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Thirumurugan (actor)

2026-05-05T11:03:16Z

MaxieMorales00: created stub

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Thirumurugan
| image = thiru_feb26.jpg
| birth_date = November 4 1980
| birth_place = Ambalapattu, [[Thanjavur]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| occupation = Actor and Politician
| party = [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] since 2024
| spouse = Mohanapriya (m. 2017)
| children = 1
}}

'''Thirumurugan''' (born November 4, 1980) is an Indian actor and politician who has represented the [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] party

==Career==
Thirumurugan was born in a small village in [[Thanjavur]] to Sadasivam, a retired teacher, and Ramalakshmi, a housewife. In the early 2000s, Thirumurugan moved to Chennai to pursue his dreams of becoming a film director and was initially financially supported by his father and sister, S.Padmarangam. He then befriended director [[A. Sarkunam|Sargunam]], who introduced him to the director [[A. L. Vijay]], with whom Thirumurugan worked as an assistant in more than 50 commercials and some of his films. When Sargunam got a chance to direct ''[[Kalavani]]'' (2010), Thirumurugan became his co-director, before then being asked to appear as the antagonist in the film.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/My-First-Break-Thirumurugan/article16129197.ece|title=My First Break: Thirumurugan|first=S. R. Ashok|last=Kumar|work=thehindu.com|date=12 August 2010 |accessdate=28 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://cinema.dinamalar.com/tamil-news/56015/cinema/Kollywood/tamil-cinema-is-in-the-correct-track-says-actor-thirumurugan-of-kalavani-movie.htm|title=தமிழ் சினிமா சரியான ரூட்டில் செல்கிறது! -களவாணி திருமுருகன் - Tamil cinema is in the correct track says actor thirumurugan of kalavani movie|last=Dinamalar|date=9 February 2017|work=[[Dinamalar]]|access-date=28 April 2017}}</ref>

After more supporting roles in projects including ''[[Aravaan]]'' (2012) and ''[[Eetti]]'' (2015), Thirumurugan was cast in the lead role in ''Onan'' (2017) by director Sennan Palassery.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/Two-thrillers-for-Kaali-Venkat/articleshow/55600207.cms|title=Two thrillers for Kaali Venkat — Times of India|work=indiatimes.com|accessdate=28 April 2017|last1=Sundar |first1=Mrinalini }}</ref>

==Politics==
===Political Induction into [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]]===
Thirumurugan has been a long time accquaintance and supporter for [[Seeman]] and [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] for its [[Tamil nationalism]] and [[environmentalism]] ideologies.

On August 27 2024, Thirumurugan was publicly inducted into the party and has been a strong campaigner for them.<ref>{{cite av media |people=Thirumurugan |title=நடிகர் நாம் தமிழர் கட்சி மேடையில் அனல் பறக்கும் பேச்சு! {{Pipe}} Actor Thirumurugan About Ntk Seeman |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MDG4cYehEAQ |publisher=ThaaiThamizh Official |date=2024-08-27 |access-date=2026-03-03 |medium=YouTube video}}</ref>

===[[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]===
[[File:Seeman and Thirumurugan campaigning at Orathanad Road Rally.png|thumb|Seeman and Thirumurugan campaigning at Orathanad Road Rally]]
[[File:Crowd listening to Seeman and Thirumurugan's campaign speach at Orathanad Road Rally.png|thumb|Crowd listening to Seeman and Thirumurugan's campaign speach at Orathanad Road Rally]]
On February 21, 2026, [[Seeman]] announced Thirumurugan as the official [[Naam Tamilar Katchi]] candidate for the [[Orathanad Assembly constituency]] in the [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election]]. <ref>{{cite news |title=T.N. Assembly election: Naam Tamilar Katchi announces candidates |url=https://www.thehindu.com |work=The Hindu |date=2026-02-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Naam Tamilar Katchi will fight 2026 Assembly polls alone: Seeman |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/ntk-will-fight-2026-assembly-election-alone-there-is-no-confusion-over-this-stand-seeman/article69393547.ece |work=The Hindu |date=2025-03-30}}</ref> Thirumurugan actively campaigned across the [[Orathanad Assembly constituency]], participating in the [[Orathanad]] Road Rally alongside [[Seeman]] and engaging in door-to-door canvassing to increase voter support and engagement. <ref>{{cite av media |people=Thirumurugan and Seeman |title=16-04-2026 ஒரத்தநாடு சட்டமன்றத் தொகுதி சீமான் தேர்தல் வாகனப் பரப்புரை நாம் தமிழர் கட்சி |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nq5ESKxx2wk&t=23s |publisher=நாம் தமிழர் கட்சி - Naam Thamizhar Katchi |date=2026-04-16 |access-date=2026-04-17 |medium=YouTube video}}</ref><ref>{{cite av media |people=Thirumurugan |title=2026 படைப்போம் புதிய அரசியல் வரலாறு |url=https://www.youtube.com/shorts/wD6hRelyrT8 |publisher=ஒரத்தநாடு நாம் தமிழர் |date=2026-03-26 |access-date=2026-04-17 |medium=YouTube video}}</ref>

==Electoral Performance==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!colspan=2| Party
!Election
!Constituency
!Result
!Votes
!Vote%
|-
| {{party color cell|Naam Tamilar Katchi}}
| style="text-align: left;"| [[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
| [[2026 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election|Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly 2026]]
| [[Orathanad Assembly constituency|Orathanad]]
| {{Lost}}
| 10,135
| 5.19
|}

{{#section-h:Orathanad Assembly constituency|2026}}

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year !! Film !! Role !! Notes
|-
| 2010 || ''[[Kalavani]]'' || Ilango ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mudhal Idam]]'' || Suresh Gopi ||
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Aravaan]]'' || Veeranna ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Ennamo Nadakkudhu]]'' || Manimaaran ||
|-
| 2014 || ''Parankimala'' || Murukeshan || Malayalam debut
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2015 || ''[[Naalu Policeum Nalla Irundha Oorum]]'' || President ||
|-
| ''[[49-O (film)|49-O]]'' || Karikalan ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Eetti]]'' || Dinesh Venugopal ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Pencil (film)|Pencil]]'' || Sridhar ||
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2017 || ''[[Kattappava Kanom]]'' || Sura ||
|-
| ''Puyala Kilambi Varom'' || Villager ||
|-
| ''Onan'' || Mariyappan ||
|-
| ''[[Attu (film)|Attu]]'' || Gangster ||
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Torchlight (2018 film)|Torchlight]]'' || Abdul Makween ||
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2025 || ''[[Suzhal: The Vortex]]'' || Maarappan || Web series (Season 2)
|-
| ''[[Diesel (2025 film)|Diesel]]'' || Sivaputhran ||
|-
| 2026 || ''[[Salliyargal]]'' ||army commander ||
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!Year
!Award
!Category
!Film
!Result
|-
|2010
|[[Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Villain|Tamil Nadu State Film Award 2010]]
|Best Villain
|''[[Kalavani]]'' <ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001173907/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/29/stories/2009092950250100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=2009-10-01|title=Rajini, Kamal win best actor awards|accessdate=2009-09-28|location=Chennai, India|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=2009-09-29}}</ref>
|{{Won}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|nm4260932}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Thirumurugan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Male actors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Actors from Thanjavur district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:1988 births]]

1968–69 Santosh Trophy

2026-05-01T10:28:23Z

MaxieMorales00: Starting

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2022}}
{{Infobox football tournament season
| title = Santosh Trophy
| year = 1968–69
| other_titles =
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = India
| dates = 23 February – 29 March 1969
| num_teams =
| winners = [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
| count = 4
| second = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
| matches =
| goals =
| attendance =
| scoring_leader =
| award =
| prev_season = 1967–68
| next_season = [[1969–70 Santosh Trophy|1969–70]]
| extra_information = 90 minute matches
}}

The '''1968–69 Santosh Trophy''' was the 25th edition of the [[Santosh Trophy]], the main [[States and union territories of India|State]] competition for [[football in India]]. It was held from 23 February to 29 March 1969 in [[Bangalore]], [[Karnataka]]. The home team [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]] beat [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] 1–0 in the final.

== Group stage ==
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 23 February 1969
|team1 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|score = 3–0<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala pay dearly for poor finish |work=The Indian Express |date=24 February 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Kerala football team|Kerala]]
|goals1 =
* Sri Prasad {{goal|10}}
* Bhandari {{goal|?||82}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = Moin-ud-din Hasan
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 24 February 1969
|team1 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|score = 6–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Farooq hat-trick's in J&K's big win |work=The Indian Express |date=26 February 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Gujarat football team|Gujarat]]
|goals1 =
* Farooq Ahmed {{goal|7||?||?||?}}
* Ghulam Rasool {{goal|14||50}}
|goals2 = Peter Paul {{goal}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 25 February 1969
|team1 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|score = 2–0<ref>{{cite news |title=Services strike form in second half |work=The Indian Express |date=26 February 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Delhi football team|Delhi]]
|goals1 =
* [[Shyam Thapa]] {{goal|62}}
* Bir Bahadur {{goal|78}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = C. R. Dasgupta ([[Indian Football Association|Bengal]])
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 26 February 1969
|team1 = [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|score = 3–0<ref>{{cite news |title=Mysore unimpressive |work=The Indian Express |date=27 February 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Jammu and Kashmir football team|Jammu and Kashmir]]
|goals1 =
* K. Abdul Azeez {{goal|25}}
* Doraiswamy Nataraj {{goal|44}}
* Nagendra {{goal}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = C. J. Vaz ([[Western India Football Association|Bombay]])
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 27 February 1969
|team1 = [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|score = 2–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Uttar Pradesh rally to oust Haryana |work=The Indian Express |date=28 February 1969 |page=14}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Haryana football team|Haryana]]
|goals1 =
* Somnath Chanda {{goal|55||67}}
|goals2 = Ramesh Sharma {{goal|25}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = C. R. Dasgupta ([[Indian Football Association|Bengal]])
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 28 February 1969
|team1 = [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|score = 2–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Andhra avenge a defeat |work=The Indian Express |date=1 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Odisha football team|Orissa]]
|goals1 =
* Chakravarthy {{goal|3}}
* Jaffar {{goal|63}}
|goals2 = Ramakrishnan {{goal|70}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = S. K. Bhattacharjee ([[Football Delhi|Delhi]])
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 1 March 1969
|team1 = [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score = 3–0<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra strike in second half |work=The Indian Express |date=2 March 1969 |page=14}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Uttar Pradesh football team|Uttar Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
* [[Derek D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{goal|48}}
* Rawat {{goal|55||60}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 2 March 1969
|team1 = [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|score = 1–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Mysore, Services in thrilling draw |work=The Indian Express |date=3 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1 = Muniyappa {{goal|28}}
|goals2 = Williams {{goal}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 3 March 1969
|team1 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|score = 1–0<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan prevail over Goa |work=The Indian Express |date=4 March 1969 |page=11}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Goa football team|Goa]]
|goals1 = Chain Singh {{goal|47}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 4 March 1969
|team1 = [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|score = 3–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra edge out Andhra |work=The Indian Express |date=5 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Andhra Pradesh football team|Andhra Pradesh]]
|goals1 =
* [[Derek D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{goal|3||88}}
* Ranjit Thapa {{goal|18}}
|goals2 = Chakravarthy {{goal|17}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 6 March 1969
|team1 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|score = 6–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Rajasthan blitz Rlys: a-in-a-row by Maghan |work=The Indian Express |date=7 March 1969 |page=7}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1 =
* [[Magan Singh Rajvi]] {{goal|3||8||13||28}}
* Sathyaprakash {{goal|53}}
|goals2 = Bose {{goal}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = Mohammed Azam ([[Andhra Pradesh Football Association|Andhra Pradesh]])
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 7 March 1969
|team1 = [[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]]
|score = 6–1<ref name="Madras8">{{cite news |title=Facile 6-1 win takes Madras into last 8 |work=The Indian Express |date=8 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Assam football team|Assam]]
|goals1 =
* Johnson {{goal|18||67}}
* Palaniswamy {{goal|28||55}}
* Victor {{goal|53||?}}
|goals2 = Basanta Kabui {{goal|60}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 9 March 1969
|team1 = [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|score = 2–2<ref>{{cite news |title=Services hold Mysore |work=The Indian Express |date=10 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1 = Nagendra {{goal|15|pen.}}
|goals2 = Bir Bahadur {{goal|19}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 11 March 1969
|team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|score = 0–0<ref>{{cite news |title=Madhya Pradesh held by Tripura |work=The Indian Express |date=12 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = D. W. Dunn ([[Assam Football Association|Assam]])
}}
{{Football box collapsible
|date = 12 March 1969
|team1 = [[Madhya Pradesh football team|Madhya Pradesh]]
|score = 1–2<ref>{{cite news |title=Tripura Win Replay |work=The Indian Express |date=13 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|goals1 = Bimal Roy Chowdhury {{goal|?}}
|goals2 =
* Ranjit Thapa {{goal|?|pen.}}
* Chinta Bahadur {{goal|?}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = Varadachari ([[Tamil Nadu Football Association|Madras]])
}}

== Knockout stage ==
[[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]] entered the quarter-finals after its victory against [[Assam football team|Assam]] in the group stage.<ref name="Madras8"/> However, [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] and [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]] made the quarter-finals after their wins over [[Tripura football team|Tripura]] and [[Bihar football team|Bihar]] respectively in the pre-quarter-finals.

=== Pre-quarter-finals ===
{{Football box
|date = 13 March 1969
|team1 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|score = 3–0
|team2 = [[Tripura football team|Tripura]]
|report = [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=DGJlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HZQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=678%2C1129127 Report]
|goals1 =
* Pranab Ganguly {{goal|40}}
* [[Subhash Bhowmick|Bhowmick]] {{goal|55||73}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = Moin-ud-din Hasan
}}
{{Football box
|date = 15 March 1969
|team1 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score = 4–0<ref>{{cite news |title=Big win for Punjab over Bihar |work=The Indian Express |date=16 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Bihar football team|Bihar]]
|goals1 =
* Arjan Singh {{goal|11||89||90}}
* Joginder Singh {{goal|48}}
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}

=== Quarter-finals ===
{{Football box
|date = 10 March 1969
|team1 = [[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]]
|score = 4–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Madras whip Rajasthan 4-1 |work=The Indian Express |date=11 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Rajasthan football team|Rajasthan]]
|goals1 =
* Victor {{goal|?||55||?}}
* Johnson {{goal|?}}
|goals2 = Bhagirath {{goal|76}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = S. K. Bhattacharjee ([[Football Delhi|Delhi]])
}}
{{Football box
|date = 14 March 1969
|team1 = [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|score = 2–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Mysore stage fine rally to beat Services 2-1 |work=The Indian Express |date=15 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[Services football team|Services]]
|goals1 =
* Prabhakar {{goal|73}}
* Muniyappa {{goal|85}}
|goals2 = Bir Bahadur {{goal|15}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = C. J. Vaz ([[Western India Football Association|Bombay]])
}}
{{Football box
|date = 17 March 1969
|team1 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score = 1–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Punjab hold Bengal in drab encounter |work=The Indian Express |date=18 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]] {{goal|?|pen.}}
|goals2 = [[Parimal Dey]] {{goal|?|pen.}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}
Replay
{{Football box
|date = 19 March 1969
|team1 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score = 2–2<ref>{{cite news |title=Bengal, Punjab share 2 goals in Santosh Trophy |work=The Indian Express |date=20 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|goals1 =
|goals2 =
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee = Ikram-ul-Haq ([[Football Delhi|Delhi]])
}}
Second replay
{{Football box
|date = 20 March 1969
|team1 = [[Punjab football team (India)|Punjab]]
|score = 1–4<ref>{{cite news |title=Convincing win for Bengal over Punjab |work=The Indian Express |date=21 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2 = [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|goals1 = [[Inder Singh (footballer)|Inder Singh]] {{goal|35}}
|goals2 =
* [[Parimal Dey]] {{goal|10||67}}
* [[Mohammed Habib (footballer)|Habib]] {{goal|17}}
* Pranab Ganguly {{goal|72}}
|stadium = [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|referee =
}}

=== Semi-finals ===
The semi-finals were played in two legs; all games including the final were played at the [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]] in [[Bangalore]]. The first semi-final was played between [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]] and [[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]]. After the two legs ended with the teams level at a 3–3 aggregate, a coin toss was held to decide the team that would progress to the Final. A confusion followed with both captains claiming to have won the toss, before the tournament committee of the [[Karnataka State Football Association|Mysore State Football Association]] and officials of the [[All India Football Federation]] decided that another match be played to decide the victor.<ref name="Mysore1">{{cite news |title=Mysore draw level with Madras, force replay |newspaper=The Indian Express |page=12 |date=24 March 1969}}</ref> Madras withdrew protesting their decision for the replay which meant Mysore went through to the Final. The [[Tamil Nadu Football Association|Madras Football Association]] stated that the "replay is against the rules of the championship and in spite of the fact that the Madras captain called correctly during the toss of the coin..." It further added, "It may be mentioned that the rules of the championship do not provide for a toss but only for a draw of lots."<ref>{{cite news |title=Madras withdraw |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=F2JlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HZQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=479%2C1782499 |newspaper=The Indian Express |page=14 |date=25 March 1969}}</ref> The second semi-final was played between [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]] and [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]. Both legs ended in 1–1 draws, and Bengal proceeded to the Final after a lot was drawn in their favour.<ref name="Bengal2">{{cite news |title=Bengal to meet Mysore in final |newspaper=The Indian Express |page=14 |date=25 March 1969}}</ref>

==== First leg ====
{{football box
|date= 16 March 1969
|time=
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|score= 2–3<ref>{{cite news |title=Thrilling win for Madras over Mysore |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=D2JlAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HZQNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1372%2C1312199 |newspaper=The Indian Express |page=12 |date=17 March 1969}}</ref>
|team2= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]]
|goals1= K. Abdul Azeez {{goal|77||87}}
|goals2= Victor {{goal|26||70}} Johnson {{goal|72}}
|stadium= [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|attendance=
|referee= C. J. Vaz ([[Western India Football Association|Bombay]])
}}
{{football box
|date= 22 March 1969
|time=
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|score= 1–1<ref>{{cite news |title=Maharashtra lucky to hold Bengal |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=23 March 1969 |page=12}}</ref>
|team2= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1= [[Sukalyan Ghosh Dastidar|Dastidar]] {{goal|55}}
|goals2= [[Derek D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{goal|1}}
|stadium= [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}

==== Second leg ====
{{football box
|date= 23 March 1969
|time=
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|score= 1–0<ref name="Mysore1"/>
|team2= [[Tamil Nadu football team|Madras]]
|goals1= A. D. Nagendra {{goal|60|p}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|attendance=
|referee=
}}
{{football box
|date= 24 March 1969
|time=
|team1= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|score= 1–1<ref name="Bengal2"/> ([[Extra-time|a.e.t.]])
|team2= [[Maharashtra football team|Maharashtra]]
|goals1= [[Subhash Bhowmick|Bhowmick]] {{goal|}}
|goals2= [[Derek D'Souza|D'Souza]] {{goal|}}
|stadium= [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|attendance=
|referee= Ikram-ul-Haq ([[Football Delhi|Delhi]])
}}

===Final===
The Final was contested by Mysore and Bengal on 26 March 1969. The match ended in a goalless draw and was replayed on 29 March. The replay which was announced to be played on 30 March was later brought back by a day.<ref>{{cite news |title=Santosh final on Saturday |newspaper=The Indian Express |page=14 |date=28 March 1969}}</ref> Mysore won the replay 1–0 with Doraiswamy Nataraj scoring for them in the 67th minute.<ref>{{cite web |title=Former Indian footballer Nataraj passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/former-indian-footballer-nataraj-passes-away/article27084026.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=19 April 2022 |language=en-IN |date=9 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="final">{{cite news |title=Mysore retain Santosh trophy |newspaper=The Indian Express |page=18 |date=30 March 1969}}</ref>

{{football box
|date= 26 March 1969
|time=
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|score= 0–0<ref>{{cite news |title=Stalemate in Santosh trophy final: replay on Sunday |newspaper=The Indian Express |page=12 |date=27 March 1969}}</ref>
|team2= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|goals1=
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|attendance=
|referee= C. J. Vaz ([[Western India Football Association|Bombay]])
}}

==== Replay ====
{{football box
|date= 29 March 1969
|time=
|team1= [[Karnataka football team|Mysore]]
|score= 1–0<ref name="final"/>
|team2= [[West Bengal football team|Bengal]]
|goals1= Doraiswamy Nataraj {{goal|67}}
|goals2=
|stadium= [[Sree Kanteerava Stadium]], [[Bangalore]]
|attendance=
|referee= Ikram-ul-Haq ([[Football Delhi|Delhi]])
}}

== References==
{{reflist}}

{{Santosh Trophy|state=collapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santosh Trophy 1968-1969}}
[[Category:1968–69 in Indian football]]
[[Category:Santosh Trophy seasons]]

1770: Ek Sangram

2026-04-29T19:23:12Z

MaxieMorales00: Starting

{{Short description|Upcoming Indian film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2022}}
{{Infobox film
| image = 1770 Ek Sangram.jpg
| alt =
| caption = 1770 - Ek Sangram announcement poster
| director = Ashwin Gangaraju
| producer = Shailendra KKumar Suraj Sharma Sujoyy Kuttyiy<ref>{{Cite web|title='RRR' writer K V Vijayendra Prasad to adapt 'Anandamath' into a movie|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/rrr-writer-k-v-vijayendra-prasad-to-adapt-anandamath-into-a-movie-1098865.html|website=Deccan Herald|date=8 April 2022 }}</ref> V. Vijayendra Prasad<ref name="t"/>
| writer = [[V. Vijayendra Prasad]]<ref name="t"/>
| story = [[Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]<ref name="t"/>
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Anandamath]]''|Bankim Chandra Chatterjee}}
| starring =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = SSI Entertainment PK Entertainment
| distributor =
| released =
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Telugu<ref>{{Cite web|title=#1770TheMovie will be produced by #ShhailendraKkumar, #SujayyKuttiy, #KrishnaKumarB and #SurajSharma... Will be released in #Hindi, #Telugu, #Tamil, #Malayalam, #Kannada and #Bengali... The team will lock the main lead before #Dussehra and will announce the cast by #Diwali.|url=https://twitter.com/taran_adarsh/status/1559804934832283649|website=Twitter|date=17 August 2022 }}</ref>
| budget = 
| gross = 
}}
'''''1770: Ek Sangram''''' is an upcoming Indian [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language historical [[drama]] film, based on the Bengali novel ''[[Anandamath]]'',<ref>{{cite news |author1=Priyanka Bose |title=বঙ্কিমের 'আনন্দমঠ' নিয়ে জাতীয় স্তরের ছবি, চিত্রনাট্যের দায়িত্বে রাজামৌলির বাবা |url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/1770-ek-sangram-kv-vijayendra-prasad-roped-in-to-adapt-bankim-chandra-chatterjee-s-novel-anandmath-31649403920992.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409061355/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/1770-ek-sangram-kv-vijayendra-prasad-roped-in-to-adapt-bankim-chandra-chatterjee-s-novel-anandmath-31649403920992.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 April 2022 |access-date=17 August 2022 |agency=Hindustan Times - Bangla |publisher=bangla.hindustantimes.com |date=8 April 2022 |ref=b |language=bn}}</ref> written by [[Bankim Chandra Chatterjee|Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]] in 1882.<ref name="t">{{cite news |title=Young Telugu director for Vijayendra Prasad 1770- Ek Sangram |url=https://www.tollywood.net/young-telugu-director-for-vijayendra-prasad-1770-ek-sangram/ |access-date=17 August 2022 |agency=Tollywood |publisher=www.tollywood.net |date=4 August 2022}} {{unreliable source?|date=September 2022}}</ref><ref name="v">{{cite news |title='RRR' Writer Vijayendra Prasad Boards 'Anandamath' Adaptation '1770 – Ek Sangram' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/asia/rrr-vijayendra-prasad-anandamath-1235227282/ | first=Naman | last=Ramachandran | work=Variety | date=7 April 2022 | access-date=12 September 2022}}</ref> The novel and film are set in the event of the [[Sannyasi Rebellion]], which took place in the late 18th century in [[Bengal]].<ref name="v"/> ''1770: Ek Sangram'' is produced by SSI Entertainment and PK Entertainment.<ref>{{Cite web |title='RRR' writer to pen screen adaptation of Bankim Chandra's 'Anandamath' |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/entertainment/rrr-writer-to-pen-screen-adaptation-of-bankim-chandras-anandamath/cid/1859673 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.telegraphindia.com}}</ref>

== Premise ==
The film marks the 150th anniversary of '[[Vande Mataram]]', which sparked the [[Swaraj]] movement in [[India]] against the [[British Empire]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-12 |title=RRR writer K V Vijayendra Prasad roped in for the remake of Anandamath |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/rrr-writer-k-v-vijayendra-prasad-roped-in-for-the-remake-of-anandamath-10545191.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Firstpost }}</ref>

== Production ==

=== Development ===
Film announced on 8 April 2022, marks death anniversary of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee by [[Ram Kamal Mukherjee]], former [[Zee Studios]] head.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramachandran |first=Naman |date=2022-04-08 |title='RRR' Writer Vijayendra Prasad Boards 'Anandamath' Adaptation '1770 – Ek Sangram' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/rrr-vijayendra-prasad-anandamath-1235227282/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Variety }}</ref> ''1770: Ek Sangram'' is made in [[Hindi]], [[Tamil language|Tamil]], Telugu simultaneously<ref>{{Cite news |last=PTI |date=2022-04-08 |title='RRR' writer K V Vijayendra Prasad roped in to adapt Bankim Chandra's 'Anandamath' |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/rrr-writer-k-v-vijayendra-prasad-roped-in-to-adapt-bankim-chandras-anandamath/article65302434.ece |access-date=2023-01-14 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Ram Kamal collaborates with RRR writer K V Vijayendra Prasad for his next film |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/cinema/2022/apr/08/filmmaker-ram-kamal-collaborates-with-rrr-writer-k-v-vijayendra-prasad-for-his-next-film-40133.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.indulgexpress.com }}</ref> and dubbed versions in [[Kannada]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Bengali language|Bengali]] languages.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Filmmaker Ram Kamal Mukherjee wants to recreate historical tales on screen |url=https://www.indulgexpress.com/entertainment/celebs/2022/dec/30/filmmaker-ram-kamal-mukherjee-wants-to-recreate-historical-tales-on-screen-46422.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.indulgexpress.com }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=IANS |date=2022-04-09 |title=RRR Writer KV Vijayendra Prasad On Board As The Scriptwriter For Anandamath Adaptation |url=https://www.koimoi.com/south-indian-cinema/rrr-writer-kv-vijayendra-prasad-on-board-as-the-scriptwriter-for-anandamath-adaptation/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=Koimoi }}</ref>

=== Filming ===
According to the makers, the film will be expensive and will be shot in [[Mumbai]], [[Hyderabad]], [[West Bengal]] and [[London]] and the [[Principal photography]] was started at the end of 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=RRR writer KV Vijayendra Prasad joins 1770 - Ek Sangram, a remake of Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's Anandamath |url=https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/apr/8/33982/rrr-writer-kv-vijayendra-prasad-joins-1770-ek-sangram-a-remake-of-bankim-chandra-chatterjee-s-anandamath |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220809142613/https://www.cinestaan.com/articles/2022/apr/8/33982/rrr-writer-kv-vijayendra-prasad-joins-1770-ek-sangram-a-remake-of-bankim-chandra-chatterjee-s-anandamath |url-status=live |archive-date=9 August 2022 |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=www.cinestaan.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2022-04-08 |title='RRR' writer K V Vijayendra Prasad roped in to adapt Bankim Chandra's 'Anandamath' |url=https://theprint.in/features/rrr-writer-k-v-vijayendra-prasad-roped-in-to-adapt-bankim-chandras-anandamath/907905/ |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=ThePrint }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Unreleased Indian films]]
[[Category:History of India on film]]
[[Category:Films based on Bengali novels]]
[[Category:Indian historical drama films]]
[[Category:Films based on works by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay]]

{{Telugu-film-stub}}

John Panamthottathil

2026-04-25T09:18:06Z

MaxieMorales00: new bio

{{Short description|Indian Syro-Malabar Catholic bishop}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox Christian leader
| type = Bishop
| honorific-prefix = Mar
| name = John Panamthottathil
| title = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne|Eparch of St. Thomas of Melbourne]]
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| church = [[Catholic Church]]
| archdiocese =
| diocese = [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne]]
| see =
| appointed = 14 January 2023
| enthroned =
| predecessor = [[Bosco Puthur]]
| successor =
| other_post = 
| ordination = 26 December 1997
| ordained_by = [[George Valiamattam]]
| consecration = 31 May 2023
| consecrated_by = [[George Alencherry]], [[Mark Coleridge]], [[Remigius Inchananiyil]], and [[Bosco Puthur]]
| rank = 
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|5|31|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Peravoor, Kannur]], Kerala, India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| previous_post =
| religion =
| motto =
| birth_name =
| coat_of_arms = File:John Panamthottathil coat of arms.png
}}
'''Mar John Panamthottathil''' (born 31 May 1966) is an Indian-born [[Bishop (Catholicism)|bishop]] of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church]] in the Australia and Oceania. He is currently the eparch of the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Resignations and Appointments |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/en/bollettino/pubblico/2023/01/14/230114d.html |access-date=2023-01-14 |website=press.vatican.va}}</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life and ministry in India ===
John Panamthottathil was born in [[Peravoor]], Kerala. John entered the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate Syro Malabar Institute of Pontifical Right in [[Kozhikode]] where he gave his solemn profession. On 26 December 1997, He was ordained a priest by [[George Valiamattam|Archeparch George Valiamattam]] into the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Archeparchy of Tellicherry]]. He continued his studies at Dharamaram College for Philosophy and Theology along with a Master of Arts in English Literature at Devagiri College (Kozhikode) and a Master in Education at [https://stjosephstrainingcollege.org/ St. Joseph's College, Mannanam]. He also was a parochial priest, educator, and provincial superior in [[Thamarassery]].<ref name=":0" /> He speaks [[Malayalam]], [[English language|English]], and [[Hindi]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=14 January 2023 |title=John Panamthottathil named bishop of Melbourne Diocese |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/john-panamthottathil-named-bishop-of-melbourne-diocese/article66378418.ece |access-date=2023-01-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== Ministry in Australia ===
John, while he was the Provincial of St. Thomas Province of the C.M.I. Congregation, has visited Sacred Heart Church, Lawrenceburg, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Nashville, Tennessee, United States in 2008, and in 2015, he moved to Australia to serve in the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane|Latin Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane]] until 2020. In [[Brisbane]], He served at an assistant pastor at [[Cathedral of St Stephen, Brisbane|Cathedral of St Stephen]] and Saint Bernardine Church, Regents Park and then served at Our Lady and Saint Dympna's Church, Aspley as its parochial pastor. While his time serving [[Latin Church|Latin]] Congregations, he also served the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Church|Syro Malabar]] community in Australia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=മെൽബൺ രൂപതയുടെ പുതിയ ബിഷപ്പായി ഫാ.ജോൺ പനന്തോട്ടത്തിലിനെ നിയമിച്ചു |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2023/01/14/john-panamthottathil-appointed-as-bishop-of-melbourne-diocese.html |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=ManoramaOnline |language=ml}}</ref>

=== Return to Ministry in India ===
In 2020, He returned to India where he joined the [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Mananthavady]] and served as the parish priest of Saint Elias Church, Nirvilpuzha until his appointment as bishop. He also served as an English Educator at the Bendictine Ashram, Makkiyad.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/photo?fbid=196669189617475&set=pcb.196669439617450 |access-date=2023-01-15 |website=www.facebook.com}}</ref><ref name=":1" />

=== Eparch ===
On 14 January 2023, [[Major Archbishop of Ernakulam–Angamaly|Major Archbishop]] [[George Alencherry]] announced the appointment of John Panamthottahil as the 2nd Eparch of [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Eparchy of Melbourne|Melbourne]] after [[Pope Francis]] accepted Bishop [[Bosco Puthur]]'s resignation after he reached the age of 75. Puthur, Alencherry, and Panamthottahil hosted a press conference announcing the appointment after the January meeting of the Synod of Bishops.<ref>{{Cite news |date=14 January 2023 |title=Syro-Malabar bishops' meet ends; Synod says discussions on Mass will continue |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/syro-malabar-bishops-meet-ends-without-resolution-to-mass-issue/article66378274.ece |access-date=2023-01-15 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

On 31 May 2023, He was installed by Alencherry in the presence of [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Brisbane|Archbishop of Brisbane]] [[Mark Coleridge]], [[Syro-Malabar Catholic Archeparchy of Tellicherry|Archbishop of Tellichery]] [[Joseph Pamplany]], and Bishop-Emertius [[Bosco Puthur]] at Our Lady Guardian of Plants Chaldean Catholic Church in [[Campbellfield, Victoria]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}

{{Australian Catholic Archbishops and Bishops}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Panamthottathil, John}}
[[Category:Indian Eastern Catholic bishops]]
[[Category:Syro-Malabar bishops]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kannur district]]
[[Category:Carmelites of Mary Immaculate]]
[[Category:Eastern Catholic bishops in Oceania]]

{{SyroMalabar-bishop-stub}}

Punjab Solar Summit

2026-04-25T09:16:37Z

MaxieMorales00: Put Up New Post From Scratch

{{Infobox university
|name = Punjab Solar Summit
|native_name = ਪੰਜਾਬ ਦੇ ਸੂਰਜੀ ਸੰਮੇਲਨ 2015
|image_name =
|image_size =
|caption = Go Solar Punjab
|latin_name =
|mottoeng =
|established = 23 July 2015
|closed =
|type = Environment
|endowment =
|president = Bikram Singh Majithia
|vice-president =
|rector =
|head_label =
|head =
|city = Chandigarh
|state = Punjab
|province =
|country = India
|coor =
|campus =
|former_names =
|free_label =
|free =
|colors =
|colours =
|website = [http://www.peda.gov.in/main/ Official Website]
|logo =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Punjab Solar Summit''' was a [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]] hosted event in Chandigarh on July 23, 2015 to bring prospective entrepreneurs, investors and other stake holders on a common platform.

==Making farmers' entrepreneurs==

The New and [[Renewable energy|Renewable Energy]] Minister, Bikram Singh Majithia, elected in [[Punjab, India|Punjab]] had announced when he took over as Minister for New and Renewable Energy (Punjab) that he has a dream to make Punjab a solar state and the state is now in sniffing distance from realising its dream. The dream encompasses a major agenda for investors to invest in Punjab and for farmers to become entrepreneurs because they can sell extra energy so generated at assured rates to Punjab State Power Corporation and supplement their incomes.

==Who will participate?==

Executives from major companies like [[Punj Lloyd]] Limited, LancoInjfratech Limited, [[Azure Power|Azure Power India Limited]], Welspun Renewables Limited, Essel Infra Projects Limited, [[Solairedirect]] Energy India Private Limited, International Switchgears Private Limited, Madhav Solar Private Limited, Northstar Solar Power Private Limited, IK Energy Private Limited, Aditya Medisales Limited from [[Sun Pharma]] Group, Focal Energy India Private Limited, NextgenSolux Power Private Limited, Atma Power Private Limited, Abundant Ventures LLC, T.R.Energy& Agro Private Limited, Earth Solar Private Limited, Allianz Eco Power Limited and Mokia Green Energy Private Limited are expected to attend the Summit.

==Solar projects commissioned==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Company Name!! CAP. (MW)
|-
| M/s. Punj Lloyd Ltd. || 21
|-
| M/s. LancoInfratech Ltd. || 10.5
|-
| [[Azure Power|M/s. Azure Power India Pvt. Ltd.]] || 34
|-
| M/s. Welspun Renewables Ltd.|| 33.5
|-
| M/s. Essel Infra Projects Ltd. || 31.5
|-
| M/s. Solairedirect Energy India Private Limited (Subsidiary of Solairdirect SA France) || 21
|-
| M/s. International Switchgears Pvt. Ltd. || 4.2
|-
| M/s. Northstar Solar Power Pvt. Ltd. || 4.2
|-
| M/s. IK Energy Pvt. Ltd. || 1
|-
| M/s. Aditya Medisales Ltd.
Investment by
SUN PHARMA GROUP
|| 4.2
|-
| M/s. Focal Energy India Pvt ltd || 4.2
|-
| M/s. NextgenSolux Power Pvt. Ltd. || 1
|-
| M/s. Atma Power Pvt. Ltd. || 2.1
|-
| M/s. Abundant Ventures LLC || 2
|-
| M/s. T.R. Energy & Agro Pvt. Ltd. || 2.1
|-
| M/s. Earth Solar Pvt. Ltd. || 4.2
|-
| M/s. Allianz Eco Power Ltd. || 2.1
|-
| M/s. Mokia Green Energy Pvt. Ltd. || 4.2
|-
| DeraRadha Swami Satsang Beas Distt. Amritsar || 30
|-
|}

==Green Power Revolution==

The Green Revolution changed the face of [[agriculture]] and now it is the turn of Green Power Revolution to catapult power scenario because solar power is both clean power and green power. One unit of thermal or coal power emits about 825 grams of carbon dioxide. However, in case of [[solar power]], no carbon dioxide is emitted. The Punjab Solar Summit 2015 is the foremost step towards the Green Power Revolution.

==References==
1. [http://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/punjab-inks-mous-worth-rs-13-500-cr-for-solar-projects-115021601025_1.html Punjab inks pacts five bio-ethanol plants for solar projects-Business Standard February 16, 2015].

2. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150508033314/http://www.hindustantimes.com/jalandhar/punjab-to-generate-4-200-mw-solar-power-by-2022-bikram-singh-majithia/article1-1344236.aspx Punjab to generate 4,200 MW solar power by 2022: Bikram Singh Majithia]

3. [https://web.archive.org/web/20150722032323/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-06-24/news/63782974_1_solar-power-projects-power-generation-capacity-rs-10-lakh Provide easy credit for solar power projects: Bikram Singh Majithia]

4. [http://www.financialexpress.com/article/economy/punjabs-dream-of-a-solar-state-200-mw-by-march-2015/41869/ Punjab’s dream of a solar state: 200 MW by March 2015]

5. [http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/state-to-generate-2-000-mw-solar-power/110612.html Punjab State to generate 2,000 MW solar power].

6. Punjab Solar Summit: [https://web.archive.org/web/20150724122441/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/punjab-solar-summit-lease-out-your-land-for-renewable-energy-s-sake-sukhbir-to-farmers/article1-1372510.aspx Lease out your land for renewable energy's sake]: Sukhbir to farmers.

7. [http://punjabnewsexpress.com/punjab/news/solar-summit-would-be-a-booster-for-punjab-economy-sukhbir-badal-41868.aspx Solar summit would be a booster for Punjab economy].

8. [http://www.newsx.com/regional/7170-punjab-to-encourage-farmers-for-mini-solar-plants Punjab to encourage farmers for mini-solar plants].

{{coord missing|Punjab (India)}}

[[Category:Solar power in India]]

Aashirwad (film)

2026-04-24T03:40:36Z

MaxieMorales00: Data

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Aashirwad
| image = Aashirwad film poster.jpg
| caption =
| director = [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
| producer = Hrishikesh Mukherjee [[N. C. Sippy]]
| writer = Story: [[Anil Ghosh]] Dialogue: [[Gulzar]]
| narrator =
| starring = [[Ashok Kumar]] [[Veena (actress)]] [[Sanjeev Kumar]] [[Sumita Sanyal]]
| music = [[Vasant Desai]] Gulzar
| cinematography = T.B. Seetaram
| editing = Hrishikesh Mukherjee
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1968}}
| runtime = 146 minutes
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
}}
'''{{Lang|hi-latn|Aashirwad}}''' ({{translation|Blessing}}) is a 1968 [[Bollywood]] film, directed by [[Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]. The film main stars [[Ashok Kumar]], [[Veena (actress)]], [[Sumita Sanyal]] and [[Sanjeev Kumar]]. The film is notable for Ashok Kumar & Veena (actress) life time performances and its also inclusion of a [[Rap music|rap]]-like song performed by Ashok Kumar, "Rail Gaadi" & "Nav Chali".<ref name="rediff">{{Cite web | title =Hrishikesh Mukherjee's best films: Aashirwad (1969)| url = http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/28slide4.htm | publisher =Rediff.com Movies | date =28 August 2006 | access-date = 30 July 2013 }}</ref>

==Plot summary==


The protagonist Jogi Thakur ([[Ashok Kumar]]) is a simple man of high principles. He is a [[Gharjamai]] who, with his wife, has been bequeathed property and estates by his father-in-law. He breaks his marriage to an autocratic landlady ([[Veena (actress)|Veena]]) when he finds out that on his wife's order, the chief accountant of the estate has cunningly obtained his signatures on an order that the houses of the poor be burnt. He leaves home, vowing never to return as long as he lives, leaving his daughter Neena behind. He moves to Mumbai where he makes a living by entertaining children in a park (the famous song "Rail Gaadi", said to be India's first rap number). He is specially fond of a girl whose name, incidentally, is Neena (played by baby Sarika), too. Unfortunately, the girl takes ill and dies.

Jogi then returns to his village, Chandanpur, where he finds that the daughter of one of his villager friends, Baiju, has been abducted. He rushes someplace where she is about to be raped by the estate's cunning chief accountant, and he kills him to protect the girl. The villagers make up a phony story to save him, but he opts to tell the truth in the court and is jailed. There, he starts tending to the garden and composes philosophical poems. The doctor at the jail, Dr. Biren ([[Sanjeev Kumar]]) takes a special liking to him. Coincidentally, Neena, Jogi Thakur's daughter is set to be married with the doctor. Jogi Thakur finds this out by chance as he is tending to the garden outside doctor's room and overhears their conversations. He also learns that his daughter hates criminals. And so he shields his face from her on the few occasions that they meet. Unfortunately, he takes ill just as he is granted pardon by the government for his good behaviour. The doctor, has come to think of him as a father figure. He tells Jogi Thakur that the day he will be out of jail will be the eve of his marriage. Jogi Thakur is taken by the desire to see his daughter being wedded, and hurries to see her. However, he does not want anyone to recognize him. Finally he joins the beggars who have gathered for a treat for the marriage, where his daughter and son-in-law are serving food. He manages to give his blessings to her and hurries out. However, as he collapses on the road, he is recognized and people gather around him. The news reaches his daughter who rushes to the spot to meet with her father at his last moment.

Adorned with such wonderful songs such as "Rail Gaadi" sung by Ashok Kumar himself, "Ek Tha Bachpan" by Lata Mangeshkar (sung by Jogi Thakur's daughter) and finally the memorable "Jeevan Se Lambe Hai Bandhu Yeh Jeevan Ke Raste" by Manna Dey (sung by the bullock-cart driver who carries Jogi Thakur near his village in the night), the movie is an emotional journey through a man's life who stands by his principles only to be finally overcome by love for his daughter.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Ashok Kumar]] as Shivnath "Jogi Thakur" Choudhary
* [[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Doctor Biren
* [[Sumita Sanyal]] as Neena "Bittu" S. Choudhary
* [[Veena (actress)|Veena]] as Leela S. Choudhary, Rani maa
* [[Sajjan (actor)|Sajjan]] as Ramdas munimji
* [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]] as Baiju "Dholakia"
* [[Padma Khanna]] as Rukmini
* Bipin Gupta
* S.N. Banerjee as Mohan/Mamaji
* Amar Kumar
* Brahm Bhardwaj advocate for Jogi Thakur
* Leela Gandhi as dancer in 'Saf Karo, insaf karo'
* [[Abhi Bhattacharya]] as Jailor
* [[Sarika]] as Munni/Neena
* Baby Deepali as young Neena/Bittu
* Dev Kishan as Mahadev street movie vendor
* Harbans Darshan M Arora as Munni's (Sarika) father
* Kedarnath Saigal as radio broadcaster (Ek tha bachpan)
* Amol Sen as guard of medical ward in jail.
* Ashim Kumar as bullock cart driver (Jeevan se lambe hai bandhu)
}}

==Soundtrack==

The music of the film was by [[Vasant Desai]], with lyrics by [[Gulzar]]. [[Harindranath Chattopadhyay]] wrote the song "Rail Gaadi..."
* "Ik Tha Bachpan" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* "Rail Gaadi Chhuk Chhuk Chhuk Chhuk" - [[Ashok Kumar]]
* "Jeevan Se Lambe Hain Bandhu Yeh Jeevan Ke Raste" - [[Manna Dey]]
* "Jhirjhir Barse" - [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
* "Saf Karo, insaf karo" - [[Asha Bhosle]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Ashok Kumar]]
* "Kanno ki ek nagri thi" - Ashok Kumar, Harindranath Chattopadhyay
* "Naav chali" - Ashok Kumar

==Awards==
*1969 [[Filmfare Best Actor Award]] for [[Ashok Kumar]]
*1969 [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] for [[Ashok Kumar]]
*1969 [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi]]

== References ==

<references />

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|id=0147855}}
*[http://www.geeta-kavita.com/hindi_sahitya.asp?id=84 ''Rail Gaadi'' at Geeta-Kavita.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927115913/http://www.geeta-kavita.com/hindi_sahitya.asp?id=84 |date=27 September 2011 }}

{{National Film Award Best Feature Film Hindi}}
{{Hrishikesh Mukherjee}}

[[Category:1968 films]]
[[Category:1968 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1968 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Hrishikesh Mukherjee]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Best Hindi Feature Film National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:1968 drama films]]

Kala Kendra Jammu

2026-04-24T03:39:45Z

MaxieMorales00: new article

{{Short description|J&K's Centre for art}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2026}}
{{Infobox organisation
|name = Kala Kendra Jammu
|image = Kala̠KenderaJammu.jpg
|image_border =
|image_size =
|image_alt =
|caption = Kala Kendra Jammu
|map =
|map_size =
|map_alt =
|map_caption =
|logo =
|logo_size =
|logo_alt =
|logo_caption =
|abbreviation =
|num_President =
|num_Seretary =
|budget =
|remarks =
|formation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2006}}
|extinction = 
|type =
|status = 
|purpose = 
|headquarters = Jammu
|location = Bikram Chowk, Near Tawi Bridge, [[Jammu]], [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India
|coordinates = {{coord|32.7156|74.8596|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
|region_served = [[India]]
|membership =
|language =
|publication =
|leader_title = President [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]]
|leader_title2 = Secretary
|leader_name2 = [[Javaid Rahi]]
|main_organ = 
|website = {{URL|https://culture.jk.gov.in/AboutKK.aspx}}
}}

'''Kala Kendra Jammu ''' (Centre for Art) is an autonomous multi-arts institution located in the city of [[Jammu]], India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.knskashmir.com/kala-kendra-crucially-instrumental-in-preserving--promoting-cultural-heritage-of-jammu-region--secy-tourism-176342|title=Kala Kendra crucially instrumental in preserving, promoting cultural heritage of Jammu region: Secy Tourism|date=13 March 2023|website=KNS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://statetimes.in/kala-kendra-to-be-developed-as-centre-for-performing-visual-arts-cs/|title=Kala Kendra to be developed as Centre for performing, visual arts: CS|date=23 March 2025}}</ref><ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/7-day-photo-exhibition-on-jammu-city-begins-at-kala-kendra/</ref> The centre was established by the Department of Culture, [[Government of Jammu and Kashmir]], with the support of the [[Ministry of Culture (India)|Ministry of Culture]], Government of India, and became fully functional in 2nd October 2006.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/dr-karan-singh-inaugurates-jk-art-exhibition-at-kala-kendra/</ref> Its core objective is the preservation, promotion, and dissemination of both visual and performing arts, with special attention to the rich artistic traditions of the region.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/transforming-jammu-kashmirs-cultural-and-spiritual-soul-into-a-global-art-hub-is-a-shared-responsibility-lg-sinha|title=Transforming Jammu Kashmir's cultural and spiritual soul into a global art hub is a shared responsibility: LG Sinha|website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref>

== Architecture and design==
[[File:KALA KENDRA JAMMU.jpg|thumb|left|Kala Kendra Jammu]]
Architecturally, Kala Kendra is a harmonious blend of tradition and modernity. The design draws inspiration from [[Kashmiris|Kashmiri]], [[Dogras|Dogra]] and [[Ladakhis|Ladakhi]] architectural styles, while incorporating contemporary construction techniques. The building evolved over a decade-long period, from 1995 to 2006, reflecting careful planning and cultural sensitivity.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/no-govt-funding-multiplicity-control-render-kala-kendra-defunct/</ref> By adapting these classical concepts to a modern cultural institution, Kala Kendra achieves both aesthetic balance and functional harmony.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/national-level-art-exhibition-inaugurated-at-kala-kendra/</ref>

== Visual arts==
[[File:KALA KENDRA JAMMU PAINTING GALLERY.jpg|thumb|right|KALA KENDRA JAMMU GALLERY]]
Under its Visual Arts programme, Kala Kendra actively promotes a wide range of artistic streams, including:
* Painting
* Graphic art (print-making)
* Design (ceramic and glass)
* Design (textile)
* History of art
* Sculpture
* Calligraphy arts
* Traditional arts and crafts
* Rare handwritten manuscripts
* Photography<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/dedicated-photo-gallery-to-be-established-at-kala-kendra-principal-secretary-culture/|title=Dedicated photo gallery to be established at Kala Kendra: Principal Secretary Culture|first=GK NEWS|last=SERVICE|date=18 April 2025}}</ref>
Through exhibitions, workshops, seminars, and artist residencies, the centre nurtures creativity while safeguarding traditional and rare art forms.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://risingkashmir.com/119833-2/|title=CS declares open 7-Day exhibition at Kala Kendra Jammu – Rising Kashmir}}</ref>

== Cultural complex ==
Kala Kendra is a thoughtfully designed cultural complex equipped with extensive facilities for artists, scholars, and visitors alike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://imfa.uok.edu.in/Main/EventView.aspx?Event=849f3659-ea6f-40fe-876f-42a8a5109aa8|title=Shri Pran Kishor Koul Institute of Music And Fine Arts, University of Kashmir}}</ref> The centre houses:
* 10 art galleries, used for temporary and thematic exhibitions
* Three art studios, providing space for creative practice and workshops
* A well-equipped library, supporting research in art, culture, and history
* Five permanent art galleries located on the ground floor, showcasing enduring collections
Together, these facilities make Kala Kendra a vibrant space for exhibition, learning, and artistic exchange.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/3-day-international-art-exhibition-inaugurated-at-kala-kendra/|title=3 day international art exhibition inaugurated at Kala Kendra|first=GK NEWS|last=SERVICE|date=13 October 2024|website=Greater Kashmir}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/cs-inaugurates-exhibition-of-rare-artefacts-in-jammu/|title=CS inaugurates exhibition of rare artefacts in Jammu|first=GK NEWS|last=SERVICE|date=25 November 2024}}</ref>

== Institutional governance==
The [[Lieutenant Governor of Jammu and Kashmir]] serves as the ex-officio President of the Society.Presently [[Javaid Rahi]] is serving as Secretary of the Society and he is responsible for executing the decisions taken by the General Council and the Advisory Committees, ensuring smooth administration and adherence to the institution's cultural vision.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/jammu/dr-javaid-rahi-gets-additional-charge-of-secretary-kala-kendra-society/|title=Dr Javaid Rahi gets additional charge of Secretary, Kala Kendra Society|first=GK NEWS|last=SERVICE|date=21 December 2023}}</ref>

== Activities==
The Kala Kendra is presently engaged in facilitating and promoting a broad spectrum of activities in furtherance of its statutory and organizational objectives relating to the Visual and [[Performing arts|Performing Arts]]. These activities, conducted on a regular and ongoing basis, inter alia include painting exhibitions, photographic exhibitions, cultural performances, painting camps, art workshops, research initiatives, internship programmes, seminars on art and culture, academic conferences, lectures, and other allied literary and cultural activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thekashmirhorizon.com/2026/01/20/sanjeev-verma-inaugurates-3-day-painting-camp-on-my-india-my-vote-at-kala-kendra-jammu/|title=Sanjeev Verma inaugurates 3-Day Painting camp on "My India, My Vote" at Kala Kendra Jammu|date=20 January 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://brighterkashmir.com//news/cs-inaugurates-3-day-exhibition-on-sharda-paintings-at-kala-kendra|title=CS inaugurates 3 day exhibition on Sharda paintings at Kala Kendra|website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref>
Further, the Society has established and maintains a dedicated exhibition space on the first floor of the Kala Kendra premises, wherein sculptural works, archival records, miniature art collections, and rare photographic material are displayed for public viewing. In addition thereto, the lawn area of the premises has been duly utilized for the exhibition and display of sculptures and cultural artifacts, in a manner consistent with the objectives of preservation, education, and public engagement in the arts.<ref>https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/3-day-exhibition-on-census-india-inaugurated-at-kala-kendra/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsonair.gov.in/rare-coins-exhibition-in-jammu-a-feast-for-art-lovers/|title=Rare coins Exhibition in Jammu: a feast for art lovers {{pipe}} DD News On Air}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Jammu and Kashmir Academy of Art, Culture and Languages]]
*[[India Habitat Centre]]
*[[Jawahar Kala Kendra]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://in.openart.community/ OpenArt India website]

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 2005]]
[[Category:Art museums and galleries in India]]
[[Category:Folk art museums and galleries in India]]
[[Category:Postmodern architecture in India]]
[[Category:Arts centres in India]]
[[Category:Cultural organisations based in India]]
[[Category:21st-century architecture in India]]
[[Category:Convention centres in India]]
[[Category:Cultural centres in India]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Sadulshahar Assembly constituency

2026-04-19T19:34:20Z

MaxieMorales00: created a stub

{{Short description|Constituency of the Rajasthan legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sadulshahar
| map_image = Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan-1-Sadulshahar.svg
| mla = [[Gurveer Singh Brar]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
| constituency_no = 1
| loksabha_cons = [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency|Ganganagar]]
| established = 2008
| state = [[Rajasthan]]
| district = [[Sri Ganganagar district]]
| type = SLA
| reservation = None
}}

'''Sadulshahar Assembly constituency''' is one of the [[List of constituencies of Rajasthan Vidhan Sabha|constituencies]] of [[Rajasthan Legislative Assembly]] in the [[Ganganagar Lok Sabha constituency]].

==Members of Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sadulshahar Elections Results 2018, Current MLA, Candidate List of Assembly Elections in Sadulshahar, Rajasthan |url=https://www.elections.in/rajasthan/assembly-constituencies/sadulshahar.html |access-date= |website=Elections in India}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
| colspan="4" |{{Center|''Till 2013 : Constituency did not exist''}}
|-
|[[2013 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2013]]
|[[Gurjant Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2018]]
|[[Jagdish Chander]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|2023]]
|[[Gurveer Singh Brar]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|}

==Election results==
=== 2023 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2023 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election]]: Sadulshahar<ref>https://www.eci.gov.in/rajasthan-legislative-election-2023-including-statistical-report</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Gurveer Singh Brar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:74433}}
|percentage = 37.58
|change = {{increase}}3.22
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Om Bishnoi
|votes = {{formatnum:58973}}
|percentage = 29.77
|change = {{increase}}9.87
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jagdish Chander]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:57999}}
|percentage = 29.28
|change = {{decrease}}10.31
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Gurvinder Kour
|party = Aam Aadmi Party
|votes = {{formatnum:1925}}
|percentage = 0.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1162}}
|percentage = 0.59
|change = {{decrease}}0.3
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:15460}}
|percentage = 7.81
|change = {{increase}}2.58
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:198085}}
|percentage = 82.63
|change = {{decrease}}2.62
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2018 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2018 Rajasthan Legislative Assembly election|Rajasthan Legislative Assembly Election, 2018]]: Sadulshahar<ref name=election2018>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/9645-statistical-data-of-rajasthan-la-2018/ |title=Statistical Data of Rajasthan LA 2018 |website=Election Commission of India |date= |accessdate= 12 February 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link
|candidate = [[Jagdish Chander]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:73165}}
|percentage = 39.59
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Gurveer Singh Brar
|votes = {{formatnum:63498}}
|percentage = 34.36
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Independent
|candidate = Om Bishnoi
|votes = {{formatnum:36772}}
|percentage = 19.9
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Pala Ram
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = {{formatnum:2602}}
|percentage = 1.41
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|candidate = Avtar Singh
|party = Communist Party of India
|votes = {{formatnum:1764}}
|percentage = 0.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Abhinav Rajasthan Party
|candidate = Balwant Nimiwal
|votes = {{formatnum:1744}}
|percentage = 0.94
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|votes = {{formatnum:1641}}
|percentage = 0.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = {{formatnum:9667}}
|percentage = 5.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = {{formatnum:184797}}
|percentage = 85.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = Indian National Congress
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== See also ==
* [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)]]

{{Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan}}

{{coord|29.91|74.17|display=title}}

[[Category:Sri Ganganagar district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Politics of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:2008 establishments in Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 2008]]

Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T09:02:09Z

MaxieMorales00: created new page

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Chhattisgarh}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Sarguja {{Small|CG-1}}
|reservation= ST
| established = 1952
|electors =18,19,347<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | title=EC releases absolute number of voters for all completed phases | publisher=Election commission of India | date=2024-05-25 | access-date=2024-05-26 | archive-date=2024-05-26 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240526095942/https://elections24.eci.gov.in/docs/WYKXFehhEH.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| mp = [[Chintamani Maharaj]]
| state = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general elections|2024]]
| assembly_cons = [[Premnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Premnagar]] [[Bhatgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatgaon]] [[Pratappur (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pratappur]] [[Ramanujganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramanujganj]] [[Samri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samri]] [[Lundra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lundra]] [[Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency)|Ambikapur]] [[Sitapur (Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency)|Sitapur]]
}}
'''Surguja Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the eleven [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Chhattisgarh]] state in central [[India]]. [[Chintamani Maharaj]] is the incumbent elected MP from the constituency following the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Election Commission of India |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S261.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731174850/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S261.htm |archive-date=2024-07-31 |access-date=2025-10-08 |website=results.eci.gov.in |language=en}}</ref>

==Assembly segments==
Sarguja Lok Sabha constituency is reserved for [[Scheduled castes and scheduled tribes|Scheduled Tribes (ST)]] candidates.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061229001834/http://www.delimitation-india.com/Final_Publications/Chhattisgarh/Chhattisgarh.pdf
|url-status = usurped
|archive-date = December 29, 2006
|title = Final notification on delimitation of Chhattisgarh constituencies
|publisher = Delimitation Commission of India
|date = 2008-06-02
|access-date = 2008-11-23
}}</ref> It is composed of the following assembly segments:<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|title = CandidateAC.xls file on assembly constituencies with information on district and parliamentary constituencies
|access-date = 2008-11-21
|work = Chhattisgarh
|publisher = Election Commission of India
|url-status = dead
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204083059/http://genesys.eci.gov.in/fullcandidatelist/uireports.aspx
|archive-date = 2008-12-04
}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |Leading
{{small|(in 2024)}}
|-
|4
|[[Premnagar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Premnagar]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Surajpur district|Surajpur]]
|[[Bhulan Singh Marabi]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=8}}
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|5
|[[Bhatgaon (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bhatgaon]]
|[[Laxmi Rajwade]]
|-
|6
|[[Pratappur (Chhattisgarh Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pratappur]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Balrampur district, Chhattisgarh|Balrampur]]
|[[Shakuntala Singh Portey]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|7
|[[Ramanujganj (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Ramanujganj]] (ST)
|[[Ramvichar Netam]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|8
|[[Samri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Samri]] (ST)
|[[Uddheshwari Paikra]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|9
|[[Lundra (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Lundra]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Surguja district|Surguja]]
|[[Prabodh Minz]]
|{{party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|10
|[[Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency)|Ambikapur]]
|[[Rajesh Agrawal]]
|-
|11
|[[Sitapur (Chhattisgarh Assembly constituency)|Sitapur]] (ST)
|[[Ramkumar Toppo]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year
! Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1952 Indian general election|1952]]
|Chandikeshwar Sharan Singh Judeo
| rowspan="7" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="7" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[Babu Nath Singh]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|Chandikeshwar Sharan Singh Judeo
|-
|[[Babu Nath Singh]]
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Babu Nath Singh]]
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Larang Sai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Janata Party}}" |
|[[Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
|Chakradhari Singh
|rowspan=2|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|rowspan=2|[[Indian National Congress ]]
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|Lal Vijay Pratap Singh

|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
|[[Larang Sai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Khelsai Singh]]
| rowspan="2" style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
| rowspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Larang Sai]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
|[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Khelsai Singh]]
|style="background-color: {{party color|Indian National Congress}}" |
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Nand Kumar Sai]]
| rowspan="5" style="background-color: {{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}" |
| rowspan="5" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Murarilal Singh]]
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
|[[Kamalbhan Singh Marabi]]
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|[[Renuka Singh (politician)|Renuka Singh]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|[[Chintamani Maharaj]]
|}

==Election results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Sarguja]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Surguja">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Surguja |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S261.htm |access-date=31 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731174850/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S261.htm |archive-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link||candidate=[[Chintamani Maharaj]]|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=7,13,200|percentage=51.30|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Shashi Singh|party=Indian National Congress|votes=6,48,378|percentage=46.70|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|party=None of the above|candidate=None of the above|votes=28,121|percentage=2.0|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes=64,822|percentage=4.46|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes=14,56,077|percentage=79.97|change={{increase}}2.57}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}
{{notelist}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: [[Sarguja]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Renuka Singh (politician)|Renuka Singh]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 6,63,711
|percentage = 51.82
|change ={{increase}}2.53
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Khelsai Singh]]
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = 5,05,838
|percentage = 39.50
|change ={{increase}}2.60
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Asha Devi Poya
|votes = 24,463
|percentage = 1.91
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Maya Bhagat
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|votes = 18,534
|percentage = 1.45
|change = {{decrease}}0.37
|Symbol =
}}

{{Election box candidate|
|party = [[None of the above|NOTA]]
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|votes = 29,265
|percentage = 2.29
|change = {{decrease}}0.33
|Symbol =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,57,873
|percentage = 12.32
|change = {{decrease}}0.07
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,81,216
|percentage = 77.40
|change = {{decrease}}0.56
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Sarguja]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Kamalbhan Singh Marabi]]
|votes = 5,85,336
|percentage = 49.29
|change = {{decrease}}2.43
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ramdeo Tirkey
|votes = 4,38,100
|percentage = 36.90
|change ={{increase}}4.98
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 31,104
|percentage = 2.62
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dharmjeet Singh Markam
|votes = 21,633
|percentage = 1.82
|change ={{decrease}}0.75
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Rajnath
|votes = 15,515
|percentage = 1.31
|change = ''New''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,47,236
|percentage = 12.39
|change ={{decrease}}7.42
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 11,33,514
|percentage = 77.96
|change = {{increase}}16.34
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===General elections 2009===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2009 Indian general elections]]: [[Sarguja]]}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Murarilal Singh]]
|votes = 4,16,532
|percentage = 51.73
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Bhanu Pratap Singh
|votes = 2,56,984
|percentage = 31.92
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bahujan Samaj Party
|candidate = Dhan Singh Dhurve
|votes = 20,700
|percentage = 2.57
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate |
|party = [[Independent (politician)|IND.]]
|candidate = Suraj Deo Singh Khairwar
|votes = 20,488
|percentage =2.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = Anoop Minj
|votes = 15,021
|percentage =1.87
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = [[Bal Singh]]
|votes = 11,667
|percentage =1.45
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Gondwana Ganatantra Party
|candidate = Bhupnath Singh Maravi
|votes = 8,827
|percentage = 1.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|candidate = Somnath Bhagat
|votes = 4,278
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Kumait B.D.O.
|votes = 4,261
|percentage = 0.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,59,548
|percentage = 19.81
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 8,05,202
|percentage = 61.62
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Surguja district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Chhattisgarh}}

{{coord|23.1|83.2|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Surguja (Lok Sabha Constituency)}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Chhattisgarh]]
[[Category:Surguja district]]

Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency

2026-04-19T08:43:26Z

MaxieMorales00: Put Up A Post Initial Version

{{Short description|Lok Sabha constituency in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2023}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| type = LS
| name = Rajmahal {{Small|JH-1}}
| constituency_no =
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Lok Sabha constituencies/2019/Jharkhand/Rajmahal.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency
| established = 1957
| mp = [[Vijay Kumar Hansdak]]
| preceded_by = [[Devidhan Besra]]
| party = {{Party index link|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
| alliance = {{Party index link|Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance}}
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
| state = [[Jharkhand]]
| reservation = ST
| incumbent_image =
| assembly_cons = [[Rajmahal (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Rajmahal]] [[Borio (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Borio]] [[Barhait (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Barhait]] [[Litipara (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Litipara]] [[Pakur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Pakur]] [[Maheshpur (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Maheshpur]]
}}

'''Rajmahal Lok Sabha constituency''' is one of the 14 [[Lok Sabha]] (parliamentary) constituencies in [[Jharkhand]] state in eastern [[India]]. This constituency covers the entire [[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]] and [[Pakur district|Pakur]] [[District|districts]]. This constituency is reserved for the candidates belonging to the [[Adivasi|Scheduled tribes]].<ref name=election2019/>

==Assembly segments==
Presently, [[Rajmahal|Rajmahal Lok Sabha]] constituency comprises the following six [[Vidhan Sabha]] (legislative assembly) segments:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|title=Parliamentary Constituency|publisher=Chief Electoral Officer, Jharkhand website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226080317/http://www.jharkhand.gov.in/ceo/2005/constituencies.html|archive-date=2012-02-26}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!#
!Name
!District
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
! colspan="2" |2024 Lead
|-
|1
|[[Rajmahal Assembly constituency|Rajmahal]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Sahebganj district|Sahebganj]]
|[[Md. Tajuddin]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=4}}
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha|rowspan=6}}
|-
|2
|[[Borio Assembly constituency|Borio]] (ST)
|[[Dhananjay Soren]]
|-
|3
|[[Barhait Assembly constituency|Barhait]] (ST)
|[[Hemant Soren]]
|-
|4
|[[Litipara Assembly constituency|Litipara]] (ST)
| rowspan="3" |[[Pakur district|Pakur]]
|[[Hemlal Murmu]]
|-
|5
|[[Pakur Assembly constituency|Pakur]]
|[[Nisat Alam]]
|{{party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|6
|[[Maheshpur Assembly constituency|Maheshpur]] (ST)
|[[Stephen Marandi]]
|{{party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|}

==Members of Parliament==
{| class="wikitable"
!Year
!Member
! colspan="2" |Party
|-
|[[1957 Indian general election|1957]]
|[[Paika Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1962 Indian general election|1962]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Iswar Marandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Jharkhand Party}}
|-
|[[1967 Indian general election|1967]]
|-
|[[1971 Indian general election|1971]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1977 Indian general election|1977]]
|[[Anthony Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1980 Indian general election|1980]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Seth Hembram]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress (I)|dab=yes}}
|-
|[[1984 Indian general election|1984]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1989 Indian general election|1989]]
| rowspan="2" |[[Simon Marandi]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=2|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|[[1991 Indian general election|1991]]
|-
|[[1996 Indian general election|1996]]
|[[Thomas Hansda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1998 Indian general election|1998]]
|[[Som Marandi]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1999 Indian general election|1999]]
|[[Thomas Hansda]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2004 Indian general election|2004]]
|[[Hemlal Murmu]]
|{{Full party name with color|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|[[2009 Indian general election|2009]]
|[[Devidhan Besra]]
|{{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2014 Indian general election|2014]]
| rowspan="3" |[[Vijay Hansda]]
| {{Full party name with color|rowspan=3|Jharkhand Mukti Morcha}}
|-
|[[2019 Indian general election|2019]]
|-
|[[2024 Indian general election|2024]]
|-
|}

==Elections results==
===2024===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2024 Indian general election]]: [[Rajmahal]]<ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rajmahal">{{cite news |last1=Election Commission of India |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Rajmahal |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S271.htm |access-date=22 July 2024 |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240722145305/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S271.htm |archive-date=22 July 2024}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Hansdak]]
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|votes = 613,371
|percentage = 50.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Tala Marandi]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 4,35,107
|percentage = 35.72
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Lobin Hembram
|party = Independent
|votes = 42,140
|percentage = 3.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Gopen Soren
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|votes = 37,291
|percentage = 3.06
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the above]]
|votes = 18,217
|percentage = 1.50
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 1,78,264
|percentage = 14.63
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 12,18,620
|percentage = 71.44
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2019===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2019 Indian general elections]]: Rajmahal<ref name=election2019>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/13539-33-constituency-wise-detailed-result/ |title=General Election 2019 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 22 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Hansdak]]
|votes = 5,07,830
|percentage = 48.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hemlal Murmu
|votes = 4,08,635
|percentage = 39.00
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Gopen Soren
|votes = 35,586
|percentage = 3.40
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = Monika Kisku
|votes = 17,427
|percentage = 1.66
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes = 12,919
|percentage = 1.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 99,195
|percentage = 9.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 10,47,853
|percentage = 72.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2014 Indian general elections]]: [[Rajmahal]]}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|candidate = [[Vijay Kumar Hansdak]]
|votes = 3,79,507
|percentage = 39.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Hemlal Murmu
|votes = 3,38,170
|percentage = 35.54
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Jharkhand Vikas Morcha (Prajatantrik)
|candidate =Dr. Anil Murmu
|votes = 97,374
|percentage = 10.23
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Jyotin Soren
|votes =58,034
|percentage = 6.10
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = [[None of the Above]]
|votes =19,875
|percentage = 2.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 41,337
|percentage = 4.34
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 9,51,755
|percentage = 70.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|loser =Bharatiya Janata Party
|winner = Jharkhand Mukti Morcha
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[Sahebganj district]]
* [[Pakur district]]
* [[List of constituencies of the Lok Sabha]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.indiaelections2014.info/parliament/2019/states/jharkhand/rajmahal/lok_sabha_parliamentary_election_2019_results.html Rajmahal lok sabha constituency election 2019 result details]

{{Lok Sabha constituencies of Jharkhand}}
{{Santhal Pargana Division topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|25.1|87.8|display=title}}

[[Category:Lok Sabha constituencies in Jharkhand]]
[[Category:Sahibganj district]]
[[Category:Pakur district]]

Amar Kumar Nayak

2026-04-18T21:00:21Z

MaxieMorales00: Starting

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Amar Kumar Nayak
| birth_name = Amar Kumar Nayak
| caption =
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1973|5|15}}
| birth_place = [[Salapada]], Odisha, India
| office = Member of the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency = [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| predecessor = Amar Prasad Satpathy
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| alma_mater = [[Utkal University]]
| profession = Politician
}}
'''Amar Kumar Nayak''' (born 15 May 1973) is an Indian politician and a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]. He was elected to the [[Odisha Legislative Assembly]] from the [[Barchana Assembly constituency|Barchana]] in the 2024 elections.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barchana Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Amar Kumar Nayak of BJP Wins |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/barchana-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916589.html |website=News18 |access-date=2024-10-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Full list of Odisha Assembly elections 2024 winners |url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/full-list-of-odisha-assembly-elections-2024-winners-9365903/ |website=The Indian Express |publisher=Express Web Desk |access-date=2024-10-21}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Nayak was born on 15 May 1973 in Salapada, Odisha. He holds a Master’s degree in Finance and Control and a Master’s degree in Tourism Administration from [[Utkal University]]. He resides in Bhubaneswar with his wife, Smt. Namita Dash, their son, and their daughter.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amar Kumar Nayak Election Affidavit |url=https://www.myneta.info/Odisha2024/candidate.php?candidate_id=967 |website=Election Commission of India |access-date=2024-10-21}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Nayak started his political involvement as the General Secretary of Kendrapada College’s Students' Union. He ran independently in the 2014 Odisha Assembly elections, where he received widespread support. In the 2024 elections, he was elected to represent the Barchana constituency, defeating Varsha Priyadarshini by 6,310 votes.<ref>{{cite web |title=Barchana Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/barchana-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-assembly-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-8916589.html |website=News18 |access-date=2024-10-21}}</ref>

Some of his significant achievements include:

* Establishing the Utkal University Rural Campus in Barchana.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* Leading initiatives for 100% electrification and improving housing availability through the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY).{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}
* Securing approximately ₹20 crore for the development of religious sites, including Lord Mahavinayak Temple and Chhatia Bhat.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

Nayak also serves on the Standing Committee for Rural Development and is the President of the MARKFED Employees Union. He is committed to fostering cooperative development in Odisha.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== Personal life ==
Nayak resides in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, and maintains a permanent residence in Salapada, Odisha.{{citation needed|date=January 2025}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayak, Amar Kumar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Odisha]]
[[Category:Odisha MLAs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

{{Odisha-BJP-politician-stub}}

Keishamthong Assembly constituency

2026-04-15T23:47:12Z

MaxieMorales00: new a data

{{short description|Legislative Assembly constituency in Manipur State, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Keishamthong
| mla = [[Sapam Nishikant Singh]]
| party = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| latest_election_year = [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
| state = [[Manipur]]
| district = [[Imphal West district|Imphal West]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Inner Manipur (Lok Sabha constituency)|Inner Manipur]]
| established = 1967
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| electors = {{formatnum:27536}}<ref name=election2022>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/14166-manipur-general-legislative-election-2022/ |title=Manipur General Legislative Election 2022 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 May 2022}}</ref>{{update after|2027|6}}
| type = SLA
| map_image = File:Map of Keishamthong AC.png
}}

'''Keishamthong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)''' is one of the 60 assembly constituencies of [[Manipur]], a northeastern state of [[India]].

== Extent ==
Keisamthong is the 12th of 60 constituencies of Manipur. It consists of 40 parts namely: 1 - Kangabam Leikai, 2 - Keishampat Mutum Leikai, 3 - Meisnam Nongthombam Leikai, 4 - Keishampat Thiyam Leikai, 5 - Keishampat Lairembi Lampak, 6 - Keishampat Sega Road, 7 - Keishampat Leimajam Leikai, 8 - Konjeng Hajari Leikai, 9 - Maisnam Nongthombam Leikai, 10 - Khwairakpam Leikai, 11 - Keishamthong Laisom Leirak, 12 - Keishamthong Top Leirak, 13 - Keishamthong Moirangningthou Leirak, 14 - Keishamthong Hodam Leirak (A), 15 - Keishamthong Maning Longjam Leikai, 16 - Keishamthong Hodam Leirak (B), 17 - Elangbam Leikai (A), 18 - Elangbam Leikai Longjam Leirak, 19 - Elangbam Leikai (B), 20 - Elangbam Leikai Leirak Achouba, 21 - Elangbam Leikai (C), 22 - Thouda Bhabok Leikai, 23 - Kwakeithel Nganapi Thong Mapal, 24 - Irom Pukhri Mapal, 25 - Kwakeithel Thokchom Leikai, 26 - Kwakeithel Akham Leikai, 27 - Khagempalli Panthak (A), 28 - Khagempalli Panthak (B), 29 - Keisamthong Thangjam Leirak, 30 - Moirang Purel Leikai (A), 31 - Moirang Purel Leikai (B), 32 - Moirang Purel Leikai (C), 33 - Huidrom Leikai (A), 34 - Huidrom Leikai (B), 35 - Huidrom Leikai (C), 36 - Pishumthong Oinam Leikai (A), 37 - Pishumthong Oinam Leikai (B), 38 - Pishumthong Oinam Leikai (C), 39 - Ngangom Leikai (A), and 40 - Ngangom Leikai (B).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chief Electoral |first=Officer Manipur |date=Jan 2023 |title=Electoral Roll SSR 2023 |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/eroll}}</ref>

==Members of Legislative Assembly==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Member<ref>{{cite web |title=KEISAMTHONG Election Result 2022 LIVE: KEISAMTHONG MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/keisamthong-assembly-elections-mn-12/ |website=www.oneindia.com |access-date=8 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>
!colspan="2"|Party
|-
|[[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| L. Thambou
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
|Laishram Manaobi
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|[[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
| [[Raj Kumar Ranbir Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Laishram Manaobi
|-
|[[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1984]]
|[[Laisom Lalit]]
|{{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
|[[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Raj Kumar Ranbir Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Manipur Peoples Party|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|-
|[[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
| Langpoklakpam Bhagyachandra Singh
|{{Full party name with color|Federal Party of Manipur|rowspan=2}}
|-
|[[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2002]]
|[[Laisom Ibomcha Singh]]
|-
|[[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2007]]
|[[Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2012]]
|[[Laisom Ibomcha Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Nationalist Congress Party}}
|-
|[[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2017]]
| [[Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh]]<ref name=election2017>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/magazine/2019/gels/CEO%20Report%202019%20.pdf |title= Report - General Election to Lok Sabha, 2019|website=ceomanipur.nic.in |date= |author=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= December 27, 2020}}</ref>
|{{Full party name with color|National People's Party (India)|National People's Party}}
|-
|[[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election|2022]]
|[[Sapam Nishikant Singh]]
|{{Full party name with color|Independent politician}}
|-
|}

== Election results ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2022|2022]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|35.00}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2017|2017]]|{{party color|National People's Party (India)}}|43.28}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2012|2012]]|{{party color|Nationalist Congress Party}}|46.75}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2007|2007]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.62}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2002|2002]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|30.86}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 2000|2000]]|{{party color|Federal Party of Manipur}}|23.90}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1995|1995]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|55.63}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1990|1990]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|40.88}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1984|1984]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.40}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1980|1980]]|{{party color|Manipur Peoples Party}}|15.19}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1974|1974]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|37.29}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1972|1972]]|{{party color|Independent politician}}|25.30}}
{{bar percent|[[#Assembly Election 1967|1967]]|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|33.54}}
}}

=== 2022 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2022 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |title=Result Sheet State Assembly Election 2022 |website=Chief Electoral Officer, Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221126084814/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/StateLegislativeAssembly/2022/results |archive-date= 26 November 2022}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Sapam Nishikant Singh]] |party=Independent politician |votes=8,874 |percentage=35.00% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Maheshwar Thounaojam|party=Republican Party of India (Athawale)|votes=8,687|percentage=34.27%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=[[Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh]]|party=National People's Party (India)|votes=5,760|percentage=22.72%|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Elangbam Samuel Johnson|party=Bharatiya Janata Party|votes=1,816|percentage=7.16%|change=-14.49%}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||candidate=Nota|party=None of the above|votes=142|percentage=0.56%|change=-0.33%}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=187 |percentage=0.74% |change=-13.37% }}
{{Election box turnout|votes=25,352|percentage=92.07%|change=4.85%}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 27,536 |change =3.93% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=National People's Party (India) |swing= -8.27% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2017 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2017 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2017 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905063602/http://www.ceomanipur.nic.in/ResultSheets/SLAResult2017.html |archive-date= 5 September 2018}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh]] |party=National People's Party (India) |votes=10,000 |percentage=43.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laisom Ibomcha Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,739 |percentage=29.16% |change=-10.62% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Shivachandra Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=5,003 |percentage=21.65% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Potsangbam Dhanakumar Singh |party=North East India Development Party |votes=611 |percentage=2.64% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=None of the Above |party=None of the above |votes=206 |percentage=0.89% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Khaba Paonam |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=204 |percentage=0.88% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Heishnam Lokeshwar Singh |party=Lok Janshakti Party |votes=171 |percentage=0.74% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,261 |percentage=14.11% |change=7.15% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=23,107 |percentage=87.22% |change= 4.85% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,494 |change =4.14% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=National People's Party (India) |loser=Nationalist Congress Party |swing= -3.47% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2012 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2012 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2012 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170628212737/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2012.html |archive-date= 28 June 2017}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laisom Ibomcha Singh]] |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=9,795 |percentage=46.75% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=8,336 |percentage=39.78% |change=-10.84% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Rajkumar Shivachandra Singh |party=All India Trinamool Congress |votes=2,530 |percentage=12.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Yumnam Romola Devi |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=178 |percentage=0.85% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=1,459 |percentage=6.96% |change=3.21% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,953 |percentage=82.35% |change= -2.97% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 25,440 |change =-2.45% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Nationalist Congress Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -3.88% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2007 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2007 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2007 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512162740/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2007.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=11,266 |percentage=50.62% |change=20.18% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laisom Ibomcha Singh]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=10,431 |percentage=46.87% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lairenjam Sumatibala |party=Communist Party of India |votes=555 |percentage=2.49% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=835 |percentage=3.75% |change=3.34% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=22,254 |percentage=85.34% |change= -1.90% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 26,078 |change =8.34% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= 19.77% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2002 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2002 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong<ref>{{cite web |url=https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |title=FORM 20- FINAL RESULT SHEET OF ASSEMBLY ELECTION, 2002 |website=Office of the Chief Electoral Officer - Manipur |accessdate= 11 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210512183325/https://ceomanipur.nic.in/Archive/ResultSheets/SLAResult2002.html |archive-date= 12 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Laisom Ibomcha Singh]] |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=6,479 |percentage=30.86% |change=6.96% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Langpoklakpam Jayantakumar Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,392 |percentage=30.44% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Potsangbam Kulachandra Singh |party=Democratic Revolutionary Peoples Party |votes=3,573 |percentage=17.02% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Dev |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=2,080 |percentage=9.91% |change=-6.71% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Elangbam Sunil Singh |party=Manipur National Conference |votes=2,028 |percentage=9.66% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thoidingjam Jayanta |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=446 |percentage=2.12% |change=-20.94% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=87 |percentage=0.41% |change=-0.42% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=20,998 |percentage=87.23% |change= -1.93% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 24,071 |change =7.50% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Federal Party of Manipur |swing= -24.78% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 2000 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[2000 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Bhagyachandra Singh |party=Federal Party of Manipur |votes=4,731 |percentage=23.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Mayengbam Ibotombi Singh |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=4,565 |percentage=23.06% |change=19.98% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Ranbir Singh]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,736 |percentage=18.87% |change=-36.76% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Dev |party=Nationalist Congress Party |votes=3,417 |percentage=17.26% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Lalit Singh |party=Manipur State Congress Party |votes=3,290 |percentage=16.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=166 |percentage=0.84% |change=-15.84% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=19,795 |percentage=89.40% |change= 0.24% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 22,391 |change =8.63% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Federal Party of Manipur |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= -31.73% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1995 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1995 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Ranbir Singh]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=10,091 |percentage=55.63% |change=14.75% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishrom Lalit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=7,066 |percentage=38.96% |change=3.49% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Ahanthem Hemchand |party=Bharatiya Janata Party |votes=559 |percentage=3.08% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Jiten |party=Janata Dal |votes=422 |percentage=2.33% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=3,025 |percentage=16.68% |change=11.26% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=18,138 |percentage=89.16% |change= 3.06% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,613 |change =2.92% }}
{{Election box hold with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 14.75% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1990 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1990 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Ranbir Singh]] |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=6,987 |percentage=40.88% |change=28.04% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laisom Lalit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=6,061 |percentage=35.46% |change=-1.94% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Mukhra Devi |party=Indian Congress (Socialist) – Sarat Chandra Sinha |votes=2,091 |percentage=12.23% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naoram Khogendra |party=Janata Dal |votes=1,430 |percentage=8.37% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Sanahal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=522 |percentage=3.05% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=926 |percentage=5.42% |change=0.92% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=17,091 |percentage=86.11% |change= 3.51% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 20,029 |change =16.52% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 3.48% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1984 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1984 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Laisom Lalit Singh |party=Indian National Congress |votes=5,196 |percentage=37.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Ranbir Singh]] |party=Janata Party |votes=4,571 |percentage=32.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lasihram Manobi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,784 |percentage=12.84% |change=-2.35% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naoram Khogendra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,292 |percentage=9.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Irengbam Jitendra |party=Independent politician |votes=542 |percentage=3.90% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Hidangmayum Nabadwip |party=Independent politician |votes=508 |percentage=3.66% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=625 |percentage=4.50% |change=1.85% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,893 |percentage=82.59% |change= 2.47% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,189 |change =3.55% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Manipur Peoples Party |swing= 22.21% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1980 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1980 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lasihram Manobi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=1,998 |percentage=15.19% |change=-21.55% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=P. Shyamkishore |party=Indian National Congress (U) |votes=1,649 |percentage=12.53% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thokchom Boro |party=Communist Party of India |votes=1,647 |percentage=12.52% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=E. Dolendra |party=Independent politician |votes=1,642 |percentage=12.48% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Ranbir Singh]] |party=Janata Party |votes=1,467 |percentage=11.15% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Mukhra Devi |party=Indian National Congress (I) |votes=1,381 |percentage=10.50% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laishram Kullachandra |party=Janata Party (Secular) |votes=1,305 |percentage=9.92% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Nageshwar |party=Independent politician |votes=974 |percentage=7.40% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Naoram Khogendra |party=Independent politician |votes=781 |percentage=5.94% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=I. Jitendra |party=Independent politician |votes=312 |percentage=2.37% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=349 |percentage=2.65% |change=2.11% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,156 |percentage=80.12% |change= -1.81% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 16,600 |change =24.15% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Manipur Peoples Party |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -22.10% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1974 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1974 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=[[Rajkumar Ranbir Singh]] |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,033 |percentage=37.29% |change=17.02% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lasihram Manobi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=3,974 |percentage=36.74% |change=25.46% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Laisram Kullachandra Singh |party=Socialist Labour Party (India) |votes=1,941 |percentage=17.95% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Akoijam Nilakamal Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=868 |percentage=8.03% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=59 |percentage=0.55% |change=-4.37% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=10,816 |percentage=81.93% |change= 4.70% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 13,371 |change =24.54% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Indian National Congress |loser=Independent politician |swing= 11.99% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1972 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1972 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=Lasihram Manobi |party=Independent politician |votes=2,066 |percentage=25.30% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Bhagyachandra Singh |party=Independent politician |votes=1,665 |percentage=20.39% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Thiyam Mukhra |party=Indian National Congress |votes=1,655 |percentage=20.27% |change=-13.28% }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Kulachandra Singh |party=Socialist Labour Party (India) |votes=1,155 |percentage=14.14% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=Lasihram Manobi |party=Manipur Peoples Party |votes=921 |percentage=11.28% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Sanahal |party=Communist Party of India |votes=704 |percentage=8.62% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=401 |percentage=4.91% |change=3.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=8,166 |percentage=77.24% |change= -2.01% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 10,736 |change =-38.17% }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Independent politician |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= -8.24% }}
{{Election box end}}
=== 1967 Assembly election ===
{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Manipur Legislative Assembly election]]: Keishamthong}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Thambou |party=Indian National Congress |votes=4,488 |percentage=33.54% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Manaobi |party=Independent politician |votes=4,305 |percentage=32.17% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=L. Kullachandra |party=Independent politician |votes=3,477 |percentage=25.99% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=R. K. Manisana |party=Independent politician |votes=946 |percentage=7.07% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link| |candidate=S. Tolemnacha |party=Independent politician |votes=164 |percentage=1.23% |change= }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=183 |percentage=1.37% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=13,380 |percentage=79.25% |change= }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 17,363 |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner=Indian National Congress |loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

==See also==
* [[List of constituencies of Manipur Legislative Assembly]]
* [[Imphal West district]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{cite web |title=Record of all Manipur Assembly Elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/81-manipur/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=14 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Manipur}}
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[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Manipur]]
[[Category:Imphal West district]]
[[Category:Politics of Manipur]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1967]]
[[Category:1967 establishments in Manipur]]

Akbar Khan (general, born 1912)

2026-04-06T03:41:42Z

MaxieMorales00: Done

{{Short description|Pakistan Army general (1912–1993)}}
{{Other people|Akbar Khan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Major General]]
| honorific_suffix = [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]]
| office = 2nd [[National Security Advisor (Pakistan)|National Security advisor of Pakistan]]
| predecessor = Ghulam Omar
| successor = [[Tikka Khan]]
| term_start = 5 February 1972
| term_end = 28 March 1977
| office2 = 2nd [[Chief of the General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff, Pakistan Army]]
| predecessor2 = Reginald Antony Hutton
| successor2 = Mohammad Yusuf Khan
| term_start2 = December 1950
| term_end2 = March 1951
| name = Akbar Khan
| birth_date = 1 December 1912
| birth_place = [[Utmanzai, Charsadda|Utmanzai]], [[North-West Frontier Province]], [[British Raj|British India]] {{small|(now [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]], Pakistan)}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|1994|||1912|12|1}}
| death_place = [[Karachi]]‚ [[Sindh]], [[Pakistan]]
| image = Akbar Khan.webp
| caption = Khan in the 1970s
| allegiance = {{flagicon|British India}} [[British India]] {{small|(1934-1947)}} {{flagicon|PAK}} [[Pakistan]] {{small|(1947-1951)}}
| branch = {{flagicon|British India|army}} [[British Indian Army]] {{flagicon|Pakistan|army}} [[Pakistan Army]]
| service_years = 1934–1951
| rank = [[File:OF-7 Pakistan Army.svg|30px]] [[Major General]]
| commands =
| unit = [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]]
| battles = {{tree list}}
* [[Waziristan campaign 1936–1939|Waziristan Campaign]]
* [[World War II]]
** [[Burma campaign (1944)]]
** [[Burma campaign (1944–1945)]]
* [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947]]
** [[Battle of Pandu]]
{{tree list/end}}
| awards = [[File:Dso-ribbon.svg|30px]] [[Distinguished Service Order]]
| relations = Haji Akram Khan (father)
| spouse = [[Nasim Jahan]] (divorced)
}}
'''Akbar Khan''', [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]] (1912–1994) was a decorated officer of the [[British Indian Army|British Army]] and [[Pakistan Army]] who is widely considered a pioneer of [[Proxy warfare]]. He commanded the Kashmiri rebels and Pashtun irregulars in the [[First Kashmir War]] under the pseudonym 'General Tariq'.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-41662588|title=Partition 70 years on: When tribal warriors invaded Kashmir|work=BBC News|date=22 October 2017}}
</ref><ref>
{{harvp|Jalal, The State of Martial Rule|1999|loc=pp. 58–59: "The commander-in-chief of the Azad Forces was a Pakistani army officer, colonel Mohammad Akbar, who went under the pseudonym of 'General Tariq' and was known to be in close contact with Qayum Khan and through him with Jinnah and the League leaders in Karachi."}}
</ref> In 1951, he was convicted of an [[Rawalpindi conspiracy|attempted coup]], and served a five-year prison sentence.

Later he served as the [[National Security Advisor (Pakistan)|Chief of National Security]] under President [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]]. Under his guidance, the Army quelled the [[1970s operation in Balochistan|Baloch Insurgency]] during the early mid-1970s. He also served as the ambassador to [[Czechoslovakia]] from 1975 to 1977.

==Early life and the army==
Akbar Khan was born on 1 December 1912,<ref>January 1946 Half Yearly Army List</ref> in the village of [[Utmanzai, Charsadda|Utmanzai]] in the district of [[Charsadda District, Pakistan|Charsadda]]. He was the son of Muhammad Akram Khan. He belonged to the affluent [[Pashtun people|Pashtun]] family of the [[Utmanzai (Sarbani tribe)|Utmanzais (Parichkhail Family)]], a sub-clan of the larger [[Kheshgi|Kheshgi tribe]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LpwIAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA3-PA141|title=Gazetteer of the Dera Ghazi Khan District: 1883|date=1883|language=en}}</ref> He was commissioned into the [[British Indian Army]] in 1934.

==Waziristan War of 1937 and Second World War==

He took part in operations in [[Waziristan campaign 1936–1939|Waziristan war]] during 1937–1938. During the [[World War II|Second World War]] he served with the 14th battalion, [[13th Frontier Force Rifles]], part of [[100th Indian Infantry Brigade]] of the [[Indian 20th Infantry Division|20th Indian Division]] during active combat operations against the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] in [[Burma]]. As a captain and temporary major he was awarded the [[Distinguished Service Order]] for conspicuous gallantry and leadership displayed during the Battle of Kwanlan Ywathit.<ref>{{cite web |last=Amin |first=Agha Humanyun |title=The war of lost opportunities |work=Defence Journal (Pakistan) |date=May 2000 |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/may/war.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000817032852/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/may/war.htm |archive-date=17 August 2000 }}</ref><ref>[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37138/supplement/3238/data.pdf Supplement to the London Gazette 21 June 1945]</ref>

==Indo-Pakistan War 1947–1948==
At the time of the [[Partition of India|independence]] of [[Pakistan]] in 1947, Akbar Khan was a member of the sub-committee involved in the division of the armed forces between [[India]] and [[Pakistan]].

Akbar Khan's own book ''Raiders in Kashmir''<ref>{{cite web | last=Mirza | first=Amjad Ayub | title='Raiders in Kashmir' by Former Pak Army General, a Must Read for Valley's Youth | website=News18 | date=2020-10-14 | url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/opinion-raiders-in-kashmir-by-former-pak-army-general-a-must-read-for-valleys-youth-2960729.html | access-date=2020-10-14}}</ref> (National Book Foundation, Pakistan, 1975) gives a thorough account of his role in the Pakistani attack on Maharaja Hari Singh's princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir.]] His original role was in arranging guns and devising strategies for the [[1947 Poonch Rebellion|Poonch rebels]] organised by [[Sardar Muhammad Ibrahim Khan|Sardar Ibrahim]] with the assistance of the Pakistan Army. He makes clear he had no involvement in the Pashtun lashkars organised by [[Khurshid Anwar (Major)|Khurshid Anwar]], which [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|invaded]] the state on 22 October 1947.

Less than two months after Independence, fighting started in [[Kashmir]], the Indian Army landed in [[Srinagar]] and confronted the Pathan tribesmen who were advancing towards the valley. Akbar Khan, who was then a brigadier, assumed command of the regulars and irregulars fighting against the Indian forces and was given the code name "General Tariq".

== The Rawalpindi Conspiracy ==

===Change of heart===

It was during this period that he first became dissatisfied with the moral and material support being given to the Pakistani fighters by [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]'s government. He also had a grudge against General [[Douglas David Gracey]], then Commander-in-Chief of the Pakistan Army, who had put a brake on the deeper involvement of the Pakistani army on the Kashmir front. Akbar Khan was of the opinion – rightly or wrongly – that acceptance of the ceasefire in Kashmir when he was only four hours away from capturing [[Srinagar]] was a mistake, and the armed operation against the Indian Army should have been continued.

The constraints under which Akbar Khan had to conduct the battle in Kashmir made him a very frustrated and dissatisfied man. By nature he was extremely brave and, in fact, rather rash. He was also very ambitious. All these qualities and tendencies combined to propel him towards conjuring up a plan to remove the Liaquat government by means of a coup d'état.

===The conspiracy begins===
In sheer frustration, Akbar Khan started discourses with other armed forces officers to form a group to stage a military coup. The government also became suspicious of his moves. Akbar Khan's wife, [[Nasim Shahnawaz]] (daughter of the famous Muslim League woman politician [[Begum Jahanara Shahnawaz]]), was quite indiscreet in her conversation, criticizing the Government and its policies before all and sundry, as did Akbar Khan himself, to some extent. He thus came under the watch of the intelligence agencies.

Brigadier Akbar was now due for promotion on the basis of his seniority. In December, 1950, he was promoted to major general and posted as [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] in GHQ. In his book ''Friends, Not Masters'', General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] wrote that he (Ayub) decided to post Akbar in the GHQ so that, firstly Akbar should not have direct command over troops like a division commander, and secondly because he could be kept under close watch by General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] himself. Meanwhile, Akbar Khan continued his surreptitious meetings and discussions with various army officers and later with the civilians too.

===The Communist Party connection===
In those days the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]] was under tremendous pressure from [[Liaquat Ali Khan]]'s government. It was not allowed to function openly as a political party. Arrest warrants had been issued for all the top leaders of the party — all the members of the party's central committee had gone underground. Ordinary workers and even sympathizers were often arrested, beaten, sent to the fearful Lahore Fort for interrogation and threatened with dire consequences if they did not break all connections with the CP. This was the climate of oppression of the left at that time.

Akbar Khan's wife Nasim had vast connections with political families and political personalities such as [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], who was a committed sympathizer of the party. All these political connections brought together the [[Chief of General Staff (Pakistan)|Chief of General Staff]] and the CP leadership.

Apparently the general had promised the CP leadership that if he came to power he would stop the continuous governmental assault on the leftists; the CP would be allowed to function as a legitimate political party like any other party and to take part in the elections which General Akbar promised to hold a few months after consolidating his power. In return the CP and its affiliated trade unions, kissan ([[peasant]]) committees, etc., would welcome the military government. The [[Pakistan Times]], one of the leading newspapers of that period, whose editor was [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]], would lend editorial support to General Akbar's new dispensation.

===The day and co-conspirators===
On 23 February 1951, a meeting was held at Major General Akbar Khan's house in which besides a number of military officers, three civilians were also present, namely Faiz Ahmed Faiz, Syed [[Sajjad Zaheer]] (General Secretary of the CP) and Mohammed Hussain Ata. In this meeting were also present Lt-Colonel Siddique Raja MC, and Major Mohammed Yousuf Sethi both of whom later obtained state pardon and became approvers in the case against the others. The Chief of General Staff Akbar Khan presented his plan in this meeting which was to arrest the Governor-General [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] and the Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]], both of whom were expected to be in Rawalpindi after a week ([[Karachi]] being the capital at that time). The [[Governor-General of Pakistan|Governor-General]] was to be forced to announce the dismissal of the Liaquat Government and the formation of an interim government presumably under General Akbar Khan. General elections under the army's supervision were also promised but no timeframe was given. The general also spoke about [[Kashmir]], land reforms, eradication of corruption and nepotism and some such other topic.

===The probable leak===
Among General Akbar's confidants was one Askar Ali Shah, a police officer who was although not present at the meeting of 23 February 1951, had been informed beforehand by the general that he was going to convene such a meeting. This police officer had been a confidant of the general for over two years (or more) and had never leaked out any secret. But this time he got cold feet and blurted out to his IG Police, who in turn informed the Governor NWFP about the meeting. The governor wasted no time in contacting the [[prime minister]].

===The conspiracy foiled===
The first four persons to be arrested were the Chief of the General Staff Major General Akbar Khan, the Brigade Commander of Quetta, Brigadier M.A. Latif Khan, [[Faiz Ahmed Faiz]] and Akbar's wife Nasim. Later some other people were also picked up. But one of the accused, Mohammed Hussain Ata, who was underground eluded arrest for a long time. He was eventually arrested in East Pakistan about a month after the trial proceedings had commenced.

Most of the accused were originally kept in various Lahore jails and later shifted to Hyderabad jail where a special compound inside the jail had been renovated and turned into the court premises. A special tribunal had been formed by the government to hear the case. The tribunal consisted of Justice Sir Abdul Rahman of the federal court, Justice Mohammed Sharif of the [[Punjab High Court]] and Justice Amir-ud-Din of the [[Dacca High Court]].

===The trial===
The trial began on 15 June 1951 at 8.00 a.m. The prosecution was led by the formidable [[A.K. Brohi]] - this was one of his earlier cases. Later he was to achieve great fame and notoriety as a legal adviser of dictators and authoritarians. The incomparable [[Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy]] appeared on behalf of Brigadier Latif and Z.H. Lari on behalf of General Akbar. Other famous practitioners who appeared for the defence were Malik Faiz Mohammed, [[Khawaja Abdul Rahim]], Sahibzada Nawazish Ali and Qazi Aslam. Gradually as the case proceeded and continued month after month, many of the counsel departed due to the inability of their clients to pay them. But credit goes to H.S. Suhrawardy who fought till the very end even when his client had stopped paying him anything more.

The basic charge against all the accused was one of "Conspiracy to wage war against the King". "A careful scrutiny of the first charge" said the judgement, "shows that it relates to a conspiracy alleged by prosecution to have come into being for overthrowing the Government established by law in Pakistan by means of criminal force or show of criminal force." Other allegations, though punishable offences in themselves, were "either the consequences of this conspiracy or merely means to achieve the object for which it was stated to have been entered into." The judgement was, therefore, directed mainly to examine whether the evidence produced by the prosecution was sufficient to establish "(i) the existence of conspiracy; and if that is found established, (ii) who are proved to have been parties to it?" The evidence led by the prosecution to prove its case was both documentary and oral. The latter was of "persons, who, without being either parties or willing parties to it, either deposed to the existence of the conspiracy or stated facts which might lead a court to draw a conclusion in favour of its existence; and (of) persons who were either, on their own statements, or on account of admissions of facts made by them, or due to existence of other reasonable grounds, held to be willing parties to the conspiracy."

The case as presented by the prosecution, relied basically on the evidence of the two approvers, and other witnesses who gave circumstantial evidence. It was not a false case at all. In general the bulk of the evidence was true. But there was a major falsehood which negated all the claims of the state of presenting a truthful case before the tribunal.

The prosecution induced the approvers to state that at the end of the crucial meeting of 23 February 1951 the people present had agreed to overthrow the government. They had to tell this lie because otherwise the allegation of conspiracy would have fallen flat. According to the penal code a conspiracy is only established 'when two or more persons agree to commit an illegal act or a legal act by illegal means'. If there is no agreement there is no conspiracy under the law.

The Conspirators claimed that after eight long hours of discussion, of arguments and counter-arguments, of high tension and near nervous breakdown, the group of persons assembled in Akbar Khan's house that day had agreed not to take any steps in pursuance of the plan presented by the Chief of General Staff. There was no agreement, and therefore no conspiracy!
General Akbar could have very well been punished under the Army Act for even presenting such a plan and for trying to subvert the loyalty of others.

In jail the military officers and the intellectual civilians managed to get along together reasonably well, in spite of wide differences in ideology and thinking between some individuals. Actually, General Akbar had somehow managed to gather quite a diverse bunch of characters.

There were Major General Nazir Ahmad, who was an [[Ahmadi]]; Air Commodore [[Mohammad Khan Janjua]] who was Pakistan's first Air Chief; Major [[Gul Hassan Khan|Hasan Khan]] was a [[Shia]]; Brigadier Latif was into the [[Deobandi]] ideology and read a lot of religious books; Brigadier Sadiq, Lt-Col Ziauddin and Captain Khizar Hayat had faith in [[Pir (Sufism)|pir]]s and [[murshid]]s; Lt-Col Niaz Mohammad Arbab was a good-natured person, belonging to an affluent and influential [[Arbab]] family of Tekhal Bala, near [[Peshawar]]. He was totally uncommitted ideologically, so much so that much later he became a minister in General [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]]'s government.

[[Syed Sajjad Zaheer]], Mohammed Hussain Ata and Faiz Ahmed Faiz were communists of varying degree. So was Major Ishaq Mohammed, but at that time he was still a beginner. Later, of course, Major Ishaq became a symbol of militant left-wing politics in Pakistan. He was a fearless person and used to argue with vehemence even with the judges of the Tribunal. After an exchange of hot words, Justice Sir Abdul Rahman thundered: "I will set you right", to which Ishaq boldly replied: "Go ahead, my Lord!" The Justice could then only mutter, "I pity you". Ishaq and Ata were both hot-tempered and indulged in blistering polemics when discussing politics in jail.

The two coolest customers in that circle were the senior members of the group, [[Syed Sajjad Zaheer]] and Faiz Ahmed Faiz.

==Aftermath==
Of the fifteen, the only woman, Begum Nasim, was acquitted, while Major General Nazir Ahmad was dismissed from service and sentenced till the rising of the court. All the others received prison sentences ranging from a minimum of four years (civilians and junior officers) to a maximum of 12 years for Major General Akbar Khan.

In the words of the principal accused, Akbar Khan, it was General [[Ayub Khan (Field Marshal)|Ayub Khan]] (the Army C-in-C) who was the choreographer of this comic strip (conspiracy case) and who apparently had feared that Akbar Khan had about two divisions at his disposal, to support him. His ordeal after his arrest is best described in his own words:

{{cquote|bgcolor=#F0FFF0|.... In the early hours of the morning on 9 March 1951 I was arrested and carried away the whole of that day, a long distance from Pindi, to jail. In the deserted suburbs of what looked like a dead town, distant and asleep, that cold night, at 11 p.m. the massive doors of the jail groaned creaked and opened slowly to swallow a motor convoy that was bringing me in seventeen hours had been taken by that convoy speeding across territory that I had not been permitted to see, so that neither the route nor the destination should be known to me or anyone else interested in following us. That morning while I had been sleeping peacefully, a hundred men had surrounded my house and successfully overpowered my one unarmed watchman. Then Major-General [[Mian Hayauddin]] knocked at my bedroom window and said that he had to see me about something most urgent. I had gone at once, without even putting on shoes, through the study door to meet him. But as I emerged, men with bayonets and sten guns had rushed at me from three sides — the front and both flanks. I had been rushed at before, during the war, by the Japanese in fighting — but never by 20 to one and not when I was unarmed. I had only a split second to think and I had let them come on. I think it had been the complete failure of this melodrama to impress me at all that had stopped the men mid-stride. No bayonet or sten gun had reached my body — and the few hands that had been laid at me had been quickly withdrawn. A mere telephone call would have sufficed to tell me that I was under arrest. But instead all troops had been alerted and these men had apparently expected to be gunned down by some sort of desperado}}

Prime Minister [[Liaquat Ali Khan]] himself made the announcement from [[Lahore]] about the conspiracy which was generally regarded as treason and the conspiracy came to be known as "The Rawalpindi Conspiracy".

The UK [[High Commissioner]] in his 3rd report to his Government on the Rawalpindi Conspiracy ending 17 March 1951 on the question of evidence against the conspirators, stated that "General Akbar Khan was a dangerous man, under the influence of an ambitious wife, and that he had been regarded as very anti-[[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] before he went to the [[United Kingdom]] last year to attend the [[Joint Services Staff College (UK)|Joint Services Staff College]]. According to Gracey the Defence Secretary [[Iskander Mirza]] wished Akbar to go on to the [[Imperial Defence College]] to "complete his education". The impression was that on his return, he would be less anti-British, and it was felt that he might be sobered up by being given a responsible job under the eye of the Commander-in-Chief at GHQ. General Gracey also told Colonel Franklin that he had informed the Chief of the Imperial Staff of Akbar's tendencies before he had left for the course... According to an informant... the police have been investigating the activities of Akbar and his wife for the last two years, and General Gracey also maintains that these two, and certain of his friends, had been known as the "[[Young Turk]] Party". In spite of all this those in charge were, last December, quite happy to appoint the General to a key post in the Pakistan Army".

Akbar Khan was also one of three generals (the others being Lt. Gen. S.G.M. Pirzada and [[Tikka Khan]]) who met with Pakistani President [[Yahya Khan]] on 20 February 1971 to plan "[[Operation Searchlight]]"; he was appointed Chief of National Security in December, 1971 by Pakistan's new Prime Minister, [[Zulfikar Ali Bhutto]].

== Death ==
Muhammad Akbar Khan died in 1993 at the age of 81 in Karachi. He was buried in Defense Military graveyard Karachi.

== Works ==
* Khan, M Akbar (1975). ''Raiders in Kashmir''. National Book Foundation — Islamabad. Second Edition. 210pp

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
*[[Attiqur Rahman|Lt Gen Attiqur Rahman]] (2005). Back to the Pavilion. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-597861-7}}
*[[Gul Hassan Khan|Khan, Lt Gen Gul Hassan]] (1993). Memoirs of Lt Gen Gul Hassan Khan. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-577447-7}}
*Riza, Major Gen Shaukat (1984). The Pakistan Army – War 1965. Services Book Club.
*Riza, Major Gen Shaukat (1989). The Pakistan Army 1947–1949. Services Book Club.
*Zaheer, Hasan (1998). The Times and Trial of The Rawalpindi Conspiracy 1951. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-577892-8}}

==Further reading==
* {{citation |last=Jalal |first=Ayesha |authorlink=Ayesha Jalal |title=The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan's Political Economy of Defence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3uF9OwAACAAJ |year=1999 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |ISBN=978-969-35-0977-9 |ref={{sfnref|Jalal, The State of Martial Rule|1999}}}}
* {{citation |last=Joshi |first=Manoj |title=Kashmir, 1947-1965: A Story Retold |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uAT3oENcxDgC |year=2008 |publisher=India Research Press |isbn=978-81-87943-52-5 |ref={{sfnref |Joshi, Kashmir, 1947-1965: A Story Retold |2008}}}}
* {{citation |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jKyfAAAAMAAJ |year=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547660-6 |ref={{sfnref |Nawaz, Crossed Swords |2008}}}}
* {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |author-link=Victoria Schofield |title=Kashmir in Conflict |publisher=I. B. Taurus & Co |location=London and New York |year=2003 |orig-year=First published in 2000 |isbn=1860648983 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rkTetMfI6QkC |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2003}}}}
** {{citation |last=Schofield |first=Victoria |title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iaT3AgAAQBAJ |year=2010 |orig-year=first published in 2000 |edition=Revised |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-078-7 |ref={{sfnref|Schofield, Kashmir in Conflict|2010}}}}
* {{citation |last=Whitehead |first=Andrew |title=A Mission in Kashmir |url=http://www.andrewwhitehead.net/full-text-a-mission-in-kashmir.html |year=2007 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-0-670-08127-1 |ref={{sfnref |Whitehead, A Mission in Kashmir |2007}}}}
* {{citation |last=Zaheer |first=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |year=1998 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-577892-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rjNuAAAAMAAJ |ref={{sfnref |Zaheer, The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy |1998}}}}
** {{citation |last=Zaheer |first=Hasan |title=The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy, 1951: The First Coup Attempt in Pakistan |year=2007 |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publishers |orig-year=first published by Oxford University Press Pakistan in 1998 |isbn=978-969-35-1992-1 |ref={{sfnref|Zaheer, The Times and Trial of the Rawalpindi Conspiracy|2007}}}}

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[[Category:Anti-communism in Pakistan]]
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:1993 deaths]]
[[Category:British Indian Army officers]]
[[Category:Pakistan Army major generals]]
[[Category:Chiefs of the General Staff (Pakistan)]]
[[Category:People of the India–Pakistan war of 1947–1948]]
[[Category:People of the 1947 Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Pakistani Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:Graduates of the Royal Military College, Sandhurst]]
[[Category:Companions of the Distinguished Service Order]]
[[Category:People from Charsadda District, Pakistan]]
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Chintu TV

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MaxieMorales00: created redirect

#REDIRECT [[Sun Udaya#Chintu TV]]
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[[Category:Children's television channels in India]]
[[Category:Kannada-language television channels]]
[[Category:Sun Group]]

A. Balasubramaniam (politician)

2026-04-01T02:11:00Z

MaxieMorales00: Stub

{{Short description|Indian politician (1917–1981)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = A. Balasubramaniam
| image =
| image_size = 250px
| office3 = State Secretary of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist) — Tamil Nadu|Communist Party of India (Marxist), Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start3 = 1972
| term_end3 = 5 September 1981
| preceded3 = [[M. R. Venkataraman]]
| successor3 = [[A. Nallasivan]]
| office1 = Member of [[Central Committee of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Central Committee]], [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start1 = 7 November 1964
| term_end1 = 5 September 1981
| succeeding = 
| predecessor2 = R. Rengasamy
| successor2 = O. N. Sundaram Pillai
| constituency2 = [[Dindigul Assembly constituency|Dindigul]]
| office2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]], [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|Tamil Nadu]]
| term_start2 = 1967
| term_end2 = 1971
| office4 = Member of [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| term_start4 = 8 April 1978
| term_end4 = 5 September 1981
| majority =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1917|10|21|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| death_date = {{death date and age|1981|9|5|1917|10|21|df=y}}
| death_place =
| relatives =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates =
| birth_name =
| party = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
| occupation = Politician
}}

'''A. Balasubramaniam''' (21 October 1917 – 5 September 1981) was an Indian [[communist]] politician from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau]] member of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] and served as [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] representing [[Dindigul Assembly constituency]].

==Political career==
In 1943, he became a member of the [[Communist Party of India]].

In 1956, Balasubramaniam was elected secretary of the Madurai District Committee of the party and also became a member of the state secretariat of the Party.

He joined [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] during [[1964 split in the Communist Party of India|1964 split in the CPI]] and he was elected to the Central Committee of the CPI(M) at the Seventh Party congress held at Kolkata in 1964 and was re-elected to the Central Committee at Eighth, Ninth and Tenth Party Congresses.

In 1972, he became the secretary of the CPIM Tamil Nadu State Committee and remained so till the death.

He was elected to the [[Polit Bureau of the Communist Party of India (Marxist)|Polit Bureau]] at the Jalandhar Congress of 1978 and remained a member of the PB till his death.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://cpim.org/members-pb-7th-19th-congress/ | title=Members of PB – 7th to 19th Congress|website = [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] }}</ref>

==Election to the Madras Legislative Assembly==
He was a member of the Tamil Nadu assembly for one term from 1967 to 1971 representing [[Dindigul Assembly constituency]]. He defeated his nearest candidate O.C. Pillai of [[Indian National Congress]] by a margin of 12,844 votes.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3325-tamil-nadu-1967/|title = Tamil Nadu, 1967}}</ref>

{{Election box begin|title= [[1967 Madras Legislative Assembly election]]: Dindigul<ref>{{Cite web| last = Election Commission of India|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |title= Statistical Report on General Election 1967 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320175222/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1967/Statistical%20Report%20Madras%201967.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2012 |access-date= 19 April 2009}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|candidate=A. Balasubramaniam |party=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |votes=42,381 |percentage=58.93% |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=O. C. Pillai |party=Indian National Congress |votes=29,537 |percentage=41.07% |change=-7.16% }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes=12,844 |percentage=17.86% |change=13.54% }}
{{Election box turnout |votes=71,918 |percentage=78.54% |change= 1.16% }}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 94,204 |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=Communist Party of India (Marxist) |loser=Indian National Congress |swing= 10.70% }}
{{Election box end}}

==Death==
He died on September 5, 1981.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://peoplesdemocracy.in/2021/0228_pd/red-salute-com-nallasivan-we-enter-centenary-year-his-birth | title=Red Salute to Com a Nallasivan as We Enter the Centenary Year of his Birth | Peoples Democracy|quote = This rich experience of his proved very valuable for the Party when, in 1981, following the death of Com A Balasubramanian, the then secretary of the Tamil Nadu state committee of the CPI(M), Com AN became the secretary of the Tamil Nadu state committee.}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:1917 births]]
[[Category:1981 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil Nadu MLAs 1967–1971]]
[[Category:Dindigul]]

Crown colony

2026-03-27T04:13:57Z

MaxieMorales00: small cleanup intro for clarity and improved wording after review

{{Short description|Type of British colony directly administered by the British central government}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2023}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2010}}
[[File:Coat of arms of England (1603–1649).svg|thumb|Coat of arms of King [[James VI and I|James I]]. In 1624, the Crown revoked the royal charter earlier granted to the [[Virginia Company]], and assumed direct government of the colony.]]
A '''Crown colony''' or '''royal colony''' was a [[colony]] governed by [[Kingdom of England|England]], and then [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] or the [[United Kingdom]] within the [[English overseas possessions|English]] and later [[British Empire]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=writer |first1=Staff |author-link1= |last2= |first2= |author-link2= |display-authors= |author-mask1= |author-mask2= |date= |year= |orig-date= |orig-year= |location= |editor-last1= |editor-first1= |editor-link1= |editor-last2= |editor-first2= |editor-link2= |display-editors= |editor-mask1= |editor-mask2= |title=The Windward Islands and Barbados |script-title= |title-link= |url=https://www.marines.mil/portals/1/Publications/Islands%20of%20the%20Commonwealth%20Caribbean%20Study_4.pdf |url-access= |trans-title= |format= |department= |website= |script-website= |trans-website= |type= |series= |language= |edition= |publication-place= |publisher=Islands of the Commonwealth Caribbean Foreign Relations |publication-date= |agency= |page=388 |pages= |no-pp= |arxiv= |asin= |asin-tld= |bibcode= |bibcode-access= |biorxiv= |citeseerx= |doi= |doi-access= |doi-broken-date= |eissn= |hdl= |hdl-access= |isbn= |ismn= |issn= |jfm= |jstor= |jstor-access= |lccn= |medrxiv= |mr= |oclc= |ol= |ol-access= |osti= |osti-access= |pmc= |pmc-embargo-date= |pmid= |rfc= |sbn= |ssrn= |s2cid= |s2cid-access= |zbl= |id= |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-format= |archive-date= |access-date=21 October 2025 |via= |quote-page= |quote-pages= |quote=Barbados Success-fully resisted British efforts in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to abolish its House of Assembly and install crown colony government (see Glossary). The British had found local assemblies to be intractable and cumbersome to manage from London. Under the system called crown colony government, which was installed in all of the Commonwealth Caribbean islands except Barbados, the British replaced these argumentative assemblies with a uni-cameral legislature, the majority of whose members were appointed by the governor, and in which the king theoretically represented the lower classes... |script-quote= |trans-quote= |postscript=}}</ref> There was usually a [[Governor#United Kingdom overseas territories|governor]] to represent the Crown, appointed by the [[Monarchy of the United Kingdom|British monarch]] on the advice of the [[Government of the United Kingdom|UK Government]], with or without the assistance of a local council. In some cases, this council was split into two: an executive council and a [[legislative council]], and the executive council was similar to the [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Privy Council]] that advises the monarch. Members of executive councils were appointed by the governors, and British citizens resident in Crown colonies either had no representation in local government, or limited representation in a [[lower house]]. In several Crown colonies, this limited representation grew over time. As the [[House of Commons of the United Kingdom|House of Commons]] of the [[British Parliament]] has never included seats for any of the colonies, there was no direct representation in the sovereign government for British subjects or citizens residing in Crown colonies.

The administration of Crown colonies changed over time and in the 1800s some became, with a loosening of the power of royal governors, [[Self-governing colony|self-governing colonies]], within which the [[sovereign state]] (the UK Government) delegated legislation for most local internal matters of governance to elected assemblies, with consent of the governor, overseen by the [[Colonial Office]] and the [[Board of Trade|Board of Trade and Plantations]]. The Colonial Office gave way to the [[Dominion Office]] for some of these territories in 1925. Elected lower houses had their beginnings in the [[House of Burgesses]] of the [[Colony of Virginia]] in 1619 and the [[House of Assembly of Bermuda|House of Assembly]] of the [[Parliament of Bermuda]] in 1620. While initially limited in government even with an elected lower house, over the centuries in some Crown colonies, more independent authority was given.

Like most colonial establishments, the main focus was the extraction of local resources and raw materials. All remaining British colonies, whether Crown (such as the [[Falkland Islands]]) or self-governing (such as [[Bermuda]]), were renamed "[[British Dependent Territories]]" from 1 January 1983 under the [[British Nationality Act 1981]]. Many British citizens in the colonies (with the exceptions of the [[Falkland Islander]]s and subsequently the [[Gibraltarians]]) found that their "Citizenship of the United Kingdom and Colonies" {{clarify|date=October 2021|reason=Already restrictive to CUKCs who had no immediate connections with the UK as a result of the Commonwealth Immigrants Acts 1962 and 1968 and the Immigration Act 1971.|text=had changed overnight to [[British Dependent Territories Citizen]]ship, a form of British citizenship that stripped them of some of their rights, including the right to reside and work in the United Kingdom.}} From 2002, the dependent territories have been known officially as [[British Overseas Territories]].<ref name=bota2002>{{cite web| title=British Overseas Territories Act 2002| publisher=Gov.Uk| url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/8/contents| access-date=11 July 2012| archive-date=30 January 2016| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130040455/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/8/contents| url-status=live}}</ref>

==History==
Early English colonies were often [[proprietary colonies]], usually established and administered by [[Joint-stock company|companies]] under charters granted by the monarch. The first "royal colony" was the [[Colony of Virginia]], after 1624, when the Crown of the [[Kingdom of England]] revoked the [[royal charter]] it had granted to the [[Virginia Company]] and assumed control of the administration.<ref>[[#refOHBEv3|Porter]], p. 477.</ref>

Executive crown governors are sometimes complemented by a locally appointed and/or elected [[legislature]] with limited powers – that is, such territories lack [[responsible government]]. For example, while the [[House of Assembly of Bermuda]] has existed continuously since its first session in 1620, Bermuda has only had responsible government since 1968. (Bermuda became a Crown colony in 1684, when the government revoked a royal charter given to the [[Somers Isles Company]], successor to the [[London Company|Virginia Company]], which had previously controlled administration, including the appointment of governors. Afterwards the British government appointed the [[Governor of Bermuda]].){{Cn|date=May 2024}}

Despite its later usage, the term "Crown colony" was used primarily, until the mid-19th century, to refer to colonies that had been acquired through wars, such as [[Trinidad and Tobago]].<ref>[http://www.ttparliament.org/about.php?mid=50 History of Parliament: Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613232939/http://www.ttparliament.org/about.php?mid=50 |date=13 June 2017 }} – Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago.</ref> After that time it was more broadly applied to every [[British Empire|British territory]] other than [[British India]],<ref>{{citation|author=Mark Doyle|title=The British Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fJgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|year=2018|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-4408-4198-9|pages=82–|access-date=13 May 2019|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729190129/https://books.google.com/books?id=2fJgDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA82|url-status=live}}</ref> and self-governing colonies, such as the [[Province of Canada]], [[Dominion of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]], [[British Columbia]], [[New South Wales]], [[Queensland]], [[South Australia]], [[Tasmania]], [[Victoria (state)|Victoria]], [[Western Australia]], and [[New Zealand]].<ref>[[#refHDBE|Olson]], p. 343.</ref>
{{Campaignbox British Empire World War II}}
By the mid-19th century, the monarch was appointing colonial governors only on the advice of the [[Secretary of State for the Colonies]].<ref>[[#refJenks|Jenks]], p. 70.</ref>

===Reclassification (1981)===
{{further|British Overseas Territories citizen}}
The term Crown colony continued to be used until 1981, when the [[British Nationality Act 1981]] reclassified the remaining British colonies as "British Dependent Territories". By this time, the term "Crown colony" referred specifically to colonies lacking substantial autonomy, which were administered by an executive governor, appointed by the British Government – such as [[Hong Kong]], before its transfer in 1997 to the [[China|People's Republic of China]].{{citation needed|date=May 2021}} In 2002, the ''British Overseas Territories Act 2002'' further changed their name to [[British Overseas Territories]].{{Cn|date=May 2024}}

==Types==
{{More citations needed section|date=May 2024}}
There were three types of Crown colony as of 1918, with differing degrees of autonomy:

Crown colonies with representative councils, such as [[Bermuda]], [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]], [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]] and [[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]], contained two legislative chambers, consisting of Crown-appointed and locally elected members.

Crown colonies with nominated councils, such as [[British Honduras]], [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|Sierra Leone]], [[British Windward Islands]] and [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]], were staffed entirely by Crown-appointed members, with some appointed representation from the local population. Hong Kong had a representative council following the introduction of election for the [[Hong Kong Legislative Council]] in 1995.

Crown colonies ruled directly by a governor, such as [[Basutoland]],<ref>[[#refJenks|Jenks]], pp. 71–4.</ref> [[Gibraltar]], [[Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha|Saint Helena]] and [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]], were fewest in number and had the least autonomy.

==List==
{{Incomplete list|date=March 2023}}
The "from" column lists the year the colony began to be administered by the Crown. These colonies may have existed under a different type of English colonial administration before then.
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+Crown colonies
|-
! Name of colony
! from
! to
! class="unsortable"|Reason for change of status
|-
| {{flagdeco|Aden}} [[Colony of Aden|Aden]]
| 1937
| 1967
| Became part of the [[Federation of South Arabia]].
|-
| {{flag|Akrotiri and Dhekelia}}
| 1960
| 1982
| Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flag|Anguilla}}
| 1980
| 1983
| Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flag icon|Antigua and Barbuda|colonial}} [[History of Antigua and Barbuda (1871–1958)|Antigua]]
| 1663
| 1967
| Became an [[West Indies Associated States|associated state]].
|-
| {{flag icon|United Kingdom}} [[Ashanti (Crown Colony)|Ashanti]]
| 1902
| 1957
| Became part of the dominion named [[Dominion of Ghana|Ghana]] upon its establishment in 1957.
|-
| {{flagicon|Bahamas|colonial}} [[British Bahamas|Bahamas]]
| 1718
| 1973
| Became an independent [[Commonwealth realm]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Barbados|1885}} [[British Windward Islands|Barbados]]
| 1663
| 1966
| Became an independent [[Commonwealth realm]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Lesotho|colonial}} [[Basutoland]]
| 1884
| 1966
| Became independent as [[Lesotho]] in 1966.
|-
| {{flagicon|British Honduras|colonial}} [[Bay Islands Department|Bay Islands]]
| 1852
| 1861
| Became part of the [[Honduras|Republic of Honduras]] in 1861<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Waddell |first1=David |title=Great Britain and the Bay Islands, 1821–61 |journal=The Historical Journal |date=1959 |volume=2 |pages=59–77 |doi=10.1017/S0018246X00021786 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/historical-journal/article/abs/iv-great-britain-and-the-bay-islands-182161/1147DBC5042E4CD1E2A3F4B684B30619#article-tab |access-date=21 August 2025|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
| {{flag|Bermuda}}
| 1684
| 1982
| Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flag|British Antarctic Territory}}
| 1962
| 1982
| Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[British Bechuanaland]]
| 1885
| 1895
| Became part of [[British Cape Colony]] in 1895.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Colony of British Columbia.svg|23px|border|link=Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)]] [[Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)|British Columbia]]
| 1866
| 1871
|Became part of [[Canada]] in 1871.
|-
| {{flagicon|British Guiana}} [[British Guiana]]
| 1831
| 1966
| Became independent as [[Guyana (1966–1970)|Guyana]] in 1966.
|-
| {{flagicon|British Honduras}} [[British Honduras]] (renamed Belize in 1973)
| 1884
| 1981
| Became independent (as [[Belize]]) in 1981.
|-
| {{Flag icon|British Indian Ocean Territory}} [[British Indian Ocean Territory]]
| 1965
| 1983
| Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flagicon|UK}} [[British New Guinea]]
| 1888
| 1902
| Transferred to Australia as the [[Territory of Papua]].
|-
| {{flagicon|British Burma}} [[British rule in Burma|Burma]]
| 1937
| 1948
| Separated from British India in 1937 and became a Crown colony. Became independent in 1948 as [[Myanmar|Burma (later Myanmar)]].
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[United Province of Canada]]
| 1841
| 1867
|Became part of [[Canada]] in 1867.
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Cape Breton]]
| 1785
| 1820
|Annexed to [[Nova Scotia]] in 1820.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Cape Colony 1876-1910.svg|23px|border|link=British Cape Colony]] [[British Cape Colony|Cape Colony]]
| 1806
| 1910
|Became part of the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910.
|-
| {{flag|Cayman Islands}}
| 1962
| 1982
|Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flagicon|Ceylon|colonial}} [[British Ceylon|Ceylon]]
| 1815
| 1948
|Became independent in 1948 as [[Dominion of Ceylon]] (later [[Sri Lanka]]).
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Christmas Island]]
| 1888
| 1958
|Became a territory of [[Australia]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Cyprus|colonial}} [[British Cyprus (1878–1960)|Cyprus]]
| 1914
| 1960
|Became independent as [[Cyprus]] in 1960.
|-
| {{flagicon|Dominica|1955}} [[Dominica]]
| 1763
| 1967
| Became an [[West Indies Associated States|associated state]].
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[East Florida]]
| 1763
| 1783
|Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.
|-
| {{flag|Falkland Islands}}
|1841
|1982
|Became a [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Fiji (1924–1970).svg}} [[Colony of Fiji|Fiji]]
| 1874
| 1970
| Became independent as [[Dominion of Fiji|Fiji]] in 1970
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of The Gambia (1889–1965).svg}} [[Gambia Colony and Protectorate|Gambia Colony]]
| 1888
| 1965
|Became independent as [[The Gambia (1965–1970)|The Gambia]] in 1965.
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of Georgia|Georgia]]
| 1755
| 1776
|Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
|-
| {{flag|Gibraltar|ensign1939}}
| 1713
| 1982
|Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands (1937–1976).svg}} [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]
|1916
|1976
|Separate [[Kiribati]] and [[Tuvalu]] colonies
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Gilbert Islands (1976–1979).svg}} [[Kiribati]]
| 1976
| 1979
| Became independent in 1979.
|-
| {{flag icon|Gold Coast}} [[Gold Coast (British Colony)|Gold Coast]]
| 1821
| 1957
|Became independent in 1957 with [[Ashanti (Crown Colony)|Ashanti]] and [[Northern Territories of the Gold Coast]] as [[Dominion of Ghana|Ghana]].
|-
| {{flag icon|Grenada|1903}} [[British Windward Islands|Grenada]]
| 1763
| 1967
| Became an [[West Indies Associated States|associated state]].
|-
| {{flag icon|UK}} [[Heligoland]]
| 1814
| 1890
| Ceded to the [[German Empire]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Hong Kong|1959}} [[British Hong Kong|Hong Kong]]
|1843
|1982
|Imperial Japan military occupied 1941–1945. Reclassified as a British Dependent Territory in 1983. Transferred to Chinese sovereignty in 1997.
|-
| {{flagicon|Jamaica|1957}} [[Colony of Jamaica|Jamaica]]
| 1655
| 1962
|Became independent in 1962 as [[Jamaica]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Kenya|colonial}} [[Kenya Colony|Kenya]]
|1920
|1963
|United with the Kenya Protectorate in 1963 to form the independent country of [[Kenya (1963–1964)|Kenya]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Labuan (1912–1946).svg}} [[Crown Colony of Labuan|Labuan]]
| 1846
| 1890
|Administered by [[British North Borneo Company]] from 1890 to 1904.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Lagos Colony (1888–1906).svg}} [[Lagos Colony|Lagos]]
|1862
|1906
|Became part of [[Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria]] in 1906.
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Lower Canada]]
| 1791
| 1841
| Became part of [[Province of Canada]] in 1841.
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag of Malacca (1946-1957).svg}} [[Crown Colony of Malacca|Malacca]]
|1946
|1957
|Became part of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] in 1957.
|-
| {{flagicon|Malta|1943}} [[Malta Colony|Malta]]
| 1813
| 1964
|Became independent in 1964 as the [[State of Malta]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of Maryland|Maryland]]
| 1689
| 1715
|Reverted to [[proprietary colony|proprietary rule]] in 1715, and later became part of the United States of America in 1776.
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of Massachusetts Bay|Massachusetts Bay]]
|1691
|1776
|Became part of the [[United States]] of America in 1776.
|-
| {{flagicon|Mauritius|1923}} [[British Mauritius|Mauritius]]
| 1810
| 1968
| Became independent as [[Mauritius (1968–1992)|Mauritius]] in 1968.
|-
| {{flag|Montserrat}}
| 1636
| 1982
| Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Natal Colony 1875-1910.svg|23px|border|link=Colony of Natal]] [[Colony of Natal|Natal]]
| 1843
| 1910
|Became part of the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910.
|-
| [[File:Dominion of Newfoundland Blue Ensign, 1870–1904.svg|23px|border|link=Newfoundland Colony]] [[Colony of Newfoundland|Newfoundland]]
| 1825
| 1907
|Became the [[Dominion of Newfoundland]] in 1907, and later joined [[Canada]] in 1949.
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of New Hampshire|New Hampshire]]
|1692
|1776
|Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[New Ireland (Maine)|New Ireland]]
|1779
|1783
|Ceded to the United States of America after Revolutionary War and again after War of 1812 (1814-1815).
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of New Jersey|New Jersey]]
| 1702
| 1776
| Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
|-
| {{flagicon|New South Wales}} [[Colony of New South Wales|New South Wales]]
| 1788
| 1901
|Became part of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]] in 1901.
|-
|{{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of New York|New York]]
| 1685
| 1776
| Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
|-
| {{flagicon|New Zealand}} [[Colony of New Zealand|New Zealand]]
|1841
|1907
|Became the [[Dominion of New Zealand]] in 1907.
|-
| {{flagicon|Nigeria|colonial}} [[Colonial Nigeria|Nigeria]]
| 1914
| 1960
| Became independent as [[Federation of Nigeria|Nigeria]] in 1960.
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Norfolk Island]]
|1788
|1914
|Placed under administration of [[Australia]] in 1914 as a non-self governing territory. The island was self-governing between 1979 and 2015.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of North Borneo (1948–1963).svg}} [[Crown Colony of North Borneo|North Borneo]]
| 1946
| 1963
| Became part of [[Malaysia]] in 1963 as [[Sabah]]. [[Labuan]] separated from Sabah in 1984 to become a [[Federal Territory (Malaysia)|Federal Territory]].<ref name="Malaysia Act 1963">''See'': [[Malaysia Act 1963]]</ref>
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of North Carolina|North Carolina]]
| 1729
| 1776
|Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Nova Scotia]]
| 1710
| 1867
| Became part of [[Canada]] in 1867.
|-
| {{flag|Orange River Colony}}
| 1900
| 1910
|Became part of the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910.
|-
|{{flag|Pitcairn Islands}}
|1887
|1982
|Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
|{{flag icon|Penang|1952}} [[Crown Colony of Penang|Penang]]
|1946
|1957
|Became part of [[Federation of Malaya|Malaya]] in 1957.
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Quebec]]
| 1763
| 1791
| Divided between [[Upper Canada|Upper]] and [[Lower Canada]] and the [[Northwest Territory]].
|-
|{{flagicon|Queensland}} [[Colony of Queensland|Queensland]]
|1859
|1901
|Became part of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]] in 1901.
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla|1958}} [[Saint Christopher, Nevis and Anguilla]]
| 1882
| 1967
| Became an [[West Indies Associated States|associated state]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Helena}} [[Saint Helena]]
| 1659
| 1982
| Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Lucia|1875}} [[British Windward Islands|Saint Lucia]]
| 1814
| 1967
| Became an [[West Indies Associated States|associated state]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|colonial}} [[British Windward Islands|Saint Vincent]]
| 1776
| 1969
| Became an [[West Indies Associated States|associated state]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Crown Colony of Sarawak}} [[Crown Colony of Sarawak|Sarawak]]
| 1946
| 1963
| Became part of [[Malaysia]] in 1963.<ref name="Malaysia Act 1963"/>
|-
| [[File:Flag_of_Seychelles_1961-1976.gif|23px|border]] [[Crown Colony of the Seychelles|Seychelles]]
| 1903
| 1976
| Separated from [[British Mauritius]] in 1903 and became a Crown Colony and became independent in 1976.
|-
| [[File:Flag of Sierra Leone 1916-1961.gif|23px|border]] [[Sierra Leone Colony and Protectorate|Sierra Leone]]
| 1808
| 1961
|Became independent as Sierra Leone in 1961.
|-
| {{flagicon|Singapore|colonial-1952}} [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]]
| 1946
| 1963
| Became an [[Singapore in Malaysia|autonomous state]] within [[Malaysia]] in 1963 and [[Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965|fully independent]] in 1965.<ref name="Malaysia Act 1963"/>
|-
| {{flagicon|South Australia}} [[South Australia]]
| 1834
| 1901
|Became part of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]] in 1901.
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Province of South Carolina|South Carolina]]
| 1729
| 1776
|Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Southern Nigeria Protectorate (1900–1914).svg}} [[Southern Nigeria Protectorate|Southern Nigeria]]
| 1906
| 1914
| Part of the Colony and Protectorate of Southern Nigeria. Merged with [[Northern Nigeria Protectorate]] as the [[Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria]] in 1914.
|-
| {{flagicon|Southern Rhodesia}} [[Southern Rhodesia]]
| 1923
| 1965/1980
| [[Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] in 1965 as [[Rhodesia]]; formally reverted to colonial status in 1979 as [[Southern Rhodesia]]; independence granted in 1980 as [[Zimbabwe]]
|-
|{{flagicon|Straits Settlements}} [[Straits Settlements]]
| 1867
| 1946
| Imperial Japan military occupied 1941–1945. Separated into the Crown colonies of [[Crown Colony of Penang|Penang]], [[Crown Colony of Malacca|Malacca]] and [[Colony of Singapore|Singapore]].<ref name=ColonyOfSingapore>{{cite web|url=http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/cf47ce98-0e14-4c1f-a6f7-cb55c99b4df6|title=The Straits Settlements is dissolved|access-date=29 August 2015|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225061242/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/history/events/cf47ce98-0e14-4c1f-a6f7-cb55c99b4df6|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|Tasmania}} [[Colony of Tasmania|Tasmania]]
| 1825
| 1901
| Named [[Van Diemen's Land]] until 1856. Became part of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]] in 1901.
|-
| {{flag|Transvaal Colony}}
| 1877
| 1910
|Became part of the [[Union of South Africa]] in 1910.
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Tobago]]
| 1877
| 1889
| Became part of [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Trinidad]]
| 1802
| 1889
| Became part of [[Trinidad and Tobago]]
|-
| {{flag|Trinidad and Tobago|1958}}
| 1889
| 1962
| Became independent in 1962
|-
| {{flag|Turks and Caicos Islands}}
| 1962
| 1982
| Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Tuvalu (1976–1978).svg}} [[Tuvalu]]
| 1976
| 1978
|Became independent in 1978. Formerly part of the [[Gilbert and Ellice Islands]] Protectorate
|-
| {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Upper Canada]]
| 1791
| 1841
| Became part of [[Province of Canada]] in 1841.
|-
|[[File:Flag of Vancouver Island.svg|23px|border]] [[Colony of Vancouver Island|Vancouver Island]]
|1848
|1866
|Merged with the [[Colony of British Columbia (1858–66)|Colony of British Columbia]] in 1866 which joined Canada.
|-
| {{flagicon|Victoria}} [[Colony of Victoria|Victoria]]
|1851
|1901
|Became part of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]] in 1901.
|-
| {{flag icon|British Virgin Islands}} [[British Virgin Islands|Virgin Islands]]
|1713
|1982
|Became [[British Dependent Territory]] in 1983.
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]]
|1624
|1776
|Became part of the United States of America in 1776.
|-
| {{flagicon|Western Australia}} [[Western Australia]]
| 1829
| 1901
|[[Swan River Colony]] from 1829 to 1832. Became part of the [[Commonwealth of Australia]] in 1901.
|-
| {{flag icon|Kingdom of Great Britain}} [[West Florida]]
| 1763
| 1783
|Ceded to Spain. Later became part of the United States.
|}

==See also==
*[[British Empire]]
*[[British overseas territories]]
*[[British protectorate]]
*[[Colonial Office]]
*[[Crown dependency]]
*[[Direct rule over Northern Ireland]]
*[[Legislative council]]
*[[Proprietary colony]]
*[[Self-governing colony]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin|2}}
*{{cite book | first = AS | last = Ehrlich | title = Human Organization, 33.2 | year = 1974 | ref = Human Organization, 33.2 | url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/1310294182 | id = {{ProQuest|1310294182}} }}
*{{cite book | first = Josef | last = Ehrlich | title = Economic protectionism, Vol.6 | year = 1916 | publisher = Clarendon press | ref = Economic protectionism, Vol.6 | url = https://www.proquest.com/docview/1310294182 | id = {{ProQuest|1310294182}} }}
*{{cite book | first = Edward | last = Jenks | title = The Government of the British Empire | url = https://archive.org/details/governmentbriti04jenkgoog | year = 1918 | publisher = Little, Brown, and Company | ref = refJenks }}
*{{cite book | first = Edward | last = Jenks | title = The Government of the British Empire | url = https://archive.org/details/governmentbriti04jenkgoog | year = 1918 | publisher = Little, Brown, and Company | ref = refJenks }}
*{{cite book | first = James | last = Olson | title=Historical Dictionary of the British Empire|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1996|isbn=0-313-29366-X|ref=refHDBE}}
*{{cite book | first = Andrew | last = Porter | title = The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume III |publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998 | isbn=0-19-924678-5 | ref=refOHBEv3}}
*{{cite book |last1=Wrong |first1=Hume |title=Government of the West Indies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIx3hR0-HkIC&pg=PP1 |access-date=2010-03-30 |year=1923 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=England |isbn=1-113-74149-X |page=71 |chapter=The Old Representative System: The Change To Crown Colony Government |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hIx3hR0-HkIC&pg=PA71 |quote=The phrase 'Crown Colony Government' is used with various meanings. In the broadest, and perhaps most correct, sense it is applied to all the colonies in which the Crown retains the real control of the executive (i.e. to all the West Indian colonies). By both official and common usage, however, it is often narrowed as to exclude colonies with elected Assemblies, though without a responsible executive. |archive-date=8 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220408171932/https://books.google.com/books?id=hIx3hR0-HkIC&pg=PP1 |url-status=live }}
{{refend}}
{{Kingdom of England}}
{{NBPremiers}}
{{Governors of Gibraltar}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crown colony}}
[[Category:Governance of the British Empire]]
[[Category:1981 disestablishments in the British Empire]]
[[Category:History of colonialism]]

Economy of Hyderabad

2026-03-26T05:48:43Z

MaxieMorales00:

{{Short description|none}} 
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2020}}
[[File:JP Morgan Tower, Hyderabad, India.jpg|thumb|right|JP Morgan Tower, Hyderabad.]]

The '''economy of Hyderabad''', the capital of [[Telangana]], India, is based on traditional manufacturing, the knowledge sector and tourism.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/article2213470.ece| title=Travel, tourism fair begins|work=[[The Hindu]]| accessdate=19 June 2017|location=Chennai, India|date=9 July 2011}}</ref> Starting in the 1990s, the economic pattern of the city changed from a primary service hub to a more diversified economy,<ref name="Rao" /> but the service industry still remains a major contributor.<ref name="rediff_India_to_10_cities">{{cite web|title=GDP: The top 10 cities in India|url=http://business.rediff.com/slide-show/2010/apr/23/slide-show-1-the-top-10-cities-in-india-by-gdp.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=23 April 2010|accessdate=21 October 2011}}</ref> As of 2006, the largest employers of Hyderabad are the governments of Andhra Pradesh and India, with 113,000 and 85,000 employees, respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Employee census 2006|url=http://www.apdes.ap.gov.in/Census%20&%20Surveys%202006/emp-2006/sec_wise.htm|publisher=Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Andhra Pradesh Government|year=2006|accessdate=17 May 2010|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226015719/http://www.apdes.ap.gov.in/Census%20%26%20Surveys%202006/emp-2006/sec_wise.htm|archivedate=26 December 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Census of central government employees|url=http://www.dget.nic.in/publications/ccge/census2001.pdf|year=2003|publisher=Ministry of Labour, Government of India|accessdate=17 May 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821110631/http://dget.nic.in/publications/ccge/census2001.pdf|archive-date=21 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Since its inception in 1591, Hyderabad has been a global trade center in multiple areas, including its status as the world's only diamond market. City-based handicrafts were sold in the Middle East and Western countries. During the rule of the [[Nizam]]'s in the 1930s, industrial growth started with the establishment of a diversified industrial zone, which grew in parallel with traditional manufacturing.

In the 1930s and 1940s, city-based industries started importing technology from the western world for industrial manufacturing. With the introduction of the railways, the city became well connected with the port cities of Bombay (now [[Mumbai]]), Madras (now [[Chennai]]), Calcutta (now [[Kolkata]]), and [[Karachi]] (now in [[Pakistan]]).<ref name="Albion CX19">{{cite web|title=Other Albion CX19|url=http://www.albioncx19project.org.uk/other_cx19s.htm|work=Albion CX19 Restoration Project|accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="Neelakantan">{{cite conference|title=Economy, population and urban sprawl|url=http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf|work=Urban Population, Development and Environment Dynamics in Developing Countries|pages=7–19|date=13 June 2007|accessdate=18 June 2012|archive-date=19 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120519132559/http://www.cicred.org/Eng/Seminars/Details/Seminars/PDE2007/Papers/IYER_Neelakantan_paperNairobi2007-project.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> During the 1950s and 1960s, most of the Indian premier public enterprises—BHEL, NMDC, HMT, BEL, IDPL, ECIL, DRDO, and HAL—were established in Hyderabad, changing the economical pattern of the city from a traditional manufacturing to a cosmopolitan industrial service sector.<ref name="TOI_EcoGrow">{{cite news|title=Brand Hyderabad loss of gloss?|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-14/hyderabad/30397051_1_r-d-centres-aurobindo-pharma-brand-hyderabad|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507115644/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-14/hyderabad/30397051_1_r-d-centres-aurobindo-pharma-brand-hyderabad|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2013|date=14 November 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref>

Hyderabad, being the capital of Telangana, is the largest contributor to the state's GDP (Gross domestic product) and [[Taxation in India#State governments|state tax]].<ref>{{cite web|title=India's 25 most competitive cities|url=http://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-indias-25-most-competitive-cities/20101209.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]]|date=10 December 2010|accessdate=10 December 2010}}</ref> In 2011, Hyderabad generated revenues of {{INRConvert|700000|m}} and contributed a third of the state's tax revenue.<ref>{{cite news|title=Civic infra bodies get a raw deal in Budget|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-20/hyderabad/31079437_1_ghmc-allocation-hyderabad-metro-rail-project|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507020450/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-20/hyderabad/31079437_1_ghmc-allocation-hyderabad-metro-rail-project|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 May 2013|date=20 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> In 2023, the [[GDP]] was {{US$}} 83.5 billion, ranking it as [[List of cities by GDP|the seventh most productive metro area]] in India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Directorate of Economic and Statistics |url=https://ecostat.telangana.gov.in/telangana/Home |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=ecostat.telangana.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) |url=https://www.hmda.gov.in/ |access-date=23 August 2024 |website=Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Country briefing: India–economy (III-local economy)|url=http://globalhealth.mit.edu/home/india-economy/#_ftn5|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|date=1 September 2010|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref><ref name="rediff_India_to_10_cities"/> Hyderabad and its suburbs house the highest number of [[special economic zones]] among India's cities.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy">{{cite news|title=Heat on Hyderabad|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-12/hyderabad/29764436_1_hyderabad-global-city-srikrishna-committee|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717112125/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-07-12/hyderabad/29764436_1_hyderabad-global-city-srikrishna-committee|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 July 2011|date=12 July 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=19 April 2012}}</ref>

In the 1970s, the pharmaceutical and electronic industries were established in the city because of its strategic location in south-central India, for which it is known as ''the gateway to south-central India''.<ref name="TOI_EcoGrow"/><ref name="TIE_Hyd_gateway">{{cite news|title=Hyderabad airport set to become air passenger hub, pips Nagpur|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/hyderabad-airport-set-to-become-air-passenger-hub-pips-nagpur/907799|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=4 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="Bhargava-Bhatt">{{cite book|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories|publisher=Kalpaz Publication| pages=330–399|year=2006|isbn=81-7835-358-X|first1=Bhargava|last1=Gopal K|first2=Bhatt|last2= S.C}}</ref> Since the 1990s, the economic patterns of the city have changed it from a primary service hub to a more diversified spectrum,<ref name="Rao">{{cite book|title=Cities in transition|url=https://archive.org/details/citiestransition00raon|url-access=limited|publisher=[[Routledge]]|pages=[https://archive.org/details/citiestransition00raon/page/n129 117]–140|year=2007|isbn=978-0-203-39115-0|first=Nirmala|last=Rao}}</ref> with the growth of IT enterprises, biotech, insurance, and financial institutions, and a strong employment base in ancillary activities such as trade and commerce, transport, storage, communication, real-estate and retail, which employ three times more people than the IT industries.<ref name="Neelakantan"/> As of 2022, Hyderabad has 7,78,121 employees in the IT/ITES sector, working in more than 1500 companies.<ref name="livemint.com">{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/industry/infotech/lay-offs-loom-over-it-sector-in-hyderabad-telangana-govt-urges-centre-to-act-11588317514170.html|title=Lay-offs loom over IT/ ITES sector in Hyderabad, Telangana govt}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/it-staff-strength-in-telangana-to-double-to-10-lakh-in-3-4-years/article28445718.ece|title=IT staff strength in Telangana to double to 10 lakh in 3–4 years|date=15 July 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-overtakes-bengaluru-in-it-office-space-occupation/article29480100.ece|title=Hyderabad overtakes Bengaluru in IT office space occupation|newspaper=The Hindu |date=21 September 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/hyderabad-it-companies-told-to-gradually-ramp-up-operations-11589079377864.html|title=Hyderabad IT companies told to gradually ramp up operations|date=10 May 2020 }}</ref> The service industry in this arena remains dominant, with 90% of the workforce.<ref name="Bhargava-Bhatt"/><ref name="MIT">{{cite web|title=Country briefing:India–economy
|url=http://globalhealth.mit.edu/home/india-economy/#_ftn5=|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|date=1 September 2010|accessdate=18 June 2012}}</ref> As of 2005, out of every 1000 people of working age, 770 males and 190 females are employed.<ref name="delhi_gov">{{cite journal|title=Employment-unemployment situation in million plus cities of India|url=http://delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DES/Publication/paper61.pdf|publisher=[[Delhi Government]]|page=15|year=2005|accessdate=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812091829/http://www.delhi.gov.in/DoIT/DES/Publication/paper61.pdf|archive-date=12 August 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> As of 2025, there are 875 [[Global capability center]]s in Bengaluru, compared to around 360 GCCs in Hyderabad,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/a-tale-of-two-cities-bengaluru-hyderabad-who-wins-the-battle-of-boomtowns/articleshow/129814555.cms|title=Bengaluru Vs Hyderabad: A tale of two cities: Bengaluru or Hyderabad who wins the battle of boomtowns?}}</ref> although recent trend shows that Hyderabad is attracting more GCCs set up in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/others/silicon-city-vs-cyberabad/articleshow/129594207.cms|title=Silicon city vs Cyberabad}}</ref>

==Tourism==
{{See also|List of tourist attractions in Hyderabad}}
{{multiple image
| align = right
| width = 200
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| caption1 =
| image2 = Buddha statue 11102016.jpg
| caption2 = Buddha Statue in [[Hussain Sagar]]
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In March 2012, The [[Ministry of Tourism (India)|Indian Union Tourism Ministry]] declared Hyderabad as the first ever "''Best Heritage City of India''".<ref name="Best_Heritage_City">{{Cite news|title=Heritage award for Hyderabad raises many eyebrows|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Heritage-award-for-Hyderabad-raises-many-eyebrows/articleshow/12105415.cms|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507063934/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-03-02/hyderabad/31116258_1_heritage-city-tourism-hyderabad|url-status=live|archive-date=7 May 2013|date=2 March 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=20 March 2012}}</ref>

Hyderabad was the World's third best city to visit in 2013, according to [[Lonely Planet]]. In 2011 the city was ranked nineteenth in the world by [[The New York Times]] in The list of 41 ''Places to Go'' in 2011, the only Indian City in the list.<ref name="travelNYT">{{cite news|title=The 41 places to go in 2011|url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2011/01/09/travel/09where-to-go.html?pagewanted=all|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=7 January 2011|accessdate=20 August 2011}}</ref> Hyderabad is known as the [[Hyderabadi pearls|''City of Pearls'']], due to the presence of pearls trading industry—until the 18th century the city was the only global trade center of [[Kollur Mine#Notable diamonds|large diamonds]].<ref name="Waldemar Hansen">{{cite book|title=The Peacock throne:the drama of Mogul India|publisher=[[Motilal Banarsidass]]|page=168 and 471|year=1972|isbn=978-8120802254 |first=Hansen|last=Waldemar}}</ref><ref name="Frommers India and city of pearls">{{cite book|title=Frommer's India|publisher=[[Wiley Publishing]]| page=403|year=2010|isbn=978-0-470-55610-8|author=Bruyn, Bain, Allardice and Joshi}}
*{{cite news|title=Hyderabad in NYT 2011 list of must see places|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Hyderabad-in-NYT-2011-list-of-must-see-places/articleshow/7363573.cms|date=26 January 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=17 July 2011|archive-date=9 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110909135720/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-01-26/hyderabad/28362599_1_hyderabad-list-nizam|url-status=live}}</ref> Many traditional and historical [[bazaar]]s are located in the city.<ref name="TheHindu_LB"/><ref>{{cite news|title=Glory of the gates|url=http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/10/stories/2004031000490300.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209014948/http://www.hindu.com/mp/2004/03/10/stories/2004031000490300.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2012|date=10 March 2004|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=11 October 2011}}</ref> The [[Laad Bazaar]] and nearby markets have shops that sell pearls, diamonds and other traditional ware and cultural antiques.<ref name="TheHindu_LB">{{cite news|title=Laad bazaar traders cry foul|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/22/stories/2008022257980200.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121210062859/http://www.hindu.com/2008/02/22/stories/2008022257980200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=10 December 2012|date=22 February 2008|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=22 February 2008}}
*{{cite book|title=The rough guide to south India|publisher=[[The Penguin Group]]|page=553|year=1982|isbn=1-84353-103-8|author=Abram and Edwards}}</ref>

Hyderabad emerged as a pharmaceutical and biotechnology hub and is known as India's pharmaceutical capital and "Genome Valley of India".<ref name="Genome_Valley">{{cite web|title=Hyderabad: India's genome valley|url=http://www.rediff.com/money/2004/nov/30spec.htm|work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=30 November 2004|accessdate=13 June 2011}}</ref><ref name="TheTelegraph2">{{cite news|title=Hyderabad is a hot destination for Walsh|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/4339614/Hyderabad-is-a-hot-destination-for-Walsh.html|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=25 January 2009|accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> In 2008–2009, Hyderabad's bio-pharmaceuticals exports reached {{US$}}3.1 billion.<ref name="TheTelegraph">{{cite news|title=Brand Hyderabad, takes a hit in Indian unrest|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatnews/6935514/Brand-Hyderabad-takes-a-hit-in-Indian-unrest.html|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |date=5 January 2010|accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> The south—central location of Hyderabad, and the incorporation of [[Indian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited]] (IDPL) in 1961 proved to be a foundation of pharmaceutical industry in Hyderabad, later in the 1990s the expansion in the industry took place with the formation of [[Indian Institute of Chemical Technology]], [[National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hyderabad|National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research]], the Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology and [[National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad|National Institute of Nutrition]] along with the regional institutions making Hyderabad the hub of pharmaceutical and biotechnology in India.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Geography of India: Sacred and Historic Places|publisher=Britannica educational publishing|page=188|year=2011|isbn=9781615302024|last=Pletcher|first=Kenneth}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=The pharmaceutical industry in India and Hungary|publisher=[[World Bank Publications]]|pages=9–10|year=1997|issn=0253-7494|last1=Felker|first1=Greg|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Shekhar|last3=György|first3=Katalin|journal=World Bank Technical Paper}}</ref>

The establishment of the [[public sector]] in biotechnology and the [[Genome Valley]], Fab City and the Nano Technology Park established significant infrastructure in bio-technology. These attributes attracted regional companies and [[Multinational corporation|MNC]]s to set up offices, warehouses, [[Research and development|research and development centres]] in the city.<ref>{{cite news|title=Job market booming overseas for many American companies|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/12/28/job-market-booming-overseas_n_801839.html|newspaper=[[Huffington Post]] |date=28 December 2010|accessdate=6 October 2011}}</ref> In 2012, the city hosted the [[Convention on Biological Diversity]] (2012 COP 11).<ref>{{cite news|title=COP-11:centre mum on Rs. 1,000cr funds|url=http://www.asianage.com/hyderabad/cop-11-centre-mum-rs-1000cr-funds-249|newspaper=[[Asian Age]] |date=12 May 2012|accessdate=15 May 2012}}
</ref>

The commercial market structure of Hyderabad is defined into 4 sectors—The Central Business Districts (CBD), the sub-central business centres, the neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.<ref name="Peter Scott">{{cite book|title=Geography and retailing|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|pages=137–138|year=2009|isbn=978-0-202-30946-0|first=Scott|last=Peter}}</ref> Since 2007, the [[Retail|retail industry]] in Hyderabad is on the rise,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad, Chennai & Bangalore witness high rental growth: retail survey|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/bline/2007/11/16/stories/2007111650820500.htm|newspaper=the Hindu Business Line|date=16 November 2001|accessdate=16 November 2007}}</ref> and several central business districts are spread across the city.<ref name="TOI_CBD">{{cite news|title=Despite Telangana heat, city's information technology cup brimming over: report|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/Despite-Telangana-heat-citys-Information-Technology-cup-brimming-over-Report/articleshow/13015756.cms|newspaper=The Times of India|date=6 May 2012|accessdate=6 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Will the real central hub stand up?|url=http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/07/23/stories/2005072300260100.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103022033/http://www.hindu.com/pp/2005/07/23/stories/2005072300260100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|date=23 July 2005|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|accessdate=11 October 2011}}</ref>

[[File:Hyderabad India, a view from Golconda fort.jpg|thumb|right|A view of 16th century ruined city of ''[[Naya Qila]]'']]

==Retail and real estate==

The [[World Bank Group]] ranked the city as the [[Ease of doing business index|second-best Indian city for doing business]] in 2009.<ref name="Doing Business">{{cite web|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/india/sub/hyderabad|title=Ease of doing business in Hyderabad – India (2009)|publisher=[[World Bank Group]]|accessdate=8 February 2011}}</ref> In 2020, the economic analysis group [[GaWC]] ranked Hyderabad in its second tier ([[World City|Beta- World City]]) of cities by importance.<ref name="GaWC 2010">{{cite web |title=The world according to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |publisher=[[Loughborough University]] |year=2020 |accessdate=16 November 2020 |archive-date=6 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201006165159/https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, [[DTZ]] ranked Hyderabad as world's third most affordable office location,<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad 3rd most affordable office location in 2011: study|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/business/news/hyderabad-3rd-most-affordable-office-location-2011-study-699|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424204730/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/channels/business/news/hyderabad-3rd-most-affordable-office-location-2011-study-699|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 April 2012|newspaper=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=22 April 2012|accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref> while ''[[Business Today (India)|Business Today]]'' ranked Hyderabad as the fourth best city to live in India.<ref name="businesstoday2">{{cite web|title=Best cities to work, play and live|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/best-cities-to-work,-play-and-live/1/4266.html|work=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]] |date=27 August 2011|accessdate=28 August 2011}}</ref> Hyderabad witnessed a high growth in the real estate business, making it among the top five concentrated cities for housing in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=Realty boom squeezes veg supply to city| url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/hyderabad/29708219_1_realty-boom-vegetable-farm-land| archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103091840/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-27/hyderabad/29708219_1_realty-boom-vegetable-farm-land| url-status=dead| archive-date=3 January 2013|date=27 June 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=21 October 2011}}
*{{cite web|title=Industry outlook and performance review of housing finance companies and the Indian mortgage finance market for 2010–11|url=http://www.icra.in/Files/ticker/Housing%20note04112011.pdf|publisher=[[ICRA Limited]]|year=2011|accessdate=15 May 2012}}</ref> In 2007–08, the city's prime residential areas of [[Banjara Hills]] and [[Jubilee Hills]] reached the highest growth percentage in India. ''[[The Economic Times]]'' evaluated Banjara Hills to be worth {{US$}}20.7 billion.<ref name="economictimes_RE">{{cite news|title=Check out India's most expensive boulevard|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-26/news/28478099_1_expensive-location-new-construction-value|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812053426/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2007-08-26/news/28478099_1_expensive-location-new-construction-value|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 August 2011|newspaper=The Economic Times |date=26 August 2007|accessdate=7 October 2011}}</ref>

Hyderabad experienced a significant construction boom beginning in the lata 2010s, especially concentrated in the western areas near its IT corridor. The growth was fuelled by the arrival of numerous tech companies, rising levels of [[Foreign direct investment in India|foreign investment]], and a growing [[Upper middle class|upper-middle-class]] demographic.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Chadha |first=Sunainaa |date=16 January 2025 |title=Rs 4 crore+ luxury home sales rise 53% as upper-middle class drives demand |url=https://www.business-standard.com/amp/finance/personal-finance/rs-4-crore-luxury-home-sales-rise-53-as-upper-middle-class-drives-demand-125011600189_1.html |work=Business Standard}}</ref> State-driven initiatives like the [[TS-iPASS|Telangana Building Permission Approval and Self-Certification System]] (TS-bPASS) played a key role in this expansion by simplifying the process of getting approvals for [[Tower block|high-rise developments]].<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-11-16 |title=KTR launches TS-bPASS, simplifies building clearance |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/ktr-launches-ts-bpass-simplifies-building-clearance/article33110004.ece |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=BusinessLine |language=en}}</ref>

By 2025, Hyderabad had grown to the distinction of having the [[List of tallest buildings in India#Cities with the most skyscrapers|second-largest number of skyscrapers in India]], second only to [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-06-28 |title=Hyderabad horizon billowing with 2nd highest number of skyscrapers after Mumbai |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/hyd-horizon-billowing-with-2nd-highest-number-of-skyscrapers-after-mumbai/articleshow/101323558.cms |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> Hyderabad features at least 20 [[Skyscraper|skyscrapers]] rising to a height greater than {{convert|150|m|ft|0}}, with SAS Crown being the [[List of tallest buildings in Hyderabad|tallest building in Hyderabad]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad Witnesses Its Highest Holi Celebration at SAS Crown |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/business/hyderabad-witnesses-its-highest-holi-celebration-at-sas-crown/ |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=The Tribune |language=en}}</ref> The city's ever-changing [[skyline]] continues to reflect its rapid development and evolution into one of the biggest economic hubs in [[India]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Top 10 fastest-growing cities in world where Asia leads with 4 notable cities from India including Delhi |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/top-10-fastest-growing-cities-in-world-where-asia-leads-with-4-notable-cities-from-india-including-delhi/articleshow/114195647.cms |access-date=2025-05-30 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

==Information technology==
{{See also|Software industry in Telangana}}

{{multiple image
| align = right
| width = 225
| direction = vertical
| image1 = Microsoft hyd.jpg
| caption1 = [[Microsoft]] R&D Campus
| image2 = Oracle hyd.jpg
| caption2 = [[Oracle Corporation|Oracle]] Campus, HITEC City
| image3 = Amazon_Hyderabad_campus.jpg
| caption3 = Amazon Campus in Financial District
}}

Hyderabad is among the global centres of information technology for which it is known as ''Cyberabad'' (Cyber City).<ref name="Ananya_Roy-Aihwa_Ong">{{cite book|title=Worlding cities: Asian experiments and the art of being global|url=https://archive.org/details/worldingcitiesas00roya|url-access=limited|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|page=[https://archive.org/details/worldingcitiesas00roya/page/n266 253]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4051-9277-4|author=Roy and Ong}}</ref><ref name="TOI-IT and Manish Telikicherla Chary">{{cite news|title=An Amazon shot for city|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/An-Amazon-shot-for-city/articleshow/10335301.cms|newspaper=The Times of India |date=13 October 2011|accessdate=13 October 2011}}
*{{cite book|title=India:nation on the move|publisher=iUniverse.com|pages=247–248|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4401-1636-0-|first=Chary|last=Manish Telikicherla}}</ref> The city's IT sector includes the IT-enabled services, [[business process outsourcing]], entertainment industries,<ref name="TOI-IT and Manish Telikicherla Chary"/> and [[Financial services]].<ref name="center for good governance Hyderabad"/> During 2008–09, Hyderabad's IT exports reached {{US$}} 4.7 billion,<ref name="TheTelegraph"/> and 22% of the [[NASSCOM]]'s total membership is from Hyderabad.<ref name="TOI_Hyd_Economy"/> The development of a township with related technological infrastructure called [[HITEC City]] prompted global and particularly US—based companies to establish their operations in Hyderabad.<ref name="Ananya_Roy-Aihwa_Ong"/> The [[Deloitte]], [[Franklin Templeton Investments]], [[GE Capital]], [[Accenture]], [[HSBC]], [[Bank of America]], [[ABN AMRO]], [[S&P Global]], [[Ernst & Young]], [[KPMG]], [[Capgemini]], [[Genpact]] are some of the financial services companies with offices in the city.<ref name="center for good governance Hyderabad"/> In Hyderabad, the central region of the business happens in [[Nanakramguda]] Financial District, [[HITECH City]], the [[Madhapur]] suburb, [[Kokapet]] SEZ (Neopolis) and Salarpuria Sattva Knowledge City.

As of 2022, Hyderabad has 778,121 employees in the IT/ITES sector, working in more than 1500 companies.<ref name="livemint.com"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/info-tech/it-staff-strength-in-telangana-to-double-to-10-lakh-in-3-4-years/article28445718.ece|title=IT staff strength in Telangana to double to 10 lakh in 3-4 years}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/hyderabad-overtakes-bengaluru-in-it-office-space-occupation/article29480100.ece|title=Hyderabad overtakes Bengaluru in IT office space occupation |website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telanganas-it-exports-rose-26-to-over-183-lakh-crore-in-fy-22/article65482880.ece|title=Telangana's IT exports rose 26% to over ₹1.83 lakh crore in FY-22 |website=[[The Hindu]] }}</ref> Hyderabad added two companies in unicorn startup list in first two months of 2022.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/companies/meet-hyderabads-soonicorns/articleshow/89767697.cms|title=Meet Hyderabad's Soonicorns |website=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> The IT exports from Hyderabad (Telangana) stood second in India at ₹183,569 crore (US$23 billion) in FY 2021-22 improving from previous year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/telangana8-it-exports-leap-to-rs-1-83-lakh-crore-in-2022/articleshow/91950809.cms|title=Telangana@8: IT exports leap to Rs 1.83 lakh crore in 2022| newspaper=The Times of India |date=21 May 2020 |access-date=21 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/hyderabad/it-sector-growth-telangana-export-employment-jobs-covid-wfh-7947225/ |title=Telangana flaunts 26.14% growth in IT/ITeS sector in 2021-22|access-date=2018-03-25}}</ref> The major multinational IT firms located in Hyderabad are [[Microsoft]] (the largest [[Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt Ltd|R&D campus]] outside the US), [[Google]], [[Thoughtworks]], [[CA Technologies]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], [[IBM]], [[Motorola]], [[Samsung]], [[Agilent]], [[ADP (company)|ADP]], [[Oracle Corporation]], [[Yahoo!]], [[Dell]], [[Texas Instruments]], [[Hewlett-Packard]], [[Virtusa]], Kewill, [[Facebook]] and others.<ref name="center for good governance Hyderabad">{{cite web|title=Survey of child labour in slums of Hyderabad: final report |url=http://www.cgg.gov.in/publicationdownloads/Survey%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20slums%20of%20Hyderabad.pdf |publisher=Center for Good Governance, Hyderabad |date=17 December 2008|accessdate=16 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120629112955/http://cgg.gov.in/publicationdownloads/Survey%20of%20Child%20Labour%20in%20slums%20of%20Hyderabad.pdf |archivedate=29 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Tour Google India|url=https://money.cnn.com/2007/10/18/news/international/google_india.fortune/index.htm|publisher=[[CNN]]|date=23 October 2007|accessdate=5 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The top five cities|url=http://businesstoday.intoday.in/story/the-top-five-cities/0/4265.html|newspaper=[[Business Today (business magazine)|Business Today]]|date=27 August 2011|accessdate=9 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Our office locations|url=http://careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/in/offices.aspx|work=[[Microsoft]]|year=2011|accessdate=9 September 2011|archive-date=2 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902080539/http://careers.microsoft.com/careers/en/in/offices.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> The major Indian firms with development centres in the city are [[Tech Mahindra]], [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], [[Cognizant]], [[Recykal]], [[Tata Consultancy Services]], Polaris, and others.<ref name="center for good governance Hyderabad"/> The main areas where such IT and ITeS campuses have been set up are [[Madhapur]], [[Gachibowli]], [[Kondapur]] and [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New security for Hyd software firms|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/hyderabad/New-security-for-Hyd-software-firms/articleshow/2218709.cms|date=20 July 2007|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|access-date=15 September 2011|archive-date=4 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111204151945/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-07-20/hyderabad/27984205_1_check-posts-software-companies-control-centre|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Google offices –company|url=https://www.google.com/about/company/facts/locations/|work=[[Google]]|year=2004|accessdate=17 May 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad's software hub shines brightly|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-22/hyderabad/31086326_1_rentals-rise-office-space-rental-growth|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103082113/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-02-22/hyderabad/31086326_1_rentals-rise-office-space-rental-growth|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|date=22 February 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=22 April 2012}}</ref> [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] announced the opening of a new office in Hyderabad that will focus on development of its Maps product.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/apple-tim-cook-india-visit-maps-office-centre-hyderabad-2808203/|title=Apple opens Development Office for Maps in Hyderabad|date=2016-05-19|website=The Indian Express|access-date=2016-05-19}}</ref>

===Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR)===
The ''Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR), Hyderabad'' is an upcoming IT investment region jointly being developed by the [[government of India]] and [[Government of Telangana]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Centre approves ITIR project in Hyderabad|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/andhra-pradesh/article3875030.ece|work=The Hindu}}</ref> The union government has given in-principle approval on Sept 8th, 2012 for the Information Technology Investment Region (ITIR) for development of self-contained integrated knowledge clusters for growth of IT and electronic hardware manufacturing in 50,000 acres in and around [[Hyderabad]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Hyderabad to get 50,000-acre IT hub|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-08/infrastructure/33696185_1_information-technology-investment-region-itir-special-economic-zones|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103202841/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-08/infrastructure/33696185_1_information-technology-investment-region-itir-special-economic-zones|url-status=dead|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=2013-01-03}}</ref> The project which is modeled along the lines of [[Shenzhen]] SEZ in China, is aimed at attracting an investment of Rs 2.19 trillion ($44 billion) in the IT, ITES and electronics sectors and providing direct employment to 1.5 million people.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

Under the mega project, special economic zones (SEZs), industrial parks, free trade zones, warehousing zones and export-oriented units would come up in three corridors around the city which includes the areas [[Madhapur]], [[Gachibowli]], [[Uppal Kalan|Uppal]], Mamidipalli, Raviryal, [[Adibatla]] and Maheswaram, and [[Pocharam, Medchal-Malkajgiri district|Pocharam]]. The Indian government proposed to develop the infrastructure for ITIR at an estimated cost of over Rs 2.19 lakh crore.<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 September 2013 |title=Centre clears IT investment region for Hyderabad |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/centre-clears-it-investment-region-for-hyderabad-113092000837_1.html |access-date=22 September 2024 |website=Business Standard}}</ref>

On 20 September 2013 the central government gave the official approval for the ITIR project<ref>{{cite news|title=Hyderabad IT investment region in 50k acres|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article603430.ece|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055627/http://newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/article603430.ece|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 September 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express}}</ref>

In April 2016, the central government informed Telangana state government that it would revise the entire plan. This, according to sources, may lead to the delay in the estimated investments of Rs 3 lakh crore and creation of nearly 60 lakh jobs. No explanation was given as why such a revision was required.{{Citation needed|date=February 2022}}

==Automobiles==
{{Main|Automotive industry in Hyderabad}}
In 1942, [[Hyderabad Allwyn]] was established in Hyderabad as city's first auto-components manufacturing and assembling unit. The cities strategic geographical location had attracted national and multinational companies to start up there operations, manufacturing, research and development centers in and around the city, transforming Hyderabad into emerging hub of the automobile industry that includes the [[electric vehicle]] industry.<ref>{{cite book |title= Journal of the Institute of Public Enterprise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGXtAAAAMAAJ|volume=15|year=1992|publisher=[[Institute of Public Enterprise]], [[Osmania University]]|location= Hyderabad|accessdate=27 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=US-based EV company Triton to set up ₹2,100 Cr- manufacturing facility in Telangana|url=https://www.livemint.com/auto-news/usbased-ev-company-triton-to-set-up-rs-2-100-cr-manufacturing-facility-in-telangana-11624706705549.html|date=26 June 2021|accessdate=27 June 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Telangana emerging as automobile hub|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/telangana-emerging-as-automobile-hub/article23247160.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=14 March 2018|access-date=22 June 2021}}</ref>

In present times, the Hyderabad economic zone houses national and multinational companies such as; [[Hyundai Motor Company|Hyundai]], [[Hyderabad Allwyn]], [[Praga Tools]], [[HMT (company)|HMT Bearings]], [[Ordnance Factory Medak]], [[Tata Advanced Systems|Tata Boeing Aerospace]], Deccan Auto and [[Mahindra & Mahindra]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Automobile|url=https://invest.telangana.gov.in/automobiles/|work=[[Government of Telangana]]|year=2021|accessdate=28 June 2021}}</ref> [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles]], [[Maruti Suzuki]] and [[Triton Energy]] will invest in Hyderabad.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Fiat Chrysler setting up $150 million global digital hub in Hyderabad|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Hyderabad/fiat-chrysler-setting-up-150-million-global-digital-hub-in-hyderabad/article33343983.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|last=Kumar|first=N. Ravi|date=16 December 2020|access-date=27 June 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Hyderabad}}
*[[:Category:Companies based in Hyderabad, India]]
*[[Christian Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]
*[[Economy of Bangalore]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* {{Commons category-inline|Economy of Hyderabad, India}}

[[Category:Economy of Telangana]]
[[Category:Economy of Hyderabad, India]]

Sri Muktsar Sahib

2026-03-20T17:09:53Z

MaxieMorales00: brief added structure as per guidelines also and improved wording

{{About|the city|the namesake district|Sri Muktsar Sahib district}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Sri Muktsar Sahib
| native_name = {{nativename|pa|Srī Muktsar Sāhib}}
| native_name_lang = pa
| settlement_type = City
| official_name = Sri Muktsar Sahib
| other_name = Muktsar
| etymology =
| nickname = Muktsar
| motto =
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage
| photo1a = Gurudwara Tooti Gandi Sahib, Sri Muktsar Sahib.jpg
| size = 260
}}
| imagesize =
| image_caption = Gurdwara Tutti Gandi Sahib, Sri Muktsar Sahib
| image_flag =
| image_seal =
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Punjab#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Sri Muktsar Sahib in Punjab
| pushpin_label = Sri Muktsar Sahib
| coordinates = {{coord|30.29|N|74.31|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = India
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[District]]
| subdivision_name2 =
| established_title = Settled
| established_date =
| established_title2 = [[Municipal council|Incorporated]]
| established_date2 =
| established_title3 =
| established_date3 =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body = Municipal council of Sri Muktsar Sahib
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| unit_pref = US
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_sq_mi = 12.66
| area_total_km2 = 32.80
| area_land_sq_mi =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_sq_mi =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_urban_sq_mi =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_sq_mi =
| area_metro_km2 =
| area_footnotes =
| elevation_ft = 648.52
| elevation_m = 197.67
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_max_footnotes =
| elevation_min_footnotes =
| elevation_max_m =
| elevation_max_ft =
| elevation_min_m =
| elevation_min_ft =
| population_total = 117,085
| population_as_of = [[2011 census of India|'''2011''']]
| population_est =
| pop_est_as_of =
| population_rank = 14th largest city in Punjab
| population_note =
| population_footnotes =
| population_Urban =
| population_metro =
| population_density_sq_mi =
| population_density_km2 =
| population_demonym = Muktsari
| demographics_type1 =
| timezone = [[Indian Standard Time]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 152026
| area_code_type = Landline telephone area code
| area_code = 01633
| registration_plate = PB-30
| website = {{URL|muktsar.nic.in}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Sri Muktsar Sahib''' ({{IPAc-en|ʃ|r|iː|_|ˈ|m|ʊ|k|t|s|ər|_|ˈ|s|aː|h|ɪ|b}} {{respell|shree|_|MUUKT|sər|_|SAH|hib}}), often referred to as simply '''Muktsar''', is a historical city and district headquarters in [[Punjab, India]]. The [[2011 census of India]] put the total population of Sri Muktsar Sahib [[municipality]] at 117,085,<ref name=1lakh>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above, Census 2011|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf}}</ref> making it the 14th largest city of Punjab, in terms of population. The second Guru of the Sikhs, [[Guru Angad]] (Nanak II) was born in the village Matte-di-Sarai (Sarainaga) in the same district.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sgpc.net/ten-guru-sahibs/guru-angad-sahib/|title=Sri Guru Angad Dev Ji – Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee|website=sgpc.net|accessdate=20 August 2024}}</ref> Earlier the city was called Khidrana/Khidrane di dhab, the city was named Muktsar after the [[Battle of Muktsar]] in 1705 and the district headquarters in 1995. The government officially changed the name of the city to Sri Muktsar Sahib in 2012,<ref name=namechange>{{cite news|title=Govt approves change in names of 25 towns|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Govt-approves-change-in-names-of-25-towns/articleshow/11859587.cms|access-date=5 July 2015|agency=PTI|publisher=Bennett, Coleman & Co. Ltd.|date=12 February 2012}}</ref> though the city is still primarily referred to by its unofficial name – Muktsar.

==History and etymology==

===Early history===
The modern day Sri Muktsar Sahib city was historically a semi-desert terrain named Khidrana or Khidrane de dhab, situated near a lake. Not much is known about the early history of the present area of the city. This may partly be due to the river [[Sutlej]]. The Sutlej is notorious for shifting its course, and it is stated to have flowed as far east as Sri Muktsar Sahib within historical times. While shifting its course it is said to have leveled down everything that came its way, leaving behind ruins and mounds of earth and pottery debris. The present area of Sri Muktsar Sahib is almost entirely destitute of ancient buildings and contains no places mentioned in early records. Legends connected with [[Raja Sálbán]] attach to one or two other ruined sites near Sri Muktsar Sahib such as that at Sarainaga, 10 miles (16 km) to the east of Sri Muktsar Sahib.

===Medieval history===
Rao Burar had two sons, Paur and Dhul, with the younger’s progeny having held almost the whole of the region of Sri Muktsar Sahib. Many of these Brar Jats followed the Sikh Gurus and later embraced the Sikh faith, during the times of [[Guru Gobind Singh]]. These Brar Jats under [[Kapura Singh Brar|Chaudary Kapura]] are known to have fought against the imperial Mughal armies alongside Guru Gobind Singh and the [[Chali Mukhte]].

===[[Battle of Muktsar]]===
[[File:Mai Bhago ji & 40 Soldiers during the Muktsar Battle in 1705.jpg|thumb|Mai Bhago & 40 Soldiers during the Battle of Muktsar (1705)]]
In 1705, after [[battle of Chamkaur]] against the [[Mughal Empire|Mughals]], [[Guru Gobind Singh]] started looking out for a suitable place from where he could re-group his forces and battle the Mughal forces, who were now supported by the Dogra hill chiefs. Assisted by an experienced guide of a Brar chief, the guru reached Khidrane Di Dhab where he finally decided to meet the enemy. He received news of imperial troops, at least 10,000 strong, under [[Wazir Khan (Sirhind)|Wazir Khan]], ''[[subedar]]'' of [[Sirhind-Fategarh|Sirhind]] pursuing him. Earlier, in 1704, when Guru Gobind Singh's Army was treacherously surrounded in [[Anandpur Sahib]] by the Moghul forces, supported by Dogra hill chiefs, Sikhs had run out of provisions. Some historians believe that 40 Sikhs from Majha region of Jhabal had deserted the Guru. Historians believe that the Guru asked them to write a formal declaration stating they no longer wish to fight alongside Guru Gobind Singh. However, realizing their mistake of deserting him, and under the motivation of [[Mai Bhago]], these 40 deserters came back to join the Guru's forces at Sri Muktsar Sahib. Guru Gobind Singh also sent reinforcements, though the number of Sikh soldiers is disputed. Historians like Latif have put it at 12,000, although the Sikh chroniclers say they were far fewer, some say as few as forty. They showered arrows from his strategic position on the mound, down upon the imperial army, killing a number of them. The resistance of the Sikhs became fierce. The enemy became restive for want of water. It was not possible for them to reach the lake of Khidrana. As it was semi-desert terrain and the summer heat was reaching its peak, the Guru knew of its importance and based his defenses around the water reservoir. The only water they could get was fifteen miles behind them. Thirst and oppressive heat, and the tough resistance offered by the Sikhs, compelled the Mughal army to retreat. Guru Gobind Singh won this last Mughal-Khalsa battle, which had resulted in heavy casualties. At the end of the battle, when he was looking for survivors, Mai Bhago, who was lying wounded, told him how the forty deserters had laid down their lives fighting in the battlefield. Mai Bhago recovered and remained in the Guru's presence after the battle of Sri Muktsar Sahib. When Guru Gobind Singh along with his Sikhs, was collecting the dead bodies for cremation, he found one man, named Mahan Singh, still clinging to life. On seeing the Guru, he made an effort to rise; the Guru at once took him in his embrace, and sat down with him. Mahan Singh, tearful and exhausted, requested the guru to destroy the document disclaiming his being a Sikh of the Guru. Before Mahan Singh died, Guru Gobind Singh took the document and tore it up. It is a legendary belief that this gave "''mukti''", meaning freedom, to those 40 Sikhs and hence, the city got its modern-day name Muktsar, where the word "''sar''" is derived from the word "''sarovar''", meaning reservoir, with reference to the Kidrana reservoir.

=== Post battle of Muktsar ===
[[File:Photograph of the gurdwara at Sri Muktsar Sahib, ca.1924.jpg|thumb|Photograph of the gurdwara at Sri Muktsar Sahib, ca.1924]]
In the days of the persecution of the Sikhs, Jassa Singh often took refuge in the jungles of Sri Muktsar Sahib.

The territories of Sri Muktsar Sahib, [[Kotkapura]], Mari and [[Moodkee|Mudki]] together with the [[Faridkot State]], originally formed one territory, with its capital at Kotkapura. In 1807, [[Dewan Mokham Chand]] conquered the whole of this territory from Tegh Singh, and added it to the [[Lahore]] demesne. Mohkam Chand established thanas at Sri Muktsar Sahib, Kotkapura and Mari and since that time, the villages subject to these thanas have been known as separate territories.

[[Satguru Ram Singh Ji|Ram Singh]], leader of the [[Namdhari]] sect, visited Sri Muktsar Sahib in 1861 on the occasion of [[Mela Maghi]] to deliver his message. However, the priests of Sri Muktsar Sahib Gurudwara refused to pray for Ram Singh, unless he agreed, by way of penalty for his "un-Sikh" ways, to pay the entire cost of masonry for the local tank.<ref name="pbrev2">{{cite web |title=CHAPTER II HISTORY |url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/fdigs.htm |access-date=28 June 2015 |publisher=Department of Revenue, Government of Punjab.}}</ref>

===Modern history===
[[File:Historical photograph of Darbar Sahib, Mukhtsar.jpg|thumb|Historical photograph of Darbar Sahib, Muktsar in the 1920's.]]
After India gained [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence from the British]] in August 1947, there was an aggressive exodus of the non-Muslims from [[West Punjab]] and that of Muslims from the [[East Punjab]]. A large number of refugees from the [[Bahawalpur (princely state)|Bahawalpur state]] and from [[Montgomery District|Montgomery]] and [[Lahore District|Lahore]] districts entered India through the border along the Firozpur district, of which Sri Muktsar Sahib was a part of. According to the 1951 Census, 349,767 refugees from Pakistan settled in the [[Firozpur district]] including the erstwhile Sri Muktsar Sahib and [[Moga, Punjab|Moga]] tehsils.<ref name=pbrev2/>

The Sri Muktsar Sahib city remained a tehsil of Ferozepur district from August 1947 to August 1972, and then it became a tehsil of the newly carved out district, [[Faridkot district|Faridkot]]. In November 1995, Sri Muktsar Sahib became a district city. In February 2012, the city was officially renamed to Sri Muktsar Sahib from Muktsar.<ref name=namechange/>

==Geography==
Sri Muktsar Sahib is located in the south-western part of the Punjab state in [[north India]]. The city is spread over an area of 12.66 square miles (32.80 square Km).<ref name=censushandbook>{{cite web|title=DISTRICT CENSUS HANDBOOK MUKTSAR|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/0310_PART_B_DCHB_MUKTSAR.pdf|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref> The geographical coordinates of the city are 30° 29' 0" North, and 74° 31' 0" East.<ref>{{cite web|title=Muktsar Map – Satellite Images of Muktsar|url=http://www.maplandia.com/india/punjab/firozpur/muktsar/|publisher=Maplandia.com|access-date=8 July 2015}}</ref> Nearby cities include [[Bathinda]] 33 miles (53 km) to the south east, Ferozepur 32 miles (52 km) to the north, Faridkot 31 miles (50 km ) to the north east and [[Abohar]] 35 miles (56 km) to the south west.<ref name=map>{{cite web|title=Punjab Map|url=http://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/punjab/|publisher=mapsofindia.com|access-date=5 July 2015}}</ref> The state capital, [[Chandigarh]], lies 249 km (155 miles) east to Sri Muktsar Sahib.<ref name=map/> The city of [[Ludhiana]] is 92 miles (148 km) and [[Amritsar]] lies 104 miles (167 km) away. The Indian capital, [[New Delhi]], lies 247 miles (398 km) south east to Sri Muktsar Sahib.

===Topography===
The average land elevation of the city is 648.52 feet (197.67 metres) above sea level. [[Lithologically]], Sri Muktsar Sahib is a part of the vast [[Indo-Gangetic Plain|Indo-Gangetic]] [[alluvial plain]], composed of alternate bands of sands, silt and clay with pebbles. Sandy plains, sand dunes and topographic depressions are the common landforms.<ref name=agri/>

===Pedology===
The soil of Sri Muktsar Sahib varies from [[sand]]y to [[loam]] in texture, and is low in [[Soil carbon|organic carbon]], [[Phosphorus cycle|phosphorus]], [[Zinc deficiency|zinc]] and other micro nutrients, but high in [[potassium]]. The salt affected soil of Sri Muktsar Sahib has been categorized as [[sodic soil]] and saline sodic soil.<ref name=pbrev4>{{cite web|title=AGRICULTURE AND IRRIGATION|url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%204.htm|publisher=Punjab Revenue Department|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> The villages surrounding the city produce high yields of [[cotton]], [[wheat]], [[Paddy field|paddy]] and [[seed oil]].<ref name=agri/>

===Climate===
Climatically, the [[Western Himalaya]] in the north and the [[Thar Desert]] in the south and south-west mainly influence the climatic conditions. Since the city lies far away from the [[Sivalik Hills]], and any of the major rivers, it experiences an extreme climate situation.<ref name=agri>{{cite web|title=DISTRICT AS A GLANCE|url=http://agripb.gov.in/districts/muktsar/pdf/DISTRICT%20AS%20A%20GLANCE.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Agriculture, Government of Punjab|access-date=9 July 2015}}</ref> Summers are extremely hot, and winters very cold. The city experiences four distinct seasons – spring (February – March), summer (April – August), fall/autumn (September – October) and winter (November – January), along with the [[monsoon]] season setting in towards the later half of the summer. Summers, from early April to mid October, are typically very hot and humid, with an average daily June high temperature of 104 °F (40 °C). The season experiences heat indices easily breaking 110 °F (43 °C). Winters are very cold and foggy with few sunny days, and with a December daytime average of 37.4 °F (3 °C). The [[Western Disturbance]] brings some rain in winters that further adds to the chill. Spring and autumn are mild and pleasant seasons with low humidity. The monsoon season usually starts in the first week of July and continues till August. Thunderstorms are not uncommon during the Monsoon. The mean annual rainfall fluctuates around 397.7 mm. Rainfall in 2023 being 385.7mm, around 3% lower than normal. About 75 per cent of the annual rainfall in the city is received during the monsoon season.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indiawris.gov.in/wris/#/rainfall|title=India-WRIS|website=indiawris.gov.in|accessdate=20 August 2024}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Languages spoken in Sri Muktsar Sahib (2011)
|label1 = [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] |value1 = 84.54 |color1 = pink
|label2 = [[Hindi]] |value2 = 14.76 |color2 = orange
|label3 = Others |value3 = 0.7 |color3 = grey
}}
Sri Muktsar Sahib is the 14th most populated city of the Punjab.<ref name=1lakh/> According to the [[2011 census of India]], Sri Muktsar Sahib urban city has a population of 117,085, of which males constitute 61,725 (52.87%) and females 55,022 (46.99%). The total number of households in the city is 23,644. The population under the age of 6 is recorded as 13,981, of which 7,646 are males and 6,335 females. The total number of literates in the city are 78,606, with 44,089 males and 34,517 females. 36,084 people work full-time in the city, of which a majority of them are males, constituting at 31,081 (86.14%) and only 5,003 (13.86%) females. The number of marginal workers is 4,213. The number of non-workers in Sri Muktsar Sahib is 76,450. The city has a [[Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes|Scheduled Caste]] population of 38,381, of which 20,118 are males and 18,263 females<ref name=censushandbook/><ref name=census2>{{cite web|title=Punjab (03)Muktsar (044)Muktsar(00241)Muktsar (M Cl)(800217)Muktsar (M Cl)TOWN|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=41272|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India, New Delhi|access-date=10 July 2015}}</ref>

===Religion===
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in Sri Muktsar Sahib City
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Punjab|Hinduism]]|Orange|55.56}}
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|darkkhaki|42.77}}
{{bar percent|[[Islam in Punjab|Islam]]|green|1.09}}
{{bar percent|[[Christianity in Punjab, India|Christianity]]|dodgerblue|0.34}}
{{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.24}}
}}
The predominant religions among the city's population are [[Sikhism]] and [[Hinduism]]; Sri Muktsar Sahib also has a few adherents of [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], [[Islam]] and [[Christianity]]. The [[Muslims|Muslim]] population represents only 1.09% of the city's population.<ref>{{Cite web |last=pwasim786 |date=2021-02-27 |title=Muslim Population in Major Cities of Punjab |url=http://muslim-census.com/2021/02/muslim-population-in-major-cities-of-punjab/ |access-date=2022-07-07 |website=Muslim Census |language=en-US}}</ref>

The table below shows the population of different religious groups in Sri Muktsar Sahib city, as of 2011 census.

{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Population by religious groups in Sri Muktsar Sahib city, 2011 census<ref>https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11389, India - C-01: Population by religious community, Punjab - 2011, Muktsar (M Cl)</ref>
!Religion!!Total!!Female!!Male
|-
|Hindu||64,865||30,399||34,466
|-
|Sikh||49,934||23,713||26,221
|-
|Muslim||1,267||571||696
|-
|Christian||398||200||198
|-
|Jain||150||72||78
|-
|Buddhist||79||38||41
|-
|Other religions||9||6||3
|-
|Not stated||45||23||22
|-
|Total||116,747||55,022||61,725
|}

==Culture==
The contemporary lifestyle of the city is still strongly grounded in the traditional [[Punjabi culture]], though the residents have customized the modernization, retaining the elements of their original culture. People often tend to be conservative in thoughts, opinions and clothes as compared to bigger cities. Since Sri Muktsar Sahib lacks any major industry interaction or activity, it is largely not impacted by the modern cosmopolitan culture. The city has a share of troubles as small towns are low on priority list of everyone. However, the traditional Punjabi culture in Sri Muktsar Sahib is rich, emphasizing family values and respect for elders. Regional as well as national festivals – [[Lohri]], [[Holi]], [[Gurpurb]]s and [[Diwali]] – are celebrated with great fervor. [[Punjabi wedding traditions|Weddings in the city]] are an elaborate, expensive arrangement, with the rituals extending for days, accompanied with songs, music, dance, traditional dresses and food. Traditional dance forms include [[bhangra (dance)|bhangra]] and [[giddha]]. Sri Muktsar Sahib is well renowned for ''[[Punjabi Tamba and Kurta#Muktsari Kurta Pajamma|Muktsari kurta pajama]]''<ref>{{cite web|author1=Indo-Asian News Service|title=Panjab University polls: When tailors make leaders!|url=http://www.ndtv.com/chandigarh-news/panjab-university-polls-when-tailors-make-leaders-533281|website=NDTV|publisher=NDTV Convergence Limited|access-date=11 August 2015|date=1 September 2013}}</ref> and ''[[jutti|Muktsari jutti]]''.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Chaudhry|first1=Amrita|title=Muktsari jutti walks again|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/muktsari-jutti-walks-again/983921/|access-date=11 August 2015|publisher=The Indian Express ltd.|date=5 August 2012}}</ref>

===Languages and dialect===
[[Punjabi language|Punjabi]] is the main language spoken in the city, and is typically spoken with a [[Malwai dialect]]. People also understand [[Hindi]], though it is spoken with a Punjabi accent. [[Rajasthani languages|Rajasthani]] is another dialect spoken in the city because of its proximity to the State of Rajasthan. Since some migrants from other states like [[Uttar Pradesh]] and [[Bihar]] come to Sri Muktsar Sahib for manual unskilled jobs, the number of Hindi speakers has increased. A small segment of the city's population can comprehend English.

===Cuisine===
[[Wheat]], in the form of [[roti]]s and [[paratha]]s, forms the staple food of the city, which is eaten with cooked vegetables or [[legume]]s, usually in a spicy curry, using [[cooking oil]]. The common vegetables include [[potato]], [[cauliflower]], [[eggplant]], [[okra]] and [[carrot]]. The popular legumes often cooked in the form of curry are [[lentil]], [[chickpea]], [[pigeon pea]], [[Vigna mungo|black gram]], [[pea]]s and [[bean]]s.<ref name="ICRISAT">{{cite web|last1=Ali|first1=M|last2=Joshi|first2=PK|last3=Pande|first3=S|last4=Asokan|first4=M|last5=Virmani|first5=SM|last6=Kumar|first6=Ravi|last7=Kandpal|first7=BK|title=Legumes in the Indo-Gangetic Plain of India|url=http://oar.icrisat.org/3464/1/LegumesInTheIndo-GangeticPlain35-70.pdf|publisher=ICRISAT|access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> [[Rice]] and [[dairy product]]s are also an important component of the local food. [[Paneer]] – milk solids pressed under a weight and cut into cubes – is an expensive dairy food, eaten as curry with peas or other vegetables. The food is often supplemented by dairy products, such as [[yogurt]] or [[clarified butter]], [[chutney]]s, [[Pickles in India and Pakistan|pickles]], [[Papadum|papad]]<ref name=booksen>{{cite book|last1=Sen|first1=Colleen Taylor|title=Food Culture in India|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|page=95,82}}</ref> [[onion]], [[cucumber]]s or [[tomato]]es. The local cuisine is well classified into two categories: [[Vegetarianism|vegetarian]] and [[non-vegetarian]]. However, [[meat]] is expensive, so most people cannot afford to eat meat or [[Fish as food|fish]] everyday, and even affluent people eat relatively little meat by western standards.<ref name=booksen/> Western style breakfast of [[Toast (food)|toast]], [[egg]]s, or prepared [[breakfast cereal]]s<ref name=booksen/> is gaining popularity in the city compared to traditional [[Punjabi cuisine]]. The most popular method of cooking is using [[Liquefied petroleum gas|LPG]] [[gas stove]]s and traditionally, the household cooking is done mostly by women.

The city has many restaurants that serve the local cuisine, [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese food]], [[South Indian cuisine|South Indian food]], [[fast food]], [[pizza]] and [[ice cream]]. [[Masala chai|Chai]], [[samosa]], [[golgappa]], [[dahi bhalla]], [[aloo tikki]], [[pakora]], [[chow mein]] and [[kulcha]] are cheap fast-selling items here, that are sold by both unlicensed and licensed food vendors, including mobile vendors, though the hygiene of the food is sometimes questionable. [[Hamburger|Burgers]] have managed to creep in as a cheap street fare, though it is very different from a typical American burger. Sri Muktsar Sahib does not have any significant presence of a major international food chain store or a fine dining restaurant.

===Entertainment and performing arts===
Entertainment avenues are virtually non-existent in Sri Muktsar Sahib. The city is not exposed to western culture of [[nightclub]]s, [[Bar (establishment)|pub]]s or [[Bar (establishment)|clubs]]. In July 2015, the first [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex]] was opened in Sri Muktsar Sahib with 3 screens and 590 seats, this cinema is being run as a franchise from [[SRS Cinemas]] by Rajpal theater.<ref>{{cite news|title=SRS opens its third cinema through franchise model|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/srs-opens-its-third-cinema-through-franchise-model-115071700527_1.html|access-date=3 August 2015|agency=Capital Market – Live News|work=Business Standard|date=17 July 2015}}</ref> There are no [[museum]]s or [[performing arts center]]s in the city.

===Parks===
The major park in the city is Guru Gobind Singh Park, which has a sidewalk in a circular loop, that can be used for jogging. Mai Bhago park, located just behind Guru Gobind Singh Park, is a [[war memorial]] as a reminiscence for the battle of Sri Muktsar Sahib in the memory of Mai Bhago and 40 Muktas. However, the park is ill-maintained.<ref name=10yrs>{{cite news|last1=Watts|first1=Archit|title=10 yrs on, memorial yet to be built in Muktsar|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/10-yrs-on-memorial-yet-to-be-built-in-muktsar/77198.html|access-date=13 July 2015|agency=Tribune News Service|publisher=The Tribune Trust,2015|date=6 May 2015}}</ref> The city has another small park in the Mukt-e-minar complex, which houses the world's tallest [[Khanda (Sikh symbol)|khanda]]. It is located along the District Administrative Complex.<ref name="Muktsar memorial faces neglect">{{cite web|title=Muktsar memorial faces neglect|url=http://www.sikhnugget.com/2012/03/muktsar-memorial-faces-neglect.html|publisher=THE SIKH NUGGET.|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

==Economy==
The city is virtually non-industrialized, lacking any significant industrial unit or factory. Before [[Indian independence movement|independence]], Sri Muktsar Sahib only had a few units producing small hand-held agricultural tools. Today, the only large scale industry near the city is Satia Paper Mills Limited,<ref name=srionline>{{cite web|title=Industries of Sri Muktsar Sahib|url=http://www.srimuktsarsahibonline.com/industries-of-sri-muktsar-sahib/|publisher=Sri Muktsar Sahib Online Group|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> which is located about 7 km from the city center in Rupana village. The city has well-defined [[trade unions]] for most of the professions. The paper & card board workers union was officially registered in Sri Muktsar Sahib in February 1986, the plumber union and also the [[cycle rickshaw]] puller union in September 1996 and ''mistri mazdoor'' (general manual labor) union in June 1998.<ref name=srionline/>

Sri Muktsar Sahib have SBD [[shopping mall]] and the retail industry is largely unorganized. Though major retail chains have opened stores in Sri Muktsar Sahib - Vishal Mega Mart, [[More (store)|More]], [[Reliance Retail|Reliance Smart]] and three [[Reliance Retail|Smart Point]] stores, the local population typically buys [[Fast-moving consumer goods|FMCG goods]], groceries, fresh produce like vegetables, eggs, milk and meat from small unorganized retail vendors, including small shops and unlicensed mobile vendors, rather than from organized retail stores.

==Law and government==

===Local self government===
The city is based on a [[municipal council]] form of government<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref> The Municipal Council is an institution which acts within the frame work set up<ref>{{cite web|title=District Administration|url=http://muktsar.nic.in/html/district_administration.htm#org|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Punjab State Unit, Chandigarh; Sri Muktsar Sahib District Administration|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref> by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Punjab Government]] and draws its powers from legislative enactment. It is managed by persons elected from among the public. In many respects, these institutions are independent but work under the oversight of the Punjab Government. The sources of income of the municipality include [[Property tax|house tax]], [[Toll road|toll tax]], water and sewerage rate, license fee, [[Impact fee|building fee]], [[Professional Tax|professional tax]], [[entertainment tax]], [[Sin tax|liquor tax]] and some minor taxes. The Sri Muktsar Sahib municipality was constituted in April 1876 by the [[British Raj]]. The civic amenities provided by the municipal council include [[water supply]], [[street light]]s, [[drainage]], brick pavement of streets, cleanliness of the town and [[Sewage collection and disposal|disposal of refuse]]. The municipal council maintains 28 miles (45 km) of roads. About 75 per cent of the town has [[sewerage]] facilities. Street lights have been installed in about 90 per cent of the town. The municipal council runs a [[public library]] and a reading room. It also maintains two parks.<ref>{{cite web|title=CHAPTER XIV LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT|url=http://punjabrevenue.nic.in/muktsar/Chapter%2014.htm|publisher=Punjab Revenue Department|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>

===Administration===
The city's administration is managed by a Civil Sub Divisional Officer, reporting to the [[District collector|deputy commissioner]] of the Sri Muktsar Sahib district. This position is responsible for co-ordinating the work of departments, the development activities, the revenue administration and the law and order of the city. Also, this position responds to the grievances of the public and attends to the problems arising out of natural calamities. The job profile for this position is also to act as the assistant collector under the Punjab Land Revenue Act and Punjab Tenancy Act. The profile is the appellate authority in cases decided by the subordinate revenue officers. A [[Sub-Divisional Magistrate]] placed by the State Government is the Executive Magistrate of Sri Muktsar Sahib, who reports to the District Magistrate and is responsible for the maintenance of law and order within the limits of local jurisdiction, and also hears court cases. The other administrative positions include ''[[tehsildar]]'', ''naib tehsildar'', ''kanungo'' and ''[[Village accountant#Patwari|patwari]]''.

===Police===
The law and order situation of Sri Muktsar Sahib is directly managed by the [[Deputy superintendent|Deputy Superintendent of Police]], also known as Assistant Commissioner of Police and is an officer of [[Indian Police Service]] cadre, who reports to the Senior Superintendent of the District Sri Muktsar Sahib Police. Sri Muktsar Sahib police, which forms a part of [[Punjab Police (India)|Punjab Police]], functions from two police stations: Police Station – City and Police Station – ''Sadar''.<ref>{{cite web|title=Organisation Diagram|url=http://srimuktsarsahibpolice.in/org_diagram.php|publisher=Sri Muktsar Sahib Police|access-date=26 July 2015}}</ref>

==Places of interest==

===Gurudwaras===
[[File:Gurudwara Tibbi Sahib, Sri Muktsar Sahib.jpg|thumb|Gurdwara Tibbi Sahib, Sri Muktsar Sahib]]
The main [[gurdwara|gurudwara]] in Sri Muktsar Sahib is Gurudwara Tuti Gandi Sahib, which was built by the first Sikh residents of the city that settled in the city after 1743. The gurudwara has a large [[holy pool]], and the [[Darbar Sahib Hall|darbar sahib]] is located on the western bank of the pool. The building has been renovated several times. The holy shrine was built in the memory of the 40 ''muktas'' who died fighting for the 10th Sikh guru, Guru Gobind Singh.<ref name=hg>{{cite web|title=Gurudwara Shri Tuti Gandi Sahib, Mukatsar|url=http://www.historicalgurudwaras.com/India/Punjab/Mukatsar/GurudwaraShritutigandisahib/gallery.php|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref> ''Tuti gandi'', which literally translated means "broken ties", which is referred to Guru Gobind Singh nullifying the document that he was no longer the Guru of the 40 Sikhs, in the context of the battle of Sri Muktsar Sahib. Though the gurudwara attracts several visitors a day, there is a massive devotee footfall on [[Mela Maghi]], celebrated on 13 January every year. The gurudwara also celebrates other religious occasions like the birthdays of [[Guru Nanak Dev]], Guru Gobind Singh and the martyrdom of [[Guru Arjun Dev]] and [[Diwali]], when the gurudwara is often illuminated. Shri Kalgidhar Niwas with forty rooms is available here for the devotees to stay during their visit.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}} In the same premises, near the southeastern corner of the pool, is Gurudwara Tambu Sahib,<ref name=hg/> which was built by Maharaja Mohinder Singh of Patiala.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} 50 metres away from the sarovar lies the Gurudwara Shahidganj Sahib. Built by Raja Wazir Singh of Faridkot, it is believed that it was here that Guru Gobind Singh cremated the bodies of the martyrs.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}
Gurudwara Tibbi Sahib is also associated with the battle of Sri Muktsar Sahib. It was this strategic spot that the guru chose to get a good view of the area, as that spot was located on a small hill, or a ''tibbi'' as called in Punjabi{{citation needed|date=April 2018}}

Located around 200 meters east of Gurudwara Tibbi Sahib, is the Gurudwara Rakabsar Sahib, where, according to Sikh chronicles, the stirrup, or ''rakab'' in Punjabi, of Guru Gobind Singh's horse snapped.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gurudwara Sri Rakabsar Sahib, Muktsar|url=http://www.worldgurudwaras.com/historical-gurudwaras/india/punjab/muktsar/gurudwara-sri-rakabsar-sahib-muktsar|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>
Another gurudwara associated with Guru Gobind Singh in Sri Muktsar Sahib is Gurudwara Sri Datansar Sahib, where he killed a Muslim enemy, when he was attacked while brushing his teeth with a ''datan'', a traditional Indian toothbrush.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gurudwara Sri Datansar Sahib, Muktsar|url=http://www.worldgurudwaras.com/historical-gurudwaras/india/punjab/muktsar/gurudwara-sri-datansar-sahib-muktsar|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>
Gurudwara Taran Taran Sahib, located on Sri Muktsar Sahib-[[Bathinda]] road, is also associated with Guru Gobind Singh, where he halted while moving towards Rupana, after winning the battle of Sri Muktsar Sahib.<ref>{{cite web|title=Gurudwara Sri Tarantaarn Sahib, Muktsar|url=http://www.worldgurudwaras.com/historical-gurudwaras/india/punjab/muktsar/gurudwara-sri-tarantaarn-sahib-muktsar|access-date=14 July 2015}}</ref>

===Hindu temples===
The city has [[Hindu temple]]s, the prominent ones include Durga Mandir,<ref>{{cite web|title=Durga Mandir, Muktsar|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/Punjab/muktsar-attractions/Durga-Mandir.aspx|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Shiv Mandir and Mahadev Mandir.<ref>{{cite web|title=List Of :Temples|url=http://srimuktsarsahibpolice.in/display.php?id=120|publisher=Sri Muktsar Sahib Police|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>

===Mosque===
The city has a historical [[mosque]] called Jamia Masjid. Also known as ''Angooran wali maseet'',<ref>{{cite web|title=Places of Interest|url=http://muktsar.nic.in/html/places_to_visit.htm|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Punjab State Unit, Chandigarh and Sri Muktsar Sahib District Administration|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> it was built in November 1894 by Nawab Maulvi Razav Ali Mian Badruddin Shah. It features minarets and domes.<ref>{{cite web|title=About Jama Masjid Information-Muktsar|url=http://www.hoparoundindia.com/punjab/muktsar-attractions/jama-masjid.aspx|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref>

=== Church ===
Little Flower Catholic Church in Adarsh Nagar.

=== Jain temple ===
Digamber Jain temple is located in Rambara Bazaar.

===Mela Maghi===
An annual event celebrated in the month of January every year, the mela is organized as a tribute to the 40 Sikhs who died fighting for Guru Gobind Singh<ref>{{cite web|title=Muktsar|url=http://www.punjabizm.com/viewDistrict.php?distId=15|publisher=punjabizm.com & kosey chanan sathh|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> in the battle of Sri Muktsar Sahib in 1705. Though the mela extends for more than a fortnight, the main event is held on 14 January, a day after Lohri, and is considered as one of the most important of all religious gatherings of the Sikhs.<ref>{{cite web|title=Maghi Mela begins|url=http://www.dayandnightnews.com/2012/01/maghi-mela-begins/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117005215/http://www.dayandnightnews.com/2012/01/maghi-mela-begins/|url-status=usurped|archive-date=17 January 2012|publisher=Kansan News Private Limited.|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> Sikhs consider it to be a pious occasion to take a dip in the holy pond of the Sri Muktsar Sahib gurdwaras on that day.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Bedi|first1=Aneesha|last2=Kaur|first2=Usmeet|title=There's more to Maghi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/there-s-more-to-maghi/article1-1306675.aspx|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150124093919/http://www.hindustantimes.com/chandigarh/there-s-more-to-maghi/article1-1306675.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 January 2015|access-date=18 July 2015|agency=Hindustan Times|work=Hindustan Times|date=14 January 2015}}</ref> Despite the biting cold, devotees came in droves from Punjab and neighbouring areas, including Haryana and Rajasthan, to pay obeisance at Gurdwaras here.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sikh devotees take holy dip on 'Maghi Mela'|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/sikh-devotees-take-holy-dip-on-maghi-mela/737521/|access-date=18 July 2015|agency=Agencies|publisher=The Indian Express ltd|date=14 January 2011}}</ref> Apart from the religious activities, several political parties hold rallies in the city during the mela.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sri Muktsar Sahib|url=http://punjabjudiciary.gov.in/index.php?trs=mukdist|website=punjabjudiciary.gov.in/|publisher=Punjab & Haryana High Court, Chandigarh.|access-date=18 July 2015}}</ref> The Mela celebrates the unique diversity of Punjabi tradition and culture in an ambiance representing the ethos of rural India. Several temporary stalls line the road selling a variety of wares from kirpans to kitchen-ware to refurbished clothing. A makeshift amusement park is created, which features circus, giant wheel, merry-go-round, wall of death, toy train and similar rides, along with food stalls.

===Mukt-e-minar===
In May 2005, the then chief minister of Punjab, Amrinder Singh, inaugurated Mukt-e-minar, which is the world's tallest ''khanda''. An 81-foot double-edged-sword-shaped structure, it has 40 rings around it, symbolizing the 40 Sikhs that died during the battle of Sri Muktsar Sahib. The memorial was dedicated to the 300th anniversary of the last Mughal-Khalsa battle, where the Khalsa forces defeated the enemy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Remembering 40 Muktas|url=http://www.yespunjab.com/punjab/item/38701-remembering-40-muktas-mukte-minar-at-muktsar-a-complete-picture-of-government-neglect|publisher=Yespunjab.com|access-date=18 July 2015|date=17 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Official apathy turns Mukte Minar's model into junk item.|url=http://singhstation.net/official-apathy-turns-mukte-minar-s-model-into-junk-item/|publisher=SinghStation|access-date=18 July 2015|date=21 October 2014}}</ref>

==Sports==
Sri Muktsar Sahib has a stadium called Guru Gobind Singh Stadium, with the facilities for [[Sport of athletics|athletics]], [[tennis]], [[basketball]], [[association football|football]] and [[kabaddi]]. The stadium is replete with a standard 400m competitive running track. The stadium also houses a large indoor sports stadium nearby, though presently it is in a state of neglect.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Brar|first1=Raghbir Singh|title=Muktsar stadium in a state of neglect|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/bathinda/muktsar-stadium-in-a-state-of-neglect/article1-1166994.aspx|access-date=13 July 2015|agency=Hindustan Times|publisher=HT Media Limited|date=27 December 2013}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

==Education==
The city's public school system, managed by the [[Government of Punjab, India|Government of Punjab]], is administered by [[Punjab School Education Board]], through government schools. The city also has a large number of private schools affiliated with [[Central Board of Secondary Education]], [[Punjab School Education Board]] and [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations]].

Sri Muktsar Sahib has a number of colleges for higher education offering degrees in the major streams like arts, commerce, science, law and medical science. Notable colleges in Sri Muktsar Sahib include Government College, Guru Nanak College and Bhai Maha Singh College.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colleges in Muktsar|url=http://www.highereducationinindia.com/india/muktsar-institutes.php|publisher=Education in India|access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref> The city also has a Punjab University regional centre.<ref>{{cite web|title=P.U. Regional Centre – Muktsar|url=http://purcm.puchd.ac.in|publisher=Panjab University, Chandigarh.|access-date=12 July 2015}}</ref>

==Transportation==
===Buses===
The intercity buses in Sri Muktsar Sahib are operated by state-run and private bus companies. The government bus operators are [[Punjab Roadways]] and [[PEPSU Road Transport Corporation|PRTC]], which provide free travel to women residents of Punjab.<ref>{{cite web |title=Free Bus Travel for Women in Punjab |url=https://sswcd.punjab.gov.in/sites/default/files/2021-08/Free_Bus_Sewa_0.pdf |website=sswcd.punjab.gov.in |access-date=23 January 2024}}</ref> Direct buses are available linking Sri Muktsar Sahib to almost all the major cities of Punjab & adjoining states, including the state capital, Chandigarh and the national capital, New Delhi.

===Rail===
Sri Muktsar Sahib has a railway station but the city is not well-connected within the [[Indian Railways]]. Direct trains are available to Delhi, Bathinda, Ferozepur, Fazilka, and Rewari, among others. Sri Muktsar Sahib acts as a transit point with no trains originating or terminating at the city.

===Air===
The nearest airport to Sri Muktsar Sahib, located at a distance of 41 km, is [[Bathinda Airport]], which is a domestic airport. The nearest international airport is [[Sri Guru Ram Das Ji International Airport]], [[Amritsar]], situated 183 km away.

==Notable people born in Sri Muktsar Sahib city==
1. [[Gurkeerat Singh]]: Indian cricketer who plays for [[Punjab cricket team (India)|Punjab]] in domestic cricket,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/profiles/8298/gurkeerat-singh-mann |title=Gurkeerat Singh Mann |website=Crickbuzz |publisher=Cricbuzz.com |access-date=14 November 2020}}</ref> and for [[Royal Challengers Bangalore|RC Bangalore]] in [[Indian Premier League]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Gurkeerat Singh Mann IPL Profile |url=https://www.mykhel.com/cricket/players/gurkeerat-singh-mann-ipl-p5443/ |website=myKhel |publisher=One.in Digitech Media Private Limited |access-date=23 November 2020}}</ref>

2. [[Deep Sidhu]]: Was an Indian actor who used to work in Hindi and Punjabi language films.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fresh take on love |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/lifestyle/fresh-take-on-love-55273 |website=tribuneindia.com |publisher=The Tribune |access-date=14 November 2020 |date=19 March 2015}}</ref>

3. [[Ashfaq Ahmed]]: Was a writer, playwright and broadcaster based in Pakistan.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ali |first1=Mohammad |title=Ashfaq Ahmad Remembered on His 95th Birth Anniversary Today |url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/pakistan/ashfaq-ahmad-remembered-on-his-95th-birth-ann-1008379.html |access-date=14 November 2020 |publisher=UrduPoint Network |date=22 August 2020}}</ref>

4. [[Zomato|Deepinder Goyal]]: Co-founder and CEO of [[Zomato]], a multinational restaurant aggregator and food delivery company.<ref>{{cite web |title=6 Things From Zomato Founder Deepinder Goyal's Journey That Show 'Darr Ke Aage Jeet Hai' |url=https://www.mensxp.com/special-features/features/91670-zomato-founder-deepinder-goyal-inspirational-story.html |publisher=Mensxp/Times Internet Limited |access-date=12 November 2022}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Sri Muktsar Sahib| ]]
[[Category:Populated places in Punjab, India]]

Satyanath Borah

2026-03-20T13:02:22Z

MaxieMorales00: created post

{{Short description|Writer from Assam}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2017}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Satyanath Borah
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| pseudonym = Ejon Axomiya
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Guwahati]], [[Colonial Assam]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| resting_place =
| occupation =
| language = [[Assamese language|Assamese]]
| nationality = [[India]]n
| ethnicity =
| citizenship =
| education =
| alma_mater =
| period =
| genre =
| subject =
| movement =
| notableworks =
| spouse =
| partner =
| children =
| relatives =
| influences =
| influenced =
| awards =
| signature =
| signature_alt =
| website =
| portaldisp = literature
}}
'''Satyanath Borah''' (1860–1925) was an Assamese grammarian, essayist and music composer.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sHklK65TKQ0C&q=Satyanath+Bora&pg=PA520 |title=A History of Indian Literature: 1800-1910, western impact: indian response ... - Sisir Kumar Das - Google Books |access-date=2013-05-19|isbn=9788172010065 |last1=Das |first1=Sisir Kumar |year=2005 }}</ref> He wrote sometimes under the pen name of '''Ejon Asomiya'''.<ref>{{cite web |author=Poll of the Month |url=http://enajori.com/trivia-2/pen-name-with-original-name/ |title=Pen Name/Original Name |publisher=enajori.com |access-date=2013-05-19 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109024930/http://enajori.com/trivia-2/pen-name-with-original-name/ |archive-date=9 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Borah participated in India's freedom struggle and also associated with the [[Jonaki (magazine)|Jonaki]] and Usha magazine. He is the author of ''Gitawali'', a book consisting of 28 modern Assamese song.<ref>{{cite web |author=TI Trade |url=http://www.assamtribune.com/jul1709/colosseum.html |title=Assam Tribune online |publisher=Assamtribune.com |access-date=2013-05-19 |archive-date=16 June 2013 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130616090245/http://www.assamtribune.com/jul1709/colosseum.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Other literary works of Borah are ''Sarathi'' (The Guide or Charioteer, 1915), Kendra Sabha (1925), Chintakoli (Buds of thought, 1935) and ''Akash-rahasya (Mystery of the Sky)'', ''Jivanar omiya'',<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMsGmbALl5sC&q=Satyanath+Bora&pg=PA95 |title=Assamese Literature - S. N. Sharma - Google Books |access-date=2013-05-19|isbn=9783447017367 |last1=Sarma |first1=Satyendranath |year=1976 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&q=Satyanath+Bora&pg=PA1212 |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: devraj to jyoti - Google Books |access-date=2013-05-19|isbn=9788126011940 |last1=Datta |first1=Amaresh |year=1988 }}</ref> His grammatical works include '''Bohol Byakoron''', a book on the Assamese grammar.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JqYMTdBws40C&q=Satyanath+Bora&pg=PA145 |title=Current Trends in Linguistics: V. 9: Linguistics in Western Europe Pts. 1 ... - Thomas Albert Sebeok - Google Books |year=1963 |access-date=2013-05-19}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Assamese literature]]
* [[History of Assamese literature]]
* [[List of Assamese-language poets]]
* [[List of Assamese writers with their pen names]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL1750815A/Satyanath_Bora Books] at Open Library.
* [http://www.tirbhumi.com/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5-%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE-2/ Sarathi] at tirbhumi.com.
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Writers from Guwahati]]
[[Category:1860 births]]
[[Category:1925 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Kamrup Metropolitan district]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian linguists]]
[[Category:Assamese-language writers]]
[[Category:People from Assam]]
[[Category:Writers from British India]]

{{India-writer-stub}}

Kaliyattam

2026-03-19T05:37:51Z

MaxieMorales00: refined article per standard format and fixed typos based on references

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaliyattam
| image = Kaliyattam.jpg
| alt =
| caption = VCD cover
| director = [[Jayaraj]]
| producer = K. Radhakrishnan
| writer = Balram Mattannur
| screenplay =
| based_on = [[William Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Othello]]''
| narrator =
| starring = [[Suresh Gopi]] [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] [[Biju Menon]] [[Manju Warrier]]
| music = '''Songs:''' [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]] '''Score:''' C.Rajamani
| cinematography = [[M. J. Radhakrishnan]]
| editing = {{ubl|[[B. Lenin]]|[[V. T. Vijayan]]}}
| studio = Jayalakshmi Films
| distributor = Surya Cine Arts
| released = {{Film date|1997|08|22|df=yes}}
| runtime = 130 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
}}

'''''Kaliyattam''''' ({{langx|en|The Play of God}}) is a [[List of Malayalam films of 1997|1997]] Indian [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]]-language [[tragedy]] film directed by [[Jayaraj]]. It stars [[Suresh Gopi]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] (in his acting debut), [[Biju Menon]] and [[Manju Warrier]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/1997.htm|title=List of Malayalam films released during the year 1997|publisher=PRD, [[Government of Kerala]].|access-date=2009-10-07|archive-date=20 October 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101020043509/http://prd.kerala.gov.in/1997.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="malayalasangeetham.info">{{cite web|url=http://www.malayalasangeetham.info/mmdb/721.html|title=Kaliyattam [1998]|publisher=malayalasangeetham.info|access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref> The film is an [[Film adaptation|adaptation]] of [[William Shakespeare]]'s play ''[[Othello]]'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/400-years-later-shakespeare-still-remains-relevant-in-indian-cinema/article23648292.ece|title=400 years later, Shakespeare still remains relevant in Indian cinema|last=Radhakrishnan|first=Sruthi|date=2018-04-23|work=The Hindu|access-date=2018-12-07|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> set against the backdrop of the [[Theyyam]] performance of [[Kerala]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hodgdon |first1=Barbara |last2=Worthen |first2=William B. |title=A Companion to Shakespeare and Performance |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2005 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/companiontoshake0000unse_r8v5/page/130 130–131] |isbn=978-1-4051-1104-1 |series=Blackwell Companions to Literature and Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/companiontoshake0000unse_r8v5/page/130 }}</ref><ref name="BizHat.com">{{cite web|url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_kaliyattam.php|title=Kaliyattam|publisher=BizHat.com|access-date=2009-10-07|archive-date=10 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090110064022/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_kaliyattam.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jayaraj.html|title=jayaraj|publisher=cinemaofmalayalam.net|access-date=2009-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426203320/http://www.cinemaofmalayalam.net/jayaraj.html|archive-date=26 April 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/4833/|title=Monsoon moods on film|last=Sandeep|first=K. M.|date=26 June 1997|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref> The screenplay is written by Balram Mattannur. Suresh Gopi plays Kannan Perumalayan, the equivalent to [[Othello (character)|Othello]], [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] plays Paniyan, the equivalent to [[Iago]], [[Manju Warrier]] plays Thamara, the [[Desdemona]] version, and [[Biju Menon]] plays Kanthan, [[Michael Cassio|Cassio]]'s role. Suresh Gopi's role as Kannan Perumalayan was critically acclaimed.

In 1998, Suresh Gopi received the [[National Film Award (India)|National Film Award]] for [[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] and [[Kerala State Film Award]] for [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]] for his critically acclaimed performance. Jayaraj won the [[National Film Award for Best Director|Best Director Award]] for ''Kaliyattam''. The film was a critical and commercial success.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/Storyold/31673/|title=Thai Saheb bags national award for best film|date=10 May 1998|work=[[The Indian Express]]|access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/news/1998/may/09film.htm|title=Indrani Haldar, Karisma bag national awards|date=9 May 1998|work=[[Rediff.com]]|access-date=2009-10-07}}</ref>

==Plot==
This is an adaptation of [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]]'s ''[[Othello]]'', revolving around Kannan Perumalayan, a [[Theyyam]] artist who corresponds to [[Othello (character)|Othello]], and Thamara, the beautiful daughter of the village head. While Unni Thampuran hates Kannan because he had a crush on Thamara, and Paniyan, who plays a Komali, covets the role of Theechamundi which Perumalayan holds. Paniyan plants the seeds of doubt about Thamara's [[fidelity]] in Kannan's mind, making him suspect that Thamara and his assistant, Kanthan, are having an affair. Kannan spots a silk robe which he had presented to Thamara in Kanthan's hands.

Kannan, out of grief and anger, takes Thamara<nowiki>'s life by suffocating her with a pillow. On the same night, Paniyan plans to get Kanthan killed by Unni Thampuran. But the plan goes awry, and Thamburan is killed. Amidst these events, Kannan is told of his mistake by Paniyan's wife, Cheerma, before Paniyan murders her. Kannan overpowers Paniyan, crushing his legs with a stone, and leaving him to live the rest of his life crippled. Kannan Perumalayan gives the ''</nowiki>''Perumalayan<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' role to Kanthan and commits suicide in the Theyyam [[Pyre|ritual fire]].

==Cast==

* [[Suresh Gopi]] as Kannan Perumalayan ([[Othello (character)|Othello]])
* [[Manju Warrier]] as Thamara ([[Desdemona]])
* [[Lal (actor)|Lal]] as Paniyan ([[Iago]])
* [[Biju Menon]] as Kanthan ([[Michael Cassio|Cassio]])
* [[Bindu Panicker]] as Cheerma ([[Emilia (Othello)|Emilia]])
* [[Narendra Prasad]] as Thamburan ([[Brabantio]])
* E. A. Rajendran as Unni Thampuran ([[Roderigo]])

==Soundtrack==

{{Infobox album
| name = Kaliyattam
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|1997|08|22|df=yes}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaliyattam (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/kaliyattam-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/558549045 |access-date=2020-10-04 |website=[[Apple Music]] }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio = Music City, [[Kozhikode]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Audio CD Cover |url=https://i2.wp.com/mossymart.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Kaliyattam-Malayalam-Audio-Cassette-by-Ilayaraaja-www.mossymart.com_.jpg |access-date=2020-10-04 |website=Mossymart}}</ref>
| genre = [[Film soundtrack]]
| length = {{Duration|36:32}}
| label = Johny Sagariga [[T-Series (company)|T-Series]]
| producer =
| prev_title = [[Thattakam]]
| prev_year = 1997
| next_title = [[Ennu Swantham Janakikutty]]
| next_year = 1998
}}

The music and lyrics were composed and written by [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri]].
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
! Track || Song || Playback || Raga
|-

| 1
| "Vannathi Puzhayude"
| [[K. J. Yesudas]]

| [[Madhyamavathi]]<ref name='malayalasangeetham.info' />
|-

| 2
| "Velikku Veluppaankaalam"
| K. J. Yesudas

| [[Mohanam]]
|-

| 3
| "Ezhimalayolam"
| Kaithapram

|
|-

| 4

| "Sapamapa Magari"

| [[Choir]]

|
|-

| 5
| "Kathivanoor Veerane"
| Kallara Gopan

| [[Yamunakalyani]]

|-

| 6
| "Ennodenthinee Pinakkam"
| [[Bhavana Radhakrishnan]]

| Shahana
|-

| 7
| "Kathivanoor Veerane"
| Sreeja

| [[Yamunakalyani]]

|-

| 8
| "Ennodenthinee Pinakkam"
| K. J. Yesudas

| Shahana

|}

==Awards==
===[[45th National Film Awards|National Film Awards 1997]]===
* [[National Film Award for Best Director]] – [[Jayaraj]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Actor]] – [[Suresh Gopi]]

===[[Filmfare Awards South|Filmfare Awards 1997]]===
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Director - Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Director – Malayalam]] – Jayaraj
* [[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director - Malayalam|Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Malayalam]] – [[Kaithapram Damodaran Namboothiri|Kaithapram]]

===[[Kerala State Film Awards|Kerala State Film Awards 1997]]===
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor]] – Suresh Gopi
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Popular Film|Best Film with Popular Appeal and Aesthetic Value]]
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]] – Kaithapram
* [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]] – Bhavana Radhakrishnan

===Kerala Film Critics Association Awards 1997===
*Best Actor – Suresh Gopi
*Best Supporting Actor – Lal

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|0199669|Kaliyattam}}

{{Othello}}
{{Jayaraj}}
{{Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Film}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1997 films]]
[[Category:1997 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:Films based on Othello]]
[[Category:Films shot in Palakkad]]
[[Category:Films featuring a Best Actor National Award–winning performance]]
[[Category:Films scored by Kaithapram Viswanathan Namboothiri]]
[[Category:Films whose director won the Best Director National Film Award]]

Asit Mazumdar

2026-03-18T08:59:57Z

MaxieMorales00: adjusted lead further and improved wording for consistency

{{short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Asit Mazumdar অসিত মজুমদার
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1958|11|14}}
| birth_place = [[Serampore]], [[West Bengal]]
| residence = Progoti nagar,Chuchura, Hooghly 712101
| death_date =
| death_place =
| office1 = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| constituency1 = [[Chunchura Assembly constituency|Chunchura]]
| term_start1 = 2011
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = Naren Dey
| successor1 =
| office2 = Vice Chairperson of [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]]
| term_start2 = 2016
| term_end2 = 2021
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| office3 = Vice President of Hooghly District [[Trinamool Congress]]
| term_start3 = 8 November 2020
| term_end3 =
| president3 = Dilip Yadav
[[Snehasis Chakraborty]]
[[Arindam Guin]]
| predecessor3 = Suma Mukherjee
| party = [[Trinamool Congress]]
| alma_mater = Advocate
| spouse = Lily Majumder
| children = 1
}}
'''Asit Mazumdar''' is an Indian politician. He was elected as [[Chunchura (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|MLA of Chunchura Vidhan Sabha Constituency]] in [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] in 2011, 2016 and 2021.<ref>[http://myneta.info/westbengal2011/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default List of Winners in West Bengal 2011]</ref><ref>[http://myneta.info/westbengal2016/index.php?action=show_winners&sort=default List of Winners in West Bengal 2016]</ref> He is a [[Trinamool Congress]] politician. He is currently serving Vice Chairman of [[South Bengal State Transport Corporation]] and Vice President of Hooghly District [[Trinamool Congress]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumdar, Asit}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Trinamool Congress politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2011–2016]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2016–2021]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:Politicians from Hooghly district]]

{{India-politician-stub}}

Eidgah

2026-03-15T21:11:05Z

MaxieMorales00:

{{Short description|South Asian term for an open-air Eid prayer enclosure}}
{{redirect|Idgah}}
[[File:Qiblah of Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah with prayer space.jpg|thumb|250px|right|[[Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah]] [[Dhaka]], [[Bangladesh]]]]
[[File:Sholakia Eidgah Maidan 05.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Sholakia Eidgah]], [[Kishoreganj District|Kishoreganj]], the largest Eidgah in terms of congregation in Bangladesh]]
[[File:Eidgah_mosque.jpg|250px|right|thumb|[[Shahi Eid Gah Mosque]], [[Multan]], Pakistan]]

'''Eidgah''' or '''Idgah''', also '''Eid Gah''' or '''Id Gah''' ({{langx|fa|{{Nastaliq|عیدگاه}}}} "site of Eid [observances]"; {{langx|bn|ঈদগাহ}}; {{langx|pnb|{{Nastaliq|عید گاہ}}}}; {{langx|ur|{{Nastaliq|عید گاہ}}}}; {{langx|hi|ईदगाह}}) is a term used in [[Islam in South Asia|South Asian Islamic culture]] for the open-air enclosure usually outside the city (or at the outskirts) reserved for [[Eid prayers]] offered in the morning of [[Eid al-Fitr]] and [[Eid al-Adha]]. It is usually a public place that is not used for prayers at other times of the year.<ref>{{cite news |title= Special prayers in Idgah seeking divine blessings, eternal peace|url= http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/10/stories/2010091057440200.htm|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100919193933/http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/10/stories/2010091057440200.htm|url-status= dead|archive-date= 19 September 2010|newspaper= [[The Hindu]]|date= 2010-09-10|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref> On the day of Eid, the first thing Muslims do in the morning is gather usually at a large open ground and offer special prayers,<ref>{{cite news |title= Traffic curbs on Eid|url= http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/idgah|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131216184727/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/keyword/idgah|url-status= dead|archive-date= 16 December 2013|newspaper= [[The Times of India]]|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Traffic restrictions imposed for Eid prayers|url= http://www.siasat.com/english/news/traffic-restrictions-imposed-eid-prayers|newspaper= Siasat Daily|access-date=9 February 2012}}</ref> in accordance with the [[Sunnah]] (traditions of [[Muhammad]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.islamsa.org.za/library/eidgah.html|title=Eidgah|website=islamsa.org.za|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221222219/http://www.islamsa.org.za/library/eidgah.html|archive-date=21 December 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> Although Eidgah traditionally denotes the site of Eid prayers, the term may also be applied to a ''[[musalla]]'', the open space outside a mosque, or other open grounds where Eid prayers are performed, due to the lack of a specific Islamic term for a site of Eid observance. The Eidgah is mentioned in the famous [[Bengali language|Bengali]] poem by [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], [[O Mon Romzaner Oi Rozar Sheshe]].

==Prescriptions in the Sharia==

The first "Eidgah" was located at the outskirts of [[Medina]] nearly 1,000 footsteps from [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|Masjid al Nabawi]].<ref>(Mariful Hadîth, Vol. 3, P.399)</ref>, There are several [[Fatwa|scholarly opinions]] regarding praying at Eidgahs, prescribing it in the [[Sharia]] (Islamic law):
*Complying with the Sunnah, performing of the Eid Salah at the outskirts of the town is better and more virtuous, than performing it in the town (i.e. in a mosque).<ref>(Fatwa Darul Uloom, Vol 5, P. 208) {{PD-notice}}</ref>
*The Eid Salah performed in the [[mosque]] is complete, but performing it in the Eidgah is Sunnah. To not perform Eid Salah in the Eidgah without a valid excuse, is contrary to the Sunnah.<ref>(Fatwa Darul Uloom, Vol. 5, P.2261) {{PD-notice}}</ref>
*The Eid Salah should be [performed in] a huge ''Jam'ah'' (congregation) on the outskirts of the town. In this way the brotherhood in [[Islam]] (i.e. among Muslims) is manifested. In the big cities it is difficult to have Eidgahs on the outskirts of the city, therefore a large open plain ground should be chosen for the Eidgah. Or if needed, the prayer can be performed in the mosque, which will be correct. But [people should try praying in an Eidgah] as far as possible, [since] one huge ''Jam'ah'' is superior to many small Eid [''Jam'ahs''].<ref>(Ahsanul Fatwa, Vol. 4, P. 119) {{PD-notice}}</ref>
*Performing of the Eid Salah in the Eidgah is [classified as] ''Sunnah al-Muakkadah'' (emphasized or substantiated Sunnah). Without any valid excuse, the one who does not perform his Eid Salah in the Eidgah is worthy of being reprimanded and taken to task and this kind of a person is a sinner. If the Eidgah is a distance away and it is inconvenient for the old and sick, then the [[Fuqaha]] (Islamic jurists) have given permission for them to perform Eid Salah in the mosque.<ref>(Fatwa Rahimiyah, Vol. 1, P.276) {{PD-notice}}</ref>

==List of Eidgahs==
[[File:Idgah Padmani Enclave.JPG|thumb|250px|14th-century Idgah, built during [[Tughlaq dynasty]] rule in Delhi]]
Notable Eidgahs around the world include
*[[Purani Idgah]]
*[[Id Gah Mosque]]
*[[Id Kah Mosque]], [[Kashgar, Xinjiang]], China
*[[Sholakia Eidgah]]
*[[Dhanmondi Shahi Eidgah]]
*[[Sylhet Shahi Eidgah]]
*[[Eidgah, Kheri|Kheri Eidgah]]
*[[Sholakia Eidgah Maidan|Sholakiya Eidgah Maidan, Kishoreganj]]
*[[Gor-E-Shahid Eidgah Maidan|Gor-E-Shahid Eidgah, Dinajpur]]

=== Shahi Eidgah===
When the [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Aurangzeb Alamgir]] ascended the throne in the year 1658, he decided to build a big Eidgah, on the outskirts of then [[Shahjahanabad]] now known as the walled city. Shahi Eidgah was built on an area of {{convert|31,484|sqyd}} of land, surrounded by thousands of square yards of open grounds. The Shahi Eidgah complex has {{cvt|283257|sqft}}, which at any time can be used by 50,000 namazi. The main gate at the front side has also two small gates besides it for the entrance and exit of the devotees. The same pattern is followed on the north and south sides of the Shahi Eidgah.

===Moradabad Eidgah===
The Moradabad Eidgah, Located near by [[Moradabad railway station]]. The prayer ground is very large, with a seating capacity of 20,000 attendees. It is a historical religious place for Muslims, thus local [[Moradabad]] Muslims perform Eid Namaz every year in this Eidgah.

===Gor-E-Shahid Eidgah Maidan===
{{main|Gor-E-Shahid Eidgah Maidan}}
[[File:Dinajpur Eidgah .jpg|thumb|Gor-e-Shahid Eidgah in [[Dinajpur]], Bangladesh.]]
Gor-E-Shahid Eidgah Maidan ({{langx|bn|গোর-এ-শহীদ ঈদগাহ ময়দান}}) is located in [[Dinajpur]]. [[Sholakia]] is declared as the largest Eidgah in [[Bangladesh]]. But in [[Eid ul Adha]] of 2017 this Eidgah hosted the largest [[Jamia|jamaat]] of Bangladesh.
The number of devotees increased this year following the construction of a 516-foot wide minaret with 52 domes.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.clickittefaq.com/huge-eid-congregation-held-in-dinajpur/ |title=Huge Eid congregation held in Dinajpur - Click Ittefaq |access-date=2019-08-21 |archive-date=2019-08-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190808095916/https://www.clickittefaq.com/huge-eid-congregation-held-in-dinajpur/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Eidgah Minar's main dome ([[Mehrab]]) is about {{convert|47|feet}} high and {{convert|516|feet}} wide. It has been built in 32 arches. Electric lamps have been connected to each dome of the Eidgah Minar. Eidgah Minar's beauty can be seen from many distances. The largest Eidgah Minar was constructed entirely with ceramic. The road is made for the devotees on both sides of the field. There will be adjacent arrangements. The Eidgah Minar is full of beauty when looked at from a distance. According to the district administration, the Eidgah has an area of about {{cvt|22|acre}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m.theindependentbd.com/post/211201|title = Gor-e-Shahid, Sholakia set to host Eid congregations}}</ref> On the other hand, Sholakia's field is known to be 7 acres of land.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.daily-bangladesh.com/english/Preparations-underway-in-one-of-largest-Eidgah-of-country/7312|title=Preparations underway in one of largest Eidgah of country|access-date=2019-08-21|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426200741/https://m.daily-bangladesh.com/english/Preparations-underway-in-one-of-largest-Eidgah-of-country/7312|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2019, the 5thEid-ul-Fitr congregation was at Gor-e-Shahid Baro Maidan at 8:45am with the participation of 600,000 devotees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.prothomalo.com/bangladesh/news/196811/Gor-e-Shahid-Maidan-Sholakia-host-2-largest-Eid|title=Gor-e-Shahid Maidan, Sholakia host 2 largest Eid congregations|date=5 June 2019 }}</ref> Apart from members of other law enforcement agencies, over 500 policemen were deployed in and around the Eidgah to ensure security.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.daily-sun.com/post/397448/2019/06/05/Dinajpur-hosts-one-of-largest-Eid-congregations |title=Dinajpur hosts one of largest Eid congregations {{!}} 2019-06-05 |website=www.daily-sun.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818101407/https://www.daily-sun.com/post/397448/2019/06/05/Dinajpur-hosts-one-of-largest-Eid-congregations |archive-date=2019-08-18}}</ref> The 6th Eid-ul-Azha largest Eid congregation was at Gor-e-Shahid Baro Maidan, Dinajpur at 8:30am with the participation of around 4 lakh devotees.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unb.com.bd/amp/m/category/Bangladesh/gor-e-shahid-maidan-sholakia-host-2-largest-eid-congregations/19611|title=Gor-e-Shahid Maidan, Sholakia host 2 largest Eid congregations|access-date=2019-08-21|archive-date=2021-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426233824/https://www.unb.com.bd/amp/m/category/Bangladesh/gor-e-shahid-maidan-sholakia-host-2-largest-eid-congregations/19611|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==Eidgah Sharif==
Eidgah Sharif is a [[Sunni]] [[Sufi]] shrine located in [[Rawalpindi]], [[Pakistan]].<ref name=stt>{{cite web|url=https://www.stthomas.edu/media/jayphillipscenter/publicevents/Updated-Short-Bio-of-Pir-Saab.pdf|title=Biography of Pir Saab|website=stthomas.edu|access-date=23 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150214045041/https://www.stthomas.edu/media/jayphillipscenter/publicevents/Updated-Short-Bio-of-Pir-Saab.pdf|archive-date=14 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> The shrine was founded over a century ago. It welcomes visitors from all over the world and frequently hosts ceremonies known as ''Milaad Paaks'' which are mainly series of sermons from scholars and religious materials presented in solo a capella by people called "reciters". At the largest of these gatherings (such as the ''Urs Paak''), more than a million visitors crowd the main grounds and the surrounding streets. About four million followers from all over the country and about 500,000 more from the [[United Kingdom]] are regular visitors to the shrine.
The custodian of Eidgah Sharif, [[Muhammad Naqib-ur-Rahman|Shaykh Hafiz Muhammad Naqib-Ur Rehman]], known to his followers as "Pir Sa’ab", advances the mission and teachings of Eidgah Shareef with the assistance of his son Sahibzada Muhammad Hassan Haseeb Ur Rehman, known to the devotees as "Sa’ab Ji". Pir Sa’ab's ancestors, the previous custodians of the shrine, were all said to be Sufi masters directly from the lineage of [[Mughal Emperor]] [[Babur]]. In 1960 the family gifted the government with a large proportion of the land used to build Pakistan's capital city of [[Islamabad]], not far from Rawalpindi.<ref name=stt/>

{{Portal|Islam}}
* [[Eid al-Fitr]]
* [[Eid al-Adha]]

==References==
{{commons category|Eidgah}}
{{Reflist}}

{{Eid}}
{{Islamic architecture}}
{{Sufism terminology}}
{{Portal bar|Religion|Islam|Education|Psychology|Art|Architecture}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Eid (Islam)]]
[[Category:Eidgahs| ]]
[[Category:Islamic architectural elements]]
[[Category:Mosques]]
[[Category:Salah]]

List of Scheduled Tribes in Rajasthan

2026-03-11T20:25:33Z

MaxieMorales00: Put up basic info basic info

{{Short description|Tribal List of Rajasthan}}
{{refimprove|date=May 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2022}}

The population of [[Rajasthan]] in 2011 [[Census of India]] was 68,548,437 Of this 9,238,534 persons belong to one of the [[Scheduled Tribes]] (STs) constituting 13.48 per cent of the total population of the state. The state has registered 30.2 per cent decadal growth in the Scheduled Tribe population between 2001-2011.<ref>{{cite web|title=Directorate of Census Operations Rajasthan|url=https://rajcensus.gov.in/PE_DATA.html}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{cite book|title=Emerging Trends in Indian Politics: The Fifteenth General Election|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nMffCgAAQBAJ&q=Meena+tribe|page=166| isbn=978-1-136-19855-7 | last1=Mehra | first1=Ajay K. | date=3 April 2013 | publisher=Routledge }}</ref>
== Main tribes ==
*[[Bhil]] are the oldest people of Rajasthan.

*The [[Meena|Mina]] is the largest tribe of the state in terms of population.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goswami |first1=Rakesh |title=In Rajasthan, tribal body acts as family court for ST couples |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/in-rajasthan-a-tribal-organization-not-courts-gives-divorce-decrees/story-kAU0nQnORMI5O80aVMeMdJ.html |access-date=13 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=7 July 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="auto"/>

== List of communities ==
There are twelve (12) notified Scheduled Tribes in the state, which are as follows:<ref name=list>{{cite web|url=http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SC/ST/ST%20Lists.pdf |title=List of notified Scheduled Tribes |publisher=Census India |access-date=18 February 2022 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107225208/http://censusindia.gov.in/Tables_Published/SCST/ST%20Lists.pdf |archive-date=7 November 2013 }}</ref>

# [[Bhil]], [[Bhil Garasia]], [[Dholi Bhil]], [[Dungri Bhil]], [[Dungri Garasia]], [[Mewasi Bhil]], Rawal Bhil, [[Tadvi Bhil]], [[Bhagalia]], [[Bhilala]], [[Pawra]], [[Vasava]], [[Vasava|Vasave]]
# [[Bhil Meena|Bhil Mina]]
# [[Damor]], Damaria
# [[Dhanka]], [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadvi]], Tetaria, Valvi
# [[Garasia]] (excluding Rajput Garasia)
# [[Kathodi (Bharwad clan)|Kathodi]], [[Katkari people|Katkari]], Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari
# [[Kokna]], [[Kokni, Kokna, Kukna Tribe|Kokni]], Kukna
# Koli Dhor, Tokre Koli, Kolcha, Kolgha
# [[Meena|Mina]]
# [[Naikda]], [[Nayak caste|Nayak]], Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka
# Patelia
# Seharia, Sehria, [[Saharia|Sahariya]]

=== Population ===
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" | SR. No. !! rowspan="2" | Scheduled Tribe
! colspan="2" |Total population
|-
!2011
!%age
|-
|1|| [[Bhil]], [[Bhil Garasia]], [[Dholi Bhil]], [[Dungri Bhil]], [[Dungri Garasia]], [[Mewasi Bhil]], Rawal Bhil, [[Tadvi Bhil]], [[Bhagalia]], [[Bhilala]], [[Pawra]], [[Vasava]], [[Vasave]] || 41,00,264
|44.38%
|-
|2|| [[Bhil Meena|Bhil Mina]] || 1,05,393
|1.14%
|-
|3|| [[Damor]], Damaria ||91,463
|0.99%
|-
|4|| [[Dhanka]], [[Tadvi Bhil|Tadvi]], Tetaria, Valvi ||96,737
|1.04%
|-
|5|| [[Garasia]] (excluding [[Rajput Garasia]]) ||3,14,194
|3.41%
|-
|6|| [[Kathodi (Bharwad clan)|Kathodi]], [[Katkari people|Katkari]], Dhor Kathodi, Dhor Katkari, Son Kathodi, Son Katkari ||4,833
|0.05%
|-
|7|| [[Kokni, Kokna, Kukna Tribe]] ||361
|<0.01%
|-
|8|| Koli Dhor, [[Tokre Koli]], [[Kolcha]], [[Kolgha]] ||1,535
|0.16%
|-
|9|| [[Meena|Mina]] || 43,45,528
|47.04%
|-
|10|| [[Naikda]], [[Nayak caste|Nayaka]], Cholivala Nayaka, Kapadia Nayaka, Mota Nayaka, Nana Nayaka ||8,355
|0.09%
|-
|11|| [[Bhili language|Patelia]] ||797
|<0.01%
|-
|12|| Seharia, Sehria, [[Saharia|Sahariya]] ||1,11,377
|1.21%
|-
| colspan="2" | ||'''92,38,534'''
|'''100%'''
|}

=== Geography ===
Although tribals are found in the whole of Rajasthan, but the [[Aravalli Range|Aravalli mountainous region]] is called the shelter of the tribal communities in Rajasthan because the Aravalli mountainous region in Rajasthan is the [[Natural region|physical region]] with the maximum forest wealth, wildlife, [[biodiversity]]. Only two tribes [[Sansi people|Sansi]] and [[Saharia|Sahariya]] mostly do not reside in Aravalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=[Solved] Which tribal community in India is mostly located in the Ara |url=https://testbook.com/question-answer/which-tribal-community-in-india-is-mostly-located--60b71a16426d10363a48d444 |access-date=2024-11-17 |website=Testbook}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mehta |first=Prakash Chandra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hoQqpkfrXfAC&dq=Tribes+AND+aravali&pg=PA181 |title=Ethnographic Atlas of Indian Tribes |date=2004 |publisher=Discovery Publishing House |isbn=978-81-7141-852-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kumar |first=Bachchan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QStuAAAAMAAJ&q=bhil+/+aravali |title=The Bhils: An Ethno-historic Analysis |date=1997 |publisher=Sharada Publishing House |isbn=978-81-85616-47-6 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Reclus |first=Elisée |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C4tPAQAAMAAJ&dq=bhil+%2F+aravali&pg=PA177 |title=The Earth and Its Inhabitants ... |date=1895 |publisher=D. Appleton |language=en}}</ref>

=== District-wise population ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! colspan="2" |Districts
! colspan="2" |ST Population (2011)<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://nhsrcindia.org/sites/default/files/2021-05/Demographic%20Status%20of%20Scheduled%20Tribe%20Population%20-%20NHSRC.pdf | title=Demographic Status of Scheduled Tribe Population | website=nhsrcindia.org}}</ref>
|-
!Name
!Population
(2011)
!Total population
!Percentage
|-
|[[Ajmer district|Ajmer]]
|25,83,052
|65,482
|2.51%
|-
|[[Alwar district|Alwar]]
|36,74,179
|2,89,249
|7.67%
|-
|[[Banswara district|Banswara]]
|17,97,485
|13,72,999
|76.41%
|-
|[[Baran district|Baran]]
|12,22,755
|2,76,857
|22.61%
|-
|Barmer
|26,03,751
|1,76,257
|6.75%
|-
|Bharatpur
|25,48,462
|54,090
|2.11%
|-
|Bhilwara
|24,08,523
|2,29,273
|9.51%
|-
|Bikaner
|23,63,937
|7,779
|0.34%
|-
|Bundi
|11,10,906
|2,28,549
|20.55%
|-
|Chittaurgarh
|15,44,338
|2,01,546
|13.01%
|-
|Churu
|20,39,547
|11,245
|0.54%
|-
|Dausa
|16,34,409
|4,33,344
|26.49%
|-
|[[Dhaulpur district|Dhaulpur]]
|12,06,516
|58,594
|4.81%
|-
|Dungarpur
|13,88,552
|9,83,437
|71.25%
|-
|Ganganagar
|19,69,168
|13,477
|0.66%
|-
|Hanumangarh
|17,74,692
|14,289
|0.79%
|-
|Jaipur
|66,26,178
|5,27,966
|7.97%
|-
|Jaisalmer
|6,69,919
|42,429
|6.26%
|-
|Jalore
|18,28,730
|1,78,419
|9.73%
|-
|Jhalawar
|14,11,129
|1,82,229
|12.89%
|-
|Jhunjhunu
|21,37,045
|41,629
|1.96%
|-
|Jodhpur
|36,87,165
|1,18,924
|3.22%
|-
|Karauli
|14,58,248
|3,24,960
|22.29%
|-
|Kota
|19,51,014
|1,83,816
|9.43%
|-
|Nagaur
|33,07,743
|10,418
|0.3%
|-
|Pali
|20,37,573
|1,44,578
|7.06%
|-
|Pratapgarh
|8,67,848
|5,50,427
|63.36%
|-
|Rajsamand
|11,56,597
|1,60,809
|13.84%
|-
|Sawai Madhopur
|13,35,551
|2,85,848
|21.42%
|-
|Sikar
|26,77,333
|75,349
|2.8%
|-
|Sirohi
|10,36,346
|2,92,470
|28.18%
|-
|Tonk
|14,21,326
|1,78,207
|12.52%
|-
|Udaipur
|30,68,420
|15,25,289
|49.71%
|}

== Scheduled areas ==
In Rajasthan 5697 villages come under Scheduled Area.<ref>{{cite web|title=Scheduled Area in Rajasthan|url=https://rajbhawan.rajasthan.gov.in/content/rajbhawan/en/tribalwelfare/sarii.html}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Scheduled Tribes of Rajasthan|*]]
[[Category:Social groups of Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Lists of tribes]]
{{DEFAULTSORT:Rajasthan}}

Janardana

2026-03-09T11:56:12Z

MaxieMorales00:

{{Short description|Epithet of Vishnu}}
[[File:20150712 im Keshava-Tempel - Krishna als Janardhana.JPG|thumb|Sculpture of Janardana, [[Chennakeshava Temple, Somanathapura|Somanathapura]]]]
'''Janardana''' ({{Langx|sa|जनार्दन|translit=Janārdana}}) is an epithet of [[Lord Vishnu|Vishnu]] in the [[Puranas]]. Janardana means, “he who is the original abode and protector of all living beings”.[[Janardanaswamy Temple|Janardhana swamy temple]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2012-06-29 |title=Janardana, Janārdana, Jana-ardana: 25 definitions |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/definition/janardana |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref> in [[varkala]], [[Thiruvananthapuram]] is one of the major shrine with Janardhana as the prime deity

== Literature ==
[[File:The Puthanathani Janardana temple Krishna.jpg|thumb|Krishna represented as Janardana in The Puthanathani Janardana temple]]
In the [[Mahabharata]], [[Sanjaya]] uses this epithet of Vishnu to describe the latter's prowess to King [[Dhritarashtra]]:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-03-31 |title=Section LXVIII [Mahabharata, English] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-mahabharata-mohan/d/doc375004.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=You askest me repeatedly, O king, about the Pandavas for knowing their strength and weakness. Listen now to all that in brief. If the whole universe be placed on one scale and Janardana on the other, even then Janardana will outweigh the entire universe. Janardana, at his pleasure, can reduce the universe to ashes, but the entire universe is incapable of reducing Janardana to ashes. Wherever there is truthfulness, wherever virtue, wherever modesty, wherever simplicity, even there is Govinda. And thither where Krishna is, success must be. That soul of all creatures, most exalted of male beings, Janardana, guides, as if in sport, the entire earth, the firmament, and the heaven.|author=[[Vyasa]]|title=[[Mahabharata]]|source=Section LXVIII}}
In the [[Bhagavad Gita]], [[Arjuna]] invokes this epithet:<ref>{{Cite web |last=www.wisdomlib.org |date=2020-05-08 |title=Verse 10.18 [Bhagavad-gita] |url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/shrimad-bhagavad-gita/d/doc420074.html |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=www.wisdomlib.org |language=en}}</ref>
{{Blockquote|text=विस्तरेणात्मनो योगं विभूतिं च जनार्दन ।
भूयः कथय तृप्तिर् हि शृण्वतो नास्ति मेऽमृतम् ॥ १८ ॥

vistareṇātmano yogaṃ vibhūtiṃ ca janārdana {{!}}
bhūyaḥ kathaya tṛptir hi śṛṇvato nāsti me'mṛtam {{!}}{{!}} 18 {{!}}{{!}}

O Janārdana, please tell me again in detail about Your mystic powers and opulences, for I am not satiated from hearing Your nectarean words.|author=[[Vyasa]]|title=[[Bhagavad Gita]]|source=Verse 10,18}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Titles and names of Krishna]]
[[Category:Names of Vishnu]]

Astra (2000 film)

2026-03-04T07:32:49Z

MaxieMorales00: Entry

{{short description|Indian action drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Astra
| image = Astra (2000 film).jpg
| alt =
| caption =
| native_name = 
| director = Anand P. Raju
| writer = M S Ramesh (dialogue)
| screenplay = Anand P. Raju
| story = Gurudutt
| based_on = 
| producer = Lalitha Jayasimha Musuri
| starring = [[Devaraj]] [[B. C. Patil]] [[Ragasudha]] Chaithali
| narrator =
| cinematography = Manohar C
| editing = K Narasayya
| music = [[Hamsalekha]]
| studio = Musuri Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2000|7|4}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Astra''''' ({{Translation|Weapon}}) is a 2000 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action drama film]] directed by Anand P. Raju and starring [[Devaraj]], [[B. C. Patil]], [[Ragasudha]] and Chaithali. The film was released to mixed reviews.

==Plot==
Sharath is an electrical engineer. His wife Dr. Varsha is gang raped and killed in her own operation theatre for providing proof in a rape case. Sharath hunts down the killers and succeeds in killing two of them while the third, Sandeep Rai is a difficult target as his brothers Dayananda Rai and Basavaraj Patil are politically influential. One day, Sharath is caught by Inspector Dhananjay and sentenced to life imprisonment. However, he is released than due because of his good deeds.

Sharath devises methods to get back at his enemies and in his mission he is assisted by a so-called social worker Bharathi Devi. However, he soon realizes her motive of and unites with Inspector Dhananjay to hold the criminals accountable for their actions.<ref name="I"/>

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Devaraj]] as Sharath
*[[B. C. Patil]] as Inspector Dhananjay
*[[Ragasudha]]
*Chaithali as Dr. Varsha
*[[Pramila Joshai]] as Bharathi Devi
*[[Jai Jagadish]] as Dayananda Rai
*Aravind as Basavaraj Patil
*[[Sudheer (Kannada actor)|Sudheer]]
*[[Bank Janardhan]]
*[[M. S. Umesh]]
}}

==Production==
The stunts were choreographed by Kaurava Venkatesh.<ref name="I"/>

==Reception==
A critic from ''[[Chitraloka.com]]'' wrote that "If you are an action lover, got the time to spare three hours you may certainly go and watch this film".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/astra.html|title=Film Review : ASTRA|work=[[Chitraloka.com]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010412071157/http://www.chitraloka.com/english/knock_out/astra.html|archive-date=12 April 2001}}</ref> A critic from ''indiainfo.com'' wrote that "''Astra'' is one of those mediocre films which at best provides some thrills for action lovers. The two action stars Devraj and B C Patil come together in this run-of-the-mill vengeance saga".<ref name="I">{{Cite web|url=http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/astra.html|title=''Astra'' - Action lovers' delight
|work=indiainfo.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021016024539/http://movies.indiainfo.com/kannada/reviews/astra.html|archive-date=16 October 2002}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb title|14741574}}

[[Category:Indian action drama films]]
[[Category:2000 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Hamsalekha]]

Kottakkal Bypass

2026-03-04T06:02:39Z

MaxieMorales00: new a entry

{{Short description|NH bypass in Kerala}}
{{infobox road
|country=IND
|name= Kottakkal Bypass
|maint= [[National Highways Authority of India|NHAI]]
|map=
|map_alt= Map of Kottakkal Bypass
|map_notes=
|history= 2022-Present {{collapsible list|bullets=yes
| title = Timeline
| 1 = Planned : 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://malappuram.nic.in/en/document/land-acquisition-kottakkal-bypass-road-3rd-phase-111-notification/|title=Land Acquisition – Kottakkal Bypass Road 3rd Phase – 11(1) Notification | Welcome to Malappuram | India}}</ref>
| 2 = Approval : 2022
| 3 = Phase-I : 2024

}}
| length_km = 6.58
| length_round =
| length_ref =
| established = 2022
| allocation =
| direction_a =
| terminus_a = [[File:NH66-IN.svg|15px]] [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]] in [[Kottakkal|Swagathamadu]]
| junction =
| direction_b =
| terminus_b = [[File:NH66-IN.svg|15px]] [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]] in Palachiramad near [[Kozhichena]]
|cities= [[Kottakkal]]
|image=
|image_notes=
|status= Under Construction (70% finished)
|formed=
}}
'''Kottakkal Bypass''' or '''Kottakkal Viaduct''' is a part of [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH 66]] that bypasses of [[Kottakkal]] city in [[Malappuram metropolitan area]] in [[Kerala]], [[India]]. The busy 6.58 km long bypass starts at Palachiramad near [[Edarikode]] in the south to [[Kottakkal]] in the north, via Swagathamadu, [[Kottakkal|Kottakkal-Chenakkal]] in Chankuvetti (Kottakkal city).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/national-highway-bypass-land-acquisition-protests-by-ladies-in-kottakkal-1.2712856|title=പാതയ്ക്കായി നഷ്ടപ്പെടുന്നത് 35 ഏക്കർ പാടം: സമരവുമായി സ്ത്രീകൾ|date=April 1, 2018|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/district-news/malappuram/2022/04/24/news-about-kottakkal-bypass-road.html|title=കോട്ടയ്ക്കൽ ബൈപാസ്: പ്രതീക്ഷയുടെ വഴി തുറക്കുമോ?|website=കോട്ടയ്ക്കൽ ബൈപാസ്: പ്രതീക്ഷയുടെ വഴി തുറക്കുമോ?}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.niyamasabha.org/codes/14kla/session_9/ans/u02893-070218-867000000000-09-14.pdf|title=പതിനാലാം കേരള നിയമസഭ ഒൻപതാം സമ്മേളനം}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/kottakkal-nh-bypass-issue-shameena-arrested-1.2717010|title=കോട്ടക്കൽ ദേശീയപാത ബൈപാസ്; നിരാഹാരമിരുന്ന ഷബീനയെ അറസ്റ്റ് ചെയ്ത് നീക്കി|date=April 3, 2018|website=Mathrubhumi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://englisharchives.mathrubhumi.com/news/kerala/nh66-to-have-bypasses-saving-land-acquisition-costs-1.1680167|title=NH66 to have bypasses saving land acquisition costs|date=January 24, 2017|website=English Archives}}</ref>

==See also==
{{portal|Roads}}
* [[Valanchery Bypass]]
* [[Kottakkal]]
* [[National Highway 66 (India)|NH-66]]
* [[Malappuram metropolitan area]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{NH Bypasses in Kerala}}
[[Category:NH bypasses in Kerala]]
[[Category:National highways in Kerala|66]]
[[Category:2022 establishments in Kerala]]

Anamika (1973 film)

2026-03-03T23:39:19Z

MaxieMorales00: Refined content and updated sections

{{Short description|1973 Indian film by Raghunath Jalani}}
{{More citations needed|date=September 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Anamika
| image = Anamika (1973).jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = Raghunath Jhalani
| producer = [[Tahir Hussain]]
| story = Surendra Prakash
| screenplay = [[Shashi Bhushan]]
| writer = Madan Joshi (dialogues)
| starring = [[Sanjeev Kumar (actor)|Sanjeev Kumar]] [[Jaya Bhaduri]] [[Helen (actress)|Helen]]
| music = [[R. D. Burman]]
| cinematography = Munir Khan
| editing = Babu Lavande Gurudutt Shirali
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1973|05|18}}
| country = India
| language = Hindi
}}

'''''Anamika''''' is a 1973 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[romantic thriller]] film directed by Raghunath Jalani, and starring [[Sanjeev Kumar]] with [[Jaya Bhaduri]]. The film was remade in Telugu in 1977 as ''Kalpana''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-12 |title=Kalpana (1977) - Retrospective |url=https://archive.telugucinema.com/kalpana-1977-retrospective |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=[[Telugucinema.com]] |archive-date=24 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924041059/https://archive.telugucinema.com/kalpana-1977-retrospective |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Plot==
Devendra Dutt, also known as Deven, is a famous [[author]] and a raging [[misogynist]], who portrays women as untrustworthy in all his novels, and lives with his uncle, Shiv Prasad, and young niece, Dolly in [[Mumbai]]. One night, while returning home from a felicitation ceremony, Deven and Shiv Prasad witness a young girl being thrown out of a moving car and falling unconscious on the road. Deven grows suspicious and decides to approach the police, but Shiv Prasad insists that they take her home and give her [[medical attention]], to which Deven unwillingly agrees. The next morning, the young girl regains consciousness, but cannot remember anything from the past, not even her name - shockingly except that she is Deven's wife, "Mrs. Devendra Dutt". Everyone tries to convince her otherwise, but she firmly insists that she is in her own home and married to Deven. As a result, Deven's doctor, Dr. Irshad Hussain, [[Medical diagnosis|diagnoses]] her with both [[amnesia]] and [[wish fulfillment]], since hundreds of young girls write [[fan mail]]s to Deven, proposing him for marriage and even talking about how they are related to him since births.

Deven and Shiv Prasad post an [[advertisement]] for the young girl in the [[newspaper]], but receive no response. Seeing her fragile state, Shiv Prasad, Dr. Irshad and the police decide to allow her to stay until someone arrives for her. Deven is against this decision and believes that the young girl is just trying to dupe them for some money, but names her "Anamika" (meaning "a nameless woman"). Soon, Anamika takes control of Deven's house and Dolly becomes her close friend and confidante. However, Deven hates Anamika and always keeps her at a distance, causing Dr. Irshad to advise him that his harshness could bring Anamika further [[mental trauma]], but it turns out to be a ruse by him and Shiv Prasad in order to make Deven get rid of his attitude. Despite his initial hatred towards women, Deven gradually mellows down and grows close to Anamika, secretly wishing she would stay at his house forever and even refusing to hand her over to the police.

Shortly, things take a turn when Naresh, the son of Deven's [[Paralysis|paralysed]] [[publisher]], Daulat Ram, arrives to hand over the copies of Deven's latest novel, ''Anamika'', and also a [[Royalty payment|royalty]] [[cheque]]. He mysteriously identifies Anamika, about whom he has an unpleasant memory, but keeps the truth a secret from Deven, while Anamika shows no identification to Naresh. That night, Naresh sends his henchmen to kidnap Anamika, but Deven intervenes on time and saves Anamika from them, causing Naresh's henchmen to escape. On Shiv Prasad's suggestion, Deven takes Anamika on a holiday to [[Shimla]] in order to help her in her fragile recovery. There, Deven is surprised to discover Anamika's [[photograph]] in a [[Photographic studio|studio]], and tracks the hotel of which the address is in its register. On further enquiry about the photograph at the hotel, the [[receptionist]] of it remembers Anamika as "Mrs. Kanchan Malhotra", the wife of a businessman named Ganga Prasad Malhotra. Though heartbroken by the realisation that Anamika is already married, Deven obtains Malhotra's address from the receptionist and cuts the trip to Shimla short. On returning to Mumbai with Anamika, Deven meets Malhotra at his office, only to learn from him that Kanchan is actually not his wife, but his employee who had accompanied him on his holiday to Shimla the previous year. On Malhotra's advice, Deven proceeds to meet an attractive [[cabaret]] dancer named Rubai, who informs him that Kanchan is a [[prostitute]] who used to work for her. Deven, already being supposedly deceived by a girl named Sapna four years prior, feels conned and believes that Anamika, like all other girls, is immoral and after his money. As a result, a disturbed and anguished Deven banishes Anamika from his house and even refuses to hear her side, disappointing both Shiv Prasad and Dolly.

After leaving from Deven's house, Anamika is promptly kidnapped and imprisoned at an isolated house in [[Delhi]] by Naresh's henchmen. At this point, Anamika's real name is revealed to be "Archana", and Naresh forces her to hand him over back all his property, which his own father had transferred into her name before dying from paralysis. Although Archana signs the documents, Naresh's property [[lawyer]], Advocate Mehra, refuses to betray Daulat Ram and begins a scuffle with Naresh, which results in a big [[house fire]]. Mehra burns the property documents in it and escapes with Archana, while Naresh is trapped behind in the fire. Meanwhile, Shiv Prasad, who still has faith in Anamika, shows Deven a newspaper [[Article (publishing)|article]] about her, where she is identified by her true identity as Archana, who is receiving an [[award]] for [[philanthropy]] on behalf of her late mother, Saraswati Devi, from an institute in Delhi. An unconvinced Deven reluctantly travels to Delhi to investigate the truth about Anamika, but is unable to receive any information from the institute. However, he is fortunate to meet Anamika again at the [[silver jubilee]] celebration of his publishers in Delhi. Unfortunately, she refuses to identify Deven this time and is now introduced to him as "Mrs. Kashyap", the new owner of the publishing firm. A perplexed Deven follows Anamika to her house in Delhi and confronts her over her multiple identities, pleading with her to confess the truth about herself. Here, Anamika accuses him of distrusting all women over a heartbreak, but finally narrates her ill-fated past to Deven in a [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]].

An ardent [[Fan (person)|fan]] of Deven's novels, Archana was infatuated with him since college. However, incessantly pursued by her classmate, Naresh, and helpless by her poverty, which was worsened when her mother was diagnosed with [[cancer]], she agreed for an [[arranged marriage]]. On her [[Consummation|marriage night]], Archana discovered that she was married to Naresh's older brother, who deserted her the same night, believing himself undeserving of Archana. Naresh exploited his brother's absence and continued to harass Archana, whose husband ended up committing [[suicide]]. Unable to bear the shock, Daulat Ram became paralysed and handed over all his property to Archana, as Naresh was always imperfect for that responsibility. Meanwhile, Archana's mother finally succumbed to her [[terminal illness]] and died, and Naresh tried to [[rape]] the grieving Archana one night. As a result, Archana escaped from Naresh's house and met Rubai, with whose help she joined Malhotra's [[Model (person)|modeling]] company by the name of Kanchan in order to start afresh. On a holiday to Shimla with Malhotra, where they both checked into the hotel as a couple, Malhotra tried to take advantage of Archana, and when she resisted, he blamed her for the incident. After Archana quit her job for Malhotra, Rubai outwardly sympathised with her and allowed her to stay in what she claimed was the [[hostel]] of working girls.

A few days later, Archana got arrested with the rest of the girls at the hostel in a [[police raid]], which is when she realised that she had been staying at a [[brothel]]. However, she was eventually [[Acquittal|acquitted]] by the police, based on the [[testimony]] of the other inmates and her own testimony against Rubai in the court. Rubai tried to seek revenge from Archana for this and sent her henchmen to murder her. While Rubai's henchmen were kidnapping her, Archana jumped out of their moving car and fell unconscious on the street the night Deven and Shiv Prasad found her. When she regained consciousness and discovered that she was at her favourite author's house, Archana felt as if fate had suddenly smiled on her and decided to stay, come what may, causing her to act of being Deven's wife. In the present, Anamika admits to Deven that she has no evidence to prove everything she has revealed about herself. However, seeing her tear-filled eyes, Deven believes her and empathises with her, pleading forgiveness and reconciling with Anamika. Just then, a severely burnt Naresh, who had survived the house fire, barges into the house and attacks them both, in an attempt to rape and murder Anamika. After a prolonged [[cat-and-mouse]] pursuit in a darkened house, Naresh gets [[Electrocution|electrocuted]] to death in [[self-defence]], and Deven and Anamika are finally united.

==Cast==
*[[Sanjeev Kumar]] as Devendra Dutt (Deven)
*[[Jaya Bhaduri]] as "Anamika" / Archana / Mrs. Devendra Dutt / Kanchan / Mrs. Kashyap
*Rajesh Behl as Naresh Kashyap
*[[A. K. Hangal]] as Shiv Prasad (Deven's uncle)
*[[Iftekhar]] as Dr. Irshad Hussain (Deven's doctor)
*[[Helen (actress)|Helen]] as Rubai (cabaret dancer)
*Baby Pinky as Dolly (Deven's niece)
*[[Shivraj]] as Daulat Ram Kashyap (Naresh's father)
*[[Achala Sachdev]] as Archana's mother (special appearance)
*[[Narendra Nath]] as Ganga Prasad Malhotra (special appearance)
*[[Asrani]] as Hanuman Singh (Deven's secretary)
*Ashoo as the nurse
*Meena T. as Bijli
*[[Yunus Parvez]] as Ram Lakhan
*Raja Duggal as photoshop owner
*Siraj Syed as college student secretary

==Music==
*The song "Meri Bheegi Bheegi Si" was listed at #4 on [[Binaca Geetmala annual list 1973]]. It was the official hindi remake of [[Mone Pore Ruby Roy]]
*The song "Bahon Mein Chale Aao" was listed at #36 on Binaca Geetmala annual list 1973
The musical instrument duggi was played by [[Homi Mullan]] for the song "Bahaon Mein Chale Aao".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sahani |first=Alaka |date=2 May 2014 |title=When the heart skipped a beat |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/when-the-heart-skipped-a-beat/ |access-date=13 September 2022 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |archive-date=20 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720074959/https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/when-the-heart-skipped-a-beat/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Songs
| extra_column = Singer
| all_lyrics = [[Majrooh Sultanpuri]]
| all_music = [[Rahul Dev Burman]]

| title5 = Baahon Mein Chale Aao
| extra5 = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| length5 = 4:01

| title2 = Aaj Ki Raat Koi Aane Ko Hai
| extra2 = [[Asha Bhosle]]
| length2 = 6:03

| title3 = Jaaun To Kahan Jaaun
| extra3 = Asha Bhosle
| length3 = 3:32

| title4 = Logon Na Maaro Ise
| extra4 = Asha Bhosle
| length4 = 4:33

| title1 = Meri Bheegi Bheegi Si
| extra1 = [[Kishore Kumar]]
| length1 = 4:05
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|id=0069711|title=Anamika}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Anamika (1973 Film)}}
[[Category:1973 films]]
[[Category:1973 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:1973 Indian films]]
[[Category:Films scored by R. D. Burman]]
[[Category:Hindi films remade in other languages]]

Guri (1986 film)

2026-03-03T22:13:56Z

MaxieMorales00: put up new post - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Guri
| image = Guri86.jpg
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = [[P. Vasu]]
| producer = [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]]
| writer = P. Vasu
| starring = [[Dr. Rajkumar|Rajkumar]] [[Archana (actress)|Archana]] [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
| music = [[Rajan–Nagendra]]
| cinematography = V. K. Kannan
| editing = P. Bhakthavathsalam
| studio = Poornima Enterprises
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|1986|09|29|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Kannada
}}

'''''Guri''''' ({{audio|Kn-ಗುರಿ.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a 1986 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[action film]] directed by [[P. Vasu]] and produced by [[Parvathamma Rajkumar]] under Poornima Enterprises. The film stars [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[Archana (actress)|Archana]], [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] and [[Jai Jagadish]], while [[Pandari Bai]] makes a cameo appearance. The music was composed by [[Rajan–Nagendra]], while cinematography and editing were handled by V. K. Kannan and P. Bhakthavathsalam.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/manamohaka-baadsha-khadar-santa-kabeer-shivarajkumar-shivalinga/articleshow/45418754.cms?|title=Shivanna to play CID officer|accessdate=2026-01-03|publisher=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref> P. Vasu remade the film in Tamil in 1991 as ''[[Adhikari (film)|Adhikari]]'', thus making it the last film of Dr. Rajkumar which was remade in other language.

==Plot==
Kaliprasad "Kali", a newly deputed [[customs officer]], lives a happy life with his father and young sister. Rudrayya, a crime boss, gets irritated by Kali's work in interfering his illegal business and invites Kali to work for him, but Kali refuses and insults Rudrayya. An enraged Rudrayya imprisons Kali on smuggling charges. Kali's sister commits suicide and his father loses his mental balance. A distraught Kali escapes from prison and plots to exact revenge on Rudrayya. Kali soon exacts his revenge by destroying Rudrayya and his crime empire, but he gets shot by the cops and [[death|succumbs to his injuries]].

==Cast==
{{cast listing|
*[[Dr. Rajkumar]] as Kaliprasad
*[[Archana (actress)|Archana]] as Shantadevi
*[[Jai Jagadish]] as Inspector Sadanand
*[[Mukhyamantri Chandru]] as Rudrayya
*[[Loknath]]
*[[Thoogudeepa Srinivas]] as Vishwanath
*Thimmayya
*[[Sadashiva Brahmavar]] as Kaliprasad's father, school master
*Sathish as Kashinath
*Vishwanath
*Shivaprakash
*Bhatti Mahadevappa
*Go Ra Bheema Rao
*Venkatappa
*[[Tara (Kannada actress)|Tara]]
*Shobha
*Shyamala
*Shanthamma
*Swapna
*Mala
*Pinku
*Prathibha
*[[Honnavalli Krishna]]
*D. M. Kumar
*Ashwath Narayan
*Kunigal Ramanath
*Jr. Narasimharaju
*M. S. Karanth
*[[Pandari Bai]] (cameo appearance)
}}

==Soundtrack==
The songs by the [[Rajan–Nagendra]] duo were instant hits and well received.

{|class="wikitable"
! No. !! Song title !! Singer(s) !! Lyrics
|-
| 1 || "Thangaliyante Baalali Bande" || [[Dr. Rajkumar]], [[Rathnamala Prakash]] || rowspan=5|[[Chi. Udayashankar]]
|-
| 2 || "Allah Allah" || rowspan=4|Dr. Rajkumar
|-
| 3 || "Vasantha Kaala Bandaga"
|-
| 4 || "Kallina Veeneya"
|-
| 5 || "Vasantha Kaala Bandaga" (bit)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|1418142}}

{{P. Vasu}}

[[Category:1986 films]]
[[Category:1986 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rajan–Nagendra]]
[[Category:Films directed by P. Vasu]]
[[Category:Kannada films remade in other languages]]

Saheba (film)

2026-03-03T21:33:33Z

MaxieMorales00: created info

{{No plot|date=January 2025}}
{{short description|2017 film written and directed by Bharath}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2018}}

{{Infobox film
| name = Saheba
| image = Saheba_(film).jpg
| caption =
| director = Bharath
| producer = Jayanna Bhogendra
| writer = Bharath
| story =
| based_on =
| starring = [[Manoranjan Ravichandran]] [[Shanvi Srivastava]]
| music = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cinematography = G. S. V. Seetharam
| editing = Deepu S. Kumar
| studio = Jayanna Combines
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2017|08|25|}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Kannada
| budget = 25 million.-->
| gross = est.₹90 million
}}

'''''Saheba''''' is a 2017 Indian [[Kannada]]-language [[romantic action film]] written and directed by Bharath.{{cn|date=October 2024}} It features [[Manoranjan Ravichandran]], son of actor-director [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]], making his debut, along with [[Shanvi Srivastava]].{{cn|date=October 2024}} [[Bullet Prakash]], Kuri Prathap and [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]] play the supporting roles.{{cn|date=October 2024}} The [[Film score|score]] and [[soundtrack]] for the film is by [[V. Harikrishna]] and the cinematography is by G. S. V. Seetharam.

The film was officially launched on 14 January 2016, coinciding the [[Sankranthi]] festival. The [[principal photography]] started on 18 January 2016 in Bangalore. The filming is also held at [[Venice]], [[Italy]].{{cn|date=October 2024}} The film was released on 25 August 2017. The core plot of the movie was reported to have been inspired by the play ''[[Pygmalion (play)|Pygmalion]]'' and its movie version ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/reviews/saheba-movie-review-bharath-has-crafted-a-smooth-flowing-story-that-has-a-captivating-effect/articleshow/60222459.cms|title=Saheba movie review: Bharath has crafted a smooth flowing story that has a captivating effect|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/entertainment/south-masala/pygmalion-once-more/articleshow/64264612.cms|title=Television series inspired from Pygmalion ready for telecast|website=Bangalore Mirror}}</ref>

==Cast==
* [[Manoranjan Ravichandran]] as Manu
* [[Shanvi Srivastava]] as Nandini
* [[Lakshmi (actress)|Lakshmi]]
* [[Pramila Joshai]]
* [[Bullet Prakash]]
* [[Kuri Prathap]]
* [[Nabha Natesh]], special appearance in the song ''Yaare Ninu Roja Huve''

==Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Saheba
| type = soundtrack
| artist = [[V. Harikrishna]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = {{Start date|df=yes|2017|4|10}}
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length =
| language = Kannada
| label = [[Lahari Music]]
| producer = V. Harikrishna
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

The film's score and soundtrack was composed by [[V. Harikrishna]]. The audio was released online on 9 April 2017 and the music rights were acquired by [[Lahari Music]].{{cn|date=October 2024}} The song "Yaare Neenu Roja Hoove" from the [[Ravichandran (Kannada actor)|V. Ravichandran]] starrer ''[[Naanu Nanna Hendthi]]'' (1985) which was sung by [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]] was reused in the film.{{cn|date=October 2024}}

{{tracklist
| headline = Tracklist
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length =
| title1 = Heegethake
| lyrics1 = [[Jayanth Kaikini]]
| extra1 = [[Armaan Malik]]
| length1 = 3:51
| title2 = Kolige Ranga
| lyrics2 = [[V. Nagendra Prasad]]
| extra2 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]]
| length2 = 3:45
| title3 = Saheba
| lyrics3 = [[Kaviraj (lyricist)|Kaviraj]]
| extra3 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Shweta Mohan]]
| length3 = 3:30
| title4 = Thera Haadu
| lyrics4 = Dr. H.S. Venkateshamurthy
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
| length4 = 2:22
| title5 = Yaare Neenu
| lyrics5 = [[Hamsalekha]]
| extra5 = [[S. P. Balasubrahmanyam]], [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
| length5 = 3:47
}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{twitter|Sahebamovie}}
* {{IMDb title|tt6577710}}

[[Category:2017 films]]
[[Category:2017 Kannada-language films]]
[[Category:2017 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Films shot in Italy]]
[[Category:Films scored by V. Harikrishna]]
[[Category:2017 masala films]]
[[Category:2017 directorial debut films]]

City of God (2011 film)

2026-03-03T20:50:02Z

MaxieMorales00: slightly improved content as per guidelines also and cleaned formatting

{{short description|2011 film directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2015}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2020}}
{{Infobox film
| name = City of God
| image = COG2011.jpg

| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]]
| producer = Anitha Anil Mathew
| writer = [[Babu Janardhanan]]
| narrator = Prithviraj Sukumaran
| starring = [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini Raghuvaran]] [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] [[Rajeev Pillai]] [[Rima Kallingal]] [[Swetha Menon]]
| music = [[Prashant Pillai]]
| cinematography = [[Sujith Vasudev]]
| editing = [[Manoj (film editor)|Manoj]]
| studio = Mary Matha Creations
| distributor = AP International
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2011|4|23|[[India]]}}
| runtime = 145 minutes
| country = India
| language = Malayalam
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''City of God''''' is a 2011 Indian [[Malayalam]]-language [[crime thriller film]] directed by [[Lijo Jose Pellissery]] and written by [[Babu Janardhanan]]. It tells the story of [[Tamil people|Tamil]] migrant workers and a team of land mafia gangsters in the city of [[Kochi]], [[Kerala]]. It stars [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]], [[Indrajith Sukumaran]], [[Rajeev Pillai]], [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]], [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]], [[Rima Kallingal]] and [[Swetha Menon]].

The film uses the [[hyperlink cinema]] format as its narrative structure, a technique first used by [[Satyajit Ray]] in his film ''[[Kanchenjungha]]'' (1962). ''City of God'' is not a remake and shares no resemblance to the [[City of God (2002 film)|2002 Brazilian film of the same name]], although both use non-linear narrative structure. The film was subsequently dubbed and released in [[Hindi]] under the same name by Wide Angle Media in 2014.

''City of God'' was one of the first among the "[[New Wave (Malayalam film movement)|Malayalam New Wave]]" films, although the trend was just becoming recognised during 2011. Despite getting critical acclaim, the film was an average venture at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|title=Malayalam movies: Non-linear narratives are making the box-office ring louder |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/business-of-bollywood/malayalam-movies-non-linear-narratives-are-making-the-box-office-ring-louder/articleshow/8478136.cms|work=The Economic Times|access-date=2011-06-18|date=21 May 2011}}</ref>

==Plot==
''City of God'' begins with a road accident and the story traces the life of the four families who are associated with the accident. Each family has a different perspective on the city of [[Kochi]].

The first story revolves around the life of Tamil migrants. One of them named Swarnavel has a special affection towards another migrant named Marathakam. Marathakam was already married, but she had run away from her husband in [[Pollachi]] due to his unbearable torture. Marathakam and Swarnavel know that they love each other, but they don't show it. Because of some personal benefits, Lakshmi breaks their relationship and forces Marathakam to marry another migrant. On the night of the marriage, Marathakam learns that her new husband is a thief and returns to Swarnavel. They realize that their love is mutual and start living together. The second husband gets stricken with envy, where he takes revenge by bringing the first husband from [[Pollachi]]. The following day, Swarnavel rescues Marathakam from her husband and tries to escape on a moped; they have an accident, but survive. Swarnavel and Marathakam escape from the scene and settle down in a scenic village with Marathakam's son, thereby living happily ever after.

The second story deals with the life of real estate dealer Sony and his forehand Jyothi Lal. As per the instructions of Sony, Jyothi Lal and his gang kill a plot owner, who is the husband of Viji Punnose. Viji Punnosse identifies her husband's murderer as Jyothi Lal and associates with another businessman Shamir to plot revenge and destroy Sony and Jyothi Lal. Viji promises to marry Shamir if he can kill Jyothi Lal and Sony by arranging it with another gang. Sony has an eye on the growing actress Surya Prabha. Surya is leading an unpleasant married life with Mehaboob, who is a friend and later business partner of Sony. With the intention of collecting Surya Prabha, Sony cheats Mehaboob in the construction business; the police remand Mehaboob for the inadequate and unsafe construction practices which had caused the death of the Tamil migrant Lakshmi.

Sony forces Surya to have an illicit relation to get the papers that prove her husband's innocence. Jyothi Lal rescues Surya from this predicament and from a suicide attempt. Jyothi Lal takes Surya to Sony's guest house to collect the papers and they pick up Sony on the way. However, their vehicle is in the same accident which Swarnavel and Marathakam had, and Sony dies at the scene of the accident. The gang arranged by Shamir and Viji Punnoose arrives at the accident and tries to kill Jyothi Lal, but Jyothi Lal escapes with Surya and they began to realise the importance of each other in their future life, while Viji marries Shamir and goes to Dubai for further business.

==Cast==
{{Cast listing|
* [[Prithviraj Sukumaran]] as Jyothi Lal, a goon and the right-hand man of Sony.
* [[Indrajith Sukumaran]] as Swarnavel, a migrant Tamil construction worker who lives in Kochi.
* [[Rajeev Pillai]] as Sony Vadayaatil, a wealthy real estate dealer who has involvement in illegal activities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hot doc makes it to Mollywood|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/glam-sham/hot-doc-makes-it-mollywood-036|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110421053515/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/tabloid/glam-sham/hot-doc-makes-it-mollywood-036|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 April 2011|access-date=17 June 2012|newspaper=Deccan Chronicle|date=18 April 2011|author=Keerthy Ramachandran}}</ref>
* [[Rohini (actress)|Rohini]] as Lakshmi, a Tamil construction worker in Kochi and friend of Marathakam.
* [[Parvathy Thiruvothu]] as Marathakam, a Tamil woman who flees her village to escape from her abusive husband.
* [[Swetha Menon]] as Viji Punnose, a Dubai-based wealthy businesswoman who is forced to stay in Kerala after her husband gets murdered.
* [[Rima Kallingal]] as Surya Prabha, an actress who is in some disturbed relationships.
* Arun Narayan as Shamir, a land mafia party
* [[Rajesh Hebbar]] as Punnose, a businessman and husband of Viji.
* [[Jagadish]] as Circle Inspector (C.I.) Pavamani.
* [[Anil Murali]] as Podiyadi Soman
* Sreehari as Babychan
* Kishore Sathya as Mehboob
* [[Sudheer Karamana]] as Nachimuthu
* [[Chemban Vinod Jose]] as Marathakam's husband
* Baby Ajai as Son Of Marathakam
}}

==Soundtrack==
[[Prashant Pillai]] scored the musical score and soundtrack. Three songs are in [[Tamil language|Tamil]], two in [[Malayalam]] and one in [[Hindi]]. The musical score is known for its experimental approach and its dark theme, where it received wide attention from critics and moviegoers.

== Release ==
The film had a delayed release on 23 April 2011.<ref>[http://keralaboxoffice.com/city-of-god-release-date-confirmed/ "''City of God'' Release Date confirmed"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724011251/http://keralaboxoffice.com/city-of-god-release-date-confirmed/ |date=24 July 2012 }}. Keralaboxoffice.com. 1 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110313065546/http://www.sify.com/movies/city-of-god-postponed-news-malayalam-ldjovSaehed.html "''City of God'' postponed"]. [[Sify|Sify.com]]. 9 March 2011. Retrieved 9 March 2011.</ref>

== Reception ==
=== Critical response ===
''City of God'' received positive reviews from critics.

Veeyen of ''Nowrunning'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "''City of God'' is no City of Dreams. It's a raw and bleeding city that wails all night and day. A city where en eternal eclipse has cast a shadow over the rights and wrongs. A city where God has apparently deserted his illusory throne and vanished without a trace."<ref>{{cite web|title=City of God Review |url=http://www.nowrunning.com/movie/7811/malayalam/city-of-god/3056/review.htm|work=nowrunning.com – "don't miss the show!" |publisher=INFOCON LLC|access-date=17 June 2012|author=Veeyen|date=24 April 2011}}</ref> ''Indiaglitz'' gave 3.5/5 stars and wrote "''City of God'' is a movie with feelings and appeal for the proponents of differently made experimental cinema. Director Lijo, Anil Mathew and their crew needs to be applauded for the efforts in keeping away cliches and commercial thrusts on the narrative structure, though they may find it a little difficult to cruise in the box-office."<ref>{{cite web|title=City of God – This "City of God" belongs to a different genre |url=http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/11757.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101207092722/http://www.indiaglitz.com/channels/malayalam/review/11757.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 December 2010 |work=IndiaGlitz – Its Showtime, Anytime |access-date=17 June 2012|author=IndiaGlitz|date=23 April 2011}}</ref> ''[[Rediff.com|Rediff]]'' gave 3/5 stars and wrote "Overall, ''City of God'' is a good watch when compared to the senseless stuff we have endured in this holiday season."<ref>{{cite web|title=Review: City of God is a good watch|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/report/review-city-of-god/20110425.htm|work=Rediff Movies|publisher=Rediff.com|access-date=17 June 2012|author=Paresh C. Palicha|date=25 April 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Portal|India|Film}}
* {{IMDb title|1854518|City of God}}
{{Lijo Jose Pellissery}}

[[Category:2011 Malayalam-language films]]
[[Category:2011 crime thriller films]]
[[Category:2011 films]]
[[Category:Indian gangster films]]
[[Category:Indian crime thriller films]]
[[Category:Hyperlink films]]
[[Category:Indian nonlinear narrative films]]
[[Category:Films about organised crime in India]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kochi]]
[[Category:Films directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery]]

Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana

2026-03-03T04:55:49Z

MaxieMorales00: created page

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana
| image = Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana.jpg
| caption = Poster
| director = [[V. Sekhar]]
| writer = V. Sekhar
| producer = C. Kannappan S. S. Durairaju S. Tamilselvi R. Vijay S. Jayalakshmi
| starring = {{ubl|[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]]|[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]]}}
| cinematography = G. Rajendran
| editing = A. P. Manivannan
| music = [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]]
| studio = Thiruvalluvar Kalaikoodam
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1994|04|14}}
| runtime = 155 minutes
| country = India
| language = Tamil
}}

'''''Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana''''' ({{translation|Income is eight [[Anna (monetary subunit)|annas]], expense is ten annas}}) is a 1994 Indian [[Tamil language|Tamil]]-language [[comedy drama]] film directed by [[V. Sekhar]]. The film stars [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] and [[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]], while [[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]], [[Goundamani]], [[Senthil]], [[Vadivelu]], [[Kovai Sarala]], and [[Vinu Chakravarthy]] play supporting roles. It was released on 14 April 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana (1994) |url=https://screen4screen.com/movies/varavu-ettana-selavu-pathana |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120054735/https://screen4screen.com/movies/varavu-ettana-selavu-pathana |archive-date=20 November 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023 |website=Screen 4 Screen}}</ref> The film was later remade in [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as ''Aasthi Mooredu Aasha Baaredu'' (1995){{Citation needed|date=October 2022}} and in [[Kannada]] by same director as ''[[Hendtheer Darbar]]'' (2010).<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 22, 2010 |title=Hendtheer Durbar is a comedy film |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/hendtheer-durbar-is-a-comedy-film-news-kannada-kkfqxXdjdibsi.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329190802/http://www.sify.com/movies/hendtheer-durbar-is-a-comedy-film-news-kannada-kkfqxXdjdibsi.html |archive-date=29 March 2019 |access-date=9 August 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== Plot ==
{{More plot|date=October 2022}}
Sivaraman, an honest government clerk, and his wife Lakshmi belong to a middle-class family and they have two children. "Anjaadha Singam" Marudhapaandi, a corrupt politician, moves into a new house near Sivaraman's house. Marudhapaandi's lifestyle influences Lakshmi, and she tries to ape him by buying luxurious items on installments. This puts pressure on Sivaraman, and he takes a loan from his office peon, but the police arrests him for corruption. He later finds a job in a brandy company with Marudhapaandi's recommendation.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Sivaraman
*[[Radhika Sarathkumar|Radhika]] as Lakshmi
*[[Jaishankar (actor)|Jaishankar]] as Valluvardasan
*[[Goundamani]] as ''Anjatha Singam'' Marudhapaandi
*[[Senthil]] as Rahim
*[[Vadivelu]] as Peter
*[[Kovai Sarala]] as Elisabeth
*[[Vinu Chakravarthy]] as MLA
*[[Monica (actress)|Monica]] as Padma, Sivaraman's daughter
*Master Sirajudeen as Sivaraman's son
*[[Y. Vijaya]] as Marudhapaandi's wife
*[[Suryakanth]] as Marudhapaandi's sidekick
*[[Oru Viral Krishna Rao]] as House owner
*[[Shanmugasundari]] as House owner's wife
*[[LIC Narasimhan]] as Vigilante Officer
}}

== Soundtrack ==
The soundtrack was composed by [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandrabose]], with lyrics written by [[Vaali (poet)|Vaali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sakthivel / Varavu Ettana Selavu Pathana – Pre Owned Audio CD |url=https://greenhivesaudio.com/products/sakthi-vel-varavu-ettana-selavu-pattana-pre-owned-audio-cd |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804192159/https://greenhivesaudio.com/products/sakthi-vel-varavu-ettana-selavu-pattana-pre-owned-audio-cd |archive-date=4 August 2020 |access-date=23 October 2021 |website=GreenHives}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
! Song !! Singer !! Duration
|-
| "Sonnan Antha" || [[Swarnalatha]], [[K. S. Chithra]], [[T.L.Thiyagarajan]], [[Vairamani]], [[Chandrabose (composer)|Chandra Bose ]]||4:01
|-
| "Aasa Machan" || [[S. Janaki]]||3:44
|-
| "Santhosam" || S. Janaki||3:05
|-
| "Yerathu Sarakku" || [[Malaysia Vasudevan]]||3:16
|-
| "Papera Pathiya" || Chandrabose||3:55
|}

== Reception ==
MM of ''[[The Indian Express]]'' wrote, "A clean family entertainer with Sekhar depending on sound script and deftness in handling it".<ref>{{Cite news |last=MM |date=15 April 1994 |title=Neat entertainer |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=P9oYG7HA76QC&dat=19940415&printsec=frontpage&hl=en |access-date=19 December 2018 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |pages=7 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}{{cbignore}}</ref> K. Vijiyan of ''[[New Straits Times]]'' wrote "This one is for those couples who seem forever stuck in cycle of debts".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Vijiyan |first=K. |date=30 April 1994 |title=Woes of family trapped in a cycle of debt |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KsxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4046%2C4021317 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528071346/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=KsxOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=dRMEAAAAIBAJ&pg=4046%2C4021317 |archive-date=28 May 2024 |access-date=20 October 2022 |work=[[New Straits Times]] |pages=28 |via=[[Google News Archive]]}}</ref> R. P. R. of ''[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]]'' wrote it is a subject suitable for all kinds of audiences; Since Sekhar directed this film it is a same old formula with too many sentiments and teachings.<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=ஆர். பி. ஆர். |date=24 April 1994 |title=வரவு எட்டணா செலவு பத்தணா! |url=https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-04-24/page/n17/mode/2up |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230224120338/https://archive.org/details/kalki1994-04-24/page/n17/mode/2up |archive-date=24 February 2023 |access-date=24 February 2023 |magazine=[[Kalki (magazine)|Kalki]] |page=16 |language=ta |via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes}}

{{V. Sekhar}}

[[Category:1994 Indian films]]
[[Category:1994 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1994 comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:1994 films]]
[[Category:Films about families]]
[[Category:Films directed by V. Sekhar]]
[[Category:Films scored by Chandrabose (composer)]]
[[Category:Indian comedy-drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil films remade in other languages]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]

CandyFlip

2026-03-02T21:56:07Z

MaxieMorales00: general refine page per standard format also and fixed typos

{{short description|Indian psychedelic thriller film}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2016}}
{{for|the electronic duo|Candy Flip}}
{{Infobox film
| name = CandyFlip
| image =
| caption = Film poster
| director = Shanawaz NK
| producer = Balasubramanyam TC Surendra K Hegde
| studio = 23 Entertainment
| story = Shanawaz Nellikunnil
| starring = Prashant Prakash [[Prakash Raj]] [[Kalki Koechlin]] [[Gulshan Devaiah]] Valeriya Polyanychko
| music = Naren Chandavarkar (Background Score)
| cinematography = Nagaraj Rathinam
| editing = Anadi Athaley
| released = {{film date|2019|2|15|df=y}}
| runtime = 93 minutes
| country = India
| language = English Hindi
}}

'''''CandyFlip''''' is a 2019 Indian [[English language|English]]/[[Hindi]] [[psychedelic art|psychedelic]] [[thriller film]] directed by Shanawaz NK.<ref>{{cite web|author= |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/Ex-Bollywood-guys-make-a-Goan-movie/articleshow/44773892.cms |title=Ex-Bollywood guys make a 'Goan movie' |website=The Times of India |date=10 October 2014|accessdate=2016-03-03}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asianage.com/entertainment/bollywood/281117/kalki-koechlins-next-to-talk-about-drug-abuse.html|title=Kalki Koechlin's next to talk about drug abuse|work=The Asian Age|date=28 November 2017|last=Varma|first=Lipika}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/bollywood/news/kalki-koechlin-celebs-should-be-aware-about-the-cause-they-are-backing/articleshow/61796148.cms|title=Kalki Koechlin: Celebs should be aware about the cause they are backing|date=25 November 2017|work=The Times of India}}</ref> This directorial debut film is produced by 23 Entertainment.

==Plot==
Set in present-day [[Goa]], CandyFlip is a story about what happens to a man named Roy, who owns a shack in Palolem, after he takes [[LSD]] for the first time.

==Cast==
* Prashant Prakash as Roy
* [[Prakash Raj]] as Joseph
* [[Kalki Koechlin]] as Emily
* [[Gulshan Devaiah]] as Altaf
* Valeriya Polyanychko as Maya
* [[Sal Yusuf]] as Cokeman

==Production==
Candyflip released in Netflix on 15 February 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/the-film-candyflip-is-now-avilable-on-netflix/article26278303.ece|title='Candyflip' now available on Netflix|work=The Hindu|last=Sebastian R.|first=Shilpa|date=15 February 2019}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2019 Hindi-language films]]
[[Category:2019 Indian films]]
[[Category:Indian thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 thriller films]]
[[Category:2019 films]]
[[Category:Hindi-language thriller films]]

{{2010s-Hindi-film-stub}}
{{thriller-film-stub}}

Urban sprawl

2026-02-28T04:24:01Z

MaxieMorales00: improved citations for clarity and cleaned formatting based on references

{{Short description|Expansion of auto-oriented, low-density development in suburbs}}
{{Distinguish|text=[[Satellite city|Urban decentralisation]]}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2016}}

[[File:Chandler Arizona aerial.jpg|thumb|A typical suburban development in the United States, located in [[Chandler, Arizona]]]]

[[File:Eixample de Palma.jpg|thumb|An urban development in [[Palma, Mallorca]]]]

'''Urban sprawl''' (also known as '''suburban sprawl''' or '''urban encroachment''')<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is Urban Encroachment? |url=https://sciencing.com/info-8758278-urban-encroachment.html |access-date=2021-01-15 |website=Sciencing |date=January 9, 2018 |language=en}}</ref> is defined as "the rapid expansion of the geographic extent of cities and towns, often characterized by low-density residential housing, single-use zoning, and increased reliance on the private automobile for transportation".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-10-27 |title=Urban sprawl {{!}} Definition, Examples, Problems, Causes, & Alternatives {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/urban-sprawl |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Urban sprawl has been described as the unrestricted growth in many [[urban area]]s of housing, commercial development, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for very dense [[urban planning]].

Urban sprawl refers to a special form of [[urbanization]], and it relates to the social and environmental consequences associated with such development.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sarkodie |first1=Samuel Asumadu |last2=Owusu |first2=Phebe Asantewaa |last3=Leirvik |first3=Thomas |date=2020-03-05 |title=Global effect of urban sprawl, industrialization, trade and economic development on carbon dioxide emissions |journal=Environmental Research Letters |language=en |volume=15 |issue=3 |page=034049 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ab7640 |bibcode=2020ERL....15c4049S |issn=1748-9326 |doi-access=free|hdl=10037/17878 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> In modern times some [[suburban]] areas described as "sprawl" have less detached housing and higher density than the nearby [[core city]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Population of the Kansas City area |url=https://statisticalatlas.com/metro-area/Missouri/Kansas-City/Population |website=Statistical Atlas |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=American housing survey housing characteristics |publisher=US Census |url=https://data.census.gov/table?q=DP04&g=160XX00US2053775,2938000,2938000 |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=McCammon |first=Sarah |url=https://www.flatlandkc.org/people-places/kansas-city-booms-sprawls-forget/ |title=As Kansas City Booms And Sprawls, Trying Not To Forget Those In Between |work=[[National Public Radio]] |date=September 4, 2017 |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref> Medieval suburbs suffered from the loss of protection of city walls, before the advent of [[industrial warfare]]. Sometimes the urban areas described as the most "sprawling" are the most densely populated.<ref name="Eidlin">{{cite magazine |last=Eidlin |first=Eric |url=https://www.accessmagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/7/2016/01/access37sprawl.pdf |date=Fall 2010 |title=What Density Doesn't Tell Us About Sprawl |magazine=Access |number=17 |publisher=The Regents of the University of California |access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Human geography: people, place, and culture |last1=Fouberg |first1=Erin Hogan |date=2012 |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |last2=Murphy |first2=Alexander B. |last3=De Blij |first3=Harm J. |isbn=978-1-118-01869-9 |edition=10th |pages=560 |location=Hoboken |oclc=752286985}}</ref>

The modern disadvantages and costs of urban sprawl include increased travel time, transport costs, pollution, and destruction of the countryside.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Caves |first=R. W. |title=Encyclopedia of the City |publisher=Routledge |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave |url-access=limited |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-415-25225-6 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediacity00cave/page/n666 626]}}</ref> The revenue for building and maintaining [[urban infrastructure]] in these areas are gained mostly through property and sales taxes. Most jobs in the US are now located in [[suburbs]] generating much of the revenue, although a lack of growth will require higher tax rates.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.planotomorrow.org/DocumentCenter/View/930/The-Connection_Final?bidId=|title=The land use and transportation connection Plano Texas|publisher=City of Plano|access-date=19 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newgeography.com/content/005264-suburbs-continue-dominate-jobs-and-job-growth |publisher=Bew Geography |title=Suburbs continue to dominate jobs and job growth |access-date=20 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Charles L. Marohn Jr. |date=2019 |title=Strong Towns: A Bottom-Up Revolution to Rebuild American Prosperity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sSSpDwAAQBAJ |publisher=[[Wiley (publisher)|Wiley]] |isbn=978-1-119-56481-2}}</ref>

In [[Europe]], the term ''[[peri-urbanisation]]'' is often used to denote similar dynamics and phenomena, but the term ''urban sprawl'' is currently being used by the [[European Environment Agency]]. There is widespread disagreement about what constitutes sprawl and how to quantify it. For example, some commentators measure sprawl by [[Urban density|residential density]], using the average residential units per acre in a given area. Others associate it with [[decentralization]] (spread of population without a well-defined centre), discontinuity ([[Leapfrog development|leapfrogging]] development, as defined [[#Low-density|below]]), segregation of uses, and so forth.

The term ''urban sprawl'' is highly politicized and almost always has negative connotations. It is criticized for causing [[environmental degradation]], intensifying [[housing segregation|segregation]], and undermining the vitality of existing urban areas, and is attacked on aesthetic grounds. Few people openly support urban sprawl as such, due to the pejorative connotations of the term. The term has become a rallying cry for managing urban growth.<ref>{{cite book |year=2013 |last1=James |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul James (academic) |last2=Holden |first2=Meg |last3=Lewin |first3=Mary |last4=Neilson |first4=Lyndsay |last5=Oakley |first5=Christine |last6=Truter |first6=Art |last7=Wilmoth |first7=David |chapter=Managing Metropolises by Negotiating Mega-Urban Growth |title=Institutional and Social Innovation for Sustainable Urban Development |editor1=Harald Mieg |editor2=Klaus Töpfer |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/7207756 |publisher=[[Routledge]]}}</ref>

==Definition==
[[File:Urban sprawl per country.png|thumb|upright=1.3|Measures for urban sprawl in Europe: upper left the Dispersion of the built-up area (DIS), upper right the [[weighted urban proliferation]] (WUP)]]

The term ''urban sprawl'' was often used in the letters between Lewis Mumford and Frederic J. Osborn,<ref>The letters of Lewis Mumford and Frederic J. Osborn: a transatlantic dialogue, 1938-70, 1972</ref> firstly by Osborn in his 1941 letter to Mumford and later by Mumford, generally condemning the waste of agricultural land and landscape due to suburban expansions. The term was used in an article in ''[[The Times]]'' in 1955 as a negative comment on the state of [[London]]'s outskirts. Definitions of sprawl vary; researchers in the field acknowledge that the term lacks precision.<ref name=Audirac90>{{cite journal|last1=Audirac |first1=Ivonne|last2=Shermyen|first2=Anne H.|last3=Smith|first3=Marc T.|title=Ideal Urban Form and Visions of the Good Life Florida's Growth Management Dilemma|journal=Journal of the American Planning Association|date=December 31, 1990|volume=56 |issue=4|pages=470–482|doi=10.1080/01944369008975450}} p. 475.</ref> Batty et al. defined sprawl as "uncoordinated growth: the expansion of community without concern for its consequences, in short, unplanned, incremental urban growth which is often regarded unsustainable".<ref name=Batty>{{cite journal|last1=Batty |first1=Michael|last2=Besussi|first2=Elena|last3=Chin |first3=Nancy|title=Traffic, Urban Growth and Suburban Sprawl|journal=UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis Working Papers Series|date=November 2003|volume=70 |url=https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/pdf/paper70.pdf |access-date=May 17, 2015|issn=1467-1298|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150926003140/https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/pdf/paper70.pdf|archive-date=September 26, 2015}}</ref> Bhatta et al. wrote in 2010 that despite a dispute over the precise definition of sprawl, there is a "general consensus that urban sprawl is characterized by [an] unplanned and uneven pattern of growth, driven by a multitude of processes and leading to inefficient resource utilization".<ref name=Bhatta>{{cite journal |last1=Bhatta |first1=B. |last2=Saraswati|first2=S.|last3=Bandyopadhyay|first3=D. |title=Urban sprawl measurement from remote sensing data |journal=Applied Geography|date=December 2010|volume=30 |issue=4|pages=731–740|doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2010.02.002 |bibcode=2010AppGe..30..731B }}</ref>

Reid Ewing has shown that sprawl has typically been characterized as [[urban development]]s exhibiting at least one of the following characteristics: low-density or single-use development, strip development, scattered development, and/or [[Leapfrogging|leapfrog]] development (areas of development interspersed with vacant land).<ref name=UCL/> He argued that a better way to identify sprawl was to use indicators rather than characteristics because this was a more flexible and less arbitrary method.<ref name=Ewing97>{{cite journal|last1=Ewing|first1=Reid |date=1997|title=Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable?|journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=63|issue=1|pages=107–126 |doi=10.1080/01944369708975728}}</ref> He proposed using "[[Accessibility (transport)|accessibility]]" and "lack of functional open space" as indicators.<ref name=Ewing97/> Ewing's approach has been criticized for assuming that sprawl is defined by negative characteristics.<ref name=UCL>{{cite journal |last1=Chin|first1=Nancy |title=Unearthing the Roots of Urban Sprawl: A Critical Analysis of Form, Function and Methodology |date=March 2002 |journal=University College London Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis Working Papers Series|volume=47 |url=https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/pdf/paper47.pdf |access-date=April 19, 2015|issn=1467-1298|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304044026/https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/casa/pdf/paper47.pdf|archive-date=March 4, 2016 }}</ref>

What constitutes sprawl may be considered a matter of degree and will always be somewhat subjective under many definitions of the term.<ref name=Ewing97/> Ewing has also argued that suburban development does not, [[per se (terminology)|per se]], constitute sprawl depending on the form it takes,<ref name=Ewing97/> although Gordon & Richardson have argued that the term is sometimes used synonymously with [[suburbanization]] in a pejorative way.<ref name=G&R>{{cite journal|last1=Gordon|first1=Peter |last2=Richardson|first2=Harry|title=Are Compact Cities a Desirable Planning Goal?|journal=Journal of the American Planning Association|date=1997|volume=63|issue=1|pages=95–106|doi=10.1080/01944369708975727}}</ref>

===Examples and counterexamples===
According to the National Resources Inventory (NRI), about {{Convert|44|e6acre|sqmi km2|abbr=unit}} of land in the United States was developed between 1982 and 2017.<ref>{{Cite book|last=U.S. Department of Agriculture |url=https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download/?cid=nrcseprd1657225&ext=pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210311150940/https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/PA_NRCSConsumption/download/?cid=nrcseprd1657225&ext=pdf|archive-date=March 11, 2021|title=Summary Report: 2017 National Resources Inventory|publisher=Natural Resources Conservation Service|year=2020 |location=Washington, D.C.|at=2-6|format=PDF}}</ref> Presently, the NRI classifies approximately 100,000 more square kilometres (40,000 square miles) (an area approximately the size of [[Kentucky]]) as developed than [[United States Census Bureau|the Census Bureau]] classifies as urban. The difference in the NRI classification is that it includes rural development, which by definition cannot be considered to be "urban" sprawl. Currently, according to the [[United States Census, 2000|2000 Census]], approximately 2.6 percent of the U.S. land area is urban.<ref>{{cite report |last1=Lubowski |first1=Ruben N. |first2=Marlow |last2=Vesterby |first3=Shawn |last3=Bucholtz |first4=Alba |last4=Baez |first5=Michael J. |last5=Roberts |date=May 31, 2006 |url=http://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/EIB14/ |title=Major Uses of Land in the United States, 2002 |publisher=[[Economic Research Service]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070409092844/http://www.ers.usda.gov/Publications/EIB14/ |archive-date=April 9, 2007 |access-date=February 7, 2008}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2021}} Approximately 0.8 percent of the nation's land is in the 37 urbanized areas with more than 1,000,000 population. In 2002, these 37 urbanized areas supported around 40% of the total American population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-ua2000pop.htm |title=USA Urbanized Areas: 2000 Ranked by Population (All Areas) |website=Demographia |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref>{{Update inline|date=April 2021}}

Nonetheless, some [[urban area]]s like [[Detroit]] have expanded geographically even while losing population. But it was not just urbanized areas in the U.S. that lost population and sprawled substantially. According to data in "Cities and Automobile Dependence" by Kenworthy and Laube (1999), urbanized area population losses occurred while there was an expansion of sprawl between 1970 and 1990 in [[Amsterdam]], Netherlands; [[Brussels]], Belgium; [[Copenhagen]], Denmark; [[Frankfurt]], [[Hamburg]] and [[Munich]], Germany; and [[Zürich]], Switzerland, albeit without the dismantling of infrastructure that occurred in the United States.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

[[File:Satellite Image of Los Angeles from Sentinel-2 2021-08-03.jpg|thumb|Despite its urban sprawl and [[car culture]], Los Angeles is the densest major built-up urban area in the United States.]]
Despite its sprawl, [[Los Angeles metropolitan area|Metropolitan Los Angeles]] is the densest major urban area (over 1,000,000 population) in the US, being denser than the New York urban area and the San Francisco urban area.<ref name=Eidlin/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb12-50.html|title=Growth in Urban Population Outpaces Rest of Nation, Census Bureau Reports |access-date=October 20, 2013|publisher=US Census}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://la.curbed.com/2015/2/17/9991042/los-angeles-is-the-least-sprawling-big-city-in-the-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424022237/http://la.curbed.com/2015/2/17/9991042/los-angeles-is-the-least-sprawling-big-city-in-the-us |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 24, 2016 |title=Los Angeles is the Least Sprawling Big City in the US|last1=Barragan |first1=Bianca|website=Curbed |publisher=Vox Media|access-date=25 January 2017 |date=2015-02-17}}</ref> Most of metropolitan Los Angeles is built at more uniform low to moderate density, leading to a much higher overall density for the entire region. This is in contrast to New York, San Francisco or Chicago which have compact, high-density cores surrounded by areas of very low-density suburban periphery, such as eastern [[Suffolk County, New York|Suffolk County]] in the New York metro area and [[Marin County, California|Marin County]] in the San Francisco [[Bay Area]].

Some cases of sprawl challenge the definition of the term and what conditions are necessary for urban growth to be considered sprawl. Metropolitan regions such as [[Greater Mexico City]],<ref>{{cite journal|last=Monkkonen |first=Paavo|year=2011|title=Do Mexican Cities Sprawl? Housing Finance Reform and Changing Patterns of Urban Growth|journal=Urban Geography|volume=32|issue=3 |pages=406–423|doi=10.2747/0272-3638.32.3.406 |s2cid=144340604}}</ref> [[National Capital Region (India)|Delhi National Capital Region]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2016/12/sprawl-will-cost-india-18-trillion-per-year-by-2050/509573/|title=India Can't Afford to Get Urbanization Wrong|work=CityLab|access-date=2018-06-27|language=en-US|archive-date=May 17, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517143029/https://www.citylab.com/solutions/2016/12/sprawl-will-cost-india-18-trillion-per-year-by-2050/509573/}}</ref> [[Beijing]], and the [[Greater Tokyo Area]] are often regarded as sprawling despite being relatively dense and mixed use.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}

== History ==
Many theories speculate as to the reason for the creation of urban sprawl. The theory of "flight from blight" explains that aspects of living in urban areas, such as high taxes, crime rates, poor infrastructure and school qualities lead to many people moving out of urban areas and into surrounding suburban areas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Wassmer|first=Robert W.|date=January 10, 2005|title=Causes of Urban Sprawl (Decentralization) in the United States: Natural Evolution, Flight from Blight, and the Fiscalization of Land Use |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229048043 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211105092838/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229048043_Causes_of_urban_sprawl_decentralization_in_the_United_States_natural_Evolution_flight_from_blight_and_the_fiscalization_of_land_use |archive-date=November 5, 2021}}</ref> According to ''[[The Limits to Growth]]'', reasons why wealthier people move to suburbs include noise, pollution, crime, drug addiction, poverty, labor strikes, and breakdown of social services.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Limits to Growth: A report for the Club of Rome's project on the predicament of mankind |website=collections.dartmouth.edu |url=https://collections.dartmouth.edu/teitexts/meadows/diplomatic/meadows_ltg-diplomatic.html |access-date=2022-07-18}}</ref>

Others suggest that urban sprawl is a natural product of population increases, higher wages, and therefore better access to housing. Improvement in transportation also means that individuals are able to live further from large cities and industrial hubs, thus increasing demand for better housing further from the noise of cities. This leads to the creation of sprawling residential land development surrounding densely packed urban areas.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brueckner|first=Jan K.|date=April 2000 |title=Urban Sprawl: Diagnosis and Remedies |journal=International Regional Science Review|volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=160–171|doi=10.1177/016001700761012710 |bibcode=2000IRSRv..23..160B |s2cid=153422102|issn=0160-0176 |language=en}}</ref>

== Characteristics ==
Despite the lack of a clear agreed upon description of what defines sprawl most definitions often associate the following characteristics with sprawl.{{Citation needed|date=January 2021}}
[[File:BosWash-Night-Labeled.png|upright=1.0|thumb|This picture shows the [[metropolitan area]]s of the [[Northeast Megalopolis]] of the United States demonstrating urban sprawl, including far-flung [[suburb]]s and [[exurb]]s illuminated at night.]]

=== Single-use development ===
{{Main|Single-use zoning}}

This refers to a situation where commercial, [[residential area|residential]], institutional and [[industrial region|industrial areas]] are separated from one another. Consequently, large tracts of land are devoted to a single use and are segregated from one another by open space, infrastructure, or other barriers. As a result, the places where people live, work, shop, and recreate are far from one another, usually to the extent that walking, transit use and bicycling are impractical, so all these activities generally require a car.<ref name="cdcreport">Frumkin, Howard (May–June 2002). Urban Sprawl and Public Health (PDF) (Report). [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]. Retrieved February 7, 2008</ref> The degree to which different [[land use]]s are mixed together is often used as an indicator of sprawl in studies of the subject.<ref name=Bhatta/>

According to this criterion, China's [[urbanization]] can be classified as "high-density sprawl", a seemingly self-contradictory term coined by [[New Urbanism|New Urbanist]] [[Peter Calthorpe]]. He explains that despite the high-rise buildings, China's superblocks (huge residential blocks) are largely single-use and surrounded by giant arterial roads, which detach different functions of a city and create an environment unfriendly to pedestrians.<ref>{{Cite web |author=[[Peter Calthorpe]] |url=https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/china-chokes-high-density-sprawl |title=China chokes on high-density sprawl |work=Public Square: A CNU Journal |publisher=Congress for the New Urbanism |date=July 7, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Peter Calthorpe |year=2016 |chapter=Urbanism and Global Sprawl |title=Can a City Be Sustainable? |series=[[State of the World (book series)|State of the World]] |pages=91–108 |isbn=978-1-61091-756-8 |publisher=Island Press |location=Washington, DC |doi=10.5822/978-1-61091-756-8_7}}</ref>

=== Job sprawl and spatial mismatch ===
[[File:Traffic jam Marginal Pinheiros 6122 SAO 07 2009.jpg|thumb|left|[[Traffic congestion]] in sprawling [[São Paulo]], [[Brazil]], which, according to ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, has the world's worst traffic jams<ref name=Times_SP>{{Cite magazine|url= http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1733872,00.html |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080423172358/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1733872,00.html |archive-date= April 23, 2008 |title=The World's Worst Traffic Jams|magazine=Time|date=April 21, 2008|access-date=September 4, 2014|author= Andrew Downie}}</ref>]]

Job sprawl is another land use symptom of urban sprawl and [[automobile dependency|car-dependent]] communities. It is defined as low-density, geographically spread-out patterns of employment, where the majority of jobs in a given metropolitan area are located outside of the main city's [[central business district]] (CBD), and increasingly in the suburban periphery. It is often the result of urban [[disinvestment]], the geographic freedom of employment location allowed by predominantly car-dependent commuting patterns of many American suburbs, and many companies' desire to locate in low-density areas that are often more affordable and offer potential for expansion. [[Spatial mismatch]] is related to job sprawl and economic [[environmental justice]]. Spatial mismatch is defined as the situation where poor urban, predominantly minority citizens are left without easy access to entry-level jobs, as a result of increasing job sprawl and limited transportation options to facilitate a [[reverse commute]] to the suburbs.

Job sprawl has been measured and documented in various ways. It has been shown to be a growing trend in America's metropolitan areas.<ref>{{cite web |title=Residential Construction Trends in America's Metropolitan Regions |url=https://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/residential-construction-trends-americas-metropolitan-regions |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921211512/http://www2.epa.gov/smartgrowth/residential-construction-trends-americas-metropolitan-regions |archive-date=September 21, 2015 |date=2016-07-27 |website=Smart Growth |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |location=Washington, D.C.}}</ref> The [[Brookings Institution]] has published multiple articles on the topic. In 2005, author [[Michael Stoll]] defined job sprawl simply as jobs located more than {{convert|5|mi|km|adj=on}} radius from the CBD, and measured the concept based on year 2000 [[U.S. census]] data.<ref name=Stoll>{{cite book |last=Stoll |first=Michael A. |title=Job Sprawl and the Spatial Mismatch between Blacks and Jobs |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program |date=2005 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2005/02metropolitanpolicy_stoll.aspx |access-date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080706103216/http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2005/02metropolitanpolicy_stoll.aspx |archive-date=July 6, 2008 }}</ref> Other ways of measuring the concept with more detailed rings around the CBD include a 2001 article by Edward Glaeser<ref name=Glaeser>{{cite book |last=Glaeser |first=Edward |date=2001 |title=Job Sprawl: Employment Location in U.S. Metropolitan Areas |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program. |url=http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2001/07_employment_glaeser.aspx |archive-url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160515085220/http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2001/07_employment_glaeser.aspx |archive-date=2016-05-15 |access-date=January 22, 2010 }}</ref> and Elizabeth Kneebone's 2009 article, which show that sprawling urban peripheries are gaining employment while areas closer to the CBD are losing jobs.<ref name=Kneebone>{{cite book |last=Kneebone |first=Elizabeth |title=Job Sprawl Revisited: The Changing Geography of Metropolitan Employment |location=Washington D.C. |publisher=Brookings Institution |date=2009 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2009/0406_job_sprawl_kneebone.aspx |access-date=January 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100222104135/http://www.brookings.edu/reports/2009/0406_job_sprawl_kneebone.aspx |archive-date=February 22, 2010 }}</ref> These two authors used three geographic rings limited to a {{convert|35|mi|km|adj=on}} radius around the CBD: {{convert|3|mi|km}} or less, 3 to {{convert|10|mi|km}}, and 10 to {{convert|35|mi|km}}. Kneebone's study showed the following nationwide breakdown for the largest metropolitan areas in 2006: 21.3% of jobs located in the inner ring, 33.6% of jobs in the 3–10 mile ring, and 45.1% in the 10–35 mile ring. This compares to the year 1998 – 23.3%, 34.2%, and 42.5% in those respective rings. The study shows CBD employment share shrinking, and job growth focused in the suburban and exurban outer metropolitan rings.

===Low-density===
[[File:Bean Station neighborhoods I.jpg|thumb|Low-density housing placed between large farms in an [[exurban]] community in Tennessee]]
Sprawl often refers to low-[[population density|density]] [[land development|development]].<ref name=UCL/> There is no precise definition of "low density", but it might commonly mean [[single-family detached home]]s on large lots. Such buildings usually have fewer stories and are spaced farther apart, separated by [[lawn]]s, [[landscaping]], roads or parking lots. In the United States 2–4 houses per acre (5–10 per hectare) might be considered low-density while in the UK 8–12 per acre (or 20–30 per hectare) would still be considered low-density.<ref name=UCL/> Because more automobiles are used in the USA, much more land is designated for parking. The impact of low density development in many communities is that developed or "urbanized" land is increasing at a faster rate than the population is growing.{{citation needed|date=April 2015}}

Overall density is often lowered by "[[Leapfrogging|leapfrog]] development". This term refers to the relationship, or lack of it, between subdivisions. Such developments are typically separated by large [[green belt]]s, i.e. tracts of undeveloped land, resulting in an overall density far lower even than the low density indicated by localized per-acre measurements. This is a 20th and 21st century phenomenon generated by the current custom of requiring a developer to provide subdivision infrastructure as a condition of development.<ref>DeGrove, John and Robyne Turner (1991), "Local Government in Florida: Coping with Massive and Sustained Growth" in Huckshorn, R. (ed.) Government and Politics in Florida. University of Florida Press, Gainesville.</ref> Usually, the developer is required to set aside a certain percentage of the developed land for public use, including roads, parks and schools. In the past, when a [[local government]] built all the streets in a given location, the town could expand without interruption and with a coherent circulation system, because it had [[eminent domain|condemnation power]]. Private developers generally do not have such power (although they can sometimes find local governments willing to help), and often choose to develop on the tracts that happen to be for sale at the time they want to build, rather than pay extra or wait for a more appropriate location.

Some research argues that religious ideas about how humans should live (and die) promote low-density development and may contribute to urban sprawl.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Theology and urban sustainability|last=Allam |first=Zaheer |date=2020 |publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-030-29673-5|location=Cham|oclc=1120695363}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Scarrow|first=Ryan |s2cid=202558093 |date=September 2019|title=Graves or people|journal=Nature Sustainability|language=en|volume=2|issue=9 |page=787 |doi=10.1038/s41893-019-0383-2|issn=2398-9629|doi-access=free|bibcode=2019NatSu...2..787S}}</ref>

===Conversion of agricultural land to urban use===
Land for sprawl is often taken from [[soil fertility|fertile]] [[agricultural land]]s, which are often located immediately surrounding cities; the extent of modern sprawl has consumed a large amount of the most productive agricultural land,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Krannich|first1=Jess M.|title=A Modern Disaster: Agricultural Land, Urban Growth, and the Need for a Federally Organized Comprehensive Land Use Planning Model |journal=Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy |date=Fall 2006|volume=16 |issue=2|at=Article 2|url= https://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1104&context=cjlpp|access-date=June 8, 2015}}</ref> as well as forest, desert and other wilderness areas.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hasse|first1=John E. |last2=Lathrop |first2=Richard G.|date=2003|title=Land resource impact indicators of urban sprawl|journal=Applied Geography|volume=23|issue=2–3 |pages=159–175 |doi=10.1016/j.apgeog.2003.08.002|bibcode=2003AppGe..23..159H }}</ref> In the United States the seller may [[tax avoidance|avoid tax]] on profit by using a [[tax break]] exempting [[like-kind exchange]]s from [[capital gains tax]]; proceeds from the sale are used to purchase agricultural land elsewhere and the transaction is treated as a "swap" or trade of like assets and no tax is due. Thus urban sprawl is subsidized by the tax code.<ref>{{cite news|title=Major Companies Push the Limits of a Tax Break |author=David Kocieniewski|date=January 6, 2013 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/07/business/economy/companies-exploit-tax-break-for-asset-exchanges-trial-evidence-shows.html|access-date=January 7, 2013 |newspaper=The New York Times |quote=With hundreds of thousands of transactions a year, it is hard to gauge the true cost of the tax break for so-called like-kind exchanges, like those used by Cendant, General Electric and Wells Fargo.}}</ref> In China, land has been converted from rural to urban use in advance of demand, leading to vacant rural land intended for future development, and eventual urban sprawl.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=Yiping|last2=Pal|first2=Anirban|date=2016-07-07 |title=Drivers of urban sprawl in urbanizing China – a political ecology analysis|journal=Environment and Urbanization|language=en|volume=28 |issue=2|pages=599–616 |doi=10.1177/0956247816647344|issn=0956-2478 |url=https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1163&context=usp_fac|doi-access=free |bibcode=2016EnUrb..28..599F}}</ref>

===Housing subdivisions===
[[File:Derry and Thompson.JPG|thumb|right|Sprawl in [[Milton, Ontario|Milton]], [[Ontario]]. This photograph is an example of Canadian exurban development, though recently attempts are made to reduce this type of development in many major cities.]]
[[Housing subdivision]]s are large tracts of land consisting entirely of newly built residences. [[New Urbanism|New Urbanist]] architectural firm [[Duany Plater-Zyberk & Company]] states that housing subdivisions "are sometimes called villages, towns, and neighbourhoods by their developers, which is misleading since those terms denote places that are not exclusively residential".<ref name=duany2001>{{cite book|last1=Duany|first1=Andres |last2=Plater-Zyberk|first2=Elizabeth|last3=Speck |first3=Jeff |title=Suburban Nation: The Rise of Sprawl and the Decline of the American Dream|date=2001 |publisher=Farrar Straus & Giroux |location=New York |isbn=978-0-86547-606-6|url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/suburbannationri00duan}}</ref> They are also referred to as developments. Land developers may adopt [[tract housing]] as a cost-saving measure, which often results in a lack of architectural diversity across houses.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kershner |first=Kate |date=17 May 2024 |title=Why do cookie-cutter neighborhoods exist? |language=en |work=HowStuffWorks |url=http://home.howstuffworks.com/home-improvement/construction/projects/why-cookie-cutter-neighborhoods-exist1.htm |access-date=2 July 2025}}</ref>

Subdivisions often incorporate curved roads and [[cul-de-sac]]s. These subdivisions may offer only a few places to enter and exit the development, causing traffic to use high volume collector streets. All trips, no matter how short, must enter the collector road in a suburban system.<ref name=duany2001/>

===Lawn===
After the [[Second World War]], residential [[lawn]]s became commonplace in suburbs, notably, but not exclusively in North America.<ref name="Steinberg">{{cite book|last1=Steinberg|first1=Ted|title=American Green: The Obsessive Quest for the Perfect Lawn |url=https://archive.org/details/americangreenobs00stei |url-access=registration|date=2006|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-32930-8}}</ref> The development of country clubs and golf courses in the early 20th century further promoted [[Lawns in the United States|lawn culture in the United States]].<ref name="Jenkins">{{cite book |last1=Jenkins|first1=Virginia Scott|title=The Lawn: A History of an American Obsession|date=1994 |publisher=Smithsonian Books|location=Washington|isbn=978-1-56098-406-1}}</ref> Lawns now take up a significant amount of land in suburban developments, contributing to sprawl.<ref name=Steinberg/>

===Commercial developments===
[[File:Breezewood, Pennsylvania.jpg|thumb|Clustered [[commercial area|commercial strips]] like this one in [[Breezewood, Pennsylvania]] are common in outer rural [[exurb]]s and suburbs in metropolitan areas.<ref name="ruralsmartgrowth">{{cite web |title=Modernizing Rural And Small City Development Codes: Priority Smart Growth Fixes |url=https://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/app/legacy/documents/evening-presentation-green-river.pdf |website=[[Smart Growth America]] |publisher=[[United States Environmental Protection Agency|Environmental Protection Agency]] |access-date=October 16, 2020 |date=2014 }}</ref>]]
In areas of sprawl, commercial use is generally segregated from other uses. In the U.S. and Canada, these often take the form of [[strip malls]], which refer to collections of buildings sharing a common parking lot, usually built on a high-capacity roadway with commercial functions (i.e., a "strip"). Similar developments in the [[United Kingdom]] are called Retail Parks. Strip malls consisting mostly of [[big box store]]s or [[category killer]]s are sometimes called "power centers" (U.S.). These developments tend to be low-density; the buildings are single-story and there is ample space for parking and access for delivery vehicles. This character is reflected in the spacious landscaping of the parking lots and walkways and clear signage of the retail establishments. Some strip malls are undergoing a transformation into [[Lifestyle center (retail)|Lifestyle centers]]; entailing investments in common areas and facilities (plazas, cafes) and shifting tenancy from daily goods to recreational shopping.

[[File:Wal-Mart Supercenter, Luray, Virginia.jpg|thumb|[[Walmart]] Supercenter in Luray, Virginia]]
Another prominent form of retail development in areas characterized by sprawl is the [[shopping mall]]. Unlike the strip mall, this is usually composed of a single building surrounded by a parking lot that contains multiple shops, usually "anchored" by one or more [[department store]]s.<ref>Gruen, Victor and Larry Smith (1960) ''Shopping towns USA: the planning of shopping centers'', Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, New York.</ref> The function and size is also distinct from the strip mall. The focus is almost exclusively on recreational shopping rather than daily goods. Shopping malls also tend to serve a wider (regional) public and require higher-order infrastructure such as highway access and can have floorspaces in excess of {{convert|1|e6sqft|m2|abbr=unit}}. Shopping malls are often detrimental to downtown [[shopping centre]]s of nearby cities since the shopping malls act as a surrogate for the [[Central business district|city centre]].<ref>Crawford, Margaret (1992) "The World in a Shopping Mall" in Sorkin, Michael (ed.), ''Variations on a Theme Park, The new American city and the end of public space'', Hill and Wang, New York, pp. 3–30.</ref> Some downtowns have responded to this challenge by building shopping centres of their own.<ref>Frieden, Bernard J. and Sagalyn, Lynne B. (1989) ''Downtown Inc.: How America Rebuilds Cities'', [[MIT Press]], Cambridge, MA.</ref>

[[Fast food]] chains are often built early in areas with low property values where the population is expected to boom and where large traffic is predicted, and set a precedent for future development. [[Eric Schlosser]], in his book ''[[Fast Food Nation]]'', argues that fast food chains accelerate suburban sprawl and help set its tone with their expansive parking lots, flashy signs, and plastic architecture (65). [[Duany Plater Zyberk & Company]] believe that this reinforces a destructive pattern of growth in an endless quest to move away from the sprawl that only results in creating more of it.<ref name=duany2001/>

==Effects==

=== Environmental ===
One of the major environmental problems associated with urban sprawl is [[land consumption]], [[habitat loss]], [[Soil contamination|land pollution]], subsequent reduction in [[biodiversity]] and destruction of [[Ecosystem|local ecosystems]]. A review by Brian Czech and colleagues,<ref name="Czech-Krausman-Devers">{{cite journal |last1=Czech |first1=Brian |last2=Krausman |first2=Paul R. |last3=Devers |first3=Patrick K. |date=2000 |title=Economic Associations among Causes of Species Endangerment in the United States |journal=BioScience |volume=50 |issue=7 |page=593 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0593:EAACOS]2.0.CO;2 |issn=0006-3568}}</ref> finds that urbanization [[Endangered species|endangers]] more species and is more geographically ubiquitous in the mainland United States than any other human activity.<ref name="Czech-Krausman-Devers" /> Urban sprawl is disruptive to native flora & fauna and introduces [[invasive plants]] into their environments, which are considered to be harmful to local biomes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Concepción |first1=Elena D. |last2=Obrist |first2=Martin K. |last3=Moretti |first3=Marco |last4=Altermatt |first4=Florian |last5=Baur |first5=Bruno |last6=Nobis |first6=Michael P. |date=March 2016 |title=Impacts of urban sprawl on species richness of plants, butterflies, gastropods and birds: not only built-up area matters |journal=Urban Ecosystems |language=en |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=225–242 |doi=10.1007/s11252-015-0474-4 |bibcode=2016UrbEc..19..225C |issn=1083-8155|url=https://www.dora.lib4ri.ch/eawag/islandora/object/eawag%3A13962 }}</ref> Although the effects can be mitigated through careful maintenance of native vegetation, the process of [[ecological succession]] and public education, sprawl represents one of the primary threats to biodiversity.<ref name="mckinney">{{cite journal |last1=McKinney |first1=Michael L. |date=2002 |title=Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation |journal=BioScience |volume=52 |issue=10 |page=883 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0883:UBAC]2.0.CO;2}}</ref>

Regions with high birth rates and immigration are therefore faced with environmental problems due to unplanned urban growth and emerging megacities such as [[Kolkata]], [[Shenzhen|Shenzen]], and [[Chongqing]]. Unregulated urban sprawl in these areas contributes to severe pollution, resource depletion, and ecosystem degradation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Angel |first1=Shlomo |last2=Parent |first2=Jason |last3=Civco |first3=Daniel L. |last4=Blei |first4=Alexander |last5=Potere |first5=David |date=February 2011 |title=The dimensions of global urban expansion: Estimates and projections for all countries, 2000–2050 |journal=Progress in Planning |language=en |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=53–107 |doi=10.1016/j.progress.2011.04.001|bibcode=2011PrgPl..75...53A }}</ref> For instance, Kolkata's expansion has led to extensive deforestation and [[wetland]] destruction, endangering biodiversity and increasing flood risks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghosh |first1=Sasanka |last2=Das |first2=Arijit |date=January 2019 |title=Urban expansion induced vulnerability assessment of East Kolkata Wetland using Fuzzy MCDM method |journal=Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment |language=en |volume=13 |pages=191–203 |doi=10.1016/j.rsase.2018.10.014|bibcode=2019RSASE..13..191G }}</ref> Additionally, Chongqing, as one of China's fastest-growing urban centers.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cao |first=Cong |date=2024-07-09 |title=Integration of ten years of daily weather, traffic, and air pollution data from Norway's six largest cities |journal=Scientific Data |volume=11 |issue=1 |article-number=744 |doi=10.1038/s41597-024-03583-8 |doi-access=free |pmid=38982058 |pmc=11233595 |bibcode=2024NatSD..11..744C |issn=2052-4463}}</ref> struggles with severe air pollution due to its reliance on coal-powered industries, with particulate matter ([[Particulates|PM2.5]]) levels often exceeding [[World Health Organization]] safety limits.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Lina |last2=Hu |first2=Lu |last3=Liu |first3=Yifan |last4=Wang |first4=Haikun |date=December 2021 |title=Modeling of the health impacts of ambient ozone pollution in China and India |journal=Atmospheric Environment |language=en |volume=267 |article-number=118753 |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2021.118753|bibcode=2021AtmEn.26718753L }}</ref> The rapid expansion of urban infrastructure in such megacities increases greenhouse gas emissions, with transportation and construction sectors contributing significantly to climate change.<ref name="Seto-Güneralp-Hutyra">{{Cite journal |last1=Seto |first1=Karen C. |last2=Güneralp |first2=Burak |last3=Hutyra |first3=Lucy R. |date=2012-10-02 |title=Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |language=en |volume=109 |issue=40 |pages=16083–16088 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1211658109 |doi-access=free |pmid=22988086 |pmc=3479537 |bibcode=2012PNAS..10916083S |issn=0027-8424}}</ref> Moreover, poor urban planning leads to inadequate sanitation and waste management systems, with cities like Kolkata generating over 5,000 metric tons of waste daily, much of which remains untreated and contributes to water contamination.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Halldorsdottir |first=Sigridur |title=Health Care Waste Management: Challenges and Solutions |conference= 16th International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology|date=4–7 September 2019|location=Rhodes, Greece |url=https://cms.gnest.org/sites/default/files/cest2019_00787_posterf_paper.pdf |doi=10.30955/gnc2019.00787}}</ref>

Other problems include:

* flooding, which results from increased [[impervious surface]]s for [[road]]s and parking (''see'' [[urban runoff]])<ref>{{cite web |url=https://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclerunoff.html |title=Surface Runoff – The Water Cycle |author= |date=2016-12-15 |website=Water Science School |publisher=United States Geological Survey |location=Reston, VA}}</ref>
* Reduce wildlife population and [[Pachypodium habitats|habitat space]]
* Loss of [[arable land]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Delbecq |first=Benoit A |date=2010-01-01 |title=Economic impacts of urban growth and urban sprawl on agriculture: A spatial analysis of land use change at the urban-rural fringe |url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3449733/ |journal=Theses and Dissertations Available from ProQuest |pages=1–146}}</ref>
* Accelerate [[climate change]] in the region
* Affect regional [[hydrology]], especially [[Groundwater|groundwater supply]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Howard |first1=Ken |last2=Gerber |first2=Richard |date=2018-02-01 |title=Impacts of urban areas and urban growth on groundwater in the Great Lakes Basin of North America |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S038013301730196X |journal=Journal of Great Lakes Research |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1016/j.jglr.2017.11.012 |issn=0380-1330|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* increased temperatures from [[Urban heat island|heat islands]], which leads to a significantly increased risk of mortality in elderly populations.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Marina Romanello |display-authors=et al. |date=2021 |title=The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future |journal=The Lancet |language=English |volume=398 |issue=10311 |pages=1619–1662 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6 |pmid=34687662 |pmc=7616807 |hdl=10278/3746207 |s2cid=239046862 |issn=0140-6736 |url=https://www.cpha.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/advocacy/2021_lancet/2021_Lancet_Countdown_e.pdf}}</ref>{{rp|9}}

[[File:Reservoir VIC 3073, Australia - panoramio.jpg|thumb |left|The urban sprawl of [[Melbourne]]]]
During the mid-to-late 20th century, many major cities in the [[United States]], [[Western Europe]], and [[Japan]] experienced population decline due to shrinking household sizes and [[suburbanization]], leading to significant environmental impacts.<ref>{{Citation |title=Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD) |work=SpringerReference |date=2011 |url=http://www.springerreference.com/index/doi/10.1007/springerreference_75881 |access-date=2025-03-04 |place=Berlin/Heidelberg |publisher=Springer-Verlag|doi=10.1007/springerreference_75881 |doi-broken-date=July 1, 2025 |url-access=subscription }}</ref> The expansion of suburban areas resulted in increased land consumption, [[habitat fragmentation]], and higher carbon emissions from car-dependent development.<ref name="Seto-Güneralp-Hutyra"/> In the U.S., suburbanization was accelerated by policies favoring highway construction and single-family housing, contributing to urban sprawl and loss of arable land.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hanley |first=Johanna |date=2019-11-17 |title=''The color of law: A forgotten history of how our government segregated America'', by Richard Rothstein, New York, Liveright Publishing Corporation, 2017 |journal=Journal of Urban Affairs |volume=41 |issue=8 |page=1231 |doi=10.1080/07352166.2019.1588576 |issn=0735-2166}}</ref> While recent urban revitalization has slowed these trends, challenges such as rising energy demands, heat island effects, and pressure on water resources persist.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Zukin |first=Sharon |title=Naked city: the death and life of authentic urban places |date=2010 |publisher=Oxford university press |isbn=978-0-19-538285-3 |location=New York}}</ref> At the same time, the urban cores of these and nearly all other major cities in the United States, Western Europe, and Japan that did not annex new territory experienced the related phenomena of falling household size and, particularly in the U.S. (''see [[white flight]])'' sustaining population losses. This trend has slowed somewhat in recent years, as more people have regained an interest in urban living.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=St. John |first=C. |date=1994-09-01 |title=American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass. By Douglas S. Massey and Nancy A. Denton. Harvard University Press, 1993. 292 pp. $29.95 |journal=Social Forces |language=en |volume=73 |issue=1 |pages=358–359 |doi=10.1093/sf/73.1.358 |issn=0037-7732}}</ref>

Due to the larger area consumed by sprawling suburbs compared to urban neighborhoods, more farmland and wildlife habitats are displaced per resident. As forest cover is cleared and covered with [[impervious surfaces]] ([[concrete]] and [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]]) in the suburbs, rainfall is less effectively absorbed into the [[groundwater]] [[aquifer]]s.<ref name="cdcreport" /> This threatens both the quality and quantity of water supplies. Sprawl increases [[water pollution]] as rain water picks up [[gasoline]], [[motor oil]], [[heavy metals]], and other pollutants in [[surface runoff|runoff]] from parking lots and roads.

[[File:Chicagoland air.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Chicago]] metro area, nicknamed "[[Chicagoland]]"]]

Gordon & Richardson have argued that the conversion of agricultural land to urban use is not a problem due to the increasing efficiency of agricultural production; they argue that aggregate agricultural production is still more than sufficient to meet global food needs despite the expansion of urban land use.<ref name="sprawldebate">{{cite journal |last1=Gordon |first1=Peter |last2=Richardson |first2=Harry |title=The Sprawl Debate: Let Markets Plan |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |date=Summer 2001 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=131–149 |doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a004901}}</ref>

=== Health ===
Sprawl leads to increased driving, which in turn leads to vehicle emissions that contribute to [[air pollution]] and its attendant negative impacts on human [[health]]. In addition, the reduced physical activity implied by increased automobile use has negative health consequences. Sprawl significantly predicts chronic medical conditions and health-related quality of life, but not mental health disorders.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Sturm|first1=R. |last2=Cohen|first2=D.A.|date=October 2004 |title=Suburban sprawl and physical and mental health|journal=Public Health |volume=118|issue=7|pages=488–496|pmid=15351221 |doi=10.1016/j.puhe.2004.02.007}}</ref> The American Journal of Public Health and the American Journal of Health Promotion, have both stated that there is a significant connection between sprawl, [[obesity]], and [[hypertension]].<ref>{{cite news |last=McKee |first=Bradford |date=September 4, 2003 |title=As Suburbs Grow, So Do Waistlines |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?sec=health&res=9C06EED61338F937A3575AC0A9659C8B63 |url-access=subscription |access-date=February 7, 2008}}</ref> Loud vehicles can cause stress, prevent sleep, and minimize social interactions in public for people living in cities (especially homeless people).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Halperin |first=Demian |date=December 2014 |title=Environmental noise and sleep disturbances: A threat to health? |journal=Sleep Science |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=209–212 |doi=10.1016/j.slsci.2014.11.003 |issn=1984-0659 |pmc=4608916 |pmid=26483931}}</ref>

In the years following World War II, when vehicle ownership was becoming widespread, public health officials recommended the health benefits of suburbs due to soot and industrial fumes in the city center. However, air in modern suburbs is not necessarily cleaner than air in urban neighborhoods.<ref name="DeRidder">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.06.044 |author1=Koen De Ridder |author2=Filip Lefebre |author3=Stefan Adriaensen |author4=Ute Arnold |author5=Wolfgang Beckroege |author6=Christine Bronner |author7=Ole Damsgaard |author8=Ivo Dostal |author9=Jiri Dufek |author10=Jacky Hirsch |author11=Luc Int Panis |author12=Zdenek Kotek |author13=Thierry Ramadier |author14=Annette Thierry |author15=Stijn Vermoote |author16=Annett Wania |author17=Christiane Weber |title=Simulating the impact of urban sprawl on air quality and population exposure in the German Ruhr area. Part II: Development and evaluation of an urban growth scenario |journal=Atmospheric Environment |volume=42 |issue=30 |year=2008 |pages=7070–7077 |bibcode=2008AtmEn..42.7070D |s2cid=95045241}}</ref> In fact, the most polluted air is on crowded highways, where people in suburbs tend to spend more time. On average, suburban residents generate more per capita pollution and [[carbon emissions]] than their urban counterparts because of their increased driving,<ref name="cdcreport" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fuller |first1=R.|last2=Crawford|first2=R.|s2cid=153390281 |title=Impact of past and future residential housing development patterns on energy demand and related emissions |journal=Journal of Housing and the Built Environment|year=2011|volume=26|issue=2 |pages=165–83|doi=10.1007/s10901-011-9212-2|bibcode=2011JHTRW..26..165F }}</ref><ref name="Jones2014">{{cite journal |last1=Jones |first1=Christopher |last2=Kammen |first2=Daniel |title=Spatial Distribution of U.S. Household Carbon Footprints Reveals Suburbanization Undermines Greenhouse Gas Benefits of Urban Population Density |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |date=2014 |volume=48 |issue=2 |pages=895–902 |doi=10.1021/es4034364 |pmid=24328208 |bibcode=2014EnST...48..895J |s2cid=19552963|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7js4722d }}</ref> as well as larger homes.<ref name="Goldstein2020">{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Benjamin |last2=Gounaridis |first2=Dimitrios |last3=Newell |first3=Joshua P. |title=The carbon footprint of household energy use in the United States |journal=PNAS |date=2020 |volume=117 |issue=32 |pages=19122–19130 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1922205117 |pmid=32690718 |pmc=7431053 |bibcode=2020PNAS..11719122G |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Sprawl also reduces the chance that people will take the [[bicycle]] for their commute which would be better for their health. Bicycles are a common mode of transportation for those living in urban centers due to many factors. One major factor many people consider relates to how, when one rides a bike to, say, their workplace, they are exercising as they do so. This [[Human multitasking|multi-tasking]] is better for one's health than automatic transport.

A 2023 [[meta-analysis]] found that individuals living in sprawling areas had a 20% higher risk of obesity and a 15% higher risk of developing [[hypertension]] compared to residents of compact urban environments. Reduced walkability and longer commuting times were identified as key contributing factors.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Genovese |first1=Dario |last2=Candiloro |first2=Stefania |last3=D'Anna |first3=Antonio |last4=Dettori |first4=Marco |last5=Restivo |first5=Vincenzo |last6=Amodio |first6=Emanuele |last7=Casuccio |first7=Alessandra |date=2023-08-01 |title=Urban sprawl and health: a review of the scientific literature |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ace986 |journal=Environmental Research Letters |volume=18 |issue=8 |page=083004 |doi=10.1088/1748-9326/ace986 |bibcode=2023ERL....18h3004G |issn=1748-9326|hdl=10447/619953 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

=== Safety ===
A heavy reliance on automobiles increases traffic throughout the city as well as automobile crashes, pedestrian injuries, and air pollution.<ref name="DeRidder"/> Motor [[Traffic collision|vehicle crashes]] are the leading cause of death for Americans between the ages of five and twenty-four and is the leading accident-related cause for all age groups.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.disastercenter.com/cdc/ |title=Death Rates for Twelve Age groups from |website=The Disaster Center |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref> Residents of more sprawling areas are generally at greater risk of dying in a car crash due to increased exposure to driving.<ref name="cdcreport" /> Evidence indicates that pedestrians in sprawling areas are at higher risk than those in denser areas, although the relationship is less clear than for drivers and passengers in vehicles.<ref name="cdcreport" />

Research covered in the ''Journal of Economic Issues'' and ''State and Local Government Review'' shows a link between sprawl and emergency medical services response and fire department response delays.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lambert |first1=Thomas E. |last2=Meyer |first2=Peter B. |s2cid=155248837 |year=2006 |title=Ex-Urban Sprawl as a Factor in Traffic Fatalities and EMS Response Times in the Southeastern United States |journal=Journal of Economic Issues |volume=40 |issue=4 |pages=941–953 |url=http://www.cues.fau.edu/cnu/docs/Ex-Urban_Sprawl_as_a_Factor_in_Traffic_Fatalities_and_EMS_Response_Times_in_the_SE_US-Lambert-Meyer.pdf |doi=10.1080/00213624.2006.11506968 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |jstor=25469783 |last1=Lambert |first1=T. E. |last2=Meyer |first2=P. B. |title=Practitioner's Corner: New and Fringe Residential Development and Emergency Medical Services Response Times in the United States |journal=State and Local Government Review |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=115–124 |year=2008 |s2cid=154555457 |doi=10.1177/0160323x0804000205 |url=https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/38891/1/MPRA_paper_38891.pdf |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lambert |first1=Thomas E. |last2=Srinivasan |first2=Arun K. |last3=Katirai |first3=Matin |s2cid=219306354 |year=2012 |title=Ex-urban Sprawl and Fire Response in the United States |journal=Journal of Economic Issues |volume=46 |issue=4| pages=967–988 |doi=10.2753/JEI0021-3624460407}}</ref>

=== Economy ===
{{main|Car dependency}}
[[File:NorthAmericanPublicTransport.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Chart showing public transport use in major cities in North America]]
[[File:Road Space Requirements.png|thumb|Road Space Requirements]]
Living in larger, more spread out spaces generally makes public services more expensive. Since car usage becomes endemic and public transport often becomes significantly more expensive, city planners are forced to build highway and parking [[infrastructure]], which in turn decreases taxable land and revenue, and decreases the desirability of the area adjacent to such structures.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Data + Vision = Financially Sustainable Communities |url=https://www.urbanthree.com/services/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Urban3 |language=en-US}}</ref> Providing services such as [[water supply|water]], [[sanitary sewer|sewer]]s, road maintenance, and [[electricity]] is also more expensive per household in less dense areas, given that sprawl increases lengths of power lines, roads, and pipes, necessitating higher maintenance costs.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Snyder |first1=Ken|last2=Bird|first2=Lori|title=Paying the Costs of Sprawl: Using Fair-Share Costing to Control Sprawl |date=1998 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy's Center of Excellence for Sustainable Development |url= http://www.smartcommunities.ncat.org/articles/sprawl.pdf |access-date=May 20, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924102819/http://www.smartcommunities.ncat.org/articles/sprawl.pdf|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref>

Residents of low-density areas spend a higher proportion of their income on transportation than residents of high density areas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Is The STPP? |url=http://www.transact.org/ |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Surface Transportation Policy Partnership |language=en}}</ref> The unplanned nature of outward urban development is commonly linked to increased dependency on cars. In 2003, a British newspaper calculated that urban sprawl would cause an economic loss of £3,905 per year, per person through cars alone, based on data from the [[RAC plc|RAC]] estimating that the average cost of operating a car in the UK at that time was £5,000 a year, while train travel (assuming a citizen commutes every day of the year, with a ticket cost of 3 pounds) would be only £1,095.<ref>{{cite news |title=Is your car worth it? |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=February 15, 2003 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/guardian_jobs_and_money/story/0,3605,895503,00.html |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref> Additionally, increased density increases the supply of housing in desirable areas, and thus, it also decreases housing prices in those areas (by the logic of [[supply and demand]]).<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Glaeser |first1=Edward |last2=Gyourko |first2=Joseph |last3=Saks |first3=Raven |date=November 2003 |title=Why is Manhattan So Expensive? Regulation and the Rise in House Prices |doi-access=free |journal=NBER Working Paper Series |publisher=National Bureau of Economic Research |location=Cambridge, MA |doi=10.3386/w10124}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The Effect of Zoning on Housing Prices |url=https://www.cato.org/research-briefs-economic-policy/effect-zoning-housing-prices |access-date=2023-01-13 |website=Cato Institute |date=August 1, 2018 |first1=Ross |last1=Kendall |first2=Peter |last2=Tulip}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lees |first=Kirdan |date=2019-09-02 |title=Quantifying the costs of land use regulation: evidence from New Zealand |journal=New Zealand Economic Papers |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=245–269 |doi=10.1080/00779954.2018.1473470 |s2cid=169640089 |issn=0077-9954|url=https://repec.canterbury.ac.nz/cbt/econwp/1801.pdf }}</ref>

A 2022 Building & Cities report found that urban sprawl in [[Lagos|Lagos, Nigeria]], has significantly increased housing costs and displaced low-income populations into poorly connected suburban areas, deepening economic inequality and limiting access to employment opportunities and essential services.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oyalowo |first=Basirat |date=2022-09-21 |title=Implications of urban expansion: land, planning and housing in Lagos |journal=Buildings & Cities |language=en-US |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=692–708 |doi=10.5334/bc.243 |doi-access=free |issn=2632-6655}}</ref> Similar patterns have been observed in other rapidly urbanizing regions, where the uncontrolled outward growth of cities disproportionately affects vulnerable populations.

[[File:Petrol use urban density.svg|thumb|Major cities – per capita petrol use vs. population density<ref name="N&K89" />]]

=== Social ===
Urban sprawl may be partly responsible for the decline in [[social capital]] in the United States. Compact neighborhoods can foster casual social interactions among neighbors, while sprawl creates barriers. Sprawl tends to replace public spaces with private spaces such as fenced-in backyards.<ref name="csc06">{{cite book|editor=Van Pelt, Julie |year=2006 |title=Cascadia Scorecard 2006 |url=http://www.sightline.org/publications/books/CS2006/CS06/CS06-nomaps |format=PDF |publisher=Sightline Institute |location=Seattle, Washington|isbn=978-1-886093-16-4 |access-date=February 7, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807101340/http://www.sightline.org/research/books/CS2006/CS06/CS06-nomaps |archive-date=2011-08-07}}</ref>

Critics of sprawl maintain that sprawl erodes [[quality of life]]. [[Andrés Duany|Duany]] and [[Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk|Plater-Zyberk]] believe that in traditional neighborhoods the nearness of the workplace to retail and restaurant space that provides cafes and [[convenience store]]s with daytime customers is an essential component to the successful balance of urban life. Furthermore, they state that the closeness of the workplace to homes also gives people the option of walking or riding a bicycle to work or school and that without this kind of interaction between the different components of life the urban pattern quickly falls apart.<ref name="duany2001" /> [[James Howard Kunstler]] has argued that poor [[aesthetics]] in suburban environments make them "places not worth caring about", and that they lack a sense of history and identity.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kunstler |first=James Howard |title=Home from nowhere: remaking our everyday world for the twenty-first century |publisher=Simon & Schuster |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-684-83737-6}}</ref>

Urban sprawl has class and racial implications in many parts of the world; the relative homogeneity of many sprawl developments may reinforce class and racial divides through [[residential segregation]].

Numerous studies link increased population density with increased aggression.<ref>{{cite web |last=Conklin |first=George H. |title=Article Review: The Impact of Density: The Importance of Nonlinearlity and Selection on Flight and Fight Responses |url=http://www.ncsociology.org/crowding.htm}}</ref> Some people believe that increased population density encourages crime and anti-social behavior. It is argued that human beings, while social animals, need significant amounts of social space or they become agitated and aggressive.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Sennett, Richard |title=Classic Essays on the Culture of Cities |date=June 1969 |location=New York |pages=67–83 |publisher=Appleton-Century-Crofts}}</ref> However, the relationship between higher densities and increased social pathology has been largely discredited.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fischer |first1=Claude S. |last2=Baldasarre |first2=Mark |last3=Ofshe |first3=R. J. |title=Crowding Studies and Urban Life – A Critical Review |journal=Journal of the American Institute of Planners |volume=41 |issue=6| pages=406–418 |doi=10.1080/01944367508977691 |year=1975 |hdl=2027/mdp.39015002638529 |hdl-access=free}}</ref>

'''Increased vector-borne disease risk'''

Urban sprawl also leads to the loss of natural habitats and habitat fragmentation, which increases contact between wildlife (including those that carry pathogens) and human populations due to the disruption of their ecosystems. This expansion also creates favorable conditions for the spread of vector-borne diseases.

As cities grow, they often develop environments with stagnant water, increased humidity, and higher temperatures—ideal conditions for breeding disease-carrying mosquitoes.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mathieu |first1=K. |last2=Karmali |first2=M. |date=2016-10-06 |title=Vector-borne diseases, climate change and healthy urban living: Next steps |journal=Canada Communicable Disease Report |volume=42 |issue=10 |pages=219–221 |doi=10.14745/ccdr.v42i10a13 |issn=1188-4169 |pmc=5757676 |pmid=29769989}}</ref> These conditions help facilitate the survival of mosquitoes, particularly [[Aedes]] species, which have been linked to the transmission of [[Zika fever|Zika]], [[Malaria]], and [[Chikungunya]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Kolimenakis |first1=Antonios |last2=Heinz |first2=Sabine |last3=Wilson |first3=Michael Lowery |last4=Winkler |first4=Volker |last5=Yakob |first5=Laith |last6=Michaelakis |first6=Antonios |last7=Papachristos |first7=Dimitrios |last8=Richardson |first8=Clive |last9=Horstick |first9=Olaf |date=September 2021 |title=The role of urbanisation in the spread of Aedes mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit-A systematic review |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=15 |issue=9 |article-number=e0009631 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009631 |doi-access=free |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=8428665 |pmid=34499653}}</ref>

'''Environmental changes and disease emergence'''

Changes in land use are a major driver of emerging infectious diseases, as they influence species distribution, abundance, movement, and interactions—all of which affect the transmission of zoonotic diseases.<ref>WHO. (n.d.). ''Biodiversity & Infectious Diseases . Questions & Answers''. Retrieved from <nowiki>https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/climate-change/qa-infectiousdiseases-who.pdf?sfvrsn=3a624917_3</nowiki></ref> For example, deforestation reduces the habitat of certain wildlife species, causing them to move closer to human settlements and ultimately increasing the likelihood of disease spillover.

'''One Health and urban sprawl'''

The [[One Health Model|One Health]] framework emphasizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health. Addressing the risks of zoonotic diseases in the context of urban sprawl requires an integrated approach that considers the health of all three domains. Effective public health strategies must involve urban planning that takes into account the potential for zoonotic disease transmission, as well as monitoring and controlling animal populations, improving sanitation, and promoting vaccination and disease prevention.

== Debate ==
{{multiple image
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| image1 = Morrisville, North Carolina (North Side of Morrisville-Carpenter Road) 2006.jpg
| alt1 = Morrisville, North Carolina (north side of Morrisville-Carpenter Road)
| image2 = Morrisville, North Carolina (South Side of Morrisville-Carpenter Road) 2006.jpg
| alt2 = Morrisville, North Carolina (south side of Morrisville-Carpenter Road)
| footer = Rural neighborhoods in [[Morrisville, North Carolina]] are rapidly developing into affluent, urbanized neighborhoods and subdivisions. The two images above are on opposite sides of the same street.
}}
According to Nancy Chin, a large number of effects of sprawl have been discussed in the academic literature in some detail; however, the most contentious issues can be reduced "to an older set of arguments, between those advocating a planning approach and those advocating the efficiency of the market".<ref name="UCL" /> Those who criticize sprawl tend to argue that sprawl creates more problems than it solves and should be more heavily regulated, while proponents argue that markets are producing the economically most efficient settlements possible in most situations, even if problems may exist.<ref name="UCL" /> However, some market-oriented commentators believe that the current patterns of sprawl are in fact the result of distortions of the free market.<ref name="UCL" /> Chin cautions that there is a lack of "reliable empirical evidence to support the arguments made either for or against sprawl". She mentions that the lack of a common definition, the need for more quantitative measures "a broader view both in time and space, and greater comparison with alternative urban forms" would be necessary to draw firmer conclusions and conduct more fruitful debates.<ref name="UCL" />

Arguments opposing urban sprawl include concrete effects such as health and environmental issues as well as abstract consequences including neighborhood vitality. [[United States|American]] [[public policy]] analyst [[Randal O'Toole]] of the [[Cato Institute]], a [[Libertarian movement in the United States|libertarian]] [[think tank]], has argued that sprawl, thanks to the automobile, gave rise to affordable suburban neighborhoods for [[middle class]] and lower class individuals, including non-whites. He notes that efforts to combat sprawl often result in subsidizing development in wealthier and whiter neighborhoods while condemning and demolishing poorer minority neighborhoods.<ref name="Gridlock">{{cite book|last1=O'Toole|first1=Randal |title=Gridlock: why we're stuck in traffic and what to do about it|date=2009|publisher=CATO Institute|location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-1-935308-23-2|edition=[Online-Ausg.]|url=https://archive.org/details/gridlockwhyweare00otoo}}</ref>

=== Groups that oppose sprawl ===
The [[American Institute of Architects]], [[American Planning Association]], and [[Smart Growth America]] recommend against sprawl and instead endorses [[Smart growth|smart]], [[mixed-use development]], including buildings in close proximity to one another that cut down on automobile use, save energy, and promote walkable, healthy, well-designed neighborhoods.<ref>[http://www.aia.org/SiteObjects/files/smartgrowth05.pdf Issue Brief: Smart-Growth: Building Livable Communities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119170943/https://www.aia.org/SiteObjects/files/smartgrowth05.pdf |date=November 19, 2018 }}. American Institute of Architects. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.</ref><ref name="sgastudy">{{cite web |last1=Lyne |first1=Jack |title=Urban Sprawl: New Smart Growth America Study Moves to Measure Elusive Location Factor |url=https://siteselection.com/ssinsider/snapshot/sf021028.htm#:~:text=Smart%20Growth%20America%20%28SGA%20at%20www.smartgrowthamerica.com%29%2C%20a%20Washington%2C,regions%20contain%20about%20half%20of%20the%20U.S.%20population.%29 |website=[[Smart Growth America]] |publisher=Site Selection |access-date=October 16, 2020 |date=October 28, 2002}}</ref> The [[Sierra Club]], the San Francisco Bay Area's [[Greenbelt Alliance]], [[1000 Friends of Oregon]] and counterpart organizations nationwide, and other environmental organizations oppose sprawl and support investment in existing communities.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/report05/buildingbetter.pdf |access-date=February 8, 2008 |archive-date=2007-06-15 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070615130902/http://www.sierraclub.org/sprawl/report05/buildingbetter.pdf |date=November 2005 |title=Building Better |publisher=Sierra Club}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nrdc.org/cities/smartGrowth/ |title=Smart Growth |publisher=National Resources Defense Council |access-date=February 8, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208082335/http://www.nrdc.org/cities/smartGrowth/ |archive-date=2007-02-08}}</ref> [[NumbersUSA]], a national organization advocating [[immigration reduction]], also opposes urban sprawl,<ref>{{cite web |title=Urban Sprawl |website=NumbersUSA |url=http://www.numbersusa.com/content/issues/urban-sprawl.html |access-date=February 26, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217054333/http://www.numbersusa.com/content/issues/urban-sprawl.html |archive-date=2008-12-17}}</ref> and its founder, [[Roy Beck]], specializes in the study of this issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2003/1007/p12s02-legn.htm |title=Web smarts |website=[[Christian Science Monitor]] |date=October 7, 2003 |access-date=February 26, 2009}}</ref>

=== Consumer preference ===

One of the primary debates around suburban sprawl is the extent to which sprawl is the result of consumer preference. Some, such as Peter Gordon, a professor of planning and economics at the University of Southern California's School of [[Urban Planning]] and Development, argue that most households have shown a clear preference for low-density living and that this is a fact that should not be ignored by planners.<ref name="reason">{{cite news|last1=Moore|first1=Adrian|last2=Henderson|first2=Rick|title=Plan Obsolescence|url=https://reason.com/1998/06/01/plan-obsolescence/ |access-date=May 30, 2015|publisher=Reason|date=June 1998}}</ref> Gordon and his frequent collaborator, Harry Richardson have argued that
{{blockquote|The principle of consumer sovereignty has played a powerful role in the increase in America's wealth and in the welfare of its citizens. Producers (including developers) have responded rapidly to households' demands. It is a giant step backward to interfere with this effective process unless the benefits of intervention substantially exceed its cost.<ref name="prove">{{cite news|last1=Gordon|first1=Peter|last2=Richardson|first2=Harry|title=Prove It: The costs and benefit of sprawl|url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/1998/9/fall-metropolitanpolicy-gordon/gordon2.pdf|access-date=June 11, 2015|work=Brookings Review|publisher=The Brookings Institution|date=Fall 1998}}</ref>}} They argue that sprawl generates enough benefits for consumers that they continue to choose it as a form of development over alternative forms, as demonstrated by the continued focus on sprawl type developments by most developers.<ref name="sprawldebate" /> However, other academics such as Reid Ewing argue that while a large segment of people prefer suburban living that does not mean that sprawl itself is preferred by consumers, and that a large variety of suburban environments satisfy consumer demand, including areas that mitigate the worst effects of sprawl.<ref name="Ewing97" /> Others, for example [[Kenneth T. Jackson]]<ref>{{cite crabgrass}}</ref> have argued that since low-density housing is often (notably in the U.S.) subsidized in a variety of ways, consumers' professed preferences for this type of living may be over-stated.<ref name="UCL" />

===Automobile dependency===

[[File:Los Angeles - Echangeur autoroute 110 105.JPG|thumb|A majority of Californians live, commute, and work in the vast and extensive web of [[Southern California freeways]].]]
Whether urban sprawl increases the problems of [[automobile dependency]] or not, policies of [[smart growth]] have been fiercely contested issues over several decades. An influential study in 1989 by [[Peter Newman (environmental scientist)|Peter Newman]] and Jeff Kenworthy compared 32 cities across North America, Australia, Europe and Asia.<ref name="N&K89">{{cite book |last1=Newman |first1=Peter W.G. |last2=Kenworthy |first2=Jeffrey R. |title=Cities and automobile dependence: a sourcebook |date=1989 |publisher=Gower Technical |location=Aldershot, Hants., England |isbn=978-0-566-07040-2}}</ref> The study has been criticised for its methodology,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.tra.2003.10.004 |title=Urban density and energy consumption: A new look at old statistics |year=2004 |last1=Mindali |first1=Orit |last2=Raveh |first2=Adi |last3=Salomon |first3=Ilan |journal=Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=143–162 |bibcode=2004TRPA...38..143M}}</ref> but the main finding, that denser cities, particularly in Asia, have lower car use than sprawling cities, particularly in North America, has been largely accepted, although the relationship is clearer at the extremes across continents than it is within countries where conditions are more similar.

Within cities, studies from across many countries (mainly in the developed world) have shown that denser urban areas with greater mixture of land use and better public transport tend to have lower car use than less dense suburban and ex-urban residential areas. This usually holds true even after controlling for socio-economic factors such as differences in household composition and income.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Frank | first1 = L. | last2 = Pivo | first2 = G. | year = 1994 | title = Impact of Mixed Use and Density on Three Modes of Travel | journal = Transportation Research Record | volume = 1446 | pages = 44–52 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01944369508975634 |title=Commuting in Transit Versus Automobile Neighborhoods |year=1995 |last1=Cervero |first1=Robert |last2=Gorham |first2=Roger |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=210–225}}</ref> This does not necessarily imply that suburban sprawl causes high car use, however. One confounding factor, which has been the subject of many studies, is residential self-selection:<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01441640902752961 |title=Self-Selection: A Key to a Better Understanding of Location Choices, Travel Behaviour and Transport Externalities? |year=2009 |last1=Van Wee |first1=Bert |journal=Transport Reviews |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=279–292 |s2cid=219622681}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01441640802539195 |title=Examining the Impacts of Residential Self-Selection on Travel Behaviour: A Focus on Empirical Findings |year=2009 |last1=Cao |first1=Xinyu (Jason) |last2=Mokhtarian |first2=Patricia L.|author2-link=Patricia Mokhtarian |last3=Handy |first3=Susan L. |journal=Transport Reviews |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=359–395 |s2cid=18409991}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1080/01441640802710812 |title=Residential Self-Selection and Appropriate Control Variables in Land Use: Travel Studies |year=2009 |last1=Næss |first1=Petter |journal=Transport Reviews |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=293–324 |s2cid=154247717}}</ref> people who prefer to drive tend to move towards low density suburbs, whereas people who prefer to walk, cycle or use transit tend to move towards higher density urban areas, better served by public transport. Some studies have found that, when self-selection is controlled for, the built environment has no significant effect on travel behavior.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bagley |first1=M.N. |last2=Mokhtarian |first2=P.L. |author2-link=Patricia Mokhtarian |s2cid=18326670 |year=2002 |title=The impact of residential neighborhood type on travel behavior: A structural equations modeling approach |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt12q634n2/qt12q634n2.pdf?t=mc2sdv |journal=Annals of Regional Science |volume=36 |issue=2 |page=279 |doi=10.1007/s001680200083|bibcode=2002ARegS..36..279B }}</ref> More recent studies using more sophisticated methodologies have generally refuted these findings: density, land use and [[Accessibility (transport)|public transport accessibility]] can influence travel behavior, although social and economic factors, particularly household income, usually exert a stronger influence.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Handy |first1=S. |last2=Cao |first2=X. |last3=Mokhtarian |first3=P.L. |author3-link=Patricia Mokhtarian |year=2005 |title=Correlation or causality between the built environment and travel behavior? Evidence from Northern California |url=https://escholarship.org/content/qt5b76c5kg/qt5b76c5kg.pdf?t=mc2sre |journal=Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=427–444 |doi=10.1016/j.trd.2005.05.002 |bibcode=2005TRPD...10..427H |s2cid=18143493}}</ref>

[[File:US36WBCO47.2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Business park]]s are strongly linked to car-dependent sprawl.]]
Those not opposed to low density development argue that traffic intensities tend to be less, traffic speeds faster and, as a result, ambient [[air pollution]] is lower.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/dbx-intlair.htm |title=International Urban Areas: Transport & the Environment |website=Demographia}}</ref> [[Kansas City, Missouri]] is often cited as an example of ideal low-density development, with congestion below the mean and home prices below comparable Midwestern cities. [[Wendell Cox]] and Randal O'Toole are leading figures supporting lower density development.

Longitudinal (time-lapse) studies of commute times in major metropolitan areas in the United States have shown that commute times decreased for the period 1969 to 1995 even though the geographic size of the city increased.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.publicpurpose.com/ut-6995commute.htm |title=US Commuting Travel Times Down Over Quarter Century |website=PublicPurpose.com |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref> Other studies suggest, however, that possible personal benefits from commute time savings have been at the expense of environmental costs in the form of longer average commute distances,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1068/a290865 |title=Polycentrism, Commuting, and Residential Location in the San Francisco Bay Area | year=1997 |last1=Cervero |first1=R. |last2=Wu |first2=K-L |journal=Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space |volume=29 |issue=5 |pages=865–886 |pmid=12292888 |bibcode=1997EnPlA..29..865C |s2cid=33464912 }}</ref> rising vehicles-miles-traveled (VMT) per worker,<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.3141/1780-10 |title=Travel and the Built Environment: A Synthesis |year=2001 |last1=Ewing |first1=Reid |last2=Cervero |first2=Robert |journal=Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board |volume=1780 |issue=1 |pages=87–114 |s2cid=53551804}}</ref> and despite road expansions, worsening traffic congestion.<ref>{{cite book |title=Suburban Gridlock |isbn=978-1-351-48765-8 |last1=Cervero |first1=Robert |date=4 September 2017 |publisher=Routledge |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9tszDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref>

=== Transportation inequality ===
Critics of urban sprawl say that the United States' improper treatment of [[Transport divide|minority groups' access to transportation]] is a major downside to the continuation of urban sprawl. In many urban centers, such as Los Angeles and San Francisco, transportation in minority areas is lacking. As found by Kate Baldridge of Golden Gate University Law, areas with high minority populations typically see less than adequate transportation options, leading to overcrowded and unsafe transportation routes that do not provide a comprehensive means of transportation.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Baldridge|first=Kate |date=February 2013|title=If You Give a Mouse a Cookie: California's Section 11135 Fails to Provide Plaintiffs Relief in Darensburg v. Metropolitan Transportation Commission |url=https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=2083&context=ggulrev |journal=Golden Gate University Law Review|volume=43 |pages=7–9}}</ref> This disparity is made more evident because minority residents are more reliant on public transportation. According to Baldridge, this means that minority groups cannot move from urban areas, while people with higher incomes and thus better access to transportation can move out of urban areas and into surrounding suburbs.<ref name=":1" />

===Paradox of intensification===

Reviewing the evidence on urban intensification, [[smart growth]] and their effects on travel behaviour Melia et al. (2011)<ref>[http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/10555/2/melia-barton-parkhurst_The_Paradox_of_Intensification.pdf Melia, S., Barton, H. and Parkhurst, G. (In Press) The Paradox of Intensification. Transport Policy 18 (1)]</ref> found support for the arguments of both supporters and opponents of smart growth measures to counteract urban sprawl. Planning policies that increase population densities in urban areas do tend to reduce car use, but the effect is a weak one, so doubling the population density of a particular area will not halve the frequency or distance of car use.

These findings led them to propose the paradox of intensification, which states:

{{blockquote|''[[Ceteris paribus]]'', urban intensification which increases population density will reduce per capita car use, with benefits to the global environment, but will also increase concentrations of motor traffic, worsening the local environment in those locations where it occurs.}}

=== Risk of increased housing prices ===

There is also some concern that anti-sprawl policies will increase housing prices. Some research suggests Oregon has had the largest housing affordability loss in the nation,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-usafford1970.htm |title=Housing Affordability Trends: USA States |website=Demographia |access-date=February 8, 2008}}</ref> but other research shows that Portland's price increases are comparable to other Western cities.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Lewyn |first=Michael |date=2002 |title=Sprawl, Growth Boundaries and the Rehnquist Court |journal=Utah Law Review |volume=1 |id=GWU Law School Public Law Research Paper No. 166 |ssrn=816885}}</ref>

In Australia, it is claimed by some that housing affordability has hit "crisis levels" due to "urban consolidation" policies implemented by state governments.<ref>"[http://www.unisa.edu.au/news/2005/241005.asp Seeking solutions to the housing affordability crisis] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070830033549/http://unisa.edu.au/news/2005/241005.asp |date=August 30, 2007 }}", ''[[University of South Australia]]'', October 24, 2005. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.</ref> In Sydney, the ratio of the price of a house relative to income is 9:1{{Clarify|date=May 2021}}.<ref>Saunders, Peter (2005). "[http://www.cis.org.au/Policy/autumn05/polaut05-1.htm After the House Price Boom: Is this the end of the Australian dream?] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102113756/http://www.cis.org.au/Policy/autumn05/polaut05-1.htm |date=November 2, 2007}}", ''Policy''. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.</ref> The issue has at times been debated between the major political parties.<ref>Archer, Lincoln. "[http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22704050-5012863,00.html?from=public_rss Kevin Rudd says John Howard is ignoring housing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022103947/http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,22704050-5012863,00.html?from=public_rss |date=October 22, 2008 }}", ''[[News Limited]]'', November 5, 2007. Retrieved on February 8, 2008.</ref>

=== Proposed alternatives ===

Many critics concede that sprawl produces some negative externalities; however there is some dispute about the most effective way to reduce these negative effects. Gordon & Richardson for example argue that the costs of building new public transit is disproportionate to the actual environmental or economic benefits, that land use restrictions will increase the cost of housing and restrict economic opportunity, that infill possibilities are too limited to make a major difference to the structure of American cities, and that the government would need to coerce most people to live in a way that they do not want to in order to substantially change the impact of sprawl.<ref name="sprawldebate" /> They argue that the property market should be deregulated to allow different people to live as they wish, while providing a framework of [[market-based environmental policy instruments|market based fees]] (such as [[emissions trading|emission fees]], [[congestion charging]] or [[road pricing]]) to mitigate many of the problems associated with sprawl such as congestion and increased pollution.<ref name="prove" />

Several cities have adopted strategies to curb urban sprawl effectively. Portland, Oregon, established an [[Urban growth boundary|Urban Growth Boundary]] (UGB) to contain development within a designated area, promoting higher-density, walkable neighborhoods and preserving surrounding farmland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Department of Land Conservation and Development : UGBs and Urban/Rural Reserves : Urban Planning: State of Oregon |url=https://www.oregon.gov/lcd/up/pages/ugbs-and-urbanrural-reserves.aspx |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.oregon.gov}}</ref> Singapore has pioneered [[Transit-Oriented Development]] (TOD), concentrating housing, employment, and services around an extensive mass transit system to minimize automobile dependency and urban expansion.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khurmi |first=Gurmehr |date=2024-03-11 |title=Singapore: TOD development |url=https://www.re-thinkingthefuture.com/architectural-community/a12231-singapore-tod-development/ |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=RTF {{!}} Rethinking The Future |language=en-US}}</ref> London's longstanding Greenbelt policy restricts urban development beyond specific zones to protect green space and control metropolitan growth.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Planning Policy Framework - 13. Protecting Green Belt land - Guidance - GOV.UK |url=https://www.gov.uk/guidance/national-planning-policy-framework/13-protecting-green-belt-land |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=www.gov.uk |language=en}}</ref>

==Alternative development styles==
{{Main|Smart growth|Compact City|Transit-oriented development|New urbanism}}

===Early attempts at combatting urban sprawl===
[[File:The Metropolitan Green Belt among the green belts of England.svg|thumb|upright=0.8|{{legend|#008000|Designated areas of green belt in England}} {{legend|#1a911a| border = 2px solid #ff8075|[[Metropolitan Green Belt]], first proposed by the [[London County Council]] in 1935}}]]
Starting in the early 20th century, environmentalist opposition to urban sprawl began to coalesce, with roots in the [[garden city movement]], as well as pressure from campaign groups such as the [[Campaign to Protect Rural England]] (CPRE).

Under [[Herbert Morrison]]'s 1934 leadership of the [[London County Council]], the first formal proposal was made by the Greater London [[Regional Planning]] Committee "to provide a reserve supply of public open spaces and of recreational areas and to establish a [[green belt]] or girdle of open space". It was again included in an advisory Greater London Plan prepared by [[Patrick Abercrombie]] in 1944.<ref>{{cite report |title=Planning Policy Guidance 2: Green belts |date=March 2001 |orig-date=January 1995 |isbn=0-11-753037-9 |url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/155499.pdf |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120609171722/http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/planningandbuilding/pdf/155499.pdf |archive-date=June 9, 2012 |via=www.communities.gov.uk}}</ref> The [[Town and Country Planning Act 1947|Town and Country Planning Act of 1947]] expressly incorporated green belts into all further national [[urban development]]s.

New provisions for compensation in the [[Town and Country Planning Act 1947|1947 Town and Country Planning Act]] allowed local authorities around the country to incorporate green belt proposals in their first [[development plans]]. The codification of Green Belt policy and its extension to areas other than London came with the historic Circular 42/55 inviting local planning authorities to consider the establishment of Green Belts. The first [[urban growth boundary]] in the U.S. was in [[Fayette County, Kentucky]], in 1958.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kolakowski |first1=K. |last2=Machemer |first2=P. L. |last3=Thomas |first3=J. |last4=Hamlin |first4=R. |date=December 2000 |title=Urban growth boundaries |publisher=Urban and Regional Planning Program, Department of Geography, Michigan State University |location=Lansing, Michigan |url=http://www.ippsr.msu.edu/Publications/ARUrbanGrowthBound.pdf |archive-date=February 6, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090206150600/http://www.ippsr.msu.edu/Publications/ARUrbanGrowthBound.pdf}}</ref>

==== Maryland ====
Maryland underwent many "Smart Growth" initiatives, starting in 1997 with the Smart Growth Areas Act. This act allocated funding towards areas already undergoing growth or areas with development plans.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |title=Urban sprawl: causes, consequences, & policy responses|date=2002|publisher=Urban Institute Press|first=Gregory D. |last=Squires |isbn=0-87766-709-8 |location=Washington, D.C.|oclc=49714679}}</ref> Maryland also implemented the 1997 Rural Legacy Act, which distributed grants to private land owners and allowed them to [[Transferable development rights|purchase development rights]]. Brownfields Voluntary Cleanup and Revitalization Incentive Programs also incentivized property owners to use previously contaminated properties to avoid liability for the property. The state also offered incentives, such as tax breaks and loans for repairs to contaminated areas. Another program the state of Maryland created was the Job Creation Tax Credit Program, which encouraged businesses to relocate to select areas, reducing the intensity of urban sprawl in some areas.<ref name=":2" /> The Live Near Your Work Program also incentivized employees to purchase homes closer to work. This led to a reduced commute time and more emphasis on homeownership rather than renting.

=== Contemporary anti-sprawl initiatives ===
[[File:Burnaby BC Aerial view 2015.jpg|thumb|Many Canadian cities feature numerous pockets of high density throughout even their most distant suburbs. As a result, some Canadian suburbs have skylines that eclipse the downtowns of many American cities. Pictured are the skylines of [[Burnaby, British Columbia]], a suburb of Vancouver.]]
[[File:São Paulo Brazil 12Mar2018 SkySat.jpg|thumb|Urban fabric in [[São Paulo]], the largest city in Brazil: side by side, vertical areas and low houses.]]

The term "smart growth" has been particularly used in North America. The terms "[[compact city]]" and "urban intensification" are often used to describe similar concepts in Europe, and particularly in the UK, where it has influenced government policy and planning practice in recent years.

The state of [[Oregon]] enacted a law in 1973 limiting the area urban areas could occupy, through urban growth boundaries. As a result, [[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], the state's largest urban area, has become a leader in [[smart growth]] policies that seek to make urban areas more compact (they are called urban consolidation policies). After the creation of this boundary, the population density of the [[urbanized area]] increased somewhat (from 1,135 in 1970<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/dm-uad.htm |title=US Urbanized Areas: 1950–1990: Data |work=Demographia}}</ref> to 1,290 per km2 in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.demographia.com/db-ua2000pop.htm |title=USA Urbanized Areas: 2000 Ranked by Population(465 Areas) |work=Demographia}}</ref>) Although the growth boundary has not been tight enough to vastly increase density, the consensus is that the growth boundaries have protected great amounts of wild areas and [[farmland preservation|farmland]] around the metro area.

Much of [[San Francisco Bay Area]] has also adopted urban growth boundaries; 25 of its cities and 5 of its counties have urban growth boundaries. Many of these were adopted with the support and advocacy of [[Greenbelt Alliance]], a non-profit land conservation and urban planning organization.

In other areas, the design principles of [[New Urbanism]] have been employed to combat urban sprawl. The concept of [[circular flow land use management]] has been developed in Europe to reduce land take by urban sprawl through promoting inner-city and brownfield development.

Although cities such as [[Los Angeles]] are well known for sprawling suburbs, policies and public opinion are changing. Transit-oriented development, in which higher-density mixed-use areas are permitted or encouraged near transit stops, is encouraging more compact development in certain areas: particularly those with light and heavy rail transit systems.

Bicycles are the preferred means of travel in many countries:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldometers.info/bicycles/ |title=Bicycles produced this year |access-date=January 14, 2013}}</ref> Also, bicycles are permitted in [[public transit]]. Businesses in areas of some towns in which bicycle use is high are thriving. Bicycles and transit contribute in two important ways toward the success of businesses:<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://columbus-ite.com/2008/04/07/bicycle-oriented-development/ |title=Bicycle Oriented Development |date=April 7, 2008 |website=Columbusite |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303210604/http://columbus-ite.com/2008/04/07/bicycle-oriented-development/ |archive-date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=December 6, 2013}}</ref>
# People living the closest to these business districts on average have more money to spend locally because they spend less on their cars.
# Because such people rely more on bicycling, walking, and transit than on driving, they tend to focus more of their commerce on locally owned neighborhood businesses that are convenient for them to reach.

[[Walkability]] is a measure of how friendly an area is to [[walking]]. Walkability has many health, environmental, and economic benefits. However, evaluating walkability is challenging because it requires the consideration of many [[subjectivity|subjective]] factors.<ref>{{cite journal | doi=10.1680/ensu.2008.161.2.105 | title=Fit for purpose: Evaluating walkability | year=2008 | last1=Reid | first1=S. | journal=Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability | volume=161 | issue=2 | pages=105–112 }}</ref> Factors influencing walkability include the presence or absence and quality of [[footpath]]s, [[sidewalk]]s, or other pedestrian right-of-ways, traffic and road conditions, land use patterns, building accessibility, and safety, among others.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtpi.org/tdm/tdm92.htm |title=Walkability Improvements |date=6 September 2019 |website=TDM Encyclopedia}}</ref> Walkability is an important concept in [[sustainable]] [[urban design]].<ref>{{Cite journal |title=Visualizing sustainability in urban conditions |url=http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=8642022&q=walkability+sustainability&uid=1015422&setcookie=yes |author1=S. Grignaffini |author2=S. Cappellanti |author3=A. Cefalo |journal=WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environment |volume=1 |pages=253–262 |date=10 Jun 2008 |access-date=February 26, 2009 |archive-date=February 23, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223143140/http://md1.csa.com/partners/viewrecord.php?requester=gs&collection=ENV&recid=8642022&q=walkability+sustainability&uid=1015422&setcookie=yes}}</ref>

Land use policies are one potential avenue to reduce the effects of urban sprawl. These policies take the form of boundaries to urban growth, regional development rights, and development centralized in urban areas. Housing policies, such as inclusionary zoning, rental vouchers in suburban areas, and a focus on employer-assisted housing are another approach to combatting urban sprawl. Gasoline taxes and increased funding towards the construction of public transportation also help to reduce the necessity of commuting in and out of urban areas.<ref name=":2" />

== See also ==

=== Related topics ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{annotated link|Conurbation}}
* {{annotated link|Effects of the car on societies}}
* {{annotated link|Gentrification}}
* {{annotated link|General Motors streetcar conspiracy}}
* {{annotated link|Index of urban studies articles}}
* {{annotated link|Principles of intelligent urbanism}}
* {{annotated link|Rural–urban fringe}}
* {{annotated link|Ribbon development}}
* {{annotated link|Town centre}}
* {{annotated link|Waste management}}
* {{annotated link|Wildland–urban interface}}
{{div col end}}

=== Related terminology ===
{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
* {{annotated link|Affluenza}}
* {{annotated link|Boomburb}}
* {{annotated link|Commuter town}}
* {{annotated link|Concentric zone model}}
* {{annotated link|Conspicuous consumption}}
* {{annotated link|Consumerism}}
* {{annotated link|Deforestation}}
* {{annotated link|Demography}}
* {{annotated link|Edge city}}
* {{annotated link|Garden real estate}}
* {{annotated link|Habitat fragmentation}}
* {{annotated link|Induced demand}}
* {{annotated link|Landscape ecology}}
* {{annotated link|Land value tax}}
* {{annotated link|Location Efficient Mortgage}}
* {{annotated link|Megacity}}
* {{annotated link|Microdistrict}}
* {{annotated link|NIMBY}}
* {{annotated link|Overconsumption}}
* {{annotated link|Peak oil}}
* {{annotated link|Planned community}}
* {{annotated link|Prime farmland}}
* {{annotated link|Rural flight}}
* {{annotated link|Simple living}}
* {{annotated link|Spatial planning}}
* {{annotated link|Streetcar suburb}}
* {{annotated link|Urban decay}}
* {{annotated link|World population}}
{{div col end}}

== Notes and references ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{reflist|group=lower-alpha}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book|last=Baudrillard|first=Jean|author-link=Baudrillard|title=Simulacra and Simulation|year=1983}}
* {{cite book|author-link=Robert Bruegmann |last=Bruegmann |first=Robert |year=2005 |title=Sprawl: A Compact History |url=https://archive.org/details/sprawlcompacthis0000brue |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-07691-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Cervero|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Cervero|title=Suburban Gridlock|publisher=Transaction |year=1986}}
* {{cite book|last=Cervero|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Cervero|title=America's Suburban Centers: The Land Use-Transportation Link|publisher=Unwin-Hyman|year=1989}}
* {{cite book|last=Davies|first=Ross|title=Retail Planning Policies in Western Europe|publisher=Routledge|year=1960}}
* {{cite book|last1=DeGrove|first1=John|last2=Turner |first2=Robyne |year=1991|chapter=Local Government in Florida: Coping with Massive and Sustained Growth|editor-last=Huckshorn|editor-first=R.|title=Government and Politics in Florida |publisher=University of Florida Press |location=Gainesville}}
* {{cite book |last1=Freilich |first1=Robert H. |last2=Sitkowski |first2=Robert J. |last3=Mennillo |first3=Seth D. |year=2010 |title=From Sprawl to Sustainability, Smart Growth, New Urbanism, Green Development and Renewable Energy |isbn=978-1-60442-812-4 |publisher=American Bar Association Publishing}}
* {{cite book |title-link=Edge city |title=Edge City: Life on the New Frontier |author-link=Joel Garreau |last=Garreau |first=Joel |publisher=Anchor Books/Doubleday |location=New York |year=1991}}
* {{cite book|last=Gielen|first=Tristan |title=Coping with compaction; the demon of sprawl |location=Auckland |publisher=Random House New Zealand |year=2006}}
* {{cite book |title=A Field Guide to Sprawl |first1=Dolores |last1=Hayden |first2=Jim |last2=Wark |isbn=978-0-393-73125-5 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=2004|author1-link=Dolores Hayden }}
* {{cite book |last=Hirschhorn |first=Joel S. |year=2005 |title=Sprawl Kills – How Blandburbs Steal Your Time, Health, and Money |location=New York |publisher=Sterling & Ross |isbn=0-9766372-0-0 |url=http://www.sprawlkills.com/}}
* {{cite book|last=Ingersoll|first=Richard |title=Sprawltown: Looking for the City on Its Edges |publisher=Princeton Architectural Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-56898-566-4}}
* {{cite book |author-link=Jane Jacobs |last=Jacobs |first=Jane |title=[[The Death and Life of Great American Cities]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Jameson|first=Fredric|author-link=Fredric Jameson|title=Postmodernism or the cultural logic of late capitalism|year=1990}}
* {{Cite book |year=2013 |last1=James |first1=Paul |author-link1=Paul James (academic) |last2=Holden |first2=Meg |last3=Lewin |first3=Mary |last4=Neilson |first4=Lyndsay |last5=Oakley |first5=Christine |last6=Truter |first6=Art |last7=Wilmoth |first7=David |chapter=Managing Metropolises by Negotiating Mega-Urban Growth |title=Institutional and Social Innovation for Sustainable Urban Development |editor1=Harald Mieg |editor2=Klaus Töpfer |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/7207756 |publisher=Routledge}}
* {{cite book|last=Koolhaas|first=Rem|author-link=Rem Koolhaas|title=Junkspace, Harvard Design School Guide to Shopping |publisher=Harvard Press|year=2003}}
* {{cite book|last=Kunstler|first=James Howard|year=1994 |title-link=The Geography of Nowhere |title=The Geography of Nowhere: The rise and decline of America's man-made landscape |isbn=0-671-70774-4 |author-link=James Howard Kunstler |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York}}
* {{cite book|last=Lewinnek|first=Elaine|title=The Working Man's Reward: Chicago's Early Suburbs and the Roots of American Sprawl |location=Oxford, England |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014}}
* {{cite book |editor-first=David C. |editor-last=Seoule |year=2006 |title=Urban Sprawl A comprehensive Reference Guide |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-313-32038-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/urbansprawlcompr0000unse }}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Gregory D. |editor-last=Squires |year=2002 |title=Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences and Policy Responses |isbn=978-0-87766-709-4 |publisher=The Urban Institute Press}}
* {{cite book |title=The Old Neighborhood: What we lost in the great suburban migration: 1966-1999 |first=Ray |last=Suarez |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-684-83402-3 |publisher=Free Press |url=https://archive.org/details/oldneighborhoodw00suar_0 }}
* {{cite book|last=Stein|first=Jay|title=Growth Management: The planning challenge of the 1990s |publisher=Sage Publications |year=1993}}
* {{cite book|last=Vicino|first=Thomas J. |title=Transforming Race and Class in Suburbia: Decline in Metropolitan Baltimore |location=New York |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2008}}

===Articles and reports===
* {{cite report |last=Baumeister |first=M. |date=2012 |url=http://celarc.ca/cppc/231/231288.pdf |title=Managing Urban Sprawl: Reconsidering Development Cost Charges in Canada}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ewing |first1=Reid |year=1997 |title=Is Los Angeles-Style Sprawl Desirable? |journal=Journal of the American Planning Association |volume=63 |issue=1| pages=107–126 |doi=10.1080/01944369708975728}}
* {{cite report |publisher=Ontario College of Family Physicians |date=2005 |title=Report on Public Health and Urban Sprawl in Ontario: A Review of Pertinent Literature |url=http://www.jtc.sala.ubc.ca/reports/Urban%20Sprawl-Jan-0511.pdf}}
* {{cite magazine |last=Rybczynski |first=Witold |date=November 7, 2005 |title=Suburban Despair |magazine=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |url=http://www.slate.com/id/2129636/?nav=tap3}}

===Video===
* ''[[Radiant City]]'' is a 2006 [[National Film Board of Canada]] documentary on suburban sprawl
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Urban Planning}}
{{Human impact on the environment}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Urban Sprawl}}
[[Category:Urbanization]]
[[Category:Human geography]]
[[Category:Decentralization]]
[[Category:Urban studies and planning terminology]]
[[Category:Environmental terminology]]
[[Category:Environmental design]]
[[Category:Sustainable urban planning]]

Amber Heard

2026-02-27T22:18:17Z

MaxieMorales00: Enhanced content and organization

{{Short description|American actress (born 1986)}}
{{protection padlock|small=yes}}
{{use American English|date=May 2021}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Amber Heard
| image = Amber_Heard_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg
| caption = Heard in 2018
| birth_name = Amber Laura Heard
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|4|22|mf=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Austin, Texas]], U.S.
| occupation = Actress
| years_active = 2003–present
| spouse = {{marriage|[[Johnny Depp]]|2015|2017|reason=divorced}}
| partner = [[Tasya van Ree]] (2008–2012)
| other_names = {{plainlist|
* Amber Laura Depp<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://people.com/celebrity/johnny-depp-amber-heard-actors-lawyer-seeks-to-bar-witnesses-from-testifying/|title=Johnny Depp's Lawyer Asks Judge to Prevent Amber Heard Witnesses from Testifying at Restraining Order Hearing|magazine=People|last=Loinaz|first=Alexis|date=June 15, 2016|access-date=December 30, 2018|archive-date=April 3, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403190442/https://people.com/celebrity/johnny-depp-amber-heard-actors-lawyer-seeks-to-bar-witnesses-from-testifying/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* Amber van Ree<ref name="vanReeNameChange">{{cite web|first=Jodi|last=Guglielmi|title=Amber Heard Was Arrested for Domestic Violence in 2009 After Allegedly Striking Girlfriend Tasya van Ree|url=https://people.com/movies/amber-heard-arrested-for-domestic-violence-involving-girlfriend-in-2009/|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=June 7, 2016|access-date=April 23, 2022|quote=The actress legally changed her last name to van Ree in April 2008, and back to Heard four years later in April 2014.|archive-date=April 23, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220423181004/https://people.com/movies/amber-heard-arrested-for-domestic-violence-involving-girlfriend-in-2009/|url-status=live}}</ref>}}
| children = 3
}}

'''Amber Laura Heard''' (born April 22, 1986) is an American actress. She had her first leading role in the horror film ''[[All the Boys Love Mandy Lane]]'' (2006), and went on to star in films such as ''[[The Ward (film)|The Ward]]'' (2010), ''[[Drive Angry]]'' (2011), and ''[[London Fields (film)|London Fields]]'' (2018).

She has also had supporting roles in films including ''[[Pineapple Express (film)|Pineapple Express]]'' (2008), ''[[Never Back Down]]'' (2008), ''[[The Joneses]]'' (2009), ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary]]'' (2011), ''[[Paranoia (2013 film)|Paranoia]]'' (2013), ''[[Machete Kills]]'' (2013), ''[[3 Days to Kill]]'' (2014), ''[[Magic Mike XXL]]'' (2015), and ''[[The Danish Girl (film)|The Danish Girl]]'' (2015). From 2017 to 2023, Heard played [[Mera (DC Extended Universe)|Mera]] in the [[DC Extended Universe]], including the films ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' (2017), ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'' (2018), and ''[[Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom]]'' (2023). She has also acted in television series such as [[The CW]]'s teen drama ''[[Hidden Palms]]'' (2007) and the [[Paramount+]] fantasy series ''[[The Stand (2020 miniseries)|The Stand]]'' (2020–2021).

In 2016, Heard became a volunteer with the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU) in the capacity of an ACLU Artist Ambassador, a role reserved for individuals who advocate for civil rights and civil liberties. Heard also served as a Human Rights Ambassador for the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]].<ref name="ReutersOHCHR">{{cite news |title=Actress Amber Heard says birth on U.S.-Mexico border sparked rights activism |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-amberheard-idUSKCN1MW2DU |access-date=April 21, 2022 |work=Reuters |date=October 22, 2018 |archive-date=April 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421144351/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-people-amberheard-idUSKCN1MW2DU |url-status=live }}</ref>

Heard was married to actor [[Johnny Depp]] from 2015 to 2016. Afterward, the pair accused each other of domestic abuse and engaged in two lengthy and high-profile defamation cases, the English ''[[Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd|Depp v. NGN]]'' trial where the court ruled that Depp engaged in domestic abuse against Heard,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bowcott |first=Owen |last2=Davies |first2=Caroline |date=November 2, 2020 |title=Johnny Depp loses libel case against Sun over claims he beat ex-wife Amber Heard |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnny-depp-loses-libel-case-against-sun-over-claims-he-beat-ex-wife-amber-heard |access-date=May 11, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> and the widely publicized American ''[[Depp v. Heard]]'' trial, where she was found liable for [[defaming]] Depp.<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Mandell |first1=Andrea |last2=Puente |first2=Maria |title=Judge grants Amber Heard restraining order against Johnny Depp |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2016/05/27/amber-heard-files-restraining-order-against-johnny-depp/85037132/ |date=May 27, 2016 |access-date=August 20, 2022 |website=USA TODAY |archive-date=August 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220820025637/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2016/05/27/amber-heard-files-restraining-order-against-johnny-depp/85037132/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Marsh|first=Sarah|date=March 25, 2021|title=Johnny Depp loses bid to overturn ruling in libel case|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/25/johnny-depp-loses-bid-to-overturn-ruling-in-libel-case|url-status=live|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=[[London]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325102805/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/25/johnny-depp-loses-bid-to-overturn-ruling-in-libel-case|archive-date=March 25, 2021|access-date=July 17, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Izadi|first1=Elahe|last2=Ellison|first2=Sarah|date=June 1, 2022|title=Why Johnny Depp lost his libel case in the U.K. but won in the U.S.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/06/01/johnny-depp-libel-law-uk-us/|url-status=live|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|location=[[Washington D.C.]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604222151/https://www.washingtonpost.com/media/2022/06/01/johnny-depp-libel-law-uk-us/|archive-date=June 4, 2023|access-date=July 17, 2023}}</ref>

==Early life==
Amber Laura Heard was born on April 22, 1986,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Parkel|first1=Inga|last2=Muir|first2=Ellie|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/amber-heard-depp-channel-4-b2343077.html|title=Amber Heard timeline: Everything you need to know about her life, relationships and career|work=[[The Independent]]|date=May 21, 2023|access-date=October 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604081230/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/amber-heard-depp-channel-4-b2343077.html|archive-date=June 4, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/celebrity-birthdays-april-16-22-0b79d9cf5221d5316e91e3a751a08888|title=Celebrity birthdays for the week of April 16–22|publisher=[[Associated Press]]|date=April 10, 2023|access-date=October 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724075700/https://apnews.com/article/celebrity-birthdays-april-16-22-0b79d9cf5221d5316e91e3a751a08888|archive-date=July 24, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> in [[Austin, Texas]], the middle child of three daughters<ref name="THRDec2018">{{cite web |last=Siegel |first=Tatiana |date=December 6, 2018 |title=Amber Heard on 'Aquaman', Elon Musk, Dedication to Activism |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/amber-heard-aquaman-elon-musk-dedication-activism-1166004 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206185106/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/features/amber-heard-aquaman-elon-musk-dedication-activism-1166004 |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=May 26, 2018 |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> of internet researcher Patricia Paige (''née'' Parsons; 1956–2020) and construction company owner David Clinton Heard (born 1950).<ref name="wonderland">{{cite web |last=Barlow |first=Eve |date=April 2, 2019 |title=Amber Heard on her position as a Hollywood voice for justice |url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2019/04/02/amber-heard-spring-19-interview/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526113949/https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2019/04/02/amber-heard-spring-19-interview/ |archive-date=May 26, 2019 |access-date=May 26, 2019 |work=[[Wonderland (magazine)|Wonderland]]}}</ref> The family lived outside Austin.<ref name= glamour2018>{{cite magazine| url= https://www.glamour.com/story/amber-heard-january-2018-cover-story|title=Amber Heard Is Nobody's Victim| magazine= [[Glamour (magazine)|Glamour]] |first=Phoebe|last= Reilly| access-date=April 19, 2019|date= November 27, 2018|archive-date= February 22, 2020| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20200222183403/https://www.glamour.com/story/amber-heard-january-2018-cover-story|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard's father [[horse breaking|trained horses]] in his free time, and she grew up riding horses, hunting, and fishing with him.<ref name= glamour2018/> She also participated in [[beauty pageant]]s, although as an adult she has said that she could no longer "support the [[objectification]]".<ref name= glamour2018/><ref name="AH will be heard">{{cite news|first=William|last=Keck|title=Amber Heard will be heard| url= https://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2007-05-29-amber-heard_N.htm| work=[[USA Today]]|location=McLean, Virginia|date=May 30, 2007|access-date=August 24, 2017|archive-date=June 28, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203153/http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2007-05-29-amber-heard_N.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> Raised [[Catholic Church in the United States|Catholic]], Heard began identifying as an [[Atheism in the United States|atheist]] at the age of sixteen after her best friend died in a car crash.<ref name="AH will be heard" /> The following year, no longer comfortable in "[[Conservatism in the United States|conservative]], [[Fear of God|God-fearin']] Texas",<ref name= glamour2018/> Heard dropped out of her Catholic high school to pursue an acting career in [[Los Angeles]].<ref name= wonderland/><ref name= THRDec2018/> She eventually earned a diploma through a home-study course.<ref name="AH will be heard"/>

==Career==

===2003–2007: Early roles===
Heard's earliest acting work included appearances in two music videos, [[Kenny Chesney]]'s "[[There Goes My Life]]" and [[Eisley]]'s "I Wasn't Prepared", and small supporting roles in the television series ''[[Jack & Bobby]]'' (2004), ''[[The Mountain (TV series)|The Mountain]]'' (2004), and ''[[The O.C.]]'' (2005). She made her film debut in a minor role in the sports drama ''[[Friday Night Lights (film)|Friday Night Lights]]'' (2004), followed by brief supporting roles in films ''[[Drop Dead Sexy]]'' (2005), ''[[North Country (film)|North Country]]'' (2005), ''Side FX'' (2005), ''Price to Pay'' (2006), ''[[Alpha Dog]]'' (2006), and ''Spin'' (2007), and a guest-starring spot in an episode of the [[police procedural]] [[crime drama]] television series ''[[Criminal Minds]]''. Heard received her first leading role in the unconventional [[slasher film]] ''[[All the Boys Love Mandy Lane]]'', which premiered at the [[2006 Toronto International Film Festival]], but was not released in Europe until 2008 and in the US until 2013 due to distribution problems.<ref>{{cite web|title=After Seven Years, All the Boys Love Mandy Lane is Coming to US Theaters|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=101303|work=[[ComingSoon.net]]|publisher=[[CraveOnline]]|last=Lesnick|first=Silas|date=March 8, 2013|access-date=March 8, 2013|archive-date=March 11, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311000859/http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=101303|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Fischer |first=Russ |date=March 8, 2013 |title=All the Boys Love Mandy Lane finally set for release date |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/all-the-boys-love-mandy-lane-finally-set-for-release-revisit-an-old-trailer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130811075604/http://www.slashfilm.com/all-the-boys-love-mandy-lane-finally-set-for-release-revisit-an-old-trailer/ |archive-date=August 11, 2013 |access-date=August 25, 2013 |work=Slash Film}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.filmschoolrejects.com/news/all-the-boys-love-mandy-lane-trailer.php|work=Film School Rejects|title='All the Boys Love Mandy Lane' Trailer Finally Debuts After Seven Years|last=Wilson|first=Samantha|date=August 23, 2013|access-date=August 25, 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828204803/http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/news/all-the-boys-love-mandy-lane-trailer.php|archive-date=August 28, 2013}}</ref>

In 2007, Heard played the love interest of the main character in [[The CW]]'s teen drama ''[[Hidden Palms]]'', which the network aired to replace summer reruns of other series aimed at teenage audiences. That same year, Heard also appeared in the short movie ''Day 73 with Sarah'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Day 73 With Sarah (2007)|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/391074/Day-73-With-Sarah/overview|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019232824/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/391074/Day-73-With-Sarah/overview|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 19, 2014|access-date=October 11, 2014|department=Movies & TV Dept.|work=[[The New York Times]]|year=2014|author=Jason Buchanan}}</ref> in the teen drama ''[[Remember the Daze]]'', and in an episode of the [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] series ''[[Californication (TV series)|Californication]]''.<ref>{{cite web|first=Pete|last=Debruge|title=Review: 'Remember the Daze'|url=https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/remember-the-daze-1200558085/|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|location=Los Angeles, California|date=July 5, 2007|access-date=October 11, 2014|archive-date=August 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814234611/https://variety.com/2007/film/reviews/remember-the-daze-1200558085/|url-status=live}}</ref>

===2008–2016: Mainstream recognition===
[[File:AmberHeard09TIFF.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Heard at the [[2009 Toronto International Film Festival]]]]
Heard gained mainstream recognition in 2008<ref>{{cite web|title=Amber Heard: 'I'm good at getting people to believe in the villainous woman character'|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amber-heard-im-good-at-getting-people-to-believe-in-the-villainous-woman-character/article33501342.ece/|website=The Hindu|first=Gautam|last=Sunder|access-date=March 11, 2021|date=January 5, 2021|archive-date=February 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204161312/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/amber-heard-im-good-at-getting-people-to-believe-in-the-villainous-woman-character/article33501342.ece/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amber Heard: The interview|url=http://www.fhm.com/girls/amber-heard-the-interview-20081007|website=FHM|access-date=October 11, 2014|date=October 7, 2008|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017011920/http://www.fhm.com/girls/amber-heard-the-interview-20081007|archive-date=October 17, 2014}}</ref> with supporting roles in the [[Judd Apatow]]-produced [[stoner comedy]] ''[[Pineapple Express (film)|Pineapple Express]]'' and the martial arts drama ''[[Never Back Down]]''. She also appeared as part of an ensemble cast in an adaptation of [[Bret Easton Ellis]]'s novel ''[[The Informers (2008 film)|The Informers]]'' (2008).<ref name="Frost">{{cite web|author1=Frosty|title=Amber Heard Exclusive Video Interview – NEVER BACK DOWN|url=https://collider.com/amber-heard-exclusive-video-interview-never-back-down/|website=Collider.com|access-date=October 11, 2014|date=March 10, 2008|archive-date=October 18, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018230026/http://collider.com/movie/article.asp/aid/7229/tcid/1|url-status=live}}</ref> The following year, Heard starred in ''[[The Joneses]]'' (2009) opposite [[David Duchovny]] and [[Demi Moore]]; ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' wrote that Heard "more or less steals the show" from Moore.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2009/film/reviews/the-joneses-1200476211/|title=The Joneses Review|work=Variety |date=September 14, 2009|access-date=February 6, 2012 |archive-date=September 24, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924110053/https://variety.com/2009/film/reviews/the-joneses-1200476211/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Outside a brief appearance in the box office hit ''[[Zombieland]]'' (2009), Heard's other films during this time were either independent films that received only limited theatrical release—''[[ExTerminators (film)|ExTerminators]]'' (2009), ''[[The River Why (film)|The River Why]]'' (2010), ''[[And Soon the Darkness (2010 film)|And Soon the Darkness]]'' (2010)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fangoria.com/features/21-fearful-features/4303-amber-heard-in-step-with-the-horror-genre.html|title=Amber Heard: In STEP With the Horror Genre|date=October 15, 2009 |access-date=October 15, 2009|archive-date=October 19, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019061434/http://www.fangoria.com/features/21-fearful-features/4303-amber-heard-in-step-with-the-horror-genre.html|url-status=live}}</ref>—or critically panned horror films—''[[The Stepfather (2009 film)|The Stepfather]]'' (2009), ''[[The Ward (film)|The Ward]]''.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.lesinrocks.com/2019/05/13/cinemas/cinemas/john-carpenter-ah-bon-cannes-est-le-temple-de-lauteurisme/|title=John Carpenter : "Ah bon, Cannes est le temple de l'auteurisme ?!" (in French)|magazine=[[Les Inrockuptibles]]|access-date=July 18, 2019|archive-date=July 18, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190718183241/https://www.lesinrocks.com/2019/05/13/cinemas/cinemas/john-carpenter-ah-bon-cannes-est-le-temple-de-lauteurisme/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Heard's first film release in 2011 was ''[[Drive Angry]]'', a supernatural action thriller in which she was paired with [[Nicolas Cage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/news/35744/william-fichtner-and-amber-heard-ready-drive-angry|title=William Fichtner and Amber Heard Ready to Drive Angry?|publisher=Dreadcentral.com|date=February 5, 2010 |access-date=February 6, 2012 |archive-date=October 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019142624/http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/35744/william-fichtner-and-amber-heard-ready-drive-angry |url-status=live}}</ref> The film underperformed commercially,<ref name="Nikki Finke">{{cite magazine|url=https://deadline.com/2011/02/hall-pass-weak-1-unknown-holds-2-drive-angry-3d-tanks-at-9-oscar-fave-kings-speech-rises-in-week-14-109284/|title='Gnomes' No. 1 In Third Week Of Release; 'Hall Pass' Drops To #2; 'Drive Angry' #9; Oscars Fave 'King's Speech' Doesn't Stutter|author=Nikki Finke|magazine=Deadline Hollywood|access-date=April 17, 2020|archive-date=October 9, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009120637/http://www.deadline.com/2011/02/hall-pass-weak-1-unknown-holds-2-drive-angry-3d-tanks-at-9-oscar-fave-kings-speech-rises-in-week-14/|url-status=live}}</ref> but film critic [[Roger Ebert]] wrote that she "does everything that can possibly be done" with her character, a waitress who becomes entangled in an undead man's mission to save his daughter from a cult.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/drive-angry-3d-2011|last=Ebert|first=Roger |author-link=Roger Ebert|date=February 24, 2011|title=Drive Angry Movie Review |access-date=December 8, 2014 |archive-date=August 9, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809142938/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/drive-angry-3d-2011 |url-status=live}}</ref> In early 2011, Heard also appeared on the British television program ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]'' as a [[Top Gear (2002 TV series)#"Star in a ... Car"|star in a reasonably priced car]] coming 33rd of 41 on their [[Top Gear test track#Cee'd leaderboard|Cee'd leaderboard]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Amber Heard|work=Tatler |url=http://www.tatler.com/the-tatler-list/h/amber-heard|publisher=tatler.com|access-date=June 5, 2013|archive-date=May 13, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513170828/http://www.tatler.com/the-tatler-list/h/amber-heard|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard next starred in [[NBC]]'s ''[[The Playboy Club]]'', a crime drama series about the original [[Playboy Club]] in 1960s [[Chicago]]. After poor reviews and ratings as well as protests from both feminists<ref>{{cite news|last=Fernandez|first=Sofia M.|title='Playboy Club': Gloria Steinem Advocates Boycott of NBC Series|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=August 9, 2011|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/playboy-club-gloria-steinem-advocates-220996 |access-date=October 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007011926/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/playboy-club-gloria-steinem-advocates-220996 |archive-date=October 7, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> and conservative groups,<ref name="UPI0402">{{cite news|title=Parents group objects to skin in NBC pilot|work=[[United Press International]]|date=April 2, 2011|url=http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2011/04/02/Parents-group-objects-to-skin-in-NBC-pilot/UPI-82071301765929 |access-date=October 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830010115/http://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/TV/2011/04/02/Parents-group-objects-to-skin-in-NBC-pilot/UPI-82071301765929 |archive-date=August 30, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> the series was canceled after only three episodes had aired.<ref name="Goldberg1004">{{cite news|title=NBC Cancels 'The Playboy Club'|last1=Goldberg|first1=Lesley|first2=Philiana|last2=Ng|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=October 4, 2011|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nbc-cancels-playboy-club-brian-williams-rock-center-241714 |access-date=October 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111017210818/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nbc-cancels-playboy-club-brian-williams-rock-center-241714 |archive-date=October 17, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Heard's third role of 2011 was as the love interest of the main character, played by [[Johnny Depp]], in the [[Hunter S. Thompson]] adaptation ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary]]'' (2011). A commercial failure,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Maher |first1=Kevin |author-link=Kevin Maher (writer) |date=July 30, 2020 |title=Johnny Depp — from Hollywood hero to box office zero |url=https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/celebrity/article/johnny-depp-from-hollywood-hero-to-box-office-zero-bv5wd9qht |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801031643/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/johnny-depp-from-hollywood-hero-to-box-office-zero-bv5wd9qht |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |access-date=August 17, 2022 |work=[[The Times]] |quote=The Rum Diary was also a flop.}}</ref> grossing $30 million on a $45 million budget,<ref>{{cite web |last1=Larman |first1=Alexander |author-link=Alexander Larman |date=April 27, 2022 |title=The Rum Diary: how the Johnny Depp and Amber Heard saga began |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/rum-diary-johnny-depp-amber-heard-saga-began/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524043016/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/rum-diary-johnny-depp-amber-heard-saga-began/ |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=August 17, 2022 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> the film received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mann|first1=Camille|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hunter-s-thompsons-the-rum-diary-opens-to-mixed-reviews/|title=Hunter S. Thompson's "The Rum Diary" opens to mixed reviews|publisher=[[CBS News]]|date=October 28, 2011|access-date=October 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028130705/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hunter-s-thompsons-the-rum-diary-opens-to-mixed-reviews/|archive-date=October 28, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2011, Heard appeared in an advertisement campaign for the fashion brand [[Guess (clothing)|Guess]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.glamour.com/story/exclusive-actress-amber-heard|publisher=Glamour|first=Megan|last=Gustavshaw|date=July 12, 2011|title=Exclusive: Actress Amber Heard, The New Face Of Guess, Dishes On Denim! |access-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-date=January 31, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210131174148/https://www.glamour.com/story/exclusive-actress-amber-heard |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/amber-heard-channels-westerns-in-guess-ads-3639047/|work=[[Women's Wear Daily]]|date=July 2011|title=Amber Heard Channels Westerns in Guess Ads |access-date=January 27, 2021 |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204215043/https://wwd.com/business-news/marketing-promotion/amber-heard-channels-westerns-in-guess-ads-3639047/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:AmberHeardTIFFSept10.jpg|thumb|upright|Heard in 2010 at the [[Toronto International Film Festival]]]]
Heard next starred in the thriller ''[[Paranoia (2013 film)|Paranoia]]'' (2013), the exploitation film ''[[Machete Kills]]'' (2013), and the satire ''[[Syrup (film)|Syrup]]'' (2013). That year also saw the US limited release of ''All the Boys Love Mandy Lane''. Heard's performance in the film was deemed her "most definitive to date" by the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-all-the-boys-review-20131011,0,6522321.story|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=October 10, 2013|access-date=October 24, 2013|last=Olsen|first=Mark|title=Movie review: 'All the Boys Love Mandy Lane' a spellbinding thriller|archive-date=October 23, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023000531/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/moviesnow/la-et-mn-all-the-boys-review-20131011,0,6522321.story|url-status=live}}</ref> and "psychologically interesting" by ''[[The Washington Post]]''.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/all-the-boys-love-mandy-lane-movie-review/2013/11/20/d60bd8a8-4d56-11e3-be6b-d3d28122e6d4_story.html|newspaper=The Washington Post|title='All the Boys Love Mandy Lane' movie review|first=Michael|last=O'Sullivan|date=November 21, 2013|access-date=December 10, 2013|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225075156/https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/all-the-boys-love-mandy-lane-movie-review/2013/11/20/d60bd8a8-4d56-11e3-be6b-d3d28122e6d4_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2014, Heard appeared in a supporting role in the action-thriller ''[[3 Days to Kill]]''.

In 2015, Heard had a prominent role in the comedy-drama ''[[Magic Mike XXL]]'', playing the love interest of the film's protagonist, [[Channing Tatum]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amber Heard To Co-Star In 'Magic Mike 2'|url=https://deadline.com/2014/09/amber-heard-magic-mike-2-co-star-cast-836817/|access-date=September 20, 2014|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=September 19, 2014|archive-date=September 21, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140921125954/http://deadline.com/2014/09/amber-heard-magic-mike-2-co-star-cast-836817/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=independent>{{cite news|title=Amber Heard Interview:The Danish Girl star on sexism, transgenderism and marriage to Johnny Depp|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/amber-heard-the-star-of-the-danish-girl-on-sexism-transgenderism-and-her-marriage-to-johnny-depp-a6792691.html|work=[[The Independent]]|first=James|last=Mottram|date=January 1, 2015|access-date=April 18, 2015|archive-date=September 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924114509/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/amber-heard-the-star-of-the-danish-girl-on-sexism-transgenderism-and-her-marriage-to-johnny-depp-a6792691.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard also had a small supporting role in [[Tom Hooper]]'s period drama ''[[The Danish Girl (film)|The Danish Girl]]'' (2015),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/venice-review-tom-hoopers-the-danish-girl-with-eddie-redmayne-alicia-vikander-20150905|title=Venice Review: Tom Hooper's 'The Danish Girl' With Eddie Redmayne & Alicia|work=[[IndieWire]]|last=Kiang|first=Jessica|date=September 5, 2015|access-date=September 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150907220149/http://blogs.indiewire.com/theplaylist/venice-review-tom-hoopers-the-danish-girl-with-eddie-redmayne-alicia-vikander-20150905|archive-date=September 7, 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |author-link=Dave McNary |date=March 4, 2015 |title=Eddie Redmayne's 'Danish Girl' Set for Nov. 27 |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/eddie-redmayne-danish-girl-1201446329/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924110108/https://variety.com/2015/film/news/eddie-redmayne-danish-girl-1201446329/ |archive-date=September 24, 2018 |access-date=March 21, 2015 |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]}}</ref> and a starring role opposite [[James Franco]] and [[Ed Harris]] in the independent crime thriller ''[[The Adderall Diaries (film)|The Adderall Diaries]]'' (2015). [[IndieWire]] stated that although Heard was "miscast" in ''The Adderrall Diaries'', she "displays much potential and has succeeded in a bid to be taken more seriously".<ref>{{cite news|title=The Adderall Diaries review|last1=Buder|first1=Emily|url=https://www.indiewire.com/article/tribeca-review-james-franco-embraces-masochism-in-tone-deaf-the-adderall-diaries-20150417|work=IndieWire|access-date=April 18, 2015|archive-date=April 18, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418115212/http://www.indiewire.com/article/tribeca-review-james-franco-embraces-masochism-in-tone-deaf-the-adderall-diaries-20150417|url-status=live}}</ref> Her fourth role in 2015 was opposite [[Christopher Walken]] in the television film ''[[When I Live My Life Over Again|One More Time]]'', which aired on [[Starz]]. For her role as a struggling singer-songwriter, she took singing lessons and learned to play piano and guitar.<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Christopher Walken, Amber Heard Sing and Strum in 'When I Live My Life Over Again'|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/christopher-walken-amber-heard-sing-786065|magazine=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|access-date=April 21, 2015|archive-date=April 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417143250/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/christopher-walken-amber-heard-sing-786065|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Los Angeles Times'' called her performance "superb" and ''The Film Stage'' stated that Heard did an "admirable job".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/reviews/la-et-mn-mini-one-more-time-review-20160408-story.html|title='One More Time' with Christopher Walken plays a simple tune|last=Goldstein|first=Gary|date=April 7, 2016|work=Los Angeles Times|access-date=April 18, 2016|archive-date=April 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418065533/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/reviews/la-et-mn-mini-one-more-time-review-20160408-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://thefilmstage.com/reviews/review-one-more-time/|title=[Review] One More Time|work=The Film Stage|date=April 8, 2016|access-date=April 18, 2016|archive-date=July 15, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190715202619/https://thefilmstage.com/reviews/review-one-more-time/|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard also appeared in a November 2015 episode of the American automotive reality series ''[[Overhaulin'#Season 9|Overhaulin']]'', in which her [[Ford Mustang|Mustang]] received a makeover. It also featured the cast pranking Heard at the behest of Depp.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Kimble |first=Lindsay |date=October 28, 2015 |title=Watch Johnny Depp Pull an Epic Prank on Amber Heard on Overhaulin' – by Pretending Her Car Was Stolen |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |url=https://people.com/celebrity/johnny-depp-pranks-amber-heard-on-overhaulin-video/ |access-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531082911/https://people.com/celebrity/johnny-depp-pranks-amber-heard-on-overhaulin-video/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Heard played the female lead in ''[[London Fields (film)|London Fields]]'', an adaptation of [[Martin Amis]]'s novel about a [[clairvoyant]] femme fatale who knows she will be murdered. It premiered at the [[2015 Toronto International Film Festival]].<ref>{{cite web |date=August 18, 2015 |title=Sandra Bullock's 'Our Brand Is Crisis,' Robert Redford's 'Truth' to Premiere at Toronto |url=https://variety.com/2015/film/news/sandra-bullocks-our-brand-tom-hiddlestons-i-saw-the-light-to-premiere-at-toronto-1201572271/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819112923/https://variety.com/2015/film/news/sandra-bullocks-our-brand-tom-hiddlestons-i-saw-the-light-to-premiere-at-toronto-1201572271/ |archive-date=August 19, 2015 |access-date=August 18, 2015 |work=Variety}}</ref> Shortly after the screening, the film was pulled from release due to disagreements between its director and producers,<ref>{{cite web |last=Kozicka |first=Patricia |date=September 17, 2015 |title='London Fields' pulled from TIFF after director sues producers |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/2226288/london-fields-pulled-from-tiff-after-director-sues-producers/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190421125604/https://globalnews.ca/news/2226288/london-fields-pulled-from-tiff-after-director-sues-producers/ |archive-date=April 21, 2019 |access-date=September 17, 2015 |work=Global News}}</ref> and due to litigation.{{efn|In a second [[London Fields (film)#Legal issues|lawsuit involving the producers]] of ''[[London Fields (film)|London Fields]]'', Heard was sued, in November 2016, for $10 million. The producer's lawsuit claimed that Heard and [[Mathew Cullen]] (the film's director) made unauthorized changes to the film's script and failed to finish voice-over work.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gardner|first=Eriq|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/amber-heard-sued-by-london-fields-producer-949623|title=Amber Heard Sued Over Alleged Conspiracy to Undermine 'London Fields'|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=November 27, 2016 |archive-date=November 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124074742/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/amber-heard-sued-by-london-fields-producer-949623 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Pederson|first=Erik|url=https://deadline.com/2016/11/amber-heard-sued-london-fields-failure-to-promote-film-1201858278/|title=Amber Heard Sued For $10M As 'London Fields' Flap Heats Up Again|website=Deadline Hollywood|date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=November 27, 2016 |archive-date=November 28, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050834/http://deadline.com/2016/11/amber-heard-sued-london-fields-failure-to-promote-film-1201858278/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Maddaus|first=Gene|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/amber-heard-sued-london-fields-1201923607/|title='London Fields' Producers Sue Amber Heard for $10 Million|work=Variety|date=November 21, 2016 |access-date=November 27, 2016 |archive-date=November 26, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126190012/http://variety.com/2016/film/news/amber-heard-sued-london-fields-1201923607/ |url-status=live}}</ref> Heard countersued, claiming the producers had violated a nudity clause in her contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/amber-heard-countersues-producer-of-london-fields-35584755.html|title=Amber Heard countersues producer of London Fields|work=[[Belfast Telegraph]]|date=April 1, 2017 |access-date=April 1, 2017 |archive-date=April 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170402081301/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/news/amber-heard-countersues-producer-of-london-fields-35584755.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> In September 2018, a settlement was reached between Heard and the producers with no money changing hands.<ref name="variety-settlement">{{cite web|last=Maddus|first=Gene|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/london-fields-producers-amber-heard-settlement-1202927600/|title='London Fields' Producers Reach Settlement With Amber Heard|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=September 5, 2018 |access-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-date=September 5, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905203906/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/london-fields-producers-amber-heard-settlement-1202927600/ |url-status=live}}</ref>}} Heard was sued for $10 million for allegedly breaching performance and promotional obligations. The actress countersued, claiming the producers had violated a nudity rider in her contract. In September 2018, a settlement was reached, and the film was finally released.<ref>{{cite web |last=Gardner |first=Eriq |date=October 31, 2018 |title='London Fields': A Near-Record Flop With a Secret Backstory to Die For |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/london-fields-a-record-flop-a-secret-backstory-die-1156441 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190111175439/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/london-fields-a-record-flop-a-secret-backstory-die-1156441 |archive-date=January 11, 2019 |access-date=January 10, 2019 |work=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> It received highly negative reviews,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Heritage|first1=Stuart|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2018/nov/01/london-fields-surrey-martin-amis|title=The London Fields film is here! It's awful! And it's all thanks to a Surrey insolvency firm|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 1, 2018|access-date=August 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422011822/https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2018/nov/01/london-fields-surrey-martin-amis|archive-date=April 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> and Heard later stated that "it was one of the most difficult movies to film and it has proven to continue to be difficult ... I can't say I did [the character] justice".<ref name=independent/> Jane Mulkerrins of ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' wrote that Heard provided "a decent enough turn as the enigmatic [Nicola Six]" that still could not save the adaptation,<ref name="Daily Telegraph September 17, 2015">{{cite news|last=Mulkerrins|first=Jane|title=London Fields review: 'a cartoonish mess'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/london-fields/toronto-review/|date=September 17, 2015|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|location=London |access-date= March 9, 2016 |archive-date= May 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520061330/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/film/london-fields/toronto-review/ |url-status= live}}</ref> while Peter Sobczynski of ''[[RogerEbert.com]]'' said that she "just does not project the kind of mystery and allure" that the character requires.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Sobczynski|first1=Peter|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/london-fields-2018|title=London Fields movie review & film summary (2018)|website=[[RogerEbert.com]]|date=October 26, 2018|access-date=August 13, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405181739/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/london-fields-2018|archive-date=April 5, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2019, Heard's performance in the film received a nomination for the [[Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=January 21, 2019 |title=Worst actors? Johnny Depp and Amber Heard among Razzie Award nominees |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46946222 |access-date=August 7, 2022 |archive-date=December 10, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210200749/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46946222 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===2017–present: DC Extended Universe and other projects===
[[File:Amber Heard (42867568355).jpg|thumb|left|Heard discussing ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'' at the 2018 [[San Diego Comic-Con]]]] In 2017, Heard appeared as part of an ensemble cast in [[Lake Bell]]'s indie comedy ''[[I Do... Until I Don't]]'' and joined the [[DC Extended Universe]] (DCEU) cast as [[Mera (DC Extended Universe)|Mera]], a princess of an [[Atlantis (Aquaman)|Atlantean]] kingdom, in the superhero film ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]''. She reprised the role the following year in ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'', which co-starred [[Jason Momoa]] and marked Heard's first major role in a studio film.<ref name=THRDec2018/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/amber-heard-talks-star-aquaman-848622|title=Amber Heard in Talks to Star in 'Aquaman' (Exclusive)|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|last=Kit|first=Borys|date=January 13, 2016|access-date=March 12, 2020|archive-date=January 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160116015309/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/heat-vision/amber-heard-talks-star-aquaman-848622|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.etonline.com/movies/184773_amber_heard_confirms_her_aquaman_role_justice_league_dishes_on_interesting_mera_costume/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Amber Heard Confirms Her 'Aquaman' Role in 'Justice League', Dishes on 'Interesting' Mera Costume|work=[[Entertainment Tonight]]|last=Kile|first=Meredith B.|date=March 17, 2016|access-date=March 12, 2020|archive-date=March 20, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320073336/http://www.etonline.com/movies/184773_amber_heard_confirms_her_aquaman_role_justice_league_dishes_on_interesting_mera_costume/|url-status=live}}</ref> She cited Mera's trait of being "a strong, independent, self-possessed superhero in her own right" as one of the reasons for her attraction to the role as well as Mera's rejection of being called Aquawoman instead of by her own name.<ref name=THRDec2018/><ref name=glamour2018/> ''Aquaman'' received mixed reviews.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46536972|title=Aquaman reviews: Does the blockbuster sink or swim?|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=December 12, 2018|access-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220603040144/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46536972|archive-date=June 3, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Abad-Santos|first1=Alex|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/12/31/18162437/aquaman-box-office-748-million|title=Aquaman box office: the movie has made $748 million worldwide|website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=December 31, 2018|access-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018084138/https://www.vox.com/2018/12/31/18162437/aquaman-box-office-748-million|archive-date=October 18, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> It was a commercial success,<ref>{{cite web|last1=Faughnder|first1=Ryan|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-box-office-aquaman-a-dogs-way-home-20190111-story.html|title='Aquaman' approaches $1 billion box-office milestone|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url-access=limited|date=January 11, 2019|access-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022110225/https://www.latimes.com/business/hollywood/la-fi-ct-box-office-aquaman-a-dogs-way-home-20190111-story.html|archive-date=October 22, 2021|url-status=live}}</ref> grossing over $1 billion.<ref name="billion">{{cite web|url=https://www.ign.com/articles/new-dc-movies-and-tv-shows-2022-release-dates-and-beyond|title=New DC Movies and TV Shows: 2022 Release Dates and Beyond|work=[[IGN]]|date=July 25, 2022|access-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725210419/https://www.ign.com/articles/new-dc-movies-and-tv-shows-2022-release-dates-and-beyond|archive-date=July 25, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''{{'}}s [[Michael Phillips (critic)|Michael Phillips]] and ''[[The Independent]]''{{'}}s Geoffrey Macnab respectively noted that Heard "lends a blasé air of early '50s B-movie cheese" and that she "camps it up entertainingly" as Mera.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Phillips|first1=Michael|author-link1=Michael Phillips (critic)|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-mov-aquaman-rev-1211-story.html|title='Aquaman' review: It has surf. It has turf. And not much else.|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=December 11, 2018|access-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521040632/https://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/movies/sc-mov-aquaman-rev-1211-story.html|archive-date=May 21, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Macnab|first1=Geoffrey|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/aquaman-review-critics-jason-momoa-amber-heard-nicole-kidman-dc-comics-release-date-a8678606.html|title=Aquaman review: This fish stew of a superhero movie is certainly an improvement on Justice League|work=[[The Independent]]|date=December 11, 2018|access-date=August 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810230205/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/aquaman-review-critics-jason-momoa-amber-heard-nicole-kidman-dc-comics-release-date-a8678606.html|archive-date=August 10, 2022|url-status=live}}</ref> That same year, Heard was appointed global ambassador for cosmetics brand [[L'Oréal Paris]].<ref name=glamour2018/>

In 2019, Heard had supporting roles in the independent dramas ''[[Her Smell]]'' and ''[[Gully (film)|Gully]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/amber-heard-elisabeth-moss-her-smell-1202787580/|title=Amber Heard Joins Elisabeth Moss in Drama 'Her Smell' (EXCLUSIVE)|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Justin|last=Kroll|date=April 25, 2018|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=March 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313070740/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/amber-heard-elisabeth-moss-her-smell-1202787580/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/amber-heard-gully-charlie-plummer-1202739453/|title=Amber Heard to Star With Charlie Plummer in Drama 'Gully' (EXCLUSIVE)|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Justin|last=Kroll|date=March 29, 2018|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=November 9, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030614/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/amber-heard-gully-charlie-plummer-1202739453/|url-status=live}}</ref> Her only project released in 2020 was ''[[The Stand (2020 miniseries)|The Stand]]'', a miniseries based on [[Stephen King]]'s [[The Stand (novel)|novel of the same name]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Petski|first=Denise|url=https://deadline.com/2019/08/the-stand-james-marsden-amber-heard-odessa-young-henry-zaga-stephen-king-cbs-all-access-series-1202659059/|title='The Stand': James Marsden, Amber Heard, Odessa Young & Henry Zaga Set For Stephen King's CBS All Access Series|work=Deadline Hollywood|date=August 1, 2019|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=August 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802001220/https://deadline.com/2019/08/the-stand-james-marsden-amber-heard-odessa-young-henry-zaga-stephen-king-cbs-all-access-series-1202659059/|url-status=live}}</ref> She played Nadine Cross, a school teacher who is among the few survivors of an apocalyptic plague. It premiered on [[CBS All Access]] in December 2020, with the series finale airing in February 2021.<ref name="SeriesPremiere">{{cite web|url=https://tvline.com/2020/08/25/the-stand-premiere-date-stephen-king-cbs-all-access/|title=The Stand Miniseries Lands December Premiere Date on CBS All Access|website=TVLine|first=Dave|last=Nemetz|date=August 25, 2020|access-date=April 8, 2021|archive-date=August 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825160143/https://tvline.com/2020/08/25/the-stand-premiere-date-stephen-king-cbs-all-access/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2021, Heard reprised her role as Mera in the superhero film ''[[Zack Snyder's Justice League]]'', a [[director's cut]] of the 2017 film, for which she had also filmed new scenes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kaye|first=Don|date=August 22, 2020|title=Justice League Snyder Cut Trailer Revealed at DC FanDome|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/justice-league-snyder-cut-trailer-revealed-at-dc-fandome/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921010746/https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/justice-league-snyder-cut-trailer-revealed-at-dc-fandome/ |archive-date=September 21, 2020 |access-date=April 8, 2021|website=[[Den of Geek]]}}</ref>

Heard reprised her Mera role in ''[[Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom]]'' (2023), a sequel to ''Aquaman''.<ref name="billion"/> An online petition to remove Heard from the film began following her ex-husband Depp's loss in [[Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd|his UK libel case]] and his replacement in the [[Wizarding World#Fantastic Beasts films|''Fantastic Beasts'' films]] in 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Del Rosario|first1=Alexandra|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/petition-johnny-depp-axe-amber-heard-aquaman-1-5-million-signatures-1234622804/|title=Petition To Ax Amber Heard From 'Aquaman 2' Receives Upwards 1.5M Signatures Following Johnny Depp's 'Fantastic Beasts' Departure|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=November 28, 2020|access-date=October 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406104647/https://deadline.com/2020/11/petition-johnny-depp-axe-amber-heard-aquaman-1-5-million-signatures-1234622804/|archive-date=April 6, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard described the campaign as "paid rumors and paid campaigns on social media",<ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Connor |first=Roisin |date=May 3, 2022 |title=Petition to remove Amber Heard from Aquaman 2 passes 3 million signatures |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amber-heard-aquaman-2-petition-b2070283.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503065231/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amber-heard-aquaman-2-petition-b2070283.html |archive-date=May 3, 2022 |access-date=May 5, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> and the film's co-producer, [[Peter Safran]], confirmed that Heard would appear in the sequel.<ref>{{Cite news |last1=D'Alessandro |first1=Anthony |last2=Patten |first2=Dominic |title=Johnny Depp Fans' Efforts To Have Amber Heard Axed From 'Aquaman 2' Carried No Water, Says Producer |url=https://deadline.com/2021/07/amber-heard-aquaman-2-johnny-depp-fans-1234802845/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=July 29, 2021 |access-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-date=July 30, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730055908/https://deadline.com/2021/07/amber-heard-aquaman-2-johnny-depp-fans-1234802845/ |url-status=live }}</ref> By the start of the 2022 ''[[Depp v. Heard]]'' trial in the US, the petition had reached 2 million signatures.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nugent |first=Annabel |date=April 28, 2022 |title=Petition to axe Amber Heard from Aquaman sequel reaches 2 million signatures |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amber-heard-aquaman-2-petition-johnny-depp-b2067477.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428124414/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/amber-heard-aquaman-2-petition-johnny-depp-b2067477.html |archive-date=April 28, 2022 |access-date=April 30, 2022 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Heard stated that she "'fought really hard to stay in the movie' but that 'they didn't want to include me in the film' and only shot a 'very pared-down version' of her part".<ref name="Aquamanreduced">{{Cite web |last=Hibberd |first=James |author-link=James Hibberd (writer) |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Amber Heard Says 'Aquaman 2' Role Reduced Due to Depp Allegations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/amber-heard-aquaman-2-role-1235148309/ |access-date=May 17, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517132352/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/amber-heard-aquaman-2-role-1235148309/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Walter Hamada]], a former [[DC Studios]] president, and [[James Wan]], the film's director, attributed the reduction of Heard's role to the sequel's intention to focus on the relationship between Momoa and [[Patrick Wilson]]'s characters.<ref name="HamadaMay2022THR">{{Cite web |last=Cho |first=Winston |date=May 24, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp v. Amber Heard Trial Peels Back Secrecy on Hollywood Decision-Making |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/johnny-depp-v-amber-heard-trial-peels-back-secrecy-on-hollywood-decision-making-1235153629/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220524232500/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/johnny-depp-v-amber-heard-trial-peels-back-secrecy-on-hollywood-decision-making-1235153629/ |archive-date=May 24, 2022 |access-date=May 27, 2022 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=De Loera|first1=Carlos|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2023-09-13/james-wan-amber-heard-aquaman-2-role-johnny-depp-trial|title=James Wan contradicts Amber Heard's 'Aquaman 2' allegations|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|url-access=limited|date=September 13, 2023|access-date=October 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914041722/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/movies/story/2023-09-13/james-wan-amber-heard-aquaman-2-role-johnny-depp-trial|archive-date=September 14, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

Following the release of ''Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom'' in 2023, several critics observed that, true to what Heard claimed in court, a number of her scenes seem to have been cut out from the film.<ref name=Aquamanreduced /> One critic writing for ''[[Business Insider]]'' stated that "Despite [[Warner Bros|WB]] and Wan's claim, it's tough to believe there wasn't another version of the film where Mera teamed up with her husband to track down his brother and the trio confronted Black Manta."<ref>{{cite news |last=Acuna |first=Kirsten |date=December 22, 2023 |title='Aquaman 2' diminishes Amber Heard's role to a mere 11 lines, grunts, and a laugh |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/aquaman-2-diminishes-amber-heards-role-to-a-mere-11-lines-grunts-and-a-laugh/articleshow/106195887.cms |url-status=live |work=[[Business Insider]] |location=[[New York City]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226044311/https://www.businessinsider.in/entertainment/news/aquaman-2-diminishes-amber-heards-role-to-a-mere-11-lines-grunts-and-a-laugh/articleshow/106195887.cms |archive-date=December 26, 2023 |access-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref> Another critic noted that "Heard, a steely highlight of ''Aquaman'', here feels as though her scenes were all added in post" and that "Given the clunky way Mera is literally silenced in the movie... it's hard not to assume that someone important in the production considered her a liability and made a decision of profound, deeply disappointing cowardice: To treat her as radioactive."<ref>{{cite news |last=Hassenger |first=Jesse |date=December 21, 2023 |title=Aquaman Sends the DCEU Off to the Lost Kingdom in the Sky |url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/james-wan/aquaman-and-the-last-kingdom-review |url-status=live |work=[[Paste Magazine]] |location=[[Decatur, Georgia]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103170813/https://www.pastemagazine.com/movies/james-wan/aquaman-and-the-last-kingdom-review |archive-date=January 3, 2024 |access-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref> Echoing these sentiments, another critic wrote that "the fact that Heard's role is so sloppy and awkward suggests this wasn't the plan all along. It truly looks as if someone erased her actual role and then tossed her into the movie at the last minute as an afterthought" and further added that this is consistent with "Heard's allegations of the film cutting her role from the original script".<ref name=Aquamanreduced/><ref>{{cite news |last=Ulatowski |first=Rachel |date=December 22, 2023 |title=Unsurprisingly, Amber Heard's Reduced Role in 'Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom' Backfired |url=https://www.themarysue.com/how-much-screen-time-does-amber-heard-have-in-aquaman-2-answered/ |url-status=live |work=The Mary Sue |location=[[New York City]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229152309/https://www.themarysue.com/how-much-screen-time-does-amber-heard-have-in-aquaman-2-answered/ |archive-date=December 29, 2023 |access-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref> In a more recent interview, [[Dolph Lundgren]] confirmed these observations by noting that "the original script was great... I was a bigger part of it and Amber Heard was a bigger part of it" while also lamenting that "The studio decided... to just reshoot a bunch of footage to try to rebuild a slightly different story line... I felt a little disappointed, but life goes on."<ref>{{cite news |last=Topel |first=Fred |date=January 11, 2024 |title=Dolph Lundgren disappointed his, Amber Heard's 'Aquaman' roles reduced in reshoots |url=https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/Movies/2024/01/11/Dolph-Lundgren-Amber-Heard-Aquaman/3421705000713/ |url-status=live |work=[[United Press International]] |location=[[Boca Raton, Florida]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240111195805/https://www.upi.com/Entertainment_News/Movies/2024/01/11/Dolph-Lundgren-Amber-Heard-Aquaman/3421705000713/ |archive-date=January 11, 2024 |access-date=January 14, 2024}}</ref>

Heard's first role after the trial was in the film ''[[In the Fire (film)|In the Fire]]'', directed by [[Conor Allyn]]. The film premiered at the [[Taormina Film Fest]] in June 2023.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/amber-heard-in-the-fire-taormina-interview-1235424684/|title=Taormina: Amber Heard Has Got Some Things To Say As Her Film 'In The Fire' Premieres In Sicily|work=Deadline Hollywood|first=Mike Jr.|last=Fleming|date=June 26, 2023|access-date=June 27, 2023}}</ref> It was released in October 2023.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Andersson|first1=Eric|url=https://people.com/amber-heard-clip-new-thriller-in-the-fire-exclusive-8348167|title=See Amber Heard in Clip from Thriller 'In the Fire' (Exclusive)|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|date=October 11, 2023|access-date=October 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012170621/https://people.com/amber-heard-clip-new-thriller-in-the-fire-exclusive-8348167|archive-date=October 12, 2023|url-status=live}}</ref>

In June 2025, Heard was cast in [[Jeremy O. Harris]]' play ''Spirit of the People''.<ref>{{cite web |last=Lang |first=Brent |date=June 23, 2025 |title=Amber Heard, Brandon Flynn Join Jeremy O. Harris Play 'Spirit of the People'(EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2025/legit/news/amber-heard-brandon-flynn-jeremy-o-harris-play-spirit-of-the-people-1236438101/ |website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref> The play premiered on July 17 at the [[Williamstown Theatre Festival|Williamstown Theatre Festival's]] MainStage Theatre.<ref name="wtf2025" />

==Activism==
Heard traveled to the [[Mexico–United States border]] with [[Amnesty International]] and worked with the organization on a bilingual campaign to raise awareness about US immigration policies.<ref name="BorderMissions_TMag">{{cite news |date=August 17, 2012 |title=Well Rounded |url=http://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/08/19/t-magazine/19well-amber.html |url-status=live |work=[[T Magazine]] |location=New York, United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110152826/http://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/interactive/2012/08/19/t-magazine/19well-amber.html |archive-date=November 10, 2022 |access-date=November 14, 2022}}</ref><ref name="SGS_Mashable">{{cite news |last=Ruiz |first=Rebecca |date=August 16, 2018 |title=Despite the hate, Amber Heard wants to make the most of her digital soapbox |url=https://mashable.com/article/amber-heard-activism-social-good-summit |url-status=live |work=[[Mashable]] |location=New York, United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107180505/https://mashable.com/article/amber-heard-activism-social-good-summit |archive-date=November 7, 2022 |access-date=November 10, 2022}}</ref> She supported the [[Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]]' Stand Up for Human Rights campaign.<ref name="OHCHR">{{cite web|url=https://www.standup4humanrights.org/en/hr-champions-aheard.html|publisher=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|title=Human Rights Champions|access-date=April 19, 2019|archive-date=April 19, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190419120533/https://www.standup4humanrights.org/en/hr-champions-aheard.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="ReutersOHCHR"/> Heard was one of the speakers at the [[United Nations]]' 9th Annual Social Good Summit in September 2018.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://unfoundation.org/media/the-9th-annual-social-good-summit-uzo-aduba-amber-heard-padma-lakshmi-and-more-to-speak-in-day-long-event-to-elevate-solutions-to-leave-no-one-behind/ |title=THE 9TH ANNUAL SOCIAL GOOD SUMMIT: UZO ADUBA, AMBER HEARD, PADMA LAKSHMI, AND MORE TO SPEAK IN DAY-LONG EVENT TO ELEVATE SOLUTIONS TO LEAVE NO ONE BEHIND |date=August 1, 2018 |website=[[United Nations Foundation]] |access-date=November 10, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519074542/https://unfoundation.org/media/the-9th-annual-social-good-summit-uzo-aduba-amber-heard-padma-lakshmi-and-more-to-speak-in-day-long-event-to-elevate-solutions-to-leave-no-one-behind/ |archive-date=May 19, 2022}}</ref> In her talk, she highlighted the [[Humanism|centrality of humans]] and significance of fairness and justice, as embodied in the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]].<ref name="SGS_YT">{{cite AV media |last1=Heard |first1=Amber |last2=Ruiz |first2=Rebecca |date=September 27, 2018 |title=AMBER HEARD at Social Good Summit |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YVF841hxhQ |access-date=October 24, 2021 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211024105228/http://youtube.com/watch?v=2YVF841hxhQ |archive-date=October 24, 2021 |publisher=Mashable Experiential|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ahead of the 70th anniversary of the declaration's drafting, Heard gave a speech at HagueTalks' Imagine the World We Want event in October 2018.<ref name="HagueTalks1">{{cite web |url=https://www.haguetalks.com/event/imagine-world-want/ |title=IMAGINE THE WORLD WE WANT |date=October 18, 2018 |website=Hague Talks |publisher=Hague Project Peace and Justice |access-date=November 8, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521092806/https://www.haguetalks.com/event/imagine-world-want/ |archive-date=May 21, 2022}}</ref><ref name="HagueTalks2">{{cite web |url=https://www.haguetalks.com/speaker/amber/ |title=SPEAKER: AMBER HEARD |date=October 18, 2018 |website=Hague Talks |publisher=Hague Project Peace and Justice |access-date=November 8, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521101331/https://www.haguetalks.com/speaker/amber/ |archive-date=May 21, 2022}}</ref>

In April 2018, Heard joined the [[Syrian American Medical Society]] (SAMS) on a multi-specialty medical mission to the [[Zaatari refugee camp]] in [[Jordan]] as a [[goodwill ambassador]]. She then partnered with SAMS to help finance treatment for children in the camp with [[thalassemia]].<ref name="SAMSMissionJordan">{{cite web |url=https://www.sams-usa.net/campaign/join-amber-heard-sams-to-provide-life-saving-care-to-syrian-refugee-children-in-jordan/ |title=AMBER HEARD PARTNERS WITH SAMS TO PROVIDE LIFESAVING CARE FOR SYRIAN REFUGEE CHILDREN |website=[[Syrian American Medical Society]] |access-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025132834/https://www.sams-usa.net/campaign/join-amber-heard-sams-to-provide-life-saving-care-to-syrian-refugee-children-in-jordan/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=April 5, 2018 |title=Actress Amber Heard: Syrian refugees leave 'indelible mark' |url=https://www.pressherald.com/2018/04/05/actress-amber-heard-syrian-refugees-leave-indelible-mark/ |work=[[Portland Press Herald]] |location=South Portland, Maine, United States |access-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025132830/https://www.pressherald.com/2018/04/05/actress-amber-heard-syrian-refugees-leave-indelible-mark/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=May 28, 2018 |title=Amber Heard launches fundraiser to help sick Syrian refugee children |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/535714/Life/Life-Style/Amber-Heard-launches-fundraiser-to-help-sick-Syrian-refugee-children |work=Saudi Gazette |location=[[Saudi Arabia]] |access-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025132841/https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/535714/Life/Life-Style/Amber-Heard-launches-fundraiser-to-help-sick-Syrian-refugee-children |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2018, she visited [[Smile Train]]'s programs in Mexico, during which she met with children with [[cleft lip and cleft palate]], their families, and doctors.<ref name="SmileTrain_Reforma">{{cite news |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Trae Amber alegría a México |trans-title=Amber brings joy to Mexico |url=https://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/articulo/default.aspx?id=1538101&md5=e9fdb293e6dbbbac340158293066859d&ta=0dfdbac11765226904c16cb9ad1b2efe |url-status=live |work=[[Reforma (newspaper)|Reforma]] |language=es-mx |location=[[Nuevo León|Nuevo León, Mexico]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121132250/https://www.reforma.com/aplicacioneslibre/articulo/default.aspx?id=1538101&md5=e9fdb293e6dbbbac340158293066859d&ta=0dfdbac11765226904c16cb9ad1b2efe |archive-date=November 21, 2022 |access-date=November 21, 2022}}</ref> In February 2019, Heard joined SAMS' mission to [[Lebanon]] to help [[Syrian refugees]] living in poverty, during which she visited [[Syrian refugee camps|informal settlements]] in [[Beqaa Valley]]. She also partnered with SAMS in raising funds for psychosocial and educational programs and vocational training for the women and children in these settlements.<ref name="SAMSMissionLebanon">{{cite web |url=https://www.sams-usa.net/media_post/amber-heard-partners-with-sams-to-launch-pss-programs-for-syrian-refugee-women-in-lebanon/ |title=AMBER HEARD PARTNERS WITH SAMS TO LAUNCH PSS PROGRAMS FOR SYRIAN REFUGEE WOMEN IN LEBANON |website=[[Syrian American Medical Society]] |access-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025132832/https://www.sams-usa.net/media_post/amber-heard-partners-with-sams-to-launch-pss-programs-for-syrian-refugee-women-in-lebanon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chuba |first=Kristen |date=July 12, 2019 |title=Hollywood Power Philanthropy: How Disney's Bob Iger, Kristen Bell, Amber Heard and More Are Giving Back |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/kristen-bell-amber-heard-more-hollywood-a-listers-are-giving-back-1223172/amber-heard/ |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |location=Los Angeles, California, United States |access-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-date=October 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221025132831/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/kristen-bell-amber-heard-more-hollywood-a-listers-are-giving-back-1223172/amber-heard/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

In November 2016, Heard appeared in a [[public service announcement]] (PSA) on domestic violence for the [[Amanda de Cadenet#girlgaze|#GirlGaze Project]]. In the PSA, she spoke about the importance of making it easier for [[violence against women]] (VAW) survivors to come forward and self-advocate. She also highlighted the importance of taking responsibility for how VAW is handled and discussed in society.<ref name="PSA_Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/amber-heard-domestic-violence-psa-video-1201927174/|title=Amber Heard Films Domestic Violence PSA: 'We Can Change This'|first=Seth|last=Kelley|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 26, 2016|access-date=December 19, 2016|archive-date=March 27, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327085906/https://variety.com/2016/digital/news/amber-heard-domestic-violence-psa-video-1201927174/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="PSA_TIME">{{cite magazine |last1=Suyin |first1=Haynes |date=November 28, 2016 |title=You Have to See Amber Heard's Powerful PSA Against Domestic Violence |url=https://time.com/4583325/amber-heard-psa-domestic-abuse/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[TIME]] |location=New York, United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025151650/https://time.com/4583325/amber-heard-psa-domestic-abuse/ |archive-date=October 25, 2021 |access-date=October 30, 2022}}</ref> In a letter published in the December 2016 issue of ''[[YOOX Net-a-Porter Group|Porter]]'' magazine, she spoke to "every woman who is suffering in silence", assuring them that they "may not see us, but we are there. Your sisters are everywhere... and we are with you."<ref name="Porter2016">{{Cite news |date=December 13, 2016 |title=Amber Heard Writes Essay on Domestic Abuse, Addresses Her "Silent Sisters" |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/amber-heard-essay-domestic-abuse-letter-955685/ |access-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-date=May 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527125724/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/amber-heard-essay-domestic-abuse-letter-955685/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="SilentSisters_ET">{{cite news |last1=Willis |first1=Jackie |date=December 13, 2016 |title=Amber Heard Pens Letter for Victims of Domestic Violence: 'You Are Not Alone' |url=https://www.etonline.com/news/204937_amber_heard_pens_letter_for_victims_of_domestic_violence_you_are_not_alone |url-status=live |work=[[Entertainment Tonight]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210729003807/https://www.etonline.com/news/204937_amber_heard_pens_letter_for_victims_of_domestic_violence_you_are_not_alone |archive-date=July 29, 2021 |access-date=October 30, 2022}}</ref>

During ''[[The Economist]]''{{'}}s Pride and Prejudice event in March 2017, Heard highlighted the underrepresentation of [[LGBTQ]] characters in the [[Hollywood film industry]].<ref name="EconEvent_YT">{{cite AV media |last1=Heard |first1=Amber |last2=Standage |first2=Tom |date=May 24, 2017 |title=Behind the scenes: closing fireside chat with Amber Heard |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOOwz_6l88E |access-date=November 5, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220504013344/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vOOwz_6l88E |archive-date=May 4, 2022 |publisher=Economist Impact Events|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Referencing her own [[coming out]] story, she praised actresses that are candid about their sexuality and encouraged men in the industry to help "challenge the status quo".<ref name="EconEvent_Vulture">{{Cite news |last=Kiefer |first=Halle |date=March 24, 2017 |title=Amber Heard Says If Every Gay Hollywood Actor Came Out Tomorrow, 'This Would Be a Nonissue in a Month' |url-status=live |work=[[New York (magazine)#Vulture|Vulture]] |url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/03/amber-heard-urges-gay-hollywood-actors-to-come-out.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831031317/https://www.vulture.com/2017/03/amber-heard-urges-gay-hollywood-actors-to-come-out.html |archive-date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=November 5, 2022}}</ref> In August 2017, Heard produced a short video for the publication, in which she spoke about the [[gender pay gap]] and [[Inequality in Hollywood#Gender inequality|underrepresentation of women in the industry]].<ref name="EconEqualPay">{{cite AV media |last=Heard |first=Amber |date=August 25, 2017 |title=Amber Heard: Why being called a "bitch" in Hollywood isn't all bad |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yOFDi0ZchE8 |access-date=November 5, 2022 |publisher=[[The Economist]]|via=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> In 2018, Heard became an ambassador for the [[American Civil Liberties Union]] (ACLU), aiding the organization's advocacy for justice in gender issues.<ref name=acluyouneedtoknow>{{cite web |publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]] |date=May 18, 2022 |title=What You Need to Know About ACLU Artist Ambassadors, Including Amber Heard |url=https://www.aclu.org/news/civil-liberties/what-you-need-to-know-about-aclu-ambassadors-including-amber-heard |access-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-date=May 21, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220521032858/https://www.aclu.org/news/civil-liberties/what-you-need-to-know-about-aclu-ambassadors-including-amber-heard |url-status=live |quote=In 2016, Ms. Heard pledged to donate $3.5 million over 10 years to the ACLU. Two years later, in 2018, the ACLU invited Ms. Heard to become an ambassador and to work with us on an op-ed to bring attention to the issue of sexual assault and domestic violence issues; she agreed. Through her ambassadorship, Ms. Heard supported our advocacy for gender justice issues, a cause that has long been central to our mission at least since Ruth Bader Ginsburg headed the ACLU's Women's Rights Project.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ive-seen-how-institutions-protect-men-accused-of-abuse-heres-what-we-can-do/2018/12/18/71fd876a-02ed-11e9-b5df-5d3874f1ac36_story.html|title=Amber Heard: I spoke up against sexual violence — and faced our culture's wrath. That has to change.|first=Amber|last=Heard|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=December 18, 2019|access-date=October 26, 2022|archive-date=April 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412184930/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/ive-seen-how-institutions-protect-men-accused-of-abuse-heres-what-we-can-do/2018/12/18/71fd876a-02ed-11e9-b5df-5d3874f1ac36_story.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

{{anchor|settlementpledge}}In August 2016, Heard pledged to donate her $7 million [[#DivorceSettlement|divorce settlement with Johnny Depp]] to the ACLU and [[Children's Hospital Los Angeles]] (CHLA).<ref>{{cite news |last=Hill |first=Libby |newspaper=[[LA Times]] |date=August 18, 2016 |title=Amber Heard donates $7-million Johnny Depp divorce settlement to charities |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-amber-heard-donate-divorce-settlement-charity-20160818-snap-story.html |access-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512030942/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-amber-heard-donate-divorce-settlement-charity-20160818-snap-story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NDTVPledge">{{cite news |date=August 19, 2016 |title=Amber Heard Pledges $7 Million Divorce Settlement to Charity |url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amber-heard-pledges-7-million-divorce-settlement-to-charity-1445969 |work=[[NDTV]] |location=[[New Delhi]], India |access-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026181202/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amber-heard-pledges-7-million-divorce-settlement-to-charity-1445969 |url-status=live }}</ref> In November 2016, she defended this pledge against an allegation from [[TMZ]]—despite Depp not having completed the payment to her—that she had not yet made the donations as pledged.<ref>{{cite news |last=Blair |first=Olivia |date=November 29, 2016 |title=Amber Heard releases statement after reports she has not donated money from Johnny Depp divorce to charity |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/amber-heard-charity-donation-statement-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-a7445161.html |work=[[The Independent]] |location=London, United Kingdom |access-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026182705/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/amber-heard-charity-donation-statement-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-a7445161.html |url-status=live }}</ref> CHLA included Heard in their "Honor Roll of Donors" list for the [[fiscal year]] 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Mike |date=April 9, 2018 |title=Amber Heard Honored for 7-Figure Donation to Children's Hospital Following Johnny Depp Divorce |url=https://people.com/movies/amber-heard-makes-7-figure-donation-childrens-hospital-after-johnny-depp-divorce/ |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |location=New York, United States |access-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-date=October 26, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026181203/https://people.com/movies/amber-heard-makes-7-figure-donation-childrens-hospital-after-johnny-depp-divorce/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Depp finished paying the full settlement to Heard in October 2018.<ref name=dl_heard_testimony>{{cite web |last1=Johnson |first1=Ted |last2=Patten |first2=Dominic |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Amber Heard's Cross-Examination By Johnny Depp Lawyer Gets Harsh Fast In $50M Trial; Elon Musk $500K Donation To ACLU In Spotlight – Update |url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-domestic-abuse-2-1235024730/ |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=Deadline |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517223603/https://deadline.com/2022/05/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-domestic-abuse-2-1235024730/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=PattenCHLA>{{cite news |last1=Patten |first1=Dominic |title=Johnny Depp Making "Desperate Attempt" To Malign Amber Heard, 'Aquaman' Star's Lawyer Says; Admits Promised $7M Charitable Donations "Delayed" |url=https://deadline.com/2021/01/johnny-depp-abuse-lawsuit-amber-heard-charitable-donations-disputed-divorce-1234667028/ |access-date=April 29, 2022 |work=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=January 7, 2021 |archive-date=March 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321205531/https://deadline.com/2021/01/johnny-depp-abuse-lawsuit-amber-heard-charitable-donations-disputed-divorce-1234667028/ |url-status=live}}</ref> On the Dutch talk show ''[[RTL Late Night]]'' in October 2018, Heard said she had donated $7 million to the ACLU and CHLA.<ref name=heardmisgiven>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |last1=Duff |first1=Seamus |last2=Kemp |first2=Ellie |title=Amber Heard admits she hasn't yet paid the millions she promised to charities from Johnny Depp divorce |url=https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/amber-heard-admits-hasnt-yet-23979794 |access-date=June 6, 2022 |work=[[Manchester Evening News]] |date=May 17, 2022 |quote=Back in 2018, Amber said during an appearance on the Dutch talk show RTL Late Night: "$7million in total was donated - I split it between the ACLU and the Children's Hospital of Los Angeles. I wanted nothing." [...] a sensational UK court case [...] During that case – which Johnny lost – Amber claimed while under oath that: "the entire amount of my divorce settlement was donated to charity." |archive-date=June 4, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220604063817/https://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/showbiz-news/amber-heard-admits-hasnt-yet-23979794 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Cartwright |first1=Lexie |title=Amber Heard admits she didn't donate $7m divorce money to charity |url=https://www.news.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-life/amber-heard-admits-she-didnt-donate-7m-divorce-money-to-charity/news-story/7039d08e0351ebdb9b4f83b28474c2a2 |access-date=June 6, 2022 |work=[[news.com.au]] |date=May 17, 2022 }}
* {{cite news |title=Amber Heard denies she lied about making $7m in donations from Johnny Depp divorce despite video evidence |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/amber-heard-aclu-payouts-johnny-depp-b2080940.html |first1=Rachel |last1=Sharp |work=[[The Independent]] |date=May 17, 2022 |quote=Ms Heard's appearance on Danish TV show RTL Late Night in October 2018, where she said that "$7m was donated in total". |access-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-date=June 13, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220613140844/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/amber-heard-aclu-payouts-johnny-depp-b2080940.html |url-status=live }}</ref> As part of ''[[Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd]]'', Heard stated in a 2020 testimony that the settlement's full amount was donated to charity.<ref name=heardtest>Multiple sources:
* {{cite news |last1=Quinn |first1=Ben |title=Johnny Depp says 'lie' about charity donation influenced libel judge |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/18/johnny-depp-lie-charity-donation-libel-ruling |access-date=April 29, 2022 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=March 18, 2021 |archive-date=March 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210322184617/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/18/johnny-depp-lie-charity-donation-libel-ruling |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=O'Connor |first1=Roisin |title='Calculated lie': Depp has rare victory over ex-wife in $7m divorce charity pledge |url=https://www.independent.ie/world-news/north-america/calculated-lie-depp-has-rare-victory-over-ex-wife-in-7m-divorce-charity-pledge-40707815.html |access-date=June 7, 2022 |work=[[Irish Independent]] |date=August 1, 2021 |quote=In November last year, Depp lost a libel lawsuit in London ... Giving evidence in a statement dated February 26, Heard stated: "... the entire amount of my divorce settlement was donated to charity." |archive-date=June 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607024110/https://www.independent.ie/world-news/north-america/calculated-lie-depp-has-rare-victory-over-ex-wife-in-7m-divorce-charity-pledge-40707815.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Ryder |first1=Taryn |title=Amber Heard didn't donate Johnny Depp $7 million divorce settlement to charity |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/amber-heard-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-charity-aclu-190013243.html |access-date=April 29, 2022 |work=[[Yahoo!]] |date=April 29, 2022 |quote=The Aquaman star has stated on multiple occasions, including in U.K.'s high court in 2020, that she donated the settlement as promised. However, neither organization received the money in full |archive-date=April 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428233050/https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/amber-heard-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-charity-aclu-190013243.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In January 2021, the ''[[Daily Mail]]'' reported an allegation made by Depp's lawyers that Heard had yet to complete her donations.<ref name=ContrerasCHLA>{{cite news |last1=Contreras |first1=Cydney |title=Amber Heard Responds to Claim She Failed to Donate $7 Million Johnny Depp Divorce Settlement |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1225154/amber-heard-responds-to-claim-she-failed-to-donate-s7-million-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement |access-date=June 7, 2022 |work=[[E! Online]] |date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609222539/https://www.eonline.com/news/1225154/amber-heard-responds-to-claim-she-failed-to-donate-s7-million-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Stolworthy |first1=Jacob |title=Amber Heard's lawyer accuses Johnny Depp of 'planting' story in 'desperate attempt' to smear name |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-settlement-b1784282.html |access-date=December 20, 2022 |work=[[The Independent]] |date=January 8, 2021 |archive-date=December 20, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220033840/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-settlement-b1784282.html |url-status=live }}</ref> In response to this claim, Heard's lawyer stated that Heard intended to "eventually fulfill her pledge" but had "been delayed in that goal because ... she has been forced to spend millions of dollars" following Depp's lawsuit.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Emmanuele |first1=Julia |title=Amber Heard's Rep Reveals Why She Hasn't Donated Her $7 Million Divorce Settlement Yet |url=https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/amber-heard-hasnt-donated-her-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-yet-for-this-difficult-reason |access-date=June 7, 2022 |work=[[Bustle (magazine)|Bustle]] |date=January 9, 2021 |archive-date=June 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607031025/https://www.bustle.com/entertainment/amber-heard-hasnt-donated-her-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-yet-for-this-difficult-reason |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=march21>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/25/johnny-depp-loses-bid-to-overturn-ruling-in-libel-case|work=[[The Guardian]]|title=Johnny Depp loses bid to overturn ruling in libel case|first=Sarah|last=Marsh|date=March 25, 2021|access-date=March 25, 2021|archive-date=March 25, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210325102805/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2021/mar/25/johnny-depp-loses-bid-to-overturn-ruling-in-libel-case|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 2022 ''[[Depp v. Heard]]'' trial, the corporate designee of CHLA testified that as of 2021, Heard had given the organization $250,000.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Andrews |first=Travis M. |date=May 24, 2022 |title=In Depp-Heard trial's final days, a parade of rebuttal witnesses |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/05/24/depp-heard-trials-final-days-parade-rebuttal-witnesses/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220525060700/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/05/24/depp-heard-trials-final-days-parade-rebuttal-witnesses/ |archive-date=May 25, 2022}}</ref> The ACLU's chief operating officer testified in December 2021 that the organization expected to receive the money over a 10-year period.<ref name=sky_aclu>{{Cite news |first=Gemma |last=Peplow |date=April 29, 2022 |title=Depp v Heard trial finally delves into article that sparked the entire case - as more severed finger details come out in court |url=https://news.sky.com/story/depp-v-heard-trial-finally-delves-into-article-that-sparked-the-entire-case-as-more-severed-finger-details-come-out-in-court-12600787 |access-date=May 20, 2022 |publisher=Sky News |archive-date=May 23, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523122925/https://news.sky.com/story/depp-v-heard-trial-finally-delves-into-article-that-sparked-the-entire-case-as-more-severed-finger-details-come-out-in-court-12600787 |url-status=live }}</ref> To that time, a total of $1.3 million had been donated to the ACLU in Heard's name between 2016 and 2018.<ref name=halfpledgegiven>{{Cite news|last=Kilander|first=Gustaf|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=April 28, 2022|title=Court told Amber Heard only gave ACLU half of promised $3.5 million from Johnny Depp divorce settlement|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/amber-heard-aclu-donation-depp-b2067712.html|access-date=May 21, 2022|archive-date=May 27, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220527002128/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/amber-heard-aclu-donation-depp-b2067712.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard testified that defending the case had cost her more than $6 million in legal fees and that she planned to resume her donations when she could.<ref name=dl_heard_testimony/><ref name=variety_heardx>{{cite web |last=Maddaus |first=Gene |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Johnny Depp's Lawyer to Amber Heard: 'Mr. Depp Is Your Victim, Isn't He?' |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/amber-heard-cross-examination-johnny-depp-1235268531/ |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=Variety |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517202126/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/amber-heard-cross-examination-johnny-depp-1235268531/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

{{anchor|photoleakresponse}}In May 2019, Heard gave a speech on [[Capitol Hill]] in support of the [[Charlotte Laws#shieldact|SHIELD Act]], discussing her experience with the nonconsensual leak of her private photos obtained via hacking as part of the [[2014 celebrity nude photo leak]].<ref name=wpbillonhill>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/05/22/cause-celeb-amber-heard-backs-revenge-porn-bill-capitol-hill/|title=Cause Celeb: Amber Heard backs 'revenge porn' bill on Capitol Hill|first=Emily|last=Heil|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|date=May 22, 2019|access-date=May 22, 2019|archive-date=May 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190522215935/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2019/05/22/cause-celeb-amber-heard-backs-revenge-porn-bill-capitol-hill/|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard wrote an op-ed in ''[[The New York Times]]'' in November 2019, deeming "[[revenge porn]]" an inappropriate label due to the lack of consent for the images' disclosure and emphasizing the importance of congressional legislation to protect privacy in light of state laws' failure.<ref name=NYTop-ed>{{cite news|title=Amber Heard: Are We All Celebrities Now?|last=Heard|first=Amber|date=November 4, 2019|access-date=January 15, 2020|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/opinion/amber-heard-revenge-porn.html|archive-date=January 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200115210859/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/11/04/opinion/amber-heard-revenge-porn.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In the same month, Heard, together with [[Nico Tortorella]] and [[DC Comics]], was awarded for "their activism and commitment to disenfranchised youth" by the [[Hetrick-Martin Institute]].<ref name="Emery_Awards">{{cite magazine |date=November 7, 2019 |title=AMBER HEARD AND NICO TORTORELLA SHINE AT THE EMERY AWARDS |url=https://vmagazine.com/article/amber-heard-and-nico-tortorella-shine-at-the-emery-awards/ |url-status=live |magazine=[[V (American magazine)|V Magazine]] |location=New York, United States |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220811123716/https://vmagazine.com/article/amber-heard-and-nico-tortorella-shine-at-the-emery-awards/ |archive-date=August 11, 2022 |access-date=December 30, 2022}}</ref> Prior to the [[2020 United States presidential election]], Heard appeared in an election ad created by artist [[Marilyn Minter]] in support of [[Planned Parenthood]] and participated in the [[VoteRiders]] #IDCheck Challenge on social media.<ref name=artnet>{{cite web|title=Actress Amber Heard and Marilyn Minter Have Made a Provocative Election Ad in Defense of Reproductive Rights—See It Here|url=https://news.artnet.com/art-world/marilyn-minter-amber-heard-downtown-democracy-1917073|website=Artnet News |access-date=March 27, 2021|date=October 21, 2020|quote=Heard donated her $7 million settlement to the American Civil Liberties Union, and became an organization ambassador for women's rights. |archive-date=January 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117065012/https://news.artnet.com/art-world/marilyn-minter-amber-heard-downtown-democracy-1917073 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabinowitz |first=Chloe |date=September 29, 2020 |title=Rory O'Malley, Amy Schumer, Elizabeth Banks and More Participate in VoteRiders #IDCheck Challenge |url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Rory-OMalley-Amy-Schumer-Elizabeth-Banks-and-More-Participate-in-VoteRiders-IDCheck-Challenge-20200929 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021212520/https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/Rory-OMalley-Amy-Schumer-Elizabeth-Banks-and-More-Participate-in-VoteRiders-IDCheck-Challenge-20200929 |archive-date=October 21, 2021 |access-date=October 21, 2021 |website=[[BroadwayWorld]]}}</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Amber-heard-90121001.jpg|thumb|upright|Heard in 2009]]
Heard publicly [[Coming out|came out]] in 2010,<ref name="Halterman">{{cite news|last=Halterman|first=J.|title=EXCLUSIVE: Amber Heard talks about being out in Hollywood|newspaper=[[AfterEllen]]|date=December 4, 2010|access-date=October 10, 2014|url=http://www.afterellen.com/exclusive-amber-heard-talks-about-being-out-in-hollywood/12/2010/|archive-date=October 15, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015082705/http://www.afterellen.com/exclusive-amber-heard-talks-about-being-out-in-hollywood/12/2010/|url-status=live}}</ref> but has stated, "I don't label myself one way or another – I have had successful relationships with men and now a woman. I love who I love; it's the person that matters."<ref name="Frize">{{cite magazine|first=Sam|last=Frize|title=5 Things You Should Know About Amber Heard|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=January 19, 2014|access-date=September 6, 2017|url=https://entertainment.time.com/2014/01/19/5-things-you-should-know-about-amber-heard/|archive-date=March 23, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323211008/http://entertainment.time.com/2014/01/19/5-things-you-should-know-about-amber-heard/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Heard was in a relationship with photographer [[Tasya van Ree]] from 2008 to 2012.<ref name="Halterman" /><ref name="LAtimesengagement">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-johnny-depp-amber-heard-engagement-rumors-engaged-20140117-story.html|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard spark engagement rumors|last=Saad|first=Nardine|work=Los Angeles Times|date=January 17, 2014|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-date=August 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826195327/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-johnny-depp-amber-heard-engagement-rumors-engaged-20140117-story.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard had her last name legally changed to van Ree during the relationship and reverted to her birth name in 2014.<ref name="vanReeNameChange"/> In 2009, Heard was arrested for misdemeanor domestic violence at [[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], after allegedly hitting van Ree.<ref name="vanRee-Today">{{cite news|last1=Puente|first1=Maria|title=Amber Heard arrested in 2009 on charge of hitting girlfriend|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/06/07/amber-heard-arrested-2009-charge-hitting-girlfriend/85563338/ |access-date=February 18, 2020|work=[[USA Today]]|date=June 8, 2016 |archive-date=April 23, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423211350/https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/movies/2016/06/07/amber-heard-arrested-2009-charge-hitting-girlfriend/85563338/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="vanRee-LAT">{{cite news|last1=Hill|first1=Libby|title=Amber Heard was accused of domestic violence by a former girlfriend in 2009|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-amber-heard-girlfriend-domestic-violence-20160607-snap-story.html |access-date=February 18, 2020|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 7, 2016 |archive-date=February 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218084040/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/gossip/la-et-mg-amber-heard-girlfriend-domestic-violence-20160607-snap-story.html |url-status=live}}</ref> Heard appeared the next day in [[King County Courthouse|King County District Court]], [[Seattle]] but was not charged.<ref name="vanRee-LAT"/> The arrest was made public in 2016 during Heard's divorce proceedings from actor [[Johnny Depp]].<ref name="vanRee-Today"/><ref name="vanRee-LAT"/> A statement was then issued by Heard's publicist in which van Ree said that Heard had been "wrongfully" accused and that the incident had been "misinterpreted and over-sensationalized", while also recalling "hints of [[misogynistic]] attitudes toward us which later appeared to be [[homophobic]] when they found out we were domestic partners and not just 'friends'" and adding that she and Heard "shared 5 wonderful years together and remain close to this day".<ref name="People-Officer">{{Cite news |last=Miller |first=Michael |date=June 9, 2016 |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |title=Amber Heard's 2009 Arresting Officer Speaks Out: 'I Am So Not Homophobic or Misogynistic!' |url=https://people.com/movies/amber-heards-arresting-officer-speaks-out-i-am-so-not-homophobic/ |access-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-date=May 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515115852/https://people.com/movies/amber-heards-arresting-officer-speaks-out-i-am-so-not-homophobic/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

Heard was one of the victims of the 2014 celebrity nude photo leak, in which "more than 50 of [her] personal photos were stolen and released to the public" with Heard [[#photoleakresponse|later both speaking and writing]] against such breaches of privacy.<ref name=wpbillonhill/><ref name=NYTop-ed/>

Following her divorce from Johnny Depp,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amber-heard-meet-the-new-mrs-johnny-depp-737427|title=Amber Heard: Meet the New Mrs Johnny Depp|website=NDTV|access-date=February 6, 2015|archive-date=June 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608053508/https://www.ndtv.com/entertainment/amber-heard-meet-the-new-mrs-johnny-depp-737427|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard dated tech entrepreneur and [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]] [[CEO]] and shareholder [[Elon Musk]] for a year, until early 2018.<ref name=THRDec2018/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2017/08/06/elon-musk-breaks-up-with-amber-heard-report-says/|title=Tesla CEO Elon Musk breaks up with Amber Heard, report says|date=August 6, 2017|access-date=June 6, 2020|archive-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912212523/http://www.mercurynews.com/2017/08/06/elon-musk-breaks-up-with-amber-heard-report-says/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Elon Musk and Amber Heard Call it Quits ... Again|url=https://people.com/movies/elon-musk-amber-heard-call-quits-again/|access-date=February 28, 2021|website=People|archive-date=March 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301193214/https://people.com/movies/elon-musk-amber-heard-call-quits-again/|url-status=live}}</ref> She later had a relationship with actress and cinematographer Bianca Butti from January 2020 to December 2021.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://people.com/movies/amber-heard-and-girlfriend-bianca-butti-everything-we-know-about-the-new-couple/ |title=Amber Heard and Girlfriend Bianca Butti: Everything We Know About the New Couple |website=People |date=March 25, 2020 |access-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-date=April 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428213951/https://people.com/movies/amber-heard-and-girlfriend-bianca-butti-everything-we-know-about-the-new-couple/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/celebrities/2022/05/06/62748611268e3e851e8b4663.html |title=What's Amber Heard's full dating history? |website=Marca |date=May 5, 2022 |access-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510220223/https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/celebrities/2022/05/06/62748611268e3e851e8b4663.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Parkel |first=Inga |title=Amber Heard: What we know about her career, background and family life |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/amber-heard-johnny-depp-whitney-henriquez-movies-family-b2079828.html |access-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-date=May 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516100913/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/amber-heard-johnny-depp-whitney-henriquez-movies-family-b2079828.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

In April 2021, Heard had her first child, a daughter, via [[surrogacy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/amber-heard-first-child-surrogate-1234976874/|title=Amber Heard Reveals She Welcomed Her First Child Via Surrogate|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Allison|last=Crist|date=July 1, 2021|access-date=December 28, 2021|archive-date=July 1, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210701231714/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/lifestyle-news/amber-heard-first-child-surrogate-1234976874/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2024, Heard announced that she was expecting her second child.<ref>{{Cite news |last=VanHoose |first=Benjamin |date=December 5, 2024 |title=Amber Heard Is Expecting Baby No. 2: She Is 'Delighted Both for Herself and Oonagh Paige' (Exclusive) |url=https://people.com/amber-heard-expecting-second-baby-exclusive-8707364 |access-date=December 7, 2024 |work=People}}</ref> On May 11, 2025, Heard announced the arrival of twins, a daughter and son.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://people.com/amber-heard-reveals-newborn-twins-names-mothers-day-tribute-11732566|title=Amber Heard Reveals Names and Sexes of Her Newborn Twins in Mother's Day Tribute: 'My Dream Family'|first=Benjamin|last=VanHoose|website=People|date=May 11, 2025|accessdate=May 11, 2025}}</ref> As of June 2023, Heard resides in [[Madrid|Madrid, Spain]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vanhoose |first=Benjamin |date=June 1, 2023 |title=Amber Heard Breaks Silence on Moving to Spain After Johnny Depp Trial: 'I Love Living Here' |url=https://people.com/amber-heard-breaks-silence-move-to-spain-love-living-here-7506725 |access-date=June 3, 2023 |website=People |archive-date=June 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603055701/https://people.com/amber-heard-breaks-silence-move-to-spain-love-living-here-7506725 |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Relationship with Johnny Depp===
{{anchor|Depp}}
{{see also|Johnny Depp#Amber Heard|Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd|Depp v. Heard}}

Heard first met actor Johnny Depp in 2009 when she was cast in ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary]]'' opposite him. According to reports,<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 19, 2020 |title=Factbox: Johnny Depp's libel case - The evidence so far |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-people-depp-evidence-factbox-idUKKCN24K0UY |access-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218005436/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-people-depp-evidence-factbox-idUKKCN24K0UY |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=May 25, 2022 |title=A timeline of Johnny Depp and Amber Heard's relationship and key moments from court case |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-26/johnny-depp-v-amber-heard-timeline-defamation-domestic-violence/101098658 |access-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-date=August 8, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220808223037/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2022-05-26/johnny-depp-v-amber-heard-timeline-defamation-domestic-violence/101098658 |url-status=live }}</ref> the couple began dating in 2012 and were married in a civil ceremony in February 2015.<ref>{{cite news|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard: A Timeline of Their Tempestuous Relationship|url=https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-settlement-1201837685/|first1=Lamarco|last1=McClendon|first2=Maria|last2=Cavassuto|first3=Lawrence|last3=Yee|date=August 19, 2016|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=February 21, 2021|archive-date=January 27, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210127083059/https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-settlement-1201837685/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=courtdocument>{{cite web|url=http://documents.latimes.com/amber-heard-and-johnny-depps-court-declarations-regarding-allegations-domestic-violence/|title=Amber Heard and Johnny Depp's court declarations regarding allegations of domestic violence|work=Los Angeles Times|date=May 27, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-date=March 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304030720/http://documents.latimes.com/amber-heard-and-johnny-depps-court-declarations-regarding-allegations-domestic-violence/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Tie the Knot: Source|url=http://www.people.com/article/johnny-depp-amber-heard-marry-wedding-civil-ceremony-los-angeles|work=People|access-date=February 4, 2015|archive-date=February 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206221803/https://people.com/article/johnny-depp-amber-heard-marry-wedding-civil-ceremony-los-angeles|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=New documents from the Johnny Depp v Amber Heard trial have been unsealed – and things have only got uglier {{!}} Johnny Depp {{!}} The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/aug/10/new-documents-johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-unsealed-things-have-got-uglier |access-date=December 18, 2022 |website=amp.theguardian.com | date=August 10, 2022 |archive-date=December 18, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221218005439/https://amp.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2022/aug/10/new-documents-johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-unsealed-things-have-got-uglier#amp_tf=From%20%251$s&aoh=16713116102846&referrer=https://www.google.com |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Australian customs incident ====
In April 2015, Heard and Depp breached Australia's [[biosecurity]] laws when they failed to declare in customs the two dogs accompanying them when they flew into [[Queensland]], where Depp was working on ''[[Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Johnny Depp's dogs face death in Australia|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-32732313|access-date=April 18, 2016|work=BBC News|date=May 14, 2015|archive-date=April 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406142739/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-australia-32732313|url-status=live}}</ref> In May 2015, the dogs were flown out of the country hours before a euthanasia deadline.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Medhora |first=Shalailah |date=May 17, 2015 |title=Barnaby Joyce defends threat to put down Johnny Depp's dogs |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/17/barnaby-joyce-defends-threat-to-put-down-johnny-depps-dogs |access-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531105131/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/may/17/barnaby-joyce-defends-threat-to-put-down-johnny-depps-dogs |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Nianias |first=Helen |date=May 15, 2015 |title=Johnny Depp's dogs have finally left Australia hours before deadline |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/johnny-depp-s-dogs-have-finally-left-australia-hours-before-deadline-10253044.html |access-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-date=May 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220531105131/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/johnny-depp-s-dogs-have-finally-left-australia-hours-before-deadline-10253044.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Later in July of the same year, only Heard was charged for this breach in the laws.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amber Heard charged with illegally bringing dogs to Australia|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/16/amber-heard-charged-with-taking-dogs-to-australia-johnny-depp|access-date=April 18, 2016|work=The Guardian|date=July 16, 2015|archive-date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626204825/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/jul/16/amber-heard-charged-with-taking-dogs-to-australia-johnny-depp|url-status=live}}</ref>

By December 2015, the case had been [[Adjournment#Law|adjourned]] four times with Heard having instructed her lawyers to enter not guilty pleas and stating that she was "looking forward" to fighting the charges.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Joshua |date=December 7, 2015 |title=Johnny Depp's dogs: Amber Heard 'looking forward' to fighting charges |work=[[The Guardian]] |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/dec/07/johnny-depps-dogs-amber-heard-looking-forward-to-fighting-charges |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151207034030/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/dec/07/johnny-depps-dogs-amber-heard-looking-forward-to-fighting-charges |archive-date=December 7, 2015 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref> In the court case in April 2016,<ref>{{Cite news |date=April 18, 2016 |title=Johnny Depp dogs case: Amber Heard faces court |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/johnny-depp-dogs-case-amber-heard-faces-court-20160418-go8lct.html |access-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-date=May 12, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220512120844/https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/johnny-depp-dogs-case-amber-heard-faces-court-20160418-go8lct.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Heard pleaded guilty to falsifying quarantine documents, stating that she had made a mistake due to sleep deprivation.<ref>{{cite news|title=Johnny Depp's dogs: Amber Heard pleads guilty over Boo and Pistol quarantine document|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-18/johnny-depp-and-amber-heard-gold-coast-court-dogs/7333662|access-date=April 18, 2016|work=ABC News|date=April 18, 2016|archive-date=June 26, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626204822/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-04-18/johnny-depp-and-amber-heard-gold-coast-court-dogs/7333662|url-status=live}}</ref> While criminal charges were dropped, she was placed on a A$1,000 (US${{To USD|1000|AUS|round=yes}}) one-month [[good behaviour bond]] for producing a false document;<ref name="guardianterriers">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/18/johnny-depps-wife-amber-heard-pleads-guilty-over-bringing-dogs-to-australia|title=Charges dropped against Amber Heard for bringing dogs to Australia with Johnny Depp|first=Joshua|last=Robertson|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|date=April 18, 2016|access-date=April 18, 2016|archive-date=April 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414191308/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/18/johnny-depps-wife-amber-heard-pleads-guilty-over-bringing-dogs-to-australia|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard and Depp released a video apologizing for their behavior and urging others to adhere to biosecurity laws.<ref name="guardianterriers" />

====Divorce====
Heard filed for divorce from Depp in May 2016 and obtained a temporary [[restraining order]] against him, releasing a statement saying that, "During the entirety of our relationship, Johnny has been verbally and physically abusive to me. I endured excessive emotional, verbal and physical abuse from Johnny, which has included angry, hostile, humiliating and threatening assaults to me whenever I questioned his authority or disagreed with him."<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Miller |first=Julie |date=May 27, 2016 |title=Amber Heard Secures Restraining Order Against Johnny Depp, Claims "Emotional, Verbal, and Physical Abuse" |magazine=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/05/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-abuse |access-date=May 13, 2022 |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706213947/https://www.vanityfair.com/style/2016/05/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-abuse |url-status=live }}</ref> She requested $50,000 a month "as and for [[pendente lite|pendente lite spousal support]] based on [their] marital lifestyle".<ref>{{cite news |last=Nessif |first=Bruna |date=May 28, 2016 |title=Amber Heard Denied $50,000 Monthly Spousal Support From Johnny Depp: 11 More Things We Learned From the Court Documents |url=https://www.eonline.com/news/768615/amber-heard-denied-50-000-monthly-spousal-support-from-johnny-depp-11-more-things-we-learned-from-the-court-documents |url-status=live |work=[[E!|E! Entertainment Television]] |location=[[Los Angeles]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820010635/https://www.eonline.com/news/768615/amber-heard-denied-50-000-monthly-spousal-support-from-johnny-depp-11-more-things-we-learned-from-the-court-documents |archive-date=August 20, 2021 |access-date=September 20, 2023}}</ref><ref name="CNN-alimony">{{cite web |last1=France |first1=Lisa Respers |title=Amber Heard documents $43K a month in expenses |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/31/entertainment/amber-heard-johnny-depp-expenses/index.html |website=CNN |publisher=Cable News Network |access-date=August 26, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160604003246/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/05/31/entertainment/amber-heard-johnny-depp-expenses/index.html |archive-date=June 4, 2016 |date=June 1, 2016 |url-status=live}}</ref> In response, Depp's counsel said "Amber is attempting to secure a premature financial resolution by alleging abuse", but agreed with her request for a restraining order, saying Depp "nonetheless has every intention of staying away from Amber and will stipulate to mutual stay-away and personal conduct orders".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Warner |first=Kara |date=April 14, 2022 |title=Amber Heard and Johnny Depp's Divorce Explodes: Everything You Need to Know |work=[[People (magazine)|People]] |url=https://people.com/crime/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-timeline-everything-you-need-to-know/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013154316/http://people.com/crime/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-timeline-everything-you-need-to-know/ |archive-date=October 13, 2016 |access-date=June 1, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blair |first=Olivia |date=May 28, 2016 |title=Johnny Depp's lawyers claim Amber Heard's request for restraining order was a response to negative media coverage against her |work=[[The Independent]] |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/johnny-depp-s-lawyers-amber-heard-s-restraining-order-claim-response-to-negative-media-coverage-against-her-a7053631.html |access-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601074615/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/johnny-depp-s-lawyers-amber-heard-s-restraining-order-claim-response-to-negative-media-coverage-against-her-a7053631.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{anchor|DivorceSettlement}}A settlement amount for the divorce was arrived at in August 2016,<ref name=NYT>{{cite web|url=http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/08/19/amber-heard-to-give-7m-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-to-charity/|title=Amber Heard To Give $7M Johnny Depp Divorce Settlement To Charity|work=[[The New York Times]]|location=London, England|date=August 19, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-date=December 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212121140/http://nytlive.nytimes.com/womenintheworld/2016/08/19/amber-heard-to-give-7m-johnny-depp-divorce-settlement-to-charity/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=cnn>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/16/entertainment/amber-heard-johnny-depp-timeline/|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Settle Divorce|publisher=[[CNN]]|location=Atlanta, Georgia|first=Lisa Respers|last=France|date=August 16, 2016|access-date=August 20, 2016|archive-date=April 11, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411215238/https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/16/entertainment/amber-heard-johnny-depp-timeline/|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[#settlementpledge|Heard pledged to donate the proceeds]] equally between the ACLU<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/speak-freely/actress-amber-heard-donates-millions-support-aclu-and-its-work-fighting-violence|title=Actress Amber Heard Donates Millions to Support the ACLU and Its Work Fighting Violence Against Women|publisher=[[American Civil Liberties Union]]|date=August 19, 2016|access-date=May 23, 2017|archive-date=May 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528021633/https://www.aclu.org/blog/speak-freely/actress-amber-heard-donates-millions-support-aclu-and-its-work-fighting-violence|url-status=live}}</ref> and CHLA.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amber Heard Honored for 7-Figure Donation to Children's Hospital Following Johnny Depp Divorce|url=http://people.com/movies/amber-heard-makes-7-figure-donation-childrens-hospital-after-johnny-depp-divorce/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|location=New York City|first=Mike|last=Miller|date=April 9, 2018|access-date=May 4, 2018|archive-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129115105/https://people.com/movies/amber-heard-makes-7-figure-donation-childrens-hospital-after-johnny-depp-divorce/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bbc_settlement>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38621519|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Finalise Divorce|date=January 14, 2017|access-date=January 14, 2017|publisher=[[BBC]]|archive-date=March 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328005741/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-38621519|url-status=live}}</ref> She dropped her request for a continued restraining order and she and Depp issued a joint statement saying that their "relationship was intensely passionate and at times volatile, but always bound by love. Neither party has made false accusations for financial gain. There was never any intent of physical or emotional harm."<ref name=NYT/>

The final terms of the settlement were agreed upon by January 2017 with Depp being required to complete the payment of $7 million to Heard by February 2018,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kenneally |first1=Tim |title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard's Divorce Is Finalized, Finally |url=https://www.thewrap.com/johnny-depp-and-amber-heards-divorce-is-finalized-finally/ |access-date=June 9, 2022 |work=[[TheWrap]] |date=January 13, 2017 |archive-date=June 9, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609060937/https://www.thewrap.com/johnny-depp-and-amber-heards-divorce-is-finalized-finally/ |url-status=live }}</ref> contribute $500,000 towards Heard's attorneys fees, and to give Heard custody of their two dogs, a horse, and two cars.<ref>{{cite web|title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard Divide Assets: He Gets His Cars and Houses, She Gets the Dogs|url=https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-settlement/|work=[[People (magazine)|People]]|publisher=[[Meredith Corporation]]|location=New York City|first=Mike|last=Miller|date=January 14, 2017|access-date=June 15, 2022|archive-date=June 15, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615184601/https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-amber-heard-divorce-settlement/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=bbc_settlement/> Depp was to retain all his real estate assets and 42 vehicles and no spousal support would be paid by either party. In her 2022 testimony, Heard stated that because they had no pre-nuptial agreement, she would have been entitled to half of Depp's earnings of $65 million during the marriage had she requested it.<ref name=dl_heard6>{{cite web|last1=Johnson|first1=Ted|last2=Patten|first2=Dominic|date=May 17, 2022|title=Amber Heard Testimony Ends As 'Aquaman' Star Insists Johnny Depp "Guilty" Of Domestic Abuse; Actress' Status In DC Sequel Unclear She Says In $50M Trial – Update|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-assault-cross-examination-1235025786/|access-date=May 18, 2022|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archive-date=May 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517222701/https://deadline.com/2022/05/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-assault-cross-examination-1235025786/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=variety_heard6>{{cite web |last=Maddaus |first=Gene |date=May 17, 2022 |title=Amber Heard Testifies About Johnny Depp: 'This Is a Man Who Tried to Kill Me' |url=https://variety.com/2022/film/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-cross-examination-1235269530/ |access-date=May 18, 2022 |website=Variety |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517222611/https://variety.com/2022/film/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-trial-cross-examination-1235269530/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

====''Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd''====
{{main|Depp v News Group Newspapers Ltd}}
In June 2018,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Russian|first=Ale|date=June 4, 2018|title=Johnny Depp Sues U.K. Tabloid for Defamation Over Story Slamming Him and J.K. Rowling|url=https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-sues-u-k-tabloid-for-defamation-over-story-slamming-him-and-j-k-rowling/|url-status=live|access-date=April 14, 2021|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|archive-date=April 14, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414004358/https://people.com/movies/johnny-depp-sues-u-k-tabloid-for-defamation-over-story-slamming-him-and-j-k-rowling/}}</ref> Depp brought a [[libel lawsuit]] in the United Kingdom against [[News Group Newspapers]] (NGN), the company publishing ''[[The Sun (United Kingdom)|The Sun]]'', which had labeled him a "wife beater" in an April 2018 article.<ref name="guardiannovembersecond">{{cite news|last1=Bowcott|first1=Owen|last2=Davies|first2=Caroline|date=November 2, 2020|title=Johnny Depp loses libel case against Sun over claims he beat ex-wife Amber Heard|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnny-depp-loses-libel-case-against-sun-over-claims-he-beat-ex-wife-amber-heard|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=March 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321205514/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/johnny-depp-loses-libel-case-against-sun-over-claims-he-beat-ex-wife-amber-heard|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="BBCnovembersecond">{{cite news|date=November 2, 2020|title=Depp loses libel case against The Sun newspaper|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54779430|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505190012/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-54779430|url-status=live}}</ref> Heard was a key witness for NGN during the highly publicized trial in July 2020.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Walawalkar|first1=Aaron|date=November 2, 2020|title=London high court to deliver ruling on Johnny Depp libel case|work=[[The Guardian]]|location=London, England|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/london-high-court-to-deliver-ruling-on-johnny-depp-libel-case|access-date=November 2, 2020|archive-date=November 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102062313/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2020/nov/02/london-high-court-to-deliver-ruling-on-johnny-depp-libel-case|url-status=live}}</ref>
In November 2020, the presiding judge found that Depp had lost his claim and that "the great majority of alleged assaults of Ms Heard by Mr Depp [12 out of the 14] have been proved to the [[Burden of proof (law)#Standard of proof in the United Kingdom|civil standard]]".<ref name="guardiannovembersecond"/><ref name="BBCnovembersecond"/> The court rejected Depp's claim of a hoax,<ref>{{cite web|date=November 25, 2020|title=Johnny Depp libel case appeal bid turned down|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-55079825|access-date=March 24, 2021|work=BBC|archive-date=December 3, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201203051347/https://www.bbc.com/news/amp/uk-55079825|url-status=live}}</ref> and accepted that the allegations Heard had made against Depp had damaged her career and activism.<ref name="guardiannovembersecond" /><ref name="BBCnovembersecond" /> Depp's appeal to overturn the verdict was rejected in March 2021.<ref name=march21/>

====''Depp v. Heard''====
{{main|Depp v. Heard}}
In February 2019, Depp sued Heard for defamation over a December 2018 op-ed for ''The Washington Post''.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Griffith|first1=Janelle|title=Johnny Depp sues ex-wife Amber Heard for $50 million for allegedly defaming him|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/johnny-depp-sues-ex-wife-amber-heard-50-million-allegedly-n978976|date=March 4, 2019|publisher=[[NBC News]]|location=New York City|access-date=April 12, 2019|archive-date=March 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210321205616/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/johnny-depp-sues-ex-wife-amber-heard-50-million-allegedly-n978976|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="varietymarch2019">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-defamation-washington-post-op-ed-50-million-1203153857/|title=Johnny Depp Reportedly Sues Amber Heard for $50M Over Washington Post Op-Ed|last=Nyren|first=Erin|date=March 2, 2019|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|location=Los Angeles, California|access-date=March 3, 2019|archive-date=May 5, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505190114/https://variety.com/2019/biz/news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-defamation-washington-post-op-ed-50-million-1203153857/|url-status=live}}</ref> In the lawsuit, Depp alleged that the op-ed contained three defamatory statements, the first of which was a headline:
* "Amber Heard: I spoke up against sexual violence — and faced our culture's wrath. That has to change."
* "Then two years ago, I became a public figure representing domestic abuse, and I felt the full force of our culture's wrath for women who speak out."
* "I had the rare vantage point of seeing, in real time, how institutions protect men accused of abuse."<ref name="CNverdict">{{cite news |last1=Hennessy |first1=Joan |title=Jurors mostly side with Depp in defamation case against Heard |url=https://www.courthousenews.com/jurors-mostly-side-with-depp-in-defamation-case-against-heard/ |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[Courthouse News Service]] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 7, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220607054036/https://www.courthousenews.com/jurors-mostly-side-with-depp-in-defamation-case-against-heard/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="Yahr10Apr">{{cite news |last1=Yahr |first1=Emily |title=What to know about Johnny Depp and Amber Heard's defamation trial |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/04/10/johnny-depp-amber-heard-case/ |access-date=April 21, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220410162533/https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2022/04/10/johnny-depp-amber-heard-case/ |archive-date=April 10, 2022 |url-status=live }}</ref>

Depp also alleged that Heard had been the one who abused him, and that her allegations constituted a hoax against him.<ref name="varietymarch2019" />

In August 2020, Heard filed a counterclaim against Depp, alleging that he had coordinated "a harassment campaign via Twitter and [by] orchestrating online petitions to get her fired from ''Aquaman'' and L'Oréal".<ref>{{cite web|first=Ashley|last=Cullins|title=Johnny Depp Seeks Defamation Trial Delay Because of 'Fantastic Beasts 3' Filming|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-seeks-defamation-trial-delay-because-of-fantastic-beasts-3-filming|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |access-date=November 8, 2020|date=August 31, 2020 |archive-date=November 1, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101221757/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/johnny-depp-seeks-defamation-trial-delay-because-of-fantastic-beasts-3-filming |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Johnny Depp seeks delay to US defamation trial due to Fantastic Beasts 3 filming|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53983386|publisher=[[BBC News]] |access-date=November 8, 2020|date=September 1, 2020 |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108080603/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-53983386 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ultimately, Heard's counterclaim went to trial over three allegations that Depp had defamed her through statements made by his then-lawyer, Adam Waldman, published in the ''Daily Mail'' in April 2020, where Waldman stated:
* "Heard and her friends in the media used fake sexual violence allegations as both sword and shield", publicizing a "sexual violence hoax" against Depp.
* ... in one incident at a penthouse, "Amber and her friends spilled a little wine and roughed the place up, got their stories straight under the direction of a lawyer and publicist, and then placed a second call to 911" as "an ambush, a hoax" against Depp.
* ... there had been an "abuse hoax" by Heard against Depp.<ref name=CNverdict/><ref name="APverdict">{{cite news |last1=Rico |first1=R.J. |title=Explainer: Each count the Depp-Heard jurors considered |url=https://apnews.com/article/amber-heard-johnny-depp-entertainment-lawsuits-078f566e5a2486240bf776792b12e93d |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[Associated Press]] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602080524/https://apnews.com/article/amber-heard-johnny-depp-entertainment-lawsuits-078f566e5a2486240bf776792b12e93d |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Depp-Heard trial took place in [[Fairfax County, Virginia]] between April 11 and June 1, 2022.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Rosenblatt |first1=Kalhan |title=Johnny Depp and Amber Heard defamation trial: Summary and timeline |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-defamation-trial-summary-timeline-rcna26136 |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=June 2, 2022 |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220602001921/https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/johnny-depp-amber-heard-defamation-trial-summary-timeline-rcna26136 |url-status=live }}</ref> The verdict was that for Depp's lawsuit, the jury found that all three statements from Heard's op-ed were false, defamed Depp, and were made with [[actual malice]], so the jury awarded Depp $10 million in compensatory damages and $5 million in punitive damages from Heard.<ref name=CNverdict/><ref name="APverdict"/> The punitive damages were reduced to $350,000 due to a limit imposed by Virginia state law.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Chappell |first1=Bill |last2=Diaz |first2=Jaclyn |title=Depp is awarded more than $10M in defamation case against Heard and she gets $2M |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/06/01/1102118755/depp-heard-trial-verdict |access-date=June 2, 2022 |work=[[NPR]] |date=June 1, 2022 |archive-date=June 1, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220601231157/https://www.npr.org/2022/06/01/1102118755/depp-heard-trial-verdict |url-status=live }}</ref> For Heard's counterclaim, the jury found that Waldman's first and third statements to the ''Daily Mail'' had not been proven to be defamatory, while finding that Waldman's second statement to the ''Daily Mail'' was false, defamatory and made with actual malice.<ref name="APverdict"/> As a result, Heard was awarded $2 million in compensatory damages and zero in punitive damages from Depp.<ref name=CNverdict/>

During the trial, online public sentiment was generally against Heard. Her testimony, which was widely ridiculed, was thought to be false.<ref>{{Cite news |date=June 2, 2022 |title=Could toxic Depp-Heard case have chilling effect on accusers? |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-61664982 |access-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906083003/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-61664982 |url-status=live }}</ref> Heard said she was "harassed, humiliated, threatened every single day" and described online criticism of her testimony as "agonizing".<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jacobs |first=Julia |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Amber Heard Describes Impact of Online Attacks: 'I'm a Human Being' |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/arts/amber-heard-johnny-depp-harassment.html |access-date=June 11, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=June 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611101821/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/26/arts/amber-heard-johnny-depp-harassment.html |url-status=live }}</ref> An interviewer hypothesized that the jury had reviewed the evidence and had not believed Heard's testimony and Heard responded to this by questioning how the jury could have believed her by the time she got on the stand when they had already listened "to three-and-a-half weeks of testimony about how I was a non-credible person".<ref name="vitriol">{{cite news |date=June 14, 2022 |title=Amber Heard speaks about social media 'hate and vitriol' of Johnny Depp trial |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61782384 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906083004/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61782384 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=June 15, 2022 |work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref><ref>Sources:
* {{cite news |last1=Sabur |first1=Rozina |title=Amber Heard says jury fell for Johnny Depp's 'fantastic' acting |url=https://www.smh.com.au/culture/celebrity/amber-heard-says-jury-fell-for-johnny-depp-s-fantastic-acting-20220614-p5athj.html |access-date=June 15, 2022 |work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] |date=June 14, 2022 |archive-date=June 15, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615032840/https://www.smh.com.au/culture/celebrity/amber-heard-says-jury-fell-for-johnny-depp-s-fantastic-acting-20220614-p5athj.html |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |title=Heard says online 'hate and vitriol' during Depp trial not 'fair' |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220613-heard-says-online-hate-and-vitriol-during-depp-trial-not-fair |access-date=June 16, 2022 |work=[[France 24]] |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=June 13, 2022 |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616024653/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20220613-heard-says-online-hate-and-vitriol-during-depp-trial-not-fair |url-status=live }}
* {{cite news |last1=Lampen |first1=Claire |title=Amber Heard Says She Still Has Love for Johnny Depp |url=https://www.thecut.com/2022/06/amber-heard-doesnt-blame-the-jury-for-johnny-depp-verdict.html |access-date=June 16, 2022 |work=[[The Cut (New York)|The Cut]] |date=June 15, 2022 |archive-date=June 16, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616032534/https://www.thecut.com/2022/06/amber-heard-doesnt-blame-the-jury-for-johnny-depp-verdict.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

The day after the verdict was read, Heard's lawyer, Elaine Bredehoft, told interviewers that Heard could not afford to pay the damages owed to Depp and would appeal the verdict.<ref name="LATappeal">{{Cite news|date=June 2, 2022 |title=As Amber Heard plans appeal, her lawyer says she can't pay Johnny Depp $10.4 million |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-06-02/amber-heard-johnny-depp-verdict-defamation-trial-appeal-bredehoft |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220602192048/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2022-06-02/amber-heard-johnny-depp-verdict-defamation-trial-appeal-bredehoft |archive-date=June 2, 2022 |access-date=June 6, 2022 |work=Los Angeles Times |first1=Christi |last1=Carras}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Johnson |first1=Jamie |title=Amber Heard's lawyer hits out at social media influence and says actress cannot afford $10m penalty |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/06/03/amber-heards-lawyer-accuses-jury-social-media-influence-says/ |access-date=June 6, 2022 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=June 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220604004155/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2022/06/03/amber-heards-lawyer-accuses-jury-social-media-influence-says/ |archive-date=June 4, 2022 }}</ref> A month later, one of Heard's insurance providers, New York Marine, sued Heard in federal court, wanting to avoid paying up to $1 million for her legal defense fees in the Virginia case, arguing that the "jury's factual findings establish that Heard's liability is caused by the willful act(s) of Heard", hence New York Marine is "not liable" for the loss.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sakoui |first1=Anousha |title=Amber Heard faces new legal battle, this time with her insurer over Depp suit |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2022-07-08/amber-heard-faces-lawsuit-insurance-company-johnny-depp-case |access-date=July 11, 2022 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=July 9, 2022 |archive-date=July 11, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220711003815/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/business/story/2022-07-08/amber-heard-faces-lawsuit-insurance-company-johnny-depp-case |url-status=live }}</ref>

After they both filed to appeal the verdict, Depp and Heard [[Settlement (litigation)|settled]] the case in December 2022, with Heard publicly stating that even if her appeal succeeds, she "simply cannot go through" a retrial, while maintaining that the settlement was "not an act of concession". Meanwhile, Depp's lawyers stated that the "jury's unanimous decision and the resulting judgement in Mr. Depp's favor against Ms. Heard remain fully in place", and that the settlement would result in $1 million being paid to Depp by Heard's insurer, which "Depp is pledging and will donate to charities".<ref name=Honderich>{{cite news |last1=Honderich |first1=Holly |title=Amber Heard settles defamation case against Johnny Depp |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64031252 |access-date=December 19, 2022 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=December 19, 2022 |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219153106/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64031252 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Diaz |first1=Merrit |title=Amber Heard said she has decided to settle Johnny Depp's case against her |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/12/19/1144132687/amber-heard-johnny-depp-settlement |access-date=December 20, 2022 |work=[[NPR]] |date=December 19, 2022 |archive-date=December 19, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221219234326/https://www.npr.org/2022/12/19/1144132687/amber-heard-johnny-depp-settlement |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Acting credits==

===Film===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Friday Night Lights (film)|Friday Night Lights]]''|| Maria || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2005 || ''Side FX''|| Shay || ||
|-
|| ''[[Drop Dead Sexy]]''|| Candy || ||
|-
|| ''[[North Country (film)|North Country]]''|| Young Josey Aimes || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2006 || ''Price to Pay''|| Trish || ||
|-
|| ''[[Alpha Dog]]''|| Alma || ||
|-
|| ''[[All the Boys Love Mandy Lane]]''|| Mandy Lane || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2007 || ''Spin''|| Amber || ||
|-
|| ''Day 73 with Sarah''|| Mary || Short film ||
|-
|| ''[[Remember the Daze]]''|| Julia Ford || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2008 ||''[[Never Back Down]]''|| Baja Miller || ||
|-
|| ''[[The Informers (2008 film)|The Informers]]''|| Christie || ||
|-
||''[[Pineapple Express (film)|Pineapple Express]]''|| Angie Anderson || ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2009 || ''[[ExTerminators (film)|ExTerminators]]''|| Nikki || ||
|-
|| ''[[The Joneses]]'' || Jenn Jones || ||
|-
|| ''[[Zombieland]]''|| 406 || ||
|-
|| ''[[The Stepfather (2009 film)|The Stepfather]]''|| Kelly Porter || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2010 || ''[[And Soon the Darkness (2010 film)|And Soon the Darkness]]''|| Stephanie || Also co-producer ||
|-
|| ''[[The River Why]]'' || Eddy || ||
|-
|| ''[[The Ward (film)|The Ward]]''|| Kristen || ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Drive Angry]]'' || Piper || ||
|-
|| ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary]]'' || Chenault || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2013 || ''[[Syrup (film)|Syrup]]'' || Six || Also executive producer ||
|-
|| ''[[Paranoia (2013 film)|Paranoia]]'' || Emma Jennings || ||
|-
|| ''[[Machete Kills]]'' || Miss San Antonio || ||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[3 Days to Kill]]'' || Agent Vivi Delay || ||
|-
| rowspan=4|2015 || ''[[The Adderall Diaries (film)|The Adderall Diaries]]'' || Lana Edmond || ||
|-
|| ''[[One More Time (2015 film)|One More Time]]'' || Jude || ||
|-
|| ''[[Magic Mike XXL]]'' || Zoe || ||
|-
|| ''[[The Danish Girl (film)|The Danish Girl]]'' || [[Ulla Poulsen]] || ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2017 || ''[[I Do... Until I Don't]]'' || Fanny || ||
|-
|| ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' || [[Mera (DC Extended Universe)|Mera]] || ||
|-
| rowspan=3|2018 || ''[[Her Smell]]'' || Zelda E. Zekiel || ||
|-
|| ''[[London Fields (film)|London Fields]]'' || Nicola Six || Filmed in 2013 ||
|-
|| ''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]'' || Mera || ||
|-
| 2019 || ''[[Gully (film)|Gully]]'' || Joyce || ||
|-
| 2021 || ''[[Zack Snyder's Justice League]]'' || Mera || Director's cut of ''[[Justice League (film)|Justice League]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2023 || ''[[In the Fire (film)|In the Fire]]''
|Grace Victoria Burnham
|Also executive producer
| align=center| <ref>{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2023/06/amber-heard-launch-new-film-in-the-fire-taormina-film-festival-1235414028/|title=Amber Heard To Launch New Film 'In The Fire' As Part Of Strong Lineup At Taormina Film Festival|work=Deadline Hollywood|first=Mike Jr.|last=Fleming|date=June 11, 2023|accessdate=June 13, 2023|archivedate=June 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230612055208/https://deadline.com/2023/06/amber-heard-launch-new-film-in-the-fire-taormina-film-festival-1235414028/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aDrXKWafFdc | title=In the Fire Official Trailer (2023) | website=[[YouTube]] | date=September 20, 2023 }}</ref>
|-
|''[[Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom]]'' ||Mera || ||
|-
|}

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class="unsortable"| Notes
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2004 || ''[[Jack & Bobby]]''|| Liz|| Episode: "Pilot" ||
|-
|| ''[[The Mountain]]''|| Riley|| Episode: "A Piece of the Rock" ||
|-
| 2005 || ''[[The O.C.]]''|| Salesgirl|| Episode: "Mallpisode" ||
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Criminal Minds]]''|| Lila Archer|| Episode: "Somebody's Watching" ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2007 || ''[[Californication (TV series)|Californication]]''|| Amber|| Episode: "California Son" ||
|-
|| ''[[Hidden Palms]]''|| Greta Matthews|| Main role; 8 episodes ||
|-
| 2010 || ''[[The Cleveland Show]]'' || rowspan="2"| Herself || Voice role; Episode: "[[Beer Walk!]]" ||
|-
| rowspan=2|2011 || ''[[Top Gear (2002 TV series)|Top Gear]]''|| Episode: "[[Top Gear (series 16)#Episodes|Episode#16.5]]" ||
|-
|| ''[[The Playboy Club]]''||Bunny Maureen|| Main role; 7 episodes ||
|-
| | 2015 || ''[[Overhaulin']]''|| Herself|| Episode: "[[Overhaulin'#Season 9|In Too Depp]]" ||
|-
| 2020–2021 || ''[[The Stand (2020 miniseries)|The Stand]]'' || Nadine Cross || Miniseries; 7 episodes ||
|-
|}

===Music videos===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Artist
|-
| 2003
| "[[There Goes My Life]]"
| [[Kenny Chesney]]
|-
| 2005
| "I Wasn't Prepared" (Version 1)
| [[Eisley]]
|}

===Theater===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Venue
! class="unsortable" | Notes
! {{Tooltip|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
| 2025
| ''Spirit of the People''
| Genevieve
| [[Williamstown Theatre Festival|Williamstown Theatre]]
| July 17, 2025-August 3, 2025
| align=center| <ref name="wtf2025">{{cite web |title=Spirit of the People |url=https://www.wtfestival.org/main-events/spirit-of-the-people |website=[[Williamstown Theatre Festival]] |access-date=July 21, 2025}}</ref>
|}

==Awards and nominations==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- "
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Work
! Result
|-
| 2008
| [[Young Hollywood Awards]]
| [[Young Hollywood Awards|Breakthrough of the Year]]
| Herself
| {{won}}
|-
| 2009
| [[Detroit Film Critics Society Awards]]
| rowspan=2|Best Ensemble
| rowspan=2|''[[Zombieland]]''
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan=2|2010
| [[Scream Awards]]
| rowspan=4 {{won}}
|-
| [[Dallas International Film Festival]]
| [[Dallas International Film Festival|Dallas Star Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/36922/2010-dallas-international-film-festival-honors-amber-heard-and-frank-darabont|title=2010 Dallas International Film Festival Honors Amber Heard and Frank Darabont|date=April 12, 2010|publisher=Dread Central}}</ref>
| Herself
|-
| 2011
| [[Hollywood Film Festival]]
| [[Hollywood Film Festival|Spotlight Award]]
| ''[[The Rum Diary (film)|The Rum Diary]]''
|-
| 2014
| [[Texas Film Hall of Fame]]
| [[Texas Film Hall of Fame|Inductee]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Texas Film Hall of Fame |url=https://www.austinfilm.org/texas-film-awards/texas-film-hall-of-fame/ |website=Austin Film Society |accessdate=August 19, 2018}}</ref>
| Herself
|-
| rowspan=4|2019
| [[39th Golden Raspberry Awards|Golden Raspberry Awards]]
| [[Worst Actress]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pulver|first=Andrew|date=January 21, 2019|title=Trump stinks up the Razzies' worst-film nominations|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/21/donald-trump-razzies-golden-raspberry-worst-film-nominations|access-date=July 14, 2025|work=The Guardian}}</ref>
| ''[[London Fields (film)|London Fields]]''
|rowspan=4 {{nom}}
|-
| [[2019 MTV Movie & TV Awards|MTV Movie & TV Awards]]
| [[MTV Movie Award for Best Kiss|Best Kiss]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Avengers, Game of Thrones & RBG Lead MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations |last=Yang |first=Rachel |work=Variety |date=May 14, 2019 |accessdate=May 14, 2019 |url-status=dead |url=https://www.variety.com/2019/film/news/avengers-endgame-game-of-thrones-rbg-lead-mtv-movie-tv-award-nominations-1203214680/ |archivedate=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515135136/https://variety.com/2019/film/news/avengers-endgame-game-of-thrones-rbg-lead-mtv-movie-tv-award-nominations-1203214680/ }}</ref>
| rowspan=3|''[[Aquaman (film)|Aquaman]]''
|-
| [[45th Saturn Awards|Saturn Awards]]
| [[Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.slashfilm.com/569093/2019-saturn-awards-winners-avengers-endgame-dominates-with-six-total-awards/ |title=2019 Saturn Awards Winners: 'Avengers: Endgame' Dominates With Six Total Awards |last=Anderton |first=Ethan |work=[[/Film]] |date=September 14, 2019 |access-date=September 14, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[2019 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]]
| Choice Sci-Fi/Fantasy Movie Actress<ref>{{cite web|title=''Avengers: Endgame'', ''Riverdale'', ''Aladdin'' Top 2019 Teen Choice Award Nominations|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/teen-choice-awards-nominations-avengers-endgame-riverdale-1203247410/|first=Jordan|last=Moreau|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=June 19, 2019|access-date=June 20, 2019}}</ref>
|}

==See also==
* [[List of atheists in film, radio, television and theater]]
==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links |wikt=no |commons=Category:Amber Heard |b=no |n=no |q=no |s=no |v=no |species=no |display=Amber Heard|voy=no|d=Q229166}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{TCMDb name}}
* {{Twitter}}

{{Johnny Depp}}
{{Authority control}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Heard, Amber}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:21st-century American LGBTQ people]]
[[Category:Activists from Texas]]
[[Category:Actresses from Austin, Texas]]
[[Category:American Civil Liberties Union people]]
[[Category:American expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American human rights activists]]
[[Category:American television actresses]]
[[Category:American atheists]]
[[Category:Domestic violence in the United States]]
[[Category:21st-century atheists]]
[[Category:Former Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:American LGBTQ actresses]]
[[Category:LGBTQ people from Texas]]
[[Category:L'Oréal people]]
[[Category:American women human rights activists]]

Suraj (director)

2026-02-26T23:54:38Z

MaxieMorales00: reworked references additionally and corrected details

{{short description|Indian filmmaker}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2016}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Suraj
| image =
| birth_name =Suresh<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z4Mm3vIOgAU |archive-url=|archive-date= |title="சத்யராஜ் ஒரு ஜென்டில்மேன்" - DIRECTOR SURAAJ VADIVELU CHITRALAKSHMANAN CHAI WITH CHITRA |date=May 22, 2023 |website=[[YouTube]] |publisher=Touring Talkies |at=name mentioned at 15:01 |access-date= 3 August 2023}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1967|12|31}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iflicks.in/StarPage/Director/Suraj|title=Iflicks: Latest Tamil cinema news - Kollywood latest news - Tamil movie stills|work=iflicks.in|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Chengalpattu]], [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| years_active = 1998 - Present

| occupation = Film director
}}

'''Suraj''' (born '''Suresh'''; December 31, 1967) is an Indian film director who works primarily in [[Tamil films]]. He is best known for directing [[Action film|action]] and [[masala film]]s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://screenindia.com/20010727/rtam3.html|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030119044058/http://screenindia.com/20010727/rtam3.html|archive-date = 19 January 2003|title = Entertainment News: Latest Bollywood & Hollywood News, Today's Entertainment News Headlines}}</ref>

==Career==

In 1996, Suraj began working as an assistant director to [[Sundar C]] on his comedy films ''[[Ullathai Allitha]]'' and ''[[Mettukudi]]''. In 1997, he continued to assist Sundar C on ''[[Arunachalam (film)|Arunachalam]]'' starring [[Rajinikanth]] and he was the co-director of the film ''[[Janakiraman]]''.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://nettv4u.com/celebrity/tamil/director/suraj | title=Kollywood Director Suraj Biography, News, Photos, Videos }}</ref><ref name="movie">{{Cite AV media |title=Janakiraman |type=motion picture |language=ta |publisher=Ganga Gowri Productions |year=1997}}</ref>{{rp|1:05:33–1:05:48}} He then made ''Kunguma Pottu Gounder'' and ''Military'' under the name Sai Suresh.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rasika |title=Name Game |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/sep272.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040826205917/http://www.chennaionline.com/reeltalk/sep272.asp |archive-date=26 August 2004 |access-date=17 January 2025 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>

Then, Suraj returned to assist Sundar C in his films. In 2006, he made his directorial comeback through ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]'', starring his mentor Sundar C, [[Jyothirmayi]] and [[Vadivelu]]. The following year, Suraj made his third film ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'', featured [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]], [[Meera Chopra|Nila]] and again comedian Vadivelu. In 2009, he directed ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikathavan]]'' starring [[Dhanush]], [[Tamannaah]] and due his busy schedule, Vadivelu has been replaced by comedian [[Vivek (actor)|Vivek]]. The film was distributed by [[Sun Pictures]]. In 2011, he made ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]'', remake of the 1989 film ''[[Mappillai (1989 film)|Mappillai]]''. The film starring [[Dhanush]], [[Hansika Motwani]] and [[Manisha Koirala]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/mapillai-remake-spurs-demand-for-original-rajni-starrer/articleshow/7930101.cms | title=Mapillai remake spurs demand for original Rajni-starrer | newspaper=The Times of India | date=10 April 2011 }}</ref> The film received mixed reviews, but the film became a hit at the box office.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14968998 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425110716/http://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice.php?id=14968998 |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 April 2016 |title=Chennai Box Office - April 29 to May 1, 2011 |website=[[Sify]] |date=4 May 2011 |accessdate=14 January 2016}}</ref>

After Mappillai Suraj directed ''[[Alex Pandian]]'' starring [[Karthi]] and [[Anushka Shetty]]. The film released on 11 January 2013. After Alex Pandian's failure, Suraj directed ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]'' starring [[Jayam Ravi]], [[Anjali (actress born 1986)|Anjali]] and [[Trisha (actress)|Trisha]]. The film released on 31 July 2015.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nowrunning.com/movie/16980/tamil/sakalakala-vallavan/ | title=Sakalakala Vallavan (2015) | Sakalakala Vallavan Tamil Movie | Movie Reviews, Showtimes | date=20 February 2015 }}</ref> He later directed ''[[Kaththi Sandai]]'' starring [[Vishal (actor)|Vishal]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moviebuff.com/kaththi-sandai|title=Kaththi Sandai on Moviebuff.com|website=Moviebuff.com}}</ref>

In 2022, Suraj directed ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]'', to [[Vadivelu]]’s character in ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]'' (2006) in which he plays a laughably over-the-top rowdy called Naai Sekar.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/naai-sekar-returns-review-lacklustre-comeback-vadivelu-170789 | title=Naai Sekar Returns Review: A lacklustre comeback for Vadivelu | date=9 December 2022 }}</ref>

==Filmography==
{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 100%;"
! rowspan="2" |Year
! rowspan="2" |Film
! colspan="2" |Credited as
! rowspan="2" |Notes
|-
!Director
!Writer
|-
| 1998 || ''[[Moovendhar]]''
|{{Yes}}
| {{partial|Screenplay}} ||Credited as C. G. Suraaj<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/moovendhar.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001212093200/http://www.indolink.com/tamil/cinema/Reviews/articles/moovendhar.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 December 2000|title=Moovendhar: A Movie Review|work=indolink.com|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Unakkaga Ellam Unakkaga]]''
|{{no}}
| {{partial|Story}}
|
|-
| 2001 || ''[[Kunguma Pottu Gounder]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{partial|Screenplay}} ||Credited as G. Saisuresh<ref>{{cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |title=Kunguma Pottu Gounder |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kpg.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20031128163826/http://www.chennaionline.com/location/kpg.asp |archive-date=28 November 2003 |access-date=10 March 2023 |work=Chennai Online}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || ''[[Military (film)|Military]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{partial|Screenplay}} || Credited as G. Saisuresh
|-
| 2006 || ''[[Thalai Nagaram]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}} || Remake; original story writer not credited<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/thal/20060519.htm|title=Thalainagaram: Routine fare|work=rediff.com|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}} ||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sify.com/movies/marudhamalai-review-tamil-14523562.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924184358/http://www.sify.com/movies/marudhamalai-review-tamil-14523562.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=24 September 2015|title=Marudhamalai|work=sify.com|accessdate=28 June 2016}}</ref>
|-
| 2009 || ''[[Padikkadavan (2009 film)|Padikathavan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2011 || ''[[Mappillai (2011 film)|Mappillai]]''
|{{Yes}}
| {{no}} ||
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Alex Pandian]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Sakalakala Vallavan (2015 film)|Sakalakala Vallavan]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}} ||
|-
| 2016 || ''[[Kaththi Sandai]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Naai Sekar Returns]]''
|{{Yes}}
|{{Yes}}
|Also actor
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Suraj (director)}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Suraj}}
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Film directors from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]

Atmakur revenue division, Nandyal district

2026-02-18T19:05:01Z

MaxieMorales00:

{{Use Indian English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2019}}
{{infobox settlement
| name = Atmakur revenue division
| settlement_type =[[revenue division]] in [[Nandyal district]]
| image_map = Nandyal District Revenue Divisions.png
| map_caption = Atmakur revenue division in Nandyal district
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts in Andhra Pradesh|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Nandyal district|Nandyal]]
| established_title = Formed
| established_date = 4 April 2022
| founder = [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]]
| utc_offset = +05:30
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
}}

'''Atmakur revenue division''' is an administrative division in [[Nandyal district]] in the Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]]. It is one of the four revenue divisions in the district and has 10 [[mandals]] under its administration.

==History==
Atmakur revenue division was formed on 4 April 2022 by the [[Government of Andhra Pradesh]] along with the newly formed Nandyal district as part of reorganization of the districts in the state.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2022-04-03 |title=New AP Map: Check Out Biggest and Smallest Districts in Andhra Pradesh |url=https://english.sakshi.com/news/andhrapradesh/heres-how-new-ap-map-looks-after-districts-reorganization-153041 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=Sakshi Post |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Susarla |first=Ramesh |date=2022-04-03 |title=Andhra Pradesh: Nandyal district is bigger than residual Kurnool |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/andhra-pradesh-nandyal-district-is-bigger-than-residual-kurnool/article65286526.ece |access-date=2022-04-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Administration ==
This revenue divisions consist of 10 [[mandals]] which are<ref name=":0" />
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!No.
!Mandals
|-
|1
|[[Srisailam mandal]]
|-
|2
|[[Atmakur, Nandyal district|Atmakur mandal]]
|-
|3
|[[Velugodu|Velugodu mandal]]
|-
|4
|[[Nandikotkur|Nandikotkur mandal]]
|-
|5
|[[Pagidyala|Pagidyala mandal]]
|-
|6
|[[Jupadu Bunglow|Jupadu Bunglow mandal]]
|-
|7
|[[Kothapalle, Nandyal district|Kothapalle mandal]]
|-
|8
|[[Pamulapadu|Pamulapadu mandal]]
|-
|9
|[[Miduthuru|Midthur mandal]]
|-
|10
|[[Bandi Atmakur mandal]]
|}

== See also ==
*[[List of revenue divisions in Andhra Pradesh]]
*[[Nandyal revenue division]]
*[[Dhone revenue division]]
*[[Banaganapalle revenue division]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Nandyal district}}
[[Category:Revenue divisions in Nandyal district]]

Nonihat railway station

2026-02-18T05:10:46Z

MaxieMorales00: Put Up Some Stub Basic Info

{{short description|Railway station in Jharkhand}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2023}}
{{Infobox station
| name = Nonihat
| type = [[Indian Railways]] station
| style = Indian Railways
| image =
| image_size =
| image_caption =
| address = Heth Bara, Nonihat, [[Dumka district]], [[Jharkhand]]
| country = {{flagu|India}}
| coordinates = {{Coord|24.476274|N|87.142342|E|type:railwaystation_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| elevation = {{convert|179|m|ft}}
| line = [[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]]
| other =
| structure = At–grade
| platform = 3
| tracks = 3
| entrances =
| parking = Available
| baggage_check =
| opened = 1907
| closed =
| rebuilt = 2012–15
| electrified = No
| accessible = 
| code = {{Indian railway code
| code = NNHT
| zone = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| division = {{rwd|Malda}}
}}
| owned = [[Indian Railways]]
| operator = [[Eastern Railway zone]]
| status = Functioning
| former =
| zone = [[Indian Railways]]
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| map_locator =
| route_map =
| map_state = collapsed
| services = {{Adjacent stations|system=Indian Railways|line=Eastern Railway zone|left=Barapalasi|right=Kurmahat|type=[[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]]}}
}}
{{Dumka–Bhagalpur line|collapse=y}}

'''Nonihat railway station''' is a railway station on the [[Dumka–Bhagalpur line]] of [[Sahibganj loop]] under [[Malda railway division]] of the [[Eastern Railway Zone]]. The station is situated beside Nonihat station Road at Heth Bara, Nonihat in [[Dumka district]] in the Indian state of [[Jharkhand]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=M|first=Yash|title=Nonihat Railway Station Map/Atlas ER/Eastern Zone – Railway Enquiry|url=https://indiarailinfo.com/station/map/nonihat-nnht/11898|access-date=2020-10-13|website=India Rail Info}}</ref>

==History==
The metre-gauge railway track from [[Bhagalpur Junction railway station]] to [[Mandar Hill railway station]] branch was opened in 1907. The branch was converted to broad gauge. A new railway line from Mandar Hill to Hansdiha became operational on 23 December 2012 and Dumka to Barapalasi route was reconstructed in June 2014 and finally the full track became operational in 2015.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bhagalpur to Dumka train link in 2015|publisher=RailNews Media India|url=http://www.railnews.in/bhagalpur-to-dumka-train-link-in-2015/|access-date=2020-10-13|archive-date=3 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703165344/http://www.railnews.in/bhagalpur-to-dumka-train-link-in-2015/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=11 Feb 2014|title=Dumka–Jasidih passenger train flagged off {{!}} Ranchi News – Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ranchi/Dumka-Jasidih-passenger-train-flagged-off/articleshow/30208723.cms|access-date=2020-10-13|website=The Times of India}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Railway stations in India opened in 1907]]
[[Category:Malda railway division]]
[[Category:Railway stations in Dumka district]]

Sravanti Mazumdar

2026-02-16T21:25:00Z

MaxieMorales00: created new post

{{Short description|Indian singer and radio host}}
{{Use American English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| background = person
| name = Sravanti Mazumdar
| image =
| image_upright =
| native_name = শ্রাবন্তী মজুমদার
| native_name_lang = bn
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Darjeeling]], West Bengal
| origin = [[Dum Dum]], [[Kolkata]]
| occupation = Singer, actor, broadcaster
| years_active = 1970–present
| label = [[Saregama]]
| current_member_of = [[Royal Over-Seas League]]
| website = {{URL|http://sravantimazumdar.com}}
}}

'''Sravanti Mazumdar''' is an Indian [[Bengalis|Bengali]] playback singer, songwriter, radio broadcaster and television host commonly known for singing the song "'''Aay Khuku Aay'''" along with [[Hemanta Mukherjee]]. Starting singing from the age of five, she currently composes songs and sings residing in [[Isle of Man]], United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sravanti Mazumdar |url=https://iomarts.com/artist-profile/sravanti-mazumdar |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Isle of Man Arts Council |year=2025}}</ref> She is also known as "'''Radio Queen'''". Mazumdar sings and likes songs in pure Bengali. She took radio presentation as her passion and a career. She left West Bengal in 2015 and came back in 2019, from after that going to the Isle of Man.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Voice that we all fell in love with! Radio queen Sravanti Mazumdar in exclusive GB interview |url=https://www.getbengal.com/details/voice-that-we-all-fell-in-love-with-radio-queen-sravanti-mazumdar-in-exclusive-gb-interview |last=Mitra |first=Saheli |date=2019-10-30 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=Get Bengal}}</ref>

== Early life and education ==
Sravanti Mazumdar was born and raised in [[Darjeeling]], West Bengal. She developed an interest in music through listening to contemporary singers of the time on the radio and going to Indian classical music concerts. From five years old, she started learning classical music from Sri Sudhir Bandopadhyay, a disciple of [[Pandit Jnan Prakash Ghosh]]. Mazumdar was discouraged from joining musical concerts or singing outside until her master thought so. She listened secretly to songs by [[Hemanta Mukherjee]], [[Sandhya Mukherjee]], [[Manna Dey]], [[Mohammad Rafi]], [[Mukesh (singer)|Mukesh]] and other musical artists of the time. She also began listening to music of the Western world like [[jazz]], [[country music|country]], [[blues]] and R&B and would sing them to her classmates. She studied in Kamala Girls' High School, in South Kolkata. Mazumdar was helped by her Anglo-Indian friends for some English song words that were difficult to understand.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MY MUSICAL CAREER |url=http://sravantimazumdar.com/profile/ |access-date=2025-12-27 |year=2023}}</ref>

== Musical career ==
The company Living Sound by Colonel Rabindranath Bose brought four songs composed by {{Interlanguage link|V. Balsara|bn|ভি বালসারা}} and written by [[Pulak Bandyopadhyay]] for Mazumdar to sing. Bose approached [[HMV]] for publishing the songs. The manager at that time, A. C. Sen liked all the songs and asked Mazumdar to sing them as HMV's puja release for that year. Mazumdar agreed to sing for HMV's puja the next year, as she had work with Bose. Sen asked Balsara and Bandyopadhyay to compose two songs for [[Ranu Mukherjee]], the daughter of Hemanta Mukherjee. Their song ''Bushy Ball'' was released in 1969's puja. Mazumdar was asked and sung in the next year's puja HMV release, in October 1970.<ref name="T2O">{{Cite web |title=Sravanti Mazumder takes t2oS through a chequered career of singer, producer and more |url=https://t2online.in/music/indian/sravanti-mazumder-takes-t2os-through-a-chequered-career-of-singer-producer-and-more/1308596 |last=Banerjee |first=Sudeshna |date=2025-01-25 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=t2online}}</ref>

[[Kazi Sabyasachi]], the third son of [[nationalist]] [[Kazi Nazrul Islam]], hosted both a television and radio show named Binaca Rupkatha. Mazumdar partnered with him and they worked together for many years. Mazumdar sang the Alibaba jingle and Sabyasachi played Alibaba. They came to be known as the Uttam-Suchitra of radio. The audience wanted Mazumdar to play the role of Marzina, a female character in the show, which she did after some time. Many of the listeners sent letters to them. The letters, never of any hate, were sent being processed by the [[Park Street, Kolkata|Park Street]] post office.<ref name="T2O"/>

Mazumdar started performing in theaters (on-stage) immediately after singing for puja. The theaters used to host shows of many varieties, including performances by actors, dancers and singers, which would resume one after another. The shows often drew thousands of visitors, located in [[Kolkata]]. Mazumdar also performed in all-night shows with singers and composers Hemanta Mukherjee, Manna Dey and Balsara. She was assigned specifically to midnight shows.<ref name="T2O"/>

== Collaboration with other musical artists ==
Ustad Munawar Ali Khan, one of the masters of Sravanti Mazumdar, was the son of a musician who was also the master of Sandhya Mukherjee. Mazumdar met Mukherjee at her guru's (Khan) residence. She asked Mukherjee to sing with her, creating the song ''Tumi Amar Maa''. It is the second-best-known song by Mazumdar. The best known song of Mazumdar was ''Aay Khuku Aay'' written by Pulak Bandyopadhyay, music composed by V. Balsara and sung in collaboration with Hemanta Mukherjee, recreated many times in popular culture.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Asif-Rayna voice the popular song 'Aay Khuku Aay' |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/glitz/asif-rayna-voice-popular-song-aay-khuku-aay-308593 |date=2021-09-21 |access-date=2025-12-27 |agency=TBS Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Listen To Classic Bengali Music Audio For Aay Khuku Aay Sung By Hemanta Mukherjee And Sravanti Mazumder |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/videos/entertainment/music/bengali/listen-to-classic-bengali-music-audio-for-aay-khuku-aay-sung-by-hemanta-mukherjee-and-sravanti-mazumder/videoshow/102282820.cms |date=2023-08-01 |access-date=2025-12-27 |website=[[Times of India]]}}</ref> Aay Khuku Aay was not asked by theaters to be sung by Mazumdar until after two years later.<ref name="T2O"/>

In the following years, Mazumdar sang jingles written by associated artists like Pulak Bandyopadhyay, Colonel Bose and Mihir Sen, forming a working relationship mainly between Bandyopadhyay and Mazumdar. She became friends with [[Bappi Lahiri]] when doing a puja album for HMV that had four songs. They did a few more non-film albums and singles. Mazumdar despite having planned, never did any songs with [[R. D. Burman]]. The first time, with a Bengali song, Burman was leaving for a United States tour. The second time, with an album, Burman passed away before. Mazumdar met Burman in the [[Bombay]] HMV studio for a puja album release. Burman liked the songs. Later, he visited the Living Sound studio a few times with his friend Badal Bhattacharya, also a friend of Bose and Mazumdar. When leaving for the USA tour, Burman suggested her to work with Anu Malik, who did not explicitly know Bengali, which Mazumdar introduced him to. He composed two songs and the music for ''Jibonsathi khunjte giye pelam je go dujoner dekha'', a [[spiritual sequel]] to ''Aay Khuku Aay'', lyrics written by Bandyopadhyay.<ref name="T2O"/>

== Hemanta Mukherjee and Aay Khuku Aay ==
Sravanti Mazumdar and Hemanta Mukherjee released the song "Aay Khuku Aay" in 1976. A song about a father and her daughter, Mukherjee was the father and Mazumdar played the daughter's role. She had met Hemanta Mukherjee through her friend Jayanta Mukherjee, who was Hemanta's son, getting in formal contact with the Mukherjee family. Hemanta had previously picked his daughter Ranu Mukherjee to sing the song, her dropping out the role was given to Mazumdar by Balsara. Mazumdar was not informed of the singer's role change. After a few years of the song's release, she sang the song solo at all stage events and concerts she went to. The song became pivotal in the popularity of Mazumdar, and everyone present at the concerts wanted to hear ''Aay Khuku Aay''. It was recreated many times by vocalists from West Bengal and sometimes from [[Bangladesh]]. Normally, a sad and sentimental song, many times made people cry when listening to it. After her father died and she left to go abroad, Mazumdar expressed the urge to cry when singing the song.<ref>{{Cite web |title=রাণু গাইলে কি আরও বেশি জনপ্রিয় হত 'আয় খুকু আয়'? গানের ৫০ বছরে কী বললেন শ্রাবন্তী মজুমদার? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/entertainment/singer-sravanti-mazumdar-celebrates-50-years-of-singing-aye-khuku-aye-with-hemanta-mukherjee-dgtl/cid/1654174 |date=2025-12-14 |access-date=2025-12-28 |website=[[Anandabazar Patrika]] |agency=Anandabazar.com Correspondent}}</ref>

== Rabindra Sangeet ==
Mazumdar's home was influenced by [[Rabindranath Tagore]] and Kazi Nazrul Islam. She studied in Kamala Girls High School, where [[Rabindra Sangeet]] classes were compulsory. Bharatidi was the teacher of the class. After graduating, she learned Rabindra Sangeet from Maya Sen, who was the elder sister of Bharatidi. Mazumdar remembers all the songs from Bharatidi's class. Mazumdar was forbidden to partake in any Rabindra Jayanti. No one told her to sing.<ref name="Wall">{{Cite web |title=I can't sing Rabindranath's songs on stage wearing jeans: Srabanti Majumdar |url=https://www.thewall.in/entertainment/sravanti-mazumder-bengali-radio-pop-queen-exclusive-interview/tid/128968 |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2025-12-28}}</ref>

Mazumdar started the composition of the album "Tagore in Celtic" in 2017, consisting of Rabindra Sangeet. For making the album, she learnt the influence of Celtic music on Rabindranath Tagore, which gave rise to some songs. After composing the album songs, she sent them for approval to the Isle of Man Arts Council, owned by the government. Many of committee members liked the song. She originally wrote the songs in Bengali with some Celtic language added. English narration was added to make the song able to be understood by non-Bengalis. For translation Mazumdar found the lyricist Bobs Carswell, who had knowledge of Tagore's works and had read English translation of his poems. She repeated the tune and melodies, and sung the song with Carswell. Carswell translated the album's first "Jodi Tor Daak Shune Keu Na Aase" and "Fulefule Dholaydholay." She presented the two songs to David Kilgallon, a Mens Traditional singer. Kilgallon having sung a lot of songs, agreed to publish them. Mazumdar's Rabindranath songs in Celtic are the first of its kind in history. These songs were unable to be played on Kolkata's radio since new Bengali songs are no longer in circulation, but they were played in foreign countries' radio.<ref name="Wall"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mazumdar, Sravanti}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Bengali musicians]]
[[Category:Musicians from Darjeeling]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

N. A. Ramaiah

2026-02-08T17:57:30Z

MaxieMorales00: small expand structure after review

{{Short description|Indian physical chemist}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name = N. A. Ramaiah
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1923|8|26}}
| birth_place = [[Andhra Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| residence =
| fields = {{ublist | [[Physical chemistry]] | Sugar technology }}
| workplaces = {{ublist | [[Banaras Hindu University]] | [[National Sugar Institute]] | Vasantdada Sugar Institute }}
| alma_mater = {{ublist | [[Banaras Hindu University]] }}
| doctoral_advisor =
| doctoral_students =
| known_for = Physicochemical studies on sugar processing
| awards = {{ublist | 1966 [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]] | STAI Noel Deer Gold Medal | 2005 STAI Lifetime Achievement Award }}
}}

'''Nanduri Atchuta Ramaiah''' (born 26 August 1923) is an Indian physical chemist, sugar technologist and the director of [[National Sugar Institute]], Kanpur.<ref name="Atchuta Ramaiah Nanduri on Relationship Science">{{cite web | url=http://relationshipscience.com/atchuta-ramaiah-nanduri-p4357875 | title=Atchuta Ramaiah Nanduri on Relationship Science | publisher=Relationship Science | date=2016 | access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> He was the founder director of Vasantdada Sugar Institute, Pune and was known for his studies on physicochemical processes involved in the processing of sugarcane juice which assisted in developing cost effective manufacturing techniques.<ref name="Brief Profile of the Awardee">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=253 | title=Brief Profile of the Awardee | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref> He was an elected fellow of the [[Indian National Science Academy]], the [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] and the [[Royal Institute of Chemistry]].<ref name="Indian fellow">{{cite web | url=http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=N70-0599 | title=Indian fellow | publisher=Indian National Science Academy | date=2016 | access-date=5 November 2016}}</ref> The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]], the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1966, for his contributions to chemical sciences.<ref name="View Bhatnagar Awardees">{{cite web | url=http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx | title=View Bhatnagar Awardees | publisher=Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize | date=2016 | access-date=5 October 2016}}</ref>

== Biography ==
N. A. Ramaiah, born on 26 August 1923 in the south Indian state of [[Andhra Pradesh]], passed his master's degree from [[Banaras Hindu University]] and continued there to secure a PhD; his thesis for the doctoral degree was on ''the origin of triggering electrons for electric discharge in electrode-less ozone tubes''.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> His career started at his alma mater where he joined as a member of faculty but, later, shifted to the [[University of Delhi]]. In 1956, joining Government of India service, he began an association with the [[National Sugar Institute]], Kanpur (NSI) which would last almost a quarter of a century. Starting as a professor of physical chemistry, he became the director of the institution in 1974 and stayed there till his superannuation in 1981. When the Sugar Industry Enquiry Commission was constituted by the Union Government in 1969, he was made the secretary of the commission and he stayed at the assignment, on deputation from NSI, till 1974.<ref name="Sugar Industry Enquiry Commission, 1974">{{cite book | url=http://dfpd.nic.in/writereaddata/images/pdf/sugar/Report.pdf | title=Sugar Industry Enquiry Commission, 1974 | year=1974 | pages=9 of 373}}</ref> [[Vasantdada Patil]] and his comrades, [[Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]], Vishwanath Anna Kore, [[Ratnappa Kumbhar|Ratnappa Anna Kumbhar]], [[Yashwantrao Mohite]] and Shankarrao Kolhe, founded the ''Deccan Sugar Institute'' in 1975<ref name="Genesis">{{cite web | url=http://www.vsisugar.com/india/organisation/genesis.htm | title=Genesis | publisher=Vasantdada Sugar Institute | date=2016 | access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> and his association with them during the tenancy of the commission gave him an opportunity to join them as the director of the institute in 1981.{{Refn|group=note|Deccan Sugar Institute has since been renamed as Vasantdada Sugar Institute}}

Ramaiah's researches during his doctoral studies were on electron triggering and his concept of a mechanism for originating the trigger earned him an invitation to take part in the first International Ozone Conference held in Chicago in 1956.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> Later, he shifted his focus to the physicochemical reactions involved in resolving the color issues during sugarcane processing.<ref name="Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners">{{cite web | url=http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | title=Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=1999 | access-date=5 October 2016 | pages=34 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf | archive-date=4 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[sugar industry in India]], in those days, resorted to excessive use of sulphur for clarifying sugarcane juice and the chemical being a scarce commodity in India, had to face escalating cost for the processing. Ramaiah developed several analytical methodologies for color assessment and for the production of active carbon which assisted the industry to lessen their dependence on sulphur, thereby making the processing more cost effective.<ref>{{cite book|title=Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=axruOYEviIYC&pg=PA229|date=1 January 1967|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-056280-3|pages=229–}}</ref> The protocols developed by him have since become industry-standards.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

Ramaiah has written extensively on sugar technology<ref name="Caturvedī2004">{{cite book|author=Praveśa Caturvedī|title=Experiences in cane sugar manufacturing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzIOeuSynW8C&pg=PR3|date=1 January 2004|publisher=Regency Publications|isbn=978-81-87498-12-4|pages=3–}}</ref> by way of over 325 articles, many of them published in peer-reviewed journals{{Refn|group=note|Please see ''Selected bibliography'' section}} and his articles have been cited by others.<ref name="AmjadDemadis2015">{{cite book|author1=Zahid Amjad|author2=Konstantinos D. Demadis|title=Mineral Scales and Deposits: Scientific and Technological Approaches|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JxCdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA637|date=21 May 2015|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-444-62752-0|pages=637–}}</ref><ref name="MassonLutz2013">{{cite book|author1=M.R. Masson|author2=H.D. Lutz|author3=B. Engelen|title=Sulfites, Selenites & Tellurites|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0cXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA193|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-8643-3|pages=193–}}</ref><ref name="Furia1973">{{cite book|author=Thomas E. Furia|title=CRC Handbook of Food Additives, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcSp015g4X0C&pg=PA294|date=2 January 1973|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-0542-9|pages=294–}}</ref> He has mentored 23 doctoral students in their studies and has trained many sugar industry professionals.<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He sat on the Board of Directors of the World Sugar Research Organization (WSRO) from 1981 to 1985 and has been involved in performance-improvement measures taken by WSRO in various countries. While serving as the chair of the [[Indian Council of Agricultural Research|ICAR]] Committee, he prepared a project report for the manufacture of [[ethanol]] from sugarcane in which he proposed the use of ethanol as [[motor fuel]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> He served as the president of Walkers Club, [[Visakhapatanam]], the city chapter of Walkers International<ref name="Past presidents">{{cite web | url=http://walkersclubvisakhapatnam.com/PastPresidents.html | title=Past presidents | publisher=Walkers Club, Visakhapatanam | date=2016 | access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref> and is a life member of [[Indian Chemical Society]] and the Sugar Technologists' Association of India.<ref name="Indian fellow" />

== Awards and honors ==
The [[Council of Scientific and Industrial Research]] awarded Ramaiah the [[Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize]], one of the highest Indian science awards, in 1966.<ref name="Chemical Sciences">{{cite web | url=http://www.csir.res.in/External/Heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | title=Chemical Sciences | publisher=Council of Scientific and Industrial Research | date=2016 | access-date=7 November 2016 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912012851/http://www.csir.res.in/external/heads/career/award/BPRIZE/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES.htm | archive-date=12 September 2012 | df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Sugar Technologists Association of India (STAI) honored him with the Noel Deer Gold Medal and followed it up with the Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005. He is an elected fellow of the Indian National Science Academy, [[National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]] and the [[Royal Institute of Chemistry]].<ref name="Indian fellow" /> A street, Atchuta Ramaiah street, in [[Kakinada]] in [[East Godavari district]] in Andhra Pradesh has been named after him.<ref name="Atchuta Ramaiah street">{{cite web | url=http://www.whatpincode.com/atchuta-ramaiah-st-kakinaka-andhra-pradesh-533004-pin-code-is-533004/ | title=Atchuta Ramaiah street | publisher=What Pin Code | date=2016 | access-date=9 November 2016}}</ref>

== Selected bibliography ==
* {{cite journal |title=A Note on Secondary Processes in a Low-Frequency Electrodeless Discharge |author1=O P Dogra |author2=M G Bhatawdekar |author3=N A Ramaiah |journal=Proceedings of the Physical Society |year=1953 |volume=66 |issue=5 |pages=431 |doi=10.1088/0370-1301/66/5/115 |bibcode=1953PPSB...66..431D}}
* {{cite journal |title=Comparative studies of alternating and direct current polarography: Effect of concentration |author1=N. A. Ramaiah |author2=S. K. D. Agarwal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences |date=July 1956 |volume=44 |pages=25–35 |doi=10.1007/BF03051862 |s2cid=92195392}}
* {{cite journal |title=Comparative studies of alternating and direct current polarography: Effect of pH |author1=N. A. Ramaiah |author2=S. K. D. Agarwal |journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences |date=August 1956 |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=83–89 |doi=10.1007/BF03048805| s2cid=92764307}}
* {{cite journal |title=Studies on irreversible polarographic reduction of Brilliant Green |author1=N. A. Ramaiah |author2=S. S. Katiyar |journal=Bull. Natl. -Inst. Sci. (India) |year=1965 |volume=29 |issue=267}}
* {{cite web |title=KInetic Studies on Caramelization of Reducing Sugars |publisher=National Sugar Institute |date=1968 |author1=N. A. Ramaiah |author2=M. B. Kuma |s2cid=29800379 |url=http://issct.org/pdf/proceedings/1968/1968%20Ramaiah%20Kinetic%20Studies%20on%20Caramelisation%20of%20Reducing%20S.pdf}} {{dead link|date=October 2022}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://docplayer.net/14958572-N-a-ramaiah-deccan-sugar-institute-pune-india-and.html |title=Determination of Factors relating to Automation for Boiling of Low Grade Massecuites in Plantation White Sugar Industry (full text) |author1=N. A. Ramaiah |author2=G. N. Acharya |author3=P. Kapur |journal=Deccan Sugar Institute |year=2016}}

== See also ==
{{portal|India|Chemistry}}
{{Div col|colwidth=18em}}
* [[Vasantdada Patil]]
* [[Shankarrao Mohite-Patil]]
* [[Ratnappa Kumbhar]]
* [[Yashwantrao Mohite]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* {{cite book | url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000957916 | title=Report of the Sugar Industry Enquiry Commission, 1974 | publisher=Ministry of Agriculture | work=Commission report | date=1974 | access-date=9 November 2016}}
* {{cite web | url=https://www.geni.com/people/Achuta-Ramaiah-Nanduri/6000000017566181331 | title=Achuta Ramaiah Nanduri | publisher=Geni | work=Family tree | date=2016 | access-date=9 November 2016}}

{{SSBPST recipients in Chemical Science}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaiah, N. A.}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Telugu people]]
[[Category:Indian physical chemists]]
[[Category:Scientists from Andhra Pradesh]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Delhi University]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian chemists]]
[[Category:Fellows of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences]]
[[Category:Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Award in Chemical Science]]
[[Category:Sugar technologists]]

Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency

2026-02-08T02:52:27Z

MaxieMorales00: expanded information and updated info as per guidelines

{{Short description|West Bengal Legislative Assembly constituency}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Asansol Uttar
| type= SLA
| map_image = {{Maplink|frame=yes|plain=y|frame-width=300|frame-height=300|frame-align=center|type=shape|from=Vidhan Sabha constituencies/West Bengal/Asansol Uttar.map}}
| map_caption = Interactive Map Outlining Asansol Uttar Assembly Constituency
| map_alt =
| mla = [[Moloy Ghatak]]
| party = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| alliance =
| latest_election_year = [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| state = [[West Bengal]]
| district = [[Paschim Bardhaman district|Paschim Bardhaman]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)|Asansol]]
| constituency_no = 281
| established = 1951
| electors = 198,342
| reservation = None
| abolished =
}}

'''Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency''' is an [[Vidhan Sabha|assembly]] constituency in [[Paschim Bardhaman district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]].

==Overview==
As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No. 281 Asansol Uttar Assembly constituency covers Ward Nos. 13-15, 20-31, 40-55, 76 of [[Asansol Municipal Corporation]].<ref name=delimitation>{{cite web|url=http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |title=Delimitation Commission Order No. 18 |access-date=2010-08-21 |publisher=Government of West Bengal |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918130255/http://ceowestbengal.nic.in/news_pdf/gazette123.pdf |archive-date=18 September 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Asansol Uttar assembly segment is part of No. 40 [[Asansol (Lok Sabha constituency)]].<ref name =delimitation/>

== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Name
! colspan=2| Party
|-
!colspan="4"|Asansol
|-
| [[1951 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| Atindra Nath Bose
| {{Full party name with color|Forward Bloc (Ruikar)}}
|-
| [[1957 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
| Shibdas Ghatak
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1962 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| Bijoy Pal
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1967 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| Dr. Gopika Ranjan Mitra
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1969 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1969]]
| rowspan="2"|Lokesh Ghosh
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1971 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|-
| [[1972 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| Niranjan Dihidar
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
| [[1977 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
| [[Haradhan Roy]]
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1982 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1982]]
| Bijoy Pal
|-
| [[1987 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1987]]
| [[Prabuddha Laha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[1991 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| Goutam Roy Choudhury
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
| [[1996 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| [[Tapas Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
| [[2001 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| [[Kalyan Banerjee (politician)|Kalyan Banerjee]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress}}
|-
| [[2006 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| Prativa Ranjan Mukherjee
| {{Full party name with color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}
|-
!colspan="4"|Asansol Uttar
|-
| [[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan="3"|[[Moloy Ghatak]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India Trinamool Congress|rowspan=3}}
|-
| [[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
|-
| [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
|}

==Election results==

===1951-1972===
In 1972, Niranjan Dihidar of [[Communist Party of India]] won the seat. In 1969 and 1971, Dr. Lokesh Ghosh of CPI (M) won the seat. In 1967, Gopika Ranjan Mitra of Congress won the seat. In [[1962 West Bengal state assembly election|1962]], Bijoy Pal of CPI won. In [[1957 West Bengal state assembly election|1957]], it was won by Shibdas Ghatak of Congress. In [[1952 West Bengal state assembly election|independent India's first election in 1951]], Atindra Nath Bose of [[All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar)|Forward Bloc (Ruikar)]] won the seat defeating Yogendranath Roy of Congress.<ref>Bandopadhyay, Santimoy, ''Asansol Parikrama'' (History of Asansol), {{in lang|bn}}, pp157-158, Trinity Trust, Election results 1957-1972.</ref>

===1977-2006===
In the [[2006 West Bengal state assembly election|2006 state assembly elections]], Prativa Ranjan Mukherjee of the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]] (CPI (M)) won the Asansol seat, defeating his nearest rival Kalyan Banerjee of the [[All India Trinamool Congress|Trinamool Congress]]. Contests in most years were multi cornered but only winners and runners-up are being mentioned. In 2001, Kalyan Banerjee had defeated Goutam Roy Choudhuri of CPI (M). In 1996, Tapas Banerjee of Congress had defeated Goutam Roy Choudhury. In 1991, Goutam Roy Choudhury had won the seat defeating Bajrangi Gupta of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP). In 1987, [[Prabuddha Laha]] of Congress had defeated Goutam Roy Choudhury. In 1982, Bejoy Pal of CPI (M) defeated his nearest rival Sukumar Banerjee of Congress. In 1977, Haradhan Roy of CPI (M) defeated Gopika Ranjan Mitra of Congress.<ref>{{cite web| url =http://eci.nic.in/archive/ElectionAnalysis/AE/S25/Partycomp260.htm | title = 260 - Asansol Assembly Constituency | work = Partywise Comparison Since 1977| publisher = Election Commission of India| access-date = 2009-08-29 }}</ref>

===2011===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Asansol|Asansol Uttar]]<ref>{{cite web |url = http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25281.htm |title = Asansol Uttar |work = Assembly Elections May 2011 Results |publisher = Election Commission of India |access-date = 2011-05-28 |archive-date = 16 May 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110516050908/http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS25281.htm |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=281| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120529222837/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=736&cid=281| url-status = usurped| archive-date = 29 May 2012|title = West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work = Asansol Uttar| publisher =Empowering India |access-date = 2011-05-09 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |title=West Bengal Assembly Election 2011 |work=Asansol Uttar |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=2011-05-09 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912030706/http://www.ceowestbengal.nic.in/mis_pdf/election_2011/canddtl_5th_phase.pdf |archive-date=2011-09-12 }}</ref> }}

{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Moloy Ghatak]]
|votes = 96,011
|percentage = 62.14
|change = +11.26#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|candidate = Ranu Roychowdhury
|votes = 48,218
|percentage = 31.21
|change = -17.91
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Madan Mohan Choubey
|votes = 6,750
|percentage = 4.37
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Janata Dal (United)
|candidate = Bijay Prasad Singh
|votes = 3,536
|percentage = 2.29
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 47,793
|percentage = 30.93
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,54,631
|percentage = 76.86
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|loser = Communist Party of India (Marxist)
|swing = +29.17
}}
{{Election box end}}
.# Swing calculated on Congress+Trinamool Congress vote percentages in 2006 taken together.

===2016===
{{Election box begin
|title=[[2016 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Asansol|Asansol Uttar]]<ref name=vidhansabha2016>{{cite web | url = https://www.cnbctv18.com//assembly-election-result-2021/west-bengal-election-result-2021/constituency/asansol-uttar-constituency-s25a281/| title= Asansol Uttar |work= Check 2016 result | publisher = CNBC TV18 |accessdate =13 May 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|candidate = [[Moloy Ghatak]]
|votes = 84,715
|percentage = 46.12
|change = -16.02
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Nirmal Karmakar
|votes = 60,818
|percentage = 33.11
|change = +28.74
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Indrani Mishra
|votes = 31,892
|percentage = 17.36
|change = -13.85#
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Bahujan Mukti Party
|candidate = Dipali Ruidas
|votes = 2,178
|percentage = 1.18
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha
|candidate = Shyama Charan Dutta
|votes = 1,268
|percentage = 0.69
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 2,795
|percentage = 1.52
|change = ''N/A''
}}
{{Election box majority
|votes = 23,897
|percentage = 13.01
|change = -17.92
}}
{{Election box turnout
|votes = 1,83,844
|percentage = 73.68
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing = -22.38
}}
{{Election box end}}

# #Joint candidate of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]], [[Communist Party of India|CPI]], [[JD(U)]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]], [[Nationalist Congress Party|NCP]] and [[Indian National Congress|INC]]. As the CPI(M) contested the previous election, the performance of this candidate is based on the previous election

===2021===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: [[Asansol|Asansol Uttar]] <ref name=vidhansabha2021>{{cite web | url = https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/asansol-uttar-west-bengal-election-result-2021| title = Asansol Uttar Election Result 2021 | publisher = Times Now News.com |accessdate =13 May 2021 }}</ref> }}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link||party=All India Trinamool Congress|candidate= Moloy Ghatak |votes=1,00,931|percentage=52.32|change=+19.14}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=Bharatiya Janata Party|candidate= Krishnendu Mukherjee |votes=79,821|percentage=41.38|change=+31.24}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party= Indian Secular Front |candidate=Mohammad Mustaquim|votes=4,471|percentage=2.32|change=-85.98}}
{{Election box candidate||party= [[Independent politician|IND]]|candidate=Sunil Thakur |votes=1,673|percentage=0.87|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link||party=All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen|candidate=Danish Aziz|votes=1,514|percentage=0.78|change=}}
{{Election box majority||votes= 21,110|percentage=11.12|change=}}
{{Election box turnout||votes= 1,93,167|percentage=70.04|change=}}
{{Election box hold with party link
|winner = All India Trinamool Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2026===
{{Election box begin|title=[[2026 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election]]: Asansol Uttar}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Trinamool Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Left Front (West Bengal)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}

{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate =
|party = Indian National Congress
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above (India)|None of the above]]
|party = None of the above (India)
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = {{formatnum:}}
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link|
|winner =
|loser =
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Paschim Bardhaman topics}}
{{Vidhan Sabha constituencies of West Bengal}}

[[Category:Politics of Paschim Bardhaman district]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of West Bengal]]
[[Category:Asansol]]
[[Category:Constituencies established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in West Bengal]]

37th National Film Awards

2026-01-26T19:18:05Z

MaxieMorales00:

{{Short description|1990 Indian film award}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox film awards
| number = 37
| award = National Film Awards
| image =
| alt =
| caption = 37th National Film Awards
| awarded_for = Best of Indian cinema in 1989
| award_org = [[Directorate of Film Festivals]]
| presenting_org = [[R. Venkataraman]] {{small|([[President of India]])}}
| announced_date = {{Start date|df=yes|1990|04|04}}
| presented_date = {{Start date|df=yes|1990|05}}
| site =
| host =
| website = [http://dff.nic.in/ dff.nic.in]
| lifetime_achievement = [[Lata Mangeshkar]]
| best_feature = ''[[Bagh Bahadur]]''
| best_non_feature = ''Aar Koto Din''
| best_book = {{*}}''Shataranj Ke Khiladi'' {{*}}''Cinema, Kannakkum Kavithayum''
| best_critic = [[K. N. T. Sastry]]
| most_wins = {{*}}''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]'' {{*}}''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' (4)
| last = 36th
| next = 38th
}}

The '''37th [[National Film Awards]]''' were presented by [[Directorate of Film Festivals]], an organisation set up by [[Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India)|Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India]] to felicitate the best of [[Cinema of India|Indian Cinema]] released in the year 1989.<ref name="37thaward">{{cite web|url=http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/80_37thNfacatalogue.pdf|title=37th National Film Awards|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=2 September 2020|archive-date=9 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709165915/http://dff.nic.in/images/Documents/80_37thNfacatalogue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ceremony took place in May 1990 and awards were presented by then [[President of India]], [[R. Venkataraman]].

Starting with 37th National Film Awards, a new award in the feature films section was introduced for Environment Conservation/Preservation as [[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation]] and awarded with Rajat Kamal (Silver Lotus) for producer and director of the film. Another new award was introduced for [[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director]], but not given for 37th National Film Awards.

Also, [[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema]] has been promoted to Swarna Kamal (Golden Lotus) Award.

== Awards ==

Awards were divided into feature films, non-feature films and books written on Indian cinema.

=== Lifetime Achievement Award ===

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Image
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awarded As
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;"|Awards
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|[[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]]
|[[File:Lata Mangeshkar.jpg|75px]]
|[[Lata Mangeshkar]]
|Playback singer
|Swarna Kamal, {{INR}} {{formatnum:100000}} and a Shawl
|}

=== Feature films ===

Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 37th National Film Awards, a [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali film]], ''[[Bagh Bahadur]]'' won the [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film]] whereas two [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam films]], ''[[Mathilukal]]'' and ''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]'' won the maximum number of awards (4). Following were the awards given in each category:<ref name="37thaward"/>

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[Atma Ram (director)|Atma Ram]] was appointed to evaluate the feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="37thaward"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[Atma Ram (director)|Atma Ram]] (Chairperson){{•}}[[Basu Bhattacharya]]{{•}}Iqbal Masood{{•}}[[K. G. George]]{{•}}Sitakant Misra{{•}}[[Mahendran (filmmaker)|Mahendran]]{{•}}A. Pundarikakshayya{{•}}[[Kundan Shah]]{{•}}[[Aribam Syam Sharma]]{{•}}Dilip Kumar Hazarika{{•}}Bhim Sen{{•}}R. Lakshman{{•}}[[Valampuri Somanathan]]{{•}}Saikat Bhattacharya{{•}}[[Sreekumaran Thampi]]{{•}}[[D. V. Narasa Raju]]

==== All India Award ====

Following were the awards given:<ref name="37thaward"/>

===== Golden Lotus Award =====

Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="37thaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bagh Bahadur]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Producer: [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|director: [[Buddhadeb Dasgupta]]
|{{INR}} 25,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its portrayal of the steady destruction of rural folk traditions at the hands of a cheap and showy urban culture in the form a cinematically vibrant and heroic classical tragedy.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director|Best Debut Film of a Director]]
|''Wosobipo''
|[[Karbi language|Karbi]]
|Producer: [[Karbi Anglong Autonomous Council|Karbi Anglong District Council]] Director: [[Gautam Bora]]
|{{INR}} 25,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its fresh and original evocation of the collective unconscious of a [[Hill tribes of Northeast India|hill tribe]] whose way of life has been disintegrating over the last four decades, as seen through the eyes of a boy growing up into the responsibilities of manhood.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="6"|[[National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment|Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Chandni (1989 film)|Chandni]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: [[Yash Raj Films]]
|{{INR}} 40,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Yash Chopra]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For providing clean and romantic entertainment illuminated with smooth performances and fresh lyrics in folk form.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|''[[Geethanjali (1989 film)|Geethanjali]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|Producer: M/s Bhagyalakshmi Enterprises
|{{INR}} 40,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Mani Ratnam]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its innovative approach in depicting youthful passion.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="6"|[[National Film Award for Best Children's Film|Best Children's Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''Ankur Maina Aur Kabootar''
|rowspan="2"|Hindi
|Producer: [[Children's Film Society, India|Children's Film Society]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: Madan Bawaria
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its involvement of children in the fight for preservation of wildlife in the exotically shot isle of Mauritius.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|''Jamboo Savari''
|rowspan="2"|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|Producer: [[K. S. L. Swamy|K. S. L. Swame (Lalitha Ravee)]]
|{{INR}} 30,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[K. S. L. Swamy|K. S. L. Swame (Lalitha Ravee)]]
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the way in which it establishes the conflict between a child's instinctive love for a wild animal and the reality of man-animal relationships in the modern world, along with the resolution of that conflict.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
|''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]''
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|[[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|{{INR}} 50,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For successfully capturing the spirit of the short story on his prison days by the celebrated writer Vaikkom Mohammed Basheer.''
|}

===== Silver Lotus Award =====

Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="37thaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Parshuramer Kuthar]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Producer: Dhurjati Prasad Mukherji
|{{INR}}30,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Nabyendu Chatterjee]]
|{{INR}}15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the moving fashion in which it elaborates the political and social hypocrisy of a town's middle class and its exploitation of a woman who is both the object of desire and the prey.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[Nargis Dutt Award for Best Feature Film on National Integration|Best Feature Film on National Integration]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Santha Shishunala Sharifa]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Kannada language|Kannada]]
|Producer: M/s Yajaman Enterprises
|{{INR}} 30,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[T. S. Nagabharana]]
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its depiction of unity of religions at the popular mystical level illustrated by the life and lyrics of a famous Muslim saint who has a Hindu guru.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Sandhya Raagam (1989 film)|Sandhya Raagam]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Tamil language|Tamil]]
|Producer: [[Balu Mahendra]] (A [[Doordarshan]] production)
|{{INR}} 30,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Balu Mahendra]]
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the humanity with which it traces a character coming to terms with the problem of old age through suffering, resolution and understanding.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues|Best Film on Other Social Issues]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Unnikuttanu Joli Kitti|Unnikuttant Joli Kitty]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|Producer: V. R. Gopinath
|{{INR}} 30,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: V. R. Gopinath
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its bleak narration of an unemployed youth becoming an unemployable due to callous social attitudes.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Environment Conservation/Preservation|Best Film on Environment Conservation / Preservation]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Bonani]]''
|rowspan="2"|[[Assamese language|Assamese]]
|Producer: M/s Purbanchal Film Co-operative Society Ltd.
|{{INR}} 30,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Jahnu Barua]]
|{{INR}} 15,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its delicate and nuanced description of a forest official's struggle against mercenary and bureaucratic despoilation of forests.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actor|Best Actor]]
|{{•}}''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]'' {{•}}''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Mammootty]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For successfully portraying the multifaceted roles.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]]
|''[[Parshuramer Kuthar]]''
|Bengali
|[[Sreelekha Mukherji]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For bringing out the agony and pain of a helpless woman forced by society to live an ignoble life.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actor|Best Supporting Actor]]
|''[[Parinda]]''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|[[Nana Patekar]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his unique portrayal of a psychotic character.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Supporting Actress|Best Supporting Actress]]
|''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]''
|Tamil
|[[Manorama (Tamil actress)|Manorama]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the versatility shown.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Child Artist|Best Child Artist]]
|''[[Kalat Nakalat]]''
|[[Marathi language|Marathi]]
|Mrinmayee Chandorkar
|{{INR}} 5,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her innocent and spontaneous portrayal.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|''Chhandaneer''
|Bengali
|[[Ajoy Chakrabarty]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For bringing the rare depth of emotion, adomed by his command on the classical idiom.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|''[[Kalat Nakalat]]'' {{small|("Hey Ek Reshami Gharate")}}
|Marathi
|[[Anuradha Paudwal]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her clear and mellifluous rendering of the song.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Cinematography|Best Cinematography]]
|''[[Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro]]''
|Hindi
|[[Camera operator]]: [[Virendra Saini]] [[Film laboratory|Laboratory processing]]: M/s Ad-labs
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the high technical skills shown in evoking the special ethos of the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
|''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''
|Malayalam
|[[M. T. Vasudevan Nair]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the gripping plot, clearly etched characterisations and the brilliant portrayal of life in Kerala a few hundred years ago.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Audiography|Best Audiography]]
|''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]''
|Malayalam
|[[N. Harikumar|Harikumar]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For perfection noticeable throughout the in creatively helping the director to capture the mood and sustain interest within the enclosed walls of a jail.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Editing|Best Editing]]
|''[[Parinda]]''
|Hindi
|[[Renu Saluja]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For her brisk and precise cutting and the creative heights to which she has taken the film with her intelligent and intuitive knowledge of her art.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Art Direction|Best Art Direction]]
|''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''
|Malayalam
|[[P. Krishnamoorthy]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For adding to the aesthetic value of the film as a whole by carefully recreating the essence of the reality of a bygone era in Kerala with minute attention to details of pros and decor.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Costume Design|Best Costume Design]]
|''[[Oru Vadakkan Veeragatha]]''
|Malayalam
|[[P. Krishnamoorthy]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For his intimate knowledge, artistic competence and the brilliant execution of the costumes of a bygone era, recreating the reality of life in the past as few films have done.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Music Direction|Best Music Direction]]
|''Wosobipo''
|[[Karbi language|Karbi]]
|Sher Chowdhary
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For depicting life in interior Assam with a unique background score.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Lyrics|Best Lyrics]]
|''Chhandaneer''
|Bengali
|[[Satarupa Sanyal]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For rare poetic heights reached in all the lyrics for the film.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''Kaal Abhirati''
|Bengali
|Amitabh Chakraborty
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For having had the courage of his convictions in making this experimental film which sets out to explore new horizons in the realm of film making.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Feature Film)|Special Mention]]
|''[[Daddy (1989 film)|Daddy]]''
|Hindi
|[[Anupam Kher]]
|rowspan="4"|Certificate Only
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For having played with great finesse and an unequalled range, the role of a gifted artiste hurt by unfortunate personal relationships.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''[[Kireedam (1989 film)|Kireedam]]''
|Malayalam
|[[Mohanlal]]
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For portraying young man's agony and pain marvellously and in unique style.''
|}

==== Regional Awards ====

The award is given to best film in the regional languages in India.<ref name="37thaward"/>

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:23%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:28%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:33%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Ganashatru]]''
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Satyajit Ray]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its brilliant adaptation of Ibsen's "An Enemy of the People" to highlight the dangers of current revivalism.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[Discontinued and Intermittent National Film Awards#Best Feature Film in Gujarati|Best Feature Film in Gujarati]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Percy (1989 film)|Percy]]''
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: Pervez Merwanji
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its searing exploration of the neuroses and the claustrophobic embrace of an ingrown familial culture.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi|Best Feature Film in Hindi]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Salim Langde Pe Mat Ro]]''
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Saeed Akhtar Mirza]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its novel examination of the nexus between urban lumpen life, crime and religious revivalism.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Kannada|Best Feature Film in Kannada]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Mane (film)|Mane]]''
|Producer: Apoorva Chitra
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Girish Kasaravalli]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For setting out the contradictions in the urban middle class search, both for moral legitimacy and security, in a corrupt social structure.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Malayalam|Best Feature Film in Malayalam]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Mathilukal (film)|Mathilukal]]''
|Producer: [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its remarkable creation of an imprisoned writer's mind hovering between the pain of confinement, existential apprehension of death and the hallucinatory "reality" of sensual love.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Marathi|Best Feature Film in Marathi]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Kalat Nakalat]]''
|Producer: [[Smita Talwalkar]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: Kanchan Nayak
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its delicate description of the tension of love in various facets – wife, mistress and children – and the resolution of tensions in favour of keeping a family together.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Oriya|Best Feature Film in Oriya]]
|rowspan="2"|''Andha Diganta''
|Producer: Vox Visuals Pvt. Ltd.
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[Manmohan Mahapatra]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its unemotional description of the increasing misery of a peasant who discovers his inadequacy in fighting his economic servitude and his own bourgeois attitude towards his wife's past.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Punjabi|Best Feature Film in Punjabi]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Marhi Da Deeva (1989 film)|Marhi Da Deeva]]''
|Producer: [[National Film Development Corporation of India|NFDC]]
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: Surinder Singh
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its depiction of the pain and tragedy involved in the transformation of feaudalism into capitalism, which entails destruction and degradation of normal human relationships like friendship and love.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil|Best Feature Film in Tamil]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Pudhea Paadhai]]''
|Producer: A. Sundaram
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[R. Parthiepan]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its depiction of the transforming effects of a woman's courage and devotion on her husband.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
|rowspan="2"|''[[Suthradharulu]]''
|Producer: Sudhakar Reddy and C. Karunakar Rao
|{{INR}} 20,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|Director: [[K. Viswanath]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For the way it charts the conquest of social oppression by spiritual understanding and peace.''
|}

=== Non-Feature Films ===

Short Films made in any Indian language and certified by the Central Board of Film Certification as a documentary/newsreel/fiction are eligible for non-feature film section.

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[Jagat Murari]] was appointed to evaluate the non-feature films awards. Following were the jury members:<ref name="37thaward"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[Jagat Murari]] (Chairperson){{•}}Tapan K. Bose{{•}}[[Santosh Sivan]]{{•}}Ghanashyam Mahapatra{{•}}Paresh Mehta

==== Golden Lotus Award ====

Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="37thaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)', a certificate and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film|Best Non-Feature Film]]
|''Aar Koto Din''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Producer: Department of Information and Cultural Affairs India, [[Government of West Bengal]] Director: Shashi Anand
|{{INR}} 15,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a brilliant cinematic exposition of deep anguish and helplessness at the fate of large section of the children of our country.''
|}

==== Silver Lotus Award ====

Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="37thaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:24%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Film
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:30%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:16%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Anthropological/Ethnographic Film|Best Anthropological / Ethnographic Film]]
|''Baiga''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Producer: Madhya Pradesh Madhyam Director: Rajendra Janglay
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its well researched portrayal of life, culture and customs of tribal community.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Biographical Film|Best Biographical Film]]
|''C. V. Raman: The Scientist and His Legacy''
|English
|Producer: N. K. Saigal Director: Nandan Kudhyadi
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For being an innovative and sensitive biography of a great scientist, C. V. Raman, portraying his achievements, trials and tribulations.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Arts/Cultural Film|Best Arts / Cultural Film]]
|''[[Siddheshwari]]''
|Hindi
|Producer: [[Mani Kaul]] Director: [[Mani Kaul]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its innovative and stylised interpretation of a singer's work and her milieu.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Scientific Film|Best Scientific Film (including Environment and Ecology)]]
|''Neuropathic Foot in Leprosy''
|English
|Producer: Jal Mehta Director: Vishram Revankar
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a well made specialised film effectively communicating the course of treatment in a serious disease.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Environment/Conservation/Preservation Film|Best Environment / Conservation / Preservation Film]]
|''The Deer on the Lake''
|English
|Producer: [[Aribam Syam Sharma]] Director: [[Aribam Syam Sharma]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For the creative use of the cinematic medium in explaining the complexities of the ecosystem of the Loktak lake, its floating islands and the greed of man that led to the near extinction of the Sangai, the Deer of Manipur.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Promotional Film|Best Promotional Film]]
|''Tuna: The Chicken of the Sea''
|English
|Producer: D. Gautaman Director: K. Jagajivan Ram
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For being competent and engaging depiction of the Tuna fishing industry.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Agriculture Film|Best Agricultural Film]]
|''Integrated Pest Management in Cotton''
|English
|Producer: D. Gautaman Director: K. Jagajivan Ram
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For its efforts towards generating awareness regarding the importance of bio-control in integrated pest management.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Historical Reconstruction/Compilation Film|Best Historical Reconstruction / Compilation Film]]
|''Chhapakhanar Bangla Haraf''
|[[Bengali language|Bengali]]
|Producer: Shreemati Chatterjee and Chandrika Bhattacharjee Director: Abhijit Chattopadhyay
|rowspan="4"|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For achieving a creative blend of research and imagination in depicting the history of Bengali printing.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''Kathni Karni Eksi (Jamanalal Bajaj)''
|Hindi
|Producer: M/s Climb Films Director: Bhim Sain
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For its authentic recreation of the life and times of the late Shri Jamanalal Bajaj.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film on Social Issues|Best Film on Social Issues]]
|''The Limp in the Niche''
|English
|Producer: [[Girish Karnad]] Director: [[Girish Karnad]]
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For being illuminating exposition of a very humane philosophy, preaching universal brotherhood, harmony and equality of all living beings.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="3"|[[National Film Award for Best Educational/Motivational/Instructional Film|Best Educational / Motivational / Instructional Film]]
|''Ser Alang''
|[[Karbi language|Karbi]]
|Producer: Horticulturist, Karbi Anglong Director: Indrajit Narayan Deb
|rowspan="3"|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''Yun Sikhlayen Akhar''
|Hindi
|Producer: M/s Ramesh Asher Films Director: Ramesh Asher
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="3"|'''Citation:''' ''For their sensitive handling of motivational messages through the medium of cinema.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Animation Film|Best Animation Film]]
|''My Tree''
|
|Producer: Vijay B. Chandra Director: B. R. Shendge and R. R. Swamy Animator: R. R. Swamy and V. S. Shankardas
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For effectively communicating man's alienation from nature.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Short Fiction Film|Best Short Fiction Film]]
|''Behula''
|Bengali
|Producer: Raja Mitra Director: Raja Mitra
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For a story well told.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film on Family Welfare|Best Film on Family Welfare]]
|''Boy or Girl – How?''
|Hindi
|Producer: B. R. Shendge Director: R. R. Swamy
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For effectively communicating an important message.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award – Special Jury Award (Non-Feature Film)|Special Jury Award]]
|''Kalamandalam Krishnankutty Poduval''
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|[[K. R. Mohanan]] (director)
|{{INR}} 5,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For excellence in the use of cinema in projecting the intricate relationship between the drummer and the dancer in Kathakali.''
|}

=== Best Writing on Cinema ===

The awards aim at encouraging study and appreciation of cinema as an art form and dissemination of information and critical appreciation of this art-form through publication of books, articles, reviews etc.

==== Juries ====

A committee headed by [[Mrinal Pande]] was appointed to evaluate the writing on Indian cinema. Following were the jury members:<ref name="37thaward"/>

* '''Jury Members'''
** [[Mrinal Pande]] (Chairperson){{•}}Firooze Rangoonwala{{•}}[[C. Radhakrishnan]]

==== Golden Lotus Award ====
Official Name: Swarna Kamal<ref name="37thaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Golden Lotus Award (Swarna Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable"
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:20%;"|Name of Book
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:10%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:35%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:15%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="4"|[[National Film Award for Best Book on Cinema|Best Book on Cinema]]
|''Shataranj Ke Khiladi''
|[[Hindi language|Hindi]]
|Author: Surendranath Tiwari Publisher: Madhya Pradesh Film Development Corporation
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For painstakingly analysing and delineating the interrelationship between a literary masterpiece and its film version, created by a master of cinema, without overlooking the salient characteristics of each art form.''
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|''Cinema, Kannakkum Kavithayum''
|[[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]
|Author: [[Sreekumaran Thampi]] Publisher: Sahithya Pravarthaka Co-op Society Ltd.
|{{INR}} 10,000/- Each
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For portraying the development of the medium poetically by blending its ethos and technique.''
|}

==== Silver Lotus Award ====
Official Name: Rajat Kamal<ref name="37thaward"/>

All the awardees are awarded with 'Silver Lotus Award (Rajat Kamal)' and cash prize.

{|class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:25%;"|Name of Award
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:25%;"|Language
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:25%;"|Awardee(s)
!style="background-color:#EFE4B0;width:25%;"|Cash prize
|- style="background-color:#F4F4F4"
|rowspan="2"|[[National Film Award for Best Film Critic|Best Film Critic]]
|[[Telugu language|Telugu]]
|[[K. N. T. Sastry]]
|{{INR}} 5,000/-
|- style="background-color:#F9F9F9"
|colspan="4"|'''Citation:''' ''For combining the rare ability to comprehend the quintessential beauty of the bygone era and for reflecting the contemporary trends in cinema. The Jury also appreciates the wide range of topics covered by him.''
|}

=== Awards not given ===

Following were the awards not given as no film was found to be suitable for the award:<ref name="37thaward"/>

{{div col|colwidth=28em}}
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Assamese|Best Feature Film in Assamese]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in English|Best Feature Film in English]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Manipuri|Best Feature Film in Manipuri]]
* [[National Film Award for Best First Non-Feature Film of a Director|Best First Non-Feature Film]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Non-Feature Film Direction]]
* [[National Film Award for Best Exploration/Adventure Film|Best Exploration / Adventure Film]]
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://dff.nic.in/Archive.aspx National Film Awards Archives]
* [https://dff.nic.in Official Page for Directorate of Film Festivals, India]

{{National Film Awards}}

[[Category:National Film Awards (India) ceremonies]]
[[Category:1990 Indian film awards]]
[[Category:1990 awards in India]]

Nirmal Verma

2026-01-24T20:04:07Z

MaxieMorales00: enhance content per standard format and cleaned formatting

{{Short description|Renowned Indian Novelist}}
{{about|the Hindi author|the chief of the Indian Navy|Nirmal Kumar Verma|the Indian politician|Nirmal Verma (politician)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Nirmal Verma
|image = Nirmal Verma (1929 - 2005).jpg
|imagesize = 250px
|birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1929|4|3}}
|birth_place = [[Shimla]], [[Punjab Province (British India)|Punjab]], [[British India]]
|death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|10|25|1929|4|3}}
|death_place = [[New Delhi]], [[India]]
|occupation = Novelist, writer, activist, translator
}}

'''Nirmal Verma''' (3 April 1929{{spaced ndash}}25 October 2005) was a [[Hindi]] writer, novelist, activist and translator. He is credited as being one of the pioneers of the ''Nai Kahani'' (New Story) literary movement of [[Hindi literature]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061107150104/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/06/stories/2005110611990400.htm Ode to Nirmal Verma] [[The Hindu]], 6 November 2005.</ref> wherein his first collection of stories, ''Parinde'' (Birds) is considered its first signature.<ref name=let/>

In his career spanning five decades and various forms of literature, writing story, travelogues and essays, he penned five novels, eight short-story collections and nine books of non-fiction, including essays and travelogues.<ref>[http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/spectrum/book4.htm AUTHOR SPEAKS:"I cater to several layers of sensibilities"] [[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]], 10 March 2002.</ref>

== Biography ==

Nirmal Verma was born on 3 April 1929 in [[Shimla]], where his father worked as an officer in the Civil and Services Department of the British Indian Government. He was the seventh child among his eight siblings. One of his brothers is one of India's greatest artists [[Ram Kumar (artist)|Ram Kumar]].<ref name=diff>[http://in.rediff.com/news/2005/oct/26nirmal.htm 'He was the modern voice of Indian genius'] Obituary, [[Rediff.com]], 26 October 2005</ref> He is survived by his wife, Gagan Gill who is a writer.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/india-43626863|title=निर्मल वर्मा ने इंदिरा को बताया था 'साक्षात बुराई'|first=प्रियंका|last=दुबे|newspaper=BBC News हिंदी |date=3 April 2018|access-date=4 April 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.caravanmagazine.in/tag/gagan-gill |title = Gagan Gill {{!}} The Caravan}}</ref>

He wrote his first story for a students' magazine in the early 1950s. He completed Masters of Arts in History from [[St. Stephen's College, Delhi|St. Stephen's College]], [[Delhi University]]. Thereafter he started teaching in Delhi and writing for various literary magazines.

{{Rquote|right| "For a writer to desire spiritual security is as fatal as an aspiration to material pleasure. For a writer, every place of refuge is a pitfall; you fall once, and the clear sky of creativity is lost forever." - ''Dhund se Uthati Dhun'' <ref name=flo>[http://www.flonnet.com/fl2224/stories/20051202005513300.htm Nirmal Verma, 1929–2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624152536/http://www.flonnet.com/fl2224/stories/20051202005513300.htm |date=24 June 2008 }} [[Frontline (magazine)|Frontline]], Volume 22 – Issue 24, Nov. 19 – Dec. 02, 2005.</ref> }}

His activism streak was visible even during his student days; in 1947–48, he regularly attended Mahatma Gandhiji's morning prayer meetings in Delhi, even though he was a card holding member of [[Communist Party of India]], which he resigned in 1956, after Soviet invasion of [[Hungary]]. The very activism was soon to be reflected in his stories, which added a whole new dimension to the Indian literary scene.

He stayed in [[Prague]] for 10 years, where he was invited by [[Oriental Institute, ASCR|Oriental Institute]] to initiate a program of translation of modern Czech writers like [[Karel Čapek]], [[Milan Kundera]] or [[Bohumil Hrabal]] to Hindi; he also learnt [[Czech language]], and translated nine world classics to Hindi, before returning home in 1968, as the result of [[Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia]].<ref name=diff/>

During his stay in Prague he travelled widely across Europe, and the result was seven travelogues, including Cheeron Par Chandni (1962), Har Barish Mein (1970) and Dhund Se Uthti Dhun and his first novel, based on his student days in Prague, titled, ''Ve Din'' (''Those Days'') (1964). On his return from Prague, he was disillusioned by communism and later became highly vocal against [[Indian Emergency (1975–1977)|Indian Emergency]], and an advocate for the [[Tibetan independence movement]]. His subsequent writing reflected his concerted relooking of Indian traditions, which he found to be innately modern, compared with external modernity reflected in the western viewpoints and cultural milieu, which were being imposed on Indian ethos, all around, so much so that later his views were confused as pro-Hindutva as well.<ref name=flo/> A critical analysis of Verma's work was presented by Ram Prakash Dwivedi<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dwivedi|first=Ram Prakash|date=16 Oct 2020|title=CCGS International Journal|url=http://journal.globalculturz.org/|access-date=2020-10-17|website=journal.globalculturz.org}}</ref>

From 1980–83, Verma served as chairman of Nirala creative writing chair in [[Bharat Bhavan]], [[Bhopal]]. In 1988–90 he was director of Yashpal Creative Writing Chair in [[Shimla]].<ref name=let/> A film based on his story, [[Maya Darpan]] (1972), directed by [[Kumar Shahani]], won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Film.<ref>{{IMDb name|1168263}}</ref>

In his popular novel ''A Torn Happiness'', [[August Strindberg]] looms large over the heads of many characters.

He died on 25 October 2005 in New Delhi.

== Awards and milestones ==

* [[Jnanpith Award]] in 1999, the highest literary award for Indian writers.
* 'Kavve aur Kala Pani', A collection of seven short stories, won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award]] in 1985.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070704045555/http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa10306.htm Sahitya Akademi Awards]. sahitya-akademi.org</ref>
* [[Padma Bhushan]] in 2002.<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web | url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | title=Padma Awards | publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India | date=2015 | access-date=21 July 2015 | archive-date=15 October 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref>
* [[Jnanapith Trust]]'s "Murtidevi Award" for his book of essays, Bharat Aur Europe: Pratishruti Ke Kshetra (1991).
* Jury member [[Lettre Ulysses Award]] for the art of [[Reportage]] −2003.<ref name=let>[http://www.lettre-ulysses-award.org/jury03/verma.html Nirmal Verma, India]. Lettre-ulysses-award.org. Retrieved on 22 May 2016.</ref>
* He was a fellow with the International Institute for Asian Studies.
* [[Library of Congress]] catalogues most of the works of Nirmal Verma in its collection.
* India's highest literary award, for lifetime achievement, the [[List of Sahitya Akademi fellows|Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]] in 2005.<ref>[http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa2.htm Fellowships] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630180021/http://www.sahitya-akademi.org/sahitya-akademi/awa2.htm |date=30 June 2007 }} [[Sahitya Akademi]] Official website.</ref>
* On the publication of his book, "The World Elsewhere", in 1988, by the Readers International in London, [[BBC Four|BBC Channel Four]] telecasted a film on his life and works.<ref name=let/>
* Chevalier de l'ordre des arts et des lettres (France) 2005

== ''Nai Kahani'' movement ==

Nirmal Verma, together with [[Mohan Rakesh]], [[Bhisham Sahni]], [[Kamleshwar (writer)|Kamleshwar]], [[Amarkant]], [[Rajendra Yadav]] and others, is the founder of the ''Nai Kahani'' (new short story) in [[Hindi]] literature.

Nirmal Verma is best known for his short stories and his best known story, 'Parinde' (Birds) (1959) is supposed to be the pioneer of the ''Nai Kahani Movement'' in [[Hindi literature]].<ref name=diff/> Nirmal Verma's other notable stories are ''Andhere Mein'', ''Dedh Inch Upar'', and ''Kavve Aur Kala Pani''.
Nirmal Verma's last story was published in "Naya Gyanodaya" August 2005 issue, titled "Ab Kuchh Nahin".

Nirmal Verma experimented vividly with theme as well as technique of the Hindi short story in the 60s and 70s.

A collection of his letters written to Ramkumar (well known artist and his brother) has been published by [[Bhartiya Jnanpith]], titled "Priya Ram" (Dear Ram). His books have been translated into several European languages such as English, Russian, German, Icelandic, Polish, Italian and French.

==Major works==
{{div col}}

'''Novels'''
*''Ve Din'' – His first novel, set in Prague, former Czechoslovakia (1964),
*''Antima Aranya'' (The Last Wilderness)
*''Ek Chithara Sukh'' (1979)
*''Lal Teen Ki Chhat'' (Red Tin Roof), (1974)
*''Raat ka Reporter '' (1989)

'''Story anthologies'''
* 'Parinde' (Birds) (1959)
* Jalti Jhari (1965)
* London ki raat
*Pichli Garmiyon Mein (1968)
* ''Akala tripathi''
* ''Dedh Inch Upar''
* Beech Bahas Mein (1973)
* Meri Priya Kahaniyan (1973)
* Pratinidhi Kahaniyan (1988)
* Kavve aur Kala Pani (1983)
* Sookha aur Anya Kahaniyan (1995).
* Dhage (2003)

'''Reportage and travelogues'''
* Cheeron Par Chandni (1962)
* Har Barish Mein (1989)(In Every Rain)

'''Plays'''
* Teen Ekant (1976)

'''Essays and literary criticism'''
* Shabda aur Smriti (1976) – Literary essay
*''Kala Ka Jokhima'' (1981) – investigation of the Indic arts in the 20th century
*''Dhundha Se Uthati Dhun'' – written like a diary on issues related to Hindi literature. – Literary criticism
* Dhalan se Utarate Huye – Literary criticism
* Bharat Aur Europe: Pratishruti Ke Kshetra (1991) – Essay.
{{div col end}}

== Further reading ==
* Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature, 1992, [[Sahitya Akademi]], Page 4503-4.
* [http://www.littlemag.com/2000/nirmal.htm The lost stream by Nirmal Verma (short story)]
* [http://www.littlemag.com/vox/nirmal.html A Day's Guest by Nirmal Verma (short story)]
* [http://www.hindinest.com/kahani/2003/116.htm Dhage (धागे) by Nirmal Verma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240119073229/http://www.hindinest.com/kahani/2003/116.htm |date=19 January 2024 }}
* [https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5195078de4b0af15cc42c774/t/51bfca6ae4b0ef761e10d9b4/1371523690838/madhu-singh.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304084351/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5195078de4b0af15cc42c774/t/51bfca6ae4b0ef761e10d9b4/1371523690838/madhu-singh.pdf |date=4 March 2016 }} "The Truth of Maya"[Maya ka Marm]by Nirmal Verma (short story)

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.abhivyakti-hindi.org/lekhak/n/nirmalverma.htm Nirmal Verma at Abhivyakti]
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020310/spectrum/book4.htm An Interview with Nirmal Verma, 2002]
* [https://www.loc.gov/acq/ovop/delhi/salrp/nirmalverma.html Nirmal Verma at Library of Congress]

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2000–09}}
{{Jnanpith Award}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award For Hindi}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{Authority control}}
{{portal bar|Biography|India|Literature}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verma, Nirmal}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Hindi]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Jnanpith Award]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Chevaliers of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Indian male novelists]]
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Security and Growth for All in the Region

2026-01-18T06:19:06Z

MaxieMorales00: basic adjust lead based on references additionally for consistency

{{Short description|Indian geopolitical backronym}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}{{Use Indian English|date=February 2022}}

'''SAGAR''', acronym for '''Security and Growth for All in the Region''', is a label used by the [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] and [[Government of India]] for India's vision and geopolitical framework of maritime cooperation in the [[Indian Ocean]] region. ''Sagar'' means 'ocean' or 'sea' in multiple Indian languages.{{Efn|Such as [[Hindi]], [[Bengali language|Bengali]], [[Kannada]], [[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[Punjabi language|Punjabi]], and [[Gujarati language|Gujarti]]. (also in [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]])}} Since the first usage of the phrase in 2015 at [[Port Louis]] by Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] the term has been adapted to include more elements such as linkages with the [[Indo-Pacific]] region.

== Vocal explication ==

On 12 March 2015 the [[Prime Minister of India]] had first taken reference to SAGAR in an address in [[Mauritius]]. PM Modi said, "Our goal is to seek a climate of trust and transparency; respect for international maritime rules and norms by all countries; sensitivity to each other`s interests; peaceful resolution of maritime issues; and increase in maritime cooperation".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Indian Ocean region: A pivot for India's growth|url=https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/indian-ocean-region-a-pivot-for-indias-growth/|last=Jaishankar|first=Dhruva|date=2016-09-12|website=Brookings|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> The address was during the commissioning of the [[Kora-class corvette|''Kora''-class corvette]] MCGS ''[[MCGS Barracuda|Barracuda]]'' into the [[Mauritius Police Force#National Coast Guard|National Coast Guard of Mauritius]], the first Indian manufactured warship to be exported.<ref>{{Cite news|date=18 December 2014|title=India to deliver corvette class warship to Mauritius on December 20|work=The Economic Times|agency=PTI|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-deliver-corvette-class-warship-to-mauritius-on-december-20/articleshow/45564033.cms|access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref>[[File:MCGS Barracuda at sea.jpg|thumb|[[Kora-class corvette|''Kora''-class corvette]] MCGS ''[[MCGS Barracuda|Barracuda]],'' the first warship to be exported from an Indian shipyard, commissioned on 12 March 2015]]This was followed by the [[Minister of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs Minister]] referencing SAGAR in two addresses at the Indian Ocean Conference and elaborating on its implementation.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2018|title=Remarks by External Affairs Minister at the 3rd Indian Ocean Conference, Vietnam (August 27, 2018)|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/30327|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=31 August 2017|title=Address by External Affairs Minister at the 2nd Indian Ocean Conference (August 31, 2017)|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/28907/Address+by+External+Affairs+Minister+at+the+2nd+Indian+Ocean+Conference+August+31+2017|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> India has not officially released a report or document outlining the vision and doctrine. This is not unique to SAGAR, as even the "Ten Principles of India-Africa Cooperation" was mentioned in speeches but not promulgated on paper officially. However, substantial initiatives have been taken which fall within the basic elements of SAGAR.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Sarangi|first=Commander Subhasish|date=2019|others=Centre for Strategic Studies and Simulation|title=Unpacking SAGAR (Security and Growth for All in the Region)|url=https://usiofindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/USI-Occasional-Paper_2_19-Unpacking-SAGAR-Final-print-File-1.pdf|website=United Service Institution of India}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Modi 2.0 foreign policy to lay stress on 'SAGAR Doctrine' and 'Act East'|url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2019/06/06/modi-foreign-policy-lay-stress-sagar-doctrine-and-act-east.html|last=Dixit|first=Rekha|date=6 June 2019|website=The Week|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-05-26}}</ref> In June 2019 Prime Minister Modi in the [[People's Majlis|Maldivian Parliament]] referenced the doctrine as a "blueprint for cooperation".<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=8 June 2019|title=PM Modi's address at Maldivian Parliament: Top quotes|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/pm-modis-address-at-maldivian-parliament-top-quotes/articleshow/69707115.cms|access-date=2022-02-01|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=4 September 2021|title=What is Mission SAGAR?|url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2021/09/04/what-is-mission-sagar.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Manorama Year Book online}}</ref>

In November 2020 the [[Foreign Secretary (India)|Foreign Secretary]] said "India's Indo-Pacific strategy was enunciated by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in a speech in Singapore in 2018 as the SAGAR doctrine".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sarangi|first=Commander Subhasish|date=October–December 2020|others=Strategic Perspectives|title=SAGAR is a doctrine for the Indo-Pacific region?|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/cs3-strategic-perspectives/sagar-is-a-doctrine-for-the-indo-pacific-region/|publisher=The United Service Institution of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=3 November 2020|title=Foreign Secretary's Speech at Policy Exchange|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/33162/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> This extension of the Indian Ocean strategy further east to the Indo-Pacific first took place when the Prime Minister had said during the 2018 [[Shangri-La Dialogue]], "Three years ago, in Mauritius, I described our vision in one word – Sagar, which means ocean in Hindi. And, Sagar stands for Security and Growth for All in the Region and, that is the creed we follow to our East now even more vigorously through our Act East Policy".<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|last=Sarangi|first=Commander Subhasish|date=October–December 2020|others=Strategic Perspectives|title=SAGAR is a doctrine for the Indo-Pacific region?|url=https://usiofindia.org/publication/cs3-strategic-perspectives/sagar-is-a-doctrine-for-the-indo-pacific-region/|publisher=The United Service Institution of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=1 June 2018|title=Prime Minister's Keynote Address at Shangri La Dialogue (June 01, 2018)|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/29943/Prime+Ministers+Keynote+Address+at+Shangri+La+Dialogue+June+01+2018#:~:text=Media%20Center-,Prime%20Minister%27s%20Keynote%20Address%20at,Dialogue%20(June%2001,%202018)&text=Prime%20Minister%20Lee%20Hsien%20Loong,better%20future%20for%20the%20region.|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref> Prime Minister Modi referenced SAGAR during his chair of a [[United Nations Security Council]] (UNSC) high-level open debate on maritime security in August 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=9 August 2021|agency=PTI|title=PM Modi Chairs UNSC Debate; Calls for Cooperation on Maritime Threats by Non-State Actors|url=https://thewire.in/diplomacy/pm-modi-chairs-unsc-debate-calls-for-cooperation-on-maritime-threats-by-non-state-actors|access-date=2022-02-02|website=The Wire}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=10 August 2021|title=English translation of Prime Minister's remarks at the UNSC High-Level Open Debate on "Enhancing Maritime Security: A Case For International Cooperation" (August 9, 2021)|url=https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/34151/English_translation_of_Prime_Ministers_remarks_at_the_UNSC_HighLevel_Open_Debate_on_Enhancing_Maritime_Security_A_Case_For_International_Cooperation_A|access-date=2022-02-02|website=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref>

== Initiatives falling within SAGAR ==
SAGAR involves increasing [[maritime domain awareness]]. This is implemented through the [[Integrated Coastal Surveillance System]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Das|first=Captain Himadri|date=2021-09-30|title=Maritime Domain Awareness in India: Shifting Paradigms|url=https://maritimeindia.org/maritime-domain-awareness-in-india-shifting-paradigms/|access-date=2022-02-01|website=National Maritime Foundation}}</ref> Coastal radar systems have been sponsored in a number of Indian Ocean region countries including the [[Maldives]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4" /> With [[Sri Lanka]] a number of bilateral and trilateral projects, with Japan, have started.<ref name=":4" /> In 2018, Indonesia and India signed a strategic agreement for maritime cooperation, the "Shared Vision of India-Indonesia Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific".<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2018|title=Shared Vision of India-Indonesia Maritime Cooperation in the Indo-Pacific|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29933/Shared_Vision_of_IndiaIndonesia_Maritime_Cooperation_in_the_IndoPacific|access-date=2022-02-02|website=|publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=5 September 2019|title=India, Indonesia have shared vision on Indo-Pacific & territorial integrity: Jaishankar|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-indonesia-have-shared-vision-on-indo-pacific-territorial-integrity-jaishankar/articleshow/71000130.cms?from=mdr|access-date=2022-02-02}}</ref> Without any specific hierarchy, related projects include [[Sagar Mala project|Sagarmala]] and [[Project Mausam]], and strategies of 'neighbourhood first' and of India being a 'net security provider'.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Padmaja|first=G.|date=2017-03-14|title=Significance of Civilizational Nautical Narratives in India's Maritime Diplomacy|url=https://maritimeindia.org/significance-of-civilizational-nautical-narratives-in-indias-maritime-diplomacy/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=National Maritime Foundation}}</ref> [[India–Seychelles relations|India-Seychelles relations]] include onshore projects, and the handing over of equipment to the [[Seychelles Coast Guard]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Seychelles central to India's SAGAR vision: PM|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/seychelles-central-to-indias-sagar-vision-pm-7265317/|access-date=2022-02-05|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Patrol vessels have also been given to Mauritius and Maldives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2021-07-19|title=India's policy towards countries in the Indian Ocean Region is guided by the 'Neighbourhood First' policy and PM's vision of SAGAR (Security & Growth for All in the Region)|url=https://orissadiary.com/indias-policy-towards-countries-in-the-indian-ocean-region-is-guided-by-the-neighbourhood-first-policy-and-pms-vision-of-sagar-security-growth-for-all-in-the-region/|access-date=2022-02-11|website=OdishaDiary.com}}</ref>

As part of SAGAR the Indian government, the [[Indian Navy]] and [[Indian Coast Guard]] have assisted countries in the Indian Ocean region with [[exclusive economic zone]] surveillance, [[search and rescue]], and other such activities, including [[first responder]] initiatives.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=19 March 2019|title=33rd Edition of India-Indonesia Coordinated Patrol (Ind-Indo Corpat) Commences at Port Blair|url=https://pib.gov.in/Pressreleaseshare.aspx?PRID=1569122#:~:text=The%20IND-INDO%20CORPAT%20Series,friendship%20between%20India%20and%20Indonesia.|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-11-29|website=Press Information Bureau, Government of India}}</ref> COVID-19 relief missions in the month of May 2020 India dispatched [[INS Kesari (2005)|INS Kesari]] carrying on board 600 tons of food items, two medical assistance teams and essential medicines to the countries in the southern Indian Ocean. This relief mission provided assistance to Mauritius, Maldives, Madagascar, [[Comoros]] and Seychelles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=10 May 2020|agency=ANI|title=Mission Sagar: India sends INS Kesari with medical teams, food to Indian Ocean countries|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/mission-sagar-india-sends-ins-kesari-with-medical-teams-food-to-indian-ocean-countries/articleshow/75658568.cms|access-date=2020-08-19|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2020-07-01|title=Mission Sagar: A major milestone in India's engagement with IOR countries|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/mission-sagar-a-major-milestone-in-indias-engagement-with-ior-countries/2010119/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref> In December 2021, 0.5 kiloton of food aid was delivered to [[Mozambique]] amidst a double blow of coronavirus and drought.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-12-26|title=Under Mission Sagar, INS Kesari delivers 500 tonnes of food aid to Mozambique|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/under-mission-sagar-ins-kesari-delivers-500-tonnes-of-food-aid-to-mozambique-101640509490655.html|access-date=2022-01-31|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> [[INS Airavat (L24)|INS Airavat]] has delivered pandemic related relief to Indonesia, Vietnam and Thailand.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=4 September 2021|title=What is Mission SAGAR?|url=https://www.manoramayearbook.in/current-affairs/india/2021/09/04/what-is-mission-sagar.html|access-date=2022-02-01|website=Manorama Year Book online}}</ref>

Following the [[MV Wakashio oil spill|MV ''Wakashio'' oil spill]] off the coast of Mauritius in August 2020, India extended its support to the Mauritius government and international efforts by sending 30 tons of technical equipment and materials, supplementing the oil spill containment and salvage operation. India dispatched ocean booms, river booms, heli-skimmers, power packs, blowers, salvage packs, oil absorbent [[graphene]] pads and other accessories on board a [[Boeing C-17 Globemaster III|C-17 Globemaster]] of the [[Indian Air Force]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Siddiqui|first=Huma|date=2020-08-17|title=Mauritius oil spill: India sends help to clean the oil spill|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/defence/mauritius-oil-spill-india-sends-help-to-clean-the-oil-spil/2057196/|access-date=2020-08-19|website=The Financial Express|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|date=17 August 2020|title=India rushes emergency technical support to Mauritius to control oil spill as part of extended neighbourhood outreach|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-rushes-emergency-technical-support-to-mauritius-to-control-oil-spill-as-part-of-extended-neighbourhood-outreach/articleshow/77572772.cms|access-date=2020-08-19}}</ref>
[[File:Indian Coast guard ships dousing fire.jpg|thumb| Indian Coast Guard and other vessels dousing and containing the fire on [[MT New Diamond|MT ''New Diamond'']] in 2020]]
On 3 September 2020, [[Indian Coast Guard]] (ICG) headquarters received a call for assistance with regard to a tanker, [[MT New Diamond|MT ''New Diamond'']], with an onboard fire off the coast of Sri Lanka.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Indian Coast Guard's role in Operation 'Sagar Aaraksha'|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202110120528073239170SAGARAARAKSHA-1.pdf|publisher=Indian Coast Guard}}</ref> In coordination with [[Sri Lanka Navy|Sri Lankan Navy]], [[Sri Lanka Air Force|Air Force]] and [[Sri Lanka Coast Guard|Coast Guard]], and the Indian Navy and following aerial reconnaissance, ICGS [[Samarth-class offshore patrol vessel|Shaurya]] reached the scene as a first responder and commenced fire fighting.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Indian Coast Guard's role in Operation 'Sagar Aaraksha'|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202110120528073239170SAGARAARAKSHA-1.pdf|publisher=Indian Coast Guard}}</ref> Following escalation more Indian coast guard vessels were dispatched including [[ICGS Samudra Paheredar]] and ICGS ''Sarang'', ''Sujay'', ''Ameya'' and ''Abheek.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Indian Coast Guard's role in Operation 'Sagar Aaraksha'|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202110120528073239170SAGARAARAKSHA-1.pdf|publisher=Indian Coast Guard}}</ref>'' Dornier aircraft assisted in carrying material. Tugs assisted in preventing the tanker from drifting towards the shore.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2020|title=Indian Coast Guard's role in Operation 'Sagar Aaraksha'|url=https://indiancoastguard.gov.in/WriteReadData/Orders/202110120528073239170SAGARAARAKSHA-1.pdf|publisher=Indian Coast Guard}}</ref> The ICG also assisted with ''[[X-Press Pearl]].''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sarkar |first=Shankhyaneel |date=2021-05-30 |editor-last=Chaturvedi |editor-first=Amit |title=MV X-Press Pearl fire considerably reduced, no oil spill detected: Coast Guard |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/mv-x-press-pearl-fire-considerably-reduced-no-oil-spill-detected-coast-guard-101622387237638.html |access-date=2022-04-06 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 June 2021 |title=Indian vessels in Operation Sagar Araksha II |url=https://www.cgihambantota.gov.in/news_letter_detail/?id=200 |access-date=2022-04-06 |website= |publisher=Consulate General of India, Hambantota, Sri Lanka}}</ref>

== Commentary ==
SAGAR and associated documents are a continuation of India's thinking for the Indian Ocean region.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Basu|first=Pratnashree|date=November 2021|others=Occasional Paper 339|title=Maritime India: The Quest for a Steadfast Identity|url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/ORF_OccasionalPaper_339_MaritimeIdentity.pdf|publisher=ORF|pages=4–6}}</ref>

In the first five years since the phrase was first used by the Prime Minister, various government officials and documents have referred to SAGAR as a "vision, concept, policy and doctrine".<ref name=":5" /> SAGAR has also been called an "approach", a "declaration of national intent",<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb2rDwAAQBAJ&q=sagar|title=Whither Indian Ocean Maritime Order? Contributions to a Seminar on Narendra Modi's SAGAR Speech|date=2017-02-15|publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd|others=[[India International Centre]]|isbn=978-93-86288-50-9|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Yogendra}}</ref> and "a conceptual framework".<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Kumar|first1=Yogendra|last2=Ghosh|first2=Probal K.|date=2020|others=Article 7|title=The "Indo" in the "Indo-Pacific"—An Indian View|url=https://digital-commons.usnwc.edu/nwc-review/vol73/iss2/7|journal=Naval War College Review|volume=73|issue=2|url-access=|access-date=|doi-access=}}</ref> Countries in the Indian Ocean region are interested in seeing how India implements its vision.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Patil|first=Sameer|date=2018-09-21|title=SAGAR and security: leading in Indo-Pacific|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/sagar-security-indo-pacific/|access-date=2022-02-02|website=|publisher=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations}}</ref> SAGAR, a geopolitical construct, is meshed with [[Sagarmala]], a project to improve domestic maritime infrastructure and logistics.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|last=Chopra|first=Vice Admiral Anil|date=2016-04-14|title=Sagarmala or SAGAR: a maritime dilemma|url=https://www.gatewayhouse.in/sagarmala-or-sagar-our-maritime-dilemma/|access-date=2022-02-03|website=Gateway House: Indian Council on Global Relations}}</ref> SAGAR can take priority over Sagarmala.<ref name=":6" /> India's 2015 publication ''[[Ensuring Secure Seas: Indian Maritime Security Strategy|Indian Maritime Security Strategy]]'' under the [[Integrated Defence Staff|Integrated Headquarters]] in New Delhi briefly lists SAGAR however does not elaborate on the interconnectedness.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sidhu|first=W. P. S.|date=2016-02-14|title=India's challenge of securing the seas|url=https://www.livemint.com/Opinion/rUZicEuKycSHWkhWwRi7TK/Indias-challenge-of-securing-the-seas.html|access-date=2022-02-08|website=Livemint}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}{{Notelist}}

== Further reading ==
;Books
*{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xb2rDwAAQBAJ&q=sagar|title=Whither Indian Ocean Maritime Order? Contributions to a Seminar on Narendra Modi's SAGAR Speech|date=2017-02-15|publisher=KW Publishers Pvt Ltd|others=[[India International Centre]]|isbn=978-93-86288-50-9|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Yogendra}}

;Think-tanks
* {{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=Gaurav|last2=Finaud|first2=Marc|date=May 2020|title=India's Strategic Intent and Military Partnerships in the Indian Ocean Region|url=https://dam.gcsp.ch/files/doc/india-s-strategic-intent-and-military-partnerships-in-the-indian-ocean-region|publisher=Geneva Centre for Security Policy|isbn=978-2-88947-098-3}}
* {{Cite web|last=Mishra|first=Abhishek|date=3 February 2020|title=India's vision of SAGAR: Humanitarian assistance and disaster relief operations in the Indian Ocean Region|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/indias-vision-of-sagar-humanitarian-assistance-and-disaster-relief-operations-in-the-indian-ocean-region-61000/|website=ORF}}
* {{Cite web|date=11 July 2020|title=Operationalising SAGAR: Bridging the Gap between Policy and Execution|url=https://www.delhipolicygroup.org/publication/policy-briefs/operationalising-sagar-bridging-the-gap-between-policy-and-execution.html|website=Delhi Policy Group}}
* {{Cite web|last=Padmaja|first=G.|date=2018-04-25|title=Revisiting 'Sagar' - India's template for cooperation in the Indian Ocean Region|url=https://maritimeindia.org/revisiting-sagar-indias-template-for-cooperation-in-the-indian-ocean-region/|website=National Maritime Foundation}}
* {{Cite web|last=Bhaskar|first=Natasha Jha|date=26 April 2021|title=India's developing economic ties with the Indo-Pacific|url=https://www.orfonline.org/expert-speak/india-developing-economic-ties-indo-pacific/|website=ORF}}
* {{Cite web|last=Thokchom|first=Richard|date=3 July 2021|title=The China Factor in India's Maritime Strategy|url=http://www.kiips.in/research/the-china-factor-in-indias-maritime-strategy/|publisher=Kalinga Institute of Indo-Pacific Studies}}

;Journals
* {{Cite journal|last=Schöttli|first=Jivanta|date=2019-10-20|title="Security and growth for all in the Indian Ocean" – maritime governance and India's foreign policy|url=http://doras.dcu.ie/25667/|journal=India Review|language=en|volume=18|issue=5|pages=568–581|doi=10.1080/14736489.2019.1703366|s2cid=214143942|issn=1473-6489}}

;News and articles
* {{Cite web|last=|first=|date=9 August 2021|title=India keen to create an inclusive structure of maritime security in the region: Modi|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/india-keen-to-create-an-inclusive-structure-of-maritime-security-in-the-region-modi/article35821659.ece|website=The Hindu BusinessLine|language=}}
* {{Cite web|last=Singh|first=Mayank|date=11 May 2020|title=India launches Mission Sagar to assist island nations in Eastern Indian Ocean|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/may/11/india-launches-mission-sagar-to-assist-island-nations-in-eastern-indian-ocean-2141684.html|website=The New Indian Express}}
* {{Cite web|date=7 February 2016|title=SAGAR stands for Security And Growth for All in the Region: PM Modi at International Fleet Review in Vishakhapatnam|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/pm-modi-at-the-international-fleet-review-2016-in-visakhapatnam-andhra-pradesh-413019|website=Narendra Modi}}
* {{Cite news|last=Pisupati|first=Balakrishna|date=2015-05-26|title=Redefining SAGAR in Indian Ocean|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/energy-and-environment/redefining-sagar-in-indian-ocean/article7248385.ece|url-access=limited|issn=0971-751X}}
* {{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Commodore Odakkal|date=19 January 2021|title=Indian Navy Enhances Security and Growth for All in Indian Ocean Region: Anytime & Anywhere|url=https://bharatshakti.in/indian-navy-enhances-security-and-growth-for-all-in-indian-ocean-region-anytime-anywhere/|website=Bharat Shakti}}
* {{Cite web|last=Bhaumik|first=Anirban|date=2021-08-09|title=India asserts its 'net security provider' role in Indian Ocean|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/india-asserts-its-net-security-provider-role-in-indian-ocean-1017935.html|website=Deccan Herald}}
* {{Cite web|title=Mission SAGAR|url=https://indiannavy.nic.in/content/mission-sagar-1|website=|publisher=Indian Navy}}

=== Maritime domain awareness ===
* {{Cite web|last=|date=3 March 2021|title=Maritime India Summit-2021: PM Modi unveils Mercantile Maritime Domain Awareness Centre|url=https://government.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/policy/maritime-india-summit-2021-pm-modi-unveils-mercantile-maritime-domain-awareness-centre/81309821|website=ETGovernment|language=}}

=== Neighbourhood policy ===
* {{Cite journal|last=Das|first=Angana|date=2017|title=India's Neighbourhood Policy: Challenges and Prospects|url=https://jgu-dev.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/angana-das.pdf|journal=Jindal Journal of International Affairs|volume=4|issue=1|pages=18–37|doi=10.54945/jjia.v4i1.49 |s2cid=251876892 }}

=== Net security provider ===
* {{Cite web|last=Brewster|first=David|date=5 November 2013|title=India: Regional net security provider|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |url=https://mea.gov.in/articles-in-indian-media.htm?dtl/22468/India+Regional+net+security+provider|publisher=Gateway House}}
* {{Cite web|last=Kapur|first=Lalit|date=2019-06-03|title=An Indian Ocean Agenda for Modi 2.0|url=https://amti.csis.org/an-indian-ocean-agenda-for-modi-2-0/|website=Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Magon|first=Captain Suvarat|date=2019|title=Role of the Indian Navy in providing maritime security in the Indian Ocean region|url=https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/navcol/assets/pdf/ssg2019_12_06.pdf|journal=海幹校戦略研究|volume=12|pages=91–129|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215020033/https://www.mod.go.jp/msdf/navcol/assets/pdf/ssg2019_12_06.pdf|archive-date=15 February 2022}}

[[Category:Modi administration initiatives]]

Gobra-Nawapara

2026-01-14T21:34:44Z

MaxieMorales00: put up a article - done

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}}
{{refimprove|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Gobra-Nawapara
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = city
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Chhattisgarh#India
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Chhattisgarh, India
| coordinates = {{coord|20.97099|N|81.83163|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Chhattisgarh]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Raipur district|Raipur]]
| established_title = 
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type =
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 29,315
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi language|Hindi]], [[Chhattisgarhi language|Chhattisgarhi]]
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = 
| postal_code =
| registration_plate =CG
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Gobra-Nawapara''' is a city and a [[municipality]] in [[Raipur district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Chhattisgarh]].

==Demographics==
{{As of|2001}} India [[census]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archivedate=2004-06-16|title= Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|accessdate=2008-11-01|publisher= Census Commission of India}}</ref> Gobranawapara had a population of 25,604. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Gobranawapara has an average literacy rate of 66%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 75%, and female literacy is 56%. In Gobranawapara, 15% of the population is under 6 years of age.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
https://www.census2011.co.in/data/town/802031-gobra-nawapara-chhattisgarh.html
{{Raipur district}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Raipur district]]

{{Chhattisgarh-geo-stub}}

Akarbale

2026-01-01T10:38:35Z

MaxieMorales00: Stub

{{Short description|Extinct Southern Great Andamanese of India}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Bale
| nativename = {{lang|acl|Akar-Bale}}
| states = [[India]]
| region = [[Andaman Islands]]; Ritchie’s Archipelago, Havelock Island, Neill Island.
| extinct = between 1931 and 1951
| ref = <ref name="vanDriem2001"/>
| familycolor = Andamanese
| fam1 = [[Great Andamanese languages|Great Andamanese]]
| fam2 = Southern †
| iso3 = acl
| linglist = acl.html
| glotto = akar1243
| glottorefname = Akarbale
| ethnicity = Bale
| map2 = Lang Status 01-EX.svg
| altname = Balawa
| map = Schematic_Map_of_Andamanese_Languages_&_Tribes.png
| mapcaption = {{legend|#b76148|Akar-Bale}}
}}

The '''Bale language''', '''''Akar-Bale''''' (also ''Balwa'' or ''Balawa''), is an extinct Southern<ref name=Manoh1>Manoharan, S. (1983). "Subgrouping Andamanese group of languages." ''International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics''
XII(1): 82-95.</ref> [[Great Andamanese]] language once spoken in the [[Andaman Islands]] in [[Ritchie's Archipelago]], [[Havelock Island]], and [[Neill Island]].

==History==
{{Expand section|date=April 2025}}
The Bale disappeared as a distinct people sometime after 1931.<ref name="vanDriem2001">{{Citation | title=Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region : Containing an Introduction to the Symbiotic Theory of Language | author=George van Driem | date=2001 | publisher=BRILL | isbn=90-04-12062-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiavPYCz4dYC | quote=''... The Aka-Kol tribe of Middle Andaman became extinct by 1921. The Oko-Juwoi of Middle Andaman and the Aka-Bea of South Andaman and Rutland Island were extinct by 1931. The Akar-Bale of Ritchie's Archipelago, the Aka-Kede of Middle Andaman and the A-Pucikwar of South Andaman Island soon followed. By 1951, the census counted a total of only 23 Greater Andamanese and 10 Sentinelese. That means that just ten men, twelve women and one child remained of the Aka-Kora, Aka-Cari and Aka-Jeru tribes of Greater Andaman and only ten natives of North Sentinel Island ...''}}</ref>

==Grammar==
The Great Andamanese languages are [[agglutinative]] languages, with an extensive prefix and suffix system.<ref name=Templ>Temple, Richard C. (1902). ''A Grammar of the Andamanese Languages, being Chapter IV of Part I of the Census Report on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands''. Superintendent's Printing Press: Port Blair.</ref> They have a distinctive [[noun class]] system based largely on body parts, in which every [[noun]] and [[adjective]] may take a [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] according to which body part it is associated with (on the basis of shape, or functional association). Thus, for instance, the *aka- at the beginning of the language names is a prefix for objects related to the [[tongue]].<ref name="Templ"/>

The prefixes are,

{| class=wikitable
! !!Balawa
|-
!head/heart
|ôt-
|-
!hand/foot
|ong-
|-
!mouth/tongue
|aka-
|-
!torso (shoulder to shins)
|ab-
|-
!eye/face/arm/breast
|id-
|-
!back/leg/butt
|ar-
|-
!waist
|
|}

Body parts are [[Inalienable possession|inalienably possessed]], requiring a [[possessive adjective]] [[Prefix (linguistics)|prefix]] to complete them, so one cannot say "head" alone, but only "my, or his, or your, etc. head".

The basic pronouns are almost identical throughout the Great Andamanese languages.

'This' and 'that' are distinguished as ''k-'' and ''t-''.

Judging from the available sources, the Great Andamanese languages have only two [[cardinal number (linguistics)|cardinal number]]s — [[1 (number)|one]] and [[2 (number)|two]] — and their entire numerical lexicon is one, two, one more, some more, and all.<ref name="Templ"/>

==See also==
*[[Andamanese languages]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Andamanese languages}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Andamanese, Akar-Bale, Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Great Andamanese languages]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 20th century]]

{{lang-stub}}

Ashok Kirtania

2025-12-26T08:25:02Z

MaxieMorales00: minor adjusted structure and added references for consistency

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Ashok Kirtania
| image =
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 2 May 2021
| term_end = Incumbent
| constituency = [[Bangaon Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangaon Uttar]]
| predecessor = [[Biswajit Das (politician)|Bishwajit Das]]
| successor = Incumbent
| birth_place =
| birth_date =
| spouse =
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| residence = [[Bongaon]], [[West Bengal]]
| alma_mater = [[Dinabandhu Mahavidyalay]]
| profession = Business
| education = B.A.
| website =
| footnotes =
}}
'''Ashok Kirtania''' is an Indian politician from [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. In May 2021, he was elected as a member of the [[West Bengal Legislative Assembly]] from [[Bangaon Uttar (Vidhan Sabha constituency)|Bangaon Uttar (constituency)]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bongaon Uttar Election Result 2021 Live Updates: Ashok Kirtania of BJP wins|url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/bongaon-uttar-election-result-2021-live-updates-bongaon-uttar-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mla-margin-3695072.html|access-date=2021-05-16|website=News18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='BJP gives ticket to Matua community leader Subrata Thakur|url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/west-bengal-election/bjp-gives-ticket-to-matua-community-leader-subrata-thakur-dbr-qqexmm|access-date=2021-05-16|website=Asianet News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bongaon Uttar, West Bengal Assembly election result 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/bongaon-uttar-west-bengal-assembly-election-result-2021-live-updates-1797175-2021-05-02|access-date=2021-05-16|website=The India Today}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Ashok Kirtania (Criminal & Asset Declaration)|url=https://myneta.info/WestBengal2021/candidate.php?candidate_id=991|access-date=2021-05-16|website=MyNeta.com}}</ref> He defeated Shyamal Roy of [[All India Trinamool Congress]] by 10,488 votes in [[2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election|2021 West Bengal Assembly election]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Bharatiya Janata Party}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kirtania, Ashok}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians from North 24 Parganas district]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from West Bengal]]
[[Category:West Bengal MLAs 2021–2026]]
[[Category:People from Bangaon subdivision]]

{{WestBengal-BJP-politician-stub}}

A. J. K. Mass Communication Research Centre

2025-12-23T11:38:38Z

MaxieMorales00: Done

{{Short description|College of mass communication in Delhi, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox university
| name = A. J. K. Mass Communication Research Centre
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| former_name =
| image =
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| motto_lang =
| mottoeng =
| established = {{Start date|1982}}
| closed = 
| type = Research centre
| affiliation = [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]
| academic_affiliation = [[CILECT]]
| endowment =
| budget =
| officer_in_charge =
| chairman =
| chancellor =
| president =
| vice-president =
| superintendent =
| provost =
| vice_chancellor=
| rector =
| principal =
| dean =
| director =
| head_label =
| head =
| academic_staff =
| administrative_staff =
| students =
| undergrad =
| postgrad =
| doctoral =
| other =
| city = [[New Delhi]]
| state =
| province =
| country = [[India]]
| coor =
| campus =
| former_names =
| language =
| free_label =
| free =
| colours =
| athletics =
| sports =
| nickname =
| mascot =
| affiliations =
| website = {{URL|http://jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/centres/mcrc/introduction}}
| logo =
| footnotes =
}}

'''A. J. K. Mass Communication Research Centre''' ('''AJK MCRC''') is a [[mass communication]] [[research centre]] located in [[New Delhi]], [[India]] and a [[constituent college|constituent institute]] of the [[Jamia Millia Islamia]]. The full form for AJK MCRC is Anwar Jamal Kidwai Mass Communication Research Centre named after its founder [[Anwar Jamal Kidwai]] in 1982.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Jamia - Centres - A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre - Introduction|url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/centres/mcrc/introduction|access-date=2020-10-21|website=www.jmi.ac.in}}</ref>

A. J. Kidwai established the MCRC in collaboration with [[York University|York University, Toronto]] and the [[Canadian International Development Agency]]. The CIDA provided the MCRC with a range of sophisticated production equipment while York University sent the first generation of teachers. The team from York was led by distinguished documentary filmmaker [[James Beveridge]], a close associate of documentary pioneer [[John Grierson]], founder of the [[National Film Board of Canada]].<ref name=":0" />

==Academics==
The centre offers courses including PhD in Mass Communication, Master of Arts courses in [[Mass communication|Mass Communication]], Convergent Journalism, [[Development communication|Development Communication]], [[Visual effects|Visual Effect]] and [[Animation]], postgraduate diploma programmes in Acting, Broadcast Technology, and Still Photography and [[Visual communication|Visual Communication]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre - List of Regular Programmes/Courses |url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/centres/mcrc/courses-name |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250910232701/https://www.jmi.ac.in/A.J.K.-Mass-Communication-Research-Centre/Programmes/Courses |archive-date=2025-09-10 |access-date=2020-10-21 |website=www.jmi.ac.in}}</ref>

In 2019, the centre launched Master of Science program in Mathematics Education in partnership with [[Cluster Innovation Centre]], University of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Programmes/Courses - M.Sc.(Mathematics Education) under Meta University program |url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/A.J.K.-Mass-Communication-Research-Centre/Programmes/Courses/590 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251222092959/https://www.jmi.ac.in/A.J.K.-Mass-Communication-Research-Centre/Programmes/Courses/590 |archive-date=2025-12-22 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=www.jmi.ac.in}}</ref>

==Facilities==

===Production facilities===
[[File:AJK MCRC CENTRE.jpg|thumb|262x262px|A view of A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]]
The AJK MCRC has analogue and digital systems for programme production. There are three television studios for multi-camera productions and DV and HDV cameras (PD-150, PD-170, HVR Z-1, DSR 570 and Panasonic DVX 100) with accessories for single camera shoots. Other production equipment includes final cut pro non-linear editing machines of the G5 series, with dual processors for film & video, Avid Adrenaline Media Composers, Arriflex 16 SR III film cameras, Steinbeck film editing machines, digital audio work stations, sound studio, multimedia lab with software for print journalism, and still photography units. Recent additions to the production equipment include the Magnum Dolly system and the PICCOLO crane.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jamia - Centres -A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre - Infrastructure|url=https://www.jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/centres/mcrc/infrastructur|access-date=2021-05-31|website=www.jmi.ac.in}}</ref>

[[BBC]] programmes Hard Talk India and Face To Face which were presented by [[Karan Thapar]] were shot inside the television studio at AJK MCRC. Programmes were produced with the assistance of AJK MCRC's staff and featured some of the biggest names in Indian public life.

===Media library===
[[File:AJK MCRC 1.jpg|thumb|266x266px|A presenter on Audio Console at A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]]
The media library has books, journals, films, video cassettes, audio cassettes, stock shots, and press clippings for the use of students. Students can use the Zakir Hussian Library of the university.<ref name=":1" />

===Community radio===
The AJK MCRC as a part of its social commitment and responsibility towards the community within which it is situated, runs a community radio station on 90.4 FM. Addressing itself to the residents of the Jamia area, RADIO JAMIA broadcasts educational, enrichment and a wide range of rich socio-cultural programmes. These programmes can be heard around a radius of 10 kilometres on the Jamia campus. Currently, the radio programmes are produced by the students and the faculty of the AJK MCRC in collaboration with different groups and organisation in Delhi.<ref name=":1" />

As per ''[[The Hindu]]'', "Radio Jamia, which started in 2005, broadcasts shows from 2-5 p.m. and replays the previous day’s broadcast from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. The programme broadcast include an hour-long ghazal segment and a 20-minute dedicated show for regional songs covering diverse linguistic communities residing in its service area, apart from shows on education, health, sports and social issues."<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/community-radio-makes-waves/article6255775.ece|title=Community radio makes waves|first=Akshita|last=Nagpal|date=28 July 2014|publisher=|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

===Media Resource Center===
[[File:AJK MCRC 3.jpg|thumb|An Interview with Para Cyclist Aditya Mehta By Jyotika Cheema]]
[[File:Ajkmcrc jcr A Scene of Radio Production for JCR 2016feb24 420160224160331 l.jpg|thumb|A Scene of Radio Production at A.J.K. Mass Communication Research Centre]]
The Media Resource Centre at the AJK MCRC is an archive and theory centre devoted to documentary, film and contemporary media practices. It has been set up through a grant from Sir Ratan Tata Trust.<ref name=":1" />

==Student achievements==

Under the guidance of Professor [[Farhat Basir Khan]], MCRC students Neal Kartik and [[Pranab Kumar Aich]] won the prestigious 'Student Focus Competition' at Sony World Photography Awards 2009, [[Cannes]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/indian-students-win-global-photo-awards-392211|title=Indian students win global photo awards|publisher=}}</ref> Jamia's team achieved the feat by defeating 60 of the world's best universities across continents and bagged a cash prize of 50,000 Euros.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2009/20090509/delhi.htm#10|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Delhi and neighbourhood|publisher=}}</ref>

In 2020 three alumni of the centre, [[Nishtha Jain]], Shirley Abraham and Amit Mahadesiya, were invited to judge the Oscars by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts & Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2020-07-03 |title=3 Jamia Millia Islamia alumni invited to judge Oscars |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/3-jamia-millia-islamia-alumni-invited-to-judge-oscars-1696787-2020-07-03 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205185541/https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/news/story/3-jamia-millia-islamia-alumni-invited-to-judge-oscars-1696787-2020-07-03 |archive-date=2024-12-05 |access-date=2025-12-22 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

==Ranking==
In 2021, it was ranked as India's 2nd best Mass Communication College by India Today's.<ref>{{cite news|title=Best Mass Comm Colleges In 2021|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/bestcolleges/2021/ranks/1836830|accessdate=5 September 2017|work=[[Outlook India]]|date=5 June 2017}}</ref>
AJK MCRC was ranked #1 in ''[[Outlook India]]''{{'}}s "Top Mass Comm Colleges In 2017".<ref>{{cite news|title=Top Mass Comm Colleges In 2017|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/top-mass-comm-colleges-in-2017/298920|accessdate=5 September 2017|work=[[Outlook India]]|date=5 June 2017}}</ref>

It has been consistently rated as amongst the top mass-communication colleges in [[Asia]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=rasia|date=2018-05-30|title=Jamia Millia Islamia's AJK MCRC ranked at No.1|url=https://archive.siasat.com/news/jamia-millia-islamias-ajk-mcrc-ranked-no-1-1362465/|access-date=2021-05-31|website=The Siasat Daily - Archive|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Affiliations==
*[[CILECT]]{{citation needed|date=September 2017}}
* CILECT Asia-Pacific Association (CAPA){{citation needed|date=September 2017}}

==Notable alumni==
* [[Roshan Abbas]]; TV Anchor & RJ <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-18|title=Say Something, You're From Jamia Too, Says Roshan Abbas to Shah Rukh Khan|url=https://www.news18.com/news/movies/say-something-youre-from-jamia-too-says-roshan-abbas-to-shah-rukh-khan-2427967.html|access-date=2020-10-21|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Harsh Chhaya]]; Film Actor
* [[Barkha Dutt]]; Television journalist & [[Padma Shri]] recipient.
* [[Meenu Gaur]]; Screenwriter & Director<ref>{{cite web|title=Zinda Bhaag: a Pakistani film which feels Indian|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/brunch/zinda-bhaag-a-pakistani-film-which-feels-indian/story-QX7RmjehodcrRoRblrC6XN.html/|website=Hindustan Times|date=3 January 2014 |accessdate=18 March 2020}}</ref>
*[[Ritu Kapur]]; Media entrepreneur<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ritu Kapur |url=https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/people/ritu-kapur |access-date=2018-08-29 |website=reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk |publisher=Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism |language=en}}</ref> & Founder, [[Network18 Group|Network18]]
* [[Habib Faisal]]; Screenwriter & Director
* [[Shazia Ilmi]]; News Anchor & Politician
*[[Nishtha Jain]]; Noted Documentary Film-maker
*[[Sharat Katariya]]; Film Director
*[[Kabir Khan (director)|Kabir Khan]]; Celebrated Film Director<ref>{{cite news|title=Overthere|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/careergraph/story_9011094.jsp|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130203115854/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080313/jsp/careergraph/story_9011094.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 February 2013|accessdate=8 March 2018|work=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]}}</ref>
*[[Shah Rukh Khan|Shahrukh Khan]]; Noted Film Actor
* [[Sushmit Ghosh]]; Academy Award nominated filmmaker
* [[Rintu Thomas]]; Academy Award nominated filmmaker
* [[Pranab Kumar Aich]]; Documentary Filmmaker and Photographer<ref>{{Cite news |date=2009-08-19 |title=Top honours for Jamia shutterbugs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bhubaneswar/top-honours-for-jamia-shutterbugs/articleshow/4912362.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst |access-date=2024-09-05 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
* [[Hardik Mehta]]; Filmmaker
*[[Kiran Rao]]; Film director and Producer<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=hub220111DEAR_MR.asp |title=Tehelka - India's Independent Weekly News Magazine |access-date=15 August 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304054941/http://archive.tehelka.com/story_main48.asp?filename=hub220111DEAR_MR.asp |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
*[[Alankrita Shrivastava]]; Film Actor<ref>{{cite web|title=Female Idol Blog Series – Filmmaker Alankrita Shrivastava On 'Lipstick Under My Burkha' And More|url=http://www.wmfindia.com/blogs/female-idol-blog-series-filmmaker-alankrita-shrivastava-on-lipstick-under-my-burkha-and-more/|website=WMF|accessdate=8 March 2018|archive-date=1 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601202257/http://www.wmfindia.com/blogs/female-idol-blog-series-filmmaker-alankrita-shrivastava-on-lipstick-under-my-burkha-and-more/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* [[Danish Siddiqui]]; Photojournalist<ref>{{cite web|title=Mumbai photojournalist Danish Siddiqui wins Pulitzer prize for series on Rohingya crisis|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/mumbai-photojournalist-danish-siddiqui-wins-pulitzer-prize-for-series-on-rohingya-crisis/big-achievement/slideshow/63816823.cms/|website=The Economic Times|accessdate=18 March 2020}}</ref>
* [[Loveleen Tandan]]; Film Director<ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Parul|title=Another proud moment for Jamia institute|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Another-proud-moment-for-Jamia-institute/article16634073.ece|accessdate=8 March 2018|work=[[The Hindu]]|date=11 March 2009|language=en-IN}}</ref>
* [[Danish Aslam]]; Film Director
* [[Neha Dixit]]; Indian Journalist
*[[Saba Dewan]]; Documentary Film-maker
* [[Gayathri Prabhu]], Indian novelist and academic

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official|http://jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/centres/mcrc/introduction}}

{{Film schools in India}}

{{Coord|28.635308|N|77.22496|E|display=title}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Research institutes established in 1982]]
[[Category:Education in Delhi]]
[[Category:Film schools in India]]
[[Category:Jamia Millia Islamia]]
[[Category:1982 establishments in Delhi]]
[[Category:Drama schools in India]]

2025–26 AIFF Super Cup final

2025-12-15T08:15:40Z

MaxieMorales00:

{{Short description|Football cup tournament final for AIFF}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = {{nowrap|[[2025–26 in Indian football|2025–26]] [[AIFF Super Cup]] final}}
| image = Margao Stadium.jpg
| caption = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]] hosted the final on 7 December
| image_size = 300px
| event = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| team1score = 0
| team2 = [[FC Goa]]
| team2score = 0
| details = After [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] FC Goa won 6–5 on [[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|penalties]]
| date = 7 December 2025
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| city = [[Margao]]
| man_of_the_match1a = [[Hrithik Tiwari]] (Goa)
| man_of_the_match1aname = Player of the Match
| referee = Harish Kundu
| attendance = 9,400
| weather = Warm and humid {{convert|28|°C|°F|abbr=on}} 62% [[humidity]]
| previous = [[2025 AIFF Super Cup final|2025]]
| next = [[2026 AIFF Super Cup final|2026]]
}}
The '''2025–26 Super Cup final''' was the final match of the [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]], the sixth edition of the [[AIFF Super Cup|Indian Super Cup]]. It was played at [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]] in [[Margao]] on 7 December 2025 between [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] and [[FC Goa|Goa]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2025-09-13 |title=Goa to host Super Cup, AFC spot on offer for winner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/goa-to-host-super-cup-afc-spot-on-offer-for-winner/articleshow/123858353.cms |access-date=2025-09-13 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Goa to host Super Cup, 12 ISL teams confirm participation with schedule decided |url=https://khelnow.com/football/indian-football-super-cup-schedule-202509 |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Khel Now |language=en-us}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Giri |first=Rahul |date=2025-09-12 |title=AIFF Shortlists Goa as Centralised Venue for Super Cup |url=https://revsportz.in/aiff-shortlists-goa-as-centralised-venue-for-super-cup/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |website=Revsportz {{!}} Sports News Portal {{!}} Latest Sports Articles |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-super-cup-2025-26-to-begin-on-october-25 |title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26 to begin on October 25 |publisher=AIFF |date=25 September 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.indiansuperleague.com/news/aiff-super-cup-2025-26-draw-teams-find-out-group-stageopponents |title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26 draw: Teams find out group-stage opponents |publisher=Indian Super League |date=25 September 2025 }}</ref>

[[FC Goa]] defeated [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] on penalty-shootouts after the match ended in a 0–0 draw after extra time, FC Goa to win their third [[List of Indian football champions#National Cup winners|national cup]] title.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/aiff-super-cup-2025-26-fc-goa-three-time-champions |title=AIFF Super Cup 2025-26: FC Goa three-time champions |publisher=AIFF |date=7 December 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sportsdunia.com/football-ratings/east-bengal-player-ratings-vs-fc-goa-aiff-super-league-7th-december-2025 |title=Red and Gold Brigade Lose Title On Penalties as Goa Win AIFF Super Cup |publisher= Sports Dunia |date=7 December 2025 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sport/football/super-cup-final-goa-shoots-out-east-bengal-defends-title/article70369887.ece/ |title=Goa shoots out East Bengal, defends title |publisher= The Hindu |date=7 December 2025 }}</ref> As the winners, Goa have qualified for the [[2026–27 AFC Champions League Two]] preliminary stage.

==Road to the final==
{{further|2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage}}
''Note: In all results below, the score of the finalist is given first.''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan="2"|East Bengal<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/east-bengal-power-past-punjab-fc-in-aiff-super-cup-semi-final |title=East Bengal power past Punjab FC in AIFF Super Cup semi-final |publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] |date=4 December 2025 }}</ref>
!Round
!colspan="2"|Goa<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.the-aiff.com/article/fc-goa-edge-mumbai-city-in-semi-final-to-set-up-aiff-super-cup-title-defence |title=FC Goa edge Mumbai City in semi-final to set up AIFF Super Cup title defence |publisher=[[All India Football Federation|AIFF]] |date=4 December 2025 }}</ref>
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage|Group stage]]
|Opponent
|colspan="1"|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Dempo SC|Dempo]]
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group A|2–2]]
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 1
|style="text-align:left"|[[Jamshedpur FC|Jamshedpur]]
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group B|2–0]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Chennaiyin FC|Chennaiyin]]
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group A|4–0]]
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 2
|style="text-align:left"|[[Inter Kashi FC|Inter Kashi]]
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group B|3–0]]
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mohun Bagan Super Giant|Mohun Bagan]]
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group A|0–0]]
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Matchday 3
|style="text-align:left"|[[NorthEast United FC|NorthEast United]]
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group stage#Group B|1–2]]
|-
|colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top"|'''[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Group A|Group A]] Winners'''{{center|{{trim|{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group A |only_pld_pts=yes|showteam=EAB|show_matches=no}}}}}}
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Final standings
|colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top"| '''[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Group B|Group B]] Winners'''{{center|{{trim|{{2025–26 AIFF Super Cup group tables|Group B |only_pld_pts=yes|showteam=GOA|show_matches=no}} }}}}
|- style="background:#C1E0FF"
|Opponent
|Result
|{{nowrap|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#knockout stage|Knockout stage]]}}
|Opponent
|Result
|-
|style="text-align:left"|[[Punjab FC|Punjab]]
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Semi-finals|3–1]]
|style="background:#C1E0FF"|Semi-finals
|style="text-align:left"|[[Mumbai City FC|Mumbai City]]
|[[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Semi-finals|2–1]]
|-
|}
;Bracket
{{#lst:2025–26 AIFF Super Cup|Bracket}}

==Match==
=== Details ===
<section begin=Final/>
{{#invoke:football box|main
| round = Final
| date = {{Start date|2025|12|7|df=y}}
| time = 19:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| team1 = [[East Bengal FC|East Bengal]]
| score = [[2025–26 AIFF Super Cup#Details|0–0]] 
| aet = Yes
|penaltyscore= 5–6
| team2 = [[FC Goa|Goa]]
| penalties1 =
*[[Kevin Sibille|Sibille]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Saúl Crespo|Saúl]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Miguel Figueira|Miguel]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Mohammed Rashid|Rashid]] {{penmiss}}
*[[Anwar Ali (footballer, born 2000)|A. Ali]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Hamid Ahadad|Ahadad]] {{pengoal}}
*[[Vishnu Puthiya Valappill|PV Vishnu]] {{penmiss}}
| penalties2 =
*{{penmiss}} [[Borja Herrera|Borja]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Javier Siverio|Siverio]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Dejan Dražić|Dejan]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Muhammed Nemil|Nemil]]
*{{pengoal}} [[David Timor|Timor]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Udanta Singh Kumam|Udanta]]
*{{pengoal}} [[Sahil Tavora|Tavora]]
| location = [[Fatorda]]
| stadium = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)|Fatorda Stadium]]
| attendance = 9,400
| referee = Harish Kundu Man of the Match: [[Hrithik Tiwari]] (Goa)
| report = [https://i-league.org/match-details/?mid=59672 I-League] [https://aiff-cms.s3.ap-south-1.amazonaws.com/cms/reports/59672_Match_Summary_V1_1765127946.pdf PDF Report]
}}<section end="Final" />
{| width=92% |
|-
|{{Football kit
| pattern_b = _EastBengal_25_26
| pattern_sh =
| pattern_so = _goldtop
| leftarm = FFDF00
| body = FFDF00
| rightarm = ff0000
| pattern_ra = _goldborder
| shorts = 000000
| socks = FF0000
| title = {{nowrap|East Bengal}}
}}
|{{Football kit
| pattern_la = _skyblueborder
| pattern_b =
| pattern_ra = _skyblueborder
| pattern_sh = _skysides
| pattern_so = _skybluetop
| leftarm = FEFEFA
| body = FEFEFA
| rightarm = FEFEFA
| shorts = FEFEFA
| socks = FEFEFA
| title = Goa
}}
|}
{| width=100% style="font-size: 90%"
|
'''Hero of the Match:''' [[Hrithik Tiwari]] (Goa)

'''[[Assistant referee (association football)|Assistant referees]]:'''
 {{nobr|Parasuraman Vairamuthu}}
 P. Muralitharan
 '''[[Assistant referee (association football)#Fourth official|Fourth official]]:'''
 Aditya Purkayastha
 '''{{nobr|[[Assistant referee (association football)#Match commissioner|Match commissioner]]}}:'''
 Palliri Sujesh Rajan
 '''Referee Assessor:'''
 Basker Purushothaman
|style="width:60%; vertical-align:top;"| 
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of [[Overtime (sports)#Association football|extra time]] if necessary.
*[[Penalty shoot-out (association football)|Penalty shoot-out]] if scores still level.
*Ten named substitutes
*Maximum of five substitutions, with a sixth allowed in extra time.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}
==External links==
* [http://www.supercup.in/ Super Cup Official Website]
{{AIFF Super Cup}}
{{2025–26 in Indian football}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:AIFF Super Cup final 2025-26}}
[[Category:2025–26 AIFF Super Cup]]
[[Category:AIFF Super Cup finals]]
[[Category:2025–26 in Indian football]]

Sara Grant

2025-12-10T02:57:52Z

MaxieMorales00: revised

{{Short description|British Indologist and Christian missionary}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Use British English|date=August 2015}}
'''Sara Grant''', RSCJ (19 December 1922 – 2002) was a British [[Indologist]], Christian missionary, and one of the pioneers of [[interreligious dialogue]] in the twentieth century.<ref name=mid/> She came to India in 1956, as a missionary and member of the [[Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus|Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus]], became actively engaged in [[interreligious dialogue]] in [[India]]. In time, she became a leading figure in the [[inculturation]] (imbibing local cultures) movement that was started in India by Roman Catholic priest Fr [[Richard De Smet]], SJ in the early 1970s, with whom she was closely associated. Her association with [[Swami Abhishiktananda]], further led to working on the [[Advaita Vedanta]] ([[Nonduality (spirituality)|Nondualism]]) teachings of Hindu philosopher [[Adi Sankara]], as revealed in her spiritual autobiography, ''Towards an Alternative Theology: Confessions of a Non-dualist Christian'' (1991).<ref>{{cite news |title=Vatican Cardinal's thumbs-up for Indianisation of Catholic church Published: Saturday |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report_vatican-cardinals-thumbs-up-for-indianisation-of-catholic-church_1500454 |publisher=[[DNA (newspaper)|DNA]] |date=29 January 2011 }}</ref>

She taught philosophy in Mumbai and Pune for several years, and spent many years as co-[[acharya]] of the [[Christian Ashram Movement|Christa Prema Seva Ashram]] in [[Pune]], which combines the Hindu [[ashram]] and [[sannyasa]] model and [[Christian monasticism]].<ref name=app/>

==Early life and education==
Sara Grant was born to [[Scottish people|Scottish]] parents in [[Shrewsbury, England]], in 1922, and received her early education at the Convent of the Sacred Heart, [[Brighton]].

Having converted to [[Roman Catholicism]] after finishing school at the age of 19, she joined the Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus order and entered the [[novitiate]]. She moved to countryside during the [[Second World War]], and later to [[Oxford University]], where she studied classics and philosophy and where one of her mentors was noted British author and philosopher, [[Iris Murdoch]], herself then in the throes of a [[religious conversion]].<ref name=mid>[http://monasticdialog.com/a.php?id=247 In Memoriam: Sr. Sara Grant, RSCJ (1922-2002)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219033149/http://monasticdialog.com/a.php?id=247 |date=19 December 2010 }} Monastic Interreligious Dialogue (MID).</ref>

==Career==
[[Nun#Distinction between a nun and a religious sister|Sr]] Sara Grant came as a missionary to India in 1956, to head the newly formed Department of Philosophy at [[Sophia College]] (University of Mumbai), Mumbai run by Society of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, here she taught for many years. Under the influence and guidance of Fr [[Richard De Smet]], SJ, she studied [[Sanskrit]] and did a doctorate in the [[University of Bombay]] on the concept of relation in [[Adi Sankaracarya]], (ca. 700 C.E.), the authoritative Hindu exponent of the doctrine of non-duality ([[Advaita]]). Here she also became close friends with [[Swami Abhishiktananda]], a French Benedictine monk, whose biography she later published in 1998, as ''Swami Abhishiktananda: The man and his message''.<ref name=app/> In the coming years, she drew upon philosophy of [[Thomas Aquinas]], to embarked upon a path of reconciling Indian and Christian philosophy.<ref>{{cite web |title=Review: ''The Winter Sun: Notes on a Vocation'' by Fanny Howe |url=http://hcl.harvard.edu/harvardreview/OnlineJournal/HRO_2/reviews/HoweDavis.html |publisher=[[Harvard Review]], Issue 2 }}</ref> Her work with Sankara, and focus on the understanding of [[Advaita Vedanta]], culminated in the drawing parallels with Christian doctrines.<ref>{{cite book |title=Christian inculturation in India|author=Paul M. Collins|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |year=2007|isbn=978-0-7546-6076-7 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XdmxDDMsRSIC&dq=sara+grant+india&pg=PA86 }}</ref>

She became a member of the [[ecumenical]] religious community (Anglican and Catholic) of the innovative [[Christian Ashram Movement|Christa Prema Seva Ashram]] (CPS), [[Shivajinagar, Pune|Shivajinagar]], [[Pune]] - India. During these years, she also taught [[Indian philosophy]] at [[Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth]], Pune, the Catholic [[Pontifical]] Institute of Philosophy and Theology.

She was invited on occasion to lecture on Sankaracarya at [[Sivananda Ashram]], Rishikesh, where she reports that her interpretation of Sankara was well received.

Sara Grant was one of the most active Catholics in the area of interreligious dialogue in the second half of the twentieth century. She liked to describe herself as a '[[Nonduality (spirituality)|Non-Dualist]] Christian' (see the bibliography below).

Her spiritual autobiography, ''Towards an Alternative Theology: Confessions of a Non-Dualist Christian'' was published in 1991. It was originally the Teape Lectures delivered at the [[University of Cambridge]] in 1989. In 1993 she received the first "Ba-Bapu Puraskar" Prize by [[Gandhian]]s in Pune, followed by "eminent Ecumenical Educator Award", by the All-India Association for Christian Higher Education.<ref name=app>[http://digitalcommons.butler.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1233&context=jhcs&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.in%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dsara%2520grant%2520india%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D10%26sqi%3D2%26ved%3D0CFsQFjAJ%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fdigitalcommons.butler.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1233%2526context%253Djhcs%26ei%3DrhhHT4DmHIusrAegssW4Dw%26usg%3DAFQjCNHNtFqksscO1e_iBirnermAEsvtvA%26cad%3Drja#search=%22sara%20grant%20india%22Sara Grant, RSCJ - An Appreciation by BradleyJ: Malkovsky] Hindu-Christian Studies Bulletin 13, page 41.</ref>

== References ==
<references/>

== Sources ==
Source:{{cite web | title=Sara Grant, RSCJ (1922-2002) | website=Indian Christian Writings | date=2009-08-19 | url=http://indianchristianwritings.blogspot.com/2009/08/sara-grant-rscj-1922-2002.html | access-date=2025-08-27}}
===Primary source===
* "The 'Viveka' within the Heart." ''Theological Education in India Today'', ed. [[Felix Wilfred]]. Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 1985. 103–109.
* ''The Lord of the Dance and Other Papers''. Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 1987.
* ''Descent to the Source: Texts for Meditation from the Hindu and Christian Scriptures''. Bangalore: Asian Trading Corporation, 1987.
* "Growth in Community: A Theological Perspective." The Way Supplement 62 (Summer 1988) 33–51. [Check]
* "Shared Prayer and Sharing of Scriptures." ''Sharing Worship: Communicatio in Sacris'', ed. Paul Puthanangady. Bangalore: NBCLC, 1988. 459–481.
* {{Cite book
| title=Towards an Alternative Theology: Confessions of a Non-dualist Christian (The Teape Lectures)
| year=1991
|publisher= Asian Trading Corporation, [[Bengaluru]]
| isbn=978-81-7086-154-6
| url =https://books.google.com/books?id=v3ccAAAAIAAJ&q=yesu+das+tiwari
}}
* ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=wMq6vpkmm2EC&q=inauthor%3A%22Sara+Grant%22 Saṅkarācārya's Concept of Relation]'',. Motilal Banarsidass Publ., 1999. {{ISBN|81-208-1597-1}}.
* ''Swami Abhishiktananda: The man and his message'', by Sara Grant, 1998, ISPCK, {{ISBN|81-7214-120-3}}.

===Secondary literature===
* Bertha Wilcox, RSCJ, and Josef Neuner, SJ. "In Memoriam: Sr. Sara Grant, RSCJ (1922-2002)." ''Vidyajyoti'' 64 (2000) 456–459.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060106163833/http://monasticdialog.com/a.php?id=479 A Way into Meditation, by Sr. Sara Grant, RSCJ] Monastic Interreligious Dialogue (MID), ''Bulletin 53'', May 1995.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101219033149/http://monasticdialog.com/a.php?id=247 In Memoriam: Sr. Sara Grant, RSCJ (1922-2002)] at the [[The Abbey of Our Lady of Gethsemani#Monastic interreligious dialogue|Monastic Interreligious Dialogue (MID)]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Grant, Sara}}
[[Category:British Indologists]]
[[Category:1922 births]]
[[Category:2002 deaths]]
[[Category:Writers from Shrewsbury]]
[[Category:Roman Catholic missionaries in India]]
[[Category:British Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:Female Roman Catholic missionaries]]
[[Category:Converts to Roman Catholicism]]
[[Category:British emigrants to India]]
[[Category:Christian and Hindu interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:University of Mumbai alumni]]
[[Category:British theologians]]
[[Category:Alumni of the University of Oxford]]
[[Category:Academic staff of the University of Mumbai]]
[[Category:20th-century British Roman Catholic nuns]]
[[Category:Advaitin philosophers]]
[[Category:British philosophy academics]]
[[Category:People in interfaith dialogue]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian Roman Catholic nuns]]
[[Category:British missionaries in India]]

Sampige line

2025-12-07T15:26:49Z

MaxieMorales00:

{{short description|Planned suburban rail line in Bengaluru, India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox rail line
| name = Sampige line
| native_name = Saṁpige mārga
| color = {{rail color|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Sampige}}
| logo = [[File:Kride logo.png|100px]]
| logo_width =
| image =
| image_width = 300px
| caption =
| type = [[Commuter rail]]
| status = Approved
| locale =
| start = [[Bengaluru City railway station|KSR Railway Station]]
| end = [[Devanahalli]] / [[Kempegowda International Airport|Kempegowda International]] (1A)
| stations = 19
| routes = 2
| daily_ridership =
| open =
| planopen = {{start date and age|June 2029|df=y}}<ref name="c1c3_deadline">{{Cite web |last=Lalitha |first=S. |date=2024-12-05 |title=Partial opening only of two suburban rail corridors by early 2027 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/2024/Dec/05/bengaluru-suburban-rail-slated-for-2027-launch |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=The New Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
| close =
| owner = Rail Infrastructure Development Company (Karnataka) Limited [https://kride.in/about/ K-RIDE]
| operator = Rail Infrastructure Development Company (Karnataka) Limited [https://kride.in/about/ K-RIDE]
| character = Elevated and at-grade
| depot = Akkupete, [[Devanahalli]]
| stock =
| linelength = {{cvt|45.52|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| tracklength =
| tracks = [[Double-track railway|Double-track]]
| gauge = {{Track gauge|5ft6in|lk=on}} [[Broad-gauge railway|broad gauge]]
| minradius =
| electrification = {{25 kV 50 Hz}} [[Overhead line|overhead catenary]]
| speed =
| map = {{Sampige Line, Bengaluru Suburban}}
| map_name = Sampige Line map
| map_state = collapsed
}}

The '''Sampige line''' is a planned [[Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Bengaluru Suburban]] rail line running from [[Bengaluru City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]] to [[Devanahalli]] and the [[Kempegowda International Airport]]. The {{cvt|45|km}} long [[Broad-gauge railway|broad-gauge]] line was approved in 2019 and in 2024 was in the tendering process. The line which is also referred as 'corridor-1' is planned to be constructed in two phases C1A and C1B respectively.

The C1A section runs from KSR Bengaluru to Yelahanka Junction railway station. While the C1B section starts from Yelahanka Junction and ends in Devanhalli town in the north. C1B also includes a {{cvt|5.5|km}} branch line towards the Airport. The line is named after the regional flower ''Sampige'' (''[[Magnolia champaca]]'') in [[Kannada]].

== History ==
While the earliest proposals lacked a suburban railway line linking Bengaluru to Devanahalli, it was only after the inaguration of a new international airport near the northern town of Devanahalli that a line was considered within the proposal. The 'Call To Action' report in 2010, had the proposal of the line [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshawanthapura Junction]] to [[Chikkaballapura]] via Yelahanka Junction and Devanahalli.<ref name="cta_2010">{{Cite web |title=Bengaluru Commuter Rail - Call To Action - Reprint 2 {{!}} PDF {{!}} Rail Transport {{!}} Sustainable Transport |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/35799171/Bengaluru-Commuter-Rail-Call-to-Action-Reprint-2 |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=Scribd |language=en}}</ref> In the next proposal by RITES in 2012, consisted a line from Yelahanka Junction to Doddaballapura while passing {{cvt|6|km}} from the Airport. A branch line connecting the same was first mooted under this proposal <ref name="rites_2012">{{cite web|author=Suchith Kidiyoor|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report_440-km-commuter-rail-network-planned-in-karnataka_1762943 |title=440-km commuter rail network planned in Karnataka |publisher=Dnaindia.com |date=10 November 2012 |access-date=30 July 2013}}</ref> Later in 2019. RITES submitted a revised project report that included the latest plans for the Devanhalli and Airport line.<ref>{{Cite web |title=railnews.in |url=http://www.railnews.in/rites-submits-revised-dpr-of-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project/ |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=www.railnews.in}}</ref>

On 7 October 2020, government of India approved the four corridors of Bengaluru suburban rail project including the KSR Bengaluru – Devanahalli line and its Airport branch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Centre approves Bengaluru suburban rail project |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/karnataka/bengaluru/centre-approves-bengaluru-suburban-rail-project-898773.html |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The line was then named after the regional flower's Kannada name ''Sampige''.<ref>{{Cite web|date=6 March 2021|first1=Christin Mathew|last1=Philip|title=Bengaluru suburban rail corridors likely to be named after flowers|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bengaluru/bengaluru-suburban-corridors-likely-to-be-named-after-flowers/articleshow/81368480.cms|access-date=10 July 2021|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> While the construction works commenced on ''Mallige'' (line 2) and ''Kanaka'' (line 4), ''Sampige'' line had been pushed below the priority list according to the Karnataka's minister of Railway, V Somanna. As per the minister, Sampige and Parijaata lines presented their own challenges involving technical and administrative work in which, the government's special purpose body K-RIDE lacked.<ref name="2&4_priority">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-28 |title=Bengaluru Suburban Railway Project: ‘Corridors 2 and 4 are priority now,’ says minister V Somanna amid talks on axing Corridor 3 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/bangalore/bengaluru-suburban-railway-project-9692659/ |access-date=2025-01-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> In 2024, a revised alignment plan was submitted to South Western Railway and the approval was awaited. The line was divided into two packages: Package 1A (KSR Bengaluru to Yelahanka, {{cvt|17.63|km}}) and Package 1B (Yelahanka to Devanahalli, {{cvt|23|km}}.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vivan |first=Sridhar |title=Suburban rail project: All things considered |url=https://bangaloremirror.indiatimes.com/bangalore/civic/suburban-rail-project-all-things-considered/articleshow/113204016.cms |access-date=2025-01-16 |website=Bangalore Mirror |language=en}}</ref>

=== Construction ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! colspan="6" style="background:#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Sampige}};" | '''History'''
|-
! Section
! Opening
! colspan="2" | Terminals
! Length
! Stations
|-
| C1A
| ''June 2029''
| KSR Bengaluru
| Yelahanka
| {{cvt|17.3|km}}
| 10
|-
| C1B
| ''June 2029''
| Yelahanka
| Devanahalli
| {{cvt|23|km}}
| 7
|-
| C1B Branch
| ''June 2029''
| Airport Trumpet
| [[Kempegowda International Airport|Kempegowda International]]
| {{cvt|5.5|km}}
| 2
|}

== Stations ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Sampige}};" | '''Sampige Line'''
|-
! rowspan="2" | #
! colspan="2" | Station Name
! rowspan="2" | Opening
! rowspan="2" | Connections / Transits / Terminals
! rowspan="2" | Station Layout
! rowspan="2" | Platform Level Type
|-
! [[English language|English]]||[[Kannada]]
|-
| 1
| [[Bengaluru City railway station|KSR Bengaluru]]
| [[Bengaluru City railway station|ಕ್ರಾ.ಸಂ.ರಾ. ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು]]
| rowspan="17" | June 2029<ref name="c1c3_deadline"/>

| {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Purple|croute}} {{RouteBox|Parijaata|Parijaata line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Parijaata}}}} (''Approved'')
| rowspan="17"| TBD
| rowspan="17"| Side
|-
| 2
| [[Srirampura metro station|Srirampura]]
| [[Srirampura metro station|ಶ್ರೀರಾಂಪುರ]]
| {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}}
|-
| 3
| [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru|Malleshwaram]]
| [[Malleshwaram, Bengaluru|ಮಲ್ಲೇಶ್ವರಂ]]
|
|-
| 4
| [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|Yeshavanthapura]]
| [[Yesvantpur Junction railway station|ಯಶವಂತಪುರ]]
|
|-
| 5
| [[Muthyalanagar|Muthyalanagara]]
| [[Muthyalanagar|ಮುತ್ಯಾಲನಗರ]]
| {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Green|croute}} {{RouteBox|Mallige|Mallige line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Mallige}}|black}} (''Under-construction'')
|-
| 6
| Lottegollahalli
| ಲೊಟ್ಟೆಗೊಲ್ಲಹಳ್ಳಿ
|
|-
| 7
| [[Kodigehalli]]
| [[Kodigehalli|ಕೊಡಿಗೇಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
|
|-
| 8
| Judicial layout
| ನ್ಯಾಯಾಂಗ ವಿನ್ಯಾಸ
|
|-
| 9
| ''New station''
| ''ಹೊಸ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ''
|
|-
| 10
| [[Yelahanka]]
| [[Yelahanka|ಯಲಹಂಕ]]
| {{RouteBox|Kanaka|Kanaka line|#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Kanaka}}}} (''Under-construction'')
|-
| 11
| NITTE Meenakshi
| ನಿಟ್ಟೆ ಮೀನಾಕ್ಷಿ
|
|-
| 12
| [[Bettahalasur|Bettahalasuru]]
| [[Bettahalasur|ಬೆಟ್ಟಹಲಸೂರು]]
|
|-
| 13
| Doddajaala
| ದೊಡ್ಡಜಾಲ
|
|-
| 14
| Airport Trumpet
| ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ ಕಹಳೆ
|
|-
| 15
| Airport halt
| ವಿಮಾನ ಹಾಲ್ಟ್
|
|-
| 16
| ''New station''
| ''ಹೊಸ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ''
|
|-
| 17
| [[Devanahalli]]
| [[Devanahalli|ದೇವನಹಳ್ಳಿ]]
|
|-
! colspan="7" style="background:#{{rcr|Bengaluru Suburban Railway|Sampige}};" | '''Sampige Line 1A'''
|-
| 18
| Airport City
| ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ ನಗರ
| rowspan="2" | 2028
| {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
| rowspan="2" | TBD
| rowspan="2" | Side
|-
| 19
| [[Kempegowda International Airport]]
| [[Kempegowda International Airport|ಕೆಂಪೇಗೌಡ ಅಂತರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ]]
| {{rint|bengaluru|metro}} {{rcb|Namma Metro|Blue|croute}}
|}

==See also==
* [[Urban rail transit in India]]
** [[Namma Metro]]
** [[Mallige line]]
** [[Parijaata line]]
** [[Kanaka line]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://kride.in/sub-urban-rail-project/ KRide]

[[Category:Proposed railway lines in India]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Bengaluru]]