />
In [[2019 Indian general election]] and [[2024 Indian general election]], it failed to win any Lok Sabha seat. <br />
<br />
In the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 general election]], three of its members were elected to the Lok Sabha, and its strength in the [[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly|Legislative Assembly]] was 28.<ref>{{cite news|title=Rajya Sabha Polls in Jammu and Kashmir: PDP Wins Two|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rajya-sabha-polls-in-jammu-and-kashmir-bjp-opens-account-pdp-wins-two-737782}}</ref> The party ran a [[coalition government]] in Jammu and Kashmir with the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<ref name="dupref" /> until the BJP abandoned the coalition on June 19, 2018, due to concerns about terrorism and radicalization in Kashmir.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/bjp-quits-government-jammu-and-kashmir-ends-alliance-pdp-83323|title=BJP quits government in Jammu and Kashmir, ends alliance with PDP|date=2018-06-19|work=The News Minute|access-date=2018-06-19}}</ref><br />
<br />
The party won just 3 seats in the [[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election]]. It was also its worst election performance in Jammu and Kashmir since its formation.<br />
<br />
== Election results ==<br />
===Lok Sabha===<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Election Year<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" |Lok Sabha <br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Seats contested<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Seats won<br />
! style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Overall votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | (%) of votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | (±) in seats<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Vote swing<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" |[[Lok Sabha]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]<br />
|[[14th Lok Sabha|14th]]<br />
|3<br />
|{{Composition bar|1|6|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|2,67,457<br />
|11.94%<br />
|{{Increase}} 1<br />
|{{steady}} new<br />
|-<br />
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]<br />
|[[15th Lok Sabha|15th]]<br />
|6<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|6|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|5,22,760<br />
|20.06%<br />
|{{decrease}} 1<br />
|{{increase}} 8.12<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]<br />
|[[16th Lok Sabha|16th]]<br />
|5<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|6|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|7,32,644<br />
|20.54%<br />
|{{increase}} 3<br />
|{{increase}} 0.48<br />
|-<br />
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]<br />
|[[17th Lok Sabha|17th]]<br />
|3<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|6|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|1,20,754<br />
|3.38%<br />
|{{decrease}} 3<br />
|{{decrease}} 17.16<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]<br />
|[[18th Lok Sabha|18th]]<br />
|3<br />
|{{Composition bar|0|5|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|4,33,049<br />
|8.48%<br />
|{{steady}} <br />
|{{increase}} 5.10<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
=== Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly ===<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Election Year<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" |Assembly <br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Seats contested<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Seats won<br />
!style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Overall votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | (%) of votes<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | (±) in seats<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" | Vote swing<br />
!Style="background-color:{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}};color:white" |Outcome<br />
|-<br />
! colspan="10" |[[Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly]]<br />
|-<br />
|[[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2002]]<br />
|10th<br />
|59<br />
|{{Composition bar|16|87|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|2,46,480<br />
|9.28%<br />
|{{increase}} 16<br />
|{{steady}} new<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2008 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2008]]<br />
|11th<br />
|78<br />
|{{Composition bar|21|87|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|6,10,502<br />
|15.39%<br />
|{{increase}} 5<br />
|{{increase}} 6.11<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2014 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<br />
|[[12th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly|12th]]<br />
|84<br />
|{{Composition bar|28|87|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|10,92,203<br />
|22.67%<br />
|{{increase}} 7<br />
|{{increase}} 7.28<br />
|{{yes2|Government}}<br />
|-<br />
|[[2024 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<br />
|[[13th Jammu and Kashmir Assembly|13th]]<br />
|81<br />
|{{Composition bar|3|90|{{party color|Jammu and Kashmir People's Democratic Party}}}}<br />
|5,11,434<br />
|8.97%<br />
|{{decrease}} 25<br />
|{{decrease}} 13.70<br />
|{{no2|Opposition}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==List of Chief Ministers==<br />
===Chief Ministers===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! No<br />
! Name<br />
! Image<br />
! Constituency<br />
! colspan=2| Term of office<br />
! Tenure length<br />
! colspan=2| Party<br />
! Governor<br />
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]]<br />
| [[File:Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.jpg|100px]]<br />
| Pahalgam<br />
| 2 November 2002 <br />
| 2 November 2005<br />
| {{age in years and days|2002|11|2|2005|11|2}}<br />
| People's Democratic Party<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: green" |<br />
|[[Girish Chandra Saxena]]<br />
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"<br />
| 2<br />
| [[Mufti Mohammad Sayeed]] <br />
| [[File:Mufti Mohammad Sayeed.jpg|100px]]<br />
| Anantnag<br />
| 1 March 2015 <br />
| 7 January 2016<br />
| {{age in years and days|2015|3|1|2016|1|7}}<br />
| People's Democratic Party<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: green" |<br />
|[[Narinder Nath Vohra|N. N. Vohra]]<br />
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"<br />
| 3<br />
| [[Mehbooba Mufti]]<br />
| [[File:MehboobaMufti Ji.jpg|100px]]<br />
| Anantnag<br />
| 4 April 2016 <br />
| 20 June 2018<br />
| {{age in years and days|2016|4|4|2018|6|20}}<br />
| People's Democratic Party<br />
| width="4px" style="background-color: green" |<br />
|[[Narinder Nath Vohra|N. N. Vohra]]<br />
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Deputy chief===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! No<br />
! Name<br />
! Constituency<br />
! colspan=2| Term of office<br />
! Tenure length<br />
!5,years<br />
|- align=center style="height: 60px;"<br />
| 1<br />
| [[Muzaffar Hussain Baig]]<br />
| [[Pahalgam (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pahalgam]]<br />
| 2 November 2006<br />
| 11 July 2008<br />
| {{age in years and days|2006|11|02|2008|07|11}}<br />
| [[2002 Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly election|10th]]<br />
<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Jammu and Kashmir National Conference]]<br />
*[[Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party]]<br />
*[[Jammu and Kashmir Workers Party]]<br />
* [[Ikkjutt Jammu]] <br />
* [[Politics of Jammu and Kashmir]] <br />
* [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
* [[Indian National Congress]]<br />
* [[Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
===Works cited===<br />
* {{cite web |title=General Election to Lok Sabha Trends and Results |url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=18 June 2014 |ref={{harvid |Election Commission |2014}} |archive-date=18 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/ |url-status=dead}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [https://jkpdp.in Official Website]<br />
* [http://www.elections.in/political-parties-in-india/jammu-and-kashmir-peoples-democratic-party.html Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party] at Elections.in<br />
<br />
{{Indian political parties}}<br />
{{Jammu and Kashmir topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party| ]]<br />
[[Category:State political parties in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Political parties established in 1999]]<br />
[[Category:1999 establishments in Jammu and Kashmir]]<br />
[[Category:Member parties of the Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]][[Category:Former member parties of the National Democratic Alliance]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Tolls_(Army_%26_Air_Force)_Act,_1901&diff=468399Indian Tolls (Army & Air Force) Act, 19012026-03-25T21:01:28Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: expanded content</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[Indian Tolls (Army and Air Force) Act, 1901]]<br />
<br />
{{Redirect category shell|<br />
{{R from move}}<br />
}}</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_Hanson_Ka_Jodaa&diff=497469Do Hanson Ka Jodaa2026-03-25T08:00:02Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Made Post...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian drama television series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Do hanson ka joda.jpg<br />
| caption = [[Intertitle]]<br />
| runtime = 24 minutes<br />
| creator = [[Rajshri]]<br />
| writer = [[Zama Habib]]<br />
| director = [[Kaushik Ghatak]]<br />
| producer = Suryakant Pareek<br />
| open_theme = "Do Hanson ka Jodaa" by [[Alka Yagnik]]<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See Below]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| network = [[NDTV Imagine]]<br />
| first_aired = {{Start date|df=yes|2010|01|18}}<br />
| last_aired = {{End date|df=yes|2010|09|09}}<br />
| num_episodes = 161<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Do Hanson Ka Joda''''' is a [[soap opera]] that aired on [[NDTV Imagine]] from 18 January to 9 September 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=A new family in Do Hanson Ka Joda |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/A-new-family-in-Do-Hanson-Ka-Joda/652427/ |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |date=30 Jul 2010 }}</ref> This show is the based on 2008 Hindi-language film ''[[Rab Ne Bana Di Jodi]]'', while lyricist [[Raghvendra Singh]] is the creative director in this serial.<ref>{{cite web|title=TV Serials Inspired From Bollywood Movies That Failed Miserably|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-serials-inspired-from-bollywood-movies-that-failed-miserably-562427.html|work=Indiatimes|date=19 February 2022 |accessdate=19 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
Do Hanson Ka Joda is the story of Preeti, a young dreamy girl who wants to marry a Bollywood "Prince Charming". However, in a turn of events, she marries Suryakamal, an ordinary middle-class man. Her bubbly cousin Sumi, on the other hand, marries the handsome Rishi. Both the girls find their marriage to be not what it seems as Preeti realises what a loving husband Suryakamal is, while Sumi is regularly assaulted by her violent husband Rishi.<br />
<br />
After Preeti and Suryakamal pay a visit to his aunt and begin their romantic journey together, both the girls have to urgently return to their maternal house as Preeti's father leaves the family due to Chachi Ji's cunning plans. Radhika urges Vijay to see Chachi Ji's reality, but in turn is insulted and has to leave herself. As Suryakamal's stepmother passes away, Suryakamal promises her he will unite the family.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Suryakamal's sister Sajni had an earlier pending operation, which now succeeds. Preeti and Suryakamal soon find out about Rishi and get him arrested. Sumi now begins to live with them.<br />
<br />
Preeti finds an opportunity to enter into a dance competition with Pushkar, and after much reluctance, Suryakamal ends up dancing with her in the finale and they win the competition. Sajni is about to marry Pushkar, when Chunni and Suryakamal find his violent truth out and stop the marriage.<br />
<br />
Further, the plot develops into Suryakamal's selfish family where a property dispute emerges as Preeti's brother-in-law Neeraj is charged by Ritu for domestic violence. He reveals that the property in fact belongs to Chunni, due to which they - mainly Ammaji, and Ritu - plot against Preeti. Suryakamal learns of this, but they murder him and hide his body so no one can know the truth. Preeti is devastated by his disappearance and tortured by her in-laws, but soon runs into a con man who is a lookalike of Suryakamal - Chandar. He is mistaken for Suryakamal, and later finds out his lookalike's truth, revealing that Suryakamal has in fact died. Ritu and Ammaji discover this and frames Chandar for Suryakamal's murder, but it is proved otherwise. During the investigation, Preeti's dead body is found as part of a conspiracy to get her property, but fail as their plans are foiled and the truth is unveiled.<br />
<br />
The end shows Preeti and Suryakamal's ashes being submerged together.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Shubhangi Atre]] as Preeti<br />
: She is a 22-year-old girl who lives in the world of dreams. She dreams that one day her knight in shining armor will lift her up in his arms and take her away with him to the land of dreams. She adores films especially the soft romance types. Preeti has not yet realized the harsh realities of life and for her everything is like what it is in films. This soft-spoken-bubbly lass is not only the apple of her parents eyes but is loved by all. Apart from being a dutiful daughter she is very innocent pure at heart. She hails from an upper-middle-class family of Vrindavan. She is traditional at heart.<br />
* [[Shaleen Bhanot]] as Suryakamal: Suryakamal is the male lead of the show and plays Preeti's husband. He is a very innocent, humble and down to earth man. Along with being a very hard working, he lives his life with very strong values. He is not visually appealing but has a heart of Gold. Due to a severe sinus problem he sneezes continuously (and for all you know wears a wig, too!). When nervous he starts to speak in monosyllables.<br />
* [[Nivaan Sen]] as Neeraj: Younger brother of Suryakamal and husband of Ritu. He is very close to his mother and respectful to Suryakamal. He studies in Delhi and lives there in a hostel.<br />
* [[Ali Merchant]] as Rishi: Hailing from a business class family, he is a 24- or 25-year-old good-looking spoilt brat. Turning a blind eye towards the harsh realities of life, he harbours a very carefree attitude towards life and for him life is all about enjoying, partying and having fun. Rishi is an atheist and does not believe in rituals and traditions. He has taken completely after his father and the motto of his life is "Live Life Kingsize." He is a wife-beater and beats Sumi mercilessly. He even asked Sumi to seduce a tycoon in the show so as to boost his business.<br />
* [[Nupur Joshi]] as Sumi: An action films lover Sumi, also cousin of Preeti is a best friend of her too...She is married to Rishi. She faces many problems due to her marriage.<br />
* [[Reema Lagoo]] as Snehlata: She is like the ‘Devi’ in the house where everyone worships her. All her decisions are accepted with no questions asked. She is a very Godly person and believes in Krishnaji and she knows that he plays a very big role in helping her make her choices and decisions. She is suffering from a terminal disease but it never shows in her attitude as she is always very positive. She died in the show.<br />
* [[Sikandar Kharbanda]] as Lucky Kapoor<ref name=to>{{cite news |title=Sikandar's excited to play Lucky Kapoor |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tv-/Sikandars-excited-to-play-Lucky-Kapoor-/articleshow/6237145.cms |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120405211858/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-31/tv/28304220_1_bhojpuri-films-aspiring-actor-role |url-status=live |archive-date=5 April 2012 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date= 31 Jul 2010 }}</ref><br />
* [[Palak Jain (actress, active since 2003)|Palak Jain]] as Sajni<br />
* [[Gulfam Khan]] as Ammaji: She is the head of the family<br />
* [[Vindhya Tiwari]] as Meera, a simple, widowed village girl<br />
* [[Vineet Raina]] as Vinay<br />
* Sonica Handa as Radhika<br />
* Praneeta Sahu as Ritu<br />
* [[Prithvi Zutshi]] as Preeti's father<br />
* [[Pankaj Berry]] as Gajendra<br />
* Niyati Joshi as Rishi's mother<br />
* [[Bikramjeet Kanwarpal]] as Rishi's father<br />
* [[Alihassan Turabi]] as Dwarka Thakur<br />
* Kuldeep Mallik as Sumi's father<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* [https://www.dangalplay.com/tv-shows/do-hanson-ka-joda ''Do Hanson Ka Joda''] on Dangal Play<br />
<br />
{{Imagine Programmes}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Imagine TV original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2010 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television soap operas]]<br />
[[Category:Indian television shows based on films]]<br />
[[Category:Television series about marriage]]<br />
[[Category:Live action television shows based on films]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction about arranged marriage]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Yuva_Puraskar_winners_for_Sindhi&diff=512755List of Yuva Puraskar winners for Sindhi2026-03-20T08:33:21Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: stub - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|List of winners of a literary honor in India}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2023}}<br />
{{Sahitya Akademi Awards}}'''[[Yuva Puraskar]]''' is given each year to young writers for their outstanding works in the 24 languages, since 2011.<br />
<br />
== Recipients ==<br />
Following is the list of recipients of [[Yuva Puraskar]] for their works written in [[Sindhi language|Sindhi]]. The award comprises a cash prize of [[Indian rupee|Rs]]. 50,000 and an engraved copper plaque.<ref name="timesofindia-economictimes 2015">{{cite web |date=2015-11-19 |title=Some Sahitya Yuva Puraskar awardees 'condemn' intolerance |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160609175500/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-11-19/news/68412654_1_sahitya-akademi-religious-intolerance-young-writers |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 June 2016 |access-date=2016-05-05 |website=timesofindia-economictimes}}</ref><br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! Year<br />
! Author<br />
! Work<br />
! Genre<br />
! class="unsortable" |References<br />
|-<br />
| 2011 || colspan="4" style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" | '''''No Award'''''<br />
|-<br />
| 2012 || colspan="4" style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" | '''''No Award'''''<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || colspan="4" style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" | '''''No Award'''''<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || colspan="4" style="background:#f5a9a9; text-align:center;" | '''''No Award'''''<br />
|-<br />
| 2015 || Manoj Chawla 'Tanha' || ''Pinjraa'' || Poetry ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || Bharti Sadarangani || ''Retilo Chitu'' || Poetry ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2017 || Rekha Sachdev Pohani || ''Usaat'' || Poetry ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2018 || Champa Chetnani || ''Sabla Nari'' || Play || <ref name="the quint">{{cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal, Yuva Puraskar for 2018 |url=https://www.thequint.com/hotwire-text/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-yuva-puraskar-for-2018 |website=www.thequint.com |date=2018-06-22 |access-date=1 December 2022}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2019 || Kiran Paryani ‘Anmol’ || ''Anmol Rishta'' || Poetry ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2020 || Komal Jagdish Dayalani || ''Kaash'' || Short Stories || <br />
|-<br />
| 2021 || Rakesh Shewani || ''Zlndagia Jaa Rang'' || Play || <ref>{{cite web |date=31 December 2021 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/books-and-literature/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-megha-majumdar-7699167/ |publisher=indianexpress.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-30 |title=Sahitya Akademi Awards, Yuva Puraskar and Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 announced |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/life-style/books/features/sahitya-akademi-awards-yuva-puraskar-and-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021-announced/articleshow/88596074.cms |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=timesofindia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2021-12-31 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces winners of Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar 2021 |url=https://staging.theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-winners-of-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-2021/792021/ |access-date=22 November 2022 |website=staging.theprint.in}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2022 || Heena Aswani || ''Sindhiyat Jee Surhanni'' || Poetry ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2023 || Monika J. Panjwani || ''Glamour'' || Short Stories ||<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2023 |title=Sahitya Akademi Yuva Puraskar 2023|url=https://www.sahitya-akademi.gov.in/pdf/Pressrelease_YP-2023.pdf|access-date=27 June 2023|website=[[Sahitya Akademi]]}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2024 || Geeta Pradeep Rupani || ''Paper Parya'' || Articles ||<ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/article68293703.ece |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=www.thehindu.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/articleshow/111018778.cms |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=economictimes.indiatimes.com |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Yuva Puraskar, Bal Sahitya Puraskar winners for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-yuva-puraskar-bal-sahitya-puraskar-winners-for-2024/2132795/ |access-date=15 June 2024 |publisher=theprint.in |date=15 June 2024}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| 2025 || Manthan Bachani || ''Pandhiyado'' || Poetry ||<ref>{{Cite news |date=2025-06-18 |title=Sahitya Akademi announces Bal Sahitya, Yuva Puraskar for 2025 |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025/articleshow/121930724.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2025-06-18 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahitya Akademi 2025: Yuva, Bal Sahitya Puraskar Winners Announced |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/sahitya-akademi-announces-bal-sahitya-yuva-puraskar-for-2025-3591773 |access-date=2025-06-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
{{Portal|India|Literature}}<br />
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Award winners for Sindhi]]<br />
* [[List of Sahitya Akademi Translation Prize winners for Sindhi]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://sahitya-akademi.gov.in/awards/yuva_samman_suchi.jsp Yuva Puraskar-Sahitya Akademi India - Official Website]<br />
* [https://bestcurrentaffairs.com/sahitya-akademi-yuva-puraskar/ List of Yuva Puraskar Winners]<br />
<br />
[[Category:Indian literary awards]]<br />
[[Category:Awards established in 2011]]<br />
[[Category:2011 establishments in India]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kalakshetra_Vilasini&diff=507571Kalakshetra Vilasini2026-03-14T20:43:21Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Added post</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|Indian Bharatanatyam dancer)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Kalakshetra Vilasini<br />
| birth_name = Vilasini Krishnapillai<br />
| alias = <br />
| image = <br />
| caption = <br />
| birth_date = 1939<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place =<br />
| parents = <br />
| spouse = Muralidharan Nair<br />
| children = 2<br />
| occupation = <br />
| known for = <br />
| awards = [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Kalakshetra Vilasini''' (born 1939) is an Indian [[Bharatanatyam|Bharatanatyam dancer]] from [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=K |first=Parthan |date=5 August 2012 |title=കലാക്ഷേത്ര ശൈലിയിൽ ഭരതനാട്യത്തിന്റെ പ്രചാരക വിലാസിനി ടീച്ചർ |pages=special edition |work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> Vilasini, who won first place in Bharatanatyam at the [[University of Kerala|Kerala University Youth Festival]], is also the first person from Kerala to get admission to the [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]] of renowned dancer [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]. She is the recipient of [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]] in 1995.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2012-07-28 |title=Kalakshetra Vilasini honoured |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/kalakshetra-vilasini-honoured/article3695796.ece |access-date=2023-05-18 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Life and career==<br />
Vilasini started practising Bharatanatyam at the age of 12. After gaining admission as a teacher at [[Thrippunithura|Tripunithura]] [[RLV College of Music and Fine Arts|RLV Sangeetha Academy]], she was the only artist selected by the [[Government of Kerala]] in 1958 to send to [[Kalakshetra Foundation|Kalakshetra]] in [[Chennai]] for training under [[Rukmini Devi Arundale]]. Vilasini started a dance school named Nrityasree at her home in [[Ernakulam]] to provide training in Bharatanatyam in Gurukula style. In 1995, she retired from RLV as the Head of the Department of Bharatanatyam. The same year, she was honoured with the [[Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]].<br />
<ref>{{Cite web |title=Review - A tireless action stretches its hands towards perfection - Prof. CP Unnikrishnan |url=https://narthaki.com/info/rev11/rev1026.html |access-date=2023-05-18 |website=narthaki.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
In the year 2022, she was honoured with the Amrit award by [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] for 7 decades of dedication to Bharatanatyam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amrit awards announced |url=https://www.sangeetnatak.gov.in/award-honours/amrit-awards}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vilasini, Kalakshetra}}<br />
[[Category:1940 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatanatyam dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Dancers from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Kerala Sangeetha Nataka Akademi Award]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian dancers]]<br />
[[Category:Malayali people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian dance teachers]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constanzo_Beschi&diff=455547Constanzo Beschi2026-03-14T05:30:43Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: add intro for accuracy for clarity</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Italian Jesuit priest, missionary and Tamil language littérateur}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=August 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}<br />
<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
| honorific-prefix = Servant of God<br />
| other_names = வீரமாமுனிவர் <br />
(Veeramamunivar)<br />
| name = Constantine Joseph Beschi<br />
| image = File:Veeramamunivar.jpg<br />
| caption = Veeramamunivar statue at the Marina Beach, Chennai<br />
| birth_date = 8 November 1680<br />
| birth_place = [[Castiglione delle Stiviere, Italy|Castiglione delle Stiviere]], [[Duchy of Mantua]]<br />
| death_date = 4 February 1747, [[Kingdom of Cochin]], Sampaloor [[Ambalakkaru]], India or [[Manapad]], Tamilnadu, India<br />
| resting_place = St Francis Xavier's Church, [[Sampaloor]], [[Kerala]]<br />
| religion = Christianity<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Constantine Joseph Beschi''' (8 November 1680 – 4 February 1747), also known under his [[Tamil language|Tamil]] name of ''Vīramāmunivar'', was an Italian [[Jesuit]] [[Priesthood in the Catholic Church|priest]], missionary in [[South India]], and Tamil language littérateur.<br />
<br />
He is venerated as a [[Servant of God]] in the Catholic Church.<ref name=ICM2 /><br />
<br />
==Early years==<br />
Born in [[Castiglione delle Stiviere]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lal |first1=Mohan |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: Sasay to Zorgot |date=1992 |publisher=Sahitya Akademi |isbn=978-81-260-1221-3 |page=4531 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KnPoYxrRfc0C&q=Constanzo+Beschi+&pg=PA4531 |access-date=18 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ce">{{cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02526c.htm |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Costanzo Giuseppe Beschi |publisher=Newadvent.org |access-date=2018-05-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blackburn |first1=Stuart H. |title=Print, Folklore, and Nationalism in Colonial South India |date=2006 |publisher=Orient Blackswan |isbn=978-81-7824-149-4 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-BxrNKdwPMC&q=+Beschi&pg=PA45 |access-date=18 April 2020 |language=en}}</ref>{{dubious|date=May 2018}} in the district of Mantua, in [[Italy]], on 8 November 1680, Beschi got his secondary education in the Jesuits' High School at [[Mantua]], which taught rhetoric, humanities and grammar. After becoming a Jesuit in 1698,<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Costanzo Giuseppe Beschi}}</ref>{{dubious|date=May 2018}} he was trained in [[Ravenna]] and [[Bologna]], studying philosophy for three years from 1701–1703 in Bologna, and theology for four years from 1706–1710. His studies also included [[Latin]], [[French language|French]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Greek language|Greek]], and [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]].<ref name=JOLB /> He was ordained as a priest in 1709. On hearing about the work done in India by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuits]] returning to Italy from [[India]], Beschi was eager to come to India. He requested and obtained permission from [[Superior General]] [[Michelangelo Tamburini]] to be sent to the [[Madura Mission|Jesuit mission at Madurai]] in South India. Sailing from [[Lisbon]] he reached [[Goa]] in October 1710, from where he proceeded immediately to South India. He arrived in [[Madurai]] in May 1711.<ref name=JOLB>{{cite web |url= https://jesuitonlinebibliography.bc.edu/catalog/10487 |title= Christianity and Tamil Culture: Father Joseph Beschi and the Image of the Virgin Mary |last= Granziera |first= Patrizia |date= 2011 |website= Jesuit Online Bibliography |publisher= Toronto Journal of Theology |access-date= November 20, 2025 |quote=}}</ref> <br />
<br />
==In South India==<br />
Inspired by what was done in China, Beschi adopted the native Tamilians' lifestyle in his life and in his missionary work. For example, he adopted the [[saffron]] coloured robe generally worn by a ''[[sannyasi]]'' (Indian ascetic). He visited several important centres such as [[Tirunelveli]], [[Ramanathapuram]], [[Thanjavur]], and Madurai to learn the [[Tamil language]]. He met with persecution in 1714–15 and escaped a death sentence. This gave him more time to master the Tamil language in which he soon showed great proficiency. Because of his boldness in defending the correctness of his convictions, he was fondly called ''Dhairiyanathar'' (The Fearless Guru). <br />
<br />
During the first six years, he worked as a missionary in [[Elakurichy]], a town near [[Tiruvaiyaru]], [[Ariyalur]] district. Then he served as parish priest in [[Basilica of Our Lady of Assumption, Kamanayakkanpatti|Kamanayakkanpatti]], one of the oldest Christian communities in Tamil Nadu. He worked in the Thanjavur area till 1738 and settled in 1740 on the [[Coromandel coast]] where he remained till the end of his life.<br />
<br />
He helped build the [[Poondi Matha Basilica]] at Poondi near Thanjavur, Vyagula Matha Church at Thanjavur, [[The Perianayagi Madha Shrine]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pondyarchdiocese.org.in/konankuppam.htm |title=Prianayagi Madha Shrine - Konankuppam |access-date=2009-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118155900/http://www.pondyarchdiocese.org.in/konankuppam.htm |archive-date=18 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Konankuppam]] at Mugasaparur in Konankuppam, and [[Adaikkala Madha Shrine, Elakurichi |Adaikala Maadha Shrine]] at Elakurichi.<ref name="thehindu1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/huge-bronze-statue-to-be-installed-at-veeramamunivar-church/article6923603.ece|title=Huge bronze statue to be installed at Veeramamunivar church|date=2015-02-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-05-27|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> These churches are now Catholic pilgrim centres.<br />
<br />
He died at Sampaloor in Ambalakaadu in Thrissur, [[Kingdom of Cochin]] (now a part of the state of Kerala), and is buried at [[St. Francis Xavier's Church, Sampaloor]], where his tomb can be seen. [[Robert Caldwell]], one of the eminent Tamil linguists and historians, in his book 'A Political and General History of Tinnevelly (Tirunelveli) in the Presidency of Madras: From the Earliest Period to the Cession to the English Government in AD 1801' opines that, based on the writings of his biographer and the letters written to Europe at the same time, "It is certain from authentic records that Beschi was "Rector" of Manapar (present Manapad) in 1744 and that he died there in 1746. This was in the 66th year of his age and the 40th of his residence in India. It is very probable that Manapar was the first place in the Tamil country where Beschi resided after he left Goa, in consequence of which he might naturally wish to end his days there."<ref name="ebooksread.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ebooksread.com/authors-eng/robert-caldwell/a-political-and-general-history-of-the-district-of-tinnevelly-in-the-presidency-hci.shtml|title = Ebook a political and general history of the District of Tinnevelly, in the Presidency of Madras, from the earliest period to its cession to the English Government in A. D. 1801 by Robert Caldwell - read online or download for free}}</ref> He, in the same book (page 243) further states that his body was laid in rest in the oldest church of Manapad which has been now completely buried in the sand.<ref name="ebooksread.com"/><br />
<br />
==Contribution to Tamil literature==<br />
[[File:Veeramamunivar ad2.jpg|thumb|left|TamilNadu government's paper advertisement paying homage to Veeramamunivar]]<br />
Constantine compiled the first Tamil lexicon - a Tamil-Latin dictionary. He also compiled the comprehensive ''Chaturakarati'' (சதுரகராதி), a quadruple lexicon containing words, synonyms, and categories of words and rhymes.<ref name="vikatan1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vikatan.com/news/coverstory/21111.html|title=வீரமாமுனிவர் பிறந்தநாள் - சிறப்பு பகிர்வு|date=2013-11-08|work=Vikatan|access-date=2018-05-27|language=ta}}</ref> Beschi also composed two other Tamil grammars and three dictionaries, covering Tamil-Latin, Tamil-Portuguese and Tamil-Tamil. <br />
<br />
He translated and explained in Latin the "[[Thirukkural]]", an epic poem of [[Thiruvalluvar]]. This Latin work was an eye opener for European intellectuals, enabling them to discover truth and beauty in Tamil literature. He also translated into European languages several other important Tamil literary works such as ''Devaaram'' (தேவாரம்), ''Thiruppugazh'' (திருப்புகழ்), ''Nannool'' (நன்னூல்) and ''Aaththichoodi'' (ஆத்திசூடி).<ref name="thehindu1"/><br />
<br />
Besides composing literary Tamil Grammar work, he also wrote a grammar for the common use of Tamil (Urai nadai illakkiyam - உரை நடை இலக்கியம்), which at times led to him being referred to as the 'Father of Tamil Prose'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tamilnation.co/literature/veeramamunivar.htm|title=வீரமாமுனிவர் - Father Constantine Joseph Beschi|website=tamilnation.co|access-date=2018-05-27}}</ref><br />
<br />
Earlier Tamil scripts were written without the [[virama|tittle]] (புள்ளி) for consonants, and the symbol ர was used to indicate long vowels. It was Veeramamunivar who introduced the system of dotting the Tamil consonants (க், ங், ச், ... ) and writing the long vowels as ஆ instead of அர, கா instead of கர, etc.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Thonnool Vilakkam|last=Subramanian|first=Dr S Ve|publisher=Tamil Pathippagam|date=May 1978|location=Chennai|pages=25–26}}</ref><ref name="vikatan1"/><ref>{{Cite book|title=Thonnool Vilakkam தொன்னூல் விளக்கம்|last=வீரமாமுனிவர்|first=Veeramamunivar|year=1838|location=Pondycherry}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tamildigitallibrary.in/book-detail.php?id=jZY9lup2kZl6TuXGlZQdjZMeluQy&tag=%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%20%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D|title=ஐந்திலக்கணத் தொன்னூல் விளக்கம்|last=Srinivasa Ragavacharya|first=Veeramamunivar|website=tamildigitallibrary.in|language=en|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamilvu.org/ta/courses-degree-a051-a0513-html-a051353-9965|title=வீரமாமுனிவரின் எழுத்துச் சீர்திருத்தம் {{!}} தமிழ் இணையக் கல்விக்கழகம்|website=www.tamilvu.org|access-date=2018-05-29}}</ref><br />
<br />
His biggest poetical work is the ''[[Thembavani]]'' (தேம்பாவணி - The Unfading Garland - an ornament of poems as sweet as honey), 3615 stanzas long on [[salvation]] history and the life of [[Saint Joseph]]. It was presented for ratification as a classic in the Academy of Poets and received their approval and the poet was given the title Vīramāmunivar (வீரமாமுனிவர் - Courageous, Great Ascetic) He also wrote a ''prabandham'' (a ''minor'' literature) called ''Kaavalur Kalambagam'' (காவலூர் கலம்பகம்), a grammatical treatise called ''Thonnool'' (தொன்னூல்), a guide book for catechists with the title ''Vedhiyar Ozukkam'' (வேதியர் ஒழுக்கம்), and ''Paramarthaguruvin Kadhai'' (பரமார்த்த குருவின் கதை - ''The Adventures of [[Guru Paramartha]]''), a satirical piece on a naive religious teacher and his equally obtuse disciples. His prose works include polemical writings against the [[Lutheran]] missionaries and didactic religious books for the instruction of Catholics.<ref name="thehindu1"/><br />
<br />
==Recognition==<br />
In 1968, the State of Tamil Nadu erected a statue for Beschi on the [[Marina Beach|Marina beach]] in the city of [[Chennai|Madras]] as a recognition for his contribution to Tamil language and literature.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Muthiah|first=S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tbR_LLkqdI8C&q=veeramamunivar+tamil+conference&pg=PA242|title=Madras, Chennai: A 400-year Record of the First City of Modern India|date=2008|publisher=Palaniappa Brothers|isbn=978-81-8379-468-8|pages=242|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Ramaswamy|first=Sumathi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Npvv-ALoQFcC&q=veeramamunivar+tamil+conference&pg=PA189|title=Passions of the Tongue: Language Devotion in Tamil India, 1891–1970|date=1997-11-20|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-91879-5|pages=189|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2016/jun/28/100-unique-tales-of-namma-city-told-through-lens-885878.html|title=100 Unique tales of namma city, told through lens|website=The New Indian Express|access-date=2020-04-18}}</ref><br />
<br />
A tablet was installed in his native place Castiglione delle Stiviere in 1980 to mark the 300th birth anniversary of Beschi. In it, it is mentioned that Beschi is called the [[Dante]] of the Tamil language.<br />
<br />
The fifth world Tamil Congress held at [[Madurai]] in January 1981 erected his statue in the city of Madras. <br />
<br />
While in India, he studied the languages of Tamil, Sanskrit, Telugu, and Urdu.<ref name=JOLB /><br />
<br />
On 3 August 2025, Beschi was formally declared as “the Servant of God”.<ref name=ICM2>{{cite web |url= https://www.indiancatholicmatters.org/tamil-nadu-constantine-joseph-beschi-veeramamunivar-declared-a-servant-of-god/ |title= Tamil Nadu: Constantine Joseph Beschi (Veeramamunivar) Declared a ‘Servant of God’ |author=<!--Not stated--> |date= 13 August 2025 |website= Indian Catholic Matters |publisher= |access-date= November 20, 2025 |quote=}}</ref><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
*[[Robert Caldwell]]<br />
*[[William Tobias Ringeltaube]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
* Giachi, G.: ''L'India divenna la sua terra'', Milan. 1981.<br />
* Sorrentino, A:: ''L'altra perla dell'India'', Bologna, 1980.<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Besse, L.: ''Fr.Beschi: his times and his writings'', Trichinolopy, 1918.<br />
* {{cite journal |title=LUX: Yale Collections Discovery |journal=lux.collections.yale.edu |url=https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/text/eecd659c-6ef6-4dd2-915a-5abd871c4107 |access-date=9 November 2025 |language=en}}<br />
* {{cite book |last1=Ebeling |first1=Sascha |last2=Trento |first2=Margherita |title=L’Inde et l’Italie: Rencontres intellectuelles, politiques et artistiques |date=2018 |publisher=Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales |isbn=978-2-7132-3154-4 |pages=53–89 |url=https://books.openedition.org/editionsehess/23276?lang=en |access-date=9 November 2025 |language=en |chapter=From Jesuit Missionary to Tamil Pulavar.: Costanzo Gioseffo Beschi SJ (1680-1747), the “Great Heroic Sage”}}<br />
* Clooney, Frank (2023) "A Note on Recent English Language Scholarship Constantine Joseph Beschi, S.J.," Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies: Vol. 36, Article 6.<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commonscatinline}}<br />
<br />
{{Tirukkural}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Beschi, Constanzo}}<br />
[[Category:1680 births]]<br />
[[Category:1747 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:People from Castiglione delle Stiviere]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Italian Jesuits]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Indian Jesuits]]<br />
[[Category:Italian Indologists]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language writers]]<br />
[[Category:Linguists of Tamil]]<br />
[[Category:Italian Roman Catholic missionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Non-native Tamil poets]]<br />
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Jesuit missionaries in India]]<br />
[[Category:Italian expatriates in India]]<br />
[[Category:Italian emigrants to India]]<br />
[[Category:Indian people of Italian descent]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil–Latin translators]]<br />
[[Category:People from the Kingdom of Cochin]]<br />
[[Category:Translators of the Tirukkural into Latin]]<br />
[[Category:Tirukkural translators]]<br />
[[Category:18th-century Italian translators]]<br />
[[Category:Italian missionary linguists]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Tamil Nadu]]<br />
[[Category:Christianity in Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Christian clergy from Kochi]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jothe_Jotheyali_(TV_series)&diff=506608Jothe Jotheyali (TV series)2026-03-13T17:59:34Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Added bio</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Kannada TV series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Jothe-Jotheyali-Serial-on-Zee-Kannada.jpg<br />
| image_size =<br />
| genre = [[Soap opera]]<br />
| camera = [[Multi-camera]]<br />
| based_on = ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''<br />
| director = Arooru Jagadish<br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Kannada<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|2019|9|9|df=y}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|2023|5|19|df=y}}<br />
| network = [[Zee Kannada]]<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| num_episodes = 953 <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Jothe Jotheyali''''' is a 2019 [[India]]n [[Kannada]] language [[soap opera]]. The series aired on [[Zee Kannada]] from 9 September 2019. The series is an official remake of the [[Marathi language|Marathi]] television series ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]''. It stars [[Aniruddha Jatkar]] and Megha Shetty.<br />
<br />
== Synopsis ==<br />
Aryavardhan, a middle-aged businessman, falls in love with Anu, a young middle-class girl. Their Relation starts with the foundation of trust, however they face a lot of challenges in their relationship due to his age difference. Initially Arya although he loves Anu, does not accept her love because of his age. But when he realizes he cannot live without her, he confesses to her thinking that she is sleeping but she was awake and hears his confession and is on cloud nine. Their story even though not confessed to each other face to face about their love is going on smoothly along with small rifts in between. And finally Aryavardhan decides to profess his love, and shares about his past life with -about his first marriage and his first wife being dead. Anu resents him at first for hiding it but is later convinced by his honesty. He further wants to share about his past life but Anu refuses to listen saying that past is past. Then he finally confesses to her face to face and proposes to her. Next they face the challenge of getting their families accept of their relationship. When finally everyone agrees, Anu refuses to marry him as her trust on him is a little bit shaken as he hid an important truth from her and blames him for not saying the truth before hand itself. She goes in search of his past and realizes what hardships he went through in his childhood and feels guilty about hurting him. She apologies to him. They re-unite and finally get happily married.<br />
<br />
However post marriage there are different set of revelations Anu learns about Arya's past life, she is shocked and her trust is broken this time. Arya is unaware of it. His love for her is pure, true and very passionate. The past is 20 years ago, Subash Patil is shown as a poor orphan living with his roommate Jhende in Bangalore. One day, as he is rushing to give an interview, he shares his Auto rickshaw with Rajanandini Vardhan, daughter of rich businessman Rajvardhan and Sharada devi who all live in Rajanandini Vilasa in Bangalore. As the tyre of Rajanandini's car gets punctured, Subash drops her to her destination only to realise that his interview is in the same company. Falling in love with her due to her richness, he fakes a fraud in his company and wins Rajanandini's trust. The two eventually confess their love for each other and get married. After their marriage, Subash begins to live in the Rajanandini Vilasa with Rajnandini for Rajvardhan's wish. However, Rajvardhan gets all the proofs against him and insults him over obtaining his business. In retaliation, Subash unknowingly ends up making him have the wrong medicine, resulting in Rajvardhan's death. He also changes Rajvardhan's post-mortem reports which makes Sharada devi think that she is responsible for Rajvardhan's death. Feeling guilty, she decides to reveal the truth to the police but Subash stops her, saying that she will have to go to jail if she does so. Days later, Rajanandini doubts Subash and fixes a microphone in his office-cabin. She catches Subash and Jhende red-handed as their plan gets recorded in the microphone. Upon receiving this proof, Rajanandini threatens to hand over Subash and Jhende to the police while Sharada devi still does not know the truth. Unknowingly she fell off the cliff and died<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
=== Main ===<br />
* [[Aniruddha Jatkar]] (2019-2022) as Aryavardhan alias Subash Patil: Rajanandini and Anu's husband, Business Tycoon<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jothe Jotheyali Actor Anirudh's Meeting With Tejasvi Surya Sparks Rumours|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/jothe-jotheyali-actor-anirudhs-meeting-with-tejasvi-surya-sparks-rumours-652633|website=The Hans India|date=23 October 2020 }}</ref><br />
** [[Harish Raj]] (2022–2023) as Aryavardhan and Sanju Desai: Sanju died by committing suicide and his face transplanted through plastic surgery to Aryavardhan, who met with an accident and his face drastically damaged <br />
* [[Megha Shetty]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Megha Shetty Won't Leave Jothe Jotheyali Serial Over Ganesh Movie|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/megha-shetty-wont-leave-jothe-jotheyali-serial-over-ganesh-movie-655346|website=The Hans India|date=8 November 2020 }}</ref> as Anu Aryavardhan aka Anu: A 21-year old simple and middle-class girl falls in love with Arya; Pushpa and Subbu's only daughter; Arya's Second wife and Reincarnation of Rajanandini.<br />
* [[Sonu Gowda]] as Rajanandini Aryavardhan: Aryavardhan first wife; Owner of Rajanandini fabrics; CEO of Vardhan group of companies; Lovely daughter of Rajvardhan and Sharada devi; Harsha Vardhan's sister.<br />
<br />
=== Recurring ===<br />
* BM Venkatesh as Keshav Jhende aka Jhende: Arya's friend; Employee of Vardhan group<br />
* Manasa Manohar as Meera Hegde: A hard working girl who wishes to marry Arya; Vice President of Vardhan group<br />
* Devaiah Kalakanda as Harshavardhan aka Harsha: Arya's brother-in-law; Rajanandini 's younger brother; Mansi's husband; Sharadha's son.<br />
* Shilpa Iyer (2019-2021) / Nayana KM (2021–2023) as Mansi Harshavardhan: A rich and posh woman; Harsha's wife.<br />
* [[Jai Jagadish]] as Rajvardhan: Sharadha Devi's husband; Rajanandhini and Harshavardhan's father; Mansi and Aryavardhan's father-in-law.<br />
* [[Vijayalakshmi Singh]] as Sharadha Devi: Rajvardhan's wife; Rajanandini and Harsha Vardhan's mother; after Rajvardhan and Rajanandini demise, Mansi and Aryavardhan's mother-in-law.<br />
* [[Padmaja Rao]] as Priyadarshini Desai / Bhavani Patil: Aryavardhan and Sanju's mother; Prabhu Desai's wife<br />
* [[Srinivas Prabhu]] as Prabhu Desai: Priyadarshini's husband<br />
* Apoorva Shri as Pushpa Sirimane, Anu's mother, Subbu's wife <br />
* Shivajirao Jadhav as Subramanya Sirimane aka Subbu: Anu's father; Pushpa's husband<br />
* Sundarashree as Jogthavva: the occultist who guides Anu and her family<br />
* Pragathi Prabhu as Poorni: Pushpa's sister; Anu's aunt<br />
* Shwetha as Rajini: Ramya's mother; Raghupathi's sister; Sampath's aunt<br />
* Priyadarshini as Ramya: Anu's friend and neighbour; Sampath's cousin <br />
* Sugreev Gowda (2019-2021) / Vilas Rao (2021–2023) as Sampath: Raghupathi's son; Anu's friend; Ramya's cousin<br />
* Kiran Kumar as Raghupathi: Sampath's father; Rajini's brother, Ramya's Uncle<br />
* [[Pruthvi Ambaar]] as Neel<br />
<br />
=== Guest appearances ===<br />
* [[Vijay Suriya]] as Vijay Suriya, Anuradha's son<br />
* [[Sudharani]] as Anuradha, Mother of Vijay Suriya<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
===Critics===<br />
The romantic title track of ''Jothe Jotheyali'' song, gone viral on social media platforms.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/television/zee-kannadas-jothe-jotheyalis-title-track-crosses-1-crore-views-on-youtube-2289354.html|title=Zee Kannada's 'Jothe Jotheyali's title track crosses 1 crore views on YouTube|website=Zee News}}</ref> The song has reached 2 crore+ views on [[Zee Kannada]] YouTube channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/sandalwood/kannada-tv-serial-jothe-jotheyali-song-gets-record-views-on-youtube-664824|title=Kannada TV Serial Jothe Jotheyali Song Gets Record Views On YouTube|website=The Hans India|date=January 2021 }}</ref><br />
<br />
===Ratings===<br />
On its opening week it was in No. 1 position in overall Kannada series<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/new-show-jothey-jotheyalli-tops-the-trp-charts/articleshow/71218937.cms|title=New show – Jothe Jotheyalli tops the trp charts|website=The Times of India|date=20 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kannadatvshows.com/jothe-jotheyali-serial-online/|title=Jothe Jotheyali Is The Most Second Popular Karnataka TV Serial – Barc Week 49|website=Kannada TV Shows|date=14 December 2019 }}</ref> It created a sensation all over Kannada television industry, social media platforms with numerous fan pages. It now maintains a top 5 position in the ratings.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/gattimela-to-mangala-gowri-madve-a-look-at-the-trp-performance-of-popular-tv-shows/articleshow/79680290.cms|title=Gattimela to Mangala Gowri Madve: A look at the TRP performance of popular TV shows|website=The Times of India|date=11 December 2020 }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Adaptations ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 100%; margin-right: 0;"<br />
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Language<br />
! style="background:LightBlue; width:25%;"| Title<br />
! style="background:LightBlue; width:20%;"| Original release<br />
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Network(s)<br />
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Last aired<br />
! style="background:LightBlue; width:10%;"| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| ''[[Tula Pahate Re]]'' <br> तुला पाहते रे<br />
| 13 August 2018<br />
| [[Zee Marathi]]<br />
| 20 July 2019<br />
| Original<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kannada]]<br />
| ''Jothe Jotheyali'' <br> ಜೊತೆ ಜೊತೆಯಲಿ<br />
| 9 September 2019<br />
| [[Zee Kannada]]<br />
| 19 May 2023<br />
| rowspan="8"| Remake<br />
|-<br />
| [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
| ''[[Prema Entha Madhuram]]'' <br> ప్రేమ ఎంత మధురం<br />
| rowspan="2"| 10 February 2020<br />
| [[Zee Telugu]]<br />
| 5 July 2025<br />
|-<br />
| [[Malayalam]]<br />
| ''[[Neeyum Njanum (TV series)|Neeyum Njanum]]'' <br> നീയും ഞാനും<br />
| [[Zee Keralam]]<br />
| 8 April 2023<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
| ''[[Neethane Enthan Ponvasantham]]'' <br> நீதானே எந்தன் பொன்வசந்தம்<br />
| 24 February 2020<br />
| [[Zee Tamil]]<br />
| 25 December 2021<br />
|-<br />
| [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]<br />
| ''[[Akhiyan Udeek Diyan]]'' <br> ਅੱਖੀਆਂ ਉਡੀਕ ਦੀਆਂ<br />
| 22 March 2021<br />
| [[Zee Punjabi]]<br />
| 27 August 2021<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hindi]]<br />
| ''[[Tumm Se Tumm Tak]]'' <br> तुम से तुम तक<br />
| 7 July 2025<br />
| [[Zee TV]]<br />
| Ongoing<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
* [[Aniruddha Jatkar]] got best actor award in [[Zee Kannada]] Zee Kutumba awards 2020<br />
* Megha Shetty got best actress award (people's choice) in Zee Kannada Zee Kutumba awards 2020<ref>{{Cite news|title=Aniruddha Jatkar wins best actor award and dedicates it to his fans - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/aniruddha-jatkar-wins-best-actor-award-and-dedicates-it-to-his-fans/articleshow/78993662.cms|website=The Times of India|date=2 November 2020 }}</ref><br />
* Aniruddh Jatkar and Megha Shetty got Best Jodi award (Critics) at Zee Kutumba Awards 2020<br />
* Jothe Jotheyali Title Song was Awarded the best Title Song of the year at Zee Kutumba Awards 2020.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [https://www.zee5.com/tv-shows/details/jothe-jotheyali/0-6-2058 ''Jothe Jotheyali''] at [[ZEE5]]<br />
* {{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Kannada-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:Zee Kannada original programming]]<br />
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:2023 Indian television series endings]]<br />
[[Category:Remakes of Indian television series]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sivan_(film)&diff=536308Sivan (film)2026-03-12T10:19:27Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1999 film by Velu Prabhakaran}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| image = Sivan (film).jpg<br />
| caption = Title card<br />
| director = [[Velu Prabhakaran]]<br />
| producer = J. Paramasivam<br />Y. J. Sathish<br />
| writer = Velu Prabhakaran<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Arun Pandian]]|[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]]|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]|[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]]|[[Ahana]]}}<br />
| music = [[Adithyan]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Velu Prabhakaran]]<br />
| editing = V. Chidambaram<br />
| studio = V. J. Combines<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1999|11|26}}<br />
| runtime = 100 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Sivan''''' ({{IPAc-en|s|i|v|ən}}) is a 1999 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[science fiction action film]] written and directed by [[Velu Prabhakaran]]. The film stars [[Arun Pandian]], [[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]], [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], [[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] and [[Ahana (actress)|Ahana]]. It was released on 26 November 1999.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivan (Tamil) |url=http://www.actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/279-sivan |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202090008/http://actornepoleon.com/cinema/filmography/tamil-films/279-sivan |archive-date=2 December 2023 |access-date=12 March 2024 |website=[[Napoleon (actor)|actornepoleon.com]]}}</ref> The film is heavily inspired by the American film ''[[RoboCop]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2019 |title=Happy Birthday Arun Pandian: From Robocop and Indiana Jones to Predator, the many avatars of the 90s action star |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/Jul/13/happy-birthday-arun-pandian-from-robocop-and-indiana-jones-to-predator-the-many-avatars-of-the-90s-341.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310075752/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/photos/slideshows/2019/Jul/13/happy-birthday-arun-pandian-from-robocop-and-indiana-jones-to-predator-the-many-avatars-of-the-90s-341.html |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kosalairaman |first=Muthu Vinayagam |date=26 November 2023 |title=24 Years of Sivan: ரஜினியின் எந்திரன் படத்துக்கு முன்னரே ரோபோ கான்செப்டில் வெளியான படம் |url=https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actors-arun-pandian-napoleon-starrer-sivan-movie-completed-24-years-of-its-release-131700936864143.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310074924/https://tamil.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/actors-arun-pandian-napoleon-starrer-sivan-movie-completed-24-years-of-its-release-131700936864143.html |archive-date=10 March 2024 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |language=ta}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The film starts with a terrorist group entering in an Indian military ammunition depot based in Delhi. They kill all the guards and try to steal the nuclear weapons in the depot, but the terrorist group accidentally drops one of the weapons causing a chemical attack. The number of terrorist attacks resulting in India has increased over the last few months. In the context of the fight against terrorism, the Government suspects that the terrorist group is from [[Tamil Nadu]]. Alex, an honest police ACP of Chennai, is charged to dismantle the terrorist infrastructure. Alex is married to Ahana and lives with his infant daughter and mother.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Murugan is a poor car mechanic living with his mother and sister Meenakshi. His cousin Shenbagam is in love with him, but Murugan does not want to get married until his sister will finish her studies and will get married. One day, Alex's police car breaks down in a lost corner. Murugan, who is just passing by, helps Alex to repair his car. When Alex pays Murugan for his work, Murugan refuses to take the money because he respects the police department who works hard for the people and the nation. So Alex gives his visiting card if he will need help in the near future.<br />
<br />
One day, Alex arrests a terrorist who had [[gunpowder]] in his car. That night, the terrorist leader threatens him over the phone, but Alex refuses to drop the case and vows to arrest him. Soon, Alex suspects Jupiter, a wealthy philanthropist and respected man in the society, to be the leader of the terrorist group. Alex decides to sneak into Jupiter's warehouse alone. In the meantime, Alex's family is killed by the Jupiter's henchmen. In the warehouse, Alex is caught by Jupiter and Alex's best friend, who betrays him, the terrorists torture Alex, brutally gunning him down before Jupiter personally executes him.<br />
<br />
Sivagami, an honest police sub-inspector and Alex's ex-partner, decides to take charge of the case. Meanwhile, scientists who succeeded in resurrecting death animals, decides to resurrect Alex. They exhume Alex's body, replace most of his body with cybernetics, leaving his human brain, and he becomes Sivan. Later, Murugan's sister was gang-raped and killed, Murugan's mother dies of a heart attack after hearing that news. Murugan finally tracks the gang members down and kills them all except the gang leader Uday who managed to escape. Sivan, assigned to Alex's former city, proceeds to efficiently rid the streets of crime. When Sivagami talks to him, Sivan recognises her, but there's not one trace of emotions in him. One day, Murugan begs Alex to punish the person who raped his sister, but Alex doesn't recognise him.<br />
<br />
Later, Murugan kills Uday, who was, in fact, part of Jupiter's terrorist group. Uday's friend then kills his lover, and Murugan kills him in return. Sivan finally discovers his true identity and goes to Jupiter's warehouse to kill all the terrorists. Murugan decides to assist Sivan for this mission, and Sivan finally executes Jupiter.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Arun Pandian]] as ACP Alex IPS / Sivan<br />
*[[Napoleon (actor)|Napoleon]] as Murugan<br />
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Sivagami<br />
*[[Swathi (actress)|Swathi]] as Shenbagam<br />
*[[Ahana]] as Ahana, Alex's wife<br />
*Naga Kannan as Jupiter<br />
*Kalpana as Meenakshi, Murugan's sister<br />
*[[Dubbing Janaki]] as Murugan's mother<br />
*Padmini<br />
*Pattinapakkam Jayaram as Terrorist<br />
*Rajkumar as Terrorist<br />
*Kishore as Terrorist<br />
*Kundrathur Babu as Terrorist<br />
*[[Idichapuli Selvaraj]]<br />
*[[King Kong (actor)|King Kong]] as Nattu<br />
*[[Uday Prakash (actor)|Uday Prakash]] as Uday<br />
*Minmini Poochigal Raju<br />
*Radha Bai<br />
*[[Kalyan (choreographer)|Kalyan]] in a special appearance<br />
*[[Rani (Tamil actress)|Rani]] in a special appearance<br />
*[[Alphonsa (actress)|Alphonsa]] in a special appearance<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Adithyan]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sivan (1999) |url=http://mio.to/album/Sivan+%281999%29 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918153718/http://mio.to/album/Sivan+(1999) |archive-date=18 September 2018 |access-date=21 April 2018 |website=MusicIndiaOnline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 1999 |title=Sivan (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/sivan-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-ep/1353719374 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/dFdHZ |archive-date=12 March 2026 |access-date=10 March 2024 |website=[[Apple Music]]|language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| "Egypt Nattu Cleopatra" || Adithyan, [[Swarnalatha]] || [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]] || 5:08<br />
|-<br />
| "Ooh Enn Pennmaiyai" || Swarnalatha || rowspan=2|Vaasan || 4:57<br />
|-<br />
| "Pesarat Pesarat" || [[Malgudi Subha]] || 4:48<br />
|-<br />
| "Rukkuthan Rukkuthan" || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]], Malgudi Subha || rowspan=2|Vaali || 3:51<br />
|-<br />
| "Uthere Kili" || Gopal Sharma, Devi || 4:30<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb title}}<br />
<br />
{{Velu Prabhakaran}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1999 films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 science fiction action films]]<br />
[[Category:1999 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Fiction about prosthetics]]<br />
[[Category:Films about cyborgs]]<br />
[[Category:Films about memory erasure and alteration]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Velu Prabhakaran]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Adithyan]]<br />
[[Category:Indian films about revenge]]<br />
[[Category:Indian science fiction action films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil-language science fiction action films]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aashiqui_(2015_film)&diff=468952Aashiqui (2015 film)2026-03-11T05:41:53Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|2015 film by Ashok Pati}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Aashiqui: True Love<br />
| image = Aashiqui (2015_film).jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| director = [[Ashok Pati]]<br />
| producer = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ashok Dhanuka]]<br />
* [[Himanshu Dhanuka]]<br />
* [[Abdul Aziz (filmmaker)|Abdul Aziz]] (co-producer)<br />
}}<br />
| story = <br />
| writer = Pele Bhattacharya<br />
| screenplay = <br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Ankush Hazra]]<br />
* [[Nusrat Faria]]<br />
* Arindam Dutta<br />
* [[Moushumi]]<br />
* [[Rajatava Dutta]]<br />
}}<br />
| cinematography = Kumud Verma<br />
| editing = Somnath Dey<br />
| narrator = <br />
| music = [[Savvy Gupta]]<br />
| studio = {{Plainlist|<br />
* [[Eskay Movies]]<br />
* [[Jaaz Multimedia]] (co-producer)<br />
}}<br />
| distributor = {{Plainlist|* <br />
* Eskay Movies<br />
* Jaaz Multimedia<br />
}}<br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2015|9|18|[[India]]|2015|9|25|[[Bangladesh]]}}<br />
| runtime = <br />
| country = India<br>Bangladesh<br />
| language = Bengali<br />
| budget = <br />
| gross = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Aashiqui: True Love''''' is a 2015 [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]] [[romantic drama film]] directed by [[Ashok Pati]] and produced by [[Eskay Movies]] and co-produced by [[Jaaz Multimedia]]. The film stars [[Ankush Hazra]] and [[Nusrat Faria Mazhar]] in lead roles, and [[Moushumi]] in a supporting role.<ref>{{cite news |title=In Cinemas |url=https://www.dhakatribune.com/uncategorized/2015/09/23/in-cinemas |work=Dhaka Tribune |date=23 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
An [[Indo-Bangladesh joint production]], it is a remake of the 2012 [[Telugu language|Telugu]] romantic film ''[[Ishq (2012 film)|Ishq]]''.<ref name="sun29Sep2015">{{cite news|author=Md Enamul Hassan|date=29 September 2015|title=Eid films bring life into theatres|work=Daily Sun|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/78966/Eid-films-bring-life-into-theatres/2015-09-29}}</ref> The working title was ''Premi O Premi''. It was shot entirely in the [[United Kingdom]], including [[Scotland]], and was released on 18 September 2015.<ref name="sun29Sep2015" /><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Rahul and Shruti fall in love without knowing anything about each other’s past. Eventually, that unknown past returns to their lives, revealing a hidden connection between them. As the truth unfolds, it begins to influence their relationship and challenges their ability to move forward together.<ref>{{Cite web |title=আশিকী: ট্রু লাভ |url=https://www.chorki.com/bn/movie/aashiqui-true-love |access-date=2025-06-09 |website=Chorki |language=bn}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Ankush Hazra]] as Rahul<br />
* [[Nusrat Faria]] as Shruti<br />
* Arindam Dutta as Joy<br />
* [[Moushumi]] as Arpita<br />
* Rajatava Dutta<br />
* [[Sourav Das (actor)|Sourav Das]]<br />
* [[Rebeka (actress)|Rebeka Rouf]]<br />
* Cali Nelle as Bosco<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Aashiqui: True Love<br />
| type = Soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Savvy Gupta]]<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = 2015<br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = {{Duration|m=19|s=00}}<br />
| label = {{Flatlist|<br />
* [[Jaaz Multimedia|Jaaz Music]]<br />
* [[Eskay Movies|Eskay Music]]<br />
}}<br />
| producer = {{flatlist|<br />
* [[Abdul Aziz (filmmaker)|Abdul Aziz]]<br />
* [[Ashok Dhanuka]]<br />
}}<br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| extra_column = Artist(s)<br />
| title1 = Tor Aashiqui<br />
| lyrics1 = Prasen (Prasenjit Mukherjee)<br />
| music1 = [[Savvy Gupta]]<br />
| extra1 = [[Jubin Nautiyal]]<br />
| length1 = 4:01<br />
| title2 = Meyeder Mon Bojha<br />
| lyrics2 = Prasen<br />
| music2 = Savvy Gupta<br />
| extra2 = Savvy and [[Dilshad Nahar Kona]]<br />
| length2 = 3:24<br />
| title3 = Topor Mathae<br />
| lyrics3 = Riddhi Barua and [[Savvy Gupta]]<br />
| music3 = Savvy Gupta<br />
| extra3 = [[Nakash Aziz]]<br />
| length3 = 4:12<br />
| title4 = Ei Aashiqui<br />
| lyrics4 = Prasen<br />
| music4 = Savvy Gupta<br />
| extra4 = [[Mohammed Irfan (singer)|Mohammed Irfan]] and [[Akriti Kakkar]]<br />
| length4 = 3:09<br />
| title5 = Brishti Bheja<br />
| lyrics5 = Anyaman Bannerjee and Savvy Gupta<br />
| music5 = Savvy Gupta<br />
| extra5 = [[Shadaab – Abhik|Shadaab Hashmi]]<br />
| length5 = 4:13<br />
| all_writing = <br />
| total_length = 19:00<br />
| all_music = [[Savvy Gupta]]<br />
| headline = Track Listing:<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
* {{IMDb title|5143402}}<br />
* [https://www.allmovie.com/movie/aashiqui-true-love-am240059 ''Aashiqui'' at AllMovie]<br />
<br />
{{Ashok Pati}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2015 Bengali-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2015 films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali-language Bangladeshi films]]<br />
[[Category:Bengali remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Savvy Gupta]]<br />
[[Category:Jaaz Multimedia films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Ashok Pati]]<br />
[[Category:Bangladeshi remakes of Telugu films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian romantic comedy-drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about Indian weddings]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[Category:British Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set on airplanes]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 2012]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in 2015]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in universities and colleges]]<br />
[[Category:Indian family films]]<br />
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Glasgow]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Glasgow]]<br />
[[Category:Films about rape in the United Kingdom]]<br />
[[Category:Eskay Movies films]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_AFC_Women%27s_Asian_Cup_knockout_stage&diff=4828812022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage2026-03-09T18:01:26Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: creating a data more to come</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Knockout stage of the 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}<br />
The '''knockout stage of [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup]]''' began on 30 January 2022 with the quarter-finals and ended on 6 February 2022 with the final in [[Navi Mumbai]], India.<ref name="schedule">{{cite web |url=https://assets.the-afc.com/AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup_2022/Downloads/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-India-2022-Match-Schedule.pdf|title=2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup match schedule|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />
''Times listed are [[Indian Standard Time]] ([[UTC+05:30|UTC+5:30]]).''<br />
<br />
==Format==<br />
In the knockout phase, if a match is level at the end of 90 minutes of normal playing time, [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] is played (two periods of 15 minutes each), where each team is allowed to make a fourth [[Substitute (association football)|substitution]].<ref name="regulations">{{cite web|url=https://assets.the-afc.com/migration/a/f/afc-women-s-asian-cup-2022-competition-regulations|title=AFC Women's Asian Cup 2022 Competition Regulations|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|access-date=25 January 2022}}</ref> If still tied after extra time, the match is decided by a [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalty shoot-out]] to determine the winners.<ref name="regulations"/> From this tournament, there will be no [[Third place playoff|third place play-off]].<br />
<br />
==Qualified teams==<br />
The top two placed teams from each of the three groups, along with the two best-placed third teams, will qualify for the knockout stage.<ref name="regulations" /><br />
<br />
{| class=wikitable<br />
|-<br />
! Group<br />
! width="150" | Winners<br />
! width="150" | Runners-up<br />
! width="150" | Third-placed teams<br />([[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup#Ranking of third-placed teams|Best two]] qualify)<br />
|-<br />
! [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup Group A|A]]<br />
| {{fbw|CHN}}<br />
| {{fbw|TPE}}<br />
| <br />
|-<br />
! [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup Group B|B]]<br />
| {{fbw|AUS}}<br />
| {{fbw|PHI}}<br />
| {{fbw|THA|sanctionedFB}}{{efn|Due to non-compliance with conditions set by the [[World Anti-Doping Agency]] (WADA), Thailand was not allowed to be represented by their [[Flag of Thailand|national flag]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Thailand loses right to host tournaments |url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/sports/2217903/thailand-loses-right-to-host-tournaments |access-date=25 November 2021 |date=19 November 2021 |work=Bangkok Post|quote=The country has also been denied the right to display its national flag at any such events (international football events).}}</ref> The sanctions took effect in October 2021.<ref name="WADA">{{cite web |title=WADA confirms non-compliance of five Anti-Doping Organizations (7 October 2021) |url=https://www.wada-ama.org/en/media/news/2021-10/wada-confirms-non-compliance-of-five-anti-doping-organizations |publisher=World Anti-Doping Agency |access-date=4 December 2021 |language=en |date=7 October 2021}}</ref> Thailand was represented by its national team logo.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=24 January 2022 |title=#WAC2022 - Full Match - Group B {{!}} Indonesia vs Thailand |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvW-9SSNFo0 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128132500/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IvW-9SSNFo0|archive-date=28 January 2022|format=Motion picture|time=1:42–7:30 (match opening ceremony) |location=Navi Mumbai |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |via=YouTube}}</ref> Sanctions were lifted on 4 February<ref name="wadalifts">{{cite news |title=WADA lifts global sports ban on Thailand |url=https://www.nationthailand.com/life/40011927 |access-date=7 February 2022 |work=Nation Thailand |date=4 February 2022}}</ref> and Thailand was able to use their flag in time for their last playoff match against Chinese Taipei.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=4 February 2022 |title=#WAC2022 - Full Match - Playoff 02: Chinese Taipei vs Thailand |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_fcu8Fhqx4 |access-date= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207233134/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y_fcu8Fhqx4|archive-date=7 February 2022|format=Motion picture|time=4:30–6:45 (match opening ceremony) |location=Navi Mumbai |publisher=Asian Football Confederation |via=YouTube}}</ref>|name=Thailandb}}<br />
|-<br />
! [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup Group C|C]]<br />
| {{fbw|JPN}}<br />
| {{fbw|KOR}}<br />
| {{fbw|VIE}}<br />
|}<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
==Bracket==<br />
<section begin=Bracket />{{#invoke:RoundN|N8<br />
|style=white-space:nowrap|widescore=yes<br />
|bold_winner=high|3rdplace=no<br />
<br />
|RD1 = [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#Quarter-finals|Quarter-finals]]<br />
|RD2 = [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|Semi-finals]]<br />
|RD3 = [[2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#Final|Final]]<br />
<br />
<!-- Quarter-finals --><br />
<!-- Date-Place | Team 1 | Score 1 | Team 2 | Score 2 --><br />
|30 January – [[DY Patil Stadium|Navi Mumbai]]| {{fbw|CHN}} | 3 | {{fbw|VIE}} | 1<br />
|30 January – [[DY Patil Stadium|Navi Mumbai]]| {{fbw|JPN}} | 7 | {{fbw|THA|sanctionedFB}} | 0<br />
|30 January – [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Pune]]| {{fbw|AUS}} | 0 | {{fbw|KOR}} | 1<br />
|30 January – [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Pune]]| {{fbw|TPE}} | 1 (3) | {{fbw|PHI}} {{pso}} | 1 (4)<br />
<br />
<!-- Semi-finals --><br />
<!-- Date-Place | Team 1 | Score 1 | Team 2 | Score 2 --><br />
|3 February – [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Pune]]| {{fbw|CHN}} {{pso}} | 2 (4) | {{fbw|JPN}} | 2 (3)<br />
|3 February – [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Pune]]| {{fbw|KOR}} | 2 | {{fbw|PHI}} | 0<br />
<br />
<!-- Final --><br />
<!-- Date-Place | Team 1 | Score 1 | Team 2 | Score 2 --><br />
|6 February – [[DY Patil Stadium|Navi Mumbai]]| {{fbw|CHN}} |3 | {{fbw|KOR}} |2 <br />
}}<section end=Bracket /><br />
<br />
==Quarter-finals==<br />
The winners qualified for the [[2023 FIFA Women's World Cup]], while the losers, with the exception of [[Australia women's national soccer team|Australia]], entered the play-offs.<br />
<br />
===China PR vs Vietnam===<br />
<section begin=QF1 />{{Football box<br />
|date = {{Start date|2022|1|30|df=y}}<br />
|time = 17:30<br />
|team1 = {{fbw-rt|CHN}}<br />
|score = {{score link|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#China PR vs Vietnam|3–1}}<br />
|team2 = {{fbw|VIE}}<br />
|goals1 =<br />
*[[Wang Shuang (footballer)|Wang Shuang]] {{goal|25}}<br />
*[[Wang Shanshan]] {{goal|52}}<br />
*[[Tang Jiali (footballer)|Tang Jiali]] {{goal|53}}<br />
|goals2 =<br />
*[[Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Dung]] {{goal|11}}<br />
|stadium = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
|attendance = 0<br />
|referee = Oh Hyeon-jeong ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
|report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/qualifiers/afc/match-center/400211761 Report (FIFA)]<br />[https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-womens-asian-cup/2022/2258020 Report (AFC)]<br />
}}<section end=QF1 /><br />
<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{Football kit<br />
|pattern_la = _chn20H<br />
|pattern_b = _chn20H<br />
|pattern_ra = _chn20H<br />
|pattern_sh = _chn20h<br />
|pattern_so = _chn20h<br />
|leftarm = FF0000<br />
|body = FF0000<br />
|rightarm = FF0000<br />
|shorts = FF0000<br />
|socks = FF0000<br />
|title = {{nowrap|China PR}}<br />
}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Team stats<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #ee1d24; color: #ffff00;|{{flagdeco|China}} [[China women's national football team|{{color|#ffff00|China PR}}]]<br />
!Statistic<br />
!style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #da251d;|{{flagdeco|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam women's national football team|{{color|#da251d|Vietnam}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|21 || Shots || 6<br />
|-<br />
|9 || Shots on target || 1<br />
|-<br />
|69% || Possession || 31%<br />
|-<br />
|475 || Passes || 224<br />
|-<br />
|83% || Pass accuracy || 57%<br />
|-<br />
|13 || Fouls || 6<br />
|-<br />
|2 || Yellow cards || 1<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Red cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|6 || Offsides || 1<br />
|-<br />
|7 || Corners || 0<br />
|}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{Football kit<br />
|pattern_la = _vie21a<br />
|pattern_b = _vie21a<br />
|pattern_ra = _vie21a<br />
|pattern_sh = _vie21a<br />
|pattern_so = _vie21a<br />
|leftarm = FFFFFF<br />
|body = FFFFFF<br />
|rightarm = FFFFFF<br />
|shorts = FFFFFF<br />
|socks = FFFFFF<br />
|title = {{nowrap|Vietnam}}<br />
}}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{|style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''1''' ||[[Zhu Yu (footballer)|Zhu Yu]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''2''' ||[[Li Mengwen]] || {{yel|88}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''3''' ||[[Wang Xiaoxue]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Li Jiayue]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''8''' ||[[Yao Wei (footballer)|Yao Wei]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''7''' ||[[Wang Shuang (footballer)|Wang Shuang]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''10'''||[[Zhang Rui (footballer)|Zhang Rui]] || || {{suboff|63}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''13'''||[[Yang Lina (footballer)|Yang Lina]] || || {{suboff|74}}<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''6''' ||[[Zhang Xin (footballer)|Zhang Xin]] || || {{suboff|84}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''11'''||[[Wang Shanshan]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|74}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''18'''||[[Tang Jiali (footballer)|Tang Jiali]] || || {{suboff|84}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''16'''||[[Yao Lingwei]] || {{yel|82}} || {{subon|63}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''5''' ||[[Ma Jun (footballer)|Ma Jun]] || || {{subon|74}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''15'''||[[Wu Chengshu]] || || {{subon|74}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''17'''||[[Liu Yanqiu]] || || {{subon|84}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''19'''||[[Zhang Linyan]] || || {{subon|84}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|[[Shui Qingxia]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''14'''||[[Trần Thị Kim Thanh]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''17'''||[[Trần Thị Phương Thảo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''2''' ||[[Lương Thị Thu Thương]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''13'''||[[Lê Thị Diễm My]] || || {{suboff|35}}<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''22'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Anh]] || || {{suboff|66}}<br />
|-<br />
|DM ||'''6''' ||[[Phạm Hoàng Quỳnh]] || || {{suboff|66}}<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''23'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Bích Thùy]] || {{yel|38}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''11'''||[[Thái Thị Thảo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''18'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Vạn]] || || {{suboff|35}}<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''12'''||[[Phạm Hải Yến]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''7''' ||[[Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Dung]] || || {{suboff|81}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''3''' ||[[Chương Thị Kiều]] || || {{subon|35}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''9''' ||[[Huỳnh Như]] || || {{subon|35}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''8''' ||[[Trần Thị Thùy Trang]] || || {{subon|66}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''19'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Thanh Nhã]] || {{yel|74}} || {{subon|66}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''21'''||[[Ngân Thị Vạn Sự]] || || {{subon|81}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|[[Mai Đức Chung]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"<br />
|<br />
'''Assistant referees:'''<ref name="officials for quarter-finals">{{cite web|url=https://assets.the-afc.com/AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup_2022/Downloads/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-India-2022-Match-Officials-Quarter-finals.pdf|title=AFC Women's Asian Cup India 2022 Match Officials Quarter-finals|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|accessdate=29 January 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />Kim Kyoung-min ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
<br />Lee Seul-gi ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
<br />'''Fourth official:'''<br />
<br />Kim Yu-jeong ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
<br />'''Reserve assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Heba Saadia|Heba Saadieh]] ([[Palestinian Football Association|Palestine]])<br />
<br />'''Video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Abdulla Al-Marri ([[Qatar Football Association|Qatar]])<br />
<br />'''Assistant video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Kim Hee-gon]] ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Australia vs South Korea===<br />
<section begin=QF2 />{{Football box<br />
|date = {{Start date|2022|1|30|df=y}}<br />
|time = 13:30<br />
|team1 = {{fbw-rt|AUS}}<br />
|score = {{score link|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#Australia vs South Korea|0–1}}<br />
|team2 = {{fbw|KOR}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
*[[Ji So-yun]] {{goal|87}}<br />
|stadium = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]<br />
|attendance = 0<br />
|referee = [[Qin Liang]] ([[Chinese Football Association|China PR]])<br />
|report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/qualifiers/afc/match-center/400211763 Report (FIFA)]<br />[https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-womens-asian-cup/2022/2258021 Report (AFC)]<br />
}}<section end=QF2 /><br />
<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
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}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Team stats<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #FFCD00; color: #00843d;|{{flagdeco|Australia}} [[Australia women's national soccer team|{{color|#00843d|Australia}}]]<br />
!Statistic<br />
!style="background: #CD2E3A; color: #FFFFFF;|{{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[South Korea women's national football team|{{color|#FFFFFF|South Korea}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|15 || Shots || 7<br />
|-<br />
|2 || Shots on target || 3<br />
|-<br />
|65% || Possession || 35%<br />
|-<br />
|430 || Passes || 232<br />
|-<br />
|78% || Pass accuracy || 57%<br />
|-<br />
|12 || Fouls || 8<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Yellow cards || 1<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Red cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|3 || Offsides || 3<br />
|-<br />
|4 || Corners || 1<br />
|}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
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<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{|style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''1''' ||[[Lydia Williams]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''21'''||[[Ellie Carpenter]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''14'''||[[Alanna Kennedy]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Clare Polkinghorne]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''7''' ||[[Steph Catley]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''10'''||[[Emily van Egmond]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''6''' ||[[Clare Wheeler]] || || {{suboff|56}}<br />
|-<br />
|RW ||'''17'''||[[Kyah Simon]]<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''11'''||[[Mary Fowler (soccer)|Mary Fowler]]<br />
|-<br />
|LW ||'''9''' ||[[Caitlin Foord]] || || {{suboff|90}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''20'''||[[Sam Kerr]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''5''' ||[[Cortnee Vine]] || || {{subon|56}} || {{suboff|90+1}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''15'''||[[Emily Gielnik]] || || {{subon|90}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''16'''||[[Hayley Raso]] || || {{subon|90+1}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Tony Gustavsson]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''18'''||[[Kim Jung-mi (footballer)|Kim Jung-mi]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''20'''||[[Kim Hye-ri (footballer)|Kim Hye-ri]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''6''' ||[[Lim Seon-joo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Shim Seo-yeon]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''2''' ||[[Choo Hyo-joo]]<br />
|-<br />
|DM ||'''17'''||[[Lee Young-ju]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''8''' ||[[Cho So-hyun]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''10'''||[[Ji So-yun]] || || {{suboff|90}}<br />
|-<br />
|RW ||'''11'''||[[Choe Yu-ri]] || || {{suboff|77}}<br />
|-<br />
|LW ||'''13'''||[[Lee Geum-min]] || {{yel|90+1}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''23'''||[[Son Hwa-yeon]] || || {{suboff|85}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''7''' ||[[Lee Min-a]] || || {{subon|77}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''9''' ||[[Yeo Min-ji]] || || {{subon|85}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''15'''||[[Park Ye-eun (footballer)|Park Ye-eun]] || || {{subon|90}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Colin Bell (footballer, born 1961)|Colin Bell]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"<br />
|<br />
'''Assistant referees:'''<ref name="officials for quarter-finals"/><br />
<br />Fang Yan ([[Chinese Football Association|China PR]])<br />
<br />Xie Lijun ([[Chinese Football Association|China PR]])<br />
<br />'''Fourth official:'''<br />
<br />Pansa Chaisanit ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br />
<br />'''Reserve assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Supawan Hinthong ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br />
<br />'''Video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Sivakorn Pu-Udom]] ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br />
<br />'''Assistant video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Hanna Hattab ([[Syrian Football Federation|Syria]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Japan vs Thailand===<br />
<section begin=QF3 />{{Football box<br />
|date = {{Start date|2022|1|30|df=y}}<br />
|time = 13:30<br />
|team1 = {{fbw-rt|JPN}}<br />
|score = {{score link|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#Japan vs Thailand|7–0}}<br />
|team2 = {{fbw|THA|sanctionedFB}}<br />
|goals1 = <br />
*[[Yuika Sugasawa|Sugasawa]] {{goal|27||65|pen.|80||83}}<br />
*[[Hinata Miyazawa|Miyazawa]] {{goal|45+2}}<br />
*[[Rin Sumida|Sumida]] {{goal|48}}<br />
*[[Riko Ueki|Ueki]] {{goal|75}}<br />
|stadium = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
|attendance = 0<br />
|referee = [[Casey Reibelt]] ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br />
|report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/qualifiers/afc/match-center/400211762 Report (FIFA)]<br />[https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-womens-asian-cup/2022/2258019 Report (AFC)]<br />
}}<section end=QF3 /><br />
<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
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|title = {{nowrap|Japan}}<br />
}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Team stats<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #87CEEB; color: #FFFFFF;|{{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Japan women's national football team|{{color|#FFFFFF|Japan}}]]<br />
!Statistic<br />
!style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #2D2A4A;|{{flagdeco|Thailand|sanctionedFB}} [[Thailand women's national football team|{{color|#2D2A4A|Thailand}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|30 || Shots || 2<br />
|-<br />
|11 || Shots on target || 0<br />
|-<br />
|74% || Possession || 26%<br />
|-<br />
|578 || Passes || 215<br />
|-<br />
|86% || Pass accuracy || 55%<br />
|-<br />
|7 || Fouls || 7<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Yellow cards || 2<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Red cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|3 || Offsides || 0<br />
|-<br />
|16 || Corners || 0<br />
|}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
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{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{|style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''18'''||[[Ayaka Yamashita (footballer)|Ayaka Yamashita]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''2''' ||[[Risa Shimizu (footballer)|Risa Shimizu]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Saki Kumagai]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''3''' ||[[Moeka Minami]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''6''' ||[[Asato Miyagawa]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''14'''||[[Yui Hasegawa]] || || {{suboff|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''15'''||[[Fuka Nagano]] || || {{suboff|58}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''7''' ||[[Rin Sumida]]<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''23'''||[[Hinata Miyazawa]] || || {{suboff|69}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''10'''||[[Mana Iwabuchi]] || || {{suboff|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''11'''||[[Mina Tanaka]] || || {{suboff|9}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''9''' ||[[Yuika Sugasawa]] || || {{subon|9}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''8''' ||[[Hikaru Naomoto]] || || {{subon|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''19'''||[[Riko Ueki]] || || {{subon|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''16'''||[[Honoka Hayashi]] || || {{subon|58}}<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''22'''||[[Saori Takarada]] || || {{subon|69}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|[[Futoshi Ikeda]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''1''' ||[[Waraporn Boonsing]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''5''' ||[[Amornrat Utchai]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''2''' ||[[Kanjanaporn Saenkhun]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Phornphirun Philawan]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''23'''||[[Miranda Nild]] || {{yel|51}} || {{suboff|84}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''20'''||[[Wilaiporn Boothduang]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''15'''||[[Orapin Waenngoen]]<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''14'''||[[Saowalak Pengngam]] || {{yel|40}}<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''7''' ||[[Silawan Intamee]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''3''' ||[[Irravadee Makris]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''19'''||[[Pitsamai Sornsai]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''21'''||[[Chatchawan Rodthong]] || || {{subon|84}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Assistant coach:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsuko Todoroki]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"<br />
|<br />
'''Assistant referees:'''<ref name="officials for quarter-finals"/><br />
<br />Ramina Tsoi ([[Kyrgyz Football Union|Kyrgyzstan]])<br />
<br />Joanna Charaktis ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br />
<br />'''Fourth official:'''<br />
<br />Ranjita Devi Tekcham ([[All India Football Federation|India]])<br />
<br />'''Reserve assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Merlo Albano]] ([[Philippine Football Federation|Philippines]])<br />
<br />'''Video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Kate Jacewicz]] ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br />
<br />'''Assistant video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Lara Lee ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Chinese Taipei vs Philippines===<br />
<section begin=QF4 />{{Football box<br />
|date = {{Start date|2022|1|30|df=y}}<br />
|time = 19:30<br />
|team1 = {{fbw-rt|TPE}}<br />
|score = {{score link|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#Chinese Taipei vs Philippines|1–1}}<br />
|aet = yes<br />
|team2 = {{fbw|PHI}}<br />
|goals1 = <br />
*[[Zhuo Li-ping]] {{goal|82}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
*[[Quinley Quezada|Quezada]] {{goal|49}}<br />
|penaltyscore = 3–4<br />
|penalties1 =<br />
*[[Ting Chi]] {{pengoal}}<br />
*[[Wang Hsiang-huei]] {{pengoal}}<br />
*[[Chen Ying-hui]] {{pengoal}}<br />
*[[Hsu Yi-yun]] {{penmiss}}<br />
*[[Su Hsin-yun]] {{penmiss}}<br />
*[[Zhuo Li-ping]] {{penmiss}}<br />
|penalties2 =<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Sara Castañeda|S. Castañeda]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Tahnai Annis|Annis]]<br />
*{{penmiss}} [[Jessica Miclat|Miclat]]<br />
*{{penmiss}} [[Hali Long|Long]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Olivia McDaniel|O. McDaniel]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Sarina Bolden|Bolden]]<br />
|stadium = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]<br />
|attendance = 0<br />
|referee = Thein Thein Aye ([[Myanmar Football Federation|Myanmar]])<br />
|report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/qualifiers/afc/match-center/400211764 Report (FIFA)]<br />[https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-womens-asian-cup/2022/2258022 Report (AFC)]<br />
}}<section end=QF4 /><br />
<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{Football kit<br />
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|title = {{nowrap|Chinese Taipei}}<br />
}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Team stats<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #0029CC; color: #FFFFFF;|{{flagdeco|Chinese Taipei}} [[Chinese Taipei women's national football team|{{color|#FFFFFF|Chinese Taipei}}]]<br />
!Statistic<br />
!style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #CE1126;|{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Philippines women's national football team|{{color|#CE1126|Philippines}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|11 || Shots || 25<br />
|-<br />
|3 || Shots on target || 13<br />
|-<br />
|44% || Possession || 56%<br />
|-<br />
|372 || Passes || 458<br />
|-<br />
|51% || Pass accuracy || 60%<br />
|-<br />
|10 || Fouls || 12<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Yellow cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Red cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|1 || Offsides || 2<br />
|-<br />
|4 || Corners || 7<br />
|}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{Football kit<br />
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}}<br />
{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{|style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''18'''||[[Cheng Ssu-yu]] <br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Lai Wei-ju]] || || {{suboff|79}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''15'''||[[Su Hsin-yun]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''16'''||[[Chang Su-hsin]] || || {{suboff|102}}<br />
|-<br />
|RWB ||'''6''' ||[[Zhuo Li-ping]]<br />
|-<br />
|LWB ||'''5''' ||[[Pan Shin-yu]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''10'''||[[Lee Hsiu-chin]] || || {{suboff|70}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''9''' ||[[Hsu Yi-yun]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''8''' ||[[Wang Hsiang-huei]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''7''' ||[[Chen Yen-ping]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''19'''||[[Su Yu-hsuan]] || || {{suboff|102}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''17'''||[[Ting Chi]] || || {{subon|70}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''13'''||[[Pan Yen-hsin]] || || {{subon|79}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''3''' ||[[Lin Hsin-hui]] || || {{subon|102}}<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''20'''||[[Chen Ying-hui]] || || {{subon|102}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kazuo Echigo]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''23'''||[[Olivia McDaniel]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''19'''||[[Eva Madarang]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''5''' ||[[Hali Long]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''3''' ||[[Dominique Randle]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''16'''||[[Sofia Harrison]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''9''' ||[[Jessica Miclat]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''10'''||[[Ryley Bugay]]<br />
|-<br />
|RW ||'''8''' ||[[Chandler McDaniel]] || || {{suboff|100}}<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''21'''||[[Katrina Guillou]] || || {{suboff|110}}<br />
|-<br />
|LW ||'''18'''||[[Sarina Bolden]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''20'''||[[Quinley Quezada]] || || {{suboff|72}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''6''' ||[[Tahnai Annis]] || || {{subon|72}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''15'''||[[Carleigh Frilles]] || || {{subon|100}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''12'''||[[Sara Castañeda]] || || {{subon|110}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Alen Stajcic]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"<br />
|<br />
'''Assistant referees:'''<ref name="officials for quarter-finals"/><br />
<br />Makoto Bozono ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])<br />
<br />Naomi Teshirogi ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])<br />
<br />'''Fourth official:'''<br />
<br />Edita Mirabidova ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])<br />
<br />'''Reserve assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Trương Thị Lệ Trinh ([[Vietnam Football Federation|Vietnam]])<br />
<br />'''Video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Omar Al-Ali ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|United Arab Emirates]])<br />
<br />'''Assistant video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Ali Sabah]] ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Semi-finals==<br />
<br />
===China PR vs Japan===<br />
<section begin=SF1 />{{Football box<br />
|date = {{Start date|2022|2|3|df=y}}<br />
|time = 19:30<br />
|team1 = {{fbw-rt|CHN}}<br />
|score = {{score link|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#China PR vs Japan|2–2}}<br />
|aet = yes<br />
|team2 = {{fbw|JPN}}<br />
|goals1 = <br />
*[[Wu Chengshu]] {{goal|46}}<br />
*[[Wang Shanshan]] {{goal|119}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
*[[Riko Ueki|Ueki]] {{goal|26||103}}<br />
|penaltyscore = 4–3<br />
|penalties1 =<br />
*[[Zhang Xin (footballer)|Zhang Xin]] {{penmiss}}<br />
*[[Zhang Rui (footballer)|Zhang Rui]] {{pengoal}}<br />
*[[Yang Lina (footballer)|Yang Lina]] {{pengoal}}<br />
*[[Gao Chen]] {{pengoal}}<br />
*[[Wang Shanshan]] {{pengoal}}<br />
|penalties2 =<br />
*{{penmiss}} [[Saki Kumagai|Kumagai]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Yui Hasegawa|Hasegawa]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Risa Shimizu (footballer)|Shimizu]]<br />
*{{pengoal}} [[Fuka Nagano|Nagano]]<br />
*{{penmiss}} [[Moeka Minami|Minami]]<br />
|stadium = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]<br />
|attendance = 0<br />
|referee = Lara Lee ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br />
|report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/qualifiers/afc/match-center/400211766 Report (FIFA)]<br />[https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-womens-asian-cup/2022/2258024 Report (AFC)]<br />
}}<section end=SF1 /><br />
<br />
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}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Team stats<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #ee1d24; color: #ffff00;|{{flagdeco|China}} [[China women's national football team|{{color|#ffff00|China PR}}]]<br />
!Statistic<br />
!style="background: #87CEEB; color: #FFFFFF;|{{flagdeco|Japan}} [[Japan women's national football team|{{color|#FFFFFF|Japan}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|7 || Shots || 22<br />
|-<br />
|2 || Shots on target || 6<br />
|-<br />
|33% || Possession || 67%<br />
|-<br />
|421 || Passes || 834<br />
|-<br />
|65% || Pass accuracy || 81%<br />
|-<br />
|7 || Fouls || 10<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Yellow cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Red cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|3 || Offsides || 2<br />
|-<br />
|2 || Corners || 9<br />
|}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
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{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{|style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''1''' ||[[Zhu Yu (footballer)|Zhu Yu]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''14'''||[[Lou Jiahui]] || || {{suboff|66}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''3''' ||[[Wang Xiaoxue]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''11'''||[[Wang Shanshan]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''8''' ||[[Yao Wei (footballer)|Yao Wei]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''15'''||[[Wu Chengshu]] || || {{suboff|81}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''16'''||[[Yao Lingwei]] || || {{suboff|110}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''5''' ||[[Ma Jun (footballer)|Ma Jun]] || || {{suboff|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''6''' ||[[Zhang Xin (footballer)|Zhang Xin]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''18'''||[[Tang Jiali (footballer)|Tang Jiali]] || || {{suboff|110}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''19'''||[[Zhang Linyan]] || || {{suboff|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''10'''||[[Zhang Rui (footballer)|Zhang Rui]] || || {{subon|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''20'''||[[Xiao Yuyi]] || || {{subon|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''23'''||[[Gao Chen]] || || {{subon|66}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''9''' ||[[Wang Yanwen (footballer)|Wang Yanwen]] || || {{subon|81}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''13'''||[[Yang Lina (footballer)|Yang Lina]] || || {{subon|110}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''21'''||[[Li Ying (footballer, born 1993)|Li Ying]] || || {{subon|110}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|[[Shui Qingxia]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''18'''||[[Ayaka Yamashita (footballer)|Ayaka Yamashita]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''2''' ||[[Risa Shimizu (footballer)|Risa Shimizu]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Saki Kumagai]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''3''' ||[[Moeka Minami]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''12'''||[[Ruka Norimatsu]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''14'''||[[Yui Hasegawa]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''15'''||[[Fuka Nagano]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''23'''||[[Hinata Miyazawa]] || || {{suboff|98}}<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''16'''||[[Honoka Hayashi]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''10'''||[[Mana Iwabuchi]] || || {{suboff|64}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''19'''||[[Riko Ueki]] || || {{suboff|112}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''13'''||[[Jun Endo]] || || {{subon|64}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''17'''||[[Yui Narumiya]] || || {{subon|98}}<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''20'''||[[Hana Takahashi]] || || {{subon|112}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|[[Futoshi Ikeda]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"<br />
|<br />
'''Assistant referees:'''<ref name="officials for semi-finals">{{cite web|url=https://assets.the-afc.com/AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup_2022/Downloads/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-India-2022-Match-Officials-Semi-finals.pdf|title=AFC Women's Asian Cup India 2022 Match Officials Semi-finals|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|accessdate=2 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />Joanna Charaktis ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br />
<br />Ramina Tsoi ([[Kyrgyz Football Union|Kyrgyzstan]])<br />
<br />'''Fourth official:'''<br />
<br />Mahsa Ghorbani ([[Football Federation Islamic Republic of Iran|Iran]])<br />
<br />'''Reserve assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Kristina Sereda ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])<br />
<br />'''Video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Kate Jacewicz]] ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br />
<br />'''Assistant video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Casey Reibelt]] ([[Football Australia|Australia]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===South Korea vs Philippines===<br />
<section begin=SF2 />{{Football box<br />
|date = {{Start date|2022|2|3|df=y}}<br />
|time = 13:30<br />
|team1 = {{fbw-rt|KOR}}<br />
|score = {{score link|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#South Korea vs Philippines|2–0}}<br />
|team2 = {{fbw|PHI}}<br />
|goals1 = <br />
*[[Cho So-hyun]] {{goal|4}}<br />
*[[Son Hwa-yeon]] {{goal|34}}<br />
|stadium = [[Shree Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex|Shiv Chhatrapati Sports Complex]], [[Pune]]<br />
|attendance = 0<br />
|referee = Pansa Chaisanit ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br />
|report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/qualifiers/afc/match-center/400211767 Report (FIFA)]<br />[https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-womens-asian-cup/2022/2258023 Report (AFC)]<br />
}}<section end=SF2 /><br />
<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
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}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Team stats<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #CD2E3A; color: #FFFFFF;|{{flagdeco|South Korea}} [[South Korea women's national football team|{{color|#FFFFFF|South Korea}}]]<br />
!Statistic<br />
!style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #CE1126;|{{flagdeco|Philippines}} [[Philippines women's national football team|{{color|#CE1126|Philippines}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|15 || Shots || 9<br />
|-<br />
|7 || Shots on target || 0<br />
|-<br />
|75% || Possession || 25%<br />
|-<br />
|617 || Passes || 207<br />
|-<br />
|84% || Pass accuracy || 61%<br />
|-<br />
|10 || Fouls || 7<br />
|-<br />
|1 || Yellow cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Red cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|2 || Offsides || 2<br />
|-<br />
|5 || Corners || 1<br />
|}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
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{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{|style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''18'''||[[Kim Jung-mi (footballer)|Kim Jung-mi]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''20'''||[[Kim Hye-ri (footballer)|Kim Hye-ri]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''6''' ||[[Lim Seon-joo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Shim Seo-yeon]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''2''' ||[[Choo Hyo-joo]]<br />
|-<br />
|DM ||'''17'''||[[Lee Young-ju]] || || {{suboff|52}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''10'''||[[Ji So-yun]] || {{yel|46}} || {{suboff|58}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''8''' ||[[Cho So-hyun]]<br />
|-<br />
|RW ||'''11'''||[[Choe Yu-ri]] || || {{suboff|76}}<br />
|-<br />
|LW ||'''13'''||[[Lee Geum-min]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''23'''||[[Son Hwa-yeon]] || || {{suboff|75}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''16'''||[[Jang Sel-gi]] || || {{subon|52}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''15'''||[[Park Ye-eun (footballer)|Park Ye-eun]] || || {{subon|58}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''9''' ||[[Yeo Min-ji]] || || {{subon|75}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''7''' ||[[Lee Min-a]] || || {{subon|76}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|ENG}} [[Colin Bell (footballer, born 1961)|Colin Bell]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''23'''||[[Olivia McDaniel]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''19'''||[[Eva Madarang]] || || {{suboff|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''5''' ||[[Hali Long]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''3''' ||[[Dominique Randle]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''16'''||[[Sofia Harrison]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''9''' ||[[Jessica Miclat]] || || {{suboff|86}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''10'''||[[Ryley Bugay]]<br />
|-<br />
|RW ||'''6''' ||[[Tahnai Annis]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|LW ||'''21'''||[[Katrina Guillou]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''18'''||[[Sarina Bolden]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''20'''||[[Quinley Quezada]] || || {{suboff|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''2''' ||[[Malea Cesar]] || || {{subon|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''8''' ||[[Chandler McDaniel]] || || {{subon|46}} {{suboff|58}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''12'''||[[Sara Castañeda]] || || {{subon|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''15'''||[[Carleigh Frilles]] || || {{subon|58}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''11'''||[[Anicka Castañeda]] || || {{subon|86}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Alen Stajcic]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"<br />
|<br />
'''Assistant referees:'''<ref name="officials for semi-finals"/><br />
<br />Trương Thị Lệ Trinh ([[Vietnam Football Federation|Vietnam]])<br />
<br />Supawan Hinthong ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br />
<br />'''Fourth official:'''<br />
<br />Ranjita Devi Tekcham ([[All India Football Federation|India]])<br />
<br />'''Reserve assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Heba Saadia|Heba Saadieh]] ([[Palestinian Football Association|Palestine]])<br />
<br />'''Video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Sivakorn Pu-Udom]] ([[Football Association of Thailand|Thailand]])<br />
<br />'''Assistant video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Omar Al-Ali ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|United Arab Emirates]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Final==<br />
{{main|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup final}}<br />
{{#lst:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup final|Final}}<br />
{{#lst:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup final|Lineups}}<br />
<br />
==Play-offs==<br />
<section begin=RP0 />The format of the play-offs round depended on the performance of Australia, who qualified automatically for the World Cup as hosts.<ref>{{cite web|title=AFC announces the competition format of Women's Asian Cup India 2022|url=http://en.vff.org.vn/afc-announces-the-competition-format-of-womens-asian-cup-india-2022/|publisher=[[Vietnam Football Federation]]|date=26 October 2021|accessdate=30 January 2022}}</ref> Since Australia was eliminated in the quarter-finals, the play-offs format was for the remaining three quarter-final losers to play a single round-robin play-off. The best team after three matches advanced to the World Cup, and the remaining two teams entered the inter-confederation play-offs.<section end=RP0 /><br />
<br />
{{:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup|transcludesection=Play-offs}}<br />
<br />
===Thailand vs Vietnam===<br />
<section begin=PO1 />{{Football box<br />
|date = {{Start date|2022|2|2|df=y}}<br />
|time = 13:30<br />
|team1 = {{fbw-rt|THA|sanctionedFB}}<br />
|score = {{score link|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#Thailand vs Vietnam|0–2}}<br />
|team2 = {{fbw|VIE}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
*[[Huỳnh Như]] {{goal|19}}<br />
*[[Thái Thị Thảo]] {{goal|24}}<br />
|stadium = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
|attendance = 0<br />
|referee = Edita Mirabidova ([[Uzbekistan Football Association|Uzbekistan]])<br />
|report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/qualifiers/afc/match-center/400224480 Report (FIFA)]<br />[https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-womens-asian-cup/2022/2274914 Report (AFC)]<br />
}}<section end=PO1 /><br />
<br />
{{col-begin}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
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}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Team stats<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #2D2A4A; color: #FFFFFF;|{{flagdeco|Thailand|sanctionedFB}} [[Thailand women's national football team|{{color|#FFFFFF|Thailand}}]]<br />
!Statistic<br />
!style="background: #da251d; color: #FFFFFF;|{{flagdeco|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam women's national football team|{{color|#FFFFFF|Vietnam}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|15 || Shots || 13<br />
|-<br />
|1 || Shots on target || 4<br />
|-<br />
|42% || Possession || 58%<br />
|-<br />
|268 || Passes || 369<br />
|-<br />
|66% || Pass accuracy || 76%<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Fouls || 7<br />
|-<br />
|1 || Yellow cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|1 || Red cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|2 || Offsides || 3<br />
|-<br />
|4 || Corners || 6<br />
|}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{{Football kit<br />
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{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{|style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''1''' ||[[Waraporn Boonsing]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''9''' ||[[Warunee Phetwiset]] || {{yel|90+6}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''2''' ||[[Kanjanaporn Saenkhun]] || {{sent off|0|90+3}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''10'''||[[Sunisa Srangthaisong]] || || {{suboff|90+4}}<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''5''' ||[[Amornrat Utchai]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''20'''||[[Wilaiporn Boothduang]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''15'''||[[Orapin Waenngoen]]<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''21'''||[[Chatchawan Rodthong]]<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''7''' ||[[Silawan Intamee]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''3''' ||[[Irravadee Makris]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''19'''||[[Pitsamai Sornsai]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''16'''||[[Uraiporn Yongkul]] || || {{subon|90+4}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Assistant coach:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsuko Todoroki]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''14'''||[[Trần Thị Kim Thanh]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''17'''||[[Trần Thị Phương Thảo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''3''' ||[[Chương Thị Kiều]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Trần Thị Thu Thảo]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''22'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Anh]] || || {{suboff|40}}<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''23'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Bích Thùy]] || || {{suboff|65}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''11'''||[[Thái Thị Thảo]] || || {{suboff|55}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''8''' ||[[Trần Thị Thùy Trang]] || || {{suboff|54}}<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''12'''||[[Phạm Hải Yến]] || || {{suboff|65}}<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''7''' ||[[Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Dung]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''9''' ||[[Huỳnh Như]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''21'''||[[Ngân Thị Vạn Sự]] || || {{subon|40}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''19'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Thanh Nhã]] || || {{subon|54}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''16'''||[[Dương Thị Vân]] || || {{subon|55}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''6''' ||[[Phạm Hoàng Quỳnh]] || || {{subon|65}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''10'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Ngân]] || || {{subon|65}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|[[Mai Đức Chung]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"<br />
|<br />
'''Assistant referees:'''<ref name="officials for playoffs 1&2">{{cite web|url=https://assets.the-afc.com/AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup_2022/Downloads/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-India-2022-Match-Officials-Playoffs.pdf|title=AFC Women's Asian Cup India 2022 Match Officials Playoffs|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|accessdate=2 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />Fang Yan ([[Chinese Football Association|China PR]])<br />
<br />[[Merlo Albano]] ([[Philippine Football Federation|Philippines]])<br />
<br />'''Fourth official:'''<br />
<br />Thein Thein Aye ([[Myanmar Football Federation|Myanmar]])<br />
<br />'''Reserve assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Xie Lijun ([[Chinese Football Association|China PR]])<br />
<br />'''Video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Abdulla Al-Marri ([[Qatar Football Association|Qatar]])<br />
<br />'''Assistant video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Hanna Hattab ([[Syrian Football Federation|Syria]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Chinese Taipei vs Thailand===<br />
<section begin=PO2 />{{Football box<br />
|date = {{Start date|2022|2|4|df=y}}<br />
|time = 13:30<br />
|team1 = {{fbw-rt|TPE}}<br />
|score = {{score link|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#Chinese Taipei vs Thailand|3–0}}<br />
|team2 = {{fbw|THA}}<br />
|goals1 = <br />
*[[Su Yu-hsuan]] {{goal|44||84}}<br />
*[[Chen Ying-hui]] {{goal|90+3}}<br />
|stadium = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
|attendance = 0<br />
|referee = Kim Yu-jeong ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
|report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/qualifiers/afc/match-center/400224479 Report (FIFA)]<br />[https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-womens-asian-cup/2022/2274915 Report (AFC)]<br />
}}<section end=PO2 /><br />
<br />
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}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Team stats<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #0029CC; color: #FFFFFF;|{{flagdeco|Chinese Taipei}} [[Chinese Taipei women's national football team|{{color|#FFFFFF|Chinese Taipei}}]]<br />
!Statistic<br />
!style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #2D2A4A;|{{flagdeco|Thailand}} [[Thailand women's national football team|{{color|#2D2A4A|Thailand}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|7 || Shots || 17<br />
|-<br />
|3 || Shots on target || 5<br />
|-<br />
|39% || Possession || 61%<br />
|-<br />
|309 || Passes || 471<br />
|-<br />
|58% || Pass accuracy || 75%<br />
|-<br />
|10 || Fouls || 9<br />
|-<br />
|1 || Yellow cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Red cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|2 || Offsides || 4<br />
|-<br />
|3 || Corners || 9<br />
|}<br />
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{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{|style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''1''' ||[[Tsai Ming-jung]] || {{yel|13}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Lai Wei-ju]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''15'''||[[Su Hsin-yun]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''20'''||[[Chen Ying-hui]]<br />
|-<br />
|RWB ||'''6''' ||[[Zhuo Li-ping]]<br />
|-<br />
|LWB ||'''5''' ||[[Pan Shin-yu]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''13'''||[[Pan Yen-hsin]] || || {{suboff|82}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''17'''||[[Ting Chi]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|90+2}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''14'''||[[Wu Kai-ching]]<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''2''' ||[[Chang Chi-lan]] || || {{suboff|56}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''19'''||[[Su Yu-hsuan]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''23'''||[[Chang Tzu-nuo]] || || {{subon|56}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''22'''||[[Ting Chia-ying]] || || {{subon|82}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''3''' ||[[Lin Hsin-hui]] || || {{subon|90+2}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kazuo Echigo]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''18'''||[[Chotmanee Thongmongkol]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''9''' ||[[Warunee Phetwiset]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''16'''||[[Uraiporn Yongkul]] || || {{suboff|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''10'''||[[Sunisa Srangthaisong]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''5''' ||[[Amornrat Utchai]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''20'''||[[Wilaiporn Boothduang]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''15'''||[[Orapin Waenngoen]]<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''21'''||[[Chatchawan Rodthong]]<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''7''' ||[[Silawan Intamee]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|86}}<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''3''' ||[[Irravadee Makris]]<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''19'''||[[Pitsamai Sornsai]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''17'''||[[Taneekarn Dangda]] || || {{subon|46}}<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''12'''||[[Nutwadee Pram-nak]] || || {{subon|86}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Assistant coach:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Natsuko Todoroki]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"<br />
|<br />
'''Assistant referees:'''<ref name="officials for playoffs 1&2"/><br />
<br />Kim Kyoung-min ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
<br />Lee Seul-gi ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
<br />'''Fourth official:'''<br />
<br />Oh Hyeon-jeong ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
<br />'''Reserve assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Makoto Bozono ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])<br />
<br />'''Video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Abdulla Al-Marri ([[Qatar Football Association|Qatar]])<br />
<br />'''Assistant video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Kim Hee-gon]] ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Vietnam vs Chinese Taipei===<br />
<section begin=PO3 />{{Football box<br />
|date = {{Start date|2022|2|6|df=y}}<br />
|time = 13:00<br />
|team1 = {{fbw-rt|VIE}}<br />
|score = {{score link|2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup knockout stage#Vietnam vs Chinese Taipei|2–1}}<br />
|team2 = {{fbw|TPE}}<br />
|goals1 = <br />
*[[Chương Thị Kiều]] {{goal|7}}<br />
*[[Nguyễn Thị Bích Thùy]] {{goal|56}}<br />
|goals2 = <br />
*[[Su Yu-hsuan]] {{goal|50}}<br />
|stadium = [[DY Patil Stadium]], [[Navi Mumbai]]<br />
|attendance = 0<br />
|referee = [[Yoshimi Yamashita]] ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])<br />
|report = [https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/womens/womensworldcup/australia-new-zealand2023/qualifiers/afc/match-center/400224481 Report (FIFA)]<br />[https://www.the-afc.com/en/matches/afc-womens-asian-cup/2022/2274916 Report (AFC)]<br />
}}<section end=PO3 /><br />
<br />
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}}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
{|class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none; text-align:center;"<br />
|-<br />
!colspan=3|Team stats<br />
|-<br />
!style="background: #da251d; color: #FFFFFF;|{{flagdeco|Vietnam}} [[Vietnam women's national football team|{{color|#FFFFFF|Vietnam}}]]<br />
!Statistic<br />
!style="background: #FFFFFF; color: #0029CC;|{{flagdeco|Chinese Taipei}} [[Chinese Taipei women's national football team|{{color|#0029CC|Chinese Taipei}}]]<br />
|-<br />
|12 || Shots || 7<br />
|-<br />
|6 || Shots on target || 4<br />
|-<br />
|62% || Possession || 38%<br />
|-<br />
|413 || Passes || 267<br />
|-<br />
|69% || Pass accuracy || 63%<br />
|-<br />
|8 || Fouls || 10<br />
|-<br />
|2 || Yellow cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Red cards || 0<br />
|-<br />
|0 || Offsides || 0<br />
|-<br />
|7 || Corners || 1<br />
|}<br />
{{col-break}}<br />
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{{col-end}}<br />
<br />
{|width="100%"<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{|style="font-size:90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''14'''||[[Trần Thị Kim Thanh]]<br />
|-<br />
|RB ||'''17'''||[[Trần Thị Phương Thảo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''3''' ||[[Chương Thị Kiều]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Trần Thị Thu Thảo]]<br />
|-<br />
|LB ||'''22'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Mỹ Anh]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''23'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Bích Thùy]] || {{yel|64}} || {{suboff|67}}<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''11'''||[[Thái Thị Thảo]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''8''' ||[[Trần Thị Thùy Trang]] || || {{suboff|66}}<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''12'''||[[Phạm Hải Yến]] || || {{suboff|73}}<br />
|-<br />
|AM ||'''7''' ||[[Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Dung]] || || {{suboff|89}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''9''' ||[[Huỳnh Như]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]]) || || {{suboff|90}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|MF ||'''16'''||[[Dương Thị Vân]] || || {{subon|66}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''19'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Thanh Nhã]] || {{yel|69}} || {{subon|67}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''10'''||[[Nguyễn Thị Tuyết Ngân]] || || {{subon|73}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''21'''||[[Ngân Thị Vạn Sự]] || || {{subon|89}}<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''2''' ||[[Lương Thị Thu Thương]] || || {{subon|90}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|[[Mai Đức Chung]]<br />
|}<br />
|valign="top" width="50%"|<br />
{| style="font-size:90%; margin:auto" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"<br />
|-<br />
!width=25| !!width=25|<br />
|-<br />
|GK ||'''1''' ||[[Tsai Ming-jung]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''4''' ||[[Lai Wei-ju]] || || {{suboff|65}}<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''15'''||[[Su Hsin-yun]]<br />
|-<br />
|CB ||'''23'''||[[Chang Tzu-nuo]]<br />
|-<br />
|RWB ||'''6''' ||[[Zhuo Li-ping]]<br />
|-<br />
|LWB ||'''5''' ||[[Pan Shin-yu]]<br />
|-<br />
|RM ||'''13'''||[[Pan Yen-hsin]]<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''17'''||[[Ting Chi]] ([[Captain (association football)|c]])<br />
|-<br />
|CM ||'''14'''||[[Wu Kai-ching]]<br />
|-<br />
|LM ||'''7''' ||[[Chen Yen-ping]] || || {{suboff|70}}<br />
|-<br />
|CF ||'''19'''||[[Su Yu-hsuan]]<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Substitutions:'''<br />
|-<br />
|DF ||'''20'''||[[Chen Ying-hui]] || || {{subon|65}}<br />
|-<br />
|FW ||'''3''' ||[[Lin Hsin-hui]] || || {{subon|70}}<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|'''Manager:'''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan=3|{{flagicon|JPN}} [[Kazuo Echigo]]<br />
|}<br />
|}<br />
<br />
{| style="width:100%; font-size:90%;"<br />
|<br />
'''Assistant referees:'''<ref name="officials for playoffs 3">{{cite web|url=https://assets.the-afc.com/AFC_Womens_Asian_Cup_2022/Downloads/AFC-Women's-Asian-Cup-India-2022-Match-Officials-Playoffs.pdf|title=AFC Women's Asian Cup India 2022 Match Officials Playoffs|website=the-afc.com|publisher=Asian Football Confederation|accessdate=6 February 2022}}</ref><br />
<br />Makoto Bozono ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])<br />
<br />Naomi Teshirogi ([[Japan Football Association|Japan]])<br />
<br />'''Fourth official:'''<br />
<br />Thein Thein Aye ([[Myanmar Football Federation|Myanmar]])<br />
<br />'''Reserve assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Kim Kyoung-min ([[Korea Football Association|South Korea]])<br />
<br />'''Video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />Omar Al-Ali ([[United Arab Emirates Football Association|United Arab Emirates]])<br />
<br />'''Assistant video assistant referee:'''<br />
<br />[[Ali Sabah]] ([[Iraq Football Association|Iraq]])<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{Official website|https://www.the-afc.com/competitions/afc-womens-asian-cup/|name=AFC Women's Asian Cup}}, the-AFC.com<br />
<br />
{{2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup}}<br />
{{AFC Women's Championship}}<br />
{{2023 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup|Knockout stage]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhagat_Singh&diff=452254Bhagat Singh2026-03-04T07:18:15Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Page updated with relevant improvements</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian revolutionary (1907–1931)}}<br />
{{About|the Indian socialist revolutionary|the Indian-American civil rights activist|Bhagat Singh Thind}}<br />
{{redirect|Shaheed Bhagat Singh}}<br />
{{Pp-semi-indef}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bhagat Singh<br />
| image = Lahore conspiracy case poster 9th Oct 193o jindal sunam 12x9 copy (cropped).jpg<br />
| caption = Singh in 1929<br />
| party = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = Punjabi<br />
| other_names = ''Shaheed-e-Azam''<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1907|09|27}}{{efn|name=birth}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Banga, Pakistan|Banga]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British Raj|British India]] (present-day [[Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]])<br />
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|1931|03|23|1907|09|28}}<br />
| death_place = [[Lahore]] [[Central Jail Lahore|Central Jail]], Punjab, British India (present-day Punjab, Pakistan)<br />
| death_cause = [[Execution by hanging]]<br />
| monuments = [[Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial]]<br />
| movement = [[Indian independence movement]]<br />
| criminal_charges = [[Murder]] of John P. Saunders and Channan Singh<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh>{{Cite ODNB|id=73519|last=Deol|first=Jeevan Singh|year=2004|title=Singh, Bhagat [known as Bhagat Singh Sandhu]|quote=The trial of Bhagat Singh and a number of his associates from the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association for the killing of Saunders and Channan Singh followed. On 7 October 1929 Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, and Sukhdev Thapar were sentenced to death.Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev Thapar, and Shiv Ram Hari Rajguru were executed by hanging at the central gaol, Lahore, on 23 March 1931.}}</ref><br />
| criminal_penalty = [[Capital punishment|Death]]<br />
| criminal_status = [[Executed]]<br />
| mother = <br />
| father = <br />
| signature = Bhagat Singh signature.svg<br />
| notable_works = ''[[Why I Am an Atheist]]''<br />
| organization = [[Naujawan Bharat Sabha]]<br />[[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bhagat Singh'''{{efn|{{langx|pa|ਭਗਤ ਸਿੰਘ|Bhagat Siṅgh}}; {{IPA|pa|pə˩.ɡət̪ sɪŋ˥|IPA}}}} (27 September 1907<ref name=combined-birth-date-27-9 />{{efn|name=birth}}&nbsp;– 23 March 1931) was an Indian [[Nationalism#Anti-colonial|anti-colonial]] revolutionary<ref>{{citation|last=Jeffrey|first=Craig|title=Modern India: A Very Short Introduction|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=30|year=2017|isbn=978-0-19-876934-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3w7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30|quote=Congress was often split on the question of the extent to which all protests should be non-violent. Gandhi, though highly influential, had opponents. It is particularly important to recognize the existence of a socialist, radical wing within the nationalist movement. Historians often discuss this wing with reference to Bhagat Singh, a charismatic Indian revolutionary executed by the British with two other revolutionaries in 1931 for murdering a British police officer.}}</ref> who participated in the mistaken murder of a junior British police officer in December 1928 in what was intended to be retaliation for the death of an [[Indian independence movement|Indian nationalist]].<ref name=assassination-cimbined><br />
* {{Citation|last=Raza|first=Ali|title=Revolutionary Pasts: Communist Internationalism in Colonial India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|isbn=978-1-108-48184-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snzUDwAAQBAJ|pages=106&ndash;107|quote=Bhagat Singh's life epitomized the political journeys of many disaffected youths who took to revolutionary and militant activism. Involved in a (mistaken) high-profile assassination of John Saunders, ...}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Moffat|first=Chris|title=India's Revolutionary Inheritance: Politics and the Promise of Bhagat Singh|publisher =Cambridge University Press|year = 2019|pages=78–79|isbn=978-1-108-75005-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sqCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|quote=One month after Lajpat Rai's death, at 4:30 pm on 17 December 1928, members of the HSRA ambushed Assistant Superintendent of Police J. P. Saunders as he was leaving the police station on Lahore's College Road. He was shot once by Shivaram Rajguru, and then again by Bhagat Singh." As the two fled through the gates of the DAV College located opposite the station, their comrade Chandrashekhar Azad fired at the pursuing officer, Constable Chanan Singh. Both Singh and Saunders died from their wounds. Amid the chaos, there was some room for farce. Saunders was not the primary target; the HSRA's Jaigopal mistook the assistant for his boss, Mr. Scott, the man who had ordered police to charge the Simon Commission protestors two months earlier. Once it was clear this was a subordinate and not Scott, the revolutionaries scrambled to amend posters prepared in advance to announce the act.}}</ref><ref name=combined-misplaced><br />
* {{Citation|last=Vaidik|first=Aparna|title=Waiting for Swaraj: Inner Lives of Indian Revolutionaires|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2021|page=121|isbn=978-1-00-903238-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSI3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|quote=The memoirs poignantly recount how they would be filled with agony and remorse after the assassinations and the deaths of the innocent. For instance, Azad shot the Indian constable Chanan Singh, who had chased Bhagat and Rajguru as they escaped through the DAV College after shooting Saunders. Azad was standing guard a few metres away from Bhagat and Rajguru supervising the operation and, if needed, was supposed to give them cover. Azad called out to Chanan Singh to give up the chase before shooting but Chanan did not heed the warning and kept running. Azad lowered his gun and aimed at his legs and shot a preventive bullet. It got Chanan in the groin and he eventually bled to death. The well-being of Chanan Singh's family kept nagging Azad, who would voice his worries time and again to his associates.}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Vaidik|first=Aparna|title=Waiting for Swaraj: Inner Lives of Indian Revolutionaires|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2021|pages=121–122|isbn=978-1-00-903238-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSI3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA121|quote=Despite it being a vengeful act, even Rajguru and Bhagat Singh were deeply disturbed and filled with remorse after shooting Saunders. Rajguru opined: "Bhai bada sundar naujawan tha [Saunders!]. Uske gharwalon ko kaisa lag raha hoga?' (Brother, he [Saunders] was a very handsome young man. How his family must be feeling?)! Similar was Bhagat's state. Mahour recounts that he met Bhagat after the Saunders murder and found him deeply shaken. 'Kitna udvelit tha unka manas. Unke sayant kanth se unka uddveg ubhara pada tha. Baat karte karte ruk jaate the aur der tak chup raha kar phir baat ka sutra pakad kar muskaraane ke prayatn karte aage badte the' (How shaken his mind was. Despite his measured tone his discomposure was visible. He would suddenly stop talking mid-sentence and then stay quiet for a while before making an effort to smile and move forward.) }}</ref> He later took part in a largely symbolic bombing of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in [[Delhi]] and a [[hunger strike]] in jail, which—on the back of sympathetic coverage in Indian-owned newspapers—turned him into a household name in the [[Punjab|Punjab region]], and, after his execution at age 23, a martyr and [[folk hero]] in Northern India.<ref name=combined-hero><br />
* {{Citation|last=Maclean|first=Kama|chapter=The Art of Panicking Quietly: British Expatriate Responses|title=Anxieties, Fear and Panic in Colonial Settings: Empires on the verge of a Nervous Breakdown|series=Cambridge Imperial and Post-Colonial Studies|editor1-first=Harald|editor1-last=Fischer-Tine|page=154|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MosJDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA154|year=2016|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-3-319-45136-7|quote=Several HSRA members, including Bhagat Singh and Sukhdev, had dabbled in journalism and enjoyed friendships with journalists and editors in nationalist newspapers in Punjab, UP and Delhi, with the result that much of the coverage in Indian-owned newspapers was sympathetic to the revolutionary cause. By the end of 1929, Bhagat Singh was a household name, his distinctive portrait widely disseminated ...}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Grant|first=Kevin|title=Last Weapons: Hunger Strikes and Fasts in the British Empire, 1890–1948|publisher=University of California Press|year=2019|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RWWTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA143|page=143|isbn=978-0-520-97215-5|quote=After 1929 the British regime became increasingly concerned that the hunger strike might break down discipline across the prison system and demoralize the police and army. In this year the power of the hunger strike was demonstrated by members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association before and during their trial in the second Lahore conspiracy case. This case was widely publicized because several of the defendants had been involved either in the assassination of a police official and a head constable or in the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. Bhagat Singh, the charismatic leader of the group, had participated in both actions.}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Raza|first=Ali|title=Revolutionary Pasts: Communist Internationalism in Colonial India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|page=107|isbn=978-1-108-48184-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snzUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|quote=His trial became the stuff of popular legend, as did his hanging — and those of his comrades Raj Guru and Sukhdev – in Lahore in March 1931. Bhagat Singh's death earned him the title of Shaheed-e-Azam (Great Martyr). He was not the only Shaheed who went to the gallows for his or her revolutionary activities, nor was he the only Shaheed-e-Azam.}}</ref> Borrowing ideas from [[Bolshevism]] and [[anarchism]],<ref name=combined-bolshev-anarchist><br />
*{{citation|last=Jaffrelot|first=Christophe|author-link=Christophe Jaffrelot|title=Revolutionary Passions: Latin America, Middle East and India|chapter=The Making of Indian Revolutionaries (1885–1931)|date=22 September 2017|editor1-first=Hamit |editor1-last=Bozarsian |editor2-first=Gilles |editor2-last=Batallion |editor3-first=Christophe |editor3-last=Jaffrelot|publisher=Routledge|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-krDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122|page=122|isbn=978-1-351-37809-3|quote=The man who epitomizes this transition is Bhagat Singh. His Janus-like appearance reflected his two sources of inspiration (Bolshevism and Anarchism), the Marxist one becoming dominant by the late 1920s. But his evolution has been followed by others, including Shiv Verma, one of the founders of the HSRA. Verma, however, admitted in a 1986 article, that if in 1928 the firm resolution to turn away from 'anarchism and to make socialism an act of faith' had been taken, 'in practice, we held on to our old style of individual actions'}}<br />
*{{citation|last=Moffat|first=Chris|title=India's Revolutionary Inheritance: Politics and the Promise of Bhagat Singh|publisher =Cambridge University Press|year = 2019|pages=66–67|isbn=978-1-108-75005-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9sqCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66|quote=the HSRA emerged out of the ashes of the Hindustan Republican Association, its leadership decimated in the 1926–1927 Kakori Conspiracy Case ... This shift is immediately signified in the addition of 'Socialist' to the organization's name. The decision to do so, often attributed to Bhagat Singh, indicates a reading of the Indian present through the lens of the Bolshevik revolution and the emergence of the Soviet state, developments which populated Indian newspaper columns throughout the 1920s.}}<br />
*{{citation|last=Moffat|first=Chris|editor1-last=Maclean|editor1-first=Kama|editor2-last=Elam|editor2-first=J. David|title=Revolutionary Lives in South Asia: Acts and Afterlives of Anticolonial Political Action|chapter=Experiments in Political Truth|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-1-138-79497-9|pages=73&ndash;89; 82|quote=For Bhagat Singh and his comrades, the precedent set by Lenin and his 'professional revolutionaries' is enabling: the Bolshevik stands as the signal of a 'New Age' and an unfolding world-historical moment. This is not, then, the 'textbook' Lenin of post-war Soviet Studies, tied casually to statism and Stalinism via the party and interventionist vanguard.}}<br />
*{{citation|last=Elam|first=J. Daniel|title=World Literature for the Wretched of the Earth: Anticolonial Aesthetics, Postcolonial Politics|year=2021|publisher=Fordham University Press|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hEBOEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|quote=Despite their significant disagreements, the thinkers presented here share a common theoretical belief: that the true practice of anticolonialism must be uninhibited by the telos of its realization. In Bhagat Singh's Bolshevik-inspired terms, this was permanent revolution.}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Balinisteanu|first=Tudor|title=Violence, Narrative and Myth in Joyce and Yeats: Subjective Identity and Anarcho-Syndicalist Traditions|year=2013|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|page=141|isbn=978-0-230-29095-2|quote=To capture better the political value of the manifestation of the contrary tendencies of monoglossia and heteroglossia in Joyce and Sorel, we might employ a term used to define the identity of the Indian anarchist Bhagat Singh: 'mystical atheism'. Singh developed his own brand of anarchism in the context of anti-colonial movements in India led by Gandhi and partly in relation to Irish anti-imperialism. Singh read anarchist philosophy extensively and translated Daniel Breen's ''My Fight for Irish Freedom'' (1924) under the name of Balwant Singh (Dublin, 1982, p. 54). In his 'Why I am an Atheist's, written in jail awaiting execution, Singh reflected on the role of religious belief in producing the romantic conviction required of the revolutionaries, but reasserted his faith in reason.}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Moffat|first=Chris|title=India's Revolutionary Inheritance: Politics and the Promise of Bhagat Singh|location=Cambridge, UK, and New York |publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2019|doi=10.1017/9781108655194|isbn=978-1-108-49690-2 |s2cid=158993652 |quote=(p. 34) The worldliness of these spaces and print areas – rallies against the bombing of Medina at Mochi Bagh, reports from Munich in Lajpat Rai's weekly. The People, speeches on South Africa at the Bradlaugh Hall, books on the Soviet Union smuggled into Lahore by underground booksellers – allows us to approach a problem related to Bhagat Singh's biography: the manner in which the young man negotiated transnational currents so deftly, citing French anarchists in manifestos and regularly alluding to revolutionary Moscow, without ever once leaving India. (p. 151) The second function of the journey metaphor is to posit the eventual arrival at something refined, comprehensive, stable. If Bhagat Singh is separated from a 'terrorist' past above, here he is propelled into the future, beyond the event of death. The nature of his destination varies across the corps: for some it is most certainly Marxist, for others anarchist. <Footnote 128:<small>Regarding the move from 'libertarian socialism' to 'decentralized collectives', the American historian and anarchist activist Maia Ramnath writes on Bhagat Singh that 'one revolutionary who might have been capable of persuasively elaborating such a synthesis died too soon to do so.' Ramnath, ''Decolonizing Anarchism'', 145</small>>|doi-access=free}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Vaidik|first=Aparna|title=Waiting for Swaraj: Inner Lives of Indian Revolutionaries|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2021|isbn= 978-1-108-83808-5|lccn=2021005366|location=Cambridge, UK and New York |page=123|quote=As Bhagat wrote in one his essays: 'All forms of government rest on violence.' The state, in the Marxist–anarchist conception, was the focal point of violence. "at is, the state created and perpetuated conditions of violence. If elimination of structural violence was the aim then the state as a form of human governance had to be done away with. Bhagat Singh questioned the desirability of all forms of state systems, democratic or otherwise: 'They say: "Undermine the whole conception of the State and then only we will have liberty worth having."' In Bhagat's conception, anti-statism (or astatism) was almost indistinguishable from anarchism. The post-revolutionary society was to be one with absolute individual freedom: a society created, maintained and experienced collectively, and where military and bureaucracy were no longer needed. The statement the HSRA revolutionaries made to the Commissioner of the Special Tribunal, for instance, declared: 'Revolutionaries by virtue of their altruistic principles are lovers of peace – a genuine and permanent peace based on justice and equity, not the illusory peace resulting from cowardice and maintained at the point of bayonets.' Here ''poorna swaraj'' transformed into an 'astatist' and 'aviolent' utopia for absolute political and human freedom even if the means of achieving this goal were violent or involved staging an armed revolution.}}</ref> the [[charismatic]] Bhagat Singh<ref>{{multiref | {{cite book|last=Chenoy|first=Kamal Mitra|chapter=Russian Revolution and the Global South|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2021|title=Hundred Years of the Russian Revolution: Its Legacies in Perspective|isbn=9789813347854|editor1-first=Anuradha M.|editor1-last=Chenoy|editor2-first=Archana|editor2-last=Upadhyay |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XxIoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|quote=Indian communists, who became active in the early 1920s and called for independence from Great Britain in 1925, became a significant force in the 1930s and 1940s and influenced several other progressive movements inspired by the Russian Revolution. Most popular and well known among them were the Hindustan Socialist Revolutionary Army established in 1928, whose '''charismatic leader Bhagat Singh''' and his comrades were all executed and buried in unmarked graves by the British colonialists.}} | {{cite book|last=Grant|first=Kevin|title=Last Weapons: Hunger Strikes and Fasts in the British Empire, 1890&ndash;1948|publisher=University of California Press|page=143|year=2019|isbn=9780520301009|lccn=2018057018|quote=In this year (1929) the power of the hunger strike was demonstrated by members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association before and during their trial in the second Lahore conspiracy case. This case was widely publicized because several of the defendants had been involved either in the assassination of a police official and a head constable or in the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. Bhagat Singh, '''the charismatic leader''' of the group, had participated in both actions}} |{{cite book|last=Misra|first=Maria|author-link=Maria Misra|title=Vishnu's Crowded Temple: India Since the Great Rebellion|location=New Haven|publisher=Yale University Press|page = 174| year=2007|isbn=978-0-300-13721-7|lccn=2007936529|quote=The slavishly pro-Moscow communists left room for another form of Marxism, more fully blended with nationalism. In 1928 the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), an out-growth of the older revolutionary tradition of the Punjab, was founded in Lahore. Led by a '''charismatic 22-year-old student''', Bhagat Singh, it departed from its pre-war terrorist lineage by adopting Marxist militant atheism as its ideology. The HSRA favoured acts of 'exemplary' revolutionary violence.}} | {{cite book|last=Maclean|first=Kama|title=A Revolutionary History of Interwar India: Violence, Image, Voice and Text|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0143426332|year=2016|page=184|quote=Chapter 8, Controlling Political Violence, Prisoner as Pedagogy: The bulk of the memoirs, oral histories and visual artefacts that I have drawn on to demonstrate the intersection between revolutionary and Congress activity in 1929&ndash;1930 are so heavily focused on the lives and adventures of personalities, especially '''the charismatic Bhagat Singh''' and the more enigmatic Chandrashekhar Azad, that evidence of revolutionary energies being channelled into Congress activity in the aftermath of their deaths becomes elusive. From the perspective of Manmathnath Gupta, after the loss of these two figureheads, the revolutionary movement 'became divorced from its moorings and was more artificial and people came into it because of romantic glamour attached to it, not out of any deep idealism.'}} | {{cite book|last=Young|first=Robert J. C.|title=Postcolonialism: An Historical introduction|publisher=Wiley Blackwell|edition=Anniversary|page=324|year=2016|orig-year=2001|isbn=9781405120944|lccn=2016025068|quote=Even within Gandhi's own closest political entourage his prohibitions against violence were interpreted with some liberality, the understanding being that violence against people was unacceptable, but violence against property was permissible. In political terms Gandhics position also served to distinguish him clearly from the violence of the Bengali Hindu, Maharashtran chitpavan Brahmin, and communist terrorists, such as the celebrated group under Surjya Sen that carried out the Chittagong Armoury Raid in 1930, the followers of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, or the '''charismatic Bhagat Singh's Hindustan Socialist Republic Association'''. Although this terrorism was carried out by small groups and never seriously endangered British rule, its militancy, its increasing frequency from 1930 onwards, and its popularity greatly worried the British Government of India and led to fierce repression. It also made the government much more receptive to the liberal Congress Party that adopted Gandhi's stance of non-violence. As always in liberation struggles, militant ‘extremists’ encouraged the administration to negotiate with the moderates.}} | {{harvnb|Nair|2011|p=258}}: "The '''charisma and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh''' and thirteen other prisoners could unite the entire spectrum of political opinion in the Punjab and beyond, a significant achievement for a particularly fractured Congress, but for reasons never clear, the non-violent hunger strikers failed to move Gandhi very much. At any rate, the “Punjab wrongs” brought Indians from the rest of India into the politics of the province, courting arrest, writing in the press, and returning their medals of honour in protest against British imperialism." | {{cite book|last=Grant|first=Kevin|title=Last Weapons: Hunger Strikes and Fasts in the British Empire, 1890&ndash;1948|location=Oakland, CA|publisher=University of California Press|series=Berkeley series in British studies|date=18 June 2019 |isbn=9780520301009|lccn=2018057018|page=143|quote=After 1929 the British regime became increasingly concerned that the hunger strike might break down discipline across the prison system and demoralize the police and army. In this year the power of the hunger strike was demonstrated by members of the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association before and during their trial in the second Lahore conspiracy case.” This case was widely publicized because several of the defendants had been involved either in the assassination of a police official and a head constable or in the bombing of the Central Legislative Assembly in Delhi. Bhagat Singh, '''the charismatic leader''' of the group, had participated in both actions.}} | {{cite book|last=Tickell|first=Alex|title=Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian English Literature, 1830&ndash;1947|series=Routledge Research in Postcolonial Literatures series|date=17 June 2013 |location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-87715-2|lccn=2011019599|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJhD6My4tR0C&pg=PT221|quote='''Under its charismatic leader, Bhagat Singh''', the HSRA carried out several high-profile terror-attacks, including the assassination of J. P.Saunders, the Lahore assistant superintendent of police, whom they wrongly held responsible for Lala Lajpat Rai's death as the result of police brutality during a demonstration.' The HSRA also carried out two bombings: the first, a daring attack on the Legislative Assembly in session at Delhi, in which bombs were thrown from the public gallery but little damage was caused; and a subsequent attempt to blow up the viceroy's train. Bhagat Singh and a co-revolutionary, Sukhdev, were soon arrested and underwent a highly publicized trial before being executed in 1931. Baghwati Charan Vohra, another leading light of the association, died testing a bomb that would have been used to try to liberate Bhagat Singh from the Lahore Central Jail.}}}}</ref> electrified a growing militancy in India in the 1930s and prompted urgent introspection within the [[Indian National Congress]]'s nonviolent, and eventually successful, [[Indian independence movement|campaign for India's independence]].<ref name="raza-lead-1">* {{Citation |last=Jaffrelot |first=Christophe |title=Revolutionary Passions: Latin America, Middle East and India |date=22 September 2017 |page=122 |editor1-last=Bozarsian |editor1-first=Hamit |chapter=The Making of Indian Revolutionaries (1885–1931) |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-krDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT122 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-351-37809-3 |quote=The man who epitomizes this transition is Bhagat Singh. His Janus-like appearance reflected his two sources of inspiration (Bolshevism and Anarchism), the Marxist one becoming dominant by the late 1920s. But his evolution has been followed by others, including Shiv Verma, one of the founders of the HSRA. Verma, however, admitted in a 1986 article, that if in 1928 the firm resolution to turn away from 'anarchism and to make socialism an act of faith' had been taken, 'in practice, we held on to our old style of individual actions' |editor2-last=Batallion |editor2-first=Gilles |editor3-last=Jaffrelot |editor3-first=Christophe}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Misra |first=Maria |title=Vishnu's Crowded Temple: India Since the Great Rebellion |page=174 |year=2008 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QjxiMSd0YwoC&pg=PA174 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-14523-6 |quote=In 1928 the Hindustan Socialist Republican Army (HSRA), an out-growth of the older revolutionary tradition of the Punjab, was founded in Lahore. Led by a charismatic 22-year-old student, Bhagat Singh, it departed from its pre-war terrorist lineage by adopting Marxist militant atheism as its ideology. The HSRA favoured acts of 'exemplary' revolutionary violence.}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Vaidik |first=Aparna |title=Waiting for Swaraj: Inner Lives of Indian Revolutionaires |page=75 |year=2021 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WSI3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA75 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-00-903238-4 |quote=Bhagat's use of the 'socialist' language in his later writings has created the assumption of him being a theoretically sophisticated author. Daniel Elam in his analysis of Bhagat's jail notebook, however, observes that there has been 'a politically sympathetic attempt to place Bhagat Singh in line with other radical writers, especially Antonio Gramsci'. While Bhagat was believed to be a singular anti-colonial 'author' figure of his jail notebook, the text was actually an assemblage of quotations, fragments and notes. He is also believed to have authored all the HSRA propaganda materials (pamphlets, posters, court statements and essays) that were in fact a product of brainstorming and collective authorial contribution of Shiv Verma, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, Yashpal and others.}}<br />
* {{Citation |last=Raza |first=Ali |title=Revolutionary Pasts: Communist Internationalism in Colonial India |page=107 |year=2020 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snzUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-48184-7 |quote=Bhagat Singh's hanging further galvanized a radical and militantly nationalistic politics that was in a state of ferment from the mid-1920s onwards.<Footnote 22: A point made, among others, by Kama Maclean in ''A Revolutionary History of Interwar India'' ...> It also lent an added urgency to the ongoing civil disobedient movement.}}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Stein |first=B. |author-link=Burton Stein |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC&pg=PA289 |title=A History of India |publisher=[[Wiley-Blackwell]] |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4051-9509-6 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=D. |edition=2nd |place=Oxford |page=289 |quote=Gandhi was the leading genius of the later, and ultimately successful, campaign for India's independence.}}</ref><br />
<br />
In December 1928, Bhagat Singh and an associate, [[Shivaram Rajguru]], both members of a small revolutionary group, the [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (also Army, or HSRA), shot dead a 21-year-old British police officer, [[John P. Saunders]], in [[Lahore]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], in what is today [[Pakistan]], mistaking Saunders, who was still on probation, for the British [[Chief superintendent|senior police superintendent]], [[James Alexander Scott|James Scott]], whom they had intended to assassinate.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|pp=83, 89}} They held Scott responsible for the death of a popular Indian nationalist leader [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] for having ordered a [[lathi charge|lathi (baton) charge]] in which Rai was injured and two weeks thereafter died of a heart attack. As Saunders exited a police station on a motorcycle, he was felled by a single bullet fired from across the street by Rajguru, a marksman.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=83}}{{sfn|Maclean|Elam|2016|p=28}} As he lay injured, he was shot at close range several times by Singh, the postmortem report showing eight bullet wounds.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=89}} Another associate of Singh, [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]], shot dead an Indian police head constable, Channan Singh, who attempted to give chase as Singh and Rajguru fled.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=83}}{{sfn|Maclean|Elam|2016|p=28}}<br />
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After having escaped, Bhagat Singh and his associates used pseudonyms to publicly announce avenging Lajpat Rai's death, putting up prepared posters that they had altered to show John Saunders as their intended target instead of James Scott.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=83}} Singh was thereafter on the run for many months, and no convictions resulted at the time. Surfacing again in April 1929, he and another associate, [[Batukeshwar Dutt]], set off two low-intensity homemade bombs among some unoccupied benches of the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in [[Old Delhi|Delhi]]. They showered leaflets from the gallery on the legislators below, shouted slogans, and allowed the authorities to arrest them.{{sfn|Moffat|2016|p=84}} The arrest, and the resulting publicity, brought to light Singh's complicity in the John Saunders case. Awaiting trial, Singh gained public sympathy after he joined fellow defendant [[Jatindra Nath Das|Jatin Das]] in a [[hunger strike]], demanding better prison conditions for Indian prisoners, the strike ending in Das's death from starvation in September 1929.<br />
<br />
Bhagat Singh was convicted of the murder of John Saunders and Channan Singh, and hanged in March 1931, aged 23. He became a popular folk hero after his death. [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] wrote about him: "Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism but because he seemed to vindicate, for the moment, the honour of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation. He became a symbol; the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months each town and village of the Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resounded with his name."{{sfnp|Mittal|Habib|1982|ps=}} In still later years, Singh, an [[Atheism|atheist]] and [[Socialism|socialist]] in adulthood, won admirers in India from among a political spectrum that included both [[Communism in India|communists]] and right-wing [[Hindu nationalism|Hindu nationalists]]. Although many of Singh's associates, as well as many Indian anti-colonial revolutionaries, were also involved in daring acts and were either executed or died violent deaths, few came to be lionised in popular art and literature as did Singh, who is sometimes referred to as the ''Shaheed-e-Azam'' ("Great martyr" in [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]]).<ref name=raza-lead-2>{{citation|last=Raza|first=Ali|title=Revolutionary Pasts: Communist Internationalism in Colonial India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2020|page=107|isbn=978-1-108-48184-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=snzUDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|quote=His trial became the stuff of popular legend, as did his hanging — and those of his comrades Raj Guru and Sukhdev – in Lahore in March 1931. Bhagat Singh's death earned him the title of Shaheed-e-Azam (Great Martyr). He was not the only Shaheed who went to the gallows for his or her revolutionary activities, nor was he the only Shaheed-e-Azam.}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Bhagat Singh was born into a [[Punjabis|Punjabi]] [[Jats|Jat]] [[Sikh]]<ref name="Ramaswamy">{{cite book |last=Ramaswamy |first=Sumathi |title=The Goddess and the Nation: Mapping Mother India |year=2010 |publisher=[[Duke University Press]] |isbn=978-0-8223-4610-4 |page=218 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OWfcoMnHU8gC&pg=PA218 |quote=... Bhagat Singh (b. 1907)—a Punjabi Jat Sikh with avowedly socialist and atheist views on the nation and the world ...}}</ref> family on 27 September 1907,<ref name=combined-birth-date-27-9 /> in the village of [[Banga, Pakistan|Banga]], in the [[Faisalabad District|Lyallpur district]] of the [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], in what was then [[British India]] and is today Pakistan; he was the second of seven children—four sons and three daughters—born to Vidyavati and her husband, Kishan Singh Sandhu.<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh_general>{{Cite ODNB|id=73519|last=Deol|first=Jeevan Singh|title=Singh, Bhagat [known as Bhagat Singh Sandhu|year=2004|}}</ref> Bhagat Singh's father and his uncle Ajit Singh, were active in progressive politics, taking part in the [[1907 Punjab unrest|agitation around the Canal Colonization Bill]] in 1907, and later, the [[Ghadar Movement]] of 1914–1915.<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh_general /> [[File:Bhagat-singh-dramatics-club.jpg|thumb|Photo of Singh (back row, fourth from right) in the Lahore College Drama Club (1924)]]<br />
<br />
After being sent to the village school in Banga for a few years, Bhagat Singh was enrolled in the [[Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools System|Dayanand Anglo-Vedic School]] in Lahore.<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh_general /> In 1923, he joined the National College in Lahore, founded two years earlier by [[Lala Lajpat Rai]] in response to [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s [[Non-cooperation movement (1909–22)|non-cooperation movement]], which urged Indian students to shun schools and colleges subsidized by the British Indian government.<ref name=odnb-bhagat_singh_general /><br />
[[File:Bhagat Singh in jail,1927.jpg|thumb|Singh's photo during his first arrest|408x408px]]<br />
Police became concerned with Singh's influence on the youth and arrested him in May 1927 on the pretext that he had been involved in a bombing that had taken place in Lahore in October 1926. He was released on a [[surety]] of Rs. 60,000 five weeks after his arrest.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|p=16|ps=}} He wrote for, and edited, [[Urdu]] and [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] newspapers, published in [[Amritsar]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/sardarbhagatsingh.htm |title=Sardar Bhagat Singh (1907–1931) |access-date=11 October 2011 |work=Research Reference and Training Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Government of India |publisher=Government of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930145803/http://www.rrtd.nic.in/sardarbhagatsingh.htm|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> and also contributed to low-priced pamphlets published by the Naujawan Bharat Sabha that excoriated the British.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=99–100|ps=}} He also wrote for ''Kirti'', the journal of the [[Workers and Peasants Party (India)|Kirti Kisan Party]] ("Workers and Peasants Party") and briefly for the ''Veer Arjun'' newspaper, published in [[Delhi]].{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}}{{efn|He was secretary of the Kirti Kisan Party when it organised an all-India meeting of revolutionaries in September 1928 and he later became its leader.<ref name="Tribune2011">{{cite news |first=Roopinder |last=Singh |title=Bhagat Singh: The Making of the Revolutionary |date=23 March 2011 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/main6.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=17 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930145024/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/main6.htm|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>}} He often used pseudonyms, including names such as Balwant, Ranjit and Vidhrohi.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=100|ps=}}<br />
<br />
== Revolutionary activities ==<br />
=== Killing of John Saunders ===<br />
In 1928, the British government set up the [[Simon Commission]] to report on the political situation in India. Some Indian political parties boycotted the Commission because there were no Indians in its membership,{{efn|Opposition in India to the Simon Commission was not universal. For example, the [[Central Sikh League]], some Hindu politicians, and some members of the [[All-India Muslim League|Muslim League]] agreed to co-operate{{sfn|Nair|2011|p=}}}} and there were protests across the country. When the Commission visited Lahore on 30 October 1928, Lala Lajpat Rai led a march in protest against it. Police attempts to disperse the large crowd resulted in violence. The superintendent of police, James A. Scott, ordered the police to [[lathi charge]] (use batons against) the protesters and personally assaulted Rai, who was injured. Rai died of a heart attack on 17 November 1928. Doctors thought that his death might have been hastened by the injuries he had received. When the matter was raised in the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]], the British Government denied any role in Rai's death.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=36|ps=}}<ref name=Vaidya /><ref name=Friend /><br />
<br />
Singh was a prominent member of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) and was probably responsible, in large part, for its change of name to [[Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]] (HSRA) in 1928.<ref name=s380 /> The HSRA vowed to avenge Rai's death.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|p=16|ps=}} Singh conspired with revolutionaries like [[Shivaram Rajguru]], [[Sukhdev Thapar]], and [[Chandrashekhar Azad]] to kill Scott.{{sfnp|Gupta|1997|ps=}} However, in a case of mistaken identity, the plotters shot [[John P. Saunders]], an Assistant Superintendent of Police, as he was leaving the District Police Headquarters in Lahore on 17 December 1928.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=39|ps=}}<br />
<br />
Contemporary reaction to the killing differs substantially from the adulation that later surfaced. The Naujawan Bharat Sabha, which had organised the Lahore protest march along with the HSRA, found that attendance at its subsequent public meetings dropped sharply. Politicians, activists, and newspapers, including ''The People'', which Rai had founded in 1925, stressed that non-cooperation was preferable to violence.{{sfn|Nair|2011|p=115}} The murder was condemned as a retrograde action by [[Mahatma Gandhi]], the Congress leader, but [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] later expressed his opinion in these words:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Bhagat Singh did not become popular because of his act of terrorism but because he seemed to vindicate, for the moment, the honour of Lala Lajpat Rai, and through him of the nation. He became a symbol, the act was forgotten, the symbol remained, and within a few months each town and village of the Punjab, and to a lesser extent in the rest of northern India, resounded with his name. Innumerable songs grew about him and the popularity that the man achieved was something amazing.<ref name=Mittal />}}<br />
<br />
=== Killing of Channan Singh ===<br />
After killing Saunders, the group escaped through the D.A.V. College entrance, across the road from the District Police Headquarters. Chanan Singh, a [[Head Constable]] who was chasing them, was shot dead by Chandrashekhar Azad.{{sfnp|Rana|2005b|p=65|ps=}} They then fled on bicycles to pre-arranged safe houses. The police launched a massive search operation to catch them, blocking all entrances and exits to and from the city; the [[Criminal Investigation Department (India)|Criminal Investigation Department]] (CID) kept a watch on all young men leaving Lahore. The fugitives hid for the next two days. On 19 December 1928, Sukhdev called on [[Durgawati Devi]], sometimes known as Durga Bhabhi, wife of another HSRA member, [[Bhagwati Charan Vohra]], for help, which she agreed to provide. They decided to catch the train departing from Lahore to [[Bathinda]] en route to [[Howrah]] ([[Calcutta]]) early the next morning.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=42–44|ps=}}<br />
<br />
=== Escape from Lahore ===<br />
Bhagat Singh and Rajguru, both carrying loaded revolvers, left the house early the next day.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=42–44|ps=}} Dressed in Western attire (Bhagat Singh cut his hair, shaved his beard and wore a hat over cropped hair), and carrying Devi's sleeping child, Singh and Devi passed as a young couple, while Rajguru carried their luggage as their servant. At the station, Singh managed to conceal his identity while buying tickets, and the three boarded the train heading to Cawnpore (now [[Kanpur]]). There they boarded a train for [[Lucknow]] since the CID at Howrah railway station usually scrutinised passengers on the direct train from Lahore.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=42–44|ps=}} At Lucknow, Rajguru left separately for [[Varanasi|Benares]] while Singh, Devi and the infant went to [[Howrah]], with all except Singh returning to Lahore a few days later.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=39|ps=}}{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=42–44|ps=}}<br />
<br />
=== Delhi Assembly bombing and arrest ===<br />
For some time, Bhagat Singh had been exploiting the power of drama as a means to inspire the revolt against the British, purchasing a [[magic lantern]] to show slides that enlivened his talks about revolutionaries such as [[Ram Prasad Bismil]] who had died as a result of the [[Kakori conspiracy]]. In 1929, he proposed a dramatic act to the HSRA intended to gain massive publicity for their aims.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=99–100|ps=}} Influenced by [[Auguste Vaillant]], a French anarchist who had bombed the [[Chamber of Deputies of France|Chamber of Deputies]] in Paris,{{sfnp|Bakshi|Gajrani|Singh|2005|p=334|ps=}} Singh's plan was to explode a bomb inside the [[Central Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Old Parliament House, New Delhi|Council House]]. The nominal intention was to protest against the Public Safety Bill, and the Trade Dispute Act, which had been rejected by the Assembly but were being enacted by the [[Governor-General of India|Viceroy]] using his special powers; the actual intention was for the perpetrators to allow themselves to be arrested so that they could use court appearances as a stage to publicise their cause.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=100|ps=}}<br />
<br />
The HSRA leadership was initially opposed to Bhagat's participation in the bombing because they were certain that his prior involvement in the Saunders shooting meant that his arrest would ultimately result in his execution. However, they eventually decided that he was their most suitable candidate. On 8 April 1929, Singh, accompanied by Batukeshwar Dutt, threw two bombs into the Assembly chamber from its public gallery while it was in session.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|pp=100–101|ps=}} The bombs had been designed not to kill,{{sfn|Nair|2011|p=116}} but some members, including [[George Ernest Schuster]], the finance member of the [[Viceroy's Executive Council]], were injured.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bombs Thrown into Assembly|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=vf0YIhSwahgC&dat=19290408&printsec=frontpage |page=1 |access-date=29 August 2013 |newspaper=Evening Tribune |date=8 April 1930}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The smoke from the bombs filled the Assembly so that Singh and Dutt could probably have escaped in the confusion had they wished. Instead, they stayed shouting the slogan "[[Inquilab Zindabad]]!" ("Long Live the Revolution") and threw leaflets. The two men were arrested and subsequently moved through a series of jails in Delhi.{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=101|ps=}}<br />
<br />
=== Assembly case trial ===<br />
According to Neeti Nair, "public criticism of this terrorist action was unequivocal."{{sfn|Nair|2011|p=116}} Gandhi, once again, issued strong words of disapproval of their deed.{{sfnp|Mittal|Habib|1982|ps=}} Nonetheless, the jailed Bhagat was reported to be elated, and referred to the subsequent legal proceedings as a "drama".{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=101|ps=}} Singh and Dutt eventually responded to the criticism by writing the Assembly Bomb Statement:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|We hold human life sacred beyond words. We are neither perpetrators of dastardly outrages&nbsp;... nor are we 'lunatics' as the ''Tribune'' of Lahore and some others would have it believed&nbsp;... Force when aggressively applied is 'violence' and is, therefore, morally unjustifiable, but when it is used in the furtherance of a legitimate cause, it has its moral justification.{{sfn|Nair|2011|p=116}}}}<br />
<br />
The trial began in the first week of June, following a preliminary hearing in May. On 12 June, both men were sentenced to [[life imprisonment]] for: "causing explosions of a nature likely to endanger life, unlawfully and maliciously."{{sfnp|Gaur|2008|p=101|ps=}}{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=76–78|ps=}} Dutt had been defended by [[Asaf Ali]], while Singh defended himself.<ref name=Lal /> Doubts have been raised about the accuracy of testimony offered at the trial. One key discrepancy concerns the automatic pistol that Singh had been carrying when he was arrested. Some witnesses said that he had fired two or three shots while the police sergeant who arrested him testified that the gun was pointed downward when he took it from him and that Singh "was playing with it."{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=47|ps=}} According to an article in the ''India Law Journal'', the prosecution witnesses were coached, their accounts were incorrect, and Singh had turned over the pistol himself.<ref name=ILJ /> Singh was given a life sentence.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=81|ps=}}<br />
<br />
==== Arrest of associates ====<br />
In 1929, the HSRA had set up bomb factories in Lahore and [[Saharanpur]]. On 15 April 1929, the Lahore bomb factory was discovered by the police, leading to the arrest of other members of HSRA, including Sukhdev, [[Pandit Kishori Lal|Kishori Lal]], and Jai Gopal. Not long after this, the Saharanpur factory was also raided and some of the conspirators became [[informant]]s. With the new information available, the police were able to connect the three strands of the Saunders murder, Assembly bombing, and bomb manufacture.<ref name=Friend /> Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru, and 21 others were charged with the Saunders murder.<ref name=Dam /><br />
<br />
==== Hunger strike and Lahore conspiracy case ====<br />
Singh was re-arrested for murdering Saunders and Chanan Singh based on substantial evidence against him, including statements by his associates, [[Hans Raj Vohra]] and Jai Gopal.<ref name=ILJ /> His life sentence in the Assembly Bomb case was deferred until the Saunders case was decided.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=81|ps=}} He was sent to [[Central Jail Mianwali]] from the Delhi jail.<ref name=Lal /> There he witnessed discrimination between European and Indian prisoners. He considered himself, along with others, to be a [[political prisoner]]. He noted that he had received an enhanced diet at Delhi which was not being provided at Mianwali. He led other Indian, self-identified political prisoners he felt were being treated as common criminals in a hunger strike. They demanded equality in food standards, clothing, toiletries, and other hygienic necessities, as well as access to books and a daily newspaper. They argued that they should not be forced to do manual labour or any undignified work in the jail.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=83–89|ps=}}{{sfn|Nair|2011|p=117}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Hunger strike poster of Bhagat Singh and Batukeshswar Dutt.jpg|thumb|Hunger strike poster of Bhagat Singh and Batukeshswar Dutt]]<br />
<br />
The hunger strike inspired a rise in public support for Singh and his colleagues from around June 1929. ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' newspaper was particularly prominent in this movement and reported on mass meetings in places such as Lahore and [[Amritsar]]. The government had to apply [[Section 144]] of the criminal code in an attempt to limit gatherings.{{sfn|Nair|2011|p=118}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Lahore conspiracy case poster 9th Oct 193o jindal sunam 12x9 copy.jpg|thumb|Lahore conspiracy case poster 9 October 1930]]<br />
<br />
[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] met Singh and the other strikers in [[Central Jail Mianwali]]. After the meeting, he stated:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|I was very much pained to see the distress of the heroes. They have staked their lives in this struggle. They want that political prisoners should be treated as political prisoners. I am quite hopeful that their sacrifice would be crowned with success.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=85|ps=}}}}<br />
<br />
[[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]] spoke in support of the strikers in the Assembly, saying:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The man who goes on hunger strike has a soul. He is moved by that soul, and he believes in the justice of his cause&nbsp;... however much you deplore them and, however, much you say they are misguided, it is the system, this damnable system of governance, which is resented by the people.<ref>{{cite news |title=When Jinnah defended Bhagat Singh |date=8 August 2005 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/08/stories/2005080801672000.htm |access-date=2011-10-11 |location=Chennai, India|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930150234/http://www.thehindu.com/2005/08/08/stories/2005080801672000.htm|work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The government tried to break the strike by placing different food items in the prison cells to test the prisoners' resolve. Water pitchers were filled with milk so that either the prisoners remained thirsty or broke their strike; nobody faltered and the impasse continued. The authorities then attempted [[force-feeding]] the prisoners but this was resisted.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=83|ps=}}{{efn|An example of the methods adopted to counterattack attempts at force-feeding is the swallowing of red pepper and boiling water by a prisoner called [[Pandit Kishori Lal|Kishori Lal]]. This combination made his throat too sore to permit entry of the feeding tube.<ref>{{cite news |author-link=Ajoy Ghosh |last=Ghosh |first=Ajoy |title=Bhagat Singh as I Knew Him |date=6 October 2007 |orig-year=1945 |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article353.html |newspaper=Mainstream |access-date=17 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930150341/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article353.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>}} With the matter still unresolved, the [[Governor-General of India|Indian Viceroy]], [[Edward Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax|Lord Irwin]], cut short his vacation in [[Shimla|Simla]] to discuss the situation with jail authorities.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=88|ps=}} Since the activities of the hunger strikers had gained popularity and attention nationwide, the government decided to advance the start of the Saunders murder trial, which was henceforth called the Lahore Conspiracy Case. Singh was transported to Borstal Jail, Lahore,{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=89|ps=}} and the trial began there on 10 July 1929. In addition to charging them with the murder of Saunders, Singh and the 27 other prisoners were charged with plotting a conspiracy to murder Scott, and waging a war against the King.<ref name=ILJ /> Singh, still on hunger strike, had to be carried to the court handcuffed on a stretcher; he had lost {{convert|14|lb|kg}} from his original weight of {{convert|133|lb|kg}} since beginning the strike.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=89|ps=}}<br />
<br />
The government was beginning to make concessions but refused to move on the core issue of recognising the classification of "political prisoner". In the eyes of officials, if someone broke the law then that was a personal act, not a political one, and they were common criminals.{{sfn|Nair|2011|p=121}} By now, the condition of another hunger striker, [[Jatindra Nath Das]], lodged in the same jail, had deteriorated considerably. The Jail committee recommended his unconditional release, but the government rejected the suggestion and offered to release him on bail. On 13 September 1929, Das died after a 63-day hunger strike.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=89|ps=}} Almost all the nationalist leaders in the country paid tribute to Das' death. Mohammad Alam and [[Gopi Chand Bhargava]] resigned from the Punjab Legislative Council in protest, and Nehru moved a successful [[Adjournment debate|adjournment motion]] in the Central Assembly as a censure against the "inhumane treatment" of the Lahore prisoners.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=91|ps=}} Singh finally heeded a resolution of the Congress party, and a request by his father, ending his hunger strike on 5 October 1929 after 116 days.<ref name=ILJ /> During this period, Singh's popularity among common Indians extended beyond Punjab.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=92|ps=}}<br />
<br />
Singh's attention now turned to his trial, where he was to face a Crown prosecution team comprising C. H. Carden-Noad, Kalandar Ali Khan, Jai Gopal Lal, and the prosecuting inspector, Bakshi Dina Nath.<ref name=ILJ /> The defence was composed of eight lawyers. Prem Dutt Verma, the youngest amongst the 27 accused, threw his slipper at Gopal when he turned and became a prosecution witness in court. As a result, the magistrate ordered that all the accused should be handcuffed.<ref name=ILJ /> Singh and others refused to be handcuffed and were subjected to brutal beating.<ref name=rare /> The revolutionaries refused to attend the court and Singh wrote a letter to the magistrate citing various reasons for their refusal.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmg-AQAAIAAJ&q=9780195796674 |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh |author-link=A. G. Noorani|author= Noorani, A.G.|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-579667-4 |page=339}}</ref><ref name="refusaltoattend">{{cite news |title=Reasons for Refusing to Attend the Court |url=http://www.shahidbhagatsingh.org/index.asp?link=refusing_court |access-date=16 February 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930150741/http://www.shahidbhagatsingh.org/index.asp?link=refusing_court|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> The magistrate ordered the trial to proceed without the accused or members of the HSRA. This was a setback for Singh as he could no longer use the trial as a forum to publicise his views.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=96|ps=}}<br />
<br />
==== Special Tribunal ====<br />
To speed up the slow trial, the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, declared an emergency on 1 May 1930 and introduced an ordinance to set up a special tribunal composed of three high court judges for the case. This decision cut short the normal process of justice as the only appeal after the tribunal was to the Privy Council located in England.<ref name=ILJ /><br />
<br />
On 2 July 1930, a ''[[habeas corpus]]'' petition was filed in the High Court challenging the ordinance on the grounds that it was ''ultra vires'' and, therefore, illegal; the Viceroy had no powers to shorten the customary process of determining justice.<ref name=ILJ /> The petition argued that the [[Defence of India Act 1915]] allowed the Viceroy to introduce an ordinance, and set up such a tribunal, only under conditions of a breakdown of law-and-order, which, it was claimed in this case, had not occurred. However, the petition was dismissed as being premature.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=103|ps=}}<br />
<br />
Carden-Noad presented the government's charges of conducting robberies, and the illegal acquisition of arms and ammunition among others.<ref name=ILJ /> The evidence of G. T. H. Hamilton Harding, the Lahore superintendent of police, shocked the court. He stated that he had filed the [[first information report]] against the accused under specific orders from the chief secretary to the governor of Punjab and that he was unaware of the details of the case. The prosecution depended mainly on the evidence of P. N. Ghosh, Hans Raj Vohra, and Jai Gopal who had been Singh's associates in the HSRA. On 10 July 1930, the tribunal decided to press charges against only 15 of the 18 accused and allowed their petitions to be taken up for hearing the next day. The trial ended on 30 September 1930.<ref name=ILJ /> The three accused, whose charges were withdrawn, included Dutt who had already been given a life sentence in the Assembly bomb case.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=117|ps=}}<br />
<br />
The ordinance (and the tribunal) would lapse on 31 October 1930 as it had not been passed by the Central Assembly or the British Parliament. On 7 October 1930, the tribunal delivered its 300-page judgement based on all the evidence and concluded that the participation of Singh, [[Sukhdev Thapar|Sukhdev]], and [[Shivaram Rajguru]] in Saunder's murder was proven. They were sentenced to death by hanging.<ref name=ILJ /> Of the other accused, three were acquitted ([[Ajoy Ghosh]], Jatindra Nath Sanyal and Des Raj) Kundan Lal received seven years' [[Penal labour|rigorous imprisonment]], Prem Dutt received five years of the same, and the remaining seven [[Pandit Kishori Lal|Kishori Lal]], [[Mahavir Singh (revolutionary)|Mahavir Singh]], [[Bejoy Kumar Sinha|Bijoy Kumar Sinha]], [[Shiv Verma]], [[Gaya Prasad Katiyar|Gaya Prasad]], [[Jaidev Kapoor]] and [[Kamal Nath Tewari]] were all sentenced to transportation for life.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=118|ps=}}<br />
<br />
==== Appeal to the Privy Council ====<br />
In [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab province]], a defence committee drew up a plan to appeal to the Privy Council. Singh was initially against the appeal but later agreed to it in the hope that the appeal would popularise the HSRA in Britain. The appellants claimed that the ordinance which created the tribunal was invalid while the government countered that the Viceroy was completely empowered to create such a tribunal. The appeal was dismissed by [[Andrew Murray, 1st Viscount Dunedin|Viscount Dunedin]].{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|pp=95–100|ps=}}<br />
<br />
==== Reactions to the judgement ====<br />
After the rejection of the appeal to the Privy Council, Congress party president [[Madan Mohan Malaviya]] filed a mercy appeal before Irwin on 14 February 1931.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=98|ps=}} Some prisoners sent Mahatma Gandhi an appeal to intervene.<ref name=ILJ /> In his notes dated 19 March 1931, the Viceroy recorded:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|While returning Gandhiji asked me if he could talk about the case of Bhagat Singh because newspapers had come out with the news of his slated hanging on March 24th. It would be a very unfortunate day because on that day the new president of the Congress had to reach Karachi and there would be a lot of hot discussion. I explained to him that I had given a very careful thought to it but I did not find any basis to convince myself to commute the sentence. It appeared he found my reasoning weighty.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=103|ps=}}}}<br />
<br />
The [[Communist Party of Great Britain]] expressed its reaction to the case:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The history of this case, of which we do not come across any example in relation to the political cases, reflects the symptoms of callousness and cruelty which is the outcome of bloated desire of the imperialist government of Britain so that fear can be instilled in the hearts of the repressed people.{{sfnp|Rana|2005a|p=98|ps=}}}}<br />
<br />
A plan to rescue Singh and fellow HSRA inmates from the jail failed. HSRA member Durga Devi's husband, Bhagwati Charan Vohra, attempted to manufacture bombs for the purpose, but died when they exploded accidentally.<ref name=pragoti>{{cite web |url=http://www.pragoti.org/node/2114 |title=Bhagat Singh: A Perennial Saga Of Inspiration |access-date=28 October 2011 |date=27 September 2008 |publisher=Pragoti|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151107/http://www.pragoti.org/node/2114|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Execution ===<br />
[[File:BhagatSingh DeathCertificate.jpg|right|180px|Death certificate of Bhagat Singh|thumb]]<br />
Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev were sentenced to death in the Lahore conspiracy case and ordered to be hanged on 24 March 1931.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/bhagat-singh-death-warrant-martyrdom-anniversary-245441-2015-03-23|title=Read Bhagat Singh's death warrant on his 84th martyrdom anniversary (updated)|website=India Today|date=23 March 2015 |language=en|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> The schedule was moved forward by 11 hours and the three were hanged on 23 March 1931 at 7:30&nbsp;pm{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|pp=132–134|ps=}} in the [[Lahore]] jail. It is reported that no magistrate at the time was willing to supervise Singh's hanging as was required by law. The execution was supervised instead by an honorary judge named [[Nawab Muhammad Ahmed Khan Kasuri]], who also signed the three death warrants, as their original warrants had expired.<ref>{{cite news |first=Haroon |last=Khalid |title=In Bhagat Singh's memory |date=March 2010 |url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2010-weekly/nos-28-03-2010/she.htm#1 |work=[[Daily Jang]] |access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151305/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/mar2010-weekly/nos-28-03-2010/she.htm|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> <br />
<br />
After their bodies were hastily removed from the gallows, they were chopped into pieces, and stuffed into sacks. These sacks were then secretly taken out of the jail compound<ref>{{Cite web |last=Juss |first=Satvinder Singh |date=2021-03-23 |title=Bhagat Singh wasn't just hanged, but was chopped and stuffed in sacks |url=https://theprint.in/pageturner/excerpt/bhagat-singh-wasnt-just-hanged-but-was-chopped-and-stuffed-in-sacks/626392/ |access-date=2025-03-26 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref> and were cremated under cover of darkness outside [[Ganda Singh Wala]] village, and then the ashes were thrown into the [[Sutlej]] river, about {{convert|10|km|mi}} from [[Firozpur|Ferozepore]].<ref name="ferozepur.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/HUSSAINIWALA.html |title=National Martyrs Memorial, Hussainiwala |access-date=11 October 2011 |publisher=District Administration, Firozepur, Punjab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151411/http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/HUSSAINIWALA.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Criticism of the tribunal trial ====<br />
Singh's trial has been described by the Supreme Court as "contrary to the fundamental doctrine of criminal jurisprudence" because there was no opportunity for the accused to defend themselves.<ref name=supremecourt>{{cite web |url=http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/sciphoto/photo_m1.html |title=Supreme Court of India&nbsp;– Photographs of the exhibition on the "Trial of Bhagat Singh" |access-date=11 October 2011 |work=Supreme Court of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151530/http://www.supremecourtofindia.nic.in/sciphoto/photo_m1.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> The Special Tribunal was a departure from the normal procedure adopted for a trial and its decision could only be appealed to the Privy Council located in Britain.<ref name=ILJ /> The accused were absent from the court and the judgement was passed ''[[ex-parte]]''.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=96|ps=}} The ordinance, which was introduced by the Viceroy to form the Special Tribunal, was never approved by the Central Assembly or the British Parliament, and it eventually lapsed without any legal or constitutional sanctity.<ref name=rare>{{cite news |first=Chaman |last=Lal |title=Rare documents on Bhagat Singh's trial and life in jail |date=15 August 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2356959.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=31 October 2011 |location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151706/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2356959.ece|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Reactions to the executions ====<br />
[[File:The Tribune news report of Sardar Bhagat Singh's execution,1931.jpg|thumb|''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'' news report of Sardar Bhagat Singh's execution,1931.]]<br />
The executions were reported widely by the press, especially as they took place on the eve of the annual convention of the [[Indian National Congress|Congress party]] at [[Karachi]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian executions stun the Congress |date=25 March 1931 |work=The New York Times |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B11F83F5E1B7A93C7AB1788D85F458385F9 |access-date=11 October 2011 }}</ref> Gandhi faced black flag demonstrations by angry youths who shouted "Down with Gandhi".{{sfnp|Singh|2007|ps=}} ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|A reign of terror in the city of Cawnpore in the United Provinces and an attack on Mahatma Gandhi by a youth outside Karachi were among the answers of the Indian extremists today to the hanging of Bhagat Singh and two fellow-assassins.<ref>{{cite news|title=50 die in India riot; Gandhi assaulted as party gathers |date=26 March 1931 |work=The New York Times |url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0C15F93F5E1B7A93C4AB1788D85F458385F9|access-date=2011-10-11 |df=dmy}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
[[Hartal]]s and strikes of mourning were called.<ref>{{cite news |first=T. |last=Ramakrishnan |title=Tamil Nadu saw spontaneous protests after the hanging |date=22 August 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2379712.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=23 November 2011 |location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930151943/http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/op-ed/article2379712.ece|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> The Congress party, during the [[Karachi]] session, declared:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|While dissociating itself from and disapproving of political violence in any shape or form, this Congress places on record its admiration of the bravery and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh, Sukh Dev and Raj Guru and mourns with their bereaved families the loss of these lives. The Congress is of the opinion that their triple execution was an act of wanton vengeance and a deliberate flouting of the unanimous demand of the nation for commutation. This Congress is further of the opinion that the [British] Government lost a golden opportunity for promoting good-will between the two nations, admittedly held to be crucial at this juncture, and for winning over to methods of peace a party which, driven to despair, resorts to political violence.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=India: Naked to Buckingham Palace |date=6 April 1931 |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,741366-2,00.html |page=3 |access-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152125/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C741366-2%2C00.html |archive-date=30 September 2015 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
In the issue of ''Young India'' of 29 March 1931, Gandhi wrote:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Bhagat Singh and his two associates have been hanged. The Congress made many attempts to save their lives and the Government entertained many hopes of it, but all has been in a vain.<br /><br />
Bhagat Singh did not wish to live. He refused to apologise, or even file an appeal. Bhagat Singh was not a devotee of non-violence, but he did not subscribe to the religion of violence. He took to violence due to helplessness and to defend his homeland. In his last letter, Bhagat Singh wrote, "I have been arrested while waging a war. For me there can be no gallows. Put me into the mouth of a cannon and blow me off." These heroes had conquered the fear of death. Let us bow to them a thousand times for their heroism.<br />
<br />
But we should not imitate their act. In our land of millions of destitute and crippled people, if we take to the practice of seeking justice through murder, there will be a terrifying situation. Our poor people will become victims of our atrocities. By making a dharma of violence, we shall be reaping the fruit of our own actions.<br /><br />
Hence, though we praise the courage of these brave men, we should never countenance their activities. Our dharma is to swallow our anger, abide by the discipline of non-violence and carry out our duty.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rrtd.nic.in/bhagat%20singh.html |title=Bhagat Singh |access-date=2012-01-13 |publisher=Research, Reference and Training Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India, New Delhi|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152238/http://www.rrtd.nic.in/bhagat%20singh.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
==== Gandhi's role====<br />
On 23 March, [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatama Gandhi]] had written a letter to viceroy appealing for commutation for the death sentences against Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru.<ref>{{cite book|title=Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi|page=158|author=[[Stanley Wolpert]]|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001}}</ref> While there have been unfounded claims that Gandhi had an opportunity to stop Singh's execution, it is held that Gandhi did not have enough influence with the British to stop the execution, much less arrange it,<ref name="The Sunday Tribune">{{cite news |first=V.N. |last=Datta |title=Mahatma and the Martyr |date=27 July 2008 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080727/spectrum/main1.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152335/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080727/spectrum/main1.htm|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> but that he did his best to save Singh's life.<ref>{{cite news |first=Varun |last=Suthra |title=Gandhiji tried hard to save Bhagat Singh |date=16 December 2012 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111216/main7.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=14 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152449/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20111216/main7.htm|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Gandhi supporters assert that Singh's role in the independence movement was no threat to Gandhi's role as its leader, so he would have no reason to want him dead.<ref name=Vaidya /> Gandhi always maintained that he was a great admirer of Singh's patriotism. He also stated that he was opposed to Singh's execution (and for that matter, capital punishment in general) and proclaimed that he had no power to stop it.<ref name="The Sunday Tribune" /> Of Singh's execution Gandhi said: "The government certainly had the right to hang these men. However, there are some rights which do credit to those who possess them only if they are enjoyed in name only."{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p = [https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC&pg=PA140 140]|ps = }} Gandhi also once remarked about capital punishment: "I cannot in all conscience agree to anyone being sent to the gallows. God alone can take life, because he alone gives it."<ref>{{cite news |first=Rajindar |last=Sachar |title=Death to the death penalty |date=17 May 2008 |work=[[Tehelka]] |url=http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Op170508death_to.asp |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120913161434/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main39.asp?filename=Op170508death_to.asp |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=1 November 2011}}</ref> Gandhi had managed to have 90,000 political prisoners, who were not members of his [[Satyagraha]] movement, released under the [[Gandhi–Irwin Pact]].<ref name=Vaidya /> According to a report in the Indian magazine ''[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]]'', he did plead several times for the commutation of the death sentences of Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev, including a personal visit on 19 March 1931. In a letter to the Viceroy on the day of their execution, he pleaded fervently for commutation, not knowing that the letter would arrive too late.<ref name=Vaidya /> Lord Irwin, the Viceroy, later said:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|As I listened to Mr. Gandhi putting the case for commutation before me, I reflected first on what significance it surely was that the apostle of non-violence should so earnestly be pleading the cause of the devotees of a creed so fundamentally opposed to his own, but I should regard it as wholly wrong to allow my judgement to be influenced by purely political considerations. I could not imagine a case in which under the law, penalty had been more directly deserved.<ref name=Vaidya />}}<br />
<br />
== Ideals and opinions ==<br />
=== Communism ===<br />
Singh regarded [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], a founding-member of the [[Ghadar Party]] as his hero. Bhagat was also inspired by [[Bhai Parmanand]], another founding-member of the [[Ghadar Party]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Influence of Ghadar Movement on Bhagat Singh's Thought and Action |journal=Journal of Pakistan Vision |year=2008 |first=Harish K. |last=Puri |volume=9 |issue=2|url=http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/4-Harish%20Puri.pdf |access-date=18 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930152717/http://pu.edu.pk/images/journal/studies/PDF-FILES/4-Harish%20Puri.pdf|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref> Singh was attracted to [[anarchism]] and [[communism]].<ref name=Rao1997 /> He was an avid reader of the teachings of [[Mikhail Bakunin]] and also read [[Karl Marx]], [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Leon Trotsky]].<ref name=Adams /> In his last testament, "To Young Political Workers", he declares his ideal as the "Social reconstruction on new, i.e., Marxist, basis".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Singh|first1=Bhagat|title=To Young Political Workers|url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1931/02/02.htm|publisher=Marxists.org|access-date=13 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001153755/https://www.marxists.org/archive/bhagat-singh/1931/02/02.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> Singh did not believe in the [[Gandhism|Gandhian]] ideology – which advocated Satyagraha and other forms of non-violent resistance, and felt that such politics would replace one set of exploiters with another.<ref name=HINDUBSMP>{{cite news|title=Bhagat Singh an early Marxist, says Panikkar |date=14 October 2007 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/14/stories/2007101454130400.htm|access-date=1 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080115200414/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/14/stories/2007101454130400.htm|archive-date=15 January 2008 |url-status=dead |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><br />
<br />
From May to September 1928, Singh published a series of articles on [[anarchism]] in ''Kirti''. He was concerned that the public misunderstood the concept of anarchism, writing that: "The people are scared of the word anarchism. The word anarchism has been abused so much that even in India revolutionaries have been called anarchist to make them unpopular." He clarified that anarchism refers to the absence of a ruler and abolition of the state, not the absence of order. He went on to say: "I think in India the idea of universal brotherhood, the Sanskrit sentence ''[[Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam]]'' etc., has the same meaning." He believed that:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|The ultimate goal of Anarchism is complete independence, according to which no one will be obsessed with God or religion, nor will anybody be crazy for money or other worldly desires. There will be no chains on the body or control by the state. This means that they want to eliminate: the Church, God and Religion; the state; Private property.<ref name=Rao1997 />}}<br />
<br />
On 21 January 1930, during the trial of the Lahore Conspiracy Case, Bhagat Singh and his HSRA comrades, appeared in the court wearing red scarves. When the magistrate took his chair, they raised slogans "Long Live Socialist Revolution", "Long Live Communist International", "Long Live People" "Lenin's Name Will Never Die", and "Down with [[Imperialism]]".<ref name=NewsClick /> Bhagat Singh then read the text of a telegram in the court and asked the magistrate to send it to the [[Third International]]. The telegram stated:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote| On Lenin day we send harty greetings to all who are doing something for carrying forward the ideas of the great Lenin. We wish success to the great experiment Russia is carrying out. We join our voice to that of the international working class movement. The [[proletariat]] will win. [[Capitalism]] will be defeated. Death to [[Imperialism]].<ref name=NewsClick />}}<br />
<br />
Historian [[K. N. Panikkar]] described Singh as one of the early [[Marxist]]s in India.<ref name=HINDUBSMP /> The political theorist Jason Adams notes that he was more enamoured with Lenin than with Marx.<ref name=Adams /> From 1926 onward, he studied the history of the revolutionary movements in India and abroad. In his prison notebooks, he quoted Lenin in reference to imperialism and capitalism and also the revolutionary thoughts of Trotsky.{{sfnp|Rao|1997|ps=}}<br />
<br />
On the day of his execution, Bhagat Singh was reading the book, ''Reminiscences of Lenin'', authored by [[Clara Zetkin]], a German Marxist.<ref>{{cite news |title=Understanding Bhagat Singh, one writing at a time |url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2019/03/23/Understanding-Bhagat-Singh-one-writing-at-a-time.html |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=The Week |language=en}}</ref><ref name=NewsClick>{{cite news |title=How Russian Revolution Inspired Undivided India's Literary, Political Figures |url=https://www.newsclick.in/Russian-Revolution-Inspired-Undivided-India-Literary-Political-Figures |access-date=6 October 2020 |work=NewsClick |date=7 November 2019 |language=en}}</ref> When asked what his last wish was, Singh replied that he was studying the life of Lenin and he wanted to finish it before his death.<ref>{{cite web|author=Chinmohan Sehanavis |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article351.html |title=Impact of Lenin on Bhagat Singh's Life |work=Mainstream Weekly |access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930153113/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article351.html|archive-date=30 September 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Atheism ===<br />
Singh began to question religious ideologies after witnessing the Hindu–Muslim riots that broke out after Gandhi disbanded the [[Non-Cooperation Movement]]. He did not understand how members of these two groups, initially united in fighting against the British, could be at each other's throats because of their religious differences.{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=26}} At this point, Singh dropped his religious beliefs, since he believed religion hindered the revolutionaries' struggle for independence, and began studying the works of [[Mikhail Bakunin|Bakunin]], [[Vladimir Lenin|Lenin]], [[Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]]&nbsp;– all atheist revolutionaries. He also took an interest in [[Soham Swami]]'s book ''Common Sense''.{{efn|Singh incorrectly referred to [[Niralamba Swami]] as the author of the book, however Niralamba had only written the introduction.}}{{sfnp|Nayar|2000|p=27}}<br />
<br />
While in prison in 1930–31, Bhagat Singh was approached by [[Randhir Singh (Sikh)|Randhir Singh]], a fellow inmate, and a Sikh leader who would later found the [[Akhand Kirtani Jatha]]. According to Bhagat Singh's close associate Shiva Verma, who later compiled and edited his writings, Randhir Singh tried to convince Bhagat Singh of the existence of God, and upon failing berated him: "You are giddy with fame and have developed an ego that is standing like a black curtain between you and God".{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|pp=166–177|ps=}}{{efn|In his own account of the meeting though, Randhir Singh says that Bhagat Singh repented for giving up his religion and said that he did so only under the influence of irreligious people and in search of personal glory. Certain Sikh groups periodically attempt to reclaim Bhagat Singh as a Sikh based on Randhir Singh's writings.<ref name="FenechMcLeod2014">{{cite book|author1=Louis E. Fenech|author2=W. H. McLeod|author-link2=W. H. McLeod|title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64|year=2014|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1|page=64}}</ref>}} In response, Bhagat Singh wrote an essay entitled "[[Why I Am an Atheist]]" to address the question of whether his atheism was born out of vanity. In the essay, he defended his own beliefs and said that he used to be a firm believer in the Almighty, but could not bring himself to believe the myths and beliefs that others held close to their hearts.<ref>[https://scroll.in/article/715660/on-bhagat-singhs-death-anniversary-why-i-am-an-atheist On Bhagat Singh's death anniversary: 'Why I am an atheist']. scroll.in (23 March 2015)</ref> He acknowledged the fact that religion made death easier, but also said that unproven philosophy is a sign of human weakness.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|pp=166–177|ps=}} In this context, he noted:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|As regard the origin of God, my thought is that man created God in his imagination when he realised his weaknesses, limitations and shortcomings. In this way he got the courage to face all the trying circumstances and to meet all dangers that might occur in his life and also to restrain his outbursts in prosperity and affluence. God, with his whimsical laws and parental generosity was painted with variegated colours of imagination. He was used as a deterrent factor when his fury and his laws were repeatedly propagated so that man might not become a danger to society. He was the cry of the distressed soul for he was believed to stand as father and mother, sister and brother, brother and friend when in time of distress a man was left alone and helpless. He was Almighty and could do anything. The idea of God is helpful to a man in distress.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|pp=166–177|ps=}}}}<br />
<br />
Towards the end of the essay, Bhagat Singh wrote:<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Let us see how steadfast I am. One of my friends asked me to pray. When informed of my atheism, he said, "When your last days come, you will begin to believe." I said, "No, dear sir, Never shall it happen. I consider it to be an act of degradation and demoralisation. For such petty selfish motives, I shall never pray." Reader and friends, is it vanity? If it is, I stand for it.{{sfnp|Singh|Hooja|2007|pp=166–177|ps=}}}}<br />
<br />
=== "Killing the ideas" ===<br />
In the leaflet he threw in the Central Assembly on 8 April 1929, he stated: "It is easy to kill individuals but you cannot kill the ideas. Great empires crumbled, while the ideas survived."<ref>{{Cite web|last=India Today Web Desk|date=28 September 2016|title=Remembering Bhagat Singh: 14 facts on the revolutionary who ascended the gallows laughing|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/bhagat-singh-facts-343625-2016-09-28|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031193617/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/bhagat-singh-facts-343625-2016-09-28|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=12 July 2021|website=[[India Today (TV channel)]]|language=en}}</ref> While in prison, Singh and two others had written a letter to Lord Irwin, wherein they asked to be treated as prisoners of war and consequently to be executed by firing squad and not by hanging.<ref>{{cite news |first=Pamela |last=Philipose |title=Is this real justice? |date=10 September 2011 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/magazine/article2442039.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=20 November 2011 |location=Chennai, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001151534/http://www.thehindu.com/features/magazine/article2442039.ece|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> Prannath Mehta, Singh's friend, visited him in the jail on 20 March, three days before his execution, with a draft letter for clemency, but he declined to sign it.<ref name=Vaidya /><br />
<br />
== Influence ==<br />
[[File:Shaheed Bhagat Singh. Rewalsar, Himachal Pradesh.jpg|thumb|Wall painting of Singh, [[Rewalsar, India|Rewalsar]], Himachal Pradesh.]]<br />
[[Subhas Chandra Bose]] said that: "Bhagat Singh had become the symbol of the new awakening among the youths." Nehru acknowledged that Bhagat Singh's popularity was leading to a new national awakening, saying: "He was a clean fighter who faced his enemy in the open field&nbsp;... he was like a spark that became a flame in a short time and spread from one end of the country to the other dispelling the prevailing darkness everywhere".{{sfnp|Singh|2007|ps=}} Four years after Singh's hanging, the Director of the Intelligence Bureau, [[Horace Williamson]], wrote: "His photograph was on sale in every city and township and for a time rivaled in popularity even that of Mr. Gandhi himself".{{sfnp|Singh|2007|ps=}}<br />
<br />
== Legacy and memorials ==<br />
{{See also|Hussainiwala National Martyrs Memorial}}<br />
[[File:The President, Smt. Pratibha Patil honoring the renowned Sculptor, Shri Ram V. Sutar who prepared the statue of Shaheed Bhagat Singh, which is unveiled at Parliament House, in New Delhi on August 15, 2008.jpg|thumb|The then President, [[Pratibha Patil]] honoring the sculptor [[Ram V. Sutar]] who prepared the statue of Bhagat Singh, which is unveiled at the Parliament House of India, in New Delhi on 15 August 2008.]]<br />
Bhagat Singh remains a significant figure in Indian iconography to the present day.<ref name=Pinney /> His memory, however, defies categorisation and presents problems for various groups that might try to appropriate it. Pritam Singh, a professor who has specialised in the study of federalism, nationalism and development in India, notes that<br />
<br />
{{Blockquote|Bhagat Singh represents a challenge to almost every tendency in Indian politics. Gandhi-inspired Indian nationalists, Hindu nationalists, Sikh nationalists, the parliamentary Left and the pro-armed struggle Naxalite Left compete with each other to appropriate the legacy of Bhagat Singh, and yet each one of them is faced with a contradiction in making a claim to his legacy. Gandhi-inspired Indian nationalists find Bhagat Singh's resort to violence problematic, the Hindu and Sikh nationalists find his atheism troubling, the parliamentary Left finds his ideas and actions as more close to the perspective of the Naxalites and the Naxalites find Bhagat Singh's critique of individual terrorism in his later life an uncomfortable historical fact.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacw.net/article22.html |title=Book review: Why the Story of Bhagat Singh Remains on the Margins? |access-date=2011-10-29|last=Singh |first=Pritam |date=24 September 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001151416/http://www.sacw.net/article22.html|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref>}}<br />
<br />
The Governments formed by Hindu nationalist BJP has attempted to appropriate Bhagat Singh from his communist, atheistic roots and recast him as a Hindu icon.<ref>{{cite web | last=Salam | first=Ziya Us | title=Appropriation of an icon | website=The Hindu | date=11 March 2016 | url=https://www.thehindu.com/opinion/columns/Ziya_Us_Salam/Appropriation-of-an-icon/article59820532.ece | access-date=24 January 2026}}</ref><br />
<br />
* On 15 August 2008, an 18-foot tall bronze statue of Singh was installed in the [[Parliament of India]], next to the statues of [[Indira Gandhi]] and [[Subhas Chandra Bose]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Aditi |last=Tandon |title=Prez to unveil martyr's 'turbaned' statue |date=8 August 2008 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080808/nation.htm#16 |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=29 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001152945/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2008/20080808/nation.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> A portrait of Singh and Dutt also adorns the walls of the [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/picture_gallery/bk_dutt_1.asp |title=Bhagat Singh and B.K. Dutt|access-date=3 December 2011 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]], [[Parliament of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001151310/http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/picture_gallery/bk_dutt_1.asp|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[File:National Martyrs Memorial Hussainiwala closeup.jpg|thumb|The National Martyrs Memorial, built at Hussainiwala in memory of Bhagat Singh, [[Sukhdev Thapar|Sukhdev]], and [[Shivaram Rajguru|Rajguru]] ]]<br />
<br />
* Batukeshwar Dutt was cremated at Hussainiwala on 19 July 1965 in accordance with his last wishes, as was Singh's mother, Vidyawati.<ref name="tribuneindia.com" /> The National Martyrs Memorial was built on the cremation spot in 1968<ref>{{cite news |first=K.S. |last=Bains |title=Making of a memorial |date=23 September 2007 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070923/spectrum/main2.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=21 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001151150/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070923/spectrum/main2.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> and has memorials of Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev. During the [[1971 Indo-Pakistani War|1971 India–Pakistan war]], the memorial was damaged and the statues of the martyrs were removed by the Pakistani Army. They have not been returned<ref name="ferozepur.nic.in" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://ferozepur.nic.in/html/indopakborder.html |title=Retreat ceremony at Hussainiwala (Indo-Pak Border) |access-date=21 October 2011|publisher=District Administration Ferozepur, Government of Punjab}}</ref> but the memorial was rebuilt in 1973.<ref name="tribuneindia.com">{{cite news |title=Shaheedon ki dharti |date=3 July 1999 |work=The Tribune |location=India |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul03/saturday/regional.htm#3 |access-date=11 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150708/http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99jul03/saturday/regional.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
* The ''Shaheedi Mela'' (Punjabi: Martyrdom Fair) is an event held annually on 23 March when people pay homage at the National Martyrs Memorial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazfzpr5.htm |title=Dress and Ornaments |access-date=21 October 2011|work=Gazetteer of India, Punjab, Firozpur (First Edition) |year=1983 |publisher=Department of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150557/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gazfzpr5.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> The day is also observed across the Indian state of [[Punjab, India|Punjab]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Chander |last=Parkash |title=National Monument Status Eludes Building |date=23 March 2011 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/punjab.htm#9 |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=29 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150359/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/punjab.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
* The Shaheed-e-Azam Sardar Bhagat Singh Museum opened on the 50th anniversary of his death at his ancestral village, [[Khatkar Kalan]]. Exhibits include Singh's ashes, the blood-soaked sand, and the blood-stained newspaper in which the ashes were wrapped.<ref name=museum>{{cite news |first=Sarbjit |last=Dhaliwal |author2=Amarjit Thind |title=Policemen make a beeline for museum |date=23 March 2011 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/punjab.htm#2 |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=29 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150359/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110323/punjab.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> A page of the first Lahore Conspiracy Case's judgement in which Kartar Singh Sarabha was sentenced to death and on which Singh put some notes is also displayed,<ref name=museum /> as well as a copy of the ''[[Bhagavad Gita]]'' with Bhagat Singh's signature, which was given to him in the Lahore Jail, and other personal belongings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_jdr13.htm |title=Chapter XIV (f) |access-date=21 October 2011 |work=Gazetteer Jalandhar |publisher=Department of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150255/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/gaz_jdr13.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/Chapter%2015.htm |title=Chapter XV |access-date=21 October 2011 |work=Gazetteer Nawanshahr|publisher=Department of Revenue, Rehabilitation and Disaster Management, Government of Punjab|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150114/http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/Chapter%2015.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
* The Bhagat Singh Memorial was built in 2009 in Khatkar Kalan at a cost of {{INRConvert|168|m}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bhagat-singh-memorial-in-native-village-gets-go-ahead_100149026.html|title=Bhagat Singh memorial in native village gets go ahead|date=30 January 2009|publisher=[[Indo-Asian News Service]]|access-date=22 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001150011/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/bhagat-singh-memorial-in-native-village-gets-go-ahead_100149026.html|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
* The [[Supreme Court of India]] established a museum to display landmarks in the history of India's judicial system, displaying records of some historic trials. The first exhibition that was organised was the Trial of Bhagat Singh, which opened on 28 September 2007, on the centenary celebrations of Singh's birth.<ref name=supremecourt /><ref name=rare /><br />
<br />
=== Modern days ===<br />
[[File:Statues of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev.jpg|thumb|210px|[[Bhagat Singh Sukhdev Rajguru|Statues of Bhagat Singh, Rajguru and Sukhdev]] at the India–Pakistan Border, near [[Hussainiwala]]]]<br />
The youth of India still draw tremendous amount of inspiration from Singh.<ref>{{cite news |first=Sharmila |last=Ravinder |title=Bhagat Singh, the eternal youth icon |date=13 October 2011 |url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tiger-trail/entry/bhagath-singh-the-eternal-youth-icon |work=The Times of India |access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001145727/http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tiger-trail/bhagath-singh-the-eternal-youth-icon/|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Amit |last=Sharma |title=Bhagat Singh: Hero then, hero now |date=28 September 2011 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110928/cth1.htm#6 |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001145505/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110928/cth1.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> He was voted the "Greatest Indian" in a poll by the Indian magazine ''India Today'' in 2008, ahead of Bose and Gandhi.<ref>{{cite news |first=S. |last=Prasannarajan |title=60 greatest Indians |date=11 April 2008 |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20080421-60-greatest-indians-736022-2008-04-11 |work=[[India Today]] |access-date=7 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001152706/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/60%2Bgreatest%2BIndians/1/6964.html |archive-date=1 October 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> During the centenary of his birth, a group of intellectuals set up an institution named Bhagat Singh Sansthan to commemorate him and his ideals.<ref>{{cite news |title=In memory of Bhagat Singh |date=1 January 2007 |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070101/region.htm |work=The Tribune |location=India |access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001145058/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2007/20070101/region.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> The Parliament of India paid tributes and observed silence as a mark of respect in memory of Singh on 23 March 2001<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/session_journals/192/23032001.pdf |title=Tributes to Martyrs Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukhdev |access-date=3 December 2011 |date=23 March 2001 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]], [[Parliament of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426015706/http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/session_journals/192/23032001.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> and 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/session_journals/204/23032005.pdf |title=Tributes to Martyrs Bhagat Singh, Raj Guru and Sukhdev |access-date=3 December 2011 |date=23 March 2005 |publisher=[[Rajya Sabha]], [[Parliament of India]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426015242/http://rajyasabhahindi.nic.in/rshindi/session_journals/204/23032005.pdf |archive-date=26 April 2012 }}</ref> In Pakistan, after a long-standing demand by activists from the [[Bhagat Singh Memorial Foundation of Pakistan]], the Shadman Chowk square in Lahore, where he was hanged, was renamed as Bhagat Singh Chowk. This change was successfully challenged in a Pakistani court.<ref>{{ cite news |title=Bhagat Singh: 'Plan to rename chowk not dropped, just on hold'| date= 18 December 2012|url=http://tribune.com.pk/story/480973/bhagat-singh-plan-to-rename-chowk-not-dropped-just-on-hold/ |newspaper=The Express Tribune |access-date=26 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001144830/http://tribune.com.pk/story/480973/bhagat-singh-plan-to-rename-chowk-not-dropped-just-on-hold/|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=It's now Bhagat Singh Chowk in Lahore |date=30 September 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/its-now-bhagat-singh-chowk-in-lahore/article3951829.ece?homepage=true |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=2 October 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Anita |last=Joshua|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001144058/http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/its-now-bhagat-singh-chowk-in-lahore/article3951829.ece?homepage=true|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref> On 6 September 2015, the Bhagat Singh Memorial Foundation filed a petition in the Lahore high court and again demanded the renaming of the Chowk to Bhagat Singh Chowk.<ref name="BSMFP">{{cite news |title=Plea to prove Bhagat's innocence: Pak-based body wants speedy hearing |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/jalandhar/plea-to-prove-bhagat-singh-s-innocence-pak-based-body-wants-speedy-hearing-of-case/article1-1387844.aspx |date=6 September 2015 |work=Hindustan Times |access-date=8 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909151032/http://www.hindustantimes.com/jalandhar/plea-to-prove-bhagat-singh-s-innocence-pak-based-body-wants-speedy-hearing-of-case/article1-1387844.aspx |archive-date=9 September 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Films and television ====<br />
Several films have been made portraying the life and times of Singh. <br />
*1954: The first film based on his life was ''Shaheed-e-Azad Bhagat Singh'', in which [[Prem Adib|Prem Adeeb]] played the role of Singh.<br />
*1963: [[Shammi Kapoor]] starred as Bhagat Singh in ''Shaheed Bhagat Singh''.<br />
*1965: [[Manoj Kumar]] portrayed Bhagat Singh in ''[[Shaheed (1965 film)|Shaheed]]''.<br />
*1974: Som Dutt portrayed Singh in ''Amar Shaheed Bhagat Singh'' (1974).<br />
*1999: [[Gurdas Mann]] played the role of Singh in ''[[Shaheed Udham Singh (film)|Shaheed Udham Singh]]'', a film based on life of [[Udham Singh]].<br />
*2002: Three films about Singh were released – ''[[Shaheed-E-Azam]]''; ''[[23rd March 1931: Shaheed]]''; and ''[[The Legend of Bhagat Singh]]'' – in which Singh was portrayed by [[Sonu Sood]], [[Bobby Deol]] and [[Ajay Devgn]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/celebrities/story/dara-singhs-best-bollywood-moments-shaheed-bhagat-singh-109052-2012-07-12|title=Dara Singh's best Bollywood moments: Amar Shaheed Bhagat Singh|date=12 July 2012|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.freepressjournal.in/featured-blog/bhagat-singh-death-anniversary-7-movies-based-on-the-life-of-bhagat-singh/1241877|title=Bhagat Singh death anniversary: 7 movies based on the life of Bhagat Singh|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> <br />
*2002: ''Bhagat Singh'', a drama film directed by Anand Sagar and written/produced [[Ramanand Sagar]] was aired on [[DD National]]. It featured Deepak Dutta in the titular role.<ref>{{cite book |title=Bhagat Singh (Film, 2002) |oclc=51050970 }}</ref><br />
*2006: [[Siddharth (actor)|Siddharth]] played the role of Bhagat Singh in the film ''[[Rang De Basanti]]'', a film drawing parallels between revolutionaries of Bhagat Singh's era and modern Indian youth.<ref>{{cite news|first=Rajiv |last=Vijayakar |title=Pictures of Patriotism |date=19 March 2010 |publisher=[[Screen (magazine)|Screen]] |url=http://www.screenindia.com/news/pictures-of-patriotism/592527/ |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809025848/http://www.screenindia.com/news/pictures-of-patriotism/592527/ |archive-date=9 August 2010 }}</ref> <br />
*2008: [[Nehru Memorial Museum and Library]] (NMML) and [[ANHAD|Act Now for Harmony and Democracy]] (ANHAD), a non-profit organisation, co-produced a 40-minute documentary on Bhagat Singh entitled ''[[Inqilab]]'', directed by [[Gauhar Raza]].<ref>{{cite news |title=New film tells 'real' Bhagat Singh story |date=13 July 2008 |work=Hindustan Times |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/New-film-tells-real-Bhagat-Singh-story/Article1-323749.aspx |access-date=29 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015171306/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/cinema/New-film-tells-real-Bhagat-Singh-story/Article1-323749.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Documentary on Bhagat Singh |date=8 July 2008 |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/08/stories/2008070853690400.htm |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107072101/http://www.hindu.com/2008/07/08/stories/2008070853690400.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=7 November 2012 }}</ref><br />
*2018: In the independent film ''Shaheed-E-Aazam'' about freedom fighter [[Kamal Nath Tewari|Kamal Nath Tiwari]], Singh is played by Rahul Pathak.<br />
*2018: [[Karam Rajpal]] portrayed Bhagat Singh in [[Star Bharat]]'s television series ''[[Chandrashekhar (TV series)|Chandrashekhar]]'', which is based on life of Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter [[Chandra Shekhar Azad]].<br />
*2020: Rishabh Raj portrays Singh in ''Shaheed Chandrashekhar Azaad'', another film about Azad. <br />
*2021: [[Amol Parashar]] portrayed Singh in [[Sardar Udham]], another film based on Udham Singh's life.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/sardar-udham-presenting-amol-parashar-as-shaheed-bhagat-singh-2564597|title=Sardar Udham: Presenting Amol Parashar As Shaheed Bhagat Singh|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> <br />
*2022: [[Vivek Mishra]] plays Singh in the film ''[[Hero of Nation Chandra Shekhar Azad]]'' about Azad.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/ive-been-wanting-to-play-bhagat-singh-karam-rajpal/articleshow/64115143.cms|title=I've been wanting to play Bhagat Singh: Karam Rajpal|website=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=27 May 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2023 |title=Bollywood Actors Who Essayed The Role Of Bhagat Singh To Perfection |url=https://bollymints.com/articles/bollywood-actors-who-essayed-the-role-of-bhagat-singh-to-perfection |access-date=17 February 2024 |website=bollymints.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Theatre ====<br />
Singh, Sukhdev and Rajguru have been the inspiration for a number of plays in India and Pakistan, that continue to attract crowds.<ref>{{cite news |first=Chaman |last=Lal |title=Partitions within |date=26 January 2012 |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article2834265.ece |work=The Hindu |access-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501001753/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/theatre/article2834265.ece |archive-date=1 May 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Shreya |last=Ray |title=The lost son of Lahore |date=20 January 2012 |url=http://www.livemint.com/2012/01/20195956/The-lost-son-of-Lahore.html?h=B |work=[[Live Mint]] |access-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206121700/http://www.livemint.com/2012/01/20195956/The-lost-son-of-Lahore.html?h=B |archive-date=6 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Sanawar students dramatise Bhagat Singh's life |date=n.d. |url=http://www.dayandnightnews.com/2012/01/sanawar-students-dramatise-bhagat-singhs-life/ |work=Day and Night News |access-date=30 January 2012 |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140926022609/http://www.dayandnightnews.com/2012/01/sanawar-students-dramatise-bhagat-singhs-life/ |archive-date=26 September 2014 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Songs ====<br />
Although not written by Singh, the patriotic Hindustani songs, "[[Sarfaroshi Ki Tamanna]]" ("The desire to sacrifice") created by [[Bismil Azimabadi]],<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kl08TgBBxHIC&pg=PA213 |access-date=20 September 2016 |title=Ali Sardar Jafri |volume=685 |journal=Lokodaya Granthamala |editor-first=Anil |editor-last=Sehgal |publisher=Bharatiya Jnanpith |year=2001 |isbn=978-8-12630-671-8}}</ref> and "Mera Rang De Basanti Chola" ("O Mother! Dye my robe the colour of spring") created by [[Ram Prasad Bismil]],<ref>{{cite news |first=Yogendra |last=Bali |title=The role of poets in freedom struggle |date=August 2000 |publisher=[[Government of India]] |url=http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/faug2000/f070820002.html |work=Press Information Bureau |access-date=4 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130806001628/http://pib.nic.in/feature/feyr2000/faug2000/f070820002.html |archive-date=6 August 2013 }}</ref> are largely associated with him and have been used in a number of related films.<ref name="films">{{cite news |title=A non-stop show&nbsp;... |date=3 June 2002 |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/03/stories/2002060300500100.htm |access-date=28 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119084629/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2002/06/03/stories/2002060300500100.htm |work=[[The Hindu]] |archive-date=19 January 2012 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==== Other ====<br />
In 1968, a postage stamp was issued in India commemorating the 61st birth anniversary of Singh.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/B/BHAGAT%20SINGH%20AND%20FOLLOWERS |title=Bhagat Singh and followers |access-date=20 November 2011 |work=Indian Post |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415044545/http://www.indianpost.com/viewstamp.php/Alpha/B/BHAGAT%20SINGH%20AND%20FOLLOWERS |archive-date=15 April 2012 }}</ref> A ₹5 coin commemorating him was released for circulation in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Issue of coins to commemorate the occasion of "Shahid Bhagat Singh Birth Centenary"|url=https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=1155|website=rbi.org.in|publisher=Reserve Bank of India|access-date=1 October 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001143633/https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/English/Scripts/PressReleases.aspx?Id=1155|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Bhagat Singh : ideas on freedom, liberty and revolution : Jail notes of a revolutionary |date=2007 |publisher=Hope India |location=Gurgaon |isbn=9788178710563 |oclc=506510146 |ref=none }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |last2=Press |first2=General |title=Jail Diary and Other Writings |date=31 December 2019 |publisher=GENERAL PRESS |isbn=978-93-89716-06-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JV7HDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Ideas of a Nation: Singh, Bhagat |date=28 January 2010 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |isbn=978-81-8475-191-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q_Miirb-hsMC |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |last2=Press |first2=General |title=No Hanging, Please Shoot Us |date=2 October 2019 |publisher=GENERAL PRESS |isbn=978-93-89440-70-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3X2zDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=The Complete Writings of Bhagat Singh : Why I am an Atheist, The Red Pamphlet, Introduction to Dreamland, Letter to Jaidev Gupta ... and other works. |date=2020 |publisher=DXBooks |location=Chicago |isbn=9782291088691 |oclc=1153081094 }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Selected works of Bhagat Singh |date=2009 |publisher=Big Red Oak |isbn=978-1-4495-5861-1}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Śahīda Bhagata Siṃha : dastāvejoṃ ke āine meṃ |date=2007 |publisher=Prakāśana Vibhāga, Sūcanā aura Prasāraṇa Mantrālaya, Bhārata Sarakāra |location=Naī Dillī |isbn=9788123014845 |oclc=429632571 |ref=none }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Letter to my Father |date=15 August 2019 |publisher=Sristhi Publishers & Distributors |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1EawDwAAQBAJ |language=en}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Bhagatasiṃha ke rājanītika dastāveja |year=2008 |publisher=National Book Trust |isbn=978-81-237-5109-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9coVqeEebeIC |language=hi}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |title=Bhagat Singh ke siyāsī dastāvez |year=2010 |publisher=National Book Trust, India |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYjQxQEACAAJ |language=ur}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Lala Ram Saran Das Talwar]]<br />
* [[Dharam Singh Hayatpur]]<br />
* [[Harnam Singh Saini]]<br />
* [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]]<br />
* [[Udham Singh]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
=== Notes ===<br />
{{Notelist|refs=<br />
{{efn|name=birth|Whereas most sources state 27 September 1907 to be Bhagat Singh's birth date,<ref name=combined-birth-date-27-9><br />
* {{Citation|year=2021|chapter= Bhagat Singh|title=Encyclopedia Britannica|chapter-url= https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhagat-Singh|quote=Quick Facts <br/>Born: September 27, 1907, Lyallpur, western Punjab, India [now in Pakistan] <br/> Died: March 23, 1931, Lahore [now in Pakistan] (aged 23)}}<br />
* {{Cite ODNB|id=73519|last=Deol|first=Jeevan Singh|title=Singh, Bhagat [known as Bhagat Singh Sandhu]|year=2004|quote=Singh, Bhagat [known as Bhagat Singh Sandhu] (1907–1931), revolutionary and writer, was born in the village of Banga, Punjab, India (now in Pakistan) on 27 September 1907}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=NCERT (India)|title=Modern India: a textbook for Class XII|series=Textbooks from India|volume=18|location=New Delhi|publisher=National Council for Educational Research and Training|page=242|year=2004|oclc=838284530|isbn=9788174501295|url=https://archive.org/details/modern-india-satish-chandra-mittal-ncert/page/241/mode/2up|quote=Sardar Bhagat Singh was born in a place called Banga in Lyalpur district on 27 September 1907}}<br />
* {{Citation|last1=Singh|first1=Bhagat|last2=Gupta|first2=D. N.|title=Selected Writings|location=New Delhi|publisher=National Book Trust|year=2007|editor1-last=Gupta|editor1-first=D. N.|editor2-last=Chandra|editor2-first=Bipan|isbn=9788123749419|oclc=607855643|page=xi|url=https://archive.org/details/bhagatsinghselectspeechesandwritingsguptad.n._590_s/page/n11/mode/2up| quote=Bhagat Singh was born in a patriotic family on 27 September 1907 in the village Khatkar Kalan, tehsil Banga, district Jalandhar, though his father Sardar Kishen Singh had shifted to Lyallpur (now Faislabad in Pakistan) sometime before his birth.}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Singh|first=Bhagat|title=Words of Freedom: Ideas of a Nation|publisher = Penguin Books|year=2010|isbn=9780143068884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1nQTv8c6V90C&pg=PR10|quote=Bhagat Singh was born on 27 September 1907 in Lyallpur, Punjab into a family of revolutionaries. His uncles, Ajit Singh and Swaran Singh, as well as his father, Kishan Singh, were members of the Ghadar Party. (Swaran Singh was hanged in 1927, four years before his nephew, for his involvement in the Kakori train robbery of 1925.)}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Juss|first=Satvinder S.|title=Bhagat Singh: A Life in Revolution|publisher=Penguin Random House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSZ_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT30|year=2022|isbn=978-93-5492-674-7 |quote=Bhagat Singh was born on 27 September 1907 in a small village by the name of 'Banga'. It was then in the Lyallpur district of undivided ... Punjab. Today it is located in Pakistan under the new name of Faisalabad.}}<br />
** {{Cite book|last=Juss |first=Satvinder S. |title=Bhagat Singh: A Life in Revolution|publisher=Penguin Random House|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kSZ_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PT297|year=2022|isbn=978-93-5492-674-7|quote=At any rate, this is what Lajjawati appears to have said when she was interviewed for the oral history archive of the Nehru Memorial Museum & Library. The disclosure to Lala Feroz Chand of the bundle of documents enabled the publication of one of the writings of Bhagat Singh, namely, his celebrated, ‘Why I Am an Atheist’, on 27 September 1931. This was designed to coincide with what would have been Bhagat Singh's twenty-fourth birthday.}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Noorani|first=A. G.|author-link=A. G. Noorani|title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh: Politics of Justice|publisher = Oxford University Press|year=2001|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hmg-AQAAIAAJ|page=9|isbn=978-0-19-579667-4|quote=Bhagat Singh was born in the village Banga in Lyallpur, on September 27, 1907, in a family of revolutionaries and in a clime in which the spirit of revolt gripped a large number of people in the Punjab.}}<br />
* {{Citation|editor1-last=Dayal|editor1-first=Ravi|title=We Fought Together for Freedom: Chapters from the Indian National Movement|location=Delhi|publisher=Oxford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vSZuAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|page=139|isbn=978-0-19-563286-6|quote=Bhagat Singh was born on 27 September 1907 in the village of Banga in the Lyallpur district of Punjab (now in Pakistan) into a patriotic family.}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Singh|first=Fauja|title=Eminent Freedom Fighters of Punjab|publisher=Punjab University, Department of Punjab Historical Studies|year=1972|oclc=504464385|page=80|quote=Bhagat Singh He belongs to the front rank of Punjabi heroes martyred in the cause of national movement . ... He was born on September 27 , 1907.}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Aggarwal|first=Som Nath|title=The heroes of Cellular Jail: Study based on personal memoirs of Indian freedom fighters incarcerated in the Cellular Jail, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in connection with freedom movement, 1857-1945; includes a list of prisoners period-wise and state-wise|location=Patiala|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjab University|year=1995|isbn=9788173801075|oclc= 33970606|page=193|quote=In the Punjab , Lahore was once again agog with revolutionary activities and Bhagat Singh who was to become Shaheed - i - Azam in subsequent years was on the forefront . He was born on 27 September 1907 and belonged to village Khatkar}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Communist Party of India (Marxist) History Commission|location=New Delhi|publisher=CPI (M) Publications and LeftWord Books|year=2005|title=History of the Communist Movement in India: The Formative Years, 1920&ndash;1933|isbn=9788187496496|oclc=493429162|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KqLaAAAAMAAJ|page=231|quote=Bhagat Singh 1907-1931 One of the most outstanding revolutionaries of India, martyred at the age of 23. Born in a peasant family in Banga village of Lyallpur district of Punjab on September 27 , 1907}}<br />
</ref> some mention 28 September 1907.<ref name=sohi-parashar-birth><br />
* {{Citation|last=Sohi|first=Seema|title=Echoes of Mutiny: Race, Surveillance, and Indian Anticolonialism in North America|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=195|year=2014|isbn=978-0-19-939044-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x_D8AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT195|quote=... on March 23, 1931, twenty-three year old Bhagat Singh was hanged. Born on September 28, 1907, Bhagat Singh came from a family of freedom fighters}}<br />
* {{Citation|last=Parashar|first=Swati|chapter=Terrorism and the Postcolonial 'State'|title=Routledge Handbook of Postcolonial Politics|publisher=Routledge|editor1-first=Olivia U.|editor1-last=Rutazibwa|editor2-first=Robbie|editor2-last=Shilliam|year=2018|page=178|isbn=978-1-317-36939-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEBNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT178|quote=Footnote 2: Bhagat Singh (28 September 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian freedom fighter with socialist revolutionary leanings.}}</ref> Some others mention both 27 and 28 September in different contexts;<ref name=chaman-yates-moffat><br />
* {{Cite book|editor1-last=Lal|editor1-first=Chaman|editor2-last=Yates|editor2-first=Michael D.|title=The Political Writings of Bhagat Singh|date=9 January 2024 |publisher=NYU Press|page=34|isbn=978-1-68590-067-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PafoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|quote=Kumari Lajjawati, secretary of the Bhagat Singh Defence Committee and a Congress activist, frequently visited the Lahore jail to discuss the legal aspects of the case. In an interview with the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library's oral history cell, she said that she brought some papers given to her by Bhagat Singh, which she later showed to Feroze Chand, editor of ''The People'', Lala Lajpat Rai's well-established paper in Lahore. Feroze Chand was given the freedom to select whatever he wanted for publication in ''The People''. He did this and returned the rest to Lajjawati, who handed them over to Bejoy Kumar Sinha in 1938. From the papers he had, Feroze Chand published ‘Why I am an Atheist’ on 27 September 1931, Bhagat Singh's first birthday after his execution on 23 March of that same year.}}<br />
* {{Cite book |editor-last=Lal |editor-first=Chaman |editor-last2=Yates |editor-first2=Michael D. |title=The Political Writings of Bhagat Singh|date=9 January 2024 |publisher=NYU Press|page=127|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PafoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA127|isbn=978-1-68590-066-3| quote=Bhagat Singh wrote an impassioned letter to Bhai Randir Singh, and the latter agreed to meet. However, he implored the young revolutionary to renounce his atheism and embrace the religion in which he was raised. He claimed his word convinced Bhagat Singh to repent and return to the religious fold. But Bhagat Singh, understanding that what he said could be distorted after his death, soon wrote this famous essay, so that people would know what he really believed. This was done in October 1930, and the essay was published in ''The People'' on 27 September 1931, the first birth anniversary of Bhagat Singh after his execution.<Footnote 1: Bhagat Singh's birth anniversary is now widely accepted to fall on 28 September>}}<br />
** {{Cite book |editor-last=Lal |editor-first=Chaman |editor-last2=Yates |editor-first2=Michael D. |title=The Political Writings of Bhagat Singh|date=9 January 2024|publisher=NYU Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PafoEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12|page=12|isbn=978-1-68590-066-3 |quote=Bhagat Singh is a legend, but how he became one needs to be understood. He was born on 28 September 1907 in the village of Chak No. 105, Lyallpur Bange, as it was called in those days, which is now in Faisalabad, Pakistan, which itself was formerly known as Lyallpur.}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last=Moffat|first=Chris|title=India's Revolutionary Inheritance: Politics and the Promise of Bhagat Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=128|year=2019|isbn=978-1-108-49690-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFR-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA128|quote=According to the scholar Chaman Lal, Lajjawati showed the contents of the bundle to Lala Feroz Chand, editor of The People. For Lal, this explains how the essay ‘Why I Am an Atheist’ came to appear in the Lahore weekly on 27 September 1931, selected from the smuggled documents and published near to what would have been the revolutionary's twenty-fourth birthday.}}<br />
** {{Cite book|last=Moffat |first=Chris |title=India's Revolutionary Inheritance: Politics and the Promise of Bhagat Singh|publisher=Cambridge University Press|page=210|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LFR-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210|year=2019|isbn=978-1-108-49690-2|quote=Solitude characterizes the biographies of all three sites. Each structure is relegated from the rhythms of everyday experience due to poor accessibility: Khatkar Kalan is a small village in rural Punjab, Hussainiwala, an outpost on the border with Pakistan, and the Lok Sabha grounds have been highly securitized since militant attacks on the complex in December 2001. Crowds gather at the first two sites on special occasions — the 23 March death anniversary or 28 September birth anniversary, specifically — but visitors are otherwise infrequent. }}</ref> One scholar has suggested that 27 September was widely celebrated in India as Bhagat Singh's birthday until the turn of the 21st century when [[Google]]'s celebration of its founding on that day began to critically affect Indian media's coverage of the birthday.<ref name=phanjoubam-2016>{{citation|last=Phanjoubam|first=Pradip|title=The Northeast Question: Conflicts and frontiers|location=London and New York|publisher=Routledge|year=2016|isbn=978-1-138-95798-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YBStCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|quote=Consider this. 27 September is the birthday of Google. This day is also the birthday of well-known and respected Indian freedom fighter Bhagat Singh, though some claim 28 September to be his birthday. For all the years after Indian independence, Bhagat Singh's birthday was what the Indian media remembered on 27 September, with the union government's Directorate of Advertising and Visual Publicity (DAVP) issuing large eulogising display advertisements ahead of the day, reminding the nation of the day's significance in the Indian independence movement and nation-building. But by the turn of the twenty-first century, amidst the excitement of changes brought about by the liberalisation of the Indian economy and its consequent growing integration with the global market, all major Indian news channels and newspapers began enthusiastically remembering Google, carrying features on this phenomenon of the digital age for days, and in the process, virtually marginalised the memory of Bhagat Singh to the periphery of the media's, and therefore, the public's consciousness.}}</ref>}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
=== Citations ===<br />
<references><br />
<ref name=Adams>{{citation |url=http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=3225&lang=en |first=Jason |last=Adams |title=Asian Anarchism: China, Korea, Japan & India |publisher=Raforum.info |year=2005 |access-date=28 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001143403/http://raforum.info/article.php3?id_article=3225&lang=en|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Dam>{{citation |title=Presidential Legislation in India: The Law and Practice of Ordinances |first=Shubhankar |last=Dam |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-107-72953-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RvxGAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA44|page=44}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Friend>{{citation |last=Friend|first=Corinne |title=Yashpal: Fighter for Freedom – Writer for Justice |journal=Journal of South Asian Literature |volume=13 |issue=1 |year=1977 |pages=65–90 [69–70]|jstor=40873491}} {{subscription required}}</ref><br />
<!-- <ref name=Govind>{{citation|last=Govind|first=Nikhil|title=Between Love and Freedom: The Revolutionary in the Hindi Novel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Hk9BAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-317-55975-7|pages=56–57}}</ref> --><br />
<ref name=ILJ>{{citation |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh |journal=India Law Journal |url=http://www.indialawjournal.com/volume1/issue_3/bhagat_singh.html |volume=1 |issue=3 |date=July–September 2008 |access-date=11 October 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001142717/http://indialawjournal.com/volume1/issue_3/bhagat_singh.html|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Lal>{{citation |last=Lal |first=Chaman |title=April 8, 1929: A Day to Remember |date=11 April 2009 |url=http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1283.html |work=Mainstream |access-date=14 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001142556/http://www.mainstreamweekly.net/article1283.html|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Mittal>{{citation |last1=Mittal|first1=S.K. |last2 = Habib|first2=Irfan |title=The Congress and the Revolutionaries in the 1920s |author-link2=Irfan Habib |journal=Social Scientist |volume=10 |issue=6 |date=June 1982 |pages=20–37 |jstor=3517065|doi=10.2307/3517065 }} {{subscription required}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Pinney>{{citation |last=Pinney |first=Christopher |year=2004 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8hhXq7hpzSwC |title='Photos of the Gods': The Printed Image And Political Struggle in India |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-86189-184-6|pages=117, 124–126}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Rao1997>{{citation |last=Rao |first=Niraja |date=April 1997 |title=Bhagat Singh and the Revolutionary Movement |journal=Revolutionary Democracy |volume=3 |issue=1 |access-date=18 November 2011|url=http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv3n1/bsingh.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001141654/http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv3n1/bsingh.htm|archive-date=1 October 2015}}</ref><br />
<ref name=s380>{{citation |title=Punjab Reconsidered: History, Culture, and Practice |editor1-first=Anshu |editor1-last=Malhotra |editor2-first=Farina |editor2-last=Mir |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-807801-2 |chapter=Bhagat Singh: A Politics of Death and Hope |first=Simona |last=Sawhney |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198078012.003.0054 |publisher=Oxford University Press|page=380}}</ref><br />
<ref name=Vaidya>{{citation |title=Historical Analysis: Of means and ends |journal=[[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]] |date=27 April 2001 |first=Paresh R. |last=Vaidya |volume=18 |issue=8|url=http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1808/18080910.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070829191713/http://www.frontlineonnet.com/fl1808/18080910.htm |archive-date=29 August 2007 |access-date=9 October 2013}}</ref><br />
</references><br />
<br />
=== Works cited and bibliography ===<br />
{{Refbegin|colwidth=40em}}<br />
* {{citation |last1=Bakshi |first1=S.R. |last2=Gajrani |first2=S. |last3=Singh |first3=Hari |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |volume=10: Modern India |publisher=Sarup & Sons |location=New Delhi |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7fXK3DiuJ5oC |isbn=978-8176255370 }}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Datta |first=Vishwanath |year=2008 |title=Gandhi and Bhagat Singh |publisher=Rupa & Co. |isbn=978-81-291-1367-2 }}<br />
* {{citation|last=Gaur|first=I.D.|title=Martyr as Bridegroom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC4C3KcgCv0C|year=2008|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-84331-348-9}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Grewal|first=J.S.|title=The Sikhs of the Punjab|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_nryFANsoYC|year=1998|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63764-0}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Gupta|first=Amit Kumar |title=Defying Death: Nationalist Revolutionism in India, 1897–1938 |journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |issue=9/10 |date=September–October 1997 |pages=3–27 |jstor=3517678|doi=10.2307/3517678 }} {{subscription required}}<br />
* {{Cite book|last2=Singh|first2=Bhagat|last1=Habib|first1=Irfan S.|author-link1=Irfan Habib|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JoIMAQAAMAAJ|year=2007|title=To make the deaf hear: ideology and programme of Bhagat Singh and his comrades|publisher=Three Essays Collective|isbn=978-81-88789-56-6}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=MacLean|first1=Kama|title=A revolutionary history of interwar India : violence, image, voice and text|date=2015|publisher=OUP|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-021715-0}}<br />
* {{citation|last1=Maclean|first1=Kama|last2=Elam|first2=J. David|title=Revolutionary Lives in South Asia: Acts and Afterlives of Anticolonial Political Action|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnSFCwAAQBAJ|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-63712-7}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Moffat|first=Chris|editor1-first=Kama|editor1-last=Maclean|editor2-first=J. David|editor2-last=Elam|title=Revolutionary Lives in South Asia: Acts and Afterlives of Anticolonial Political Action|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TnSFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73|year=2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-63712-7|pages=73–89|chapter=Experiments in political truth}}<br />
* {{cite book |title=Changing Homelands |first=Neeti |last=Nair |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-674-05779-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o-NoCp9Lc24C }}<br />
* {{citation |title=Bhagat Singh as 'Satyagrahi': The Limits to Non-violence in Late Colonial India |journal=[[Modern Asian Studies]] |date=May 2009 |first=Neeti |last=Nair |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=649–681 |jstor=20488099 |doi=10.1017/S0026749X08003491 |s2cid=143725577 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Nayar |first=Kuldip |author-link=Kuldip Nayar |year=2000 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bG9lA6CrgQgC |title=The Martyr Bhagat Singh: Experiments in Revolution |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |isbn=978-81-241-0700-3 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last=Noorani |first=Abdul Gafoor Abdul Majeed |title=The Trial of Bhagat Singh: Politics of Justice |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2001 |orig-year=1996 |isbn=978-0-19-579667-4}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005a |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PEwJQ6_eTEUC |title=Bhagat Singh |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-288-0827-2 }}<br />
* {{citation |last=Rana |first=Bhawan Singh |year=2005b |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sudu7qABntcC |title=Chandra Shekhar Azad (An Immortal Revolutionary of India) |publisher=Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. |isbn=978-81-288-0816-6 }}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Shalini|title=Radical Politics in Colonial Punjab: Governance and Sedition|date=2010|publisher=Routledge|location=London|isbn=978-0-415-45688-3}}<br />
* {{citation |last2=Hooja |first2=Bhupendra |last1=Singh |first1=Bhagat |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OAq4N60oopEC |title=The Jail Notebook and Other Writings |publisher=LeftWord Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-81-87496-72-4 }}<br />
* {{citation |title=Review article |journal=Journal of Punjab Studies |date=Fall 2007 |first=Pritam |last=Singh |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=297–326 |access-date=8 October 2013 |url=http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_14_2/review_article.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001140644/http://www.global.ucsb.edu/punjab/journal_14_2/review_article.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2015 }}<br />
* {{cite book |last2=Singh |first2=Trilochan |last1=Singh |first1=Randhir |author-link1=Randhir Singh (Sikh)<br />
|title=Autobiography of Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh: freedom fighter, reformer, theologian, saint and hero of Lahore conspiracy case, first prisoner of Gurdwara reform movement |publisher=Bhai Sahib Randhir Singh Trust |year=1993}}<br />
* {{citation|last=Tickell|first=Alex|title=Terrorism, Insurgency and Indian-English Literature, 1830–1947|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wJhD6My4tR0C|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-61840-6}}<br />
* {{cite book|last1=Waraich|first1=Malwinder Jit Singh|title=Bhagat Singh: The Eternal Rebel|date=2007|publisher=Publications Division|location=Delhi|isbn=978-8123014814}}<br />
* {{cite book |last2=Sidhu |first2=Gurdev Dingh |last1=Waraich |first1=Malwinder Jit Singh<br />
|title=The hanging of Bhagat Singh : complete judgement and other documents |publisher=Unistar |location=Chandigarh |year=2005}}<br />
{{Refend}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
{{Sister project links|d=Q377808|c=category:Bhagat Singh|s=author:Bhagat Singh|n=no|b=no|wikt=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|species=no}}<br />
* [http://www.shahidbhagatsingh.org/ Bhagat Singh biography, and letters written by Bhagat Singh]<br />
* [http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?208908 His Violence Wasn't Just About Killing], ''[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]''<br />
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2011/20110508/edit.htm#1 The indomitable courage and sacrifice of Bhagat Singh and his comrades will continue to inspire people], ''[[Tribune India|The Tribune]]''<br />
* [https://www.thequint.com/news/world/pakistans-bhagat-singh-tracing-the-martyrs-footsteps-in-lahore Tracing the Martyr's Footsteps in Lahore], ''[[The Quint]]''<br />
{{Indian independence movement}}<br />
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Singh, Bhagat}}<br />
[[Category:1907 births]]<br />
[[Category:1931 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century executions by British India]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century Indian murderers]]<br />
[[Category:Attacks on legislatures in India]]<br />
[[Category:Executed anarchists]]<br />
[[Category:Executed communists]]<br />
[[Category:Executed Indian revolutionaries]]<br />
[[Category:Former Sikhs]]<br />
[[Category:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association]]<br />
[[Category:Indian anarchists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian anti-capitalists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian atheism activists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian communists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian hunger strikers]]<br />
[[Category:Indian nationalists]]<br />
[[Category:People executed by British India by hanging]]<br />
[[Category:People executed for murdering police officers]]<br />
[[Category:People from Jaranwala]]<br />
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]<br />
[[Category:Revolutionary movement for Indian independence]]<br />
[[Category:Stateless nationalists in Asia]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moksham&diff=518312Moksham2026-03-03T21:16:43Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: stub - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{short description|1997 Indian film}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=December 2020}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Moksham<br />
| image = <br />
| caption =<br />
| director = Beypore Mani<br />
| producer = K. P. Venu<br />
| writer = Beypore Mani<br />
| narrator =<br />
| starring = Madhu<br/>[[V. K. Sreeraman]]<br />
| music = Baiju Anchal<br />
| cinematography = Beypore Mani<br />
| editing = K. R. Bose<br />
| studio = Om Cine Creations<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|1997}}<br />
| runtime =<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = [[Malayalam]]<br />
| budget =<br />
| gross =<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Moksham''''' ({{Translation|Salvation}}) is a 1997 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language drama film written and directed by Beypore Mani.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.msidb.org/m.php?7647| title=Moksham |publisher= Malayalam Movie Database|access-date=28 September 2014}}</ref> The film won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Children's Film]] in 1997.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/beypore-mani-dead/article5728000.ece|title=Beypore Mani dead|date=26 February 2014|access-date=16 November 2021|website=Thehindu.com}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Madhu (actor)|Madhu]]<br />
* Mamukoya<br />
* [[V. K. Sreeraman]]<br />
* Nithin<br />
* [[Thodupuzha Vasanthi]]<br />
* Thiruthiyadu Vilasini<br />
* Dayana<br />
* Simla<br />
* Gracy<br />
* Athira<br />
* Suhas<br />
* Sudhi<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The music was composed by Baiju Anchal.<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|-<br />
! Track name !! Singers !! Lyrics<br />
|-<br />
| "Kani Thinnaan Vaa" || Lakshmi Rangan || K Jayakumar<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1997 films]]<br />
[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1997 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam-language drama films]]<br />
[[Category:1997 drama films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{1990s-Malayalam-film-stub}}</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarkar_(2005_film)&diff=474424Sarkar (2005 film)2026-03-03T11:57:37Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: quick update</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian political crime thriller film}}<br />
{{for|the Tamil film|Sarkar (2018 film)}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2013}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Sarkar<br />
| image = Sarkar 2005 poster.jpg<br />
| caption = Theatrical release poster<br />
| director = [[Ram Gopal Varma]]<br />
| producer = [[Parag Sanghvi]]<br/>Ram Gopal Varma<br />
| writer = [[Manish Gupta (director)|Manish Gupta]]<br />
| starring = {{Plainlist|<br />
*[[Amitabh Bachchan]]<br />
*[[Abhishek Bachchan]]<br />
*[[Kay Kay Menon]]<br />
}}<br />
| music = '''Songs:'''<br/>[[Bapi{{endash}}Tutul]]<br/>Prasanna Shekhar<br/>'''Score:'''<br/>[[Amar Mohile]]<br />
| cinematography = [[Amit Roy]]<br />
| editing = Nitin Gupta<br/>Amit Parmar<br />
| studio = RGV Film Company<br />
| distributor = [[K Sera Sera|KSS Limited]]<br/>[[Sahara Movie Studios|Sahara One Motion Pictures]]<br />
| released = {{Film date|2005|7|1|df=y}}<br />
| runtime = 123 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR|140 million}}<ref name=BOI>{{cite web |title=Sarkar – Movie |url=https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=396 |publisher=[[Box Office India]] |access-date=9 November 2018}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR|393 million}}<ref name="BOI" /><br />
}}<br />
'''''Sarkar''''' ({{translation|Leader}}) is a 2005 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Political cinema|political]] [[crime drama]] film directed by [[Ram Gopal Varma]]. The film stars [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]], [[Kay Kay Menon]], [[Katrina Kaif]], [[Tanishaa|Tanishaa Mukerji]], [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]], and [[Anupam Kher]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/30sarkar.htm|title=Sarkar is just Godfather, dumbed-down|author=Raja Sen |work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=30 June 2005}}</ref> It is the first installment of [[Sarkar (film series)|the ''Sarkar'' film series]].<br />
<br />
An unofficial remake of ''[[The Godfather]]''; it spawned two sequels: ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' (2008) and ''[[Sarkar 3]]'' (2017). ''Sarkar'' was premiered at the [[New York Asian Film Festival]] and released in India on 1 July 2005.<ref name="David">{{cite web|author=David|date=16 June 2006|title=The Films of Ram Gopal Varma – An Overview|url=http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/?p=1202|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725153007/http://www.cinemastrikesback.com/?p=1202|archive-date=25 July 2009|access-date=22 February 2009|publisher=Cinema Strikes Back}}</ref> The film is preserved at the [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|American Academy of Motion Pictures library]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sarkar Raj makes it to the Academy of Motion Pictures library |url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/news/box-office-special-features/2008-30-screens-in-u-k/ |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|access-date=9 August 2011 |date=2 August 2008}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
Subhash Nagre, who is known by his followers as Sarkar, lives in [[Mumbai]]. The opening scenes show a rape victim's father approaching Sarkar for justice (which the corrupt law and order system has failed to deliver), which Sarkar promptly establishes by having the rapist beaten up by his henchmen. His son Vishnu plays a sleazy producer who is more interested in the film actress Sapna than his wife Amrita. Sarkar's other, more upright son Shankar returns from the United States with his love Pooja after completing his education there. Pooja's doubts about Sarkar's image eventually cause Shankar, who firmly believes in his father's righteousness, to break up with her.<br />
<br />
One day, a [[Dubai]]-based don, Rasheed, tries to strike a deal with Sarkar; he promptly refuses on moral grounds and also forbids him from doing it himself. Rasheed tries to eliminate Sarkar's supremacy with the help of Selvar Mani, Sarkar's former associate, MLA Vishram Bhagat, and Swami Virendra. Meanwhile, they trap Sarkar by assassinating a righteous, upright, [[Ahimsa|Ahinsa]] political leader and an outspoken critic of Sarkar, Motilal Khurana, and frame Sarkar for the murder. Everyone, including Vishnu, believes that Sarkar is guilty, but Shankar has deep faith in his father. Sarkar is arrested and imprisoned. Shankar now takes over the position of Sarkar temporarily. On learning of a plot to murder his father in prison, he approaches the police commissioner and asks him to arrange stronger security for his father, only for the commissioner to mock Shankar and his father beside not providing protection. Shankar gets a feeling that the police commissioner wants Sarkar to get murdered. Shankar and Khansaab, one of Sarkar's men, try to ask Mani for help to prevent possible murder, but Mani ultimately betrays them when he reveals that he is in an alliance with Rasheed. Rasheed prepares to kill Shankar and Khansaab, but only Khansaab is killed when he decides to sacrifice himself for Shankar. By the time Shankar reaches the prison and appropriate action is taken, the attempt on Sarkar's life is already made. Sarkar is later acquitted. He remains bedridden as Shankar takes on Sarkar's enemies.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Mani, Swami, Vishram, and Rasheed try to convince Vishnu to murder Sarkar. Vishnu was previously expelled from Sarkar's house because he had murdered the actor who was having an affair with Sapna. Vishnu returns home pretending to have repented. When he approaches Sarkar in the dark of the night with the intent of murdering him, Shankar foils his plan and later kills him. Shankar eliminates Rasheed, Vishram, and Selvar Mani. He also succeeds in making Swami his puppet. Shankar has also realised that Chief Minister Madan Rathod was really behind everything; Rasheed and everyone else were merely pawns. This results in legal action against Rathod. The closing scenes show a woman approaching Shankar for justice to a fake encounter of her husband by the police and calling Shankar the Sarkar, while Subhash is busy with family.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{colbegin}}<br />
* [[Amitabh Bachchan]] as Subhash Nagre alias "Sarkar"<br />
* [[Abhishek Bachchan]] as Shankar Nagre, Sarkar's younger son<br />
* [[Kay Kay Menon]] as Vishnu Nagre, Sarkar's elder son<br />
* [[Supriya Pathak]] as Pushpa Nagre, Sarkar's wife<br />
* [[Katrina Kaif]] as Pooja Chauhan, Shankar's girlfriend (voice dubbed by [[Mona Ghosh Shetty]])<br />
* [[Tanishaa]] as Avantika, Shankar's wife<br />
* [[Rukhsar Rehman|Rukhsar]] as Amrita Nagre, Vishnu's wife<br />
* [[Anupam Kher]] as Motilal Khurana<br />
* [[Kota Srinivasa Rao]] as Selvar Mani<br />
* [[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]] as Rashid<br />
* [[Raju Mavani]] as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] Vishram Bhagat<br />
* [[Jeeva (Telugu actor)|Jeeva]] as Virendra Swami<br />
* [[Deepak Shirke]] as [[Chief Minister of Maharashtra|CM]] Madan Rathod, Sarkar's best friend and confidant<br />
* [[Anant Jog]] as Police Commissioner<br />
* [[Ishrat Ali]] as Bochya<br />
* Saurabh Dubey as Pooja's father<br />
* [[Ravi Kale]] as Chander, Sarkar's right-hand man<br />
* [[Virendra Saxena]] as Girl's father<br />
* Carran Kapoor as a hero in Vishnu's film<br />
* [[Nisha Kothari]] as a heroine in Vishnu's film<br />
* Narendra Sachar as IG Police<br />
* Mangal Kenkre as Shoba<br />
* Shivam Shetty as Bhushan<br />
* Chintan Atul Shah as Shivaji Nagre alias "Cheeku", [[Sarkar 3|Vishnu's son and Sarkar's grandson]]<br />
{{colend}}<br />
<br />
== Production ==<br />
''Sarkar''<nowiki/>'s director Ram Gopal Varma was deeply influenced by the [[Francis Ford Coppola]]'s Hollywood classic ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972), which he mentions in the opening credits of the film. He changed the film's setting to modern-day [[Mumbai]].<ref name="koimoi.com">{{Cite web|date=2015-04-15|title=Hindi Movies That Have Been Inspired, Remade Or Simply Lifted From Hollywood|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-popular/hindi-movies-that-have-been-inspired-remade-or-simply-lifted-from-hollywood/|access-date=2021-12-06|website=Koimoi}}</ref><ref name="Tiasa Bhowal">{{Cite magazine|author=Tiasa Bhowal |date=8 July 2021 |title=Is Ram Gopal Varma's Sarkar a fitting tribute to The Godfather? On Throwback Thursday|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/standpoint/story/is-ram-gopal-varma-s-sarkar-a-befitting-tribute-to-the-godfather-on-throwback-thursday-1821698-2021-07-01|access-date=2021-12-06|magazine=India Today}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
{{Infobox album<br />
| name = Sarkar<br />
| type = soundtrack<br />
| artist = [[Bapi{{endash}}Tutul]] and Prasanna Shekhar<br />
| cover = <br />
| alt = <br />
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2005|06|27}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/sarkar-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/1138123175 |title=Sarkar (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |date=27 June 2005 |publisher=[[iTunes Store]]}}</ref><br />
| recorded = <br />
| venue = <br />
| studio = <br />
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]<br />
| length = 33:35<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| label = [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]<br />
| producer = <br />
| prev_title = <br />
| prev_year = <br />
| next_title = <br />
| next_year = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Bapi–Tutul]] and Prasanna Shekhar with lyrics written by [[Sandeep Nath]].<br />
<br />
{{Track listing<br />
| headline = Tracklist<br />
| extra_column = Singer(s)<br />
| title1 = Deen Bandhu<br />
| extra1 = Reeta Ganguly<br />
| length1 = 4:36<br />
| title2 = Deen Bandhu Theme<br />
| extra2 = <br />
| length2 = 4:24<br />
| title3 = Govinda – Song<br />
| extra3 = [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Kailash Kher]], Bapi, Tutul<br />
| length3 = 2:59<br />
| title4 = Govinda – Trance<br />
| extra4 = Bapi, Tutul, Janaki<br />
| length4 = 3:25<br />
| title5 = Jitni Oochaeeyan<br />
| extra5 = Krishna, Farhad<br />
| length5 = 3:27<br />
| title6 = Mujhe Jo Sahi Lagta Hai<br />
| extra6 = [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Kailash Kher]]<br />
| length6 = 3:03<br />
| title7 = Sam Dam Bhed<br />
| extra7 = [[Kailash Kher]]<br />
| length7 = 3:29<br />
| title8 = Shaher, Shaher Ke Hazaron Sawal<br />
| extra8 = [[Kailash Kher]]<br />
| length8 = 3:54<br />
| title9 = The Govinda Omen<br />
| extra9 = [[Choir]]<br />
| length9 = 1:58<br />
| title10 = The Want For Power<br />
| extra10 = Krishna, Farhad, Prasana Shekhar<br />
| length10 = 2:04<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
<br />
Raja Sen of ''[[Rediff]]'' said that the film "had the potential to be great. It turns out to be passable."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2005/jun/30sarkar.htm |title=Sarkar is just Godfather, dumbed-down |work=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> Taran Adarsh of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' praised the movie saying that, "''Sarkar'' is without doubt an interesting film. The story, its execution, the performances, the drama… The outcome leaves you spellbound." but criticized the slow pacing of the film and gave it a rating of 3.5 out of 5.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/sarkar/critic-review/sarkar-movie-review/ |title=Sarkar Review by Taran Adarsh |website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|date=July 2005 }}{{Rating|3.5|5}}</ref> William Thomas of ''[[Empire Online]]'' gave the film a rating of 4 out of 5 saying that, "Constructed with flair and crackling with intelligence, this is one of the most edgiest and grittiest releases to come out of Bollywood in years."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/sarkar/review/ |title=Sarkar Review – The Bollywood version of the Godfather. |date=11 August 2023 |publisher=[[Empire Online]]}}{{Rating|4|5}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Accolades ==<br />
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"<br />
|-<br />
! scope="col"| Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organizations are in alphabetical order.}}<br />
! scope="col"| Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}<br />
! scope="col"| Category<br />
! scope="col"| Recipient(s)<br />
! scope="col"| Result<br />
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Bollywood Movie Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="6"| 10 June 2006<br />
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
| ''Sarkar'' – {{sort|Parag|[[Parag Sanghvi]]}}, {{sort|Varun|Varun Sanghvi}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bollywoodawards.com/winba9.php |title=Nominees of Bollywood Movie Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061103084940/http://bollywoodawards.com/nominees.php |archive-date=3 November 2006 |access-date=6 July 2021 |website=Bollywood Movie Awards |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| {{sort|Varma|[[Ram Gopal Varma]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Abhishek|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[Bollywood Movie Award – Best Villain|Best Villain]]<br />
| {{sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| {{sort|Hussain|[[Zakir Hussain (actor)|Zakir Hussain]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Editing<br />
| {{sort|Gupta|Nitin Gupta}}, {{sort|Parmar|Amit Parmar}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="4"| [[Filmfare Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="4"| [[51st Filmfare Awards|25 February 2006]]<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| {{sort|Varma|[[Ram Gopal Varma]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="4"| <ref>{{cite news|url=http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1406387.cms |title=The 51st Filmfare Awards 2006 Nominations |work=The Times of India |access-date=7 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070708210551/http://filmfareawards.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1406387.cms |archive-date=8 July 2007}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://zeenews.india.com/home/winners-of-the-51st-filmfare-awards_277404.html |title=Winners of the 51st Filmfare Awards |publisher=Zee News |date=22 February 2006 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425121303/https://zeenews.india.com/home/winners-of-the-51st-filmfare-awards_277404.html |archive-date=25 April 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Amitabh|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Abhishek|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]<br />
| {{sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="2"| [[International Indian Film Academy Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| [[7th IIFA Awards|15–17 June 2006]]<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Amitabh|[[Amitabh Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/05/06/1196/index.html |title=IIFA 2006 Nominees |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=6 May 2006 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111224556/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/05/06/1196/index.html |archive-date=11 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060618/world.htm |title='Black' bags major IIFA awards |work=The Tribune |agency=Press Trust of India |location=Dubai, United Arab Emirates |date=18 June 2006 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911224255/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20060618/world.htm |archive-date=11 September 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[IIFA Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Abhishek|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row"| [[Producers Guild Film Awards]]<br />
| 21 January 2006<br />
| Best Editing<br />
| {{sort|Gupta|Nitin Gupta}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_winners.html |title=2nd Apsara Producers Guild Awards Winners |access-date=9 September 2020 |website=Producers Guild Film Awards |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109200917/http://apsaraawards.org/2nd_apsara_awards_winners.html |archive-date=9 November 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="6"| [[Screen Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="6"| 11 January 2006<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| {{sort|Varma|[[Ram Gopal Varma]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="6"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/03/925/index.html |title=Nominations for 12th Annual Screen Awards |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=3 January 2006 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110120649/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/03/925/index.html |archive-date=10 January 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]<br />
| {{sort|Abhishek|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Actor in a Negative Role|Best Actor in a Negative Role]]<br />
| {{sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]<br />
| {{sort|Mohile|[[Amar Mohile]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Screen Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
| {{sort|Gupta|Nitin Gupta}}, {{sort|Parmar|Amit Parmar}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Sound<br />
| {{sort|Mehta|Kunal Mehta}}, {{sort|Lalwani|Parikshit Lalwani}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" rowspan="9"| [[Zee Cine Awards]]<br />
| rowspan="9"| 4 March 2006<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Film|Best Film]]<br />
| ''Sarkar'' – {{sort|Varma|[[Ram Gopal Varma]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
| style="text-align:center;" rowspan="9"| <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/27/981/index.html |title=Zee Cine Awards 2006 nominations |website=Bollywood Hungama |publisher=IndiaFM News Bureau |date=27 January 2006 |access-date=6 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061117120517/http://www.indiafm.com/features/2006/01/27/981/index.html |archive-date=17 November 2006 |url-status=dead}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bizasialive.com/black-dominates-zee-cine-awards-2006/ |title=Black dominates ZEE Cine Awards 2006 |website=BizAsia |date=4 March 2006 |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Director|Best Director]]<br />
| rowspan="2"| {{sort|Varma|[[Ram Gopal Varma]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male|Best Actor in a Supporting Role – Male]]<br />
| {{sort|Abhishek|[[Abhishek Bachchan]]}}<br />
| {{won}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role|Best Performance in a Negative Role]]<br />
| {{sort|Menon|[[Kay Kay Menon]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Female Debut|Most Promising Debut – Female]]<br />
| {{sort|Kaif|[[Katrina Kaif]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]<br />
| {{sort|Mohile|[[Amar Mohile]]}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| [[Zee Cine Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]<br />
| {{sort|Gupta|Nitin Gupta}}, {{sort|Parmar|Amit Parmar}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
| Best Sound<br />
| {{sort|Mehta|Kunal Mehta}}, {{sort|Lalwani|Parikshit Lalwani}}<br />
| {{nom}}<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==Remake==<br />
A [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] remake, titled ''[[Rowdy (2014 film)|Rowdy]]'', was made replacing the background of Marathi politics with that of Rayalaseema Factionism. Veteran actor [[Mohan Babu]] reprised the role portrayed by [[Amitabh Bachchan]], while his son, [[Vishnu Manchu]], reprised the role played by Abhishek Bachchan. ''Rowdy'' released on 4 April 2014 to positive reviews from critics, but was a moderate commercial success, grossing approximately {{Indian rupee}}8 crores in its theatrical run.<br />
<br />
==Sequel==<br />
A sequel titled ''[[Sarkar Raj]]'' was released on 6 June 2008 with [[Amitabh Bachchan]], [[Abhishek Bachchan]] (who reprise their roles from the original) with [[Aishwarya Rai Bachchan]]. [[Supriya Pathak]], [[Tanishaa|Tanishaa Mukerji]] and [[Ravi Kale]] also reprised in their respective roles from ''Sarkar''. The film released on 6 June 2008, was both critically and commercially successful.<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
<br />
* ''[[The Godfather]]'' (1972) by [[Francis Ford Coppola]] from which this ''Sarkar's'' story and lead characters are adapted and have similarities.<ref name="koimoi.com"/><ref name="Tiasa Bhowal"/><br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
{{notelist}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
* {{IMDb title|0432047|Sarkar}}<br />
<br />
{{Ram Gopal Varma}}<br />
{{The Godfather}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sarkar (Film)}}<br />
[[Category:Indian sequel films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]<br />
[[Category:Bal Thackeray]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:Films set in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Indian political thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2005 crime drama films]]<br />
[[Category:2005 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:2005 crime thriller films]]<br />
[[Category:2005 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Amar Mohile]]<br />
[[Category:Amit Roy]]<!--Cinematographer of the film--><br />
[[Category:Films about dysfunctional families]]<br />
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Ram Gopal Varma]]<br />
[[Category:Works based on The Godfather]]<br />
[[Category:Films about father–son relationships]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on American crime novels]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on organized crime novels]]<br />
[[Category:Films about families]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on adaptations]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Mumbai]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jajantaram_Mamantaram&diff=460616Jajantaram Mamantaram2026-03-03T11:47:54Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: general cleanup intro for clarity and added references</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Jajantaram Mamantaram<br />
| image = Jajantaram mamantaram.jpg<br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = Theatrical Release Poster<br />
| director = Soumitra Ranade<br />
| producer = Arunima Roy<br />
| writer = Soumitra Ranade (story)<br>Yogesh Vinayak Joshi (script and dialogues)<br />
| screenplay = Soumitra Ranade<br />
| story = Soumitra Ranade<br />
| based_on = [[Gulliver’s Travels]] by [[Jonathan Swift]]<br />
| narrator = <br />
| starring = [[Jaaved Jaffrey]]<br>[[Gulshan Grover]]<br />
| music = [[Sriram Parasuram|Three Brothers And A Violin]]<br />
| cinematography = Joginder Panda<br />
| editing = Aseem Sinha<br />
| studio = iDream Production<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2003|5|30}}<br />
| runtime = 114 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Hindi<br />
| budget = {{INR|8.5 [[crore]]}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20030929-boom-time-for-bollywood-as-new-directors-niche-films-multiplexes-bring-in-fresh-change-792137-2003-09-28|title=Boom time for Bollywood as new directors, niche films, multiplexes bring in fresh change|website=[[India Today]]|date=29 September 2003|author-link=Kaveree Bamzai|last=Bamzai|first=Kaveree|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224151533/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20030929-boom-time-for-bollywood-as-new-directors-niche-films-multiplexes-bring-in-fresh-change-792137-2003-09-28|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=581|title=Jajantaram Mamantaram - Movie - Box Office India|website=boxofficeindia.com|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=6 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406092212/https://www.boxofficeindia.com/movie.php?movieid=581|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
| gross = {{INR|5.7 crore}}<ref name="auto"/><br />
}}<br />
'''Jajantaram Mamantaram''' is a 2003 Indian [[Fantasy film|fantasy]] [[action comedy film]] written and directed by Soumitra Ranade and produced by Arunima Roy.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/21intro.htm |title=Size does Matter|website=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=24 October 2012 |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924142315/http://www.rediff.com/movies/2003/may/21intro.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The film is based on [[Jonathan Swift]]'s 1726 novel ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Now, an Indian Gulliver's Travels|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030608/spectrum/main6.htm|accessdate=13 November 2012|newspaper=Sunday Tribune|date=8 June 2003|archive-date=18 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518061724/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030608/spectrum/main6.htm|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
The film follows the journey of Aditya, a young man who finds himself transported to a mystical island inhabited by miniature people. Encountering a world beyond his imagination, Aditya embarks on a series of adventures, navigating through the challenges and wonders of the tiny civilization. Along the way, he forms unexpected friendships and confronts adversaries, all while striving to find his way back home.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
* [[Javed Jaffrey]] as Aditya Pandit<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaaved-jaaferi-recalls-challenges-of-shooting-india-s-own-superhero-film-jajantaram-mamantaram-on-its-20th-anniversary-101685356423814.html|title=20 years of Jajantaram Mamantaram:Jaaved Jaaferi recalls how he had to deliver dialogues looking at matchsticks|date=29 May 2023|website=Hindustan Times|access-date=13 January 2024|archive-date=13 January 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240113191710/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/jaaved-jaaferi-recalls-challenges-of-shooting-india-s-own-superhero-film-jajantaram-mamantaram-on-its-20th-anniversary-101685356423814.html|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
* [[Gulshan Grover]] as Chattan Singh<br />
* Joy Fernandes as Jhamunda<br />
* [[Manav Kaul]] as Jeran<br />
* [[Madhura Velankar]] as Rajkumari Amolhi<br />
* Nishith Dadhich as Bantul<br />
* Dilip Joglekar as Bhoopati<br />
* Kavita Murkar as Chotu's mother<br />
* [[Dipannita Sharma]] as Jalpari<br />
<br />
== Soundtrack ==<br />
Soundtrack was composed by [[Sriram Parasuram|Three Brothers and Violin]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://open.spotify.com/album/1SeN3tqWMB1KTg6lLKwMLN|title = Jajantaram Mamantaram (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|website = [[Spotify]]|date = 15 February 2013|access-date = 4 April 2022|archive-date = 4 April 2022|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220404180652/https://open.spotify.com/album/1SeN3tqWMB1KTg6lLKwMLN|url-status = live}}</ref><br />
*Mil gaye yaro ab hum - Udit narayan<br />
*Gumsum Gumsum – Nihay, Madhumitha, Tanmay<br />
*Rambam - Usha Uthup<br />
*Chaal hain - Gulshan Grover<br />
<br />
==Reception==<br />
[[Taran Adarsh]] of [[IndiaFM]] gave the film 1.5 out of 5, writing, "On the whole, J2M2 leaves you wondering if this really is 'josh ka naya mantram'. The film might appeal to a section of the audience [kids], but a universal appeal is ruled out. Also, a difficult-to-pronounce title will only go against it. However, excellent promotion by iDream may salvage the show to an extent in big cities."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jajantaram-mamantram/critic-review/jajantaram-mamantram-movie-review/|title=Jajantaram Mamantram Review|first=Taran|last=Adarsh|date=30 May 2003|access-date=24 February 2024|archive-date=24 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240224151531/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/jajantaram-mamantram/critic-review/jajantaram-mamantram-movie-review/|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*{{IMDb title|0368811}}<br />
<br />
{{Gulliver's Travels}}<br />
<br />
{{authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:2003 films]]<br />
[[Category:2003 action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2003 Hindi-language films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian action comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian children's comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Indian fantasy comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:Films based on Gulliver's Travels]]<br />
[[Category:Films shot in Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:2003 comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s children's comedy films]]<br />
[[Category:2000s fantasy comedy films]]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{2000s-Hindi-film-stub}}<br />
{{2000s-comedy-film-stub}}</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gubbi&diff=460076Gubbi2026-03-03T07:27:18Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: enhanced formatting based on references and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Copy edit|date=February 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Gubbi<br />
| native_name = <br />
| native_name_lang = kn<br />
| other_name =<br />
| settlement_type = [[Town]]<br />
| image_skyline = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = <br />
| nickname = <br />
| pushpin_map = India Karnataka<br />
| pushpin_label_position = right<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Karnataka, India<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Karnataka]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru]]<br />
| established_title =<br />
| established_date = <br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| parts_type = [[Taluka]]s<br />
| parts = Gubbi<br />
| government_type = Town Panchayath <br />
| governing_body = <br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 6.67<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = <br />
| population_total = <br />
| population_as_of = <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_rank = <br />
| population_demonym = <br />
| demographics_type1 = Languages<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +5:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 572216<br />
| area_code = 91-(0)8131<br />
| area_code_type = Telephone code<br />
| registration_plate = <br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Nearest city<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = Tumakuru<br />
| website = {{URL|www.gubbitown.mrc.gov.in}}<br />
| footnotes = <br />
| coordinates = {{coord|13|18|43|N|76|56|23|E|type:city_region:IN|display=inline,title}}<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Kannada]]<br />
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Lok Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank2_info_sec1 = Tumakuru<br />
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Vidhan Sabha]] constituency<br />
| blank3_info_sec1 = Gubbi<br />
}}<br />
[[File:GubbiChennabasaveshwaraSwamy.jpg|thumb|Gosala Shree Chennabasaveshwara Swamy]]<br />
'''Gubbi''', formerly known as '''Amaragonda''', is a town located in the [[Tumakuru district|Tumakuru District]] of Karnataka, India. It lies 20&nbsp;km from [[Tumakuru]] and 90&nbsp;km from [[Bengaluru]] along NH-206 (BH Road). Gubbi ULB (Urban Local Bodies) contains 17 wards and an equal number of councilors. The population of Gubbi was 18,446 in 2011, and it has an area of 6.67 sq.&nbsp;km.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5538-gubbi-tumkur-karnataka.html |title=Census 2011 |access-date=12 January 2017 |archive-date=13 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113140550/http://www.census2011.co.in/data/subdistrict/5538-gubbi-tumkur-karnataka.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Gubbi is famous for the Gosala Sri Channabasaveshwara Swamy Temple of the Veerashaiva sect<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jjvlk.com/temples|title=Welcome to JJVLK|website=jjvlk.com|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=19 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190219155151/http://www.jjvlk.com/temples|url-status=live}}</ref> and Sri Chidambarashrama. [[S. R. Srinivas]] represents Gubbi at the Karnataka Legislative Assembly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chidambarashrama.org/eng/aboutashram.htm|title=Chidambara Ashrama, Gubbi|website=www.chidambarashrama.org|access-date=10 March 2019|archive-date=19 December 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219023114/http://chidambarashrama.org/eng/aboutashram.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
{{OSM Location map <!--These parameters are the only essential items--><br />
| coord = {{coord|13.3095743|76.9400698}} <!--latitude and longitude - e.g. as a +/- decimal. --><br />
| zoom = 15 <!--(1=whole world, 18=a street)--><br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Economy==<br />
Because of its good transport infrastructure – it has a railway station and a [[National highways of India|national highway]] ([[NH 206]]) – Gubbi is a major business hub for smaller neighboring villages and towns. It also has a [[Sanātana Dharma|Sanatana Dharma]] Centre called Chidambarashrama, which was founded in 1940 by the famous saint Sri Chidambara Swamiji.<br />
<br />
==Education==<br />
Gubbi has a number educational institutes such as the Government Junior College <!-- original end of sentence: which provides students with education up to degree level.<br />
<br />
Couldn't figure out what that meant -->.<br />
Gubbi also has schools affiliated with boards like<br />
Priya English School (state board),<br />
Shubodaya School (state board),<br />
Venkateshwara School (state board),<br />
Vivekananda Vidya Peeta (state board),<br />
CIT public School (CBSE),<br />
Green Wood International School (CBSE),<br />
Bhoomi Public School (ICSE),<br />
Government Junior College for Girls, <br />
Stella Marys English School (state) and,<br />
Chidambara Public School (state).<br />
<br />
==History==<br />
===Tradition===<br />
Gubbi was founded in the 16th century by the [[Vokkaliga#Nonaba Vokkaliga|Nonaba Vokkaliga]] Chief of Hosahalli.<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|author-link=|date=1973|title=Census of India, 1971: Series 14: Mysore, Part 6, Issue 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzMrL1BVKTMC&q=honnappa+according+to+tradition|location=India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General, Manager of Publications|page=251|isbn=|quote=Gubbi : This town is said to have been founded during the 16th century by the Gowda Chief of Hosahalli and named as Amaragondapura . He claimed descent from Honnappa, hereditary chief of the Nonaba Vokkaligas.|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109181923/https://books.google.com/books?id=RzMrL1BVKTMC&q=honnappa+according+to+tradition|url-status=live}}</ref> It is named after a traditional belief that two gubbachchis (sparrows), which used to listen to Amaragunda Mallikarjuna, a [[Lingayat|Virashaiva]] saint, expound the [[Puranas]], fell dead on the day that the exposition was concluded.<ref>{{cite book|last=|first=|author-link=|date=1973|title=Census of India, 1971: Series 14: Mysore, Part 6, Issue 1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RzMrL1BVKTMC&q=honnappa+according+to+tradition|location=India|publisher=Office of the Registrar General, Manager of Publications|page=251|isbn=|quote=According to tradition, this is a holy place where Amaragunda Mallikarjuna, a Virasaiva saint ( contemporary of Basavesvara ) is supposed to have lived for some time . It is stated that two gubbachchis or sparrows, which used to listen to him when expounding the Puråņas, fell dead on the day that the exposition was concluded . Thenceforward the place acquired the name Gubbi, which has been Sanskritised into Chatakapuri.|access-date=17 November 2021|archive-date=9 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231109181923/https://books.google.com/books?id=RzMrL1BVKTMC&q=honnappa+according+to+tradition|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
Swami Sri Chidambara was a saint extraordinary in the Chidambara tradition, like his mentor, Swami Narayana Bhagawan, a great sage. Born in 1889, he was closely associated with Sri Narasimha Swamiji and Sri Radhakrishna Swamiji. He walked to the Himalayas several times and performed penance there. He was persuaded by his esteemed friend and disciple, Professor T S Venkannaiah, to stay in Karnataka to serve the society. He established Chidambarashrama at Gubbi in 1940, combining spirituality with social service at a place known to him to be an ancient Durga Kshetra. He consecrated his Upasana Deva Sri Dattatreya and the ancient Maruti deity for spreading Sanatana dharma and Vedic education. The ashram has the rare combination of Sri Dattatreya and Anjaneya and is known as Dattanjaneya Kshetra.<br />
<br />
===Thomas Hodson's Description of Gubbi===<br />
[[File:Goobee Mission Cottage (Hodson, 1877, p.46) - Copy.jpg|thumb|260px|Goobee Mission Cottage, 1837 (Hodson, 1877, p.46)<ref name=OldDaniel>{{cite book|last1=Hodson|first1=Thomas|title=Old Daniel, or, Memoir of a converted Hindoo : with observations on mission work in the Goobbe circuit and description of village life in India|date=1877|publisher=Wesleyan Conference Office|location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/olddanielormemoi00hodsiala/page/78 78]|url=https://archive.org/details/olddanielormemoi00hodsiala|access-date=23 November 2015}}</ref>]]<br />
The Mission Station at Gubbi was started in April 1837, by [[Thomas Hodson]] and his wife. Initially, they lived in tents, but over time they built mud cottages with thatched roofs (see figure). The mud walls of the house were 6&nbsp;ft. high, and the house had a few small rooms. The house was cool during the hot seasons, but leaked in the rain. Hodson noted in his description of Gubbi the low, flat land, a well irrigated from a tank, and a paddy. He also described large clumps of trees and tracts of uncultivated land which were used as common pasture for sheep and cows, as well as shepherd boys, who usually had a hand-made flute and played a sweet tone. Deer were commonly seen outside the mission house.<br />
<br />
===William Arthur's Description of Gubbi===<br />
The following description of Gubbi in the early/mid 19th century was narrated by [[William Arthur (minister)|William Arthur]] in his book ''A Mission to the Mysore, with Scenes and Facts Illustrative of India, its People, and its Religion''. It was published in 1847.<br />
<br />
Gubbi was located about 60 miles NW of [[Bangalore]] and had a population of between 6000 and 7000 people. The town people traded items such as coffee, grains, and betel-nut, which were purchased from [[Nagara, Karnataka|Nuggur]] ([[Nayakas of Keladi|Bednore]]) and sold in the markets of Bangalore and [[Walajapet|Wallajanuggur]] ([[Vellore]]). The residents were prosperous from this trade and town had a weekly market. At that time, the exchange rate for the British Indian Rupee was 2 British shillings (BINR 10 = British £1). Labour was cheap, costing as little as BINR 3 (6 British Shillings) a month. The cost of grains, spices, and rent were minimal, and the fuel used for cooking was cow dung. Generally 1 meal was cooked hot and eaten, and the other meal eaten cold. A man with BINR 10 was comfortable, one with BINR 20 respectable, one with BINR 50 was prosperous, and one with BINR 100 was wealthy. However, the cost of living and salaries were much higher in British Indian cities.<br />
<br />
Gubbi, like other Indian cities, was surrounded by a mud wall used to repel wild beasts and thugs. The term town (oor) applied only to places with both a market and a wall, village (hully) was one with a wall but not a market, hamlet (palya) consisted of houses with neither market or wall, and city (patna) was the seat of power. Villages had only 1 gate, towns 2 gates at opposite ends. Gubbi had 2 main streets, intersected with minor streets. At one end of the mud fort lived rich merchants. On the other side of the village, which was avoided by the higher caste, lived lower caste people. There was a clear demarcation between higher castes and lower castes, with higher caste people refusing to cross into what they considered a polluted land (p.&nbsp;189-191).<ref name=Arthur>{{cite book|last1=Arthur|first1=William|title=A Mission To The Mysore With Scenes And Facts Illustrative Of India, Its People And Its Religion|date=1850|publisher=Partridge and Oakey|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/missiontomysorw00arth/page/189 189]–191|url=https://archive.org/details/missiontomysorw00arth|access-date=24 November 2015}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== William Arthur Memorial Church ===<br />
[[File:William Arthur Church.jpg|thumb|300px|William Arthur Church]]<br />
{{Main|William Arthur Memorial Church, Gubbi}}<br />
The William Arthur Memorial Church is located on the Bangalore-Honavar Road at Gubbi Town, about 80&nbsp;km from Bangalore. It was named after [[William Arthur (minister)|William Arthur]], an Irish [[Wesleyan]] missionary and [[Kannada|Canarese]] scholar who served in Gubbi. The church is painted turquoise blue and built in a Gothic style, and was completed in 1904.<ref name=Brinda>{{cite web|first1=Poorna|last1=Sharma|last2=Brinda|title=Back of the Blog – William Arthur Memorial Church in Gubbi|url=http://traveltwosome.com/blog/india-scrapbook-william-arthur-memorial/|website=Word Press|access-date=14 December 2015|date=29 October 2012}}{{Dead link|date=January 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Sharma>{{cite web|last1=Sharma|first1=Poornima|title=Back of the Blog - William Arthur Memorial Church in Gubbi|url=http://travelorvisitindia.blogspot.com.au/2012/10/back-of-blog-william-arthur-memorial.html|website=Travel To India|access-date=14 December 2015|date=29 October 2012|archive-date=22 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222155251/http://travelorvisitindia.blogspot.com.au/2012/10/back-of-blog-william-arthur-memorial.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The present structure, which replaced the old Gubbi Chapel, was built by [[Thomas Hodson]] and [[William Arthur (minister)|William Arthur]].<ref name=Taggart>{{cite book|last1=Taggart|first1=Norman W|title=William Arthur: first among Methodists|date=31 July 1993|publisher=Epworth Press|isbn=0716204894|page=13|edition=1st}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Hoblis in Gubbi==<br />
There are six hoblis in Gubbi taluk including [[Hagalavadi]], Chelur, Nitturu, Gubbi (Kasaba hobli), Kadaba and C. S. Pura.<br />
<br />
== Transport ==<br />
<br />
=== Rail ===<br />
Gubbi has a railway station (Gubbi railway station). It lies on [[Bangalore-Arsikere-Hubli line]].<br />
<br />
==Notable people==<br />
{{alumni|residents|date=December 2020}}<br />
*[[Gubbi Veeranna]], theatre personality<br />
*[[Salumarada Thimmakka]], environmentalist <br />
*[[Chi. Udayashankar]], Kannada film lyricist<br />
*[[Nirmalananda Swamiji]]<br />
*[[G. S. Paramashivaiah]]<br />
*[[G. N. Lakshmipathy]]<br />
*Nishkam, a Karma Yogi Jeevanmuktha Swami Chidambara<br />
*Karm, a Yogi SPujya Shiva Chidambara Gurugalu<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
*[[Hagalavadi]]<br />
*[[Bukkapatna]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160109175929/http://gubbitown.gov.in/ Official website of Gubbi Town Panchayath]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Cities and towns in Tumakuru district]]<br />
[[Category:Tumkur]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thalattu_Ketkuthamma&diff=540224Thalattu Ketkuthamma2026-03-03T05:03:03Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: creating info - done</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}<br />
{{Infobox film<br />
| name = Thalattu Ketkuthamma<br />
| image = Thalattu Ketkuthamma.jpg<br />
| caption = Poster<br />
| director = [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil film director)|Raj Kapoor]]<br />
| producer = Vijayalakshmi Srinivasan<br />Kanchana Sivaraman<br />
| writer = Raj Kapoor<br />
| starring = {{ubl|[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]]|[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]}}<br />
| music = [[Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
| cinematography = [[B. R. Vijayalakshmi]]<br />
| editing = [[B. Lenin]]<br />[[V. T. Vijayan]]<br />
| studio = [[Sivaji Productions]]<br />
| distributor = <br />
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1991|11|5}}<br />
| runtime = 150 minutes<br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Tamil<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Thalattu Ketkuthamma''''' ({{translation|Can you hear the lullaby?}}) is a 1991 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[Drama (film and television)|drama film]] directed by [[Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)|Raj Kapoor]] in his directorial debut. The film stars [[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] and [[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]]. It was released on 5 November 1991. The film was remade in Telugu as ''[[Chittemma Mogudu]]'' (1992).{{Citation needed|date=September 2023}}<br />
<br />
==Plot==<br />
<br />
Raasaiyya, a young man, wants to get married as soon as possible and he compels his uncle. His cousin Pechiamma is an immature tomboy. After seeing her friend Valli dying while delivering a child, Pechiamma thinks that she too will die after the marriage. Raasaiyya finally gets married with Pechiamma. Thereafter, Pechiamma avoids Raasaiyya although he treasures her. One day, Raasaiyya comes home drunk and rapes Pechiamma, leading to her becoming pregnant. What transpires later forms the crux of the story.<br />
<br />
==Cast==<br />
{{cast listing|<br />
*[[Prabhu (actor)|Prabhu]] as Rasaiya <br />
*[[Kanaka (actress)|Kanaka]] as Pechiyamma<br />
*[[Goundamani]] as Rasaiya's uncle<br />
*[[Senthil]] as Pulipandi<br />
*[[Silk Smitha]] as Dr. Mary<br />
*[[Vadivukkarasi]] as Vadivu <br />
*Mounica as Valli<br />
*Vijaya Chandrika<br />
*R. P. Viswam as Viswam<br />
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]]<br />
*[[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]]<br />
*[[Chokkalinga Bhagavathar]] as Muthukalai<br />
*Boopathiraja <br />
*[[M. R. Krishnamurthy|MRK]]<br />
*[[Omakuchi Narasimhan]]<br />
*[[Kovai Senthil]]<br />
*Sakthivel<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Soundtrack==<br />
The soundtrack was composed by [[Ilaiyaraaja]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 September 2017 |title=Thalattu Ketkuthamma |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thalattu-ketkuthamma/4wa8VyczzXo_ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901022904/https://www.jiosaavn.com/album/thalattu-ketkuthamma/4wa8VyczzXo_ |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=25 January 2019 |website=[[JioSaavn]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Thalattu Ketkuthamma Tamil Audio Cassettes by Ilaiyaraaja |url=https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/ilayaraja-tamil-audio-cassettes/thalattu-ketkuthamma-tamil-audio-cassettes/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230901033919/https://banumass.com/product/tamil-audio-cassette/tamil-audio-cassettes/ilayaraja-tamil-audio-cassettes/thalattu-ketkuthamma-tamil-audio-cassettes/ |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |website=Banumass}}</ref><br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"<br />
! Song !! Singer(s) !! Duration<br />
|-<br />
| "Annanukku" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]] || 4:49<br />
|-<br />
| "Nenthukitta" || [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] || 4:51<br />
|-<br />
| "Sonna Petcha" || [[P. Susheela]], [[Minmini]], [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]], [[Kalpana Raghavendar|Kalpana]] || 4:35<br />
|-<br />
| "Sutti Sutti" || rowspan=2|S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, [[K. S. Chithra]] || 4:50<br />
|-<br />
| "Yamma Yamma" || 5:00<br />
|-<br />
| "Amma Enum Vaarthaithaan" || Ilaiyaraaja || 5:05<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Release and reception ==<br />
''Thalattu Ketkuthamma'' was released on 5 November 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 November 1991 |title=Thalaatu Kekkuthamma |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19911105&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=25 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=13 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "With a storyline that can be written at the backside of bus ticket, it is not surprising that debutant director Raj Kapoor [..] spends most of the time beating around the bush".<ref>{{Cite news |date=29 November 1991 |title=Thaalaattu Ketkudhamma |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19911129&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=25 January 2019 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> C. R. K. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' called ''Thalattu Ketkuthamma'' a "boost" for Prabhu.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=சி. ஆர். கே. |date=24 November 1991 |title=தாலாட்டு கேக்குதம்மா |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-11-24/page/n17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230901022229/https://archive.org/details/kalki1991-11-24/page/n17/mode/2up |archive-date=1 September 2023 |access-date=1 September 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref><br />
<br />
== In popular culture ==<br />
The film is noted for the song "Ho Gaya" sung by Goundamani which also gained popularity.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2019 |title=Adrasakka Adrasakka Adrasakka: A Tribute To Goundamani On His Birthday |url=https://silverscreenindia.com/movies/features/adrasakka-adrasakka-adrasakka-a-tribute-to-goundamani-on-his-birthday/ |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=Silverscreen India |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|0320601}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:1991 Indian films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 Tamil-language films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 directorial debut films]]<br />
[[Category:1991 films]]<br />
[[Category:Films directed by Raj Kapoor (Tamil director)]]<br />
[[Category:Films scored by Ilaiyaraaja]]<br />
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bonifacio_Dias&diff=492178Bonifacio Dias2026-03-02T22:30:20Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Made A Details...</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian filmmaker and playwright (born 1947)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bonifacio Dias <br />
| image = Bonifacio Dias (cropped).jpg <br />
| caption = Dias at Ravindra Bhavan, [[Margao]] in 2013<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1947|11|17|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Goa]], [[Portuguese India]]<br />
| occupation = {{hlist|Filmmaker|playwright|director|producer|actor}}<br />
| years_active = 1977–2009<br />
| title = Owner of B. V. Films Production Goa<br />
| awards = [[Tiatr Academy of Goa|TAG]]'s "Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award" (2013)<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Bonifacio Dias''' (born 17 November 1947) is an Indian filmmaker, playwright, theatrical director, theatrical producer, and actor known for his work in [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]] and ''[[tiatr]]'' ([[Goan]] [[musical theatre]]) productions.<br />
<br />
==Career==<br />
In the year 1977, Dias undertook the roles of scriptwriter and director for his debut ''[[tiatr]]'' show, ''Gupit Mog'' (Secret Love). Subsequently, in 1979, he presented another ''tiatr'' production called ''Gupit Chori'' (Secret Theft). He went on to create several other popular ''tiatr'' works over the years, including ''Sounsar Konak Zai'' (Who needs the world?), ''Itlean Roste Bondh'', ''Mhozo Uncle Tuzo Pai'' (My Uncle Your Father), ''Zulum'' (Injustice), ''Doth ani Dennem Saudi Arabiachem'' (Dowry and Blessings of Saudi Arabia), and ''To Nhoim Bhau Mhozo'' (He's not my Brother). In addition to his work in the ''tiatr'' medium, Dias also adapted some of his ''tiatr'' productions into [[Konkani cinema|Konkani films]]. These included the titles ''Zulum'' and ''Doth ani Dennem Saudi Arabiachem''. He subsequently produced a variety of original Konkani films (typically [[telefilm]]s), including titles like ''To Nhoi Bhav Mhozo'', ''Dot-dennem'', ''Konn Zobabdar'',<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=ISIDORE DANTAS |url=http://archive.org/details/dli.viswakonkani.2829 |title=KONKNNI CHOLCHITRAM 2010 |date=2010 |publisher=DANTAS PUBLICATION |others=Servants of Knowledge}}</ref> ''Zababdari'', ''Moriad'', and ''To Dis Udelo'', among others.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-28 |title=Meet Bonifacio at TAG's 'Meet the artiste' programme |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/meet-bonifacio-at-tags-meet-the-artiste-programme/articleshow/22110283.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In July 2000, Dias's film ''To Dis Udelo'' received recognition at the 2nd Goa State Film Festival Award ceremony held at [[Kala Academy]], [[Panjim]], garnering nine nominations.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=July 2000 |title=Bonifacio Dias' film gets nine nominations |url=http://www.goa-world.com/goa/tiatr/bonifacio_dias.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429070953/http://www.goa-world.com/goa/tiatr/bonifacio_dias.htm |archive-date=29 April 2009 |access-date=29 June 2024 |work=Gomantak Times}}</ref> <br />
<br />
In December 2006, in an official announcement, Dias was revealed to be the director of a Konkani [[thriller film]] named ''Mogachi Zor'' (Fountain of Love), filmed in the United States and produced by Sucorina D'Costa, a [[Goan]] residing in [[Niagara Falls, New York]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite news |date=31 December 2006 |title=Konkani movie shot in the United States |work=[[O Heraldo]] |pages=5}}</ref> The movie was later released in December 2009 under the productions of Dumiana Niagara Motion Films and B. V. Films Production Goa, headed by Sucorina and Dias, respectively. Sucorina had assigned the new project to Dias based on his track record in [[Konkani cinema]], especially his film ''To Dis Udelo'', which had received recognition.<ref name=":0" /> By 1995, Dias had authored several well-received ''tiatrs'', a traditional form of Goan theater. One of the pieces, a ''tiatr'' called ''Zulum'', was first transformed into a video film ([[VCD]] format). In the 1990s, Dias transitioned his focus to video [[film production]], becoming a full-time producer in this medium. During this time, one of his video productions, named ''Zababdari'', received recognition and was aired on the [[Delhi]] channel of [[Doordarshan]] ([[DD National]]), which is India's national [[public broadcasting]] network. Another one of his video films was in the final stages of production.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |last=Mazarello |first=Wilson |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K-1PAQAAIAAJ |title=100 Years of Konkani Tiatro |date=2000 |publisher=Government of Goa, Directorate of Art & Culture |pages=233 |language=en}}</ref> As of 2012, Dias had acted in only a single ''tiatr'', ''Kokno'' (Hindu). He also heads the B. V. Films Production Goa, a film production company based in his home state of [[Goa]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45_WlAEACAAJ |title=Directory of Tiatr Artistes, 2012 |date=2012 |publisher=Tiatr Academy of Goa |pages=43 |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Personal life==<br />
Not much is known about Dias' early or personal life as there is little to no information available. As of 1995, according to the book ''100 Years of Konkani Tiatro'' by [[Wilson Mazarello]], he resided in the village of [[Curtorim, Goa]].<ref name=":1" /> According to the ''2012 Directory of Tiatr Artistes'', he is reported to be residing in the neighborhood of Rumdamol in the suburb of [[Davorlim]], Goa,<ref name=":2" /> where he is said to have retired from his work.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
==Awards and honours==<br />
Dias has received several awards and honors throughout his career. In July 2000, he was recognized with a 'Best Director' nomination for his work on the [[Konkani cinema|Konkani film]] ''To Dis Udelo''.<ref name=":3" /> His contributions to the film industry were further acknowledged when he received the 'Kala Gaurav Award' in the film category in May 2008.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2008-05-28 |title=60 artistes to be feted |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/60-artistes-to-be-feted/articleshow/3078364.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> In December 2013, Dias was honored with the 'Lifetime Contribution to Tiatr Award' by the [[Tiatr Academy of Goa]] (TAG).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-12-14 |title=Lifetime contribution awards to 13 tiatr artistes |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/lifetime-contribution-awards-to-13-tiatr-artistes/articleshow/27316471.cms |access-date=2024-06-29 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> His significant impact on [[Konkani cinema]] was celebrated in May 2016 when he was honored and awarded<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-04-21 |title=DKA and TAG to celebrate Konkani Cinema Day – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/04/21/magazines/buzz/dka-and-tag-to-celebrate-konkani-cinema-day/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> by TAG for his lifetime dedication.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Navhind |date=2016-05-04 |title=Konkani Cinema Day celebrated at DKA – The Navhind Times |url=https://www.navhindtimes.in/2016/05/04/magazines/buzz/konkani-cinema-day-celebrated-at-dka/ |access-date=2024-06-29 |language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2024, he received the 'Tiatr and Film Award' for his contributions to Konkani films.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pires |first=Mario |date=2024-01-07 |title=Who are the winners of Goa's first 'Tiatr and Film Awards'? |url=https://www.gomantaktimes.com/my-goa/art-culture/who-are-the-winners-of-goas-first-tiatr-and-film-awards |access-date=2024-06-29 |website=Goa News in English on Gomantak Times |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dias, Bonifacio}}<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1947 births]]<br />
[[Category:Tiatrists]]<br />
[[Category:Actors from Goa]]<br />
[[Category:People from South Goa district]]<br />
[[Category:Dramatists and playwrights from Goa]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharavi&diff=447590Dharavi2026-03-01T23:22:25Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: clean up</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Slum in Mumbai, India}}<br />
{{Use British English|date=May 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox settlement<br />
| name = Dharavi<br />
| official_name = <br />
| settlement_type = [[Slum]]<br />
| image_skyline = Dharavi India.jpg<br />
| image_alt = <br />
| image_caption = View of Dharavi<br />
| map_alt = <br />
| map_caption = <br />
| pushpin_map = Mumbai<br />
| pushpin_map_alt = <br />
| pushpin_map_caption = Dharavi, [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra state|Maharashtra]]<br />
| coordinates = {{Coord|19|02|16|N|72|51|13|E|display=inline,title}}[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dharavi&params=19_02_16_N_72_51_13_E_type:city_region:IN-MH]<br />
| subdivision_type = Country<br />
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}<br />
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]<br />
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in India|District]]<br />
| subdivision_type3 = City<br />
| subdivision_name1 = [[Maharashtra]]<br />
| subdivision_name2 = [[Mumbai City district|Mumbai City]]<br />
| subdivision_name3 = [[Mumbai]]<br />
| established_title = Founded<br />
| established_date = 1884<br />
| founder = <br />
| named_for = <br />
| government_type = [[Municipal corporation]]<br />
| governing_body = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation]] (MCGM)<br />
| unit_pref = Metric<br />
| area_footnotes = <br />
| area_total_km2 = 2.39<br />
| area_rank = <br />
| elevation_footnotes = <br />
| elevation_m = 20.47 <br />
| population_footnotes = <br />
| population_density_km2 = auto<br />
| population_est = 700,000 to 1,000,000<br />
| population_as_of = 2016<br />
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]<br />
| demographics1_title1 = Official<br />
| demographics1_info1 = [[Marathi language|Marathi]]<br />
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]<br />
| utc_offset1 = +05:30<br />
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]<br />
| postal_code = 400017<br />
| area_code = +9122<br />
| area_code_type = [[Telephone]] code<br />
| registration_plate = MH-01<br />
| blank1_name_sec1 = Civic agency<br />
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|BMC]]<br />
| website = <br />
| footnotes = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Principaux Bidonvilles.png|Dharavi compared to other great slums in the world. Map according to [[Mike Davis (scholar)|Mike Davis]].|thumb|right]]<br />
<br />
'''Dharavi''' is a residential area in [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India. It has often been considered one of the world's largest [[slum]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dharavi-in-Mumbai-is-no-longer-Asias-largest-slum/articleshow/9119450.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 November 2018|year=2011 |title=Dharavi in Mumbai is no longer Asia's largest slum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111002239/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dharavi-in-Mumbai-is-no-longer-Asias-largest-slum/articleshow/9119450.cms|archive-date=11 November 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Next Billion Users: Digital Life Beyond the West|last=Arora|first=Payal|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2019|isbn=9780674983786|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|pages=75|oclc=1057240289}}</ref> Dharavi has an area of just over {{convert|2.39|km2|sqmi acre}}<ref name="Shanty-towns emerge targets for development">{{cite news |url=http://www.livemint.com/Money/1V0Zs8oNNvbAWEP6xHQQzN/Shantytowns-emerge-targets-for-development.html |title=Shanty-towns emerge targets for development |work=Livemint |access-date=27 December 2016 |date=6 July 2007 |first=Gayatri |last=Ramanathan |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119202545/http://www.livemint.com/Money/1V0Zs8oNNvbAWEP6xHQQzN/Shantytowns-emerge-targets-for-development.html |archive-date=19 January 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref> and a population of about 1,000,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grey |first=Deborah |title=India's biggest slum faces wrecking ball as residents fear change |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2023/1/24/hopes-and-fears-as-slumdog-millionaire-slum-faces-wrecking-ball |access-date=30 November 2024 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> With a [[population density]] of over {{pop density|1000000|2.39|km2|sqmi|prec=0}}, Dharavi is one of the most densely populated areas in the world.<br />
<br />
The Dharavi slum was founded in 1884 during the British colonial era, and grew because of the expulsion of factories and residents from the peninsular city centre by the colonial government, and due to the migration of rural Indians into urban Mumbai. For this reason, Dharavi is currently a highly diverse settlement, religiously and ethnically.<ref name="Sharma, Kalpana 2000">Sharma, Kalpana; ''Rediscovering Dharavi: Story From Asia's Largest Slum'' (2000) – Penguin Books {{ISBN|0-14-100023-6}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dharavi has an active [[informal economy]] in which numerous household enterprises employ many of the slum residents<ref name="Ahmed">{{cite news |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7676337.stm |work=BBC News |title=Indian slum hit by New York woes |date=20 October 2008 |access-date=1 May 2010 |first=Zubair |last=Ahmed |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023153647/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7676337.stm |archive-date=23 October 2008 |url-status=live}}</ref>—leather, textiles and pottery products are among the goods made inside Dharavi. The total annual turnover has been estimated at over {{USD}}1 billion.<ref name="nyenrode">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyenrode.nl/businesstopics/europeindia/Pages/%E2%80%9CJaiHo%E2%80%9DDharavi.aspx |title=Jai Ho Dharavi |publisher=Nyenrode Business Universiteit |access-date=5 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531175111/http://www.nyenrode.nl/businesstopics/europeindia/Pages/%E2%80%9CJaiHo%E2%80%9DDharavi.aspx |archive-date=31 May 2009 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
Dharavi has suffered from many epidemics and other disasters, including a widespread [[Bombay plague epidemic|plague in 1896]] which killed over half of the population of Bombay.<ref name="Swaminathan, M. 1995">Swaminathan, M. (1995). "Aspects of urban poverty in Bombay." ''Environment and Urbanization'', 7(1), 133–144</ref> Sanitation in the slums remains poor.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Bombay Slum Sanitation Program – Partnering with Slum Communities for SustainableSanitation in a Megalopolis |date=1 September 2006 |publisher=World bank |location=Washington |url=http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/620841468041130033/pdf/384560IN0Mumbai0slum01PUBLIC1.pdf |access-date=15 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815152603/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/620841468041130033/pdf/384560IN0Mumbai0slum01PUBLIC1.pdf |archive-date=15 August 2017 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
==History==<br />
In the 18th century, Dharavi was an island with a predominantly [[mangrove swamp]].<ref name="origins">{{cite book|last=D'Cunha|first=Jose Gerson|title=The Origins of Bombay|publisher=Asian Educational Services|location=Bombay|year=1900|edition=3|page=265|chapter=IV The Portuguese Period|isbn=978-81-206-0815-3|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=miD5YO05jpUC&q=the+origins+of+bombay|access-date=4 January 2009}}</ref> It was a sparsely populated village before the late 19th century, inhabited by [[Koli people|Koli]] fishermen.<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite news |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |title=Dharavi Mumbai's Shadow City |first=Mark |last=Jacobson |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=May 2007 |access-date=30 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103109/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |archive-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |author-link=The Lampshade: A Holocaust Detective Story from Buchenwald to New Orleans}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Globalization and Community, Volume 23 : Durable Slum : Dharavi and the Right to Stay Put in Globalizing Mumbai|last=Weinstein|first=Liza|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|date=June 2014|isbn=9780816683109|location=Minneapolis, MN, USA|pages=5}}</ref> Dharavi was then referred to as the village of [[Koliwada]].<ref name=jn2010/><br />
<br />
===Colonial era===<br />
In the 1850s, after decades of urban growth under [[East India Company]] and [[British Raj]], the city's population reached half a million. The urban area then covered mostly the southern extension of Bombay peninsula, the population density was over 10 times higher than [[London]] at that time.<ref name=jn2010>Jan Nijman, A STUDY OF SPACE IN BOMBAY'S SLUMS, Tijdschrift Voor economic en social geographies, Volume 101, Issue 1, pages 4–17, February 2010</ref><br />
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[[File:Shanty dwellings, Railway tracks and Mosque in Dharavi Slum Mumbai India February 2010.jpg|thumb|left|Shanty dwellings next to railway tracks in Dharavi (about 2010). A mosque inside the slum is visible. The railway network provides mass transit to the slum residents.]]<br />
The most polluting industries were [[Tanning (leather)|tanneries]], and the first tannery moved from peninsular Bombay into Dharavi in 1887. People who worked with leather, typically a profession of lowest Hindu castes and of Muslim Indians, moved into Dharavi. Other early settlers included the [[Kumhar|Kumbhars]], a large Gujarati community of potters. The colonial government granted them a 99-year land-lease in 1895. Rural migrants looking for jobs poured into Bombay, and its population soared past 1 million. Other artisans, like the [[embroidery]] workers from [[Uttar Pradesh]], started the ready-made garments trade.<ref name="natgeo" /> These industries created jobs, labor moved in, but there was no government effort to plan or investment in any infrastructure in or near Dharavi. The living quarters and small scale factories grew haphazardly, without provision for sanitation, drains, safe drinking water, roads or other basic services. But some ethnic, caste and religious communities that settled in Dharavi at that time helped build the settlement of Dharavi by forming organizations and political parties, building school and temples, constructing homes and factories.<ref name=":0" /> Dharavi's first mosque, Badi Masjid, started in 1887 and the oldest Hindu temple, Ganesh Mandir, was built in 1883 and organizing Ganesh Chaturthi of 112th year since 1913 following the Southern Tirunelveli Culture.<ref name=jn2010 /><br />
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===Post-independence===<br />
At India's independence from colonial rule in 1947, Dharavi had grown to be the largest slum in Bombay and all of India. It still had a few empty spaces, which continued to serve as waste-dumping grounds for operators across the city.<ref name=jn2010 /> Bombay, meanwhile, continued to grow as a city. Soon Dharavi was surrounded by the city, and became a key hub for informal economy.<ref>, Eyre, L. (1990), "The shanty towns of central Bombay." ''Urban Geography'' 11, pages 130–152</ref> Starting from the 1950s, proposals for Dharavi redevelopment plans periodically came out, but most of these plans failed because of lack of financial banking and/or political support.<ref name=":0" /> Dharavi's Co-operative Housing Society was formed in the 1960s to uplift the lives of thousands of slum dwellers by the initiative of Shri. M.V. Duraiswamy, a well-known social worker and Congress leader of that region. The society promoted 338 flats and 97 shops and was named as Dr. Baliga Nagar. By the late 20th century, Dharavi occupied about {{convert|432|acre|ha|order=flip}}, with an astounding population density of more than 2,900 people per hectare (1,200/acre).<ref name=jn2010/><ref>Graber et al. (2005), "Living and working in slums of Bombay." Working paper 36. Magdeburg: Otto-von-Guericke Universitat, Netherlands</ref><br />
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=== Redevelopment plan ===<br />
[[File:Pottery unit in Dharavi, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|left|A traditional pottery unit in Dharavi.]]<br />
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[[File:Dharavi slum in Mumbai, India August 2009 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Street vendors and farmers market along the road passing through Dharavi slum in Mumbai.]]<br />
There have been many plans since 1997 to redevelop Dharavi like the former slums of Hong Kong such as [[Tai Hang]]. In 2004, the cost of redevelopment was estimated to be {{IRs|5000|c}}.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Calls-to-scrap-Dharavi-makeover-gain-ground/articleshow/6363548.cms |work=The Times of India |title=Calls to scrap Dharavi makeover gain ground |date=20 August 2010 |access-date=3 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925015929/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics/nation/Calls-to-scrap-Dharavi-makeover-gain-ground/articleshow/6363548.cms |archive-date=25 September 2010 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The latest urban [[redevelopment]] plan proposed for the Dharavi area is managed by American-trained architect Mukesh Mehta.<ref name="natgeo" /> The plan involves the construction of {{convert|30000000|sqft|m2|order=flip}} of [[houses|housing]], schools, parks and roads to serve the 57,000 families residing in the area, along with {{convert|40000000|sqft|m2|order=flip}} of residential and commercial space for sale.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/UnouoCTZDd8YLPeRrethTP/Dharavi-redevelopment-plan-is-robbing-us-of-space-residents.html|title=Dharavi redevelopment plan is robbing us of space: residents|date=5 September 2007|publisher=Live Mint|access-date=7 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210194254/http://www.livemint.com/Politics/UnouoCTZDd8YLPeRrethTP/Dharavi-redevelopment-plan-is-robbing-us-of-space-residents.html|archive-date=10 December 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> There is still a significant local opposition to the plans, largely because existing residents still feel {{convert|350|sqft|m2|order=flip}} of revised permanent alternate accommodation per tenant is not adequate each. Furthermore, only those families who lived in the area before 2000 are slated for resettlement. Concerns have also been raised by residents who fear that some of their small businesses in the "informal" sector may not be relocated under the redevelopment plan. Due to this opposition, a trust has been proposed called the Dharavi Community Land Trust that will be made up of community members, landowners and neighborhood associations.<br />
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In 2008 German students Jens Kaercher and Lucas Schwind won a Next Generation prize for their innovative redevelopment strategy designed to protect the current residents from needing to relocate.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/projects/realizing-solutions-for-the-redevelopment-of-dharavi-mumbai-in|title=Realizing solutions for the redevelopment of Dharavi, Mumbai, In|last=info@lafargeholcim-foundation.org|first=LafargeHolcim Foundation for Sustainable Construction|website=LafargeHolcim Foundation website|access-date=20 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820235021/https://www.lafargeholcim-foundation.org/projects/realizing-solutions-for-the-redevelopment-of-dharavi-mumbai-in|archive-date=20 August 2018|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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Other redevelopment schemes include the "Dharavi Masterplan" devised by British architectural and engineering firm Foster + Partners, that proposes "double-height spaces that create an intricate vertical landscape and reflect the community's way of life" built-in phases that the firm says would "eliminate the need for transit camps", instead catalyzing the rehabilitation of Dharavi "from within".<br />
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A Dubai-based firm, SecLink Group, has planned to redevelop the slum into a completely new area.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gulfnews.com/business/dubai-firm-to-transform-asias-biggest-slum-1.62097740|title=Dubai firm to transform Asia's biggest slum|website=gulfnews.com|date=15 February 2019 |language=en|access-date=12 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412182103/https://gulfnews.com/business/dubai-firm-to-transform-asias-biggest-slum-1.62097740|archive-date=12 April 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> On setting up of the SPV, the private firm will have to bring in the equity of Rs 400 crore, while the state government will invest another Rs 100 crore. The company planning to do it is also building infrastructure and affordable housing projects in Singapore and Dubai. Following the empowered committee's nod, the senior state officials said that an MoU will soon be executed between the state government, and the Dharavi Redevelopment Project Authority (DRPA) and the company. With an almost estimated cost of over Rs 26,000 crore, the Dharavi makeover project is the biggest brownfield redevelopment project in India. To make the redevelopment more economically viable, the state government's plan is involving transforming the region into a hub for commercial and business activity. Dharavi is close to the [[Bandra Kurla Complex]], which is India's richest business district and one of the richest in Asia.<br />
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In the spring of 2023, it became known that the Indian billionaire [[Gautam Adani]] intends to do the reconstruction of Dharavi. Adani Properties Pvt. offers the largest amount of construction investments – 615 million dollars. Mumbai authorities estimate the total cost of the work at $2.4 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/society/07/04/2023/642f89999a794701d650fd37|title=Миллиардер из Индии решил перестроить район из «Миллионера из трущоб»|language=ru|date=7 June 2023|website=RBC}}</ref><br />
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As of April 2024, a survey is being conducted by Adani Group to rehabilitate Dharavi residents for redevelopment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2024 |title=Mumbai: 2nd Phase Of Dharavi Housing Survey Begins, New Flats To Have Attached Kitchen, Toilets |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/mumbai/mumbai-2nd-phase-of-dharavi-housing-survey-begins-new-flats-to-have-attached-kitchen-toilets-article-108967415 |access-date=2 April 2024 |website=TimesNow |language=en}}</ref> On 20 December 2024, the High Count of Bombay awarded the Adani Group after the SecLink Group tried to sue.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Bombay HC upholds tender awarded to Adani Group to redevelop Dharavi slum |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/mumbai/bombay-hc-upholds-tender-awarded-to-adani-group-to-redevelop-dharavi-slum-sprawl/article69007919.ece |access-date=21 December 2024 |website=The Hindu |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2024 |title=Dharavi slum redevelopment project: Bombay HC dismisses plea against tender awarded to Adani Group|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/business/bombay-high-court-upholds-tender-awarded-to-adani-group-to-redevelop-dharavi-slum-sprawl/cid/2072088|access-date=21 December 2024 |website=Telegraph India|language=en}}</ref><br />
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==Demographics==<br />
The total current population of the Dharavi slum is unknown because of fast changes in the population of migrant workers coming from neighbouring Gujarat state, though voter turnout for the 2019 Maharashtra state legislative assembly election was 119,092 (yielding a 60% rate). Some sources suggest it is 300,000<ref name="claralewis">{{Cite news |first=Clara |last=Lewis |date=6 July 2011 |title=Dharavi in Mumbai is no longer Asia's largest slum |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/dharavi-in-mumbai-is-no-longer-asias-largest-slum/articleshow/9119450.cms |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name="Slums: The case of Mumbai, India">{{Cite book |last=Neelima Risbud |url=http://archive.org/details/mumbai-slum-case-study |title=Urban Slums Reports: The case of Mumbai, India, Risbud 2003 |date=2003 |language=english}}</ref> to about a million.<ref name=jimyardley>{{Cite web |last=Yardley |first=Jim |title=Dharavi: Self-created special economic zone for the poor |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/opinion/dharavi-self-created-special-economic-2302874 |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en |agency=International Herald Tribune}}</ref> With Dharavi spread over {{convert|500|acre|ha|order=flip}}, it is also estimated to have a population density of 869,565 people per square mile. Among the people, about 20% work on animal skin production, tanneries and leather goods. Other artisans specialise in pottery work, textile goods manufacturing, retail and trade, distilleries and other caste professions – all of these as small-scale household operations. With a literacy rate of 69%, Dharavi is the most literate slum in India.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-s-slums-are-india-s-most-literate_1015111 |title=Mumbai's slums are India's most literate |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=27 February 2006 |access-date=16 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728070119/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_mumbai-s-slums-are-india-s-most-literate_1015111 |archive-date=28 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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The western edge of Dharavi is where its original inhabitants, the Kolis, reside. Dharavi consists of various language speakers such as Gujarati, [[Hindi]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], and many more.<ref name="Fernando 2014 c786">{{cite web | last=Fernando | first=Benita | title=An urbanist's guide to the Mumbai slum of Dharavi | website=the Guardian | date=2 April 2014 | url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2014/apr/01/urbanist-guide-to-dharavi-mumbai | access-date=28 September 2023}}</ref> The slum residents are from all over India, people who migrated from rural regions of many different states.<ref>Sharma, Kalpana (2000). ''Rediscovering Dharavi: Stories from Asia's Largest Slum''. Penguin Books India; {{ISBN|978-0141000237}}</ref><br />
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About 29% of the population of Dharavi is Muslim.<ref>[http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jonas-bendiksen-photography Dharavi: Mumbai's Shadow City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180214214727/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2007/05/dharavi-mumbai-slum/jonas-bendiksen-photography |date=14 February 2018}} ''National Geographic'' (2007)</ref><ref>[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx Census Data: India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315004939/http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/religion.aspx |date=15 March 2018}} Government of India</ref> The Christian population is estimated to be about 6%,<ref>[http://nazrene.org/dharavi_deanery.html History of Dharavi churches] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131127042243/http://nazrene.org/dharavi_deanery.html |date=27 November 2013 }} Dharavi Deanery (2011)</ref> while the rest are predominantly Hindus with some Buddhists and other minority religions. The slum has numerous mosques, temples and churches to serve people of Hindu, Islam and Christian faiths, with Badi Masjid, a mosque, as the oldest religious structure in Dharavi.<br />
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==Location and characteristics==<br />
[[File:Bombaywardsmap''H-E''.PNG|thumb|upright|Dharavi is located in Ward H East, marked in dark blue, one of the many [[Administrative divisions of Mumbai|British-era administrative wards]] of Mumbai city limits (yellow). Dharavi is southern end of Ward H East, and other residential and commercial areas in the Ward marked in dark blue include [[Santacruz, Mumbai|Santacruz]], [[Vile Parle]] and [[Mahim]].]] <br />
Dharavi is a large area situated between Mumbai's two main suburban railway lines, the Western and Central Railways. It is also adjacent to [[Bombay Airport|Mumbai Airport]]. To the west of Dharavi are [[Mahim]] and [[Bandra]], and to the north lies the [[Mithi River]]. The Mithi River empties into the [[Arabian Sea]] through the [[Mahim Creek]]. The area of [[Antop Hill]] lies to the east while the locality called [[Matunga]] is located in the South. Due to its location and poor sewage and drainage systems, Dharavi particularly becomes vulnerable to floods during the [[wet season]].<br />
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[[File:Slum in Dharavi - Kristian Bertel.jpg|thumb|Slum shacks in Dharavi, [[India]].]]<br />
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Dharavi is considered one of the largest slums in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.kristianbertel.dk/archive/slum-areas-of-mumbai-bombay-in-india.html |title=Slum areas of Mumbai (Bombay) in India |website=Kristian Bertel Photography |access-date=30 January 2021 }}</ref> The low-rise building style and narrow street structure of the area make Dharavi very cramped and confined. Like most slums, it is overpopulated.<br />
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==Economy==<br />
[[File:An embroidery unit in Dharavi, Mumbai.jpg|thumb|left|An embroidery unit in Dharavi.]]<br />
In addition to the traditional [[pottery]] and textile industries in Dharavi,<ref name="natgeo" /> there is an increasingly large [[recycling]] industry, processing recyclable waste from other parts of [[Mumbai]]. Recycling in Dharavi is reported to employ approximately 250,000 people.<ref name="gua" /> While recycling is a major industry in the neighborhood, it is also reported to be a source of heavy pollution in the area.<ref name="gua" /> The district has an estimated 5,000 businesses<ref>{{cite web |first=Madhurima |last=Nandy |url=http://www.livemint.com/2010/03/23000503/Harvard-students-get-lessons-o.html?d=1 |title=Harvard students get lessons on Dharavi |publisher=Livemint |date=23 March 2010 |access-date=7 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110918192410/http://www.livemint.com/2010/03/23000503/Harvard-students-get-lessons-o.html?d=1 |archive-date=18 September 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> and 15,000 single-room factories.<ref name="gua">{{Cite news |last=McDougall |first=Dan |date=4 March 2007 |title=Waste not, want not in the £700m slum |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2007/mar/04/india.recycling |access-date=29 July 2024 |work=The Observer |language=en-GB |issn=0029-7712}}</ref> Two major suburban railways feed into Dharavi, making it an important commuting station for people in the area going to and from work.<br />
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Dharavi exports goods around the world.<ref name="Ahmed" /> Often these consist of various leather products, jewellery, various accessories, and textiles. Markets for Dharavi's goods include stores in the United States, Europe, and the Middle East.<ref name="Ahmed" /> The total (and largely informal economy) turnover is estimated to be between {{USD}}500 million,<ref name="nyenrode" /> and {{USD}}650 million per year,<ref name="bbc">{{cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/dharavi_slum/html/dharavi_slum_intro.stm |title=Dharavi|work=BBC News|access-date=2 January 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906022807/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/dharavi_slum/html/dharavi_slum_intro.stm|archive-date=6 September 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> to over {{USD}}1 billion per year.<ref name="gua"/> The per capita income of the residents, depending on estimated population range of 300,000 to about 1 million, ranges between US$500 and US$2,000 per year.<br />
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A few travel operators offer guided tours through Dharavi, showing the industrial and the residential part of Dharavi and explaining about the problems and challenges Dharavi is facing. These tours give a deeper insight into a slum in general and Dharavi in particular.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/india/article7124205.ece|title=Mumbai slum tour: why you should see Dharavi|access-date=7 November 2012|work=The Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522184950/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/travel/destinations/india/article7124205.ece|archive-date=22 May 2010|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription }}</ref><br />
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== Utility services ==<br />
Potable water is supplied by the [[Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation|MCGM]] to Dharavi and the whole of Mumbai. However, a large amount of water is lost due to water thefts, illegal connection and leakage.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Now, a toll-free helpline to check water leakage, theft – Indian Express|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/|website=Indian Express|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904001826/http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/now-a-tollfree-helpline-to-check-water-lea/531630/|archive-date=4 September 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> The community also has a number of water wells that are sources of non-potable water.{{fact|date=June 2025}}<br />
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Cooking gas is supplied in the form of [[Liquefied petroleum gas|liquefied petroleum gas cylinders]] sold by state-owned oil companies,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090|title=Cooking gas cylinders to be sold at petrol pumps|date=24 July 2013|work=Daily News and Analysis.|access-date=8 December 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615204630/http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-cooking-gas-cylinders-to-be-sold-at-petrol-pumps-1865090|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> as well as through [[Natural gas|piped natural gas]] supplied by Mahanagar Gas Limited.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662|title=Piped gas becomes more attractive for the kitchen|date=14 September 2012|work=Daily News and Analysis|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150615203513/http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-piped-gas-becomes-more-attractive-for-the-kitchen-1740662|archive-date=15 June 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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There are settlement houses that still do not have legal connections to the utility service and thus rely on illegal connection to the water and power supply which means a water and power shortage for the residents in Dharavi.{{fact|date=June 2025}}<br />
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===Sanitation issues===<br />
[[File:Dharavi Slum in Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Inside Dharavi]]<br />
[[File:Mumbai 03-2016 49 Dharavi near Mahim Junction.jpg|thumb|Mosque in Dharavi]]<br />
Dharavi has severe problems with public health. Water access derives from public standpipes stationed throughout the slum. Additionally, with the limited lavatories they have, they are extremely filthy and broken down to the point of being unsafe. Mahim Creek is a local river that is widely used by local residents for urination and defecation causing the spread of contagious diseases.<ref name="natgeo" /> The open sewers in the city drain to the creek causing a spike in water pollutants, septic conditions, and foul odours. Due to the air pollutants, diseases such as lung cancer, tuberculosis, and asthma are common among residents. The residents have a section where they wash their clothes in water that people defecate in, causing an estimated 4,000 [[typhoid]] cases daily. There are government proposals in regards to improving Dharavi's sanitation issues. In a 2006 Human Development Report by the UN, they estimated there was an average of 1 toilet for every 1,440 people.<ref>{{Cite report |date=2006 |title=Human Development Report 2006|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/reports/267/hdr06-complete.pdf |access-date=17 July 2020 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref><br />
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==Epidemics and other disasters==<br />
Dharavi has experienced a long history of epidemics and natural disasters, sometimes with significant loss of lives. The first plague to devastate Dharavi, along with other settlements of Mumbai, happened in 1896, when nearly half of the population died. A series of plagues and other epidemics continued to affect Dharavi, and Mumbai in general, for the next 25 years, with high rates of mortality.<ref>Gandy, M. (2008), "Landscapes of disaster: water, modernity, and urban fragmentation in Mumbai." ''Environment and Planning''. A, 40(1), 108</ref><ref>Renapurkar, D. M. (1988). "Distribution and Susceptibility of Xenopsylla astia to DDT in Maharashtra State, India." ''International Journal of Tropical Insect Science'', 9(03), 377–380</ref> [[Dysentery]] epidemics have been common throughout the years and explained by the high population density of Dharavi. Other reported epidemics include [[Typhoid fever|typhoid]], [[cholera]], [[leprosy]], [[amoebiasis]] and [[polio]].<ref name="Swaminathan, M. 1995"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Thomas |first=Anjali |date=12 September 2013 |title=India Restarts Battle Against Leprosy |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/india.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/09/12/india-restarts-battle-against-leprosy/ |access-date=29 July 2024 |website=India Ink |language=en}}</ref> For example, in 1986, a cholera epidemic was reported, where most patients were children of Dharavi. Typical patients to arrive in hospitals were in late and critical care condition, and the mortality rates were abnormally high.<ref>Mehta et al., "An outbreak of cholera in children of Bombay slums," ''Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research'', 4 June(2): page 94</ref> In recent years, cases of drug resistant [[tuberculosis]] have been reported in Dharavi.<ref>Udwadia, Z. F., Pinto, L. M., & Uplekar, M. W. (2010). "Tuberculosis management by private practitioners in Mumbai, India: has anything changed in two decades?" ''PLoS One'', 5(8), e12023</ref><ref>Loewenberg, S. (2012), "India reports cases of totally drug-resistant tuberculosis," ''The Lancet'', 379(9812), 205</ref><br />
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Fires and other disasters are common. For example, in January 2013, a fire destroyed many slum properties and caused injuries.<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dharavi-turns-into-fireball-as-flames-engulf-slum/1063044/ Dharavi turns into fireball as flames engulf slum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130125011615/http://www.indianexpress.com/news/dharavi-turns-into-fireball-as-flames-engulf-slum/1063044 |date=25 January 2013}} ''Indian Express'' (22 January 2013)</ref> In 2005, massive floods caused deaths and extensive property damage.<ref>Samaddar, S., Misra, B. A., Chatterjee, R., & Tatano, H. (2012). [http://idrim.ir/index.php/idrim/article/viewFile/38/pdf_11 Understanding Community's Evacuation Intention Development Process in a Flood Prone Micro-hotspot]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}, Mumbai. ''IDRiM Journal'', 2(2)</ref><br />
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The [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|COVID-19 pandemic]] also affected the slum. The first case was reported in April 2020.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Joshi |first1=Sahil |title=First coronavirus case reported from Mumbai's Dharavi slum |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/first-coronavirus-positive-case-reported-from-dharavi-in-mumbai-1662265-2020-04-01 |website=India Today |access-date=3 April 2020 |date=1 April 2020}}</ref><br />
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==In the media==<br />
{{Blockquote<br />
|quote = From the main road leading through Dharavi, the place makes a desperate impression. However, once having entered the narrow lanes Dharavi proves that the prejudice of slums as dirty, underdeveloped, and criminal places does not fit real living conditions. Sure, communal sanitation blocks that are mostly in a miserable condition and overcrowded space do not comfort the living. Inside the huts, it is, however, very clean, and some huts share some elements of beauty. Nice curtains at the windows and balconies covered by flowers and plants indicate that people try to arrange their homes as cosy and comfortable as possible.<br />
|source = Denis Gruber et al. (2005)<ref>Denis Gruber, Andrea Kirschner, Sandra Mill, Manuela Schach, Steffen Schmekel, and Hardo Seligman, "Living and Working in Slums of Mumbai," Otto-von-Guericke-Universität Magdeburg, Institut für Soziologie, Magdeburg, Germany, {{ISSN|1615-8229}} (April 2005)</ref><br />
}}<br />
In the West, Dharavi was most notably used as the backdrop in the British film ''[[Slumdog Millionaire]]'' (2008).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mendes|first=Ana Cristina|date=2010|title=Showcasing India Unshining: Film Tourism in Danny Boyle'sSlumdog Millionaire|journal=Third Text|language=en|volume=24|issue=4|pages=471–479|doi=10.1080/09528822.2010.491379|s2cid=145021606|issn=0952-8822}}</ref> It has also been depicted in a number of Indian films, including ''[[Deewaar]]'' (1975), ''[[Nayakan]]'' (1987), ''[[Salaam Bombay!]]'' (1988), ''[[Parinda]]'' (1989), ''[[Dharavi (1992 film)|Dharavi]]'' (1991), ''[[Bombay (1995 film)|Bombay]]'' (1995), [[Ram Gopal Varma]]'s "[[Ram Gopal Varma#Indian gangster trilogy|Indian Gangster Trilogy]]" (1998–2005), the ''[[Sarkar (2005 film)|Sarkar]]'' series (2005–2017), ''[[Footpath (2003 film)|Footpath]]'' (2003), ''[[Black Friday (2004 film)|Black Friday]]'' (2004), ''[[Mumbai Xpress]]'' (2005), ''[[No Smoking (2007 film)|No Smoking]]'' (2007), ''[[Traffic Signal (film)|Traffic Signal]]'' (2007), ''[[Aamir (film)|Aamir]]'' (2008), ''[[Mankatha]]'' (2011), ''[[Thalaivaa]]'' (2013), ''[[Bhoothnath Returns]]'' (2014), ''[[Kaala (2018 film)|Kaala]]'' (2018) and ''[[Gully Boy]]'' (2019).<br />
<br />
''Dharavi, Slum for Sale'' (2009) by Lutz Konermann and Rob Appleby is a German [[Documentary film|documentary]].<ref>{{IMDb title|1188984|qid=Q22138197|title=Dharavi, Slum for Sale}}</ref> In a programme aired in the United Kingdom in January 2010, [[Kevin McCloud]] and Channel 4 aired a two-part series titled ''Slumming It''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/4homes/on-tv/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it-episode-two-10-01-06_p_1.html |title=Slumming It: Dharavi |publisher=Channel 4 |access-date=8 April 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100118083854/http://www.channel4.com/4homes/on-tv/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it/kevin-mccloud-slumming-it-episode-two-10-01-06_p_1.html |archive-date=18 January 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> which centered around Dharavi and its inhabitants. The poem "[[Blessing (poem)|Blessing]]" by [[Imtiaz Dharker]] is about Dharavi not having enough water. ''[[For The Win]]'', by [[Cory Doctorow]], is partially set in Dharavi. In 2014, Belgian researcher Katrien Vankrunkelsven made a 22-minute film on Dharavi which is entitled ''The Way of Dharavi''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_0X0wIvqVM|title=Documentary – The Way Of Dharavi 2014|last=Sse Productions bvba|date=3 April 2015|access-date=30 April 2017|via=YouTube|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161017233205/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_0X0wIvqVM|archive-date=17 October 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
[[Hitman 2 (2018 video game)|Hitman 2]], a video game released in 2018, featured the slums of Mumbai in one of its missions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=19 July 2019|title=Hitman 2: 10 Things To Do In Mumbai That The Game Doesn't Tell You About|url=https://www.thegamer.com/hitman-2-mumbai-activities-secret/|access-date=18 September 2021|website=TheGamer|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=HITMAN™ 2 - Mumbai on Steam|url=https://store.steampowered.com/app/950559/HITMAN2__Mumbai/|access-date=18 September 2021|website=store.steampowered.com|language=en}}</ref><br />
The Mumbai based video game Mumbai Gullies is expected to feature the slums of Dharavi in the fictional map.<ref>{{Cite web|date=27 November 2020|title=WHAT IS MUMBAI GULLIES?|url=https://gameeon.in/what-is-mumbai-gullies/|access-date=18 September 2021|website=GameEon|language=en-US|archive-date=5 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405214702/https://gameeon.in/what-is-mumbai-gullies/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=January 2021|first=Bodhisatwa Ray 19|date=19 January 2021|title=Mumbai Gullies, a GTA styled game from an Indian developer, set to launch soon|url=https://www.techradar.com/news/mumbai-gullies-a-gta-styled-game-from-an-indian-developer-set-to-launch-soon|access-date=18 September 2021|website=TechRadar|language=en}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2024}}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Poverty in India]]<br />
* [[List of slums in India]]<br />
* [[Urbanisation in India]]<br />
{{clear}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
*Dharavi: Documenting Informalities. Practical Action June 2018. Jonatan Habib Engqvist and Maria Lantz. {{ISBN|978-1853397103}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
* Sharma, Kalpana; "Rediscovering Dharavi: Story From Asia's Largest Slum" (2000) – Penguin Books {{ISBN|0-14-100023-6}}<br />
* [https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/world/06/dharavi_slum/html/dharavi_slum_intro.stm "Life in a Slum" – BBC News]<br />
* {{Cite news |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |title=Dharavi Mumbai's Shadow City |first=Mark |last=Jacobson |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=May 2007 |access-date=30 April 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081121103109/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0705/feature3/ |archive-date=21 November 2008 |url-status=dead |author-link=The Lampshade: A Holocaust Detective Story from Buchenwald to New Orleans}}<br />
* [http://economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10311293 "Urban poverty in India: A flourishing slum"] and [http://economist.com/world/asia/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10311257 "Recycling: A soul-searching business"], ''[[The Economist]]'', 19 December 2007<br />
* [http://www.livemint.com/dharavi.htm Everyone Wants a Slice of the Dharavi Pie – Live Mint]<br />
* [https://www.tabloidxo.com/dharavi-mumbai.jsp Facts About Asia's Largest Slum, Dharavi, Mumbai - TabloidXO]<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{commons category}}<br />
* [https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dharavi&params=19_02_16_N_72_51_13_E_type:city_region:IN-MH GeoHack - Dharavi]<br />
<br />
{{Mumbai topics}}<br />
{{Mumbai metropolitan area}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Neighbourhoods in Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Slums of Mumbai]]<br />
[[Category:Squatting in India]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ayesha_Jalal&diff=455583Ayesha Jalal2026-02-28T20:22:31Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: improved information for accuracy and fixed typos</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Pakistani historian (born 1956)}}<br />
{{Use Pakistani English|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}<br />
{{Infobox scientist<br />
| name = Ayesha Jalal<br />
| image = AyeshaJalal.jpg<br />
| caption = Jalal at [[Lahore University]] in May 2010<br />
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1956}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Lahore]], [[West Punjab]], Pakistan<br />
| death_date = <br />
| death_place = <br />
| field = [[History]] and [[Sociology]]<br />
| work_institution = {{ubl|[[University of Wisconsin–Madison]]|[[Columbia University]]|[[Lahore University of Management Sciences]]|[[Tufts University]]|[[Harvard University]]}}<br />
| alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Wellesley College]] |[[Trinity College, Cambridge]]}}<br />
| known_for = <br />
| prizes = {{ubl|[[MacArthur Fellows Program]]|[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (Star of Excellence) Award by the [[President of Pakistan]]}}<br />
| spouse = [[Sugata Bose]]<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Ayesha Jalal''' ([[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|عائشہ جلال}}}}) is a [[Pakistani-American]] [[historian]] known for her work documenting the biography and career of [[Muhammad Ali Jinnah]], the founder and first [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General of]] [[Pakistan]]. She is currently the Mary Richardson Professor of History at [[Tufts University]]. Earlier in her career, Jalal taught at [[Harvard University]] and [[Columbia University]].<ref name=":0" /> She was the recipient of the 1998 [[MacArthur Fellows Program|MacArthur Foundation Fellowship]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2 June 1998 |title=29 Are Chosen for Fellowships From the MacArthur Foundation |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/02/us/29-are-chosen-for-fellowships-from-the-macarthur-foundation.html |access-date=25 April 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Family and early life ==<br />
Jalal was born in [[Lahore]], Pakistan in 1956, to Hamid Jalal, a senior Pakistani civil servant, and his wife Zakia Jalal. She is related in two ways to the Urdu writer [[Saadat Hasan Manto]]. Her paternal grandmother was the sister of Manto. Secondly, Manto's wife Safia was the sister of Ayesha's mother Zakia Jalal. In other words, the uncle-nephew pair of Manto and Hamid Jalal were married to the sisters Safia and Zakia.<ref name=MF/><ref name=TheHindu/><br />
<br />
Jalal is married to the distinguished Indian historian [[Sugata Bose]], who is a professor of history at Harvard. He is a grand-nephew of the Indian Bengali freedom fighter [[Subhash Chandra Bose]].<br />
<br />
== Education ==<br />
Ayesha Jalal moved to [[New York City]] at the age of 14, when her father was posted at Pakistan's [[Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations|Mission to the United Nations]].<ref name=MF/> She obtained her BA in History and Political Science, from [[Wellesley College]], USA, and her doctorate in history from [[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]] at [[University of Cambridge]], where she wrote her Ph.D. dissertation: '' 'Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan'''.<ref name=MF/><br />
<br />
She stayed at Cambridge until 1987, working as a fellow of Trinity College and later as a [[Leverhulme Fellow]]. She moved to [[Washington, D.C.]] in 1985, to work as a fellow at the [[Woodrow Wilson Center]] and later as Academy Scholar at Harvard's Academy for International and Area Studies. She was hired by [[Columbia University]] as an associate professor in 1991 but her tenureship was declined after review in 1995.<ref name="Justia">{{Cite web|title=Jalal v. Columbia University in City of New York, 4 F. Supp. 2d 224 (S.D.N.Y. 1998)|url=https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp2/4/224/2349910/|access-date=24 August 2021|website=Justia Law|language=en}}</ref> In 1999, she joined [[Tufts University]] as a tenured professor.<ref name=tufts>{{Cite web|url=https://ase.tufts.edu/history/faculty/jalal.asp|title=Department of History - Tufts University|website=ase.tufts.edu website|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=AtlanticCouncil>{{Cite news|url=http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/experts/list/ayesha-jalal|title=Ayesha Jalal - Nonresident Senior Fellow, South Asia Center|newspaper=Atlantic Council website|access-date=9 August 2019|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072053/http://www.atlanticcouncil.org/about/experts/list/ayesha-jalal|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Dawn>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1160651|title=COVER STORY: The Struggle for Pakistan by Ayesha Jalal|last=Chishty-Mujahid|first=Nadya|date=1 February 2015|newspaper=Dawn (newspaper)|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/book-review-the-struggle-for-pakistan-by-ayesha-jalal-1419614523|title=Pakistan: The Land of the Pure|last=Chotiner|first=Isaac|date=26 December 2014|newspaper=Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
The bulk of her work deals with the creation of [[Muslim]] identities in modern [[South Asia]].<ref name="TheHindu">{{cite news |author=Book Review |date=18 October 2016 |title=Pakistan needs to breed more historians: Ayesha Jalal |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=http://www.thehindu.com/books/Pakistan-needs-to-breed-more-historians-Ayesha-Jalal/article13377953.ece |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Ayesha Jalal has been Fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] (1980–1984), Leverhulme Fellow at the Center of South Asian Studies, Cambridge (1984–1987), Fellow of the [[Woodrow Wilson Center for International Scholars]] in Washington, DC (1985–1986), Academy Scholar at [[Harvard University]]'s Academy for International and Area Studies (1988–1990), associate professor at [[Columbia University]]'s Department of History (1991–1995). She has taught at the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]], [[Tufts University]], [[Columbia University]], [[Harvard University]] and [[Lahore University of Management Sciences]].<ref name=tufts/><br />
<br />
Jalal sued [[Columbia University]] alleging bias after her tenure review for a professorship was declined in 1995.<ref name="Justia"/> In her lawsuit, Jalal accused the university of discrimination on the basis of religious and ethnic background.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Mahler |first=Jonathan |date=26 December 1998 |title=Taking On Pakistan's Hero, Then Taking the Heat |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/12/26/arts/taking-on-pakistan-s-hero-then-taking-the-heat.html |access-date=24 April 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ayesha Jalal is among the most prominent American academics who write on the history of South Asia.<ref name=TheHindu/> In her book, ''The Sole Spokesman'' (Cambridge University Press, 1985 and 1994), Jalal gives her perspective of what happened in the years between the 1937 elections in [[British India]] and the [[Partition of India|Partition of the Indian subcontinent]], identifying the factors which led to the creation of Pakistan and provides new insights into the nature of the British transfer of power in India. In particular, she focuses on the role of [[Mohammad Ali Jinnah]], the leader of [[All-India Muslim League]], and the main proponent of the [[Two Nation Theory]] on which the demand for Pakistan was based. Jinnah claimed to be the sole spokesman of all the Indian Muslims, not only in provinces where they were in a majority but also in the provinces where they were in a minority. Yet given the political geography of the subcontinent, it was clear that there would always be as many Muslims outside a specifically Muslim state as inside it. This book investigates how Jinnah proposed to resolve the contradiction between assertions of a "separate Muslim nation" and the need for a strategy which could safeguard the interests of all Indian Muslims. It does so by identifying Jinnah's real political aims, the reasons why he was reluctant to bring them into the open, and his success or failure in achieving them.<ref name=TheHindu/><br />
<br />
== Awards ==<br />
As a leading historian of Pakistan and South Asia, Ayesha Jalal has received numerous awards and recognitions:<br />
<br />
*[[Trinity College, Cambridge]] Fellowship (1980–84) <br />
* [[MacArthur Foundation Fellowship]] (1998–2003)<ref name=Tribune/><ref name=MF>{{Cite web|url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/583/|title=Ayesha Jalal — MacArthur Foundation|website=MacArthur Foundation website|date=1 July 1998|access-date=9 August 2019}}</ref><br />
*[[Sitara-i-Imtiaz]] (Star of Distinction) by the [[President of Pakistan]] in 2009.<ref name="Tribune">{{Cite news |author=Faiza Rahman |date=20 April 2014 |title=Ayesha Jalal: Borderline politics |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Express Tribune]] |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/696410/ayesha-jalal-borderline-politics/ |access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Recognition ==<br />
[[The Hindu]], a [[newspaper of record]] in India, calls her, "...one of Pakistan's most acclaimed historians..."<ref name=TheHindu/> [[The Express Tribune]], a Pakistani newspaper states, "...Jalal is revered globally as a historian of meticulous methods."<ref name=Tribune/><br />
<br />
On 16 April 2016, [[Maleeha Lodhi]], Pakistan's [[Permanent Representative of Pakistan to the United Nations|ambassador to the United Nations]], said that she was “the greatest historian Pakistan has produced.”<br />
<br />
== Bibliography ==<br />
<br />
=== Books ===<br />
{{refbegin}}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Jalal | first = Ayesha | title = The state of martial rule: the origins of Pakistan's political economy of defence | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge England New York | year = 1990 | isbn = 9780521051842 }}<ref name=MF/><br />
* {{cite book | last = Jalal | first = Ayesha | title = The sole spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League, and the demand for Pakistan | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge Cambridgeshire New York | year = 1994 | isbn = 9780521458504 }} First published 1985.<ref name=Tribune/><ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=MF/><br />
* {{cite book | last = Jalal | first = Ayesha | title = Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical perspective | publisher = Sang-e-Meel Publications | location = Lahore, Pakistan | year = 1995 | isbn = 9789693506297 }}<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=MF/><br />
* {{cite book | last1 = Jalal | first1 = Ayesha | last2 = Bose | first2 = Sugata | author-link2 = Sugata Bose | title = Nationalism, democracy, and development: state and politics in India | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Delhi New York | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780195639445 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Jalal | first = Ayesha | title = Self and sovereignty individual and community in South Asian Islam since 1850 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 9780415220774 }}<br />
* {{cite book | last = Jalal | first = Ayesha | title = Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia | url = https://archive.org/details/partisansofallah00ayes | url-access = registration | publisher = Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year =2008| isbn = 9780674047365 }}<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=AtlanticCouncil/><br />
* {{cite book | last1 = Jalal | first1 = Ayesha | last2 = Bose | first2 = Sugata | author-link2 = Sugata Bose | title = Modern South Asia: history, culture, political economy | publisher = Routledge | location = London New York | year = 2011 | edition = 3rd | isbn = 9780415779432 }}<ref name=TheHindu/><ref name=MF/><br />
* {{cite book | last = Jalal | first = Ayesha | title =The pity of partition: Manto's life, times, and work across the India-Pakistan divide | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton | year = 2013 | isbn = 9780691153629 }}<ref name=Tribune/><br />
* {{cite book | last = Jalal | first = Ayesha | title = The struggle for Pakistan: a Muslim homeland and global politics | publisher = The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press | location = Cambridge, Massachusetts | year = 2014 | isbn = 9780674052895}}<ref name=Dawn/><br />
<br />
=== Chapters in books ===<br />
* {{Citation | last = Jalal | first = Ayesha | contribution = Exploding Communalism : The Politics of Muslim Identity in South Asia | editor-last1 = Bose | editor-first1 = Sugata | editor-last2 = Jalal | editor-first2 = Ayesha | editor-link1= Sugata Bose | editor-link2 = Ayesha Jalal | title = Nationalism, Democracy and Development: State and Politics in India|chapter-url= http://emerald.tufts.edu/~ajalal01/Articles/communalism.pdf| access-date =15 April 2018 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Delhi | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780195644425 | postscript = .}}<br />
* {{Citation | last = Jalal | first = Ayesha | contribution = Freedom and equality: from Iqbal's philosophy to Sen's ethical concerns | editor-last1 = Kanbur | editor-first1 = Ravi | editor-last2 = Basu | editor-first2 = Kaushik | editor-link1= Ravi Kanbur | editor-link2 = Kaushik Basu | title = Arguments for a better world: essays in honor of Amartya Sen &#124; Volume II: Society, institutions and development | pages = 452–469 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford New York | year = 2009 | isbn = 9780199239979 | postscript = .}}<br />
{{refend}}<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Jaswant Singh]], an Indian Army officer and politician, who expressed similar views on Jinnah as Jalal in his book '' '[[Jinnah: India, Partition, Independence]]'''.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.tufts.edu/~ajalal01 Ayesha Jalal profile on Tufts University website]<br />
* {{cite web|url=http://www.mssu.edu/international/India/jalal.htm |title=Profile of Ayesha Jalal (Archived)|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050216065435/http://www.mssu.edu/international/India/jalal.htm |date=12 January 2004|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 February 2005|access-date=9 August 2019}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jalal, Ayesha}}<br />
[[Category:1956 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Columbia University faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of South Asia]]<br />
[[Category:MacArthur Fellows]]<br />
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of Sitara-i-Imtiaz]]<br />
[[Category:Pakistani emigrants to the United States]]<br />
[[Category:Historians of Pakistan]]<br />
[[Category:Tufts University faculty]]<br />
[[Category:Stuyvesant High School alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Wellesley College alumni]]<br />
[[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]]<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Lahore University of Management Sciences]]<br />
[[Category:Punjabi women]]<br />
[[Category:American people of Punjabi descent]]<br />
[[Category:American academics of Pakistani descent]]<br />
[[Category:20th-century American historians]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century American historians]]<br />
[[Category:Academics from Lahore]]<br />
[[Category:Muslims from New York (state)]]<br />
[[Category:American women of Asian descent]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Birendra_Kishore_Manikya&diff=445991Birendra Kishore Manikya2026-02-26T17:47:48Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: updated page</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}<br />
{{Infobox royalty<br />
|title = [[Maharaja]]<br />
|name = H.R.H. Maharaja Birendra Kishore Manikya Dev Varma Bahadur<br />
|image = Raja Birendra Kishore Manikya.jpg<br />
|alt = <br />
|caption = <br />
|reign = 1909-1923<br />
|predecessor = [[Radha Kishore Manikya]]<br />
|suc-type = Successor<br />
|successor = [[Bir Bikram Kishore Dev Varma|Bir Bikram Kishore Manikya Bahadur]]<br />
|house = [[Manikya dynasty]]<br />
|religion = [[Hinduism]]<br />
}}<br />
{{Kingdom of Tripura}}<br />
'''Birendra Kishore Manikya Dev Varma Bahadur''' ascended the throne of the [[Tripura (princely state)|Kingdom of Tripura]] on 25 November 1909, at the age of 26.<br />
<br />
==Administrative reforms==<br />
Birendra Kishore's contribution to the state lay in his administrative reforms, welfare activities and consistent attempt to spread education. He divided the state into ten administrative units on the model of subdivisions and introduced the system of civil service examinations for recruiting competent youths in the administration in 1909. The post of chief secretary was created in 1909.{{Citation needed|date=December 2025}}<br />
<br />
He reconstituted the State Civil Service in 1909 for recruitment of high officials of the state including the post of Police Superintendent and Deputy Superintendent of Police. The new Arms Act and the Penal Code Amendment Act were passed in 1911. A small staff under a senior Inspector was engaged for detective purposes. The number of cases reported in the state was always small.<ref>{{cite web|title=Police system in Princely state of Tripura|url=http://tripurapolice.nic.in/policeHistory.htm|publisher=tripura police|access-date=2012-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212222201/http://tripurapolice.nic.in/policeHistory.htm|archive-date=2012-02-12|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
Birendra Kishore took the first initiative to explore the potential of tea cultivation in Tripura by ordering an expert survey. Forty tea estates were set up in Tripura during his rule. The king had given a formal license to the Burma Oil Company in 1916 to explore oil, natural gas and minerals in Tripura after a survey conducted had given indication of potential deposits. He also founded a silk-weaving center at Agartala and took steps to develop agriculture.<ref name=TI1>{{cite web|title=Leading lights among the Manikyas|url=http://www.tripurainfo.in/Admin/ATripura/Profile_Of_The_State/Leading_Manikyas.htm|publisher=www.tripurainfo.in|accessdate=31 May 2012|archive-date=9 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240709150946/http://www.tripurainfo.in/Admin/ATripura/Profile_Of_The_State/Leading_Manikyas.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Patron of the arts==<br />
[[File:Templetripura (22).JPG|thumb|[[Lakshmi Narayan Temple,Agartala|Lakshmi Narayan Temple]] built by Birendra Kishore Manikya]]<br />
An artist and prolific songwriter, Birendra Kishore was known for his beautiful oil paintings such as "Sannyasi", "Jhulon" and "Banshi Badan".<ref name=TI1 /> He founded the Ujjayanta Drama company giving an impetus to the development of theatre in Tripura.<ref>{{cite news|last=Datta|first=Sekhar|title=Drama through the ages|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120406/jsp/northeast/story_15338686.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304125720/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1120406/jsp/northeast/story_15338686.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2016|accessdate=31 May 2012|newspaper=The telegraph|date=6 April 2012}}</ref> The [[Lakshmi Narayan Temple,Agartala|Lakshmi Narayan Temple]], 'Durga Bari' and 'Lal Mahal' that form part of the [[Ujjayanta palace]] were built during his rule. He built the Pushbanta Place that is now the residence of the Governor of [[Tripura]]. King Birendra Kishore organised a grand reception for [[Rabindra Nath Tagore]] at Agartala after he had won the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] in 1913.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deb Barma |first=Aloy |title=Cinema as Art and Popular Culture in Tripura: An Introduction |last2=Debroy |first2=Prajapita |publisher=[[Tribal Research and Cultural Institute]] |year=2022 |isbn=978-81-958995-0-0 |location=Agartala |publication-date=2022 |pages=14 |language=en}}</ref> Apart from providing ongoing financial assistance to [[Shanti Niketan]] he also donated 5,000 rupees to Tagore for setting up a hospital at Santi Niketan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rabindranath immortalised Tripura|url=http://tripura.nic.in/portal/aboutTripura/immortalized_Tripura.aspx|publisher=Govt of Tripura|accessdate=31 May 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002063507/http://tripura.nic.in/portal/aboutTripura/immortalized_Tripura.aspx|archivedate=2 October 2012}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
*[http://www.uq.net.au/~zzhsoszy/ips/t/tripura.html Kingdom of Tripura - University of Queensland]<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
[[Category:People from Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:Kings of Tripura]]<br />
[[Category:1923 deaths]]<br />
[[Category:1880s births]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dharambir_Nain&diff=496680Dharambir Nain2026-02-20T22:32:11Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Made A Info</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian para athlete}}<br />
{{Infobox sportsperson<br />
| image = Dharambir Nain in September 2024.jpg<br />
| caption = Nain in 2024<br />
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1989|01|18|df=y}}<br />
| birth_place = [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]], India<br />
| sport = [[Para athletics]]<br />
| disability_class = F51<br />
| event = [[Club throw]]<br />
| pb = 34.92 m {{AthAbbr|AR}} ([[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024]])<br />
| medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[para-athletics]]}} [[File:Athletics pictogram (Paralympics).svg|25px]]<br />
{{MedalCountry|{{IND}}}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Paralympic Games]]}}[[File:IPC logo (2019).svg|center|40px]]<br />
{{MedalGold|[[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris]]|[[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's club throw F51|Club throw F51]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Para Athletics Championships|World Championships]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships|2025 New Delhi]]|[[2025 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's club throw#Medalists|Club throw F51]]}}<br />
{{MedalBronze|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships|2024 Kobe]]|[[2024 World Para Athletics Championships – Men's club throw#Medalists|Club throw F51]]}}<br />
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Para Games]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[2018 Asian Para Games|2018 Jakarta]]|[[Athletics at the 2018 Asian Para Games|Club throw F51]]}}<br />
{{MedalSilver|[[2022 Asian Para Games|2022 Hangzhou]]|[[Athletics at the 2022 Asian Para Games|Club throw F51]]}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Dharambir Nain''' (born 18 January 1989) is an Indian [[Para-athletics|para]] [[Club throw|club thrower]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=DHARAMBIR |url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024-paralympics/athlete/-dharambir_3415803#events |work=[[Paris 2024 Paralympics]]}} ([https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024-paralimpicos/atleta/-dharambir_3415803 alternate link])</ref> He represented India at the [[2024 Summer Paralympics|2024 Paris Paralympics]], where he won the gold medal in the [[Athletics at the 2024 Summer Paralympics – Men's club throw F51|men's club throw F51]] event with a throw of 34.92 m, setting a new Asian record.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-05 |title=Paris Paralympics: Club throwers Dharambir Nain & Amit Kumar Saroha – competing together and pushing each other to excellence |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/sport-others/dharambir-nain-amit-kumar-saroha-paris-paralympics-medal-9552603/ |access-date=2024-09-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
Nain was born in Badana village, [[Rohtak]], [[Haryana]].<ref name=":0" /> He did his schooling at C. R. Z. Senior Secondary School, Sonipat. He was paralyzed below the waist after a diving accident on 2 June 2012 when he hit the rocks in a canal near his aunt's house.<ref name=":2" /> His father died in 2011, and his accident soon after left him shattered. He was bed ridden for over a year and during this period, the visit of [[Amit Kumar Saroha]] to his house along with a friend, has changed his life as Saroha introduced him to sports.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
Nain took up para athletics in 2014, and was mentored in discus throw by [[Amit Kumar Saroha]]. He trains at Sports Authority of India facilities in [[Sonipat]].<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Nain represented [[India at the 2016 Summer Paralympics]] in Rio de Janeiro, where he finished 9th.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2016-09-16 |title=Paralympics: Amit Kumar Saroha narrowly misses out on bronze medal in club throw |url=https://scroll.in/field/816722/paralympics-amit-kumar-saroha-narrowly-misses-out-on-bronze-medal-in-club-throw |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Scroll.in |language=en}}</ref> He first took part in the London World Championships in 2017.<ref name=":0" /> He won a silver medal at the 2018 Asian Para Games.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-08-26 |title=Tokyo Paralympics 2021: Full list of 54 Indian competitors |url=https://www.espn.in/olympics/story/_/id/32075876/tokyo-paralympics-2021-india-athletes-contingent-names-events-bio |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=ESPN |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2021-09-01 |title=Amit, Dharambir end without medal at club throw competition |url=https://thebridge.in/tokyo-2020-paralympics/amit-dharambir-no-medal-club-throw-24876 |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=thebridge.in |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
He represented India at the World Championship in Dubai in 2019 and Paris in 2023.<ref name=":0" /> At the 2020 Summer Paralympics at Tokyo, he came 8th in his event.<ref name=":1" /><br />
<br />
In 2022, he won two silver medals in club throw and discus throw at the 13th Fazza International Athletics Championships and a silver medal in club throw F51 at the [[2022 Asian Para Games]] in [[Hangzhou]], China.<ref name=":0" /> That year he also received the Bhim Award, the highest sports honour presented by the state government of Haryana, India.<ref>https://www.indusind.com/in/en/for-sports/Programs/para-champions/dharambir.html</ref><br />
<br />
He won a bronze medal at the 2024 World Para Athletics Championships in Kobe, Japan.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2024-05-22 |title=World Para Athletic C'ships 2024: Sachin Khilari defends gold, Dharambir bags bronze; India surpasses best-ever tally |url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/athletics/sachin-khilari-world-para-athletic-championships-2024-kobe-shot-put-f46-best-ever-medal-tally-athletics-news/article68202730.ece |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=Sportstar |language=en |agency=PTI}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
== External links ==<br />
<br />
* [https://sportsauthorityofindia.nic.in/sai/assets/news/1632737006_Indian%20Para%20-Athletes%20aim%20to%20increase%20their%20medal%20haul%20in%20the%20field%20events%20of%20the%20Tokyo%20Paralympics.pdf Sports Authority of India list]<br />
<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Nain, Dharambir}}<br />
{{Paralympic medalists for India|state=collapsed}}<br />
[[Category:1989 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]<br />
[[Category:Indian men athletes]]<br />
[[Category:Paralympic athletes for India]]<br />
[[Category:Sportspeople from Rohtak]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2020 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Paralympic medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:Paralympic gold medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2024 Summer Paralympics]]<br />
[[Category:Recipients of the Arjuna Award]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the World Para Athletics Championships]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Para Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]<br />
[[Category:Medalists at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]<br />
[[Category:Asian Para Games silver medalists for India]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2022 Asian Para Games]]<br />
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2018 Asian Para Games]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flurys&diff=499226Flurys2026-02-13T17:45:38Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Made New Info</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Tea room and pastry shop in Kolkata, India}}<br />
[[File:Flurys, Park Street, Kolkata, Street View.jpg|thumb|Street view of Flury's pastry shop at the Park Street in Kolkata]]<br />
[[File:Flurys, Park Street, Kolkata, Interior, Sales Counter.jpg|thumb|Interior view of Flury's confectionery shop with sales counter at the Park Street in Kolkata]]<br />
[[File:Airport Kolkata, Flurys Kiosk (cropped).jpg|thumb|Flurys sales kiosk at the [[Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport]] in Kolkata]]<br />
'''Flurys''' is a tearoom and pastry shop primarily based in Kolkata with various locations in India. The oldest store was established in [[Park Street (Kolkata)|Park Street]].<ref>Srijani Ganguly. [https://www.indiatoday.in/travel/traveller-s-diary/story/kolkata-park-street-college-street-gariahat-travel-india-lifetr-15006-2016-06-19 A first-hand experience of revisiting the vintage bazaars of Kolkata.] India Today.</ref><ref>Mehk Chakraborty. [http://mediaindia.eu/news-india-you/four-iconic-bakeries-of-kolkata/ Four iconic bakeries of Kolkata.] Media India Group.</ref><ref>Sangeetha Devi Dundoo. [http://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/Food/feast-at-flurys/article4541685.ece Feast at Flurys.] The Hindu.</ref> Today Flurys serves pastries, chocolates, puddings and cakes specialized to cuisines from around the world.<ref>Osman Samiuddin.[https://web.archive.org/web/20160319161924/http://www.thenational.ae/sport/cricket/world-t20-diary-day-3-in-kolkata-flurys-is-on-everybodys-radar World T20 diary, Day 3: In Kolkata, Flurys is on everybody’s radar.] The National.</ref> Flurys is regarded as one of the finest places for dining in all of Kolkata.<ref>Shaun Kenworthy. [https://www.cntraveller.in/story/kolkatas-50-best-meals/ Kolkata's 50 Best Meals.] Conde Nast Traveller.</ref><br />
<br />
The establishment was first opened in 1927 by the two [[Switzerland|Swiss]] business partners Joseph Flury and Quinto Cinzio Trinca. The name was at the beginning ''Flury & Trinca''. The partnership lasted until 1939, when it was dissolved for unknown reasons. Cinzio Trinca opened another tea room called ''Trincas'', located diagonally opposite Flurys at 17 Park Street. Ten years later, in 1965, Joseph Flury wanted to return to Switzerland, so he sold his tea room to Jit Paul, who had started the Park Hotel across the street by then.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kumar |first1=Karo Christine |title=The story that connects Trincas and Flurys on Park Street |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/my-kolkata/places/the-origins-of-trincas-heritage-restaurant-and-flurys-tearoom-on-park-street-kolkata/cid/1871292 |website=The Telegraph |access-date=12 February 2026}}</ref> Paul intergrated Flurys in the Kolkata-based [[Apeejay Surrendra Group]], a conglomerate founded by his father.<ref>{{cite web |title=A man and his street - Jit Paul ( April 1, 1923-June 3, 2009) |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/a-man-and-his-street-jit-paul-april-1-1923-june-3-2009/cid/1265669 |website=The Telegraph Online |access-date=13 February 2026 |date=4 June 2009}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2013, Flurys expanded to several locations in Kolkata and opened its first location outside the city in [[Mumbai]] at the [[Navi Mumbai Airport]].<ref>[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Grab-a-rum-ball-at-Flurys-airport-outlet/articleshow/37105277.cms Grab a rum ball at Flurys airport outlet.] The Times of India.</ref><br />
In 2016, the franchise announced that it would sell tea bags in neighborhood grocery stores.<ref>Subhro Niyogil. [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Now-enjoy-your-favourite-Flurys-tea-right-at-home/articleshow/52494873.cms Now enjoy your favourite Flurys tea right at home.] The Times of India.</ref><br />
By summer 2025, the brand had around 15 outlets in Mumbai, and several in [[Chennai]], as well as two each in [[Hyderabad]] and [[Bhubaneswar]] and one in [[Delhi]], [[Indore]], and [[Gangtok]]. In the rest of Bengal, Flurys has locations in [[Durgapur]], [[Serampore]], and [[Chandannagar]] in southern Bengal, and six locations in northern Bengal, including two in [[Siliguri]] and one in [[Darjeeling]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Niyogi |first1=Subhro |title=Resto war heats up in Hills as Darj icons vie with brand from Kolkata |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/resto-war-heats-up-in-hills-as-darj-icons-vie-with-brand-from-kolkata/articleshow/122589486.cms |website=The Times of Inida |access-date=13 February 2026 |date=17 July 2025}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
==External links==<br />
{{Commonscat}}<br />
*[http://www.flurys.com/ Official website]<br />
<br />
{{coord missing|West Bengal}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Shops in India]]<br />
[[Category:1927 establishments in India]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parthan_Mohan&diff=524587Parthan Mohan2026-02-10T11:09:11Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: started info - done</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Malayalam film director (born 1986)}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Parthan Mohan<br />
| image = Parthan Mohan profile.jpg<br />
| occupation = [[Brand Consultant]], [[Film director]], [[Film producer|producer]]<br />
| yearsactive = 2013–present<br />
}}<br />
{{More citations needed|date=February 2026}}<br />
'''Parthan Mohan''' (born 27 July 1986) is a [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam film]] director and producer. He made his directorial debut with the film ''ONE'' in 2013, starring [[Jagadish]]. He went on to serve as executive producer for ''[[John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu]]'' (2014) and to co-produce ''[[Olappeeppi]]'' (2016) and ''[[Crossroad (film)|Crossroad]]'' (2017).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/one-of-a-kind/article4964489.ece|title=One of a kind|first=Hari Shanker|last=R|newspaper=The Hindu |date=29 July 2013|publisher=|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> <br />
<br />
== Early life ==<br />
<br />
Parthan was born into a family of teachers on July 27, 1986, in [[Thiruvananthapuram|Trivandrum]], Kerala, India. He finished his schooling at [[Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pattom]] in 2004. He went on to study at [[Mar Ivanios College]], from where he graduated in Visual and Mass Communication. He earned his [[bachelor's degree]] in Video Production & Mass Communication at the [[University of Kerala]] with top honours in 2007.<br />
<br />
He wrote and directed his first short film, ''Memoirs'', during his campus days at Mar Ivanios. The film was shown at a number of campus short film festivals around South India.<br />
<br />
Parthan continued his film studies at the L V Prasad Film & TV Academy in [[Chennai]], where he completed a postgraduate diploma course in Film Direction. In the course of his studies, he completed around ten films, including short fiction projects, documentaries and a music video.<br />
<br />
His diploma film at the Academy, ''Apratheekshitham'', won critical acclaim and was selected for international film festivals, including the [[Mumbai International Film Festival]] 2010, the ‘I’ve Seen Films’ International Film Festival in [[Milan]], Italy and the ASIEXPO International Film Festival in [[Lyon]], France.<br />
<br />
== Career ==<br />
In 2010, Parthan took over his family business of advertising. He now leads Sravia, an established advertising brand in Kerala. He has produced and directed over 450 advertising and corporate films for brands including <u>''[[Malayala Manorama]]''</u>, Agappe Diagnostics, Pankajakasthuri, Bhima Jewellery, Muralya Dairy and Guidehouse India.<br />
<br />
In 2013, Parthan made his directorial feature film debut with the Malayalam horror film ''ONE,'' starring [[Jagadish]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/mollywood/200716/a-triple-treat-for-children.html|title=A triple treat for children|date=20 July 2016|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|first=Priya|last=Sreekumar|accessdate=18 September 2019}}</ref><br />
<br />
He was executive producer for the film ''[[John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu]]'', released in July 2014.<br />
<br />
In 2016, he was co-producer of ''[[Olappeeppi]]'', starring [[Biju Menon]]. The film won two awards at the Kerala State Film Awards 2017.<br />
<br />
In 2017, he completed ''Mudra'', a 15-minute short for the Malayalam Anthology Film Crossroad. It features [[Isha Talwar]] and Anjali Nair in leading roles and portrays the story of two classical dancers and their struggles.<br />
<br />
He is working on a [[Coming of age|coming-of-age]] drama, scheduled for production in mid-2025. <br />
<br />
== Filmography ==<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
|-<br />
!Year || Film || Director || Producer|| Notes<br />
|-<br />
| 2013 || ''One''|| {{Yes}} || ||<br />
|-<br />
| 2014 || ''[[John Paul Vaathil Thurakkunnu]]'' || || {{Yes}} || Executive producer<br />
|-<br />
| 2016 || ''[[Olappeeppi]]'' || || {{Yes}} || Co-producer<br />
|-|<br />
| 2017 || ''[[Crossroad (2017 film)|Crossroad]]'' || || {{Yes}} || Producer<br />
|-|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
*{{IMDb name|id=6697578|name=Parthan Mohan}}<br />
<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film directors]]<br />
[[Category:Malayalam film producers]]<br />
[[Category:Film directors from Kerala]]<br />
[[Category:Film producers from Kerala]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabi_Narayan_Naik&diff=527854Rabi Narayan Naik2026-02-10T09:21:27Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
| name = Rabi Narayan Naik<br />
| image = Rabi Narayan Naik 2024.jpg<br />
| office = Minister of Rural Development<br/>[[Government of Odisha]]<br />
| term_start = 12 June 2024<br />
| 1blankname = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]<br />
| predecessor = [[Pritiranjan Gharai]]<br />
| office1 = Minister of Panchayati Raj & Drinking Water<br/>[[Government of Odisha]]<br />
| term_start1 = 12 June 2024<br />
| 1blankname1 = [[Chief Minister of Odisha|Chief Minister]]<br />
| 1namedata1 = [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]<br />
| predecessor1 = [[Pradip Kumar Amat]]<br />
| office2 = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]<br />
| term_start2 = 2024<br />
| predecessor2 = [[Kishore Chandra Naik]]<br />
| constituency2 = [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]<br />
| term_start3 = 2014<br />
| term_end3 = 2019<br />
| predecessor3 = Rajendra Kumar Chhatria<br />
| successor3 = [[Kishore Chandra Naik]]<br />
| constituency3 = [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]<br />
| term_start4 = 2000<br />
| term_end4 = 2009<br />
| predecessor4 = Panu Chandra Naik<br />
| successor4 = Rajendra Kumar Chhatria<br />
| constituency4 = [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda (ST)]]<br />
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1969|06|30}}<br />
| birth_place = <br />
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]<br />
| father = Dasarath Naik<br />
| education = [[Bachelor of Arts]]<br />
| profession = Farmer, Politician<br />
| source = https://odishaassembly.nic.in/memberprofile.aspx?img=132<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''Rabi Narayan Naik''' is an Indian politician and Minister of Rural Development, Panchayati Raj, Drinking Water in [[Government of Odisha]]. He is a [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from [[Kuchinda Assembly constituency|Kuchinda]] assembly constituency of [[Sambalpur district]].<br />
<br />
He did his Higher Secondary Examination Certificate from the Council of Higher Secondary Education Odisha Bhubaneswar and graduated Kuchinda College Kuchinda in August 1991.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-15 |title=My Neta Profile |url=https://myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=780 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=My Neta |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
On 12 June 2024, he took oath along with Chief Minister [[Mohan Charan Majhi]]took oath in Janata Maidan, Bhubaneswar. Governor [[Raghubar Das]] administered their oath. Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]], Home Minister [[Amit Shah]], Defense Minister [[Rajnath Singh]], along with Chief Ministers of 10 BJP-ruled states were present.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highlights: BJP Tribal Leader, 4-Time MLA Mohan Majhi Sworn In As Odisha Chief Minister |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/odisha-chief-minister-swearing-in-live-updates-mohan-majhi-set-to-be-sworn-in-as-bjps-first-chief-minister-in-odisha-5874031 |access-date=2024-06-13 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Barik |first=Satyasundar |date=2024-06-12 |title=Mohan Charan Majhi sworn in as Odisha’s first BJP Chief Minister |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/odisha/mohan-charan-majhi-sworn-in-as-odishas-first-bjp-chief-minister/article68281205.ece |access-date=2024-06-13 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-06-13 |title=Odisha Cabinet portfolios: CM Mohan Charan Majhi keeps Home |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/odisha-cabinet-portfolios-cm-mohan-charan-majhi-keeps-home-ministry-kanak-vardhan-singh-agriculture-pravati-parida-women-child-development-finance-2024-06-15-937131 |access-date=2024-06-15 |work=India News |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Naik, Rabi Narayan}}<br />
[[Category:1975 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]<br />
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]<br />
[[Category:People from Sambalpur district]]<br />
<br />
{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Demographics_of_Karnataka&diff=451310Demographics of Karnataka2026-02-06T15:03:37Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: Page updated with relevant improvements</p>
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<div>{{Short description|none}} <!-- This short description is INTENTIONALLY "none" - please see WP:SDNONE before you consider changing it! -->'''[[Karnataka]]''', with a total population of 61,100,000, is one of the major states in [[South India]]. [[Kannada]] is the official state language,<ref name="official">{{cite web|url=http://dpal.kar.nic.in/26%20of%201963%20(E).pdf|title=The Karnataka Official Language Act|work=Official website of Department of Parliamentary Affairs and Legislation|publisher=Government of Karnataka|access-date=2007-06-29}}</ref> while other linguistic minorities in the state include [[Kodava language|Kodava]], [[Konkani language|Konkani]], [[Tulu language|Tulu]] and [[Urdu]].<ref name="demographics">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/dec2002/urduinkarnataka.html|title=Urdu in Karnataka|work=A. R. Fatihi, PhD on Language in India|publisher= Central Institute of Indian Languages|access-date=2007-06-29}}</ref> Karnataka is also at the forefront of [[Human population planning|population control]] measures, with the first two [[birth control]] clinics in history opening in 1930 in the [[Mandya district]].<ref name="health">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2118/stories/20040910002909100.htm|title=Envisaging a healthy growth|work=Online Webpage of the Frontline|publisher=The Hindu|access-date=2007-06-21|url-status=usurped|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728040237/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2118/stories/20040910002909100.htm|archive-date=2011-07-28}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Population==<br />
{{Also see|Ethnic groups in Karnataka}}<br />
At the time of the 2011 [[Census of India]], the total population in Karnataka was 6.25 [[Crore|crores]] (a crore equates to 10 million), with 50.9% being males and 49.1% females. There was a decadal population increase of 17.3% between 1991 and 2001. As per the 2011 census, the [[population density]] is 319 per km², the [[sex ratio]] is 973 females to 1,000 males, and 38.67% of the people in Karnataka live in urban areas. <br />
<br />
The literacy rate in Karnataka was 75.4% at the time of the 2001 census; the eight most-populous cities of the state, in-order from highest to lowest total population, were [[Bengaluru]], [[Hubballi]]-[[Dharwad]], [[Mysuru]], [[Belagavi]], [[Kalburgi]], [[Mangaluru]], [[Davanagere]] and [[Ballari]].<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://municipaladmn.kar.nic.in/AreapopE.htm |title=Population of Corporation/CMC/TMC/TP, Population 2001 Census |work=Online Webpage of the Directorate of Municipal Administration |publisher=Government of Karnataka |access-date=2007-05-05 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410005106/http://municipaladmn.kar.nic.in/AreapopE.htm |archive-date=2009-04-10 }}</ref> [[Bengaluru Urban]] and [[Belagavi district|Belagavi]] are the most populous Districts, each of them having a population of more than three million. [[Gadag district|Gadaga]], [[Chamarajanagara District|Chamarajanagara]] and [[Kodagu]] districts have a population of less than one million. Karnataka has one of the largest populations of [[Anglo-Indians]] in India. Seen below is a composite table of languages and religions of the state at the [http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2011/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm census of 2001].<br />
<br />
===Religion===<br />
{{Main|Religion in Karnataka}}<br />
{{bar box<br />
|title=[[Religion in Karnataka]]<ref name="census2011">{{cite web|title=Population by religion community – 2011|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825155850/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01/DDW00C-01%20MDDS.XLS|archive-date=25 August 2015}}</ref><br />
|titlebar=#ddd<br />
|left1=<br />
|float=right<br />
|bars=<br />
{{bar percent|[[Hindu]]|Orange|84.00}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|Green|13.00}}<br />
{{bar percent|[[Christians|Christian]]|DodgerBlue|1.80}}<br />
{{bar percent|Others|black|1.20}}<br />
}}<br />
<br />
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 84.0% of the population were [[Hindu]], 13.00% [[Muslim]], 1.80% [[Christians|Christian]], 0.7% [[Jain]], 0.2% [[Buddhist]], <0.1% [[Sikhs]], with the remaining percentage belonging to other religions.<ref name="census2011"/> Karnataka is also the location of some tribes, such as the Nayaka, [[Soliga people|Soliga]], and [[Ravula|Yerava]]. The [[joint family]] system is prevalent in the rural areas of Karnataka; there are extreme cases, like the [[Narasinganavar family|Narasinganavars]], who reside in the [[Dharwad district]], and are recognised as one of the largest undivided families in the world.<br />
<br />
{|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;"<br />
|+ Religion in Karnataka<br />
! rowspan="2" |Religion !! colspan="2" | 2001<ref name="religion1">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|title=Total population by religious communities|publisher=Censusindia.gov.in|access-date=20 November 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119031333/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_data_finder/C_Series/Population_by_religious_communities.htm|archive-date=19 January 2008|df=dmy-all}}</ref> !! colspan="2" | 2011<ref name="religion2">{{cite web|publisher=Census Department, Government of India|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html|title=Indian Census 2011|access-date=25 August 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150913045700/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html|archive-date=13 September 2015|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="religion1" /><br />
|-<br />
!Population <br />
!(%)<br />
!Population<br />
!(%)<br />
|-<br />
| Hinduism || 44,321,279 <br />
|83.86|| 51,317,472<br />
|84.00<br />
|-<br />
| Islam || 6,463,127 <br />
|12.23|| 7,893,065<br />
|12.92<br />
|-<br />
| Christianity || 1,009,164 <br />
|1.91|| 1,142,647<br />
|1.87<br />
|-<br />
| Jainism || 412,659 <br />
|0.78|| 440,280<br />
|0.72<br />
|-<br />
| Buddhism || 393,300 <br />
|0.74|| 95,710<br />
|0.16<br />
|-<br />
| Sikhism || 15,326 <br />
|0.03|| 28,773<br />
|0.05<br />
|-<br />
| Other || 115,460 <br />
|0.22|| 11,263<br />
|0.02<br />
|-<br />
| Not stated || {{N/a}}<br />
|{{N/a}}|| 166,087<br />
|0.27<br />
|-<br />
| Total || 52,850,562 <br />
| || 61,095,297<br />
|<br />
|}<br />
<br />
===Caste and Communities===<br />
Just like other Ethnolinguistic groups in India, [[Kannada people|Kannada speaking people]] also form a number of distinct communities. The two single biggest communities numerically are the [[Lingayat]] and the [[Vokkaliga]] from North and South Karnataka respectively,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/in-karnataka-five-communities-with-4-population-will-fall-under-ews-quota/article66111568.ece|title=In Karnataka, five communities with 4% population will faller EWS quota|newspaper=The Hindu |date=8 November 2022 }}</ref> while Scheduled Castes make up the largest cohesive group of communities. There are also numerous OBC (other backward communities) including the former [[Pastoralism|pastoralist]] community of [[Kuruba]], Scheduled Tribes like the Boya/Valmiki, scheduled castes like Banjara and Adi Karnataka. [[Karnataka Brahmin|Kannada Brahmins]] are divided into several communities.<ref name="Ramaswamy2007">{{cite book|author=Harish Ramaswamy|title=Karnataka Government and Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UM3LjKo8Uo8C&pg=PA397|year=2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-8069-397-7|pages=398–399}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Karnataka State Gazetteer: Mysore|publisher=Director of Print, Stationery and Publications at the Government Press|year=1988|page=157|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7yQLAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> Although historically [[Jainism]] in Karnataka had dominant presence, Kannada Jains today form a small minority.<ref>Jainism and Karnataka Culture by Shripad Rama Sharma|page 13|2017</ref> <br />
<br />
In Karnataka, Only 4 communities — Brahmin, Jain, Aryavaishya, Nagarthas — are outside the existing reservation matrix. <br />
<br />
There are approximately 42 lakhs [[Brahmin]] (nearly 7% of population) and majority are concentrated in [[Bengaluru]] (approximately 15 lakhs). The Brahmins of Karnataka are [[Smarta tradition|Smarta]], [[Madhva Brahmin|Madhva]] and [[Sri Vaishnavism|Sri Vaishnavites.]] There are [[Saraswat Brahmin]] concentration in [[Coastal Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kalappa |first=Bansy |date=2025-08-07 |title=Brahmins fear sub-sects will dilute community numbers in Karnataka caste census |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/karnataka/2025/Aug/29/brahmins-fear-sub-sects-will-dilute-community-numbers-in-karnataka-caste-census |access-date=2025-08-30 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
===Languages===<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable"<br />
|+Government Census On Language<br />
!Language<br />
![[2001 census of India|2001]]( %)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Language in India 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071124150312/https://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm |archive-date=24 November 2007 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=www.censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Language Atlas 2001 Flip Book |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/ebook/2001/mobile/index.html#p=82 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=censusindia.gov.in}}</ref><br />
![[2011 Census of India|2011( %)]]<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Language – India, States and Union Territories |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |work=Census of India 2011 |publisher=Office of the Registrar General |pages=12–14, 49 |access-date=8 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114073412/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/C-16_25062018_NEW.pdf |archive-date=14 November 2018 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
|-<br />
|[[Kannada]]<br />
|68.5 <br />
|66.46<br />
|-<br />
|[[Hindi]]<br />
|0.6%<br />
|1.43<br />
|-<br />
|[[Deccani language|Urdu]]<br />
|10.5 <br />
|10.83<br />
|-<br />
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]<br />
|5.00<br />
|5.84<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]<br />
|3.2 <br />
|3.45<br />
|-<br />
|[[Tulu language|Tulu]]<br />
|2.1 <br />
|2.61<br />
|-<br />
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]] <br />
|3.40<br />
|3.80<br />
|-<br />
|[[Lambadi]]<br />
|<br />
|1.59<br />
|-<br />
|[[Malayalam]]<br />
|0.13<br />
|1.22<br />
|-<br />
|Beary<br />
|1.3 <br />
|<br />
|-<br />
|[[Konkani language|Konkani]] <br />
|1.0 <br />
|1.29<br />
|-<br />
|Others<br />
|2.71<br />
|1.99<br />
|}<br />
<br />
== Districts ==<br />
[[Image:Popkar.jpg|right|400px]]<br />
{| class="wikitable sortable"<br />
! colspan=3 | Population of districts of Karnataka<br>as per 2001 census<br />
|-<br />
!District<br />
!Population<br />
!Decadal %age growth 1991 -> 2001<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bangalore Urban]] || 6,537,124 || 34.8<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bangalore Rural]] || 1,881,514 || 12.2<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chitradurga District|Chitradurga]] || 1,517,896 || 15.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Davanagere District|Davanagere]] || 1,790,952 || 14.8<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kolar District|Kolar]] || 2,536,069 || 13.8<br />
|-<br />
| [[Shimoga District|Shimoga]] || 1,642,545 || 12.9<br />
|-<br />
| [[Tumkur District|Tumkur]] || 2,584,711 || 11.9<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bagalkot District|Bagalkot]] || 1,651,892 || 18.8<br />
|-<br />
| [[Belgaum District|Belgaum]] || 4,214,505 || 17.4<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bijapur district, Karnataka|Bijapur]] || 1,806,918 || 17.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dharwad District|Dharwad]] || 1,604,253 || 16.7<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gadag District|Gadag]] || 971,835 || 13.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Haveri District|Haveri]] || 1,439,116 || 13.3<br />
|-<br />
| [[Uttara Kannada]] || 1,353,644 || 10.9<br />
|- <br />
| [[Bellary District|Bellary]] || 2,027,140 || 22.3<br />
|-<br />
| [[Bidar District|Bidar]] || 1,502,373 || 19.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Gulbarga District|Gulbarga]] || 3,130,922 || 21.0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Koppal District|Koppal]] || 1,196,089 || 24.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Raichur District|Raichur]] || 1,669,762 || 21.9<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chamarajanagar District|Chamarajanagar]] || 965,462 || 9.2<br />
|-<br />
| [[Chikmagalur District|Chikmagalur]] || 1,140,905 || 12.0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Dakshina Kannada]] || 1,897,730 || 14.5<br />
|-<br />
| [[Hassan District|Hassan]] || 1,721,669 || 9.7<br />
|-<br />
| [[Kodagu]] || 548,561 || 11.6<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mandya District|Mandya]] || 1,763,705 || 7.1<br />
|-<br />
| [[Mysore District|Mysore]] || 2,641,027 || 15.0<br />
|-<br />
| [[Udupi District|Udupi]] || 1,112,243 || 6.9<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Karnataka ethnic groups]]<br />
* [[Kannada people]]<br />
<br />
==Footnotes==<br />
Official Census Portal of Mysore District [https://web.archive.org/web/20110209212413/http://mysorecensus2011.com/]<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Demographics of India}}<br />
{{Karnataka topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Society of Karnataka]]<br />
[[Category:Demographics of India by state or union territory|Karnataka]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bh%C4%81skara_I&diff=455172Bhāskara I2026-02-06T06:04:02Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: cleaned up structure also for clarity</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian mathematician and astronomer (600–680)}}<br />
{{For|others with the same name|Bhaskara (disambiguation)}}<br />
{{Distinguish|Bhāskara II}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English |date=June 2016}}<br />
{{Infobox person<br />
| name = Bhāskara I<br />
| known for = [[Bhāskara I's sine approximation formula]]<br />
| birth_date = {{circa|600}} CE<br />
| birth_place = possibly [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurāṣṭra]] or [[Asmaka]]<ref name=":1" /><br />
| death_date = {{circa|680}} CE<br />
| death_place = possibly [[Asmaka]] (present-day [[Telangana]] and [[Maharashtra]])<ref name=":2" /><br />
| occupation = Mathematician, scientist<br />
}}<br />
'''Bhāskara I{{Efn|to avoid confusion with the 12th century mathematician [[Bhāskara II]]}}''' ({{circa|600|680}}) was a 7th-century Indian mathematician and [[astronomer]] who was the first to write [[number]]s in the [[Hindu–Arabic numeral system|Hindu–Arabic decimal system]] with a circle for the [[0 (number)|zero]], and who gave a unique and remarkable rational [[approximation]] of the [[sine]] function in his commentary on [[Aryabhata]]'s work.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hayashi |first=Takao |date=1 July 2019 |title=Bhāskara I |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Bhaskara-I |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> This commentary, ''Āryabhaṭīyabhāṣya'', written in 629, is among the oldest known prose works in [[Sanskrit]] on [[mathematics]] and [[astronomy]] to be completely extant today. He also wrote two astronomical works in the line of Aryabhata's school: the ''Mahābhāskarīya'' ("Great Book of Bhāskara") and the ''Laghubhāskarīya'' ("Small Book of Bhāskara").<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Harvtxt|Keller|2006a|p=xiii}}</ref><br />
<br />
On 7 June 1979, the [[ISRO|Indian Space Research Organisation]] launched the [[Bhaskara (satellite)|Bhāskara I satellite]], named in honour of the mathematician.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bhāskara |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1979-051A |access-date=16 September 2017 |website=Nasa Space Science Data Coordinated Archive}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Biography ==<br />
Little is known about Bhāskara's life, except for what can be deduced from his writings. He was born in India in the 7th century, and was probably an [[astronomer]].<ref>{{Harvtxt|Keller|2006a|p=xiii}} cites [K S Shukla 1976; p. xxv-xxx], and [[David Pingree|Pingree]], ''Census of the Exact Sciences in Sanskrit'', volume 4, p. 297.</ref> Bhāskara I received his [[Astronomy|astronomical]] education from his father.<br />
<br />
There are references to places in India in Bhāskara's writings, such as [[Vallabhi]] (the capital of the [[Maitraka dynasty]] in the 7th century) and Sivarajapura, both of which are in the [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurastra]] region of the present-day state of [[Gujarat]] in India. Also mentioned are [[Bharuch]] in southern Gujarat, and [[Thanesar]] in the eastern Punjab, which was ruled by [[Harsha]]. Therefore, a reasonable guess would be that Bhāskara was born in [[Saurashtra (region)|Saurastra]] and later moved to [[Aśmaka]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=30 November 2022 |title=Bhāskara I |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/bhaskara-i |access-date=2022-12-12 |website=Encyclopedia.com |series=Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=J. J. |last2=Robertson |first2=E. F. |orig-date=November 2000 |title=Bhāskara I – Biography |url=https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Bhaskara_I/ |access-date=2021-05-05 |website=Maths History |publisher=School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, Scotland, UK |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
Bhāskara I is considered the most important scholar of [[Aryabhata]]'s astronomical school. He and [[Brahmagupta]] are two of the most renowned Indian mathematicians; both made considerable contributions to the study of fractions.<br />
<br />
== Representation of numbers ==<br />
The most important mathematical contribution of Bhāskara I concerns the representation of numbers in a [[positional numeral system]]. The first positional representations had been known to Indian astronomers approximately 500 years before Bhāskara's work. However, these numbers were written not in figures, but in words or allegories and were organized in verses. For instance, the number 1 was given as ''moon'', since it exists only once; the number 2 was represented by ''wings'', ''twins'', or ''eyes'' since they always occur in pairs; the number 5 was given by the (5) ''senses''. Similar to our current [[decimal]] system, these words were aligned such that each number assigns the factor of the power of ten corresponding to its position, only in reverse order: the higher powers were to the right of the lower ones.<br />
<br />
Bhāskara's numeral system was truly positional, in contrast to word representations, where the same word could represent multiple values (such as 40 or 400).<ref>B. van der Waerden: ''Erwachende Wissenschaft. Ägyptische, babylonische und griechische Mathematik''. Birkäuser-Verlag Basel Stuttgart 1966 p. 90</ref> He often explained a number given in his numeral system by stating ''ankair api'' ("in figures this reads"), and then repeating it written with the first nine [[Brahmi numeral]]s, using a small circle for the [[0 (number)|zero]]. Contrary to the word system, however, his numerals were written in descending values from left to right, exactly as we do it today. Therefore, since at least 629, the [[decimal]] system was definitely known to Indian scholars. Presumably, Bhāskara did not invent it, but he was the first to openly use the [[Brahmi numeral]]s in a scientific contribution in [[Sanskrit]].<br />
<br />
== Further contributions ==<br />
<br />
=== Mathematics ===<br />
Bhāskara I wrote three astronomical contributions. In 629, he annotated the ''[[Āryabhaṭīya]]'', an astronomical treatise by [[Aryabhata]] written in verses. Bhāskara's comments referred exactly to the 33 verses dealing with mathematics, in which he considered variable equations and trigonometric formulae. In general, he emphasized proving mathematical rules instead of simply relying on tradition or expediency.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
His work ''Mahābhāskarīya'' is divided into eight chapters about mathematical astronomy. In chapter 7, he gives [[Bhāskara I's sine approximation formula|a remarkable approximation formula for sin x]]:<br />
: <math> \sin x \approx \frac{16x (\pi - x)}{5 \pi^2 - 4x (\pi - x)}, \qquad (0 \leq x \leq \pi )</math><br />
which he assigns to Aryabhata. It reveals a relative error of less than 1.9% (the greatest deviation <math>\frac{16}{5\pi} - 1 \approx 1.859\%</math> at <math>x=0</math>). Additionally, he gives relations between sine and cosine, as well as relations between the sine of an angle less than 90° and the sines of angles 90°–180°, 180°–270°, and greater than 270°.<br />
<br />
Moreover, Bhāskara stated theorems about the solutions to equations now known as [[Pell's equation]]s. For instance, he posed the problem: "''Tell me, O mathematician, what is that square which multiplied by 8 becomes – together with unity – a square?''" In modern notation, he asked for the solutions of the Pell equation <math> 8x^2 + 1 = y^2 </math> (or <math>y^2 - 8x^2 = 1 </math> relative to pell's equation). This equation has the simple solution x = 1, y = 3, or shortly (x,y) = (1,3), from which further solutions can be constructed, such as (x,y) = (6,17).<br />
<br />
Bhāskara clearly believed that [[Pi|''{{pi}}'']] was irrational. In support of [[Aryabhata]]'s approximation of {{Pi}}, he criticized its approximation to <math>\sqrt{10}</math>, a practice common among [[Jainism|Jain]] mathematicians.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
He was the first mathematician to openly discuss [[quadrilateral]]s with four unequal, nonparallel sides.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2020 |title=Bhāskara i {{!}} Famous Indian Mathematician and Astronomer |url=https://www.cuemath.com/learn/bhaskara-i/ |access-date=2022-09-03 |website=Cuemath |language=en}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== Astronomy ===<br />
The ''Mahābhāskarīya'' consists of eight chapters dealing with mathematical astronomy. The book deals with topics such as the longitudes of the planets, the [[Conjunction (astronomy)|conjunctions]] among the planets and stars, the phases of the moon, solar and lunar [[eclipse]]s, and the rising and setting of the planets.<ref name=":0" /><br />
<br />
Parts of ''Mahābhāskarīya'' were later translated into [[Arabic]].<br />
<br />
== See also ==<br />
* [[Bhāskara I's sine approximation formula]]<br />
* [[List of astronomers]]<br />
* [[List of Indian mathematicians]]<br />
<br />
== Notes ==<br />
<references group="lower-alpha" /><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== Sources ==<br />
(From {{Harvtxt|Keller|2006a|p=xiii}})<br />
* M. C. Apaṭe. ''The Laghubhāskarīya, with the commentary of Parameśvara''. Anandāśrama, Sanskrit series no. 128, Poona, 1946.<br />
* v.harish ''Mahābhāskarīya of Bhāskarācārya with the Bhāṣya of Govindasvāmin and Supercommentary Siddhāntadīpikā of Parameśvara''. Madras Govt. Oriental series, no. cxxx, 1957.<br />
* K. S. Shukla. ''Mahābhāskarīya, Edited and Translated into English, with Explanatory and Critical Notes, and Comments, etc.'' Department of mathematics, Lucknow University, 1960.<br />
* K. S. Shukla. ''Laghubhāskarīya, Edited and Translated into English, with Explanatory and Critical Notes, and Comments, etc.,'' Department of mathematics and astronomy, Lucknow University, 2012.<br />
* K. S. Shukla. ''Āryabhaṭīya of Āryabhaṭa, with the commentary of Bhāskara I and Someśvara''. Indian National Science Academy (INSA), New- Delhi, 1999.<br />
<br />
== Further reading ==<br />
* H.-W. Alten, A. Djafari Naini, M. Folkerts, H. Schlosser, K.-H. Schlote, H. Wußing: ''4000 Jahre Algebra.'' Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2003 {{ISBN|3-540-43554-9}}, §3.2.1<br />
* S. Gottwald, H.-J. Ilgauds, K.-H. Schlote (Hrsg.): ''Lexikon bedeutender Mathematiker''. Verlag Harri Thun, Frankfurt a. M. 1990 {{ISBN|3-8171-1164-9}}<br />
* G. Ifrah: ''The Universal History of Numbers''. John Wiley & Sons, New York 2000 {{ISBN|0-471-39340-1}}<br />
* {{Citation<br />
| last=Keller<br />
| first=Agathe<br />
| year=2006a<br />
| title=Expounding the Mathematical Seed. Vol. 1: The Translation: A Translation of Bhāskara I on the Mathematical Chapter of the Aryabhatiya<br />
| publisher=Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag, 172 pages<br />
| isbn=3-7643-7291-5<br />
}}.<br />
* {{Citation<br />
| last=Keller<br />
| first=Agathe<br />
| year=2006b<br />
| title=Expounding the Mathematical Seed. Vol. 2: The Supplements: A Translation of Bhāskara I on the Mathematical Chapter of the Aryabhatiya<br />
| publisher=Basel, Boston, and Berlin: Birkhäuser Verlag, 206 pages<br />
| isbn=3-7643-7292-3<br />
}}.<br />
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Bhaskara_I}}<br />
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{{Indian mathematics}}<br />
{{Portal bar|Biography|India|Mathematics|Astronomy|Stars|Spaceflight|Outer space|Solar System|Science}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{Wikiquote}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bhaskara 1}}<br />
[[Category:7th-century Indian mathematicians]]<br />
[[Category:7th-century Indian astronomers]]<br />
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]<br />
[[Category:Year of death uncertain]]<br />
[[Category:7th-century deaths]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Gujarat]]<br />
[[Category:Scientists from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Scholars from Maharashtra]]<br />
[[Category:Acharyas]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindavi_Swarajya&diff=471060Hindavi Swarajya2026-01-30T15:48:41Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: typo fix</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Hindu nationalistic term of historical significance}}<br />
<br />
'''Hindavi Swarajya''' ({{IAST|Hindavī Svarājya}}; "self-rule of Hindu people"{{sfn|Smith, On Understanding Islam|1981|pp=194–195}}<ref name="Pagadi, Shivaji 1983 98"/><ref name="Jackson" />) is a term attributed to [[Shivaji]], the founder of the [[Maratha Kingdom]].<ref name="Jackson" /> After Shivaji's death, the term ''swarajya'' came into widespread use, without "Hindavi" but rather associated with "[[Maratha Empire|Maratha]]". According to [[André Wink]], the term ''Maratha Swarajya'' meant a form of zamindari sovereignty, not necessarily attached to any particular territory.<ref name="Wink swarajva">{{harvp|Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India|2007|pp=43–44}}: "''Maratha Svarajya'' was a form of ‘zamindari sovereignty’ not merely in the eyes of the Mughals but actually established by people who were often just one or two generations away from village or district zamindari status and the practice of ‘organizing cultivation and expelling robbers’."</ref><br />
<br />
The term ''[[Swaraj]]'' was later adopted by [[Bal Gangadhar Tilak]], one of the early leaders of the [[Indian independence movement]] against the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bal Gangadhar Tilak: Freedom Fighter Who Said, "Swaraj Is My Birth Right" |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/lokmanya-bal-gangadhar-tilak-death-anniversary-know-about-the-freedom-fighter-who-said-swaraj-is-my-birth-right-2272338 |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhary |first=Ratnadeep |date=2018-07-23 |title=Lokmanya Tilak — the strongest advocate of Swaraj & a prime architect of freedom movement |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/lokmanya-tilak-the-strongest-advocate-of-swaraj-a-prime-architect-of-freedom-movement/86985/ |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=ThePrint |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Origin ==<br />
Popular belief holds that the Maratha warrior [[Shivaji]] used the phrase ''Hindavi Swarajya'' in a letter to Dadaji Naras Prabhu Deshpande of Rohidkhore on 17 April 1645. The purported letter, in [[Marathi language|Marathi]], states:<br />
{{quote|It is God Rohireshvar that has given us victory; and that God would enable us to fulfil our wish of ''Hindavi Swarajya''. It is God's will that this kingdom should be established.{{sfn|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya|1975|p=50}}}}<br />
Scholars do not agree on the authenticity of the letter.{{sfn|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya|1975|pp=50-51}}<ref><br />
{{harvnb|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji|1975|p=10}}: "The authenticity of this letter has, however, been questioned by several eminent scholars, who consider that its language is not the language of the 17th century."<br />
</ref> Historian [[Setumadhavarao Pagadi]] states that a lot of the historical source material on Shivaji is spurious, contributed by various influential families of Maharashtra to show how close their ancestors were to Shivaji.{{sfn|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji|1975|p=10}} J. V. Naik states that, irrespective of the authenticity of the letter, Shivaji's career itself amply demonstrates his conception of ''Swarajya''.{{sfn|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya|1975|p=51}}<br />
<br />
== Interpretation ==<br />
Scholar [[Wilfred Cantwell Smith]] interprets Shivaji's ''Hindavi Swarajya'' to mean "Indian independence from foreign rule."{{sfn|Smith, On Understanding Islam|1981|pp=194–195}} Historian Pagadi also interprets it as "Indian rule."<ref name="Pagadi, Shivaji 1983 98">{{harvnb|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=98}}: "Shivaji's coronation and setting himself up as a sovereign prince symbolises the rise of the Indian people in all parts of the country. It was a bid for ''Hindawi Swarajya'' (Indian rule), a term in use in Marathi sources of history."</ref> Religious studies scholar William Jackson, while agreeing that it means independence from foreign rule, thinks its literal meaning is "self-rule of Hindu people."<ref name="Jackson">{{cite book |title=Vijayanagara voices: exploring South Indian history and Hindu literature |last=Jackson |first=William Joseph |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2005 |isbn=9780754639503 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PxvDNBc4qwUC&pg=PA38 |page=38}}: "Probably the earliest use of a word like 'Hindu' was in 1645 in a phrase in a letter of Shivaji, ''Hindavi swarajya'', meaning independence from foreign rule, 'self-rule of Hindu people'."</ref><br />
<br />
Historian [[Irfan Habib]] states that the term "Hindu" had acquired a religious sense by this time (though not with the present day meaning) and so, other terms such as ''Hindi'', ''Hindustani'' and ''Hindavi'' began to be employed to mean "Indian", spanning both Hindus and Muslims.{{sfn|Habib, The Formation of India|1997|p=7}} According to Pagadi, ''Hindavi'' had the sense of "the sons of the soil" in this context.{{sfn|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=i}}<br />
<br />
''Swarajya'' ([[IAST]]: svarājya) is a [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]] term, whose meaning is "independent dominion or sovereignty" according to the [[Monier Williams]] dictionary.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Monier-Williams Sanskrit Dictionary 1899 Basic |url=https://www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de/scans/MWScan/2020/web/webtc/indexcaller.php |access-date=2023-12-17 |website=www.sanskrit-lexicon.uni-koeln.de}}</ref> Pagadi notes that Shivaji had referred to his [[jagir]] in Pune as a ''rajya''.{{sfn|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji|1975|pp=10–11}} He takes ''Swarajya'' to have meant a "homeland"{{sfn|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=89}} and ''Hindavi Swarajya'' a "state of the sons of the soil."{{sfn|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983|p=i}}<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist|30em}}<br />
<br />
==Bibliography==<br />
* {{citation |first=M. Athar |last=Ali |title=The Evolution of the Perception of India: Akbar and Abu'l Fazl |journal=Social Scientist |volume=24 |number=1/3 |date= January 1996 |pages=80–88 |doi=10.2307/3520120 |jstor=3520120 |ref={{sfnref|Ali, The Evolution of the Perception of India|1996}}}}<br />
* {{citation |first=Irfan |last=Habib |authorlink=Irfan Habib |title=The Formation of India: Notes on the History of an Idea|journal=Social Scientist |volume=25 |number=7/8 |date=July 1997 |pages=3–10 |doi=10.2307/3517600 |jstor=3517600 |ref={{sfnref|Habib, The Formation of India|1997|p=7}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Naik |first=J. V. |chapter=The Foundation of Swarajya |title=Shivaji and swarajya |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.275725/2015.275725.Shivaji-And#page/n1/mode/2up |year=1975 |publisher=Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch |pages=43–57 |ref={{sfnref|Naik, The Foundation of Swarajya|1975}}}}<br />
* {{cite book |first=Setumadhava Rao |last=Pagadi |authorlink=Setumadhavarao Pagadi | title=Shivaji | year=1983 | publisher=National Book Trust, India |url=https://archive.org/details/ShivajiSetumadhavaraoSPagadi1983 |ref={{sfnref|Pagadi, Shivaji|1983}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Pagadi |first=Setu Madhava Rao |authorlink=Setumadhavarao Pagadi |chapter=The Life and Times of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj |title=Shivaji and swarajya |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.275725/2015.275725.Shivaji-And#page/n1/mode/2up |year=1975 |publisher=Orient Longman, for Indian Institute of Public Administration. Maharashtra Regional Branch |pages=1–42 |ref={{sfnref|Pagadi, The Life and Times of Shivaji|1975}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Smith |first=Wilfred C. |authorlink=Wilfred Cantwell Smith |title=On Understanding Islam: Selected Studies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TVTH0MepJBYC |year=1981 |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-082580-0 |ref={{sfnref|Smith, On Understanding Islam|1981}}}}<br />
* {{citation |last=Wink |first=André |title=Land and Sovereignty in India: Agrarian Society and Politics under the Eighteenth-Century Maratha Svarājya |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGL3IQAACAAJ |year=2007 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-05180-4 |ref={{sfnref|Wink, Land and Sovereignty in India|2007}}}}<br />
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[[Category:Indian independence movement]]<br />
[[Category:Maratha Empire]]<br />
[[Category:Wars of independence]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Swamini&diff=538841Swamini2026-01-25T07:25:29Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
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<div>{{Short description|2019 Marathi-language Historical TV series}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}<br />
{{Infobox television<br />
| image = Swamini.jpg<br />
| image_upright =<br />
| image_size = <br />
| image_alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| alt_name = <br />
| native_name = <br />
| genre = [[Historical]]<br />
| creator = <br />
| based_on = <br />
| inspired_by = <br />
| developer = <br />
| writer = <br />
| screenplay = <br />
| story = <br />
| director = <br />
| creative_director = <br />
| presenter = <br />
| starring = [[#Cast|See below]]<br />
| judges = <br />
| voices = <br />
| narrated = <br />
| theme_music_composer = <br />
| open_theme = <br />
| end_theme = <br />
| composer = <br />
| country = India<br />
| language = Marathi<br />
| num_seasons = <br />
| num_episodes = 312<br />
| list_episodes = <br />
| executive_producer = <br />
| producer = Rugvedi Pradhan <br> Viren Pradhan<br />
| news_editor = <br />
| location = <br />
| cinematography = <br />
| animator = <br />
| editor = <br />
| camera = [[Multiple-camera setup|Multi-camera]]<br />
| runtime = 22 minutes<br />
| company = Uphoria Productions <br> Piccolo Films<br />
| budget = <br />
| network = [[Colors Marathi]]<br />
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2019|09|09}}<br />
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2020|12|26}}<br />
| related = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''''Swamini''''' ({{translation|Mistress}}) is an Indian [[Marathi language]] historical TV series which aired on [[Colors Marathi]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Swamini shoot resumes; Rama to transform into Ramabai Peshwe - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/swamini-shoot-resumes-rama-to-transform-into-ramabai-peshwe/articleshow/77048653.cms |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=पेशव्यांची ‘स्वामिनी’ येत आहे मराठी मनावर अधिराज्य गाजवायला |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/swamini-new-marathi-serial-on-rama-madhav-on-colors-marathi-ssv-92-1966618/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Loksatta]] |language=mr}}</ref> The show starred [[Aishwarya Narkar]], Srushti Pagare, [[Revati Lele]], and Chinmay Patwardhan in lead roles.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive: "Madhavrao Peshwe's role gave me an identity and respect," says Swamini fame Chinmay Patwardhan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/exclusive-madhavrao-peshwes-role-gave-me-an-identity-and-respect-says-swamini-fame-chinmay-patwardhan/articleshow/78349822.cms |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=स्वामिनी मालिकेमध्ये रंगणार रमा-माधवचा विवाहसोहळा! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/rama-madhavs-wedding-be-seen-swamini-series/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref> The series premiered from 9 September 2019 and ended on 26 December 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ही' अभिनेत्री साकारणार स्वामिनी मालिकेत रमाबाईंची भूमिका |url=https://marathi.abplive.com/entertainment/new-actress-to-play-ramabais-role-in-swamini-serial-on-colors-marathi-791711/amp |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[ABP Majha]] |language=mr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='स्वामिनी'त येणार नवं वळण, लग्नगाठ मोडण्याचा गोपिकाबाईंचा डाव यशस्वी होणार? |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/new-turn-will-come-swamini-marathi-serial/amp/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Plot ==<br />
The stoic pride of a Peshwa family, the tenderness of a forgotten love story. The dramatic life of Rama, the newest bride in the Peshwa household.<br />
<br />
== Cast ==<br />
=== Main ===<br />
* Srushti Pagare as child [[Ramabai Peshwa|Ramabai]]<br />
** [[Revati Lele]] as elder Ramabai<ref>{{Cite web |title=Actress Revati Lele to feature in popular TV show Swamini as Ramabai Peshwe - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/marathi/actress-revati-lele-to-feature-in-popular-tv-show-swamini-as-ramabai-peshwe/articleshow/77128462.cms |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref><br />
* Chinmay Patwardhan as [[Madhavrao I|Madhavrao]]<br />
* [[Aishwarya Narkar]] as [[Gopikabai]]<br />
<br />
=== Recurring ===<br />
* [[Neena Kulkarni]] as [[Tarabai|Queen Tarabai]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=ज्येष्ठ अभिनेत्री नीना कुळकर्णींची स्वामिनी मालिकेमध्ये एंट्री, अशी असणार भूमिका |url=https://www.lokmat.com/television/senior-actress-neena-kulkarni-will-seen-swamini-serial/ |access-date=2023-02-22 |website=[[Lokmat]] |language=mr}}</ref><br />
* Amol Bawdekar as [[Balaji Baji Rao|Peshwa Nanasaheb]]<br />
* Shripad Panse as [[Raghunath Rao]]<br />
* [[Rohini Hattangadi]] as [[Kashibai]]<br />
* Sanika Banaraswale as Jankibai <br />
* Kunjika Kalwint as [[Anandibai]]<br />
* Rugvedi Pradhan as Savitribai<br />
* Surabhi Bhave-Damle<br />
* Abhishek Rahalkar as [[Sadashivrao Bhau]]<br />
* Uma Pendharkar as [[Parvatibai]]<br />
* Sujit Deshpande as [[Vishwasrao]]<br />
* Anushree Phadnis as Laxmibai<br />
* Satish Salagare as [[Sakharam Bapu Bokil]]<br />
* Anil Gawas as Santaji<br />
* Gururaj Avadhani as Balkrishna Shastri<br />
* Sanyogita Bhave<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* {{IMDb title|tt11331474}}<br />
* [https://www.jiocinema.com/tv-shows/swamini/3498903 ''Swamini''] at [[JioCinema]]<br />
<br />
[[Category:2019 Indian television series debuts]]<br />
[[Category:Colors Marathi original programming]]<br />
[[Category:Marathi-language television shows]]<br />
[[Category:2020 Indian television series endings]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anita_Ghai&diff=486674Anita Ghai2025-12-31T00:58:13Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: creating first pg w/ infobox!</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}<br />
{{short description|Indian academic (born 1958)}}<br />
<br />
'''Anita Ghai''' (born 23 October 1958 - 11 December 2024) was an Indian academic who was the former president of Indian Association of Women's Studies.<ref name="Smooth edges">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theweek.in/theweek/specials/anita-ghai.html|title=Smooth edges|website=theweek.in|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> She was a professor at School of Human Studies, [[Ambedkar University Delhi|Ambedkar University]], Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.sagepub.com/en-in/sas/author/anita-ghai-0|title=Ghai, Anita|date=5 January 2019|website=SAGE India|language=en-in|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> She was also a [[Disability rights movement|disability rights]] activist in India working in the areas of [[sexuality]], [[gender]], health and education rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://haqcrc.org/about-us/the-structure/dr-anita-ghai/|title=Dr. Anita Ghai|website=HAQ : Centre for Child Rights|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/ouch/interviews/13_questions_anita_ghai.shtml|title=BBC – Ouch! (disability) – Interviews – 13 Questions: indian campaigner Anita Ghai|last=trij|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> She has authored three books.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.sagepub.com/en-gb/eur/author/anita-ghai-0|title=Ghai, Anita|date=5 January 2019|website=SAGE Publications Ltd|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Early life==<br />
Anita Ghai was born on 23 October 1958. She was diagnosed with [[Poliomyelitis|Polio]] at the age of two.<ref name=":1" /> The [[polio vaccine]] came to India in 1959, one year after her birth. She has no memory of an "able-body". Ever since she was a child, external messages were given that being disabled is equivalent to being defective.{{cn|date=March 2023}} As a child, she was made to visit temples, [[Shamanism|shamans]], tantric priests and [[Faith healing|faith healers]] to find "cures" to her disability.{{cn|date=March 2023}} She was unusually allowed to share a room with her male cousins, due to notions that desexualise [[disabled]] girls.{{cn|date=March 2023}}<br />
<br />
== Academic work ==<br />
Ghai has been engaged with the field of disability studies for many years and her contribution to the field is considered seminal.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z6FuDwAAQBAJ&dq=anita+ghai+ambedkar+university&pg=PR11|title=Disability in South Asia: Knowledge and Experience|last=Ghai|first=Anita|date=10 September 2018|publisher=SAGE Publishing India|isbn=9789352807093|language=en}}</ref> Her volume, ''Disability in South Asia: Knowledge and Experience'', is considered a significant step forward and a milestone; the first of its kind in South Asia.<ref name=":4" /> Ghai is pushing for disability studies to claim the status of a university discipline.<ref name=":4" /><br />
<br />
Ghai's book, ''Rethinking Disability in India'',&nbsp;moves away from clinical, medical or therapeutic perspectives on disability, and explores disability in India as a social, cultural and political phenomenon, arguing that this 'difference' should be accepted as a part of social diversity.<ref name=":2" /><br />
<br />
Ghai is also on the editorial board of Disability and Society, and Scandinavian Journal of Disability.<ref name="DrawTheLine" /><br />
<br />
== Activism ==<br />
Ghai brings out the specific concerns and experiences of disabled women to talk about how disability has relevance to wider concerns. Through her work, she analyses disability, gender and brings thoughtful reflection on identity politics.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|title=Rethinking disability in India|journal = Disability & Society|volume = 31|issue = 10|pages = 1411–1413|doi=10.1080/09687599.2016.1221665|year = 2016|last1 = Fremlin|first1 = Peter|doi-access = free}}</ref> Ghai who is the author of ''(Dis)embodied Form'', writes about the gendered politics of disability and its impact on [[feminist theory]].<ref name="Erevelles">{{Cite journal|last=Erevelles|first=Nirmala|date=15 March 2005|title=(Dis)Embodied Form: Issues of Disabled Women.|journal=Disability Studies Quarterly|language=en-US|volume=25|issue=2|doi=10.18061/dsq.v25i2.567|issn=2159-8371|doi-access=free}}</ref> Her book (Dis)embodied form is the first of its kind to address the experiences of being a disabled Indian woman and shows us the ways in which these experiences challenge both disability and feminism in India.<ref name="Erevelles"/><br />
<br />
She conducts workshops on [[sexuality and disability]], as part of an online course run by feminist organisation, CREA.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/Politics/FDPpol4lJ0pX037spUU1kL/Sexual-rights-of-disabled-women.html|title=Sexual rights of disabled women|last=Masoodi|first=Ashwaq|date=3 December 2014|website=Mint|language=en|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> Ghai also advocates for sexuality education to be open and look beyond sex and sexuality within marriage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tarshi.net/downloads/Sexuality_and_Disability_in_the_Indian_Context.pdf|title=Sexuality and Disability in the Indian Context|last=|first=|date=|website=www.tarshi.net|access-date=10 February 2018}}</ref><br />
<br />
Ghai was among the few [[Feminism|feminists]] to write about how the [[Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Act, 1994|PCPNDT Act]] is harmful to disabled children, since it allows abortion after testing for a foetal anomaly. She recognises how sometimes [[feminism]] and disability are at odds with each other through her writing and research.<ref name="DrawTheLine">{{cite journal |last1=Ghai |first1=Anita |last2=Johri |first2=Rachana |title=Prenatal Diagnosis: Where Do We Draw the Line? |journal=Indian Journal of Gender Studies |date=May 2008 |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=291–316 |doi=10.1177/097152150801500205|s2cid=144856247 }}</ref><br />
<br />
Accessibility in India is a big issue that Ghai advocates for, including the daily challenges in the lives of people with disabilities due to the lack of ramps and inaccessible public transportation.<ref name=":1"/><ref name=":2"/> She considers access as crucial for allowing people with disabilities to secure their proper citizenship rights.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thealternative.in/society/there-is-more-to-accessibility-than-ramps/|title=There is more to accessibility than ramps|website=The Alternative|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> and has spoken out against the Indian government's token efforts for people with disabilities.<ref name="Smooth edges"/><br />
<br />
She has also advocated against the lack of accessible toilets, which restricts access to public places for many people with disabilities.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lack-of-toilets-restrict-access-to-public-spaces-for-differently-abled-women/story-MeaY6LSOh18zdARRUE3s2N.html|title=Lack of toilets restrict access to public spaces for differently abled women|last=|first=|date=8 January 2017|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> She avoids drinking water when she is outside home, so that she doesn't need to use the toilet, and that it is common for women with disabilities to suffer from kidney stones because of situations like this.<ref name=":02" /><br />
<br />
In January 2016, Ghai was forced to crawl on the tarmac by [[Air India]] at [[Indira Gandhi International Airport|Indira Gandhi Airport]], New Delhi, as they failed to provide a wheelchair for her. This was in violation of the [[Directorate General of Civil Aviation (India)|Director General of Civil Aviation]] guidelines.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dgca.nic.in/misc/draft%20cars/D3M-M1(Draft%20May2018).pdf|title=CIVIL AVIATION REQUIREMENTS SECTION 3 – AIR TRANSPORT SERIES 'M' PART I|last=|first=|date=|website=OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR GENERAL OF CIVIL AVIATION|access-date=10 February 2019}}</ref> She described the incident as shocking and embarrassing.<ref name="abc.net.au">{{Cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-02-01/disabled-passenger-says-air-india-made-her-crawl/7128504|title=Disabled passenger says Air India made her 'crawl'|date=1 February 2016|website=ABC News|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-02-10}}</ref> The airline denied Ghai's allegation.<ref name="abc.net.au"/><br />
<br />
== Books ==<br />
<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ghai |first=Anita |title=Disability in South Asia: Knowledge and Experience |date=17 January 2019 |publisher=Sage Publications |isbn=978-9352807079}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ghai |first=Anita |title=Rethinking Disability in India |date=28 November 2017 |publisher=Routledge India |isbn=9780815373216}}<br />
* {{Cite book |last=Ghai |first=Anita |title=(Dis)Embodied Form: Issues of Disabled Women |publisher=Har-Anand Publications |year=2003 |isbn=81-241-0930-3 |location=New Delhi}}<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Authority control}}<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghai, Anita}}<br />
[[Category:Academic staff of Ambedkar University Delhi]]<br />
[[Category:21st-century Indian writers]]<br />
[[Category:1958 births]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kadamba_Transport_Corporation&diff=446894Kadamba Transport Corporation2025-11-30T03:59:52Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|State owned transport company in India}}<br />
{{Infobox public transit<br />
| name = Kadamba Transport Corporation Limited<br/>(KTCL)<br />
| image = Kadamba_Transport_Corporation_logo.png<br />
| imagesize = <br />
| alt = <br />
| caption = <br />
| owner = [[Government of Goa]]<br />
| area served = <br />
| locale = [[Goa]]<br />
| transit_type = Intercity bus service within [[Goa|state of Goa]] and selected cities<br />
| line_number = <br />
| start = <br />
| end = <br />
| stations = <br />
| annual_ridership = <br />
| chief_executive = ''Vacant'' (Managing Director)<br />
| website = {{URL|ktclgoa.com}}<br />
| began_operation = 1980<br />
| operator = <br />
| character = <br />
| vehicles = 565 (2015–16)<br />
| map = [[File:Goa Bus Network Map 2025.png|thumb|300px|Map showing the bus route network of Goa using public data. Bus route lines are scaled by trip count.]]<br />
| map_state = <br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2016}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}<br />
'''Kadamba Transport Corporation''' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]: कदंब येरादारी म्हामंडळ), abbreviated as '''KTC''', is a [[Government of Goa]] road transport undertaking. It was set up in 1980 by then Chief Minister [[Pratapsingh Rane]]. Goa has long been dependent on privatised bus-transport, and the blue-and-red-and-white Kadamba buses are an exception to this rule. While the KTC has provided transport and connectivity to Goa's main towns and rural hinterland, it has also, in recent years, faced charges of mismanagement, politicisation and corruption in some of its deals.<br />
<br />
The corporation is named after the [[Kadambas of Goa]] and the royal lion emblem of the Kadambas is used a logo on its buses. The lion emblem logo became an integral part of KTCL since its inception in 1980 when the corporation was set up to provide better public transport service.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/kadamba-dynasty-logo-to-be-reinstaed-on-goa-govt-buses/articleshow/2978077.cms|title=Kadamba dynasty logo to be reinstaed on Goa govt buses|date=24 April 2008|newspaper=The Economic times}}</ref><br />
<br />
In 2015–16, KTC had a total traffic revenue of 87.33 crore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ktclgoa.com/statistics/|title=Statistics – Kadamba Transport Corporation Ltd.|website=ktclgoa.com|language=en-US|access-date=2018-07-17}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Objective ==<br />
<br />
Kadamba Transport Corporation was created to provide "safe, reliable, time-saving, efficient, comfortable and affordable" services for Goa's multitude (See KTC's citizens' charter [https://web.archive.org/web/20090409224647/http://www.goagovt.nic.in/charter/files/KTC/charter.pdf Wayback Machine] ). To a large extent, it is seen as having accomplished this objective, although the cost for providing this service has been substantial. It is heavily subsidized by the government and is reportedly in the red{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}, like most of India's state run road transport undertakings.<br />
<br />
== Bus stands ==<br />
<br />
The KTC operates 15 bus stands and 4 depots<ref name="ES">{{cite web |url=http://www.goa.gov.in/pdf/goa-esurvey-2010-2011.pdf |title=Economic Survey 2011–2012 |publisher=Government of Goa |access-date=21 April 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525135649/http://www.goa.gov.in/pdf/goa-esurvey-2010-2011.pdf |archive-date=25 May 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> covering almost all of Goa's cities and towns. Their services cover the length and breadth of Goa. The ticket prices are reasonable and for intra-Goa travel are purchased on the bus itself from the onboard [[Conductor (transportation)|bus conductor]]. These buses tend to be packed with passengers during peak hours and there are some non-stop "shuttle" mini-bus services as well, connecting cities like Panjim, Margao, Vasco and Ponda. Like the other bus services in Goa, they have special rates for children, students and senior citizens.<br />
<br />
== Shuttle services ==<br />
[[File:Kadamba Transport Corporation ordinary bus.jpg|thumb|right|Kadamba Transport Corporation Eicher 10.90 bus]]<br />
<br />
KTC provides point-to-point services through what it calls "mini/midi buses" connecting the major commercial towns such as [[Panjim]], Margao, Vasco, Mapusa, Ponda, Curchorem and Belgaum. These services have less waiting time and only seating passengers with additional facility of drop into the city during office timing.<br />
<br />
== Pilgrimage services ==<br />
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*KTC offers its [[Ashtavinayaka]] Tours, by air-conditioned buses, during the weekends. The Chintamani of the [[Thevur]], Mayureshwar of [[Morgao]], Sidhivinayak of [mumbai], Mahaganpati of [[Ranjangao]], Vighneshawar of [[Vigneshwara Temple, Ozar|Ozar]], Girijatmak of [[Lenyadri]], Varadvinayak of [[Mahad]], Ballaleshwar of [[Pali]] are among the places covered. The tour covers {{convert|1600|km|abbr=on}} and costs Rs 2500 per person. Booking can be done at booking offices at bus-stands or at depots of the KTC.<br />
*[[Velankanni]] pilgrimages to the shrine at [[Nagapattinam]] in [[Tamil Nadu]] are also conducted by KTC during the novena and feast. Booking needs to be done in advance.<br />
<br />
== School services ==<br />
[[File:Kadamba_Tata_Marcopolo_Starbus_Ultra_Ac_Deluxe.jpg|thumb|Kadamba Tata Marcopolo Starbus Ultra AC Deluxe at the Margao Bus Station in Margao|alt=]]KTC also operates special services for schools, at their convenience and needs. The services are operated on the monthly passes issued to the students based on the amount collected by the school management. The services are offered to the following schools:<br />
<br />
* Our Lady of Rosary High School Donapaula<br />
* [[Sharada Mandir]] High School Miramar<br />
* Kendriya Vidyalaya I.N.S. Mandovi Verem<br />
* Hegdewar High School Panaji<br />
* Sanjay School Porvorim<br />
* Vidhya Prabhodini High school Porvorim<br />
* St. Joseph High School Verna<br />
* [[Regina Mundi High School]] Vasco<br />
* St. Theresa High School Vasco<br />
* Don Bosco High School Netravali<br />
* Almeida High School, Ponda (run by [[Goa Vidyaprasarak Mandal]])<br />
<br />
For [[Wiktionary:interstate|interstate]] travel however, it is highly recommended that tickets be purchased reasonably well in advance especially during the summer and winter rush and the tourist seasons. This is in spite of special services running during these times.<br />
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== Hiring of buses ==<br />
<br />
KTC also hires out its air-conditioned [[Volvo]], luxury, semi-luxury, mini-bus and air-conditioned mini-bus vehicles on both "round contract" and "drop contract" at varying rates. Students can access these services, at a concessional rate of two rupees less per kilometre. Minimum amount charged for the trip varies, depending on the class and size of the vehicle.<br />
<br />
== Financial structure ==<br />
<br />
Official sources (KTC, citizen's charter, 2007) say the entire share capital of the company—totalling Rs 299 million—is held by the [[Government of Goa]]. The capital has been invested to build infrastructure—like constructing depots, bus-stands, central workshops, and acquire buses.<br />
<br />
== Administration ==<br />
[[File:A Kadamba Transport Corporation luxury bus, X 216 parked in the Kadamba workshop at Margao.jpg|thumbnail|A KTC Ashok Leyland 12M luxury bus at [[Margao]]|alt=]][[Ulhas Tuenkar]], the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] legislator from [[Navelim Assembly constituency|Navelim]] is the Chairman of Kadamba Transport Corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/ktcl-launches-electric-bus/articleshow/62953889.cms|title=KTCL launches electric bus &#124; Goa News - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref> The managing director post of the corporation is currently vacant.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Lossmaking-KTC-depends-on-govt-doles/122719.html |title=Herald: Loss-making KTC depends on govt doles |access-date=24 November 2018 |archive-date=25 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125073932/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/Lossmaking-KTC-depends-on-govt-doles/122719.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br />
<br />
== Fleet ==<br />
As of December 2021, KTC has a fleet of 565 buses,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ktclgoa.com/statistics/|title=Statistics – KADAMBA TRANSPORT CORPORATION LTD.}}</ref> made by companies such as [[Tata Motors|Tata]], [[Ashok Leyland]], [[Eicher Motors]], Corona (Deccan Auto), [[Volvo Buses|Volvo]] and Olectra.<br />
<br />
KTC runs fifty [[BYD K9|Olectra-BYD K9]] electric buses assembled by Olectra Greentech (MEIL Group) as of January 2022. Thirty buses were put into use from June 2021. Twenty electric buses were delivered in December 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.motorindiaonline.in/olectra-delivers-50-electric-buses-in-goa/|title=Olectra delivers 50 electric buses in Goa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/goa-state-transport-corporation-gets-second-lot-of-electric-buses-11638621665021.html|title=Goa state transport corporation gets second lot of electric buses|date=4 December 2021}}</ref> KTC also runs around 20 electric city buses in Panaji city, made by PMI Mobility. KTC operates 450 diesel buses and 93 electric buses as of November 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Team |first=Herald |date=2024-11-01 |title=CM's push for ‘safe’ bus travel exposes Kadamba's gaps in rural coverage, night service |url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/goa/goa/cms-push-for-safe-bus-travel-exposes-kadambas-gaps-in-rural-coverage-night-service/415320 |access-date=2025-05-02 |website=Herald Goa |language=en}}</ref><br />
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According to its 2005 citizen's charter, it operated 87,690 kilometres per day, but concedes that it is "unable to meet the entire demand of public transport".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goa.gov.in/pdf/KadambaTransprtCorpCharter.pdf|title=Kadamba Transport Corporation Limited Citizen Charter}}</ref> It stated that the liberalisation policy and the amendment in the [[India]]n [[Motor Vehicles Act 1988]] together with the "increasing input cost in terms of material and labour" has had a "direct impact" on the KTC's cost of operation.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
== External links ==<br />
* [http://www.goakadamba.com Official website]<br />
<br />
{{State owned road transport companies in India}}<br />
{{Goa topics}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Transport in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Bus companies of India]]<br />
[[Category:State agencies of Goa]]<br />
[[Category:Companies based in Goa]]<br />
[[Category:State road transport corporations of India]]<br />
[[Category:1980 establishments in Goa, Daman and Diu]]<br />
[[Category:Indian companies established in 1980]]<br />
[[Category:Transport companies established in 1980]]<br />
[[Category:Government agencies established in 1980]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Naropa&diff=466943Naropa2025-11-24T00:42:37Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: refined article per sources and improved wording to improve readability</p>
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<div>{{Short description|Indian Buddhist Mahasiddha}}<br />
{{For|Naropa University in Boulder, Colorado|Naropa University}}<br />
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2014}}<br />
{{Infobox religious biography<br />
|name = Naropa<br />
|native_name = <br />
|native_name_lang = <br />
|image = Mahasiddha Naropa.jpg<br />
|caption = <br />
|alias =<br />
|dharma name =<br />
|birth_date = {{circa|1016 CE}}<br />
|birth_place = <br />
|death_date = {{circa|1100 CE}}<br />
|death_place = <br />
|nationality =<br />
|religion = [[Buddhism]]<br />
|school = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Mahayana]]<br />
}}<br />
|lineage =<br />
|title = <br />
|location =<br />
|education = {{plainlist|<br />
* [[Nalanda]]<br />
* [[Vikramashila]]<br />
}}<br />
|teacher = [[Tilopa]]<br />
|reincarnation of =<br />
|predecessor =<br />
|successor =<br />
|students = [[Marpa Lotsawa]]<br />
|spouse =<br />
|children =<br />
}}<br />
{{Tibetan Buddhism}}<br />
'''Nāropā''' (c. 1016 - 1100 CE)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Keown |first1=Damien |title=Nāropa |journal=Oxford Dictionary of Buddhism |date=2004 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100222975}}</ref> ([[Prakrit]]; {{langx|sa|Nāropāda}},<ref>''Encyclopedia of Asian Philosophy'' ed. Oliver Leaman. Routledge: 2001. {{ISBN|0-415-17281-0}} pg 282</ref> Naḍapāda<ref>"Notes on the Origin of Some Quotations in the Sekoddeśaṭīkā of Naḍapāda" by M. Nihom. ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' 27 (1984) pg 17</ref> or Abhayakirti<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kagyuoffice.org/kagyu-lineage/the-golden-rosary/naropa/|title=Naropa &#124; Karmapa – The Official Website of the 17th Karmapa}}</ref>) <ref>John Newman, "The Epoch of the Kalacakra Tantra" ''Indo-Iranian Journal'' 41 (1998) pg 347, n. 10</ref> was an Indian [[Buddhism|Buddhist]] [[Mahasiddha]]. He was the disciple of [[Tilopa]] and brother, or some sources say partner and pupil, of [[Niguma]].<ref>[http://tbrc.xmeru2.org/kb/tbrc-detail.xq;jsessionid=50BC5E82BB98AE1782CD0D1360B6F6B8?RID=P47&wylie=n ni gu ma ( b. 10th cent. )]{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> As an Indian Mahasiddha, Naropa's instructions inform [[Vajrayana]], particularly his [[six yogas of Naropa]] relevant to the [[completion stage]] of [[anuttarayogatantra]].<br />
He was also one of the "gatekeepers" of [[Vikramashila]] monastery and was also associated with [[Nalanda]] monastery where he rose to the position of [[abbot]].<ref name="Rinpoche1997">{{cite book|author=Khenchen Thrangu Rinpoche|title=Songs of Naropa: Commentaries on Songs of Realization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3QuwJwz6nNAC&pg=PA77|year=1997|publisher=Rangjung Yeshe Publications|isbn=978-962-7341-28-4|pages=77–78}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kumar |first1=Pintu |title=Buddhist Learning in South Asia: Education, Religion, and Culture at the Ancient Sri Nalanda Mahavihara |date=2018 |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=9781498554923 |page=225 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ErdiEQAAQBAJ&q=buddhist+learning+in+south+asia+nalanda}}</ref><br />
<br />
Although some accounts relate that Naropa was the personal teacher of [[Marpa Lotsawa]], other accounts suggest that Marpa held Naropa's lineage through intermediary disciples only.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Davidson|first1=Ronald M.|title=Tibetan Renaissance : Tantric Buddhism in the Rebirth of Tibetan Culture|date=2005|publisher=Columbia Univ. Press|location=New York|isbn=0-231-13470-3|pages=144–7}}</ref><br />
<br />
==Names==<br />
According to scholar John Newman, "the Tibetans give Nāro's name as ''Nā ro pa, Nā ro paṇ chen, Nā ro ta pa,'' and so forth. The manuscript of the ''Paramarthasaṃgraha'' preserves a Sanskrit form ''Naḍapāda'' (''Paramarthasaṃgraha'' 74). A Sanskrit manuscript edited by Tucci preserves an apparent Prakrit form ''Nāropā'', as well as a semi-Sanskritic ''Nāropāda'' (Tucci 1930:150 & 152)."<ref>The Outer Wheel of Time: Vajrayāna Buddhist Cosmology in the Kālacakra tantra by John Ronald Newman. PhD thesis, University of Wisconsin—Madison:1987 pg 105 n.97</ref> The name "Naropa" is derived from the Sanskrit "Nāropāda," which is a combination of two words: Nāro: this is a nickname meaning "man" or "human being" and Pāda: this means "foot" or "step." ''nāra'' > vernacular nom. sing. ''nāro'' > ''nāropādāḥ'' > vernacular ''nāropā''.<ref name=othothkt>{{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=John |title=On the Origin of the Kālacakra Tantra and the ''Paramādibuddha'' |journal=Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies |date=2021 |volume=44 |page=315}}</ref> Tibetan sources also hold that Nāropāda is identical to Yaśobhadra (Tib. sNyan grags bzang po), "the Great Kashmiri" (''bṛhatkāśmīra''; ''kha che chen po''), the named author of the ''Vajrapadasārasaṃgraha'', which survives in the original Sanskrit.<ref name=othothkt/><br />
<br />
==Dates==<br />
Herbert V. Guenther dated Nāropāda to 1016–1100 CE.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Guenther |first1=Herbert V. |title=The Life and Teaching of Nāropa |date=1963 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |page=xi}}</ref> These dates are based upon Guenther's misunderstanding of dates appearing in the late Tibetan hagiography he translated. These dates are impossible because, e.g., they would make Nāropāda a young man when Atiśa went to Tibet. Turrell V. Wylie argued Nāropā lived 956–1040 CE.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wylie |first1=Turrell V. |title=Dating the Death of Nāropa |journal=L.A. Hercus (Ed.), Indological and Buddhist Studies |date=1982 |pages=687–692}}</ref> John Newman followed Wylie and offered supporting evidence for dating Nāropāda's death to ''circa'' 1040 CE, but pointed out that the date for Nāropāda's birth derives from Tibetan sources that calculate dates in the Tibetan element-animal sexagenary cycle chronology, which was never used in India. He concludes that Wylie's date for Nāropāda's birth is uncertain. Newman observes: "As a rule we must be very sceptical of the miraculously precise dates late Tibetan sources provide for events that occurred hundreds of years earlier in India."<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Newman |first1=John |title=The Epoch of the Kālacakra Tantra |journal=Indo-Iranian Journal |date=1998 |volume=41 |issue=4 |page=347n10|doi=10.1163/000000098124992781 |s2cid=161363549 }}</ref><br />
<br />
==Biography==<br />
Nāropāda's life story has mainly been represented based upon Tibetan hagiographies (''rnam thar''), the most detailed of which date to centuries after Nāropāda's lifetime. These hagiographies are filled with miracle stories and they sometimes contradict one another, making the extraction of history from them very difficult. The study of Nāropāda's own writings in their own right – independent of later Tibetan interpretations – remains in its infancy. If we follow the Indian tradition, Nāropāda wrote major works on the Kālacakra tantra, something barely noted in the Tibetan hagiographies.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.academia.edu/104892237 | title=On Nāropāda, the Bṛhatkāśmīrapañjikā, and the Anupamarakṣita Kālacakra ṣaḍaṅgayoga lineage | journal=Academia.edu | date=January 2023 | last1=Newman | first1=John }}</ref><br />
<br />
There are differing accounts about Naropa's birthplace. Ronald Davidson and Fabrizio Toricelli identify Naropa's birthplace with [[Pataliputra]] (modern-day [[Patna]], [[Bihar]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Ronald |title=Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-Four Buddhist Siddhas |date=1985 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9780887061585 |page=20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okPNx4B1eoEC&dq=naropa+pataliputra&pg=PA142}}</ref> The reasoning behind this identification is that some sources mention his birthplace as ''Nagara'' which at the time was a territorial division of Pataliputra.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Torricelli |first1=Fabrizio |title=TILOPA: A Buddhist Yogin of the Tenth Century |date=2019 |publisher=Library of Tibetan Works and Archives |isbn=9789387023512 |pages=199–200 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t6z3DwAAQBAJ&q=tilopa}}</ref> Another account states that Naropa was born in [[Bengal]] and was a contemporary of [[Atiśa]]. Still, other sources identify him as being born into a [[Kashmir]]i Brahmin family.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dowman |first1=Keith |title=Masters of Mahamudra: Songs and Histories of the Eighty-Four Buddhist Siddhas |date=2010 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=9781438401485 |page=146 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1_cGIppWCeYC&dq=naropa+kashmir&pg=PA146}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Richard Robinson |authorlink1=Richard Robinson (Buddhism scholar) |title=The Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction|year=1996 |publisher=Wadsworth Publishing Company |isbn=9780534207182 |url=https://archive.org/details/buddhistreligion0000robi |url-access=registration }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=asf|url=http://archive.org/details/BangalirItihasAdiparbaByNiharranjanRoy|title=Bangalir Itihas Adiparba By Niharranjan Roy|pages=601}}</ref> His occupation was selling wood.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chattopadhyay|first=Alaka Tr|url=http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.298985|title=Churashi Siddhar Kahini|date=1960|pages=12}}</ref> From an early age, Naropa showed an independent streak, hoping to follow a career of study and meditation, but succumbing to his parents' wishes, he agreed to an arranged marriage with a young Brahmin girl. After 8 years they both agreed to dissolve their marriage and become ordained. At the age of 28, Naropa entered the famous Buddhist University at [[Nalanda]] where he studied both [[Sutra]] and [[Tantra]]. He gained the reputation of a great scholar and faultless debater, essential at that time as the tradition of debate was such that the loser automatically became a student of the winner. He eventually gained the title "Guardian of the Northern Gate", engaged in many debates and taught and won many students.<br />
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According to his Tibetan [[Namtar (biography)|namtar]], or spiritual biography, one day, while he was studying, a [[dakini]] appeared to Naropa and asked if he understood the words of the Dharma, the Buddha's teachings. He replied that he did and when she seemed happy with his response, he added that he also understood their meaning. At this point the dakini burst into tears, stating that he was a great scholar, but also a liar, as the only one who understood the teachings was her brother, [[Tilopa]]. On hearing the name "Tilopa", he experienced an intense feeling of devotion, and Naropa realised he needed to find the teacher to achieve full realisation. He abandoned his studies and position at the university and set out to find Tilopa. Naropa then underwent what is known as the twelve minor hardships in his quest to find his teacher, all the hardships being hidden teachings on his path to enlightenment. When he finally met Tilopa, he was given the four complete transmission lineages which he then began to practice. While studying and meditating with Tilopa, Naropa had to undergo a further twelve major hardships, and training to overcome all the obstacles on his path, culminating in his full realisation of [[Mahamudra|mahāmudrā]]. Naropa spent a total of twelve years with Tilopa. At the bank of the [[Bagmati river]], in the precinct of the [[Pashupatinath Temple]], there is the cave where he was initiated by [[Tilopa]] and attained [[Siddhi]].<br />
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Later in his life, Naropa stayed in Phullahari, where he died aged 85. Phullahari or Pullahari was located most likely in eastern Bihar or Bengal.<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. ''Indian Esoteric Buddhism''. Columbia University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-231-12618-2}}.</ref><br />
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One of the few reliable historical accounts of him comes from a Tibetan translator named Ngatso Lotsawa, who made an effort to visit Naropa at the monastery of Phullahari while waiting to visit with [[Atiśa]] at [[Vikramashila]]:<br />
{{blockquote|Because I went alone as an insignificant monk to see the Lord Atisha —— and because he tarried for a year in Magadha – I thought I would go see the Lord Naropa since his reputation was so great. I went east from Magadha for a month, as I had heard that the Lord was staying in the monastery known as Phullahari. Very great merit arose from being able to go see him. On the day I arrived, they said some feudal prince had come to pay homage. So I went to the spot, and a great throne had been erected. I sat right in front of it. The whole crowd started buzzing, "The Lord is coming!" I looked and the Lord was physically quite corpulent, with his white hair <nowiki>[</nowiki>stained with henna<nowiki>]</nowiki> bright red, and a vermilion turban on. He was being carried <nowiki>[</nowiki>on a palanquin<nowiki>]</nowiki> by four men, and was chewing [[betel]]-leaf. I grabbed his feet and thought, "I should listen to his pronouncements!" Stronger and stronger people, though, pushed me further and further from his feet and finally I was tossed out of the crowd. So, there I saw the Lord's face, but did not actually hear his voice.<ref>Davidson, Ronald M. ''Indian Esoteric Buddhism''. pg 317. Columbia University Press, 2003. {{ISBN|0-231-12618-2}}.</ref>}}<br />
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[[File:Mahasiddha Naropa - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Thangka of Mahasiddha Naropa, 19th century]]<br />
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==Legacy==<br />
Naropa is remembered for his trust and devotion to his teacher, which, according to his biography, enabled him to attain enlightenment in one lifetime.<br />
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He is also remembered as part of the "Golden Garland", meaning he is a [[lineage (Buddhism)|lineage]] holder of the [[Kagyu]] school of [[Tibetan Buddhism]] and was considered an accomplished scholar. A great practitioner, Naropa is best known for having collated the [[Six Yogas of Naropa|Six Dharmas]]. These practices help achieve [[Buddhahood]] more rapidly. Many subsequent [[Karmapa]]s have been particularly adept at one or more of these practices, which in [[Vajrayana]] tradition are held to have been given by the [[Buddha]] and were passed on through an unbroken lineage via [[Tilopa]] to Naropa, [[Marpa Lotsawa|Marpa]] and [[Milarepa]] and on to the present day.<br />
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Naropa is considered one of the eighty-four [[mahasiddha]]s, the 'saints' of Vajrayana. [[Naropa University]] in [[Colorado]], USA was named in his honour.<br />
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==See also==<br />
*[[Six yogas of Naropa]]<br />
*<br />
*<br />
*[[Marpa Lotsawa|Marpa]]<br />
*[[Kagyu]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
{{Reflist}}<br />
<br />
==Further reading==<br />
*''The Life and Teaching of Naropa'' by Herbert V Gunther. [[Shambhala Publications]] 1999 Massachusetts. {{ISBN|1-56957-110-4}}<br />
*''The Life of Marpa the Translator'', Seeing Accomplishes All. Tsang Nyon Heruka Translated by the Nalanda Translation Committee. Shambhala Publications 1995 Boston. {{ISBN|1-57062-087-3}} (pbk.)<br />
*''The Life Story of Naropa'' by Kenpo Chodrak Rinpoche. Published in ''Kagyu Life International'' No's 3 & 4, 1995 San Francisco.<br />
*''The Golden Kagyu Garland, A History of the Kagyu Lineage'', adapted by Bruce Tarver. Published in ''Buddhism Today'' Issue 15, 2005<br />
*[[2nd Dalai Lama]]. ''Tantric Yogas of Sister Niguma'', Snow Lion Publications, 1st ed. U. edition (May 1985), {{ISBN|0-937938-28-9}} (10), {{ISBN|978-0-937938-28-7}} (13)<br />
* ''Naropa '' by Satyananda Giri. Strategic Publishing Group, 2011. {{ISBN|978-1-61204-448-4}}<br />
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{{s-start}}<br />
{{succession box<br />
| before = [[Tilopa]]<br />
| title = [[Kagyu]] school<br />
| years = <br />
| after = [[Marpa Lotsawa|Marpa]]<br />
}}<br />
{{s-end}}<br />
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{{Buddhism topics}}<br />
{{Indian Philosophy}}<br />
{{Bodhisattvas}}<br />
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{{Authority control}}<br />
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[[Category:11th-century Buddhists]]<br />
[[Category:Indian scholars of Buddhism]]<br />
[[Category:Kagyu lamas]]<br />
[[Category:Mahasiddhas]]<br />
[[Category:Indian Buddhist monks]]<br />
[[Category:Monks of Vikramashila]]<br />
[[Category:Buddhist yogis]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century Indian philosophers]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century Indian monks]]<br />
[[Category:History of Tibetan Buddhism]]<br />
[[Category:Monks of Nalanda]]<br />
[[Category:11th-century Buddhist monks]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pochimareddy_Ravindranath_Reddy&diff=525731Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy2025-11-17T21:14:51Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|Indian politician}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}<br />
{{Infobox officeholder<br />
|office = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Andhra Pradesh]]<br />
| term_start = 2014<br />
| term_end = 2024<br />
| constituency = [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency|Kamalapuram]]<br />
| predecessor = Gandluru Veera Siva Reddy<br />
| successor = [[Putha Krishna Chaitanya Reddy]]<br />
| office1 = [[Kadapa Municipal Corporation|Mayor of Kadapa Municipal Corporation]]<br />
| term_start1 = 2005<br />
| term_end1 = 2010<br />
| constituency1 = <br />
| predecessor1 = ''Office established''<br />
| successor1 = Kothamaddi Suresh Babu<br />
| party = [[YSR Congress Party]]<br />
}}<br />
'''Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy''' (born 1960) is an Indian politician from [[Andhra Pradesh]]. He is an MLA of [[YSR Congress Party]] from [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency]] in the erstwhile [[Kadapa district]]. He won the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-23 |title=Kamalapuram Election Results 2019 Live Updates: Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy of YSRCP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/kamalapuram-election-results-2019-live-updates-winner-loser-leading-trailing-2154399.html |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Kamalapuram Constituency Election Results 2019: Kamalapuram Assembly Seat Details, MLA Candidates & Winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/assembly-elections/andhra-pradesh/constituency-show/kamalapuram |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-23 |title=Andhra Pradesh Election 2024 ( चुनाव 2024):Andhra Pradesh Assembly Election News in Hindi, Vidhan Sabha Chunav, Dates, Opinion polls News in Hindi, विधानसभा चुनाव 2024 के समाचार और अपडेट |url=https://www.jansatta.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Jansatta |language=hi}}</ref><br />
<br />
== Early life and education ==<br />
Reddy was born in [[Kadapa]]. He completed his B.Com. in Kadapa. His father is Ramanjula Reddy.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-30 |title=Pochimareddy Ravindranath Reddy {{!}} MLA {{!}} YSRCP {{!}} Kamalapuram {{!}} Kadapa |url=https://theleaderspage.com/pochimareddy-ravindranath-reddy/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><br />
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== Career ==<br />
Reddy started his political career with [[YSR Congress Party]] and served as vice chairman of Zilla Parishad in Kadapa. He was also the Mayor of the Municipal Corporation of Kadapa. He was first elected as MLA winning the [[2014 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] on YSRCP ticket from [[Kamalapuram Assembly constituency]] defeating Putha Narasimha Reddy of [[Telugu Desam Party]] by a margin of 5,345 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-14 |title=Kamalapuram: Jagan's Uncle Fearing Sentiment |url=https://www.m9.news/politics/kamalapuram-jagans-uncle-fearing-sentiment/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=M9.news |language=en-US}}</ref> He retained his seat from the same constituency in the [[2019 Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly election]] when he defeated TDP's Putha Narasimha Reddy again, by a bigger margin of 27,333 votes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-22 |title=Kamalapuram Assembly Election Results 2024: Kamalapuram Andhra Pradesh Election Schedule, Vote share and Results |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/elections/andhra-pradesh-assembly-election/kamalapuram-constituency/ |access-date=2024-05-25 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> In September 2016, he was nominated as the president of the YSRC RTC Mazdoor Union.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2016-01-18 |title=TD govt. pushing RTC into losses: YSRC MLA |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Vijayawada/TD-govt.-pushing-RTC-into-losses-YSRC-MLA/article14006880.ece |access-date=2024-05-25 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
<br />
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ravindranath Reddy, Pochimareddy}}<br />
[[Category:Telugu politicians]]<br />
[[Category:Living people]]<br />
[[Category:1960 births]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2014–2019]]<br />
[[Category:Andhra Pradesh MLAs 2019–2024]]<br />
[[Category:YSR Congress Party politicians]]</div>MaximilianGreenbhttps://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magazines_of_Darul_Uloom_Deoband&diff=514633Magazines of Darul Uloom Deoband2025-11-16T03:10:12Z<p>MaximilianGreenb: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Short description|none}}<br />
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2025}}<br />
[[Darul Uloom Deoband]], established on May 30, 1866, in [[Uttar Pradesh]], India, has been involved in publishing various magazines throughout its history. Its first Urdu magazine, ''Al-Qasim'', was introduced in 1910 to commemorate [[Qasim Nanawtawi]], followed by ''Al-Rashid'' in 1914, named after [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]]. ''Al-Qasim'' focused on academic subjects, while ''Al-Rashid'' aimed to reach a broader audience, but both were discontinued in 1920 due to financial difficulties. ''Al-Qasim'' briefly resumed between 1925 and 1928, later replaced by the ''[[Monthly Darul Uloom]]'', which began in 1941 and remains active. The seminary's first Arabic magazine, ''[[Da'watul Haq]]'', was published between 1965 and 1975, followed by ''[[Al-Daie]]'' in 1976 and the quarterly ''Al-Nahdah al-Adabiyyah'' in 2019. The [[Shaikhul Hind Academy]], established in 1984, released ''Al-Dirasat al-Islamiyyah'' in the same year and ''Ayina-e-Darul Uloom'' from 1985 to 2009. Another publication, ''[[Al-Kifah]]'' (1973–1987), though not officially affiliated with the seminary, was managed by individuals associated with it. Additionally, student associations from different regions produce their own magazines, serving as platforms for communication and skill development.<br />
<br />
== Urdu magazines ==<br />
=== ''Al-Qasim'' ===<br />
[[File:Cover Page of Al-Qasim, Volume 1, Issue 9.jpg|thumb|Cover Page of ''Al-Qasim'', Volume 1, Issue 9]]<br />
The ''Al-Qasim'', established in 1910, was named after [[Qasim Nanawtawi]]. Its creation fulfilled longstanding requests from the seminary's affiliates for a publication to represent its intellectual and religious values.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=105}} Financial constraints initially delayed its launch until [[Habibur Rahman Usmani]] provided funding and became the first editor, assisted by [[Asghar Hussain Deobandi]]. Scholars such as [[Ashraf Ali Thanwi]] and [[Mahmud Hasan Deobandi]] served as patrons.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=105}} A sample issue was released in April 1910, featuring 32 pages with articles from leading Deobandi scholars. The magazine was officially launched later that year, although the first regular issue was delayed until August 1910 (Sha'ban 1328 [[Hijri year|AH]]). Despite its initial success, the magazine faced operational challenges.<ref name="Nayab">{{cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Nayab Hasan |url=https://archive.org/details/DarulUloomDeobandKaSahafatiManzarNamah |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ka Sahafati Manzarnama |publisher=Idara Tahqueeq-e-islami Deoband |year=2013 |edition= |location=India |pages=106 |language=ur |trans-title=Journalistic Scenario Of Darul Uloom Deoband}}</ref> Editorial responsibilities were combined with teaching and administrative duties, causing frequent delays. After 11 years of publication, ''Al-Qasim'' ceased operations in March 1920 (Jumada al-Thani 1339 AH).{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=111}}<br />
<br />
The magazine was revived in 1925 (Muharram 1344 AH), with Habibur Rahman Usmani returning as editor. Qari Muhammad Tahir was appointed deputy editor, and Atiq Ahmad Siddiqi joined as an assistant editor. Patronage during this phase came from scholars such as Ashraf Ali Thanwi, [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], and [[Hussain Ahmad Madani]]. While the content remained consistent with its earlier phase, after four years, ''Al-Qasim'' was permanently discontinued in 1928 (1347 AH).{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=112}}<br />
<br />
The magazine aimed to serve as a platform for religious and intellectual discourse among Muslims by addressing misconceptions about Islamic teachings and providing scholarly insights.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rizwi |first1=Syed Mehboob |author1-link=Syed Mehboob Rizwi |url=https://archive.org/details/HistoryOfTheDarAlUlumDeoband1980Volume1 |title=History of Dar al Ulum Deoband |date=1980 |publisher=Idara-e-Ehtemam |edition=1st |volume=1 |location=Darul Uloom Deoband |pages=181 |language=En |translator=Murtaz Hussain F Qureshi}}</ref> Its objectives were outlined in an Arabic poem by Abdul Rahman Sewahari, published in the inaugural issue, which described its role in promoting religious understanding and guiding ethical practices. Articles primarily focused on religious scholarship, ethical discussions, and refutations of ideologies considered misrepresentations of Islamic principles. Maintaining a formal and serious tone, the magazine addressed contemporary issues and shared updates on institutions. A regular feature was the ''Taqreezat'' section, which reviewed newly published works on topics such as religion, history, ethics, and literature, alongside advertisements for newspapers and magazines.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=107}}<br />
<br />
=== ''Al-Rashid'' ===<br />
[[File:The Cover of Al-Rashid, Volume 4, Issue 10.jpg|thumb|The Cover of ''Al-Rashid'', Volume 4, Issue 10]]<br />
The ''Al-Rashid'' was established in Rajab 1332 AH (May 1914 CE) to address the needs of Indian Muslims with varying educational backgrounds, presenting content more accessible than the academic articles of ''Al-Qasim''. Named in memory of [[Rashid Ahmad Gangohi]],<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Moosa |first=Mohmmad |title=Urdu Sahafat Mein Ulama Ke Khidmaat 1800 AD To 1960 AD |access-date=19 December 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=Department of Urdu, [[Panjab University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/471669 |language=ur |page=326 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231218103508/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/handle/10603/471669 |archive-date=18 December 2023 |year=2022 |location=India |hdl=10603/471669 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":Siraj">{{cite book |last=Sirajullah |first=Muhammad |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-sahafat-ke-farog-mein-madaris-ka-hissa-dr-muhammad-sirajullah-ebooks |title=Urdu Sahafat Ke Farogh Mein Madaris Ka Hissa |publisher=Educational Publishing House |year=2017 |isbn=978-93-86624-58-1 |location=New Delhi |page=69 |language=ur |trans-title=The Contribution Of Madrasas To The Promotion Of Urdu Journalism |access-date=19 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216064228/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/urdu-sahafat-ke-farog-mein-madaris-ka-hissa-dr-muhammad-sirajullah-ebooks |archive-date=16 December 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> the first patron of Darul Uloom Deoband, the magazine was edited by Habibur Rahman Usmani with Siraj Ahmad Rashidi as deputy editor, under the patronage of scholars such as [[Abdul Rahim Raipuri]], Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, Ashraf Ali Thanwi, and [[Hafiz Muhammad Ahmad]].{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=113}} Sharing financial backing and an editorial team with ''Al-Qasim'', ''Al-Rashid'' faced similar operational difficulties, leading to its discontinuation after seven years, with the final issue published in Jumada al-Thani 1339 AH (March 1920 CE).{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=114}} Initially distributed largely as complimentary copies, the magazine later introduced a subscription fee to address financial challenges. ''Al-Rashid'' was part of Darul Uloom Deoband's efforts to address the diverse intellectual and religious needs of the Muslim community, similar to ''Al-Qasim''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Anjum |first=Suhail |url=https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/deeni-rasail-ki-sahafati-khidmat-suhail-anjum-ebooks |title=Deeni Rasail Ki Sahafati Khidmat |publisher=Institute Of Objective Studies |year=2017 |location=New Delhi |pages=132 |language=ur |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207221249/https://www.rekhta.org/ebooks/detail/deeni-rasail-ki-sahafati-khidmat-suhail-anjum-ebooks |archive-date=7 December 2024 |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
<br />
=== ''Monthly Darul Uloom'' ===<br />
{{Main|Monthly Darul Uloom}}<br />
[[File:Cover Design of Monthly Darul Uloom, May–June 1955.jpg|thumb|Cover Design of ''Monthly Darul Uloom'', May–June 1955]]<br />
The ''[[Monthly Darul Uloom]]'' has been published since 1941.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lN55DwAAQBAJ |title=Translocality: the study of globalising processes from a southern perspective |date=2010 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-18605-7 |editor-last=Freitag |editor-first=Ulrike |series=Studies in global social history |location=Leiden |page=330 |access-date=19 December 2023 |editor-last2=Oppen |editor-first2=Achim von |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216042701/https://books.google.com.bd/books?id=lN55DwAAQBAJ |archive-date=16 December 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Established under the supervision of [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], with Abdul Wahid Ghazipuri as its first editor, the magazine has undergone several editorial transitions, including leadership by [[Azhar Shah Qaiser]], Riyasat Ali Zafar Bijnori, and [[Habibur Rahman Azami (scholar, born 1941)|Habibur Rahman Azami]]. Initially focused on religious and community reforms, it later broadened its scope to include intellectual, social, political, and contemporary issues, addressing challenges faced by the Muslim community from a [[Deobandi movement|Deobandi]] perspective.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=116}} During Azhar Shah Qaiser's three-decade tenure, its themes diversified, while Habibur Rahman Azami's leadership (1984–2016) expanded its readership to other Asian countries. Articles by scholars such as [[Shabbir Ahmad Usmani]], [[Hifzur Rahman Seoharwi]], and [[Yusuf Banuri]] have appeared in the magazine, which serves as a platform for faculty and alumni of Darul Uloom Deoband.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=116}} It is also accessible online via the institution's website.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2020|p=231}}<br />
<br />
=== ''Ayina-e-Darul Uloom'' ===<br />
The ''Ayina-e-Darul Uloom'' was published from 1985 until its discontinuation in 2009, initially launched as ''Payam-e-Darul Uloom'' before being rebranded after its registration, with Kafeel Ahmad Alvi as its editor.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=125}} The magazine covered a broad range of political, social, and religious topics, providing analysis rooted in Islamic teachings, with articles from scholars, students, and writers on issues like the [[Seal of the Prophets|finality of prophethood]] and global events through a [[Quran|Qur'anic]] perspective. It also included book reviews and international news, initially focusing on updates from Darul Uloom Deoband, though this aspect was phased out.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=125}} Despite its discontinuation in 2009, it remains a part of Urdu journalistic history, particularly within the Islamic context.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=126}}<br />
<br />
== Arabic magazines ==<br />
=== ''Da'watul Haq'' ===<br />
{{Main|Da'watul Haq}}<br />
The ''[[Da'watul Haq]]'' was a quarterly Arabic magazine published from 1965 to 1975, founded and developed by [[Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi]]. Supervised by [[Muhammad Tayyib Qasmi]], it was the institution's first Arabic magazine, with the objective of introducing Darul Uloom Deoband to Arabic-speaking regions and translating its educational content into Arabic.<ref name=":ZA">{{Cite thesis |last=Arabi |first=Zikrullah |title=Contribution of Darul Uloom Deoband to Arabic Journalism With Special Reference of Al-Die (Monthly Magazine) and Comprehensive Catalogue Upto 2013 |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Maulana Azad National Urdu University]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |language=ar |pages=111 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231126024643/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/337869 |archive-date=26 November 2023 |year=2019 |location=India |hdl=10603/337869 |url-status=live}}</ref> The magazine aimed to address the relevance of Islam in contemporary society, highlighting the [[Quran]] and Islamic teachings as sources for progress, while also promoting the Arabic language and literature in India and the [[Arab world]]. Printed by Wazir Hasan Mir Aazam Gadh Press and priced at one rupee annually, the magazine was published for a decade.<ref>{{Cite thesis |last=Qamruzzaman |first= |title=Maulavi Wahiduzzaman Karanvi his contribution to Arabic language and literature in India |degree=PhD |publisher=Aligarh Muslim University |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/handle/10603/57789 |language=ar |archive-url=https://archive.org/details/HindustanMainArbiZubanAdabKayFaroghMainMaulanaWaheeduzamanKiranviKaKirdar |archive-date=30 March 2019 |year=2001 |page=112 |location=India |hdl=10603/57789}}</ref><br />
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=== ''Al-Kifah'' ===<br />
{{Main|Al-Kifah}}<br />
The ''[[Al-Kifah]]'' was another Arabic magazine established in 1973 under the editorship of Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi, and it continued publication until 1987. Although it had no official affiliation with Darul Uloom Deoband, the magazine frequently featured articles from writers associated with the institution's Arabic publication. The magazine aimed to address the challenges faced by [[Islam in India|Indian Muslims]] and raise awareness of these issues among a broader Islamic audience, particularly in the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf countries]].<ref name=":AA">{{Cite thesis |last=Alangadan |first=Anees |title=Relocating Arabic Language And Literature With Reference To Arabic Journalism In India 1950 To 2000 |access-date=29 November 2023 |degree=PhD |publisher=[[Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala]] |url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |language=ar |page=219 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129050821/https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in:8443/jspui/handle/10603/30548 |archive-date=29 November 2023 |year=2014 |location=India |hdl=10603/30548 |hdl-access=free |via=Shodhganga |url-status=live}}</ref><br />
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=== ''Al-Daie'' ===<br />
{{Main|Al-Daie}}<br />
The ''[[Al-Daie]]'' was established on July 10, 1976, following the cessation of ''Da'watul Haq'', with Wahiduzzaman Kairanawi as its editor.{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=138}} Initially published as an 8-page biweekly [[newspaper]], it underwent a transformation in 1993 under the leadership of [[Noor Alam Khalil Amini]], becoming a 50-page monthly magazine.<ref name=":ZA" /> The current editor is [[Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=6 October 2021 |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Appoints Arif Jameel Mubarakpuri to Lead Al-Daie |url=https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-arif-jameel-mubarakpuri-al-dai-k-mudeere-ala-banaye-gaye/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813002549/https://qindeelonline.com/maulana-arif-jameel-mubarakpuri-al-dai-k-mudeere-ala-banaye-gaye/ |archive-date=13 August 2024 |access-date=24 December 2024 |work=Qindeel}}</ref><br />
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=== ''Al-Dirasat al-Islamiyyah'' ===<br />
The ''Al-Dirasat al-Islamiyyah'' was a quarterly academic magazine launched in 1982 as part of the initiative of the Shaikhul Hind Academy, a research and training department at Darul Uloom Deoband, established in memory of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi. Directed by [[Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi]], the first issue was published in 1404 AH (1984 CE), covering the months of Ramadan, Shawwal, and Dhu al-Qadah.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=124}} The inaugural issue featured an editorial by Akbarabadi, outlining the magazine's objectives and the broader goals of the Academy. The magazine focused on academic articles related to Islamic culture, history, and contemporary issues, with articles from scholars such as Ibrahim Ali Shaukat, a professor at [[Al-Azhar University]].{{Sfn|Arabi|2019|p=118}} It received recognition for its scholarly content and advanced the dissemination of Islamic knowledge in academic circles. The publication ceased after the death of its founding editor, Saeed Ahmad Akbarabadi, marking the end of its brief but significant impact on Islamic scholarship.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=124}}<br />
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=== ''Al-Nahdah al-Adabiyyah'' ===<br />
The ''Al-Nahdah al-Adabiyyah'' began as a quarterly journal in 2019 under the editorship of [[Muhammad Sajid Qasmi]]. The journal covers various academic and literary subjects. Since its establishment, it has published research and analysis on these topics, maintaining an academic tone.<ref name=":Qasmi">{{Cite book |last=Qasmi |first=Muhammadullah |url=https://archive.org/download/dar-al-aloom-deoband-ki-jame-aor-mukhtasar-tareekh/Dar%20al%20aloom%20deoband%20ki%20jame%20aor%20mukhtasar%20tareekh%20%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%86.pdf |title=Darul Uloom Deoband Ki Jame O Mukhtasar Tareekh |date=2020 |publisher=Shaikh-Ul-Hind Academy |edition=3rd |location=India |page=399 |language=ur |oclc=1345466013}}</ref><br />
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== Student magazines ==<br />
The student magazines of Darul Uloom Deoband have been a notable part of the institution's intellectual and literary traditions since the early 20th century. Initiated by [[Hamid al-Ansari Ghazi]] in 1926 with ''Gulbagh'', later renamed ''Baharbagh'', these magazines have provided students with opportunities to express their thoughts and develop their writing skills.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=131}} Over the years, more than a hundred student magazines have been published in various languages, including Urdu, Arabic, English, Bengali, and Tamil, with many serving as platforms for emerging writers and journalists.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=131}} These publications cover a range of topics, including academic subjects, social issues, and literary criticism, and have been associated with the careers of figures in Urdu literature and media, such as Anjum Usmani and [[Asrarul Haq Qasmi]].{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=130}} The tradition established by Ghazi continues, with many student magazines still advancing to literary and journalistic fields. Publications such as ''Azad'', ''Al-Bayan'', and ''Al-Fasila'' present a diverse range of content, from academic articles to social commentaries, and are an established part of Darul Uloom's academic environment.{{Sfn|Qasmi|2013|p=133}}<br />
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== See also ==<br />
* [[Bibliography of Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br />
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== References ==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Commons category}}<br />
{{Darul Uloom Deoband}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Deobandi magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Publications of Darul Uloom Deoband]]<br />
[[Category:Arabic-language magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Urdu-language magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Literary magazines published in India]]<br />
[[Category:Islamic magazines]]<br />
[[Category:Conservative magazines]]</div>MaximilianGreenb