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Story of Python

2026-05-08T17:16:02Z

MavisLandale6:

{{Short description|Tripuri folktale}}
'''''Story of [[Python (genus)|Python]]''''', originally titled ''Meislesani Kereng Koktwoma'' and sourced from the [[Koloi|Kalai people]], is an [[India]]n [[Folklore of India|folktale]] collected in [[Tripura]], [[Northeastern India]], about the secret affair between a girl and a [[Pythonidae|python]], his killing by her father, and the creation of a river by the girl's drowning in water. As the tale continues, the girl's younger sister survives and marries a king, gives birth to a group of siblings, but is tricked by the king's wicked co-wives.

The second part of the tale is classified in the [[Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index]] as tale type ATU 707, "[[The Three Golden Children (folklore)|The Three Golden Children]]". These tales refer to stories where a girl promises a king she will bear a child or children with wonderful attributes, but her jealous relatives or the king's wives plot against the babies and their mother.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Espinosa |first1=Aurelio M. |title=Comparative Notes on New-Mexican and Mexican Spanish Folk-Tales |journal=The Journal of American Folklore |date=April 1914 |volume=27 |issue=104 |pages=211–231 |doi=10.2307/534598 |jstor=534598 }}</ref> Many variants of the tale type are registered in India, although they comprise specific cycles in this country.

== Summary ==
In this tale, a man named Sardeng Singh, also called Sardeng Achai, has two daughters. They live in a tong and work in their ''jhum'' fields. Since he cannot pay the ''rit'', the rain drips through their roof during rainy season. One day, his elder daughter promises to marry anyone who can fix their tong house. The next morning, they find the roof repaired, and discover the one that did it was a python. The elder sister fulfills the vow and marries the python, and asks her younger sister to invite the snake for a feast. This goes on for some time, until one day the elder sister, the python's human lover, is working at another jhum field, and Sardeng learns from his youngest his elder's dalliance with the animal, and goes to the jhum field to kill it. He orders his youngest to call for her brother-in-law (''kumui''): the python appears to them and he cuts off its head. The head rolls over to a ''lunga'' (a type of valley), while Sardeng takes the body to his house for his daughter to cook it. After they feast on the snake, they save some for the elder daughter, who comes home with a strange feeling of grief.

The pair of sisters returns to the jhum field and the younger calls on the python, but it does not answer. The elder sister begins to call for him with a melancholy voice, and tries frantically to search for her lover. She finds a stream filled with many khumpui flowers, where her father threw the python's head. The elder sister plucks a flower and places it in her ear, then begins to sing a song and gradually sinks into the river, believing that her husband is in the water. The younger sister cries for her elder abandoning her, but the girl says the cadette can find a six-branched [[banyan tree]] on the road where she can find shelter, which she is to climb and say she is beautiful and fit to be queen, then a king will marry her. The cadette does as instructed, while the elder sinks into the river and finds a palace there with her husband. Back to the cadette, she climbs the tree and is found by a passing ''bindias'' (royal hill force). The king takes the youngest sister and marries her.

Months later, she becomes pregnant, to the jealousy of the king's other queens. While the king is away on a hunt, the co-queens blindfold her with seven folds and arrange her labour near a stream. Helpless to do anything, the new queen gives birth to six sons and a daughter, who the co-queens replace for woods and stones and throw in the river. After the king returns, the co-queens trick him into believing his new queen is a witch, orders for her nose and ear to be cut off and banishes her from the palace to take care of goats in the jungle. As for the children, their aunt, who is living with her husband down in the river, rescues her nephews and niece and raises them. Years later, the girls from a nearby village come to fetch water from the stream, when they discover their earthen pots are broken. They inform the king, who sets up a boat racing contest in the stream. The river-aunt tells her nephews of the event and the siblings attend the contest. The king is there also, notices the children and goes to touch them. The children rebuff him, and say they are princes and a princess. The king takes the septet to the palace and bids them identify their mother. The children say their mother is the one grazing the goats. The king brings her back, and the children tell their whole story. The king learns of the co-queens' conspiracy and punishes them, then restores the children's mother as his wife. The king divides the kingdom into seven parts, each for one of his children. The tale explains this land is ancient Tripura, the [[Gumti River (Tripura)|Gumati river]] the place where the elder sister lives with her python husband, and the Dombur a sacred shrine.<ref>{{cite book |title=Lokabritter Aloke Koloi Sampraday |trans-title=The Koloi - in the Light of People's History |first=Prodip Nath |last=Bhattacharjee |publisher=Directorate of Research, Department of Welfare for Sch. Tribes & Sch. Castes, Government of Tripura |date=1983 |pages=66–70 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P2tDAAAAYAAJ&q=python}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Fables and Folk-tales of Tripura |first=G. K. |last=Ghosh |publisher=Firma KLM |date=1998 |pages=4–7 |isbn=9788171020881}}</ref>

== Publication ==
The tale was also translated as ''Sacred River'',<ref>{{cite book |title=The world of Indian stories: a teaching resource of folktales from every state |last=Spagnoli |first=Cathy |date=2010 |location=Chennai |publisher=Tulika Publishers |pages=91–92}}</ref> and ''Seven kingdoms for seven siblings'', and sourced from the [[Koloi]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Where We Come From, Where We Go: Tales from the Seven Sisters |date=2015 |location=New Delhi |publisher=Westland |pages=215-223 (text for tale nr. 28) |isbn=978-9384030926 |first=Uddipana |last=Goswami}}</ref>

== Analysis ==
=== Tale type ===
According to [[Stith Thompson]]'s and Jonas Balys's index of Indian tales, the tale type ATU 707 shows 44 variants across Indian sources.<ref>Crowley, Daniel J. "Haring's Herring: Theoretical Implications of the "Malagasy Tale Index"." In: ''Journal of Folklore Research'' 23, no. 1 (1986): 46, 48. Accessed November 19, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3814480.</ref> Researcher Noriko Mayeda and Indologist [[W. Norman Brown]] divided Indian variants of type 707 in five groups: (1) quest for wonderful items; (2) reincarnation into flowers; (3) use of wooden horses; (4) children sing a song; (5) miscellaneous.<ref>Mayeda, Noriko; Brown, W. Norman. ''Tawi Tales; Folk Tales From Jammu''. American Oriental Society New Haven, Connecticut, 1974. pp. 543-544.</ref>

In the joint work of folklorists Stith Thompson and Warren Roberts, ''Types of Indic Oral Tales'', in some variants of type 707, there are two girls lost in the jungle: a king finds one and marries her, and the other becomes the children's rescuer later in the story.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=95}}</ref>

=== Interpretation ===
The story functions as an etiological tale for the origin of the Tripura state.<ref>{{cite book |title=The world of Indian stories: a teaching resource of folktales from every state |last=Spagnoli |first=Cathy |date=2010 |location=Chennai |publisher=Tulika Publishers |page=115}}</ref> According to Bengali scholarship, it is a popular tale in Tripura. It also reveals aspects of Tripura social life, namely, the cultivation of [[jhum]] as their main livelihood, and the work of both men and women in the fields.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tripurar Raj Amaler Bangla Sahitya |first=Ranjit Chandra |last=Bhattacharya |location=West Jaynagar, Agartala, Tripura |publisher=মহিলা কলেজ |date=2003 |pages=326–327 |lang=Bengali}}</ref>

=== Motifs ===
According to [[Stith Thompson]] and {{ill|Jonas Balys|lt|Jonas Balys}} study of motifs of Indian literature and oral folklore, the tale contains the [[Motif (folkloristics)|motifs]] [[Motif-Index of Folk-Literature|N 711.1.]], Prince finds maiden in woods and marries her;<ref>{{cite book |title=The Tribal Societies of India: A Macro Perception |first=Braja Bihārī |last=Kumāra |publisher=Omsons Publications |date=1998 |page=121 |isbn=9788171171651}}</ref> and S 451., "Outcast wife united with husband and children".<ref>{{cite book |title=The Tribal Societies of India: A Macro Perception |first=Braja Bihārī |last=Kumāra |publisher=Omsons Publications |date=1998 |page=120 |isbn=9788171171651}}</ref><ref>Thompson, S., Balys, J. (1958). ''The oral tales of India''. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 422.</ref>

A motif that appears in the Indian variants is that, in the conclusion of the tale, jets of breastmilk flow from the children's biological mother, the disgraced queen, confirming their blood relation.<ref>{{cite book |last=Porée-Maspero |first=Eveline |chapter=Appendice II. Le Thème D'ultimogéniture |title=Étude sur les rites agraires des Cambodgiens |pages=857–858 (type nr. 707) and 858n1 |location=Berlin, Boston |publisher=De Gruyter Mouton |date=2019 |orig-date=1st pub. 1962 |language=FR |doi=10.1515/9783111535142-017|isbn=978-3-11-153514-2 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Stith |last2=Roberts |first2=Warren Everett |title=Types of Indic Oral Tales: India, Pakistan, And Ceylon |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia |date=1960 |page=96}}</ref><ref>Schmidt, Sigrid. "Internationale Märchen in Namibia. Bewahren und anpassen". In: ''[[Fabula (journal)|Fabula]]'' 62, no. 3-4 (2021): 294-295. https://doi.org/10.1515/fabula-2021-0015</ref>

== Variants ==
=== ''Khumpai Bāruru'' ===
In a tale from [[Tripura]] with the title ''The Khumpai flower'' (''Khumpai Bāruru''), in a village in Tripura, an ''Acai'', a priest (or ''Achāiung'', in another translation), has two daughters. Both daughters go to the ''jum'' field and eat food at noon. One day, the sky becomes overcast with storm clouds. Fearing for their lives, the elder sister promises to marry whoever helps them. A snake appears and builds them a shelter, then vanishes into the jungle. The two sisters take shelter and wait for the storm to pass, then return home. The next day, the elder sister chooses to remain true to her word, and her younger sister invites the snake to share their food. This goes on for some time, until their parents notice the girls looking slimmer and discover the incident. The father goes with the younger sister and kills the snake. The next time both sisters go to meet the snake, the elder finds out that the snake was killed and follows its usual path to a precipice. She finds the head of the dead snake and a ''Khumpai'' flower nearby. As she stands near the flower, a gush of water begins to flood a waterfall and drowns the elder sister - forming the Gomati river. As the elder sister drowns, she tells her younger sister not to cry over her, since the snake was a god; and she advises her to wander to a crossing of seven paths, climb a banyan tree with a loom on top, and proclaims she will become queen. The younger sister goes to the seven paths, finds a golden loom inside and earns her living by spinning, weaving and selling her exquisite designs. One day, Raja Subrai of Tripura announces he will marry the girl whose clothe will be judged excellent. Many candidates try, but in the end the king chooses the "lady of the tree" (the younger sister) as his new queen. The girl cries tears of joy and creates the Haora river. Raja Subrai is already married to other queens. When the newest queen gives birth to their children (in seven consecutive pregnancies), the co-queens replace the children for animals (the first son for a toad) and cast them in the Gomati river. Raja Subrai, tricked by the jealous queens, exiles her from the palace. As for the children, the seven brothers are rescued by their aunt and raised in the river. After some time, the seven brothers decide to take revenge on the queens: they go to a ''ghàt'' and break the jars of the queens' maidservants. As soon as he situation escalates, the king and a crowd assemble to solve the altercation. The exiled queen is brought to them and the seven brothers leave the river castle to embrace their parents, and the co-queens are executed.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tripura, the Land and Its People |first=Jagadis |last=Gan-Chaudhuri |publisher=Leeladevi |date=1980 |pages=176–178 |chapter=Marriage between a girl and a snake |isbn=9788121004480}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=A Corpus of Tripura |first=Jagadis |last=Gan-Chaudhuri |publisher=Inter-India Publications |date=1990 |pages=119–122 |isbn=9788121002639 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SYuAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Khumpai%22}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Gan-Chaudhuri |first=Dr. Jagadis |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/75181?viewItem=search&cat_handle=123456789/73706 |title=Folk-Tales of Tripura |location=Agartala, Tripura West |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute |date=2015 |pages=111–116}}</ref>

=== ''Chibuksane (The Snake)'' ===
In another tale sourced from the Rupinis of Tripura with the title ''Chibuksane (The Snake)'', an ''ojha'' (witch-doctor) has many houses and two daughters that work in the ''jhum'' fields. On one hot day, the elder sister wants to have a protection from the sun (a ''tong ghar'') and will marry anyone that can make it, even a snake. While the younger sister goes to make water and returns, she sees a snake next to her sister and despairs, but the elder sister explains the animal is her ''kumoi'' (brother-in-law) who made her the tong ghar. The younger sister goes back home and tells her father about the marriage with the snake. The ojha goes to meet the snake son-in-law, kills it with a dao and throws the remains in a ''cherra'' (streamlet). The elder sister goes to look for her snake husband, when a little bird sings that Kumoi is dead. She follows the bird to the streamlet and finds a bed of ''khumpoi'' flowers nearby, whose root she pulls up and discovers the snake's remains. In her grief, she wishes for the streamlet to become a lake and the flowers spread as a tribute to the snake. It happens thus, and the elder sister drowns. Back to the younger sister, the girl discovers her elder dies and mourns for her loss, when the elder sister's voice tells her to climb up a tree with seven branches where seven roads meet; up there she will find a ''Charkha'' (spinning wheel), which she is to use for she will marry the king, she predicts. The younger sister follows her elder's instructions, climbs up the tree and spins on the wheel, while singing that she wants to marry the king and bear him seven boys. The king learns of this and takes the ojha's younger daughter as his wife. In time, she becomes pregnant with seven boys, and, while the king is away, she cannot find a place to give birth to her children. Eventually, she goes to the edge of the lake and gives birth to her seven children. The boys fall in the water and are saved by their aunt, who is living in the lake with her husband. The girl returns to the palace and places stones in her children's place to trick the king, but he discovers he ruse and punishes his wife. Back to the children, they are alive and grow up in the lake. One day, they sail boats to their father's ghat to sing verses about their mother, then dive back into the lake. The king is told about the event and goes to confront the seven boys, asking them about their mother. The boys reply they will tell him after the king brings them their mother. Every woman is brought to the lake, but none is their mother. Finally, their mother appears and drops seven drops of her breastmilk on the water. On this, the boys come out of the water.<ref>{{cite book |last=Saigal|first=Omesh|title=Tripura|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGlHnr4j9IMC&pg=PA145|year=1978|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|location=Delhi|pages=145–148}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |title=An Introduction to the History of the Manikyas of Tripura |first=Jai Prakash |last=Singh |publisher=North Eastern Hill University Publications |date=1999 |pages=78-79}}</ref>

=== ''Khumphoibarukma'' ===
In a Tripuri tale sourced to the [[Reang|Riang people]] with the title ''Khumphoibarukma'' or ''Khumphoibarukma Riang Krinkoutma Payha'', two sisters work in their ''jhum'' fields, the elder marries a snake after the animal brings them a bit of fire to warm them. The girls' father discovers the illicit affair and kills the snake while the elder daughter is away from the jhum fields. Some time later, the elder girl goes to meet her snale husband on their designated spot, and, noticing his tardiness, asks her younger sister if she brought him his meal. The younger sister knows the snake is dead, however. Suddenly, a dog barks and points to a bed of blood coloured ''khumphoi'' flowers near to some water that is flowing from underground. The elder sister calls for her husband in tears, as the water flow increases to the point it washes her away with the strong stream. The younger sister watches the whole scene from afar and cries for her vanishes elder sister. After a long while, some of the king's troops on a ferry boat spot her near the river and take her with them to be their king's newest wife, since the king wanted a son and none of his six co-queens had any luck. The king marries the girl as his seventh co-wife and dotes on her, to the jealousy of the other six. In time, she becomes pregnant, and the king leaves the palace to buy a ''Rangjak Oiyen'' ('cradle made of gold') for his first child, despite the pregnant queen's fears about the others. After the king leaves, the queens give their newest member a ''yastyam'' (a magic ring) that can summon the king from wherever he is. To test the ring's powers, she throws it on the ground and the king appears. She does it again twice more, and the king says he will not appear any longer. Some time later, when the king is buying the cradle, the pregnant queen begins to feel labour pains and tries to summon the king to her side, to no avail. Plotting to get rid of their rival, since she would be the king's favourite, the co-queens trick her, put a blindfold in her eyes and order the maidservants to beat drums to silence the baby's cries, pretending this is customary in their kingdom. The queen gives birth to six boys and a girl, whom the co-queens slay and replace for bamboo shoots, then mock her for the delivery. The king comes back with the golden cradle, learns of the "birth" of the bamboo shoots and orders his queen to be banished, after having her ears, nose, hair and breasts cut off. The babies' remains are thrown in the Gomati river, while the disgraced queen, renamed ''Takhambeingyamo'' ('a woman that looks after the ducks') moves out to a hut in the forest to look after the ducks. As for the babies, their remains are retrieved by their aunt, Khumphoibarukma, who raises them in the river and feeds them with milk. Seven months later, the king's sentries, on a hunt in the forest, begin to listen to some voices coming from a tree, and find six boys up a tree and a girl singing about making turbans to her brothers. The sentries return to the palace to inform their king, and the monarch sends other group to confirm the story. The third time, the king himself decides to see the children by himself, and he goes to the jungle, but the children hide from him. The king, not finding the children, decides to wait under the tree in some sort of ascetic mood (not eating, no talking, and remaining still), causing the children to feel sorry for their father. A boy appears and tells the king to bring them their mother. The king agrees to do it, but cannot know who is the mysterious children's mother, thus he brings the six co-queens, whom the children deny, then summons for every woman in the land, who all have the same luck. Finally, the king orders his noseless, hairless former queen to be brought there. It is done so, and the children recognize their mother, but reproach the forceful way she has been brought. The king orders his soldiers to treat her gently, and the children, hiding in the tree, rejoice that their mother is with them. A golden ladder appears before the tree and the queen climbs it to be with her children, her body restored to full health. The king then asks how he can regain his family, and the children request him to kill the six co-queens, explaining they were the ones responsible for their misfortune. The children's request is carried out, the king takes a bath in the river, and the children and their mother appear at the foot of the tree. The royal family is reunited at last, and the king learns the river Gomati is his sister-in-law, and he should respect a "rule of avoidance" on it - which the Tripuri kings follow to this day.<ref>{{cite book |title=Folktales and Myths of Riang and Tripuri Communities: A Study of Their Cultural Profile |first=Tushar K. |last=Niyogi |publisher=[[Anthropological Survey of India]], Government of India |date=1983 |pages=86–91}}</ref>

=== ''Khumpui Barrukruk (Story of the Python Snake)'' ===
In a Tripuri tale titled ''খুম্পুই বাররুকৃক (অজগর সাপের গল্প)'' ("Khumpui Barrukruk (Story of the Python Snake)"), a poor Achai (sorcerer) has two daughters who work in the ''[[Jhum|jumma]]'' fields every day. However, there is no tent or roof for the girls at the jumma fields, which causes them to get wet during rainy season and their food to be spoiled. One day, the elder sister tells the younger that she will marry one that builds them a shelter. The goddess of the forest builds them the shelter, and a python is lying on the roof. The elder sister decides to marry the python, since it was her promise. Some time later, the elder sister bids the younger call out for the python husband for his meal, but she is afraid. Still, she calls out for her brother-in-law ("sister's groom"). This continues on for days. Eventually, the younger sister tells her father about the illicit liaison, and in once occasion when the elder is busy working in another field, the sorcerer goes with her to kill the draw out the python and kill it. The man cooks and serves the python's flesh to his family, but the elder sister feels there is something amiss and worries about her python husband. The following morning, she goes with her sister and tries to call her husband. She approaches a rivulet where some khumpui flowers are blooming, the same canal where the girls' father threw the python's cecapitated head. The elder places a flower in her hair, but it dries up, so she thinks her husband is in the water, so she slowly dives in, singing for the flower to bloom, for she is joining her husband in the water. Down there, she finds her husband at some palace doors and reunites with him. As for her younger sister, a local king finds and marries her. The king's co-wives decide to destroy the newcomer: when she gives birth to seven boys and a girl, they take the children and throw them in water, they say the girl is a rakshasa (a demoness), so the king banishes her from the palace. As for the children, they are raised in the water by their aunt, and throw pebbles at people's pitchers when they are trying to fetch water. The king hears about this, and goes to investigate: he sees the children sailing on boats. When he tries to approach them, the children dive along with the boat. The king tries many times, and the children avoid the king's approach, and say they will recognize their mother by the woman that fills up their bellies with milk. The women come to fill the children's bellies, to no avail. Lastly, the disgraced queen comes and fills her children's bellies with her breastmilk. The king realizes these are his children, retakes his former queen and punishes the other co-wives.<ref>{{cite book |title=Tripurar Raj Amaler Bangla Sahitya |first=Ranjit Chandra |last=Bhattacharya |location=West Jaynagar, Agartala, Tripura |publisher=মহিলা কলেজ |date=2003 |pages=311–314 |lang=Bengali}}</ref>

=== The Tale of Gomati ===
In a [[Tripuri people|Tripuri]] tale published by author {{ill|Prabhangshu Tripura|bn|প্রভাংশু ত্রিপুরা}} and translated to [[Bengali language|Bengali]] with the title "গোমতীর উপাখ্যান" ("The Tale of Gomati"), a king named Parachi rules the Tripura Kingdom. In a village named Kaiskak, located at the foot of the Langtarai mountain, a priest named Dangui Chottai has two beautiful daughters, Gomati and Kasmati. After their mother dies, Dangui Chottai raises them and works in the jhum plantation. In time, both girls work in the fields instead of their father, while their father makes puja in the houses of the village. The girls do not have a ''gyring'' (tong house), a type of shelter for them near the jhum fields to protect them from hot and rainy weather. In one day of heavy rain, Gomati complains that she has had enough, and vows to marry anyone to build a gyring for them, be it a Yaksha-Raksha, a Daita, a demon, or whoever. Gomati's words are heard by a forest god who falls in love with Gomati and builds a gyring with his magic powers, then takes on a python form and sleeps near the shelter. The sisters are surprised to see the gyring, and Gomati takes Kasmati to the shelter to warm themselves. They see the python snake and scream, but the forest god assures them not to be afraid, and explains he fulfilled Gomati's vow, so she should uphold hers. Gomati lives with the snake, who slithers to his cave in the morning and spends his nights at the shelter. Kasmati fears the snake and avoids eating her share of their food, while Gomati is deeply in love with her python lover. Gomati asks Kasmati to summon her brother-in-law with a secret command in verses, for him to eat rice and water she leaves for him. Kasmati spends months worried and afraid, until one day in the month of Ashwin, their father notices that his daughters are dry; Gomati omits the story about her python lover, but Kasmati tells everything about not touching the food due to him. Dangui Chotta plans something regarding his python son-in-law during the festival during the full moon. Gomati goes to Naran's house, leaving her husband unattended, so Dangui Chotta and Kasmati go to the jhum fields, Kasmati summons the python after two failed attempts, and Dangui Chotta kills him, chops the body in seven pieces, throws the head in water, and returns home. Suddenly, Gomati feels something terrible has happened, since her dress and ornaments fall from her body, then leaves the puja festival in tears to the jhum fields, where she finds her sister Kasmati alone. She tries to look for him in the cave, and even calls for him to come eat his food, to no avail. She questions Kasmati about it, who remains silent, when her dog pulls her to the fountain where the python body is, red with blood. Gomati starts to cry nonstop, until her tears form a river and she slowly sinks in the water. Kasmati sees her sister's reaction and fears for both of them drowning in water, but Gomati says she does not wish to live anymore, and advises her sister to go to the southern edge of the kingdom, climb up a banyan tree near the Tepantar field, where she is to live by eating the fruitd and singing that she can give birth to seven children, so that the local king "Binandiya" team (bird hunters) overhear her words.

Gomati drowns in water and creates the Gomati River. As for Kasmati, she does as instructed and lives atop the tree, while she sings about being a special woman that can bear seven children. Two bird hunters of the king's retinue overhear her words during a hunt and report to the king about the strange, beautiful woman with beautiful singing voice atop the tree. The king becomes fascinated with this woman and wishes to meet her, then rewards the two bird hunters. After three days, the king goes to hear Kasmati's words and falls in love with her, listens to her verses and promises to make her his queen. However, the king was already married to six co-queens, who become jealous of Kasmati, who they see as their rival. In time, Kasmati becomes pregnant, to the co-queens' despair. Pretending to look after Kasmati, they make Kasmati ring a golden chain to call the king every day until he becomes tired of answering empty calls and leaves her be. They blindfold Kasmati during labour, and she gives birth to six boys and a girl, whom the elder co-queen throws in the river and replaces for pieces of wood. The elder co-queen accuses Kasmati of being a witch. The king falls for the trick and orders his soldiers to banish her; Kasmati begins to live in a hut by the lake. Gomati, who drowned and became the river, rocks her niece and nephews with a song, which is heard nearby by the priest of the temple. People start to believe it is a witch and the rumour spreads to the king, who investigates into the matter, with no concret results. After seven years, people begin to see six boys playing in the sandbanks while a girl is weaving next to them. The king's soldiers try to capture them, but Gomati's voice warns them and they flee into the water. The king gets news of this and pitches a tent to see it for himself. Gomati's voice in the river tells the children that their father, the foolish king, has come, and the siblings jump into the water. The king orders for a dam to be built, but the children escape downstream. When the king tries to have a dam built downstream, the children jump upstream. A voice comes from the river saying that the royal children will be by the banyan tree, and if the king can make them happy, they will belong to him. The entire court flock to the banyan tree near Tepantar fields to witness the event, as the king pleads his case to the children about being childless. The girl, answering for her brothers, asks him to bring their mother, for they will tie a clothe around their faces, and they hope their mother's breastmilk will flow to their mouths. The king brings in the co-queens, and the girl says their mother is not there. Thus the monarch keeps bringing in women and females from every corner of the kingdom, every profession and tribe, yet none is recognized as the mother of the children. An old man mentions the forgotten Kasmati, who has become a duck-herder, and the king asks for her to be brought in. They send for Kasmati, who is in a sorry state of malnutrition and head lice, but milk flows from her through the cloth and the girl recognizes Kasmati as her mother. The children climb down the banyan tree and embrace their mother, and the king realizes these are his children with his disgraced queen, and takes them to the palace. The king celebrates his reunion with his children. One night, the sister asks his elder brother for a story; the elder brother retells the story of their family, which their aunt Gomati told them: how Gomati and Kasmati met the python, his death, her transformation into the river and Kasmati's misadventures. The king overhears his son's story, realizes the mistake he made, so he orders the execution of the co-queens by impaling and reinstates Kasmati as his true queen. Such is the origin of the Gomati river.<ref>{{cite book |title=Upajatiyo Rupkotha Lokakahini Ebong Kingbodonti |volume=1 (Prothom Khonda) |chapter=ত্রিপুরা লোককাহিনী: গোমতীর উপাখ্যান |trans-chapter=Tripura Folklore: Gomati's Tale |author=প্রভাংশু ত্রিপুরা [Prabhangshu Tripura] |location=Rangamati Hill District, Rangamati |publisher=Research and Publication wing, Tribal Cultural Institute |date=2010 |edition=2nd |pages=93-112 |lang=Bengali}}</ref>

=== Other tales ===
French anthropologist {{ill|Lucien Bernot|fr|Lucien Bernot}} translated to French a similar tale he obtained from a [[Tripuri people#Tripuri in Bangladesh|Tipera]] (Tripura) informant from [[Bangladesh]]. In this tale, titled ''Le mariage avec le serpent'' ("The Marriage with the Snake"), there is a place near the [[Gumti River (Tripura)|Gumti river]] with a waterfall named ''dom bur''. One day, two sisters work in their fields on a cold, rainy day, and the elder sister declares that she wants to marry anyone who can provide her and her sister some shelter from the rain. A snake (which Bernot explains it is named ''mui re boy'', referring to a voracious serpent) appears and builds a shelter for both girls. Days pass, and the girls' parents miss their daughters and go to the fields, finding they look very emaciated, since they are sharing most of their food with the snake. The parents ask the younger sister about their situation, and she reveals everything. Meanwhile, the elder sister cries out for Chubala raja for help. As for her family, the younger sister takes her father to the shelter and summons the snake, by calling him her elder sister's husband and saying there is food and drink for him. The snake appears and her father cuts the animal in two. The snake's human wife realizes something is wrong when her ornaments fall from the body to the ground, and rushes to her shelter. Once there, she tries to call out for her snake husband, to no avail. Aided by a dog, the elder sister finds the snake's remains, and begins to cry nonstop. Her younger sister finds the elder and asks what is to become of her. The elder sister tells the girl to reach a little rivulet, climb up a tree and begin spinning on a spinning wheel, for the rivulet will become the Gumti river. It happens thus, and the younger sister settles up a tree. Some time later, a passing raja finds the girl on the tree and decides to make her his next wife. He takes him to the palace and marries her, then she becomes pregnant, to the older concubines' and the elder queen's jealousy. When the girl is in labour, the concubines replace the children, five sons and two daughters, are cast into the Gumti river and replaces for pots. The raja returns home and, falling for the deception, banishes his wife to herd ducks and to dress only in shabby rags. As for the children, their aunt, who lives in the Gumti river, rescues them from the water and raises them. When they are five years old, they come to the river margin to sing and draw in the sand, and, whenever people try to catch them, they rush to the river. The raja leads an expedition to capture the children and the soldiers grab them. The children say that they were raised by their ''ayōṅ sok'' (their mother's elder sister), and do not know their mother, but they can recognize her if the woman presses her breast and seven jets of milk squirt from it. The king them brings the concubines to test their parentage, but none produces the jets of milk. The monarch then remembers about his disgraced wife, and sends for her. When the girl comes to see the children, seven jets of her breastmilk squirt. The raja then takes her back as his wife.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Voyage dans les sciences humaines: qui sont les autres? |series=Centre de recherche sur l'Extrême-Orient de Paris-Sorbonne |first=Lucien |last=Bernot |publisher=Presses Paris Sorbonne |date=2000 |pages=436–437 |isbn=9782840501695 |lang=FR}}</ref>

In a tale from the [[Hrangkhawl people]] titled ''Rulpuipa'', an old priest lives with his two daughters in a humble hut where rain leaks. The girls go to work in the jhum fields and leave their old father home. One day, they notice that their old ''tong'' is too frail and utter aloud that they will marry one that can build them another one, be it human or animal. A python that lives near the tong overhears their conversation and builds the tong overnight for the girls. The following morning, they find the new tong built for them and see the python slithering off, noticing the reptile was the one that did it, so the elder sister marries the python. As time passes and the girls return to work in the jhum plantation, the younger sister summons her snake brother-in-law and offers him food, which is part of the elder sister's share from their family. Their father notices his eldest is becoming weaker and weaker despite the food he gives her, and asks her about it. Eventually he learns of the affair from his cadette, and follows his daughters to the jhum fields; he spies on how the cadette summons the python and lies in waiting. After the girls leave, the man draws the snake by repeating the song and kills his animal son-in-law with a dao, then throws his remains in a nearby river. The elder sister feels there is something wrong with her husband the next time he is called to eat the food, but does not appear. The cadette knows the reason for it, and the elder asks her help her search for the python. The elder sister finds a stream with ''Sawlpui par'' flowers (called ''khumpui'' in [[Kokborok]]), and places one in her hair, but the flower withers quickly. The elder girl plucks a new flower which does not wither, and suspects her husband is there in the river, so she sings a song for her beloved to wait for her, as the water begins to rise and she decides to remain there. Before the waters rise and take her, she advises her sister to walk westward, climb up a [[banyan tree]] and work on a spinning wheel while singing a lament, so as to draw the attention of the king's army that will pass by the jhum. After uttering these words, the elder sister is washed away by the river until she reaches an underwater palace where her husband waited for her. As for the younger sister, she does as her sister instructed and sings a song from up the tree, which attracts the attention of the passing armies. The soldiers listen to the melody and report to their king, who goes in person to meet the girl atop the tree. He falls in love with her and decides to make him his new wife. The monarch was already married to six co-wives and had no son yet. One day, the new queen tells the king she is pregnant, to the jealousy of the other co-queens, who conspire to humiliate their rival: the new queen gives birth to six boys and a girl, whom the co-queens throw in the water, and tell the king she gave birth to sticks and stones. The king falls for the deception and demotes the new queen to a servicial role. As for the children, they are rescued and raised by their aunt in the river. Some time later, the king walks by the stream and sees seven children playing and calling for him, saying he is their father. The king approaches them and the siblings tell him the story of how their mother was tricked by the wicked co-queens and made to suffer. The king learns of the truth and restores the septet's mother to her rightful place.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Hrangkhawls |first=Henry |last=Hrangkhawl |publisher=Tribal Research & Cultural Institute |location=Tripura |date=2017 |pages=176–181 |isbn=978-93-86707-18-5 |url=https://repository.tribal.gov.in/handle/123456789/75193?viewItem=browse}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[The Boy with the Moon on his Forehead]]
* [[The Story of Lalpila (Indian folktale)]]
* [[Saat Bhai Champa]]
* [[Kiranmala (Bengali folktale)|Kiranmala]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{The Three Golden Children}}

[[Category:Asian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian fairy tales]]
[[Category:Indian literature]]
[[Category:Indian folklore]]
[[Category:Indian legends]]
[[Category:Culture of Tripura| ]]
[[Category:Tripuri culture]]
[[Category:ATU 700-749]]

Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium (Margao)

2026-05-08T08:09:56Z

MavisLandale6:

{{Short description|Multi-purpose stadium in Margao, Goa}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox venue
| name = Fatorda Stadium
| nickname =
| image = Fatorda_Stadium%2C_Goa.jpg
| image_size = 320px
| caption =
| location = Don Bosco Road, [[Margao]], [[Goa]]
| coordinates = {{coord|15|17|21|N|73|57|44|E|display=it}}
| opened = 1989
| owner = [[Sports Authority of Goa]]
| surface = [[GrassMaster]]
| dimensions = {{cvt|105 x 68|m}}
| architect =
| renovated = 2017
| former_names =
| capacity = 19,000
| tenants = {{unbulleted list| [[India national football team]] (1989–present) [[Goa football team]] (selected matches) [[Goa women's football team]] (selected matches) [[Churchill Brothers FC Goa|Churchill Brothers]] (selected matches) [[FC Goa]] (2014–present) [[Dempo SC]] (selected matches) [[Salgaocar FC]] (selected matches) [[Vasco SC]] (selected matches) [[Sporting Clube de Goa]] (selected matches)<ref name="iloveindia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/sporting-clube-goa.html|title=Sporting Clube de Goa – Sporting Clube de Goa Indian Football Club – Sporting Clube de Goa Football Club India|publisher=I Love India|website=iloveindia.com|access-date=11 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211213180051/http://www.iloveindia.com/sports/football/clubs/sporting-clube-goa.html|archive-date=13 December 2021}}</ref>}}
}}

'''Fatorda Stadium''', officially known as '''Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 June 2012 |title=FIFA inspected the Duler Stadium to give GFA the permission for laying the artificial turf... |url=http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/indiafootball_news_2012/june7thpart_2012.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120622121900/http://www.kolkatafootballs.com/indiafootball_news_2012/june7thpart_2012.html |archive-date=22 June 2012 |access-date=9 November 2022 |website=kolkatafootball.com}}</ref> is a [[multi-purpose stadium]] in [[Margao]], [[Goa]], India.<ref>[https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/india-goa-stadiums.html India (Goa State) — Stadiums] ''RSSSF''. Retrieved 14 August 2021</ref> The venue has been used to host both [[association football|football]] and [[cricket]] matches.

It is Goa's only international stadium and has a seating capacity of 19,000. It has hosted 9 [[One Day International|One Day Internationals]] (ODIs) in cricket and hosted various football tournaments, including multiple [[Indian Super League|Indian Super League finals]], [[Indian Football League|I-League]], [[I-League 2]], [[AFC Champions League Two|AFC Cup]],<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Dempo-chase-a-win-against-Al-Tilal-in-AFC-Cup/articleshow/8156924.cms|title=Dempo chase a win against Al Tilal in AFC Cup|access-date=6 March 2021|website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com|publisher=[[The Times of India]]|first=Marcus|last=Mergulhao|date=4 May 2011|location=Margao|archive-date=12 July 2023|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230712103750/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/sports/football/top-stories/Dempo-chase-a-win-against-Al-Tilal-in-AFC-Cup/articleshow/8156924.cms}}</ref> and [[AFC Champions League Elite|AFC Champions League]]. The venue was established in 1989 and is owned and operated by the [[Sports Authority of Goa]]. It is currently the home stadium of [[FC Goa]]. In the [[2020–21 Indian Super League]], it was used as one of the centralized home grounds because of the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].

==History==
===Beginning===
[[File:Fatorda stadium exterior 1.jpg|thumb|Exterior of the stadium]]
Fatorda stadium was built in a record six months by the then Sports Minister Monte (D') Cruz. It was opened in 1989 as a [[association football|football]]-only stadium but in less than a year was redeveloped to include [[cricket]]. On 25 October 1989 the first cricket ODI was played between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]] in [[Nehru Cup (cricket)|Nehru Cup]].

===Football clubs using the stadium===

[[File:Priyaranjan Dasmunsi with the players of the Dempo S C and Salgaonkar during the inauguration of the ONGC I-League Tournament, the first professional football tournament in India at the Nehru Stadium at Margao, Goa.jpg|280px|thumb|The stadium during a [[2007–08 I-League]] match between [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]] and [[Dempo SC|Dempo]].]]
In 2006, before the [[2007–08 I-League]], all four Goan clubs ([[Dempo SC|Dempo]], [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]], [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]], and [[SC de Goa|Sporting Clube de Goa]]) announced that The Fatorda would be used as the home for all four teams' [[Indian Football League|I-League]] matches. In the next season of I-League, [[Vasco SC|Vasco]] too used the stadium as home ground. The [[Indian Super League]] club [[FC Goa]] have been tenants of the stadium since 2014.

==Facilities==

In 2014 it was upgraded according to the latest [[FIFA]] specifications. It is designed with a 20,000 seating capacity. The stadium complex provides two levels of fan seating arrangement along with a [[Very important person|VIP]] area. Facilities include arena lighting, natural turf, broadcast room, TV studio, player dressing rooms, match delegates area, doping control rooms, medical rooms for players and spectators, VIP lounge, corporate boxes, media tribune and media working stations, press conference area, mixed zone area, [[Closed-circuit television|CCTV]] cameras, a swimming pool, multipurpose gymnasium and parking facilities. It is regarded as one of the most well maintained football grounds in the Indian subcontinent.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiansuperleaguefootball.in/indian-super-league-stadiums-a-walkthrough-part-2/ |title=Indian Super League Stadiums - A Walkthrough (Part-2) > Fatorda Stadium & JL Nehru Stadium, Kochi. Indian Super League Football |access-date=2014-10-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011023953/http://indiansuperleaguefootball.in/indian-super-league-stadiums-a-walkthrough-part-2/ |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

On 1 October 2022, it was announced that India's First Hybrid Pitch will be installed in this Stadium ahead of [[2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup|FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup 2022]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 1, 2022 |first=Marcus |last=Mergulhao |title=Fatorda gets India's first hybrid pitch, type used by all Premier League clubs |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/fatorda-gets-indias-first-hybrid-pitch-type-used-by-all-premier-league-clubs/articleshow/94572037.cms |access-date=2022-10-02 |website=The Times of India |language=en}}</ref>{{Panorama|image=File:Fatorda Stadium, Goa.jpg|height=347|width=1158|alt=|caption={{center|A [[panoramic]] view of the stadium}}}}

==List of centuries==

===Key===
* '''*''' denotes that the batsman was [[not out]].
* '''Inns.''' denotes the number of the innings in the match.
* '''Balls''' denotes the number of [[Delivery (cricket)|balls]] faced in an innings.
* '''NR''' denotes that the number of balls was not recorded.
* Parentheses next to the player's score denotes his century number at Edgbaston.
* The column title '''Date''' refers to the date the match started.
* The column title '''Result''' refers to the player's team result.

===One Day Internationals===

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size:95%"
|-
! No. !! Score !! Player !! Team !! Balls !! Inns. !! Opposing team !! Date !! Result
|- align=center
|1 || 101 || [[VVS Laxman|V. V. S. Laxman]]|| {{cr|IND}} || 107 || 1 || {{cr|AUS}} || [[Australian cricket team in India in 2000–01|6 April 2001]] || Lost<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/64711.html|title=5th ODI: India v Australia at Margao, Apr 6, 2001. Cricket Scorecard |newspaper=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2016-10-31}}</ref>
|- align=center
|2 || 103 || [[Yuvraj Singh]] || {{cr|IND}} || 76 || 1 || {{cr|ENG}} || [[English cricket team in India in 2005–06|3 April 2006]] || Won<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/238190.html|title=3rd ODI: India v England at Margao, Apr 3, 2006. Cricket Scorecard |newspaper=ESPNcricinfo|access-date=2016-10-31}}</ref>
|}

==International cricket five-wicket hauls==

===Key===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Symbol
! Meaning
|-
|{{dagger}}
|The bowler was [[Man of the match#Cricket|man of the match]]
|-
|{{double-dagger}}
|10 or more wickets taken in the match
|-
|§
|One of two five-wicket hauls by the bowler in the match
|-
|'''Date'''
|Day the [[Test cricket|Test]] started or [[One Day International|ODI]] was held
|-
|'''Inn'''
|[[Innings]] in which five-wicket haul was taken
|-
|'''Overs'''
|Number of [[Over (cricket)|overs]] bowled
|-
|'''Runs'''
|Number of [[Run (cricket)|runs]] conceded
|-
|'''Wkts'''
|Number of [[wickets taken]]
|-
|'''Econ'''
|[[Cricket statistics#Bowling statistics|Runs conceded per over]]
|-
|'''Batsmen'''
|[[Batting (cricket)|Batsmen]] whose wickets were taken
|-
|'''Result'''
|[[Result (cricket)|Result]] of the match
|}

===ODIs===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 100%"
|+ Five-wicket hauls in ODI matches at Fatorda Stadium
|- align=center
! scope="col" width="38"|No.
! scope="col" width="145"|Bowler
! scope="col" width="150"|Date
! scope="col" width="120"|Team
! scope="col" width="120"|Opposing team
! scope="col" width="60"|Inn
! scope="col" width="82"|Overs
! scope="col" width="70"|Runs
! scope="col" width="60"|Wkts
! scope="col" width="70"|Econ
! scope="col" width="160" class="unsortable" |Batsmen
! scope="col" width="70"|Result
|- align=center
|scope="row"| [[Wills World Series|1]] || [[Matthew Hart]] || {{dts|format=dmy|1994|10|26}} || {{cr|NZ}} || {{cr|WIN}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|22}} || {{sort|05115|5}} || {{nts|2.20}} || align=left |
*[[Brian Lara]]
*[[Carl Hooper]]
*[[Phil Simmons]]
*[[Jimmy Adams]]
*[[Courtney Walsh]]
|| No result<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/65998.html| title = Full Scorecard of West Indies vs New Zealand 2nd Match 1994/95 - Score Report }}</ref>
|- align=center
|scope="row"| [[Sri Lankan cricket team in India in 2006–07|2]] || [[Zaheer Khan]] || {{dts|format=dmy|2007|2|14}} || {{cr|IND}} || {{cr|SL}} || {{nts|1}} || {{nts|10}} || {{nts|42}} || {{sort|05115|5}} || {{nts|4.20}} || align=left |
*[[Sanath Jayasuriya]]
*[[Upul Tharanga]]
*[[Kumar Sangakkara]]
*[[Farveez Maharoof]]
*[[Malinga Bandara]]
|| India won<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/267715.html| title = Full Scorecard of Sri Lanka vs India 3rd ODI 2006/07 - Score Report }}</ref>
|}

==Football==
[[File:Fatorda Stadium.jpg|thumb|South side of the Stadium]]
This venue has long been a mainstay of Indian football, having played host to many international games, including [[India national football team|India]]'s qualifiers for both the [[FIFA World Cup]] and [[AFC Asian Cup]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/asia/matches/round=250425/match=300033484/report.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071118141156/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/asia/matches/round=250425/match=300033484/report.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=18 November 2007
|title=2010 FIFA World Cup Asia Group Playoffs Match Report
|publisher=[[FIFA]]
|access-date=2010-01-10}}</ref> The stadium has also been used as a home venue for the Goan clubs in AIFF competitions: [[Churchill Brothers FC|Churchill Brothers]], [[Dempo SC|Dempo]], [[FC Goa]], [[Salgaocar FC|Salgaocar]], [[SC de Goa|Sporting Clube de Goa]] and [[Vasco SC|Vasco]]<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.indianfootball.com/en/I-League/1st_division/venues
|title=1st Division I-League Venues
|publisher=Indian Football
|access-date=2010-01-10}}</ref>

It hosted the semifinals and final of the [[Football at the 2014 Lusofonia Games|football event]] during the [[2014 Lusofonia Games]].

[[File:Brazil won the 1st BRICS U-17 Football Tournament 2016, in Goa on October 15, 2016.jpg|thumb|Brazilian team celebrating with the [[2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup|BRICS U-17 Cup]] trophy at the Fatorda Stadium in 2016.]]
The matches of [[2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup]],<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mishra|first1=Aniket|title=Inaugural BRICS Cup to take place in India in 2016|url=http://www.sportskeeda.com/football/inaugural-brics-cup-india-2016|access-date=8 October 2016|work=SportsKeeda|date=29 September 2015}}</ref> the first edition of the tournament, were played at the stadium and [[Brazil national under-17 football team|Brazilian U-17]] team won the trophy.

It was chosen one of the six stadiums to host the [[2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup]] matches in India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportskeeda.com/football/2017-fifa-u-17-world-cup-fatorda-stadium-goa-schedule-teams-match-timings|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup 2017 Goa Matches, schedule & match timings|date=2017-10-04|access-date=2017-10-10}}</ref>

It has hosted the finals of [[Indian Super League]] twice in [[2015 Indian Super League final|2015]] and [[2020 Indian Super League final|2020]]. In [[2021 AFC Champions League|2021]], the stadium hosted the [[2021 AFC Champions League#Group E|Group E]] matches of the [[AFC Champions League Elite|AFC Champions League]], in which [[FC Goa]] competed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sportstar.thehindu.com/football/edu-bedia-scores-fc-goas-first-afc-champions-league-goal-fc-goa-vs-persepolis-live-news-indian-football/article34370477.ece|title=Edu Bedia scores FC Goa's first AFC Champions League goal|website=sportstar.thehindu.com|date=20 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-in/news/live/persepolis-fc-goa-gaurs-suffer-first-afc-champions-league/1hqvcl1z75s6a1ni76ivx6e19b|title=Persepolis 2-1 FC Goa: Edu Bedia scores historic goal in Gaurs defeat|website=Goal.com|access-date=21 April 2021}}</ref>

==Cricket==
{{see also|List of international cricket centuries on Indian cricket grounds}}

Although the stadium was originally built to be a football venue, over the past few years{{when|date=March 2020}} it has been increasingly used to host international cricket matches. Since hosting its first ever international in 1989 between [[Australia national cricket team|Australia]] and [[Sri Lanka national cricket team|Sri Lanka]], it has played host to seven further [[One Day International|One Day Internationals]], the most recent being between [[India national cricket team|India]] and Sri Lanka in 2007.<ref>{{cite web
|url = http://stats.cricinfo.com/india/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=1029;type=ground
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130119192452/http://stats.cricinfo.com/india/engine/records/team/match_results.html?class=2;id=1029;type=ground
|url-status = dead
|archive-date = 2013-01-19
|title = Nehru Stadium, Fatorda, Margao / Records / One-Day Internationals
|publisher = ESPNcricinfo
|access-date = 2010-01-10
}}</ref> The allocation of cricket matches to the stadium has often upset the Goan football community as it renders them unable to use the venue for hosting football.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports-news/6926-i-league-clubs-oppose-pitch-work-at-fatorda
|title=I-League clubs oppose pitch work at Fatorda
|publisher=Navhind Times
|access-date=2010-01-10}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

==Lusofonia Games==
The Stadium was renovated for the [[2014 Lusofonia Games]], which was conducted in [[Goa]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lusofoniagames2014.gov.in/sites/all/themes/universiade/files/Press%20Release-Inaugural-Fatorda%20Stadium.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140210061942/http://lusofoniagames2014.gov.in/sites/all/themes/universiade/files/Press%20Release-Inaugural-Fatorda%20Stadium.pdf |archive-date=10 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/renovation-work-full-swing-nehru-stadium |title=Renovation work in full swing at Nehru Stadium. iGoa |access-date=2014-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503210239/http://www.navhindtimes.in/sports/renovation-work-full-swing-nehru-stadium |archive-date=3 May 2014}}</ref><ref name="race time">{{cite web |url=http://www.thegoan.net/Sports/News/Race-against-time-at-Fatorda/02915.html |title=Race against time at Fatorda |access-date=2014-05-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140503203539/http://www.thegoan.net/Sports/News/Race-against-time-at-Fatorda/02915.html |archive-date=3 May 2014}}</ref> The opening and closing ceremonies of these Games were held at this venue.<ref name="race time"/> Football matches of the [[Lusofonia Games]] were also held here.<ref name="race time"/>

==Average attendances==

{{row counter|{| class{{=}}"wikitable sortable"
!Tenants!!League season!!Home games!!Average attendance<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.espn.in/football/stats/_/league/IND.1/view/performance | title=Indian Super League Performance Stats, 2024-25 Season - ESPN (IN) }}</ref>
|-
| [[FC Goa]] || 2022–23 || 10 || 10,220
|-
| FC Goa || 2023–24 || 11 || 8,642
|-
|} }}

==See also==
*[[List of football stadiums in India]]

==References==
{{Commons category|Fatorda Stadium}}
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=http://i-league.org/?tb_match=9208|title=Dempo sports club vs Mumbai FC — Fatorda Stadium overview|website=i-league.com|publisher=I-League|date=5 April 2014|access-date=1 June 2014|archive-date=5 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140405014231/http://i-league.org/?tb_match=9208}}

==External links==
*[http://www.espncricinfo.com/india/content/ground/58301.html Fatorda Stadium] – ESPNcricinfo
{{India national football team}}
{{Indian Super League stadiums}}
{{Football stadiums in India}}

{{List of cricket grounds in India}}
{{I-League venues}}

[[Category:Cricket grounds in Goa]]
[[Category:Football venues in Goa]]
[[Category:Rugby union stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Goa]]
[[Category:Multi-purpose stadiums in India]]
[[Category:Dempo SC]]
[[Category:Churchill Brothers FC]]
[[Category:Salgaocar FC]]
[[Category:SC de Goa]]
[[Category:Indian Super League stadiums]]
[[Category:1989 establishments in Goa]]
[[Category:Sports venues completed in 1989]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Margao]]
[[Category:20th-century architecture in India]]

Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli

2026-05-06T23:40:31Z

MavisLandale6:

{{Short description|Annexation by India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2016}}
{{Multiple issues|{{More citations needed|date=February 2024}}
{{POV|date=June 2023}}}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict = Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli
| partof = the [[decolonisation of Asia]] and the [[Cold War]]
| image = Dadra-Nagarhaveli 1956.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Map of Dadra and Nagar Haveli in the 1950s
| date = 22 July – 11 August 1954 ({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=07|day1=22|year1=1954|month2=08|day2=11|year2=1954}})
| place = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]], [[Portuguese India]]
| casus =
| result = Indian rebel victory
| territory = [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] established
| combatant1 = {{Flagicon|India}} Indian [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]]s and [[Communism in India|communist]]s
*[[United Front of Goans]]
*[[National Liberation Movement Organization]]
*[[Goan People's Party]]
*{{flagicon image|CPI-banner.svg}} [[Communist Party of India]]
*[[Azad Gomantak Dal]]
'''Supported by:''' {{Flagicon|India}} [[India]]
| combatant2 = {{flagcountry|Estado Novo (Portugal)}}
*{{flag|Portuguese India}}
| commander1 = {{plainlist|
* Francis Mascarenhas
* {{flagicon image|CPI-banner.svg}} [[Comrade|Com]]. L.B. Dhangar
* [[Prabhakar Sinari]]
* [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Raja Wakankar
* [[File:Flag of the Maratha Empire.svg|25px]] Nana Kajrekar
}}
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Estado Novo (Portugal)}} Captain [[Virgílio Fidalgo]]
| strength1 = Nearly 201,000 volunteer fighters:
*200,000 [[Warli]] [[adivasi]]s
*[[Communist Party of India|CPI]] fighters
*50 [[United Front of Goans|UFG]] rebels
* [[Goan People's Party|GPP]] rebels
*[[Azad Gomantak Dal|AGD]] fighters
*[[National Liberation Movement Organization|NLMO]] fighters
| strength2 = 329 units in total:
*Portuguese India Police constables
| casualties1 = Unknown
| casualties2 = 2 killed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |title=Passage to India – 18th December 1961 |last=Azaredo |first=Carlos |author2=Gabriel Figueiredo (translation) |date=8 December 2001 |website=Goancauses.com |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224100740/http://goancauses.com/gabriel_figueiredo/ |archivedate=24 December 2010}}</ref>
}}

The '''Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' was the process in which the territories of [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] passed from [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portuguese]] rule to independent rule, with Indian allegiance, in 1954.

Dadra and Nagar Haveli were small undefended [[Portuguese Empire|Portuguese overseas territories]], part of [[Portuguese India]] ever since they were [[Maratha handover of Nagar Haveli (1783)|handed over]] by the [[Maratha Empire]] after the [[Treaty of Poona (1779)|Treaty of 1779]]. The territories were [[enclave]]s, without any access to the sea, administered by the Portuguese Governor of the district of [[Daman district, India|Damão]].

After India attained independence in 1947, some residents, with the help of volunteers from organizations such as the United Front of Goans (UFG), the National Movement Liberation Organization (NMLO), the [[Goan People's Party]] (affiliated to [[Communism in India|communist]] ideology), and the [[Communist Party of India]], as well also supported by [[Indian nationalism|nationalist]] organizations such as the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD), occupied Dadra and Nagar Haveli in 1954 and displaced Portuguese rule. The territories were subsequently merged into the [[Republic of India]] in 1961.

== Background ==

After Indian independence in 1947, pro-India activists in the Portuguese Indian provinces, as well as Indians from other regions, proposed removing Portuguese control of Goa, [[Daman district, India|Daman]], [[Diu district|Diu]], Dadra, and Nagar Haveli and integrating them with India.<ref name =lele>P S Lele, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli: past and present, Published by Usha P. Lele, 1987,</ref> This was in line with the ideology of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] who affirmed that "Goa cannot be allowed to exist as a separate entity in opposition to the laws of the free State [of India]" prior to India's independence.<ref>[http://www.mkgandhi.org/momgandhi/chap69.htm M.K. Gandhi, H, 30–6–1946, p. 208]</ref>

Appasaheb Karmalkar, a bank employee with the Goa government took the reins of the National Liberation Movement Organization (NLMO) for the control of Portuguese-ruled Indian territories. The Goa People's Party and the then- [[Communist Party of India]] had been arming and mobilizing [[Warli]] [[Adivasi|adivasis]] in the neighboring districts since the mid-40s. [[Comrade]] L.B. Dhangar, Roopji Kadu, and 'Godutai' [[Godavari Parulekar]] led the Warli communists during the Dadra and Nagar Haveli struggle against Portuguese colonialism, mobilizing around the slogan of 'Land to the tiller!'<ref name="Prashad">{{Cite book|title=Communist histories|last=Prashad|first=Vijay|year=2016|isbn=978-93-80118-33-8|location=New Delhi, India|oclc=954115551}}</ref>

Simultaneously, the [[Azad Gomantak Dal]] (AGD), led by [[Vishwanath Lawande]], [[Dattatraya Deshpande]], [[Prabhakar Sinari]] and Gole had been planning an armed assault on Dadra and Nagar Haveli. Wakankar and Kajrekar visited the area around Dadra, Nagar Haveli and Daman several times in 1953 to study topography and to get acquainted with workers and leaders who were agitating for the merger of the Portuguese territory with India.

The NLMO and AGD agreed to form a united front for the liberation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, in April 1954.

In April 1954, the NLMO, AGD, and RSS planned an armed invasion of Dadra and Nagar Haveli at a meeting in Elphinstone Garden. Independently, the United Front of Goans (UFG) also pursued similar plans.<ref name="lele" />

On 21 July 1954, the [[Communist Party of India]] forced the Portuguese to retreat from [[Dadra, Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra]] under the leadership of Francis Mascarenhas, [[Narayan Palekar]], Parulekar, Vaz, Rodriguez and [[Tristão de Bragança Cunha|Tristão Cunha]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-18|title=Revisiting Goa's Liberation Story on its 59th Independence Day|url=https://www.newsclick.in/Revisiting-Goa-Liberation-Story-59th-Independence-Day|access-date=2021-07-24|website=NewsClick|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=50 Years of Goa Liberation|url=http://www.newageweekly.in/2011/12/50-years-of-goa-liberation.html|access-date=2021-07-24|language=en|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724021727/http://www.newageweekly.in/2011/12/50-years-of-goa-liberation.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== The Portuguese situation ===
The situation throughout Dadra and Nagar Haveli was controlled by the [[Special Reserve Police]] (SRP) of the [[Government of India]]. [[Deputy inspector general of police|Deputy Inspector General of Police]] (DIG) J. D. Nagarwala was in overall control of the SRP with the purpose of preventing the infiltration of [[Portuguese military|Portuguese military personnel]] and [[Military technology|material]] from Goa to Nagar Aveli, via Damão and Dadra. Nagarwala was sympathetic towards the rebels, he had visited the area often and advised the rebels on the next moves.<ref name="lele" /> The SRP also controlled the entry of civilians to and from the Portuguese areas by issuing permits to stop the infiltration of undesirable persons, such as members of the Communist Party. The Portuguese Chief of Police at Silvassa, Senh. Falcão, had a total police force of 329 constables – out of which three were stationed at Dadra and nine at Naroly.

Dadra was surrounded from all sides by Indian territory and Naroly would be isolated by the [[Daman Ganga River]] during the monsoon, so the rebels decided to take over Dadra and Naroly during the monsoon in the July. The takeover of Silvassa would be worked out after occupying Dadra and Naroly.

{{Portuguese colonial campaigns}}

=== Invasion of Dadra ===
[[File:Aniceto Rosário.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Obituary card for Aniceto Rosário, the first casualty of the war]]

Dadra had a total of three police officers to maintain law and security in the region. The UFG, led by [[Francis Mascarenhas]], [[Viman Sardesai]] and others, attacked the police station of Dadra on the night of 22 July 1954, assassinating [[Aniceto Rosário]], an inspector at Dadra Police Station. There were two other police officers in the police station, who were overpowered by the UFG forces.<ref>{{cite web|title=How 18th June road got its name|url=http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/how-18th-june-road-got-its-name|work=Navbharat Times|access-date=26 February 2012 | url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102072826/http://www.navhindtimes.in/ilive/how-18th-june-road-got-its-name |archive-date=2 January 2014}}</ref> The next morning, an Indian flag was hoisted to declare Dadra a free territory. A [[gram panchayat]] for Dadra was formed under the administration of Jayanti Bhai Desai.<ref name =lele/>

=== Invasion of Naroly ===
A total of six police officers were in charge of the security in the Naroly region, at that time. On 28 July, some 20 to 25 RSS activists led by Wakankar and 8 to 10 AGD volunteer fighters led by Sinari crossed the [[Darotha river]] and reached Naroly, storming the police station. The chief, his constable, and the other four Portuguese police officers were forced to surrender. Thus, on 28 July 1954, Naroly was liberated from Portuguese rule. On 29 July a gram panchayat for Naroly was established.<ref name =lele/>

=== Invasion of Luhari ===
On 30 July, close to 200,000 Indian Adivasi Communist protestors rallied on the Indian side of the Dadra and Nagar Haveli borders. The small police force was unable to restrain them and a detachment charged into the village of Luhari. 35 other villages in the Daman-Ganga area were attacked by Adivasi protestors on that day.<ref name="Prashad"/>

While the Indian troops were supportive of the liberation struggle, the [[Morarji Desai]]-led [[Indian National Congress]] was wary of allowing Communists to lead the struggle. The CPI was the biggest federal opposition party at the time and the government was anxious to contain its sphere of influence. Top leaders, including Comrade Roopji Kadu, were arrested from Silvassa and the Special Reserve Police was deployed at the borders to not allow Communist detachments to enter. Instead, it was the RSS that led the charge into the city of [[Silvassa]], which by now had made arrangements to receive 150 trained militants from [[Poona]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Desai|first=Anita|date=2003|title=Voices in the Liberation Struggle: The case of Goa, 1947-61|url=https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/jspui/bitstream/10603/35649/7/07_chapter%202.pdf|journal=University of Goa|via=Shodhganga}}</ref>

=== Invasion of Silvassa ===
After Naroly had been captured, there were rumours that thousands of [[Warli]] communists, as well as UFG fighters, were planning an attack on Silvassa. The Portuguese police retreated to Silvassa, leaving only five officers to protect the village of Piparia – a village north of Silvassa and bordering the Indian village of [[Lavachha]]. The rebels, led by volunteers of the RSS and the AGD, took this opportunity to cross the river and capture Piparia.<ref name =lele/>

Captain Fidalgo of the Portuguese police was asked by the rebels (led by Karmalkar) to surrender. When there was no response from the captain, three RSS units and one AGD unit decided to march towards Silvassa. All three units moved in from three different directions towards Silvassa. Fidalgo fled south to the village of [[Comel|Khanvel]] with 150 police personnel, leaving the rebels with no resistance as they entered Silvassa. On 2 August 1954 the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli were declared independent. The RSS's Kajrekar was placed in charge of the administration, while the AGD's Lavande was put in charge of the treasury.<ref name =lele/>

===Surrender of Captain Fidalgo===
Rumours were circulating that Portuguese reinforcements were coming to Nagar Haveli from Goa via Daman, so Kajrekar immediately contacted Nagarwala and requested a wireless set to enable the rebels to keep in contact with the Indian SRP Headquarters. The wireless set obtained from the Indian SRP was installed in one of the houses by the riverside. Bandu Karkhanis, an RSS volunteer, who knew how to operate the wireless set was put in charge. He was under instructions that in case of an emergency, he should throw the set in the river, cross the river and take shelter in the Indian territory which was just nearby and protected by Indian SRP.<ref name =lele/>

Captain Fidalgo, who was moving deep in Nagar Haveli with his 150 men, was constantly followed by the rebels. While the Portuguese set up rearguard defences on the river bank, the Indian volunteer forces crossed the flooded river with local ferries on 10 August, assaulting the Portuguese forces at [[Comel|Khanvel]] and forcing them to retreat. The Portuguese unit eventually surrendered to the SRP at Ulad (Udva) on 11 August 1954.<ref name =lele/>

At a public meeting, Karmalkar was chosen as the first administrator of Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref name =lele/>

==Integration into India==
{{main|Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli}}

{{see also|1961 Indian annexation of Goa#Portuguese surrender|l1=After Portuguese surrender}}The integration of Dadra and Nagar Haveli into India was not recognised by any other countries before 1974. In the 12 April 1960, [[International Court of Justice]] decision on the "Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory", it was stated that Portugal had sovereign rights over the territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli but India had the right to deny passage to armed personnel of Portugal over Indian territories. The residents of the former colony requested the administrative help from the [[Government of India]]. In response, K.G. Badlani, an officer of the [[Indian Administrative Service]] (IAS) was sent as the administrator.

From 1954 to 1961, the territory was administered as '''Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli''' by a body called the [[Varishta Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]].<ref name="const10">[[Constitution of India]], 10th Amendment</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1817407/ |title=Umaji Keshao Meshram & Ors vs Radhikabai W/O Anandrao Banapurkar & Anr |date= 14 March 1986 |author=O C Reddy |access-date= 2 November 2021}}</ref>

During the years the territories enjoyed ''[[de facto]]'' independence, mail from Dadra and Nagar Haveli was routed through the Indian town of [[Vapi]] close to the border. Initially, remaining stocks of [[Postage stamps and postal history of Portuguese India|stamps of Portuguese India]] were overprinted with "LIBERATED AREAS" in two lines. A single [[Revenue stamps of India#French and Portuguese India|revenue stamp]] was also issued by Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli.{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

In 1961, when Indian forces [[1961 Indian annexation of Goa|took over Goa, Daman, and Diu]], Badlani was designated the [[Prime Minister of Dadra and Nagar Haveli]] for one day. This was done so that as Head of Government, he could sign an agreement with the [[Prime Minister of India]], [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], and formally merge Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Republic of India. This was done by the [[Tenth Amendment of the Constitution of India]].{{citation needed|date=November 2022}}

The territory was only recognised as part of the Indian Union, together with all the other former Portuguese possessions, after the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 1974 when Portugal recognised Indian sovereignty. A treaty was signed on 31 December 1974 between India and Portugal on recognition of India's sovereignty over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli.<ref>[http://www.commonlii.org/in/other/treaties/INTSer/1974/53.html Treaty Between the Government of India and the Government of the Republic of Portugal on Recognition of Portugal of India's Sovereignty Over Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra, and Nagar Haveli and Related Matters 1974]</ref>

Until 2006, Portugal continued to grant Portuguese citizenship to all natives of Dadra and Nagar Haveli who wished to have it. In that year, this was amended to include only those who had been born before 19 December 1961.{{Citation needed|date=June 2013}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20111220044651/http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/files/32/4521.pdf Case Concerning Right of Passage Over Indian Territory]

{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
{{Military of India}}

[[Category:Annexation]]
[[Category:Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
[[Category:Indian independence movement]]
[[Category:1954 in India]]
[[Category:1954 in Portugal]]
[[Category:India–Portugal relations]]
[[Category:Military history of India]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 1954]]
[[Category:July 1954 in Asia]]
[[Category:August 1954 in Asia]]
[[Category:Invasions by India]]
[[Category:Communist Party of India]]

Udsar

2026-05-01T19:51:20Z

MavisLandale6: new first details added tags

{{Short description|Village in Rajasthan, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = Udsar
| settlement_type = Village
| pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Rajasthan, India
| pushpin_label_position = Right
| coordinates = {{coord|27.7139|N|73.7174|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|State]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Rajasthan]]
| subdivision_type2 = [[List of districts of India|District]]
| subdivision_name2 = [[Bikaner District|Bikaner]]
| subdivision_type3 = [[Tehsil|Sub-District]]
| subdivision_name3 = [[Jasrasar]]
| government_type = [[Panchayati Raj]]
| governing_body = [[Gram Panchayat]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_total_km2 = 23.16
| population_total = 2404
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products__rajasthan.html|title=Census of India : Provisional Population Totals Paper 1 of 2011 : Rajasthan|last=ORGI}}</ref>
| demographics_type1 = [[Language]]
| demographics1_title1 = Official Language
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset = +5:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 334802
| registration_plate = RJ-50, RJ-07
| demographics1_info1 = [[Hindi]]<ref name="langoff">{{cite web|title=52nd Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India |url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|access-date=12 January 2021|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017}}</ref>
}}
'''Udsar''' is a village in [[Jasrasar]] Tehsil within the [[Bikaner]] district of the Indian state of [[Rajasthan]].

Villagers primarily rely on [[agriculture]], with some owning their own enterprises.

==Demographics==

As per the [[2011 census of India|2011 Census]], the population numbered 2,404, including 1,254 males and 1,150 females. The Literacy rate was 48.21%.<ref>{{cite web |title= Census of Siniyala village. |url=https://www.census2011.co.in/data/village/69652-udsar-rajasthan.html |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

100% of the village follows [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01+MDDS.XLS|title=|website=censusindia.gov.in|access-date=28 November 2024|archive-date=30 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130172135/https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01+MDDS.XLS|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Bar box|float=right|title=Religion in Udsar Village (2011)<ref name="Religion">{{cite web |title=Table C-01 Population By Religion - Rajasthan|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11390/download/14503/DDW08C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=census.gov.in|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref>|titlebar=#Fcd117|left1=Religion|right1=Percent|bars={{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|99.8}}
|caption=Distribution of religions in Udsar Village}}

[[Bagri language|Bagri]], a dialect of [[Rajasthani Language|Rajsthani]], is the most spoken language, although the village administration uses [[Hindi Language|Hindi]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10234/download/13346/DDW-C16-TOWN-STMT-MDDS-0800.XLSX|title=Languages in Udsar village}}</ref>

{{Pie chart|thumb=left|value1=96|value2=3.9|value3=0.10|color1=yellow|color2=red|color3=Pink|caption=Languages of Udsar village(2011)|label1=[[Bagri language|Bagri]]|label2=[[Hindi]]|label3=[[English Language|English]]}}

==Transport==

Udsar is near the Sikar-Nokha Highway, [[State Highway 20 (Rajasthan)|SH-20]]. The roads are in good condition. No railway services reaches the village. Inhabitants travel to [[Nokha railway station|Nokha]] or [[Bikaner railway station|Bikaner]] for the train.<ref>{{cite web |title=Overview Of Bikaner Division |url=https://nwr.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1436959747628-An%20Overview%20of%20Bikaner%20Division%20update%20on%20June%202015.pdf |website=nwr.indianrailways.gov.in |access-date=28 November 2024}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==

[[Category:Villages in Bikaner district]]
{{improve categories|date=November 2024}}

{{Bikanerdivision-geo-stub}}

Chhedi Lal Ram

2026-04-30T02:22:49Z

MavisLandale6: Put up a pg

{{Short description|Indian politician from Bihar}}
'''Chhedi Lal Ram''' (Hindi: छेदीलाल राम) is an Indian politician from [[Bihar]], who served as a [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of the Legislative Assembly]] (MLA) for the [[Rajpur, Bihar Assembly constituency|Rajpur Assembly constituency]] in [[Buxar Lok Sabha constituency|Buxar Loksabha]]. He held the seat in the [[2000 Bihar Legislative Assembly election]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=बिहार विधानसभा निर्वाचन 2000 |url=https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-2000/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204224102/https://hindi.eci.gov.in/files/file/3900-%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0-%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8-2000/ |archive-date=2023-12-04 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=भारत निर्वाचन आयोग |language=en-IN}}</ref>

== Personal life ==
Chhedi Ram has been associated with the [[Rashtriya Janata Dal]] (RJD)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ceoelection.bihar.gov.in/election/AFF_AENov2005/Bihar/202/ChhediLalRam/ChhediLalRam.htm |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=ceoelection.bihar.gov.in}}</ref> and served as a minister in the Bihar government.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bharat |first=E. T. V. |date=2019-11-06 |title=पूर्व मंत्री छेदी राम ने साधा निशाना, कहा- बिहार में चल रहा जल्लादों का राज |url=https://www.etvbharat.com/hindi/bihar/state/buxar/former-minister-chhedi-ram-attacked-on-the-nitish-government-in-buxar/bh20191106122259430 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=ETV Bharat News |language=hi}}</ref> His political and agricultural background roots him firmly in regional politics.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 October 2020 |title=Candidate Affidavit |url=https://affidavit.eci.gov.in/show-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 |access-date=13 August 2025 |website=Election Commission of India}}</ref>

== Political profile ==
He also participated in the [[2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election|2020 Bihar Vidhan Sabha elections]] from the Rajpur (SC) constituency as an Independent candidate. He held the position of an MLA, and at some point during his tenure or afterward, he also served as a minister in the Bihar government, earning the title of “former minister”<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bihar Politics: बिहार के पूर्व मंत्री ने थामा कांग्रेस का हाथ, दलित वोटरों के बीच है मजबूत पकड़ - Former Minister Chedi Ram Joins Congress in Patna |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/patna-city-former-minister-chedi-ram-joins-congress-in-patna-24011242.html |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=Jagran |language=hi}}</ref>

His declared profession was politics and agriculture, and his assets were estimated at approximately ₹37.9 lakhs, with no recorded criminal cases.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chhedi Lal Ram(Independent(IND)):Constituency- RAJPUR (SC)(BUXAR) - Affidavit Information of Candidate |url=https://www.myneta.info/Bihar2020/candidate.php?candidate_id=10267 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=www.myneta.info}}</ref>

== Recent developments ==
In August 2025, Chhedi Ram and his son Rakesh Kumar Ram formally joined the [[Indian National Congress]] during a public event held at Sadakat Ashram.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Suman |first=Anubh |title=बिहार के पूर्व मंत्री छेदी राम ने बेटे के साथ थामा कांग्रेस का हाथ, CRPF के पूर्व अधिकारी भी हुए शामिल |url=https://news4nation.com/bihar/patna/former-bihar-minister-chhedi-ram-joined-congress-along-with-his-son-794310 |access-date=2025-08-12 |website=@News4Nation |language=hi}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

[[Category:Indian politicians]]
[[Category:Bihar MLAs 2000–2005]]
[[Category:Rashtriya Janata Dal politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Pt. Raghunath Academy of Santali Cinema and Art

2026-04-26T21:33:21Z

MavisLandale6: made bio

{{Infobox organization
| formation = February 3, 2008
| status = Operational
| purpose = Promoting [[Santali cinema]]
| headquarters = [[Jamshedpur]], [[Jharkhand]], [[India]]
| region_served = [[Jharkhand]], [[Odisha]], [[West Bengal]]
}}

[[Raghunath Murmu|Pandit Raghunath Murmu]] Academy of Santali Cinema & Art ('<nowiki/>'''RASCA'''', ''Santali'' :meaning Joy), is a cine academy based in Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India. It is formed to promote and develop Santali films across the state.

== Activities ==

This academy classes are provided to the students in acting & dancing primarily along with technical education of film equipments along with guest lectures.

[[Surya Singh Besra]], the director of RASCA announced the launch of santali film awards, at a meeting held on February 3, 2008.<ref name="Rasca launch">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080204/jsp/jharkhand/story_8860104.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304071849/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080204/jsp/jharkhand/story_8860104.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | title='Santhali films come of age - Talent hunt, awards night, channel on cards'|work=telegraphindia.com |date=February 4, 2008 |accessdate=28 September 2013|quote=...To bring Santhali cinema to the mainstream, city-based cultural organisation Raghunath Academy of Santhali Cinema and Art (Rasca) has decided to launch the first-ever national-level Santhali talent hunt and film awards in April...}}</ref>
RASCA's major achievement is that it arranges an award programme for Santali Films each year on 5 May, in which persons related to Santali Films are awarded with certificates, trophies and cash.

The first award ceremony was held on 5 May 2008,<ref name="Rival film award set">{{cite web|title=Rival film award nights fox glam set|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110422/jsp/jharkhand/story_13886382.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202230739/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110422/jsp/jharkhand/story_13886382.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=December 2, 2013|publisher=telegraphindia.com|date=April 22, 2011|accessdate=5 September 2013 |quote=...Though the recognition of the film award function was started by RASCA in 2008... ...The RASCA-sponsored Santhali Filmfare Award will be held at Michael John Auditorium,...}}</ref><ref name="RASCA Award 2008 telegraphindia.com" /> at [[XLRI|XLRI Auditorium]], [[Jamshedpur]].

Award programme was not organised in the year 2009 due to parliamentary elections, & in 2010 due to inadequate number films for nominations, which broke the continuity of organising the award programme each year.<ref name="RASCA Award 2011 movies.propertykhazana.com" />

== RASCA Award Ceremony 2008 ==

This was the maiden award ceremony organised by RASCA, & was held on 5 May 2008, at XLRI Auditorium, Jamshedpur.<ref name="RASCA Award 2008 telegraphindia.com">{{cite web|title=Awards function lacks sheen|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080506/jsp/jharkhand/story_9230871.jsp|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611065959/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080506/jsp/jharkhand/story_9230871.jsp|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 11, 2008|publisher=telegraphindia.com|accessdate=September 22, 2013|date=May 6, 2008}}</ref>

== RASCA Award Ceremony 2011 ==

2nd RASCA Award was organised in 2011 after a gap of 2 yrs,<ref name="RASCA Award 2011 movies.propertykhazana.com">{{cite web|title=Santali film fest from May 5 Jamshedpur|url=http://www.movies.propertykhazana.com/news-articles-of-latest-movies-cinema-actors-actress-directors-producers-santali%20film%20fest%20from%20may%205%20jamshedpur-cinema%20news-jamshedpur-4204.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130929043424/http://www.movies.propertykhazana.com/news-articles-of-latest-movies-cinema-actors-actress-directors-producers-santali%20film%20fest%20from%20may%205%20jamshedpur-cinema%20news-jamshedpur-4204.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 29, 2013|publisher=movies.propertykhazana.com|accessdate=5 September 2013|date=April 20, 2011}}</ref><ref name="RASCA Award 2011 bharatstudent.com">{{cite web|title=Get set For Santali film fest|url=http://www.bharatstudent.com/cafebharat/view_news-Bengali-NewsandGossips-6,76968.php|publisher=bharatstudent.com|accessdate=September 22, 2013|date=April 22, 2011}}</ref><ref name="RASCA Award 2011 jagranjosh.com" >{{cite web|title=Ten Santali films nominated for Second Santali Film RASCA Awards 2011|url=http://www.jagranjosh.com/current-affairs/ten-santali-films-nominated-for-second-santali-film-rasca-awards-2011-1303382971-1|publisher=jagranjosh.com|accessdate=September 22, 2013|date=April 21, 2011}}</ref> which became the starting point of continuity, for organising the award programme each year. The award programme was held at Michael John Auditorium, Bistupur.<ref name="Rival film award set" /><ref name="Awards night for state film industry">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110216/jsp/jharkhand/story_13589400.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304132509/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1110216/jsp/jharkhand/story_13589400.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | title='Awards night for state film industry'| work=telegraphindia.com |date= February 16, 2011 |accessdate=28 September 2013|quote=...The socio-cultural outfit will organise the second Santhali Filmfare Awards on May 5 this year, on the birth anniversary of Raghunath Murmu, the founder of the Ol Chiki script. }}</ref>

== RASCA Award Ceremony 2012 ==

The third RASCA Award Ceremony was held on Saturday 05/05/2012, at Birsa Munda Town Hall, Sidhgora.<ref>{{cite news|title="Amge Sari Dulariya" Shresth Santhali Film|newspaper=Dainik Jagran(Printed Edition of May 06, 2012)|date=May 6, 2012}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Winner
|-
| Best Santali Movie || Aamge Sari Dulariya
|-
| Best Director || Jagannath Murmu (Aamge Sari Dulariya)
|-
| Best Actor || Bubun Mardi
|-
| Best Actress || Bir Baha Hansda (Aamge Sari Dulariya)
|-
| Best Villain || Dharmendra Mardi (Aamge Sari Dulariya)
|-
| Best Comic Actor || Sukhlal Murmu (Muluk More Maha)
|-
| Best Child Actor || Karna Murmu (Kahins)
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || Sunil Hansda (Hala)
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || Merila Murmu (Muluk More Maha)
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male) || Subhash Hansda (Aamge Sari Dulariya)
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Female) || Anjali (Aamge Sari Dulariya)
|-
| Best Lyricist || Chamachand Murmu (Accha Thik Geya)
|-
| Best Music || Shyam (Aamge Sari Dulariya)
|-
| Best Story || Lakshman Soren (Bonga Kudi)
|}

== RASCA Award Ceremony 2013 ==

The fourth RASCA Award Ceremony was held on Sunday 5 May 2013, at XLRI Auditorium, Jamshedpur.<ref name="Rasca 2013">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130506/jsp/jharkhand/story_16862169.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703152300/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130506/jsp/jharkhand/story_16862169.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=July 3, 2013 | title='Award fillip for Santhali films - RASCA hosts daylong movie fest at XLRI auditorium ' |work=telegraphindia.com |date= May 6, 2013 |accessdate=5 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Santhali Kalakaro Ke Sir Bandha "RASCA" Ka Taaj|newspaper=Dainik Jagran(Printed Edition of May 06, 2013)|date=May 6, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Eat leto">{{cite web | url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130505/jsp/jharkhand/story_16855729.jsp | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202222247/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1130505/jsp/jharkhand/story_16855729.jsp | url-status=dead | archive-date=December 2, 2013 | title='Eat leto, see Santhal films- Tribal delicacy to increase footfall at six-day festival'|work=telegraphindia.com |date= May 5, 2013 |accessdate=28 September 2013|quote=...Meanwhile, the fourth edition of the Santhali film festival hosted by Pandit Raghunath Academy of Santhali Cinema and Art (RASCA) would be held on May 5 at Tata Auditorium, XLRI. }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Winner
|-
| Best Santali Movie || Aminj Dular Meya (Production House-Sagen Films)
|-
| Best Director || Raju Raaj Biruily (Aminj Dular Meya)
|-
| Best Actor || [[Lakhan Soren]] (Aminj Dular Meya)
|-
| Best Actress || Sonam (Aminj Dular Meya)
|-
| Best Villain || Vinod Soren (Sontok)
|-
| Best Comic Actor || Srimat Mandi (Aminj Dular Meya)
|-
| Best Child Actor || NO Nominations
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || Raju Raaj (Aminj Dular Meya)
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || Riya (Juwan Mone)
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male) || Dushasan Mahato (Aminj Dular Meya)
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Female) || Geeta Baskey ( Juwan Mone)
|-
| Best Lyricist || Dushasan Mahato (Aminj Dular Meya)
|-
| Best Music || Govinda & Firoz (Lugu Lumang)
|-
| Best Story || Krish Sharma & Krishna (Jiwi Gaate)
|-
| Best Editing || Pankaj Murmu (Jiwi Gaate)
|-
| Best Choreographer || Vishnu Charan Tudu (Juwan Mone)
|-
| Best Cinematography || Raja & Tarak (Juwan Mone)
|-
| Best Short Film 1 || Sari Sohray (Saheb)
|-
| Best Short Film 2 || Kumbru Kate Aatkar Kedam (Ramswaroop Soren)
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Special Jury Award
|-
| Dashrath Hansda (Dosar Jonom)
|-
| Twinkle Soren (Aminj Dular Meya)
|-
| Rupa Hansda (Jiwi Gaate)
|-
| Mansingh Majhi (Lugu Lumang)
|-
| Munna Hembrom (Jiwi Gaate)
|}

== RASCA Award Ceremony 2014 ==

The 5th RASCA Award Ceremony was held on Monday 05/05/2014, at [[Sidgora Town hall]], [[Jamshedpur]].<ref name="Rasca 2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.santhaledisom.com/2014/08/rasca-awards-2014-santali-cine-award.html | title='Award fillip for Santhali films - RASCA hosts daylong movie fest at Sidgora Town hall ' |work=www.santhaledisom.com/ }} Meanwhile, the 5th edition of the Santhali film festival hosted by Pandit Raghunath Academy of Santhali Cinema and Art (RASCA) would be held on May 5 may at Sidgora Town hall.</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Category !! Winner
|-
| Best Santali Movie || Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj
|-
| Best Director || Raajuraj and Chandramohan Hembram (Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Actor || Ravi Hansda (Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Actress || Reema Sahni(Asha Dolan)
|-
| Best Villain || Bajar Hembram( Fagun Koyel)
|-
| Best Comic Actor || Sunil Majhi(Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Child Actor || NO Nominations
|-
| Best Supporting Actor || Bubun Mardi( Asha Dolan)
|-
| Best Supporting Actress || Phulmani Soren(Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Male) || Tara Gulshan Tudu(Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Playback Singer (Female) || Geeta-Sushma (Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Lyricist || Sanjeev Hembram (Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Music || Subrat (Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Story || Lakhan Tudu (Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Editing || Lakhan Soren (Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Choreographer || Manoj Hembram (Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Cinematography || Rajuraaj (Jaway Oda Bonga Chapad kidinj)
|-
| Best Short Film 1 ||
|-
| Best Short Film 2 ||
|}

== See also ==
* [[Santali language|Santali Language]]
* [[Santali Latin alphabet|Santali Latin Alphabet]]
* [[Ol Chiki script|Ol Chiki Script]]
* [[Ol Chiki alphabet|Ol Chiki Alphabet]]
* [[Santali people|Santali People]]
* [[Santali alphabet|Santali Alphabet]]
* [[Santhals]]
* [[Santhal people|Santhal]]

== References ==

{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pt. Raghunath Academy Of Santali Cinema and Art}}
[[Category:Santhal]]

Shah Abdur Rauf

2026-04-26T05:16:16Z

MavisLandale6: new basic post w/ infobox.

{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix = [[Khan Bahadur]]
| name =
| honorific_suffix =
| image =
| image_size = 120px
| caption =
| order =
| office = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start = 1937
| term_end = 1945
| successor = [[Emad Uddin Ahammad]]
| constituency = Rangpur South
| office1 = Member of the [[Bengal Legislative Council]]
| term_start1 = 1920
| term_end1 = 1923
| predecessor1 =
| constituency1 = Rangpur West
| birth_date = 1889
| birth_place = [[Pirganj Upazila, Rangpur|Muqimpur, Pirganj]], [[Rangpur District]], [[Bengal Presidency]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|1969|1|1|1889||}}
| death_place = Muqimpur
| citizenship =
| party = [[Bengal Provincial Muslim League]]
| alma_mater = [[Aligarh Muslim University]]
| occupation =
| profession =
| birth_name =
| spouse =
| children =
| signature =
| website =
| footnotes =
| office2 = Vice-Chairman of the Rangpur District Board
| term_start2 = 1922
| term_end2 = 1931
| native_name = শাহ্‌ আব্দুর রঊফ
| native_name_lang = bn
}}
'''[[Khan Bahadur]]''' '''Shah Abdur Rauf''' [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] ({{Langx|bn|শাহ্‌ আব্দুর রঊফ}}; 1889 - 1 January 1969) was a Bengali littérateur, lawyer and politician.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=প্রখ্যাত ব্যক্তিত্ব |url=http://pirgonj.rangpur.gov.bd/site/page/b363d8b7-18fd-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606175530/http://pirgonj.rangpur.gov.bd/site/page/b363d8b7-18fd-11e7-9461-286ed488c766/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%20%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF |archive-date=6 June 2021 |access-date=7 June 2021 |website=pirgonj.rangpur.gov.bd}}</ref> He was an [[All-India Muslim League]] leader and a member of the [[Bengal Legislative Council]].

== Early life and education ==
Abdur Rauf was born in 1889 to a [[Bengalis|Bengali]] literary family of [[Muslims|Muslim]] [[Pir (Sufism)|pirs]] in the village of Muqimpur in [[Pirganj Upazila, Rangpur|Pirganj]], [[Rangpur District|Rangpur district]], [[Bengal Presidency]] (now [[Bangladesh]]). He was the son of Shah Kalimuddin Ahmed, a notable author of [[puthi]]s.<ref name="auto"/>

He received his primary and secondary education in Rangpur. After that, he went to [[Aligarh Muslim University]] in India for higher education. From Aligarh, he first obtained a [[Bachelor of Arts]] and later a [[Bachelor of Laws]] degree.

== Career ==
The Rayat movement started in Rangpur district in 1919. The Rayats and common people of Rangpur were oppressed and oppressed by the ruthless exploitation of the landlords. He was the secretary of the Rayat Samiti formed in Rangpur district. The Rayat movement gained momentum under his leadership.

He was elected to the [[Bengal Legislative Council]] after the [[1920 Indian general election|1920 elections]], representing the Rangpur West (Sadar-Nilphamari) constituency. In 1922, Abdur Rauf was also elected as a member of the Rangpur District Board and in October 1933, he became its vice-chairman. In 1940, Abdur Rauf was appointed as a [[public prosecutor]]. He served nine years in this position.

His third job was at Rangpur Central Cooperative Bank. Abdur Rauf was the Honorary Secretary of the bank. He was then elected as the Deputy Chairman of the bank. In recognition of his public service through the cooperative movement, Abdur Rauf received the Jubilee Medal and the Jubilee Cooperative Certificate in 1935.
Abdur Rauf contested in the [[1937 Indian provincial elections|1937 Bengal legislative elections]],<ref>{{cite book|page=263|title=Parliamentary Government in India|author=Roy, Bijoy Prasad Singh|year=1943|publisher=Thacker, Spink & Company, Limited}}</ref> winning in the Rangpur South constituency.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bengal Legislative Assembly Proceedings (1939)|volume=54|chapter=Alphabetical list of members|author=Government of Bengal|location=[[Alipore]]}}</ref> He received the Coronation Medal from the erstwhile Bara Lat Bahadur in 1937 for his philanthropic work, and in 1939 he was awarded the title of [[Khan Bahadur]] and [[Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire|CIE]] by the [[British Raj]].

Abdur Rauf played a significant role in establishing primary schools in Rangpur. He played an important role as a senior leader of the Rangpur District Muslim League. Shortly after the [[Partition of Bengal (1947)|Partition of Bengal]] in 1947, he was elected president of the Rangpur District School Board. He served in this position until 1953.

He was elected a member of the Rajshahi Divisional Council by the Pakistan government in 1960. He was a candidate for the 'Basic Democracy' of [[Ayub Khan]]. The [[Government of Pakistan]] awarded him the [[Tamgha-e-Quaid-e-Azam]] in 1960.<ref>রংপুর জেলার ইতিহাস, সম্পাদনা পরিষদ, পৃ. ৪৮৯।</ref><ref>রঙ্গপুরের বরেণ্য ব্যক্তিত্ব, সম্পাদনা পরিষদ, পৃ. ৮০।</ref>

== Literary career ==
Abdur Rauf belonged to a literary familys. He did not limit his versatile talents to politics, social service, and the promotion and spread of education. He himself was engaged in literary pursuits and he patronized literary pursuits. A poem by him titled "Choturdoshi" (June 1967) and a two-volume prose collection titled "Amar Kormojibon" (My Career) were written by him. The two books "Barkat-e-Noor" and "Naat-e-Rasool Maqbool" written by Hazrat Maulana Shah Aftabuzzaman Pir Sahib were published with his financial support.<ref name="auto"/>

== Death ==
Abdur Rauf died on 1 January 1969 at his residence in the Litchi Garden (Salek Pump) area of [[Rangpur, Bangladesh|Rangpur city]]. He was buried in the area adjacent to the Barkatiyyah Darbar Sharif of Dhola Pir Saheb at the Alamnagar-Panama junction on Station Road.<ref name="auto"/>

The Shah Abdur Rauf College in [[Pirganj Upazila, Rangpur|Pirganj]] was named after him and established in 1970.<ref name="auto" /> It became a governmental college in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2019 |title=সরকারি হলো দুই কলেজ |url=https://www.bd-journal.com/education/80753/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C |access-date=11 July 2020 |website=বাংলাদেশ জার্নাল}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=সরকারি হচ্ছে ১৯৯ কলেজ |url=https://www.bd-pratidin.com/city/2016/07/11/156024 |website=বাংলাদেশ প্রতিদিন |date=11 July 2016 |language=}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rauf, Shah Abdur}}
[[Category:People from Pirganj Upazila, Rangpur]]
[[Category:Aligarh Muslim University alumni]]
[[Category:1969 deaths]]
[[Category:1889 births]]
[[Category:Bengali Muslims]]
[[Category:All-India Muslim League politicians]]
[[Category:Bengal MLAs 1937–1945]]
[[Category:20th-century Bengali poets]]

Sonai Assembly constituency

2026-04-21T20:40:17Z

MavisLandale6: new a info added tags.

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Sonai
| constituency_no = 119
| type = SLA
| map_image = Sonai Assembly constituency map 2023.svg
| state = [[Assam]]
| latest_election_year =
| loksabha_cons = [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency|Silchar]]
| district = [[Cachar district|Cachar]]
| established = 1951
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla =
| party =
| alliance =
| electors =
}}

'''Sonai Assembly constituency''' is one of the 126 [[Assam Legislative Assembly|state legislative assembly]] constituencies in [[Assam]] state in [[Northeast India|North Eastern]] India. It is also one of the 7 state legislative assembly constituencies included in the [[Silchar Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eci.gov.in/Documents/Delimitation/DELIMITATIONASSAM_UPDATED.pdf|title=Delimitation of Parliamentary & Assembly Constituencies of State of Assam|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|access-date = 2025-11-28}}</ref>

== Overview ==

As per orders of the Delimitation Commission, No.10 Sonai Assembly constituency is composed of the following:Sonai thana [excluding circle Nos. 32 (Part), 65, 66, Boaligrant in circle No. 54 (Part) and Hill Punjee and forest villages] and circle Nos. 28 to 31 and 35 in Silchar thana and circle No. 58 (Part) in Dholai thana in Silchar sub-division.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/CurrentElections/CONSOLIDATED_ORDER%20_ECI%20.pdf|title=Delimitation Of Parliamentary And Assembly Constituencies Order, 2008 |publisher=eci.nic.in|access-date= 1 July 2016}}</ref>

== Members of Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Year
! Winner
! colspan="2" | Party
|-
| [[1951 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1951]]
| rowspan=2|[[Nanda Kishore Sinha]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1957 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1957]]
|-
| [[1962 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| rowspan=1|[[Pulakeshi Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[1967 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
| rowspan=1|[[Moinul Hoque Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[1972 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1972]]
| rowspan=2|[[Nurul Haque Choudhury]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=2}}
|-
| [[1983 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1983]]
|-
| [[1978 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1978]]
| rowspan=1|[[Altaf Hossain Mazumdar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[1985 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
| rowspan=1|[[Abdul Rob Laskar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[1991 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1991]]
| rowspan=1|[[Badrinarayan Singh]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[1996 Assam Legislative Assembly election|1996]]
| rowspan=2|[[Anwar Hussain Laskar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Asom Gana Parishad}}
|-
| [[2001 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2001]]
| {{Full party name with color|Samajwadi Party}}
|-
| [[2006 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2006]]
| rowspan=1|[[Kutub Ahmed Mazumder]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2011 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2011]]
| rowspan=1|[[Anamul Haque Laskar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2016]]
| rowspan=1|[[Aminul Haque Laskar]]
| {{Full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party|rowspan=1}}
|-
| [[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election|2021]]
| rowspan=1|[[Karim Uddin Barbhuiya]]
| {{Full party name with color|All India United Democratic Front|rowspan=1}}
|}

== Election results ==

=== 2026 ===

{{Election box begin|title= [[2026 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonai}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Karim Uddin Barbhuiya]]|party=Asom Gana Parishad|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=[[Aminul Haque Laskar]]|party=Indian National Congress|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= minar bhai|party=All India United Democratic Front|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate= Shahajahan Laskar|party= All India Trinamool Congress|votes= |percentage= |change= }}
{{Election box candidate with party link|candidate=NOTA|party=None of the above|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes= |percentage= |change=}}
{{Election box turnout|votes=|percentage=|change=}}
{{Election box rejected|votes=|percentage=}}{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = |change = }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner=|loser= |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2021 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2021 Assam Legislative Assembly election]]: Sonai}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Karim Uddin Barbhuiya]]
|party =All India United Democratic Front
|votes = 71,937
|percentage = 48.83
|change = +22.78
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Aminul Haque Laskar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 52,283
|percentage = 35.49
|change = -0.34
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Independent (politician)
|candidate = Asish Halder
|votes = 14,500
|percentage = 9.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = M.Shanti Kumar Singha
|party = All India Trinamool Congress
|votes = 2,796
|percentage = 1.9
|change = N/A
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1231
|percentage = 0.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anwar Hussain Laskar
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 469
|percentage = 0.32
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anjan Kumar Chanda
|party = Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)
|votes = 244
|percentage = 0.17
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 19,654
|percentage =
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,47,344
|percentage = 79.88
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = All India United Democratic Front
|loser = Bharatiya Janata Party
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2016 ===
{{Election box begin | title=[[2016 Assam Legislative Assembly election|Assam Legislative Assembly Election, 2016]]: [[Sonai]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/ConstituencywiseS0314.htm?ac=14|title=Sonai (Assam) Election Results 2016|publisher=elections.in|access-date=1 July 2016}}</ref>}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Aminul Haque Laskar]]
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|votes = 44,236
|percentage = 35.89
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate =Anamul Haque
|votes = 36,683
|percentage = 29.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[Karim Uddin Barbhuiya]]
|party = All India United Democratic Front
|votes = 32,109
|percentage = 26.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Ibungobi Singha
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,987
|percentage = 2.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Anwar Hussain Laskar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 2,408
|percentage = 1.95
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Sanjib Kumar Das
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 943
|percentage = 0.77
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Santosh Das
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 598
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Rejaul Islam Barbhuiya
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 579
|percentage = 0.47
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Pranesh Nath
|party = Lok Janshakti Party
|votes = 522
|percentage = 0.42
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Manindra Chandra Das
|party = Samajwadi Party
|votes = 401
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Jawaharlal Goala
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 401
|percentage = 0.33
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = Maksus Ahmed Laskar
|party = Independent (politician)
|votes = 306
|percentage = 0.25
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|candidate = [[None of the above|None of the Above]]
|party = None of the above
|votes = 1292
|percentage = 1.05
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,553
|percentage = 6.13
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,23,261
|percentage = 77.98
|change =
}}
{{Election box gain with party link|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Indian National Congress
|swing =
}}
{{Election box end}}

== See also ==

* [[Sonai]]
* [[Cachar District]]
* [[Silchar Assembly constituency#politics|Silchar]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |title=Results of all Assam Assembly elections |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/category/67-assam/ |website=eci.gov.in |publisher=Election Commission of India |access-date=15 March 2022}}

{{Assembly constituencies of Assam}}

[[Category:Cachar district]]
[[Category:Silchar]]
[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Assam]]
[[Category:Politics of Assam]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Assam]]

Krishna Devi Shivshanker

2026-04-19T23:28:19Z

MavisLandale6: starting initial bio from scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Krishna Devi Shivshanker
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1971|6|1|df=y}}
| birth_place = Samsuddinpur, [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[India]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]]
| constituency2 = [[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda]]
| term = 2024 - Present
| successor =
| predecessor = [[R. K. Singh Patel]]
| party = [[Samajwadi Party]]
| other_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| spouse = [[Shivshankar Singh Patel]] (M.1 May 1984)
| parents = Jagmohan Singh, Tulsa Devi
| children = 1 Son
| website =
| footnotes =
| date =
| year =
| source = https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5594?from=members
}}
'''Krishna Devi Shivshanker''' is an Indian politician. She is a member of [[Samajwadi Party]].<ref name="Samajwadi Party's Krishna Devi Sivshankar Wins Banda Constituency">{{cite news |title=Samajwadi Party's Krishna Devi Sivshankar Wins Banda Constituency |url=https://timelinedaily.com/news/samajwadi-partys-krishna-devi-sivshankar-wins-banda-constituency |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=TimelineDaily |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322151551/https://timelinedaily.com/news/samajwadi-partys-krishna-devi-sivshankar-wins-banda-constituency |archive-date=22 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues2">{{cite news |date=13 July 2024 |title=Party changers {{!}} Shifting hues |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250302190555/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-party-changers-shifting-hues-2565842-2024-07-13 |archive-date=2 March 2025 |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== Political career ==
Shivshanker has been elected as a Member of Parliament from [[Banda Lok Sabha constituency|Banda Lok Sabha Constituency]]. She defeated [[R. K. Singh Patel|R.K. Singh Patel]] of BJP by a margin of 71210 votes.<ref name="Banda Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024">{{cite news |title=Banda Constituency Lok Sabha Election Result 2024 |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/banda |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=The Times of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322151515/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/elections/lok-sabha-constituencies/uttar-pradesh/banda |archive-date=22 March 2025 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Banda">{{cite news |title=2024 Loksabha Elections Results - Banda |url=https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2448.htm |access-date=22 March 2025 |publisher=Election Commission of India |date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250322151516/https://results.eci.gov.in/PcResultGenJune2024/candidateswise-S2448.htm |archive-date=22 March 2025}}</ref>

== References ==

{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shivshanker, Krishna Devi}}
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Samajwadi Party politicians from Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:People from Banda, Uttar Pradesh]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]

Bisfi Vidyapati Dih

2026-04-15T06:13:40Z

MavisLandale6: Put up new pg.

{{Short description|Birth place of Maithili poet Vidyapati}}
{{See also-text|[[Vidyapati]]|[[Ancient Mithila University]]|[[Vidyapati Dham]]}}
{{Infobox university
| name = Bisfi Vidyapati Dih
| native_name = बिस्फी विद्यापति डीह
| image = Statue of Maha Kavi Kokil Vidyapati.jpg
| founder = [[Vidyapati]]
| parent = [[Ancient Mithila University]]
| religious_affiliation = [[Sanatana]]
| principal = Vidyapati
| city = [[Bisfi]] village, [[Madhubani district]]
| state = [[Bihar]]
| country = India
| campus_type = Rural
}}
'''Bisfi Vidyapati Dih''' is the birthplace of [[Maithili language|Maithili]] poet [[Vidyapati]] in [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]]. It is located at [[Bisfi]] village of [[Madhubani district]] in [[Bihar]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=विद्यापति डीह का होगा विकास:पूर्व विधायक |url=https://www.jagran.com/bihar/madhubani-development-of-vidyapati-deh-former-mla-18670416.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Dainik Jagran |language=hi}}</ref> It was also an educational centre of the [[Ancient Mithila University]]. [[Vidyapati]] used to teach his students here. According to legend, [[Shiva|Lord Shiva]] had incarnated here as [[Ugna Mahadev|Ugna]], in the form of a poor servant at the courtyard of his great devotee [[Vidyapati]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Special In whose house Mahadev Mahadev was servant his wife commanding LordcShiva Maithil Kokil Vidyapati - Hindustan Special: जिनके घर महादेव करते थे चाकरी, शिव पर पत्नी चलाती थी हुक्म; उन्हीं को भुला दिया, बिहार न्यूज |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/story-hindustan-special-in-whose-house-mahadev-mahadev-was-servant-his-wife-commanding-lordcshiva-maithil-kokil-vidyapati-8511341.html |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref>

== Description ==
There are Vidyapati's birthplace Dih, Vidyapati's academy, pond and Bhagwati Visveshwari Mata Sthan.<ref>{{Cite news |title=विद्यापति की जन्म स्थली डीह पर मार्बल से बनी तीन फीट की मूर्ति लगवाएंगे : शंकर झा |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/muzaffarpur/madhubani/news/will-install-a-three-feet-marble-statue-of-vidyapati-at-the-birthplace-of-dih-shankar-jha-127590972.html}}</ref> It is said that King [[Shiva Simha Singh|Shivasimha]] granted Vidyapati his home village of [[Bisfi|Bisafi]] which was recorded on a copper plate grant. This historical place is the heritage of [[Mithila (region)|Mithila]].The ruins of his school have become his memorial monuments. In the 14th century, the poet raised the flame of education by building a school for the education of exploited, neglected and downtrodden children. Nowadays dead bodies are burnt here. Due to the neglect of politicians, the school turned into a crematorium.<ref>{{Cite news |title=आजादी के वर्षों बाद भी उपेक्षित है विद्यापति का डीह बिस्फी गांव |work=Dainik Bhaskar |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/bihar/madhubani/news/vidyapati39s-deh-bisfi-village-is-neglected-even-after-independence-024524-3260794.html}}</ref> In 2018, a committee was constituted at the district level for its development on the standard of tourism. The committee demanded to display the pictures related to [[Vidyapati]]'s work, personality and his couplets through wall writing at the ancient site.<ref>{{Cite web |title=उच्चैठ व बिस्फी विद्यापति डीह का होगा विकास |url=https://www.livehindustan.com/bihar/madhubani/story-high-and-bisefi-vidyapati-will-grow-up-2254071.html |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Hindustan |language=hindi}}</ref> A delegation of the Global Maithil Samaj led by Pandit Kamalakant Jha, the representative of Vidyapati Seva Sansthan and former president of Maithili Academy, demanded Chief Minister [[Nitish Kumar]] to declare it as a national monument.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=राष्ट्रीय स्मारक के रूप में विकसित होगा विद्यापति डीह, विद्यापति सेवा संस्थान ने मुख्यमंत्री नीतीश कुमार को दिया प्रस्ताव |url=https://news4nation.com/news/vidyapati-dih-will-be-developed-as-a-national-monument-753039 |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=news4nation.com}}</ref> It has been proposed to build a guest house and a grand entrance gate at the Bisfi Vidyapati Dih. A three-storied building has been proposed to be constructed parallel to the length of the memorial building on the western vacant land adjacent to the Vidyapati memorial building. It is proposed to develop a theater on the first floor, a library on the second floor and an auditorium on the third floor of the building. The work of fencing the pond from all sides and making fountains at various places is also proposed in the plan.<ref name=":0" />

On 7 August 2024, the ''Standing Finance Committee'' of the [[Government of Bihar|Bihar Government]] approved a scheme budget of 20 crores for the development and beautification of the premises. The implementation of the scheme was entrusted to the [[Bihar State Tourism Development Corporation]] with estimated fund of amount Rs 19 crore 90 lakh 73 thousand.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-08-07 |title=20 करोड़ की लागत से विद्यापति के स्मारक स्थल का विकास कार्य होगा - bisfi News |url=https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/bisfi/news/vidyapatis-memorial-site-will-be-developed-at-a-cost-of-20-crores-133441441.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240808095154/https://www.bhaskar.com/local/bihar/madhubani/bisfi/news/vidyapatis-memorial-site-will-be-developed-at-a-cost-of-20-crores-133441441.html |archive-date=2024-08-08 |access-date=2025-11-19 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |language=hi |url-status=live }}</ref>

== Proposed Grand Statue of Vidyapati ==
In 2014, Phul Singh, the chairman of Vidyapati Janjagran Trust proposed a grand statue of [[Vidyapati]] at the Bisfi Vidyapati Dih. The height of the statue will be 111 feet high. It will cost about Rs 4 crore. As the statue will be erected on the 16-feet-high mound, the actual height of the statue would be around 127 feet from the level plane of the village.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-08-01 |title=111 feet Vidyapati statue to come up at Bisfi in Madhubani district |work=The Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/111-feet-vidyapati-statue-to-come-up-at-bisfi-in-madhubani-district/articleshow/39392048.cms |access-date=2023-03-21 |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==

<references />

[[Category:Mithila (region)]]
[[Category:Madhubani district]]
[[Category:Sanskrit and Vedic learning in Mithila]]

Tambaram City Municipal Corporation

2026-04-14T12:31:58Z

MavisLandale6:

{{Short description|Local Government of Tambaram City}}
{{about|[[Local government in India|Local Government]] of the [[Tambaram|Tambaram City]] within the [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]]||Tambaram (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}

{{Infobox government|government_name=Tambaram City Municipal Corporation|image=[[File:Emblem of Tambaram City Municipal Corporation.png|250px]]|caption=Emblem|date={{Start date and age|2021|11|3|df=y|p=y|br=y}}|branch2=Legislative Branch|legislature_label=Council|legislature=Tambaram City Council|speaker_label=[[Mayor]]|speaker=K. Vasanthakumari ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])|deputy_speaker_label=[[Deputy Mayor]]|deputy_speaker=G. Kamaraj ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])|website={{Official Website|https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/tambaram/}}|members_in_assembly=70 Councillors
[[Government]] (54) 
[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]] (54)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] (50)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Indian National Congress}}}} [[Indian National Congress|INC]] (2)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}} [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]] (1)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]] (1)
[[Opposition (politics)|Opposition]] (9)
:*{{Color box|{{Party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}} [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]] (9)
Others (7)
:*{{Color box|{{party color|Independent politician}}}} [[Independent politician|Independent]] (7)|members_in_assembly_label=[[Municipal councillor (India)|Councillors]]|legislative_council_label=|legislative_council='''Non-voting Member'''|nativename=Tāmbaram Mānakarāṭci|division_type=Type|division=[[Municipal corporation (India)|Municipal Corporation]], with an elected Council and an appointed [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Commissioner]].|country=|document_type=Founding Act|document={{URL|1=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627214611/https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%205%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|2=The Tambaram City Municipal Corporation Act of 2022}}|government_form=[[Local government]]|branch4=[[Judiciary of India|Judiciary branch]]|court_name=[[District courts of India|District Court]]|court=Chengalpattu District Court|chief_justice_label=Principal Judge|chief_justice={{Abbr|J|Judge}} J. Mavis Deepika Sundaravadhana|chairman_label=[[Lok Sabha|MP]]|chairman=[[T. R. Baalu|T.R. Baalu]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])|deputy_chairman_label=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|MLAs]]|deputy_chairman=[[I. Karunanithi]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]) [[S. R. Raja|S.R. Raja]] ([[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]])|branch3=Executive Branch|leader_type=[[Municipal commissioner (India)|Corporation Commissioner]]|leader_title=S. Balachander, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|leader_type2=[[District Collector]]|leader_title2=D. Sneha, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]|leader_type3=[[Commissioner of Police (India)|Commissioner of Police]]|leader_title3=Sanjay Kumar, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]]|appointed=[[Government of Tamil Nadu|State Government of Tamil Nadu]]}}
'''Tambaram City Municipal Corporation (TCMC)''' is a [[Local government in India|local government]] of the City of [[Tambaram]] within the [[Chennai metropolitan area|Chennai Metropolitan Area]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], India.<ref>{{Cite act|index=5|date=2022|legislature=Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly|title=The Tambaram City Municipal Corporation Act, 2022|url=https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%205%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220627214611/https://prsindia.org/files/bills_acts/acts_states/tamil-nadu/2022/Act%20No.%205%20of%202022%20Tamil%20Nadu.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2022-06-27}}</ref> It covers an area of 87.64 sq. km in the [[Chengalpattu district]].

It is one of the four municipal corporations located within the Chennai Metropolitan Area, the other three being the [[Greater Chennai Corporation]], [[Avadi Municipal Corporation|Avadi City Municipal Corporation]] and [[Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation|Kanchipuram Municipal Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/extraordinary/2019/303_Ex_IV_1.pdf|title=Tamil Nadu Bills|website=Stationery.tn.gov.in|access-date=2022-02-19|archive-date=17 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220717171434/http://www.stationeryprinting.tn.gov.in/extraordinary/2019/303_Ex_IV_1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Yogesh Kabirdoss|date=Mar 26, 2017|title=Pallavaram, Tambaram, Avadi to be corporations|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/pallavaram-tambaram-avadi-to-be-corporations/articleshow/57834426.cms|access-date=2021-08-25|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Tambaram is the 20th civic body to become a [[municipal corporation]] in Tamil Nadu.<ref name="tm ref42">{{cite news |date=5 November 2021 |title=Tambaram becomes the 20th municipal corporation of Tamil Nadu, Ordinance promulgated |publisher=The New Indian Express |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2021/nov/05/tambaram-becomes-the-20th-municipal-corporation-of-tamil-naduordinance-promulgated-2379839.html |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref name="tm ref72">{{cite news |last1=Lopez |first1=Aloysius Xavier |date=30 August 2021 |title=Tambaram Corporation takes shape amidst great expectations |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/tambaram-corporation-takes-shape-amidst-great-expectations/article36172796.ece |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
[[Tambaram]] is a medieval town referred to as Taamapuram in an inscription of the 13th century. The word was inscribed on the walls around the [[sanctum sanctorum]] at [[Marundeeswarar Temple, Thirukachur|Marundeeswarar temple]] in Tirukachur village, near Chengalpattu.<ref name=":02">{{cite web |title=Dr.Gift Siromoney's Home Page |url=https://www.cmi.ac.in/gift/Archeaology/arch_tambaramhistory.htm |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Cmi.ac.in}}</ref>

==History==
{{transcluded section|source=Tambaram}}
{{trim|{{#section-h:Tambaram|History}}}}

== Structure ==
The executive authority in Tambaram City Municipal Corporation is vested in [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Corporation Commissioner]]. The [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Corporation Commissioner]] is appointed by the State Government of Tamil Nadu.<ref name="thehindu.com4">{{Cite news |date=5 November 2021 |title=Gazette notification on Tambaram Municipal Corporation |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/gazette-notification-on-tambaram-municipal-corporation/article37339026.ece}}</ref><ref name=":24">{{Cite act|index=Act 9 of 1999|date=|legislature=[[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]]|title=Tamil Nadu Urban Local Bodies Act, 1998|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240611222334/https://www.tnurbantree.tn.gov.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Act-2023.pdf}}</ref>

The Mayor, who is indirectly elected by the councillors, is the head of the municipal corporation, but the role is largely ceremonial as executive powers are vested in the Corporation Commissioner. The office of the Mayor combines a functional role of chairing the Corporation meeting as well as a ceremonial role associated with being the First Citizen of the city. Deputy Mayor is appointed by the Mayor for a five-year term.<ref name="thehindu.com4" /><ref name=":24" />

=== Council ===
The Council is the primary governing body responsible for administering urban civic services and ensuring participatory governance.<ref name=":24" />

The council comprises elected councillors representing each ward, alongside non-voting members. These non-voting members: the Member of [[House of the People (India)|House of the People]] ([[Lok Sabha]]) for the [[Sriperumbudur Lok Sabha constituency|Sriperumbudur constituency]]; Members of the [[Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly]] (MLAs) representing the [[Tambaram Assembly constituency|Tambaram]] and [[Pallavaram Assembly constituency|Pallavaram constituencies]]; and any Members of the [[Council of States (India)|Council of States]] ([[Rajya Sabha]]) registered to vote within the jurisdiction of Tambaram city.<ref name=":24" />

== Administrative divisions ==
[[File:Tambaram Corporation Zones.png|thumb|Administrative Zones of Tambaram City Municipal Corporation]]
=== Zones ===
When Tambaram City Municipal Corporation was established, it consisted of 70 wards under 5 zones.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |date=25 January 2022 |title=தாம்பரம் மாநகராட்சி 5 மண்டலங்களாக பிரிப்பு |url=https://www.maalaimalar.com/news/district/2022/01/25162227/3424516/Tamil-News-Tambaram-Corporation-divided-into-5-zones.vpf |access-date=2022-01-25 |website=Maalai Malar |language=ta}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Zone
!Zone Name
!Total Wards
!Ward No
!Revenue villages
|-
| rowspan="14" |1
| rowspan="14" |Pammal
| rowspan="14" |14
|1
|Anakaputhur
|-
|2
|Anakaputhur
|-
|3
|Anakaputhur
|-
|4
|Anakaputhur
|-
|5
|Anakaputhur and Pammal
|-
|6
|Pammal
|-
|7
|Pammal
|-
|8
|Pammal
|-
|10
|Pammal
|-
|11
|Pammal
|-
|12
|Pammal
|-
|29
|Thiruneermalai
|-
|30|| Thiruneermalai
|-
|31
|Thiruneermalai
|-
| rowspan="14" |2
| rowspan="14" |Pallavaram
| rowspan="14" |14
|9
|Issa Pallavaram
|-
|13
|Issa Pallavaram and Pallavaram
|-
|14
|Pallavaram
|-
|15
|Pallavaram
|-
|16
|Pallavaram
|-
|17
|Pallavaram
|-
|18
|Keelkattalai
|-
|19
|Keelkattalai
|-
|20
|Keelkattalai
|-
|21
|Nemilicheri and Pallavaram
|-
|24
|Pallavaram
|-
|26
|Pallavaram
|-
|27
|Pallavaram
|-
|28|| Pallavaram
|-
| rowspan="14" |3
| rowspan="14" |Sembakkam
| rowspan="14" |14
|22
|Hasthinapuram, Nemilicheri and Pallavaram
|-
|23
|Hasthinapuram, Nemilicheri and Pallavaram
|-
|25
|Hasthinapuram, Nemilicheri and Pallavaram
|-
|34
|Chitlapakkam
|-
|35
|Hasthinapuram and Pallavaram
|-
|36
|Hasthinapuram
|-
|37
|Hasthinapuram
|-
|38
|Hasthinapuram
|-
|39
|Sembakkam
|-
|40
|Gowrivakkam and Sembakkam
|-
|41
|Gowrivakkam and Rajakilpakkam
|-
|42
|Rajakilpakkam and Sembakkam
|-
|43
|Chitlapakkam
|-
|44
|Chitlapakkam
|-
| rowspan="15" |4
| rowspan="15" |Perungalathur
| rowspan="15" |15
|32
|Kadapperi, Pulikoradu and Tambaram
|-
|33
|Chitlapakkam and Kadapperi
|-
|49
|Tambaram
|-
|50
|Kadapperi and Tambaram
|-
|51
|Pulikoradu and Tambaram
|-
|52
|Pulikoradu and Tambaram
|-
|53
|Irumbuliyur and Tambaram
|-
|54
|Tambaram
|-
|55
|Perungalathur
|-
|56
|Perungalathur
|-
|57
|Perungalathur
|-
|58
|Perungalathur
|-
|59
|Peerkankaranai
|-
|60
|Irumbuliyur and Tambaram
|-
|61
|Peerkankaranai
|-
| rowspan="13" |5
| rowspan="13" |East Tambaram
| rowspan="13" |13
|45
|Selaiyur
|-
|46
|Selaiyur
|-
|47
|Selaiyur
|-
|48
|Selaiyur and Tambaram
|-
|62
|Irumbuliyur
|-
|63
|Irumbuliyur and Selaiyur
|-
|64
|Selaiyur
|-
|65
|Selaiyur
|-
|66
|Rajakilpakkam
|-
|67
|Madambakkam
|-
|68
|Madambakkam and Selaiyur
|-
|69
|Madambakkam
|-
|70|| Madambakkam
|}

=== Area Sabha ===
Area Sabha is a body of all the residents registered to vote in an area within a ward. Each of the 70 wards in Tambaram is divided into nine areas for conducting Area Sabha. The Area Sabha for all the areas within a ward is convened and chaired by their respective ward [[Councillor]]. 200 residents is the minimum number necessary to constitute Area Sabha.<ref name=":24" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=TN to hold Area Sabha meets from Nov 1 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2022/oct/29/tn-to-hold-area-sabha-meets-from-nov-1-2512720.html |access-date=2022-10-29 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Current composition ==
The [[Municipal commissioner (India)|Corporation Commissioner]] is S. Balachander, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-30 |title=T.N. government posts new Collectors to 11 districts, Commissioners to five municipal corporations |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/state-government-posts-new-collectors-to-11-districts-commissioners-to-five-municipal-corporations/article66451583.ece |access-date=2023-09-21 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The Mayor and Deputy Mayor are [[K. Vasanthakumari]] and G. Kamaraj respectively.<ref name="hindutamil.in">{{Cite web |title=எனது முடிவுகளில் குடும்பத் தலையீடு இருக்காது - தாம்பரம் மேயர் க.வசந்தகுமாரி சிறப்புப் பேட்டி |url=https://www.hindutamil.in/news/tamilnadu/776199-tambaram-mayor-vasanthakumari-kamalakannan-interview.html |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=Hindu Tamil Thisai |language=ta}}</ref><ref name="youtube.com">{{Citation |title=தாம்பரத்துக்குனு செம ப்ளான்ஸ் இருக்கு! {{!}} Tambaram Mayor {{!}} TN Govt {{!}} DMK |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jcwEwoRdhDw |access-date=2022-03-26 |language=en}}</ref> The Commissioner of Police is Abin Dinesh Modak, [[Indian Police Service|IPS]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |date=2022-06-06 |title=Amalraj takes over as Tambaram Police Commissioner |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/amalraj-takes-over-as-tambaram-police-commissioner/article65500123.ece |access-date=2022-10-24 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

=== City council ===
{{See also|2022 Tambaram City Municipal Corporation election}}The current members of the Tambaram City Council were elected in [[2022 Tamil Nadu urban local body elections|urban body elections]] held on19 February 2022.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Party strength in the Municipal City Council
! colspan="4" rowspan="2" |Alliance & Parties
! rowspan="2" |Ideology
! rowspan="2" |Leader(s)
!2022 result
|-
!Seats
|-
| rowspan="4" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
| rowspan="4" |[[Secular Progressive Alliance|SPA]]
| rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Social democracy|Social Democracy]]
|[[M. K. Stalin]]
|{{Composition bar|50|70|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|-
| rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Indian National Congress}}" | 
|[[Indian National Congress]]
|[[Social liberalism|Social Liberalism]]
|[[K. Selvaperunthagai]]
|{{Composition bar|2|70|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}}}
|-
| rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}" | 
|[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
|[[Communism]]
|[[P. Mahalingam]]
|{{Composition bar|1|70|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|-
|rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Social democracy|Social Democracy]]
|[[Vaiko]]
|{{Composition bar|1|70|{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}}}}
|-
| rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
| rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]}}
| rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
|[[Social democracy|Social Democracy]]
|[[Edappadi K. Palaniswami]]
|{{Composition bar|9|70|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|-
| rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
| rowspan="1" |{{nowrap|[[Independent politician|Independent]]}}
| rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Independent politician}}" | 
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|[[Independent politician|Independent]]
|N/A
|{{Composition bar|7|70|{{party color|Independent politician}}}}
|}

== List of officials ==

=== Corporation Commissioners ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Council
(Term)
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | No.
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Name
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! rowspan="2" |Appointer
|-
!Start
!End
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{sort|001|1st ([[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|2022 — 2027]])}}
| 1
| {{sortname|M.|Elangovan||M, Elangovan|nolink=1}}
| 3 November 2021
|11 February 2023
| rowspan="3" |[[M. K. Stalin ministry|21st Cabinet of State of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|2
|R. Alagumeena, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|12 February 2023
|15 July 2024
|-
|3
|S. Balachander,
[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
|16 July 2024
|Incumbent
|}

=== Mayors ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Council
(Term)
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | No.
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Name
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope=col colspan="2" | Party
|-
!Start
!End
! colspan="2" |
|-
|{{sort|001|1st ([[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|2022 — 2027]])}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="Vasanthakumari Kamalakannan" |
| Vasanthakumari K
| 4 March 2022
|Incumbent
| rowspan="1" width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|}
=== Deputy mayors ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" |Council
(Term)
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | No.
! rowspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Portrait
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Name
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! scope=col colspan="2" | Party
|-
!Start
!End
! colspan="2" |
|-
|{{sort|001|1st ([[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|2022 — 2027]])}}
| 1
| data-sort-value="G Kamaraj" |
| {{sortname|G|Kamaraj||G, Kamaraj|nolink=1}}
| 4 March 2022
|Incumbent
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}"| 
|[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
|}
=== City Councils ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Council
(Term)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
!
! colspan="3" |Government
! colspan="3" |Opposition
|-
!Start
!End
! colspan="2" |Parties
!Seats
! colspan="2" |Parties
!Seats
|-
|{{sort|001|1st ([[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|2022 — 2027]])}}
|4 March 2022
|Incumbent
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
| [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK+]]
| {{Composition bar|54|70|{{Party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
| width="4px" bgcolor="{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}" | 
|[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
| {{Composition bar|9|70|{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}}}}
|}

=== Commissioners of Police ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Council
(Term)
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | No.
! rowspan="2" scope="col" | Name
! colspan="2" scope="col" class="unsortable" | Term
! rowspan="2" |Appointer
|-
!Start
!End
|-
| rowspan="3" |{{sort|001|1st ([[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|2022 — 2027]])}}
| 1
| {{sortname|M.|Ravi||M, Ravi|nolink=1}}
| 1 January 2022
|31 May 2022
| rowspan="3" |[[M. K. Stalin ministry|21st Cabinet of State of Tamil Nadu]]
|-
|2
|{{sortname|A.|Amalraj||A, Amalraj|nolink=1}}
|6 June 2022
|9 July 2024
|-
|3
|Abin Dinesh Modak
|10 July 2024
|Incumbent
|}

== Electoral history ==

=== Popular Vote ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="3" |Council
(Election)
! colspan="2" |Voter
! colspan="2" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! colspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! colspan="2" |[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="2" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|-
!rowspan="2" |Turnout
!rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Votes
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
|- style="height:6px;"
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}};"|
! colspan="2"style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}};"|
|-
|{{sort|001|1st ([[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|2022]])}}
|51.38
|—
|{{lost|1.05}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{no2|24.65}}
|{{no2|—}}
|{{lost|5.98}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{yes2|0.79}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{lost|2.62}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{yes2|39.92}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{yes2|2.26}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{yes2|0.69}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{lost|2.02}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{lost|1.63}}
|{{lost|—}}
|}

=== Seats ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"
! rowspan="3" |Council
(Election)
! colspan="2" |Voter
! colspan="2" |[[Aam Aadmi Party|AAP]]
! colspan="2" |[[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|AIADMK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]]
! colspan="2" |[[Communist Party of India (Marxist)|CPI(M)]]
! colspan="2" |[[Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam|DMDK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
! colspan="2" |[[Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|MDMK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Naam Tamilar Katchi|NTK]]
! colspan="2" |[[Pattali Makkal Katchi|PMK]]
|-
!rowspan="2" |Turnout
!rowspan="2" |{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
!Seats
!{{Abbr|+/-|Swing}}
|- style="height:6px;"
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Aam Aadmi Party}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Communist Party of India (Marxist)}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Indian National Congress}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam}};"|
! colspan="2" style="background:{{party color|Naam Tamilar Katchi}};"|
! colspan="2"style="background:{{party color|Pattali Makkal Katchi}};"|
|-
|{{sort|001|1st ([[2022 Tambaram City municipal corporation election|2022]])}}
|51.38
|—
|{{lost|0}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{no2|9}}
|{{no2|—}}
|{{lost|0}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{yes2|1}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{lost|0}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{yes2|50}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{yes2|2}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{yes2|1}}
|{{yes2|—}}
|{{lost|0}}
|{{lost|—}}
|{{lost|0}}
|{{lost|—}}
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
* [[Tambaram]]
* [[Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
* [[Greater Chennai Corporation]]
* [[Avadi Municipal Corporation|Avadi City Municipal Corporation]]
* [[Kancheepuram City Municipal Corporation]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities of Tamil Nadu}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Tambaram City Municipal Corporation| ]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Chennai Metropolitan Area]]
[[Category:Municipal corporations in Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:2021 establishments in India]]

Simulia Assembly constituency

2026-04-14T03:35:23Z

MavisLandale6: new initial post from scratch.

{{Short description|Constituency of the Odisha legislative assembly in India}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Simulia
| state = [[Odisha]]
| constituency_no = 42
| type = SLA
| map_image =
| map_caption =
| map_alt =
| division = Central Division
| district = [[Balasore district|Balasore]]
| loksabha_cons = [[Bhadrak (Lok Sabha constituency)|Bhadrak]]
| established = 1961
| reservation = None
| incumbent_image =
| mla = [[Padma Lochan Panda]]
| party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]
| latest_election_year = [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]
| electors = 2,57,238{{efn|as on 2024}}{{efn|as data published by election commission}}
}}

'''Simulia''' is a [[Odisha Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] [[List of constituencies of Odisha Vidhan Sabha|constituency]] of [[Balasore district]], [[Odisha]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113145013/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=283&cid=42|url-status=usurped|archive-date=13 January 2017|title= Orissa Assembly Election 2009 |work=empoweringindia.org |quote= Constituency: Simulia (42) District : Balasore|accessdate= 24 February 2014}}</ref>

Area of this constituency includes Simulia block and Khaira block.<ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/Final_Publications/Orissa/orissa.pdf Assembly Constituencies and their Extent]</ref><ref>[http://eci.nic.in/delim/paper1to7/Orissa.xls Seats of Odisha]</ref>

== Elected members ==
{{bar box
|float=right
|title= Vote share of winning candidates<ref>{{cite web |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/electionanalysis/AE/S18/partycomp16.htm |title= 16 - Simulia Assembly Constituency |work=eci.nic.in |year=2006 |quote=List Of Winning Candidates |accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref>
|titlebar=#ddd
|width=300px
|barwidth=275px
|bars=
{{bar percent|2024|{{party color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}|49.54}}
{{bar percent|2019|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|51.35}}
{{bar percent|2014|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|42.24}}
{{bar percent|2009|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|47.87}}
{{bar percent|2004|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|50.28}}
{{bar percent|2000|{{party color|Biju Janata Dal}}|49.95}}
{{bar percent|1995|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|49.41}}
{{bar percent|1990|{{party color|Janata Dal}}|64.08}}
{{bar percent|1985|{{party color|Indian National Congress}}|46.94}}
{{bar percent|1980|{{party color|Janata Party}}|28.32}}
{{bar percent|1977|{{party color|Janata Party}}|39.03}}
}}

Since its formation in 1961, 15 elections were held thru 2024.

List of members elected from Simulia constituency are:<ref name=prevMLAs>{{cite web|url=http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |title=Odisha Reference Annual - 2011 - List of Members of Odisha Legislative Assembly - (1951–2004) |access-date=6 October 2021 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217121136/http://orissa.gov.in/e-magazine/orissaannualreference/ORA-2011/pdf/453-501.pdf |archive-date=17 December 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Simulia Assembly Constituency, Orissa|url=http://www.elections.in/orissa/assembly-constituencies/simulia.html|publisher=Compare Infobase Limited|accessdate=23 February 2014}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Member
!colspan=2|Party
|-
|[[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Simulia Assembly Election Results 2024: Simulia Election Candidates List, Election Date, Vote Share - IndiaToday |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/assembly/odisha/simulia-constituency-result-18042 |access-date=2025-06-20 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>
|[[Padma Lochan Panda]]
|{{full party name with color|Bharatiya Janata Party}}
|-
|[[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019]]<ref name="election2019">{{cite web |title=State Election, 2019 to the Legislative Assembly of Odisha |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/11679-odisha-legislative-assembly-election-2019/ |url-access=limited |access-date=7 October 2021 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| rowspan="2" |[[Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi]]
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=3|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014]]<ref name=":1" />
|-
|[[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009]]<ref name=":2" />
|Parsuram Panigrahi
|-
|[[2004 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|[[Padma Lochan Panda]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[2000 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2000]]
|Parsuram Panigrahi
|{{full party name with color|Biju Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1995 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1995]]
|[[Padma Lochan Panda]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1990 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1990]]
|Parsuram Panigrahi
|{{full party name with color|Janata Dal}}
|-
|[[1985 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1985]]
|[[Padma Lochan Panda]]
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1980 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1980]]
|Parsuram Panigrahi
|{{full party name with color|rowspan=2|Janata Party}}
|-
|[[1977 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1977]]
|Gopinath Das
|-
|[[1974 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1974]]
|Sailen Mohapatra
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|-
|[[1971 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1971]]
|Chintamani Jena
|{{full party name with color|Communist Party of India}}
|-
|[[1967 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1967]]
|Uchhab Charan Jena
|{{full party name with color|Praja Socialist Party}}
|-
|[[1961 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|1961]]
|Bhagiratha Das
|{{full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==

=== 2024 ===
Voting were held on 1 June 2024 in 4th phase of Odisha Assembly Election & 7th phase of Indian General Election. Counting of votes was on 4 June 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=General Election to Legislative Assembly of Odisha 2024 |url=https://elections24.eci.gov.in/election-details-odisa.html |website=[[Election Commission of India|ECI]]}}</ref> In 2024 election, [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Padma Lochan Panda]] defeated [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Subhashini Sahu by a margin of 13,183 votes.<ref name=":0" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2024 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2024 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Simulia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party=Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate= [[Padma Lochan Panda]]
|votes=90,676
|percentage=49.54
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Biju Janata Dal
|candidate=Subhashini Sahu
|votes=77,493
|percentage=42.34
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=Indian National Congress
|candidate=Himanshu Sekhar Behera
|votes=13,067
|percentage=7.14
|change=
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party=None of the above
|candidate=None of the above
|votes=693
|percentage=0.38
|change=
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes=13,183
|percentage=7.2
|change=
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes=1,83,028
|percentage=71.15
|change=
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Bharatiya Janata Party
|loser = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

=== 2019 ===
In 2019 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi]] defeated [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] candidate [[Padma Lochan Panda]] by a margin of 14,959 votes.<ref name="election2019" />

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2019 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2019 Odisha Vidhan Sabha Election]], Simulia}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi]]
|votes = 90,083
|percentage = 51.35
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = [[Padma Lochan Panda]]
|votes = 75,124
|percentage = 42.82
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = Ananta Prasad Sethi
|votes = 8,353
|percentage = 4.76
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 802
|percentage = 0.46
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 14,959
|percentage = 8.53
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,75,430
|percentage = 72.55
|change =
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2014===
In 2014 election, [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate [[Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi]] defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Padma Lochan Panda]] by a margin of 7,937 votes.<ref name=":1">{{cite web|title=Constituency Wise odisha Assembly Election result 2014|url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|publisher=Leadtech.in|accessdate=29 May 2014|archive-date=18 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818230907/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/2604-constituency-wise-odisha-assembly-election-result.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

{{Election box begin |
|title= [[2014 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2014 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Simulia<ref>{{cite web|title=Odisha - Simulia|url=http://eciresults.nic.in/AC/ConstituencywiseS1842.htm?ac=42|publisher=Election Commission of India|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Orissa Assembly Election 2014, Constituency: Simulia (42)|url=http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=42|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714132451/http://www.empoweringindia.org/new/constituency.aspx?eid=998&cid=42|url-status=usurped|archive-date=14 July 2014|publisher=EmpoweringIndia.org|accessdate=29 May 2014}}</ref>}}

{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = [[Jyoti Prakash Panigrahi]]
|votes = 65,854
|percentage = 42.24
|change = {{decrease}}5.63
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Padma Lochan Panda]]
|votes = 57,917
|percentage = 37.15
|change = {{decrease}}2.48
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Shashi Kumar Sahoo
|votes = 28,011
|percentage = 17.97
|change =
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = None of the above
|candidate = None of the above
|votes = 769
|percentage = 0.49
|change =
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 7,937
|percentage = 5.09
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,55,906
|percentage = 73.84
|change =
}}
{{Election box Registered electors
|reg. electors = 2,11,136
}}
{{Election box hold with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
}}
{{Election box end}}

===2009 ===
In [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 election]], [[Biju Janata Dal]] candidate Parsuram Panigrahi defeated [[Indian National Congress]] candidate [[Padma Lochan Panda]] by a margin of 10,927 votes.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |url=http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |title=Orissa Election Result 2009 With Vote Margin |work=leadtech.in |quote=10927 |accessdate=22 February 2014 |archive-date=27 May 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527163949/http://leadtech.in/infoelection/index.php/odisha/431-odisha-election-result-2009-votemargin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

{{Election box begin|
|title= [[2009 Odisha Legislative Assembly election|2009 Vidhan Sabha Election]], Simulia<ref name=election2009>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3630-orissa-2009/ |title=Statistical Report on General Election, 2009 to the Legislative Assembly of Orissa |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date= 6 October 2021}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link|
|party = Biju Janata Dal
|candidate = Parsuram Panigrahi
|votes = 63,479
|percentage = 47.87
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Indian National Congress
|candidate = [[Padma Lochan Panda]]
|votes = 52,552
|percentage = 39.63
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate minor party|
|party = [[Independent (politician)|Independent]]
|candidate = Mahendra Prasad Jena
|votes = 8,047
|percentage = 6.07
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box candidate with party link|
|party = Bharatiya Janata Party
|candidate = Tanuja Panda
|votes = 5,023
|percentage = 3.79
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box majority|
|votes = 10,927
|percentage = 8.24 {{efn|% of total valid votes}}
|change =
}}
{{Election box turnout|
|votes = 1,32,618
|percentage = 67.56
|change = ''-''
}}
{{Election box gain with party link no swing|
|winner = Biju Janata Dal
|loser = Indian National Congress
}}
{{Election box end}}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Balasore district}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Odisha}}
{{coord|21.27|86.73|display=title}}

[[Category:Assembly constituencies of Odisha]]
[[Category:Balasore district]]
[[Category:Politics of Odisha]]
[[Category:Legislative Assembly constituencies of Indian states established in 1951]]
[[Category:1951 establishments in Orissa]]

M. S. Tharanivendhan

2026-04-10T13:55:29Z

MavisLandale6: Put Up Basic Entry From Scratch

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = M. S.Tharanivendhan
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|6|15|df=y}}
| birth_place = Vellimedupettai Village, [[Tiruvannamalai district]], [[Tamil Nadu]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament]], [[Lok Sabha]]
| term_start = 4 June 2024
| constituency =[[Arani Lok Sabha constituency|Arani]]
| predecessor = [[M. K. Vishnu Prasad]]
| party = [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]]
| occupation = [[Politician]]
| source= https://dspstg.sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/5819?from=members
| spouse= T. Meeradevi
| children= 1 Son, 1 Daughter
| parents= M. Suvaminadan, S. Saraswath Ammal
}}
'''M. S.Tharanivendhan''' is an Indian politician. He is a member of [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] party.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Arani, Tamil Nadu Lok Sabha Election Results 2024 Live Updates |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/lok-sabha/story/arani-tamil-nadu-lok-sabha-election-results-2024-live-updates-clse-2547946-2024-06-04 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref> He has been elected to Lok Sabha from [[Arani Lok Sabha constituency]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-04 |title=Arani Election Result 2024 LIVE Updates Highlights: Lok Sabha Winner, Loser, Leading, Trailing, MP, Margin |url=https://www.news18.com/elections/arani-election-result-2024-live-updates-highlights-lok-sabha-winner-loser-leading-trailing-mp-margin-8918447.html |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=News18 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | date=2024-06-04 |title=Lok Sabha results {{!}} DMK leads in Vellore, Arakkonam, Arani and Tiruvannamalai constituencies |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/lok-sabha-results-dmk-leads-in-vellore-arakkonam-arani-and-tiruvannamalai-constituencies/article68250505.ece |access-date=2024-06-05 |newspaper=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tharaniventhan M S, DMK Election Results LIVE: Latest Updates On Tharaniventhan M S, Lok Sabha Constituency Seat - NDTV.com |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/lok-sabha-election-candidates-2024/tharaniventhan-m-s-22012-9 |access-date=2024-06-05 |website=www.ndtv.com}}</ref><ref name="Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses">{{cite news|title=Grassroots workers {{!}} Rooted in the masses|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|accessdate=1 June 2025|publisher=India Today|date=13 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250601170808/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/18th-lok-sabha-the-debutants/story/20240722-grassroots-workers-rooted-in-the-masses-2565853-2024-07-13|archivedate=1 June 2025|language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tharanivendhan, M. S.}}
[[Category:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam politicians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:India MPs 2024–2029]]
[[Category:Lok Sabha members from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:1965 births]]

{{DMK-politician-stub}}

Boribunder Marine Lines Assembly constituency

2026-04-09T18:18:51Z

MavisLandale6: Put up a info

{{Short description|Constituency of the Maharashtra legislative assembly in India}}
{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Boribunder Marine Lines
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1951 <ref name="delimitation1951">{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/3968-dpaco-1951/ |title=DPACO (1951) - Archive Delimitation Orders - Election Commission of India |access-date= 9 December 2020 |pages=344-357}}</ref>
| abolished = 1955 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - Final Order DC (1953-1955) |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 53,635
| mla = Narola Kailas Narain Shivanarain Alias Dr. Kailas
| party = {{Party index link|Indian National Congress}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation = None
}}
Boribunder Marine Lines Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
==Members of the Legislative Assembly==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
| bgcolor="#FFB2B2" | [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election|1952]] || Narola Kailas Narain Shivanarain Alias Dr. Kailas || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

==Election results==
=== Assembly Election 1952 ===
{{Election box begin |title = [[1952 Bombay State Legislative Assembly election]] : Boribunder Marine Lines <ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1951 to the Legislative Assembly of Bombay |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114083220/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1951/StatReport_51_BOMBAY.pdf |archive-date=14 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate = Narola Kailas Narain Shivanarain Alias Dr. Kailas |party = Indian National Congress |votes = 13,670 |percentage = 50.98% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Hutheesing Gunottam Purshottam |party = Socialist Party (India, 1948) |votes = 10,194 |percentage = 38.02% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate = Bedi Awtarshingh Harnamsingh |party = Independent politician |votes = 2,949 |percentage = 11.00% |change = ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 3,476 |percentage = 12.96% |change = }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 26,813 |percentage = 49.99% |change = }}
{{Election box total valid |votes= 26,813}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 53,635 |ref = |change = }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Indian National Congress |swing = }}
{{Election box end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]][[Constituencies established in 1951]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Kiranmala (TV series)

2026-04-08T15:40:53Z

MavisLandale6: starting the pg nd citations

{{short description|Bengali television serial}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2023}}
{{Infobox television
| image = Kiranmala_logo.jpg
| caption =
| alt_name =
| genre = [[Fantasy]] [[Drama]]
| creator = [[Surinder Films]]
| developer =
| writer = Writam Ghosal
| based_on = {{based on|''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]''|[[Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]]}}
| screenplay = Writam Ghosal, Arpita Chattopadhyay
| director = [[Roddur Roy]]
| creative_director =
| presenter =
| starring = [[Rooqma Ray]] [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] Farhan Imroze
| judges =
| voices = 
| narrator =
| theme_music_composer =
| open_theme = Kiranmala by Madhuraa Bhattacharya
| end_theme =
| composer = [[Indraadip Dasgupta]]
| country = India
| language = Bengali
| num_seasons = 1
| num_episodes = 721
| executive_producer =
| producer = [[Nispal Singh]] Surinder Singh
| location =
| cinematography =
| editor =
| camera =
| runtime = 21/22 minutes
| company = [[Surinder Films]]
| first_aired = {{start date|df=yes|2014|08|04}}
| last_aired = {{end date|df=yes|2016|11|19}}
| related = 
| image_size =
| image_alt =
| channel = [[Star Jalsha]]
}}
'''''Kiranmala''''' is an Indian [[Bengali language]] television series which aired on [[Star Jalsha]] from 4 August 2014 to 19 November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bengali.serialzone.in/star-jalsha/5636-kiranmala|title=Kiranmala|date=17 July 2014|work=Serialzone.in|accessdate=2015-06-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.desirulez.net/forums/2717-Kiranmala|title=Kiranmala – Watch Online and Discuss Indian TV Serials and Bollywood – DesiRulez – Non Stop Desi Entertainment|work=DesiRulez – Non Stop Desi Entertainment|accessdate=2015-06-06|archive-date=25 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150425032940/http://www.desirulez.net/forums/2717-Kiranmala|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bharatchannels.com/starjalsha-serials-shows-watchonline/bengali-televisions-first-fairy-tale-kiranmala-from-4th-aug-800pm-video_137b71fdc.html|title=Bengali Television's First Fairy Tale Production|accessdate=28 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140906183849/http://www.bharatchannels.com/starjalsha-serials-shows-watchonline/bengali-televisions-first-fairy-tale-kiranmala-from-4th-aug-800pm-video_137b71fdc.html |archivedate=6 September 2014 }}</ref> It was produced by [[Surinder Films]] and starred [[Rooqma Ray]], Farhan Imroze and [[Chandrayee Ghosh]]. It was based on traditional folktales of the [[Kiranmala (folktale)|same name]] collected in ''[[Thakurmar Jhuli]]'' by [[Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]]. The series was dubbed into Hindi, Tamil, and Odia and broadcast on [[StarPlus|Star Plus]], [[Star Vijay]] and [[Tarang TV|Tarantg TV]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kiranmala|url=https://www.hotstar.com/in/tv/kiranmala/11137|access-date=2021-08-27|website=Disney+ Hotstar|language=en}}</ref>{{citation needed|date=November 2023}} It returned in March 2020 due to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. The series re-aired a third time on Jalsha Movies on 13 May 2024.

==Plot==
King Bijoy is the king of Achinpur. After winning a battle, his mother/Rajmata takes him to a secret room of the palace and shows him that the imprisonment of the demons will come to an end which was given to them by his father. She also tells him that of the ancestors' prophecy that a princess named Kiranmala will be born in their royal family who will save the world from the demons. But demons Queen Paykati and her daughter Katkati learned of the prophecy and plot a plan. According to their plan, Paykati goes to the royal place as a nurse for Queen Rupmoti and at the time of Rupmoti's labour time, she switches baby Kiranmala with frogs and rats. After this she throws Kiranmala in the sea, but she is saved by a fisherman and his wife and they care for Kiranmala as their daughter along with their sons. Paykati accuses Rupmoti of being a witch and everyone, including Rajmata and the king, believe her and throw Rupmoti out of the palace. 18 years later, they start forming an entire team of demons including Pishachini, Bajramala, Donkar and Bitkel. Kiranmala falls in love with Donkar's stepbrother Kumar Prithviraj, making Donkar jealous of Prithviraj. Bajramala becomes jealous of Kiranmala because Bajramala loves Prithviraj. However, Kiranmala and Prithviraj end up married. They give birth to Alokmala, who changes the jealousy in Bajramala and Donkar's heart into love. Katkati becomes angry and tries to destroy Achinpur and Amrita Nagari. Kiranmala dies by [[suicide]] to save the world from Katkati. She and Katkati both go to Mokhsa (Kingdom of Death), where Kiranmala is rewarded with [[Svarga]], while Katkati, Pyakati, Pishachini and Bitkel are left to suffer in [[Naraka]].Then, Alokmala went there and brought kiranmala again.

==Cast==
;Main:

* [[Rukma Roy]] as Rajkumari Kiranmala / Urmimala / Jhinukmala (triple role): king Bijoy and Queen Rupmati's daughter; Kumar's wife; Alokmala's mother
* [[Farhan Imroze]] as Rajkumar Prithviraj/Kumar

;Recurring:

* [[Kaushik Chakraborty]] as Raja Bijoy: Kiranmala's father
* [[Aditi Chatterjee]] as Rani Rupmati: Kiranmala's mother
* [[Chandrayee Ghosh]] as Rakkoshi Rani Katkati/ Kotimaa (dead)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Blood-fearing-Chandreyee-loves-her-blood-drinking-avatar/articleshow/38610138.cms|title=Blood-fearing Chandreyee loves her blood-drinking avatar|work=The Times of India|date=18 July 2014 |accessdate=2015-06-06}}</ref>
* [[Chaitali Chakraborty]] as Pyakati / Kotkoti's mother (dead)
* [[Adolina Chakraborty]] as Alokmala/Hingting(Kiranmala's daughters)
* [[Arjun Chakraborty]] as Nakula
* [[Sonamana Arinsha]] as Sonamoni
* [[Moumita Gupta]] as Raj Mata / Kiranmala's grandmother
* [[Subhra Sourav Das]] as Donkar
* [[Ronit Modak]] as Bitkel (dead)
* [[Joymala Ganguly]] as Lalona
* [[Sumanta Mukherjee]]
* [[Mafin Chakraborty]] as Maya Pari / Maya Arshi
* [[Indradev Banerjee]] as Barun
* [[Chhanda K Chatterjee]] as Bodyi Buri
* [[Anirban Bhattacharya]] as Kaal Tapaswi
* [[Riya Ganguly Chakraborty]] / [[Sayantani Guha Thakurata]] / [[Shreyasee Samanta]] as Shankhini / Chhalonamoyi, Kiranmala's sister, a Naagini.(dead)
* [[Vivaan Ghoswami]] as Shuborno kumar
* [[Kanchana Moitra]] as Suroshini
* [[Madhubani Ghoshw]] as Bajramala / Kotkoti's daughter
* [[Debjani Chatterjee (actress)|Debjani Chatterjee]] as Maharani Amrapali: Kumar Prithviraj's mother
* [[Arijit Chakraborty]] as Maharaja Bikram Singha / Kumar Prithviraj's father
* [[Sayan Chakraborty]] as Alien

==Reception==
The serial was promoted by many film personalities from [[Cinema of West Bengal|Tollywood]] like [[Koel Mallick]] and [[Raj Chakraborty]] in the last episode of the latter serial on 3 August 2014.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/trade-news/bengali/Maa-ends-with-a-bang-as-Raj-Koel-attend-wrap-up-party/articleshow/39420517.cms|title=Maa ends with a bang as Raj & Koel attend wrap-up party|work=The Times of India|date=August 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/bengali/Star-Jalshas-Maa-to-wrap-up-with-a-dhamaka/articleshow/37846715.cms|title=Star Jalsha's Maa to wrap up with a dhamaka|work=The Times of India|date=5 July 2014 |accessdate=2015-06-06}}</ref> The series had also become popular in neighboring [[Bangladesh]], where several people have clashed over it at a village in the [[Habiganj District]], injuring 100 people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-37128640.amp|title=Mass brawl in Bangladesh over TV soap Kiranmala|date=19 August 2016|work=[[BBC]]|access-date=6 March 2022}}</ref>

At the [[Kolkata Book Fair]], seven children from [[Kolkata]] met Rukma Roy (who plays Kiranmala) at the stall of [[Star Jalsha]]. The actress said:<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/fantasy-classic-reinvented-for-tv-audiences-115020800768_1.html|title=Fantasy classic reinvented for TV audiences|author=a|date=8 February 2015|work=Business-standard.com|accessdate=2015-06-06}}</ref>
<blockquote>
Happy that the work of famed fantasy writer [[Dakshinaranjan Mitra Majumder]] will be introduced to the largely uninitiated audience of Gen Next as well as others. Replete with palace, forts and 'raj-durbar' Kiranmala by [[Star Jalsha]] will bring a change in the usual look of Bengali serials after many years.
</blockquote>

==Television special==
A telefilm named ''Kiranmala'' has been premiered on [[STAR Jalsha]] on 15 March 2015 featuring [[June Malia]] as the queen of time.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/programmes/aleekpure-kiranmala/params/tvprogramme/programmeid-30000000550013179/channelid-10000000004370000/starttime-201503151700|title=Serial Episode On – Times Of india|work=The Times of India|accessdate=2015-06-06}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.hotstar.com/#!/kiranmala-1676-s Official Website] on [[hotstar]]

{{Thakurmar Jhuli}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kiranmala}}
[[Category:2014 Indian television series debuts]]
[[Category:Bengali-language television programming in India]]
[[Category:2016 Indian television series endings]]
[[Category:Indian fantasy television series]]
[[Category:Indian supernatural television series]]
[[Category:Indian drama television series]]
[[Category:Television series based on books]]
[[Category:Star Jalsha original programming]]
[[Category:Television shows based on fairy tales]]

Rakshith Gowda

2026-04-05T08:46:24Z

MavisLandale6:

{{Short description|Indian actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rakksh Raam
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name = Rakshith
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1992|01|08|df=y}}
| birth_place = Magadi, Ramanagara
| occupation = Actor, Producer
| years_active = 2012–present
| spouse = Anusha Shivaprasad (m. 26 May 2019)
| education = BA.LLB , Masters in IPR
| alma mater =
}}

'''Rakshith''' also known as '''Rakksh Raam''' is an actor from South India, working mainly in [[Kannada Film Industry]]. He began his career in 2012 as an assistant director, contributing to few Kannada films. Later on, Rakksh made his Television debut as a lead in soap opera ''[[Putta Gowri Maduve]]''. Rakksh is best known for his breakthrough performance as Vedanth Vasishta in ''[[Gattimela]]''. In 2021, He also turned as producer for Gattimela under his banner Sri Sai Anjaneya Company.Rakksh signed a pan-India film titled Burma.

==Filmography==

===Early life===

Before making his television debut, he was actively involved in theatre, performing with the Prathikriya group at [[Ranga Shankara]] during his college days.He also gained valuable experience in the film industry by working as an assistant director on several Kannada films.

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Program
! Role
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2014-2018
| ''[[Putta Gowri Maduve]]''
| Mahesh Chandra/Mahi
| Kannada
| [[Colors Kannada]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Daithota |first=Madhu |date=November 21, 2018 |title=And now, Raksh calls it quits from Putta Gowri |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/and-now-raksh-calls-it-quits-from-putta-gowri/articleshow/66710435.cms |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
|-
| 2019–2024
|''[[Gattimela]]''
| Vedanth
| Kannada
| [[Zee Kannada]]
| Also producer <ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rakksh-turns-producer-for-gattimela/articleshow/80919735.cms|title=Raksh turns Producer|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Language
! Notes
|-
|2020/2022
|Naragunda Bandaya
|Veerappa Basappa Kadlikoppa
|Kannada
|Farmer based Biopic <ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movie-reviews/naragunda-bandaya/movie-review/74595557.cms|title=Naragunda Bandaya Movie Review|website=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
|2026
|Burma
|
|Pan India
|High Octane Action (Also Producer)<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-25 |title=Rakksh signs a pan-India film with Bahaddur Chetan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rakksh-signs-a-pan-india-film-with-bahaddur-chetan/articleshow/103051615.cms |access-date=2024-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Production==

Rakksh, The lead actor of the soap opera [[Gattimela]], premiered in 2019. After Covid-19, Raghavendra Hunsur, the business head of Zee Kannada, offered him the opportunity to take over this project. So, in 2021, Rakksh became the Producer for Gattimela and established his own production house, Sri Sai Anjaneya Company. This company is actively producing new shows / Film.

===Television===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Program
! Language
! Channel
! Notes
|-
| 2021-2024
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Kannada
| [[Zee Kannada]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/kannada/rakksh-turns-producer-for-gattimela/articleshow/80919735.cms|title=Raksh turns Producer|website=[[The Times of India]]|date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
|-
| 2024-2025
|Drishtibottu
| Kannada
| [[Colors Kannada]]
| <ref>{{cite web |url = https://newsfirstlive.com/drishti-bottu-kannada-serial-launch-soon/|title= Rakksh to produce the new serial|website=[[Newsfirst Kannada]]|date=16 July 2024}}</ref>
|-
| 2025–Present
|Jodihakki
| Kannada
| [[Zee Power]]
|
|-
|}

===Films===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Language
! Notes
|-
| 2026
| Burma
| Pan India
|<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-08-25 |title=Rakksh signs a pan-India film with Bahaddur Chetan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/movies/news/rakksh-signs-a-pan-india-film-with-bahaddur-chetan/articleshow/103051615.cms |access-date=2024-04-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>
|}

==Awards==
{{Awards table|4}}
|-
! scope="row" | 2016
| ''[[Putta Gowri Maduve]]''
| Mane Mecchida Maga
| Anubhanda Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Vijay Raghavendra]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2017
| ''[[Putta Gowri Maduve]]''
| Mane Mecchida Maga
| Anubhanda Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Vijay Raghavendra]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Popular Actor in Lead Role(Male)
| Zee Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Srimurali]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2019
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Favorite Jodi (with [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]])
| Zee Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Sathish Ninasam]]
|<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.zee5.com/tvshows/details/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-part-3-october-29-2019/0-6-2115/zee-kutumba-awards-2019-part-3-october-29-2019/0-1-283230 |title = ZEE5 Awards}}
</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Favorite Actor in Lead Role(Male)
| Zee Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Mukhyamantri Chandru]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2020
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Popular Jodi (with [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]])
| Zee Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from Ramji, Aroor jagadish
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Favorite Actor in Lead Role(Male)
| Zee Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Ramesh Aravind]], [[Rachita Ram]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2021
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Popular Jodi (with [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]])
| Zee Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Shiva Rajkumar]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Favorite Actor in Lead Role(Male)
| Zee Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Gurukiran]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2022
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Popular Jodi (with [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]])
| Zee Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Darling Krishna]], [[Milana Nagaraj]]
|
|-
! scope="row" | 2023
| ''[[Gattimela]]''
| Popular Jodi (with [[Nisha Ravikrishnan]])
| Zee Kutumba Awards
| {{Won}}
|Received from [[Prem (director)|Prem]], [[Rakshita Prem]]
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.instagram.com/rakkshofficial Rakksh on Instagram]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gowda, Rakshith}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian male television actors]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:1994 births]]

K. T. C. Abdullah

2026-04-04T08:10:18Z

MavisLandale6:

{{Short description|Indian actor (1936–2018)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = K.T.C. Abdullah
| image = K. T. C. Abdullah.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Abdullah
| birth_date = {{Birth date text|1936}}
| birth_place = [[Palayam, Kozhikode, Kerala|Palayam]], [[Kozhikode district|Kozhikode]], [[Kerala]], [[British India]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2018|11|17|1936||}}
| death_place =
| occupation = Actor
| years_active = 1977–2018
| spouse =
| children =
}}

'''K. T. C. Abdullah''' or '''Abdullah''' (1936 – 17 November 2018) was an Indian actor on stage who performed in a few notable [[Malayalam films]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indrans hopes KTC Abdullah's soul is pleased with his role in 'Muhabbathin Kunjabdulla' |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/interviews/2019/08/24/indrans-ktc-abdulla-movie-muhabathin-kunjabdulla-interview.html |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=Indrans hopes KTC Abdullah's soul is pleased with his role in 'Muhabbathin Kunjabdulla' |language=en}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Abdullah was born in 1936 in [[Palayam, Kozhikode, Kerala]], [[British India]]. He made his screen debut in 1977 with ''[[Dweepu]]'', directed by [[Ramu Kariat]]. He went on to act in over 35 films. His last scene was in the critically acclaimed ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' in 2018.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/ktc-abdullah-dead-5451708/ |title=Actor KTC Abdullah passes away |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=18 November 2018}} - {{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/ktc-abdullah-the-puthiyapla-of-sudani-from-nigeria-is-no-more/articleshow/66676184.cms |title=KTC Abdullah, the 'puthiyapla' of 'Sudani from Nigeria' is no more |work=[[The Times of India]] |last=Soman |first=Deepa |date=18 November 2018 }}</ref>

== Death ==
Abdullah died in [[Kozhikode]], Kerala on 17 November 2018.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kumar |first=P. K. Ajith |date=2018-11-17 |title=Actor K.T.C. Abdulla passes away |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Thiruvananthapuram/actor-ktc-abdulla-passes-away/article25528399.ece |access-date=2025-03-14 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

==Career==
As a stage performer, Abdullah worked in a private firm called KTC, later with the title KTC Abdullah.<ref name=":0" />

==Filmography==
{{unreferenced section|date=March 2024}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Year||Title!!Role
|-
|1981 || ''[[Ahimsa (1981 film)|Ahimsa]]'' ||Avukkar
|-
|1982 || ''[[Chiriyo Chiri]]'' || Worker in a tea shop at night
|-
|1984 || ''[[Ithiri Poove Chuvannapoove]]'' || One amongst the street drama
|-
|1985 || ''[[Ozhivukalam]]'' || Paili Chettan
|-
|1986 || ''[[Vartha]]'' ||
|-
|1991 || ''[[Ennum Nanmakal]]'' || Patient
|-
|2006 || ''[[Yes Your Honour]]'' ||
|-
|2007 || ''[[Arabikkatha]]'' || Abdullah / Ikka
|-
|2013 || ''[[Neelakasham Pachakadal Chuvanna Bhoomi]]'' ||
|-
|2015 || ''[[Ivan Maryadaraman]]'' ||
|-
|2016 || ''[[Kavi Uddheshichathu..?]]'' || Umbayikka
|-
|2018 || ''[[Sudani from Nigeria]]'' || Puthiyappla
|-
|2019 || ''[[Vaarikkuzhiyile Kolapathakam]]'' || Tailor<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-18 |title='കെ.ടി.സി അബ്ദുള്ള അവസാനമായി ക്യാമറക്ക് മുന്നില്‍ വന്ന സിനിമ'; വാരിക്കുഴിയിലെ കൊലപാതകം റിലീസ് തിയതി പ്രഖ്യാപിച്ചു |url=https://www.mediaoneonline.com/entertainment/2019/02/18/ktc-abdullahs-last-film-varikuzhiyile-kolapathakam-is-all-set-to-release |access-date=2025-08-14 |website=www.mediaoneonline.com |language=ml}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|3172235}}
{{Subject bar
|commons = yes
|commons-search =
|d = yes
|d-search =
|portal1 = Biography
|portal2 =
}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdullah, K. T. C.}}
[[Category:1936 births]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian male film actors]]
[[Category:Male actors from Kozhikode]]
[[Category:People from Kozhikode district]]
[[Category:Male actors in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian male actors]]

Chetpet Lake

2026-04-02T15:29:59Z

MavisLandale6: Put up info

{{Short description|Lake in Chennai, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=May 2018}}
{{Infobox body of water
| name = Chetpet Lake
| image = Pond at Chetput.JPG
| caption = Chetpet Lake in February 2008.
| alt = View of Chetpet lake
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Chetpet]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]
| pushpin_map = India Chennai
| pushpin_map_alt = Location of the lake within Chennai
| coords = {{Coord|13.07412|N|80.24238|E|display=title}}
| type = [[Pond]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries =
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|16.1|acre|abbr=on}} (Angling pond: 3.10 acres; Boating pond: 6 acres)
| depth =
| max-depth =
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation =
| islands = 1
| cities = Chennai
}}

'''Chetpet Lake''' (Tamil: செத்துப்பட்டு ஏரி) is a lake spread over 16 acres in [[Chetpet (Chennai)|Chetpet]], [[Chennai]], [[India]]. It is located to the north of [[Chetpet railway station]]. It is the only existing lake at the centre of the city. The lake belongs to the Department of Fisheries of the Tamil Nadu government.<ref>{{cite news
| title = Two major projects in fisheries sanctioned in Chennai
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 15 January 2014
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/two-major-projects-in-fisheries-sanctioned-in-chennai/article5578664.ece
| access-date = 18 Jan 2014}}</ref>

Of the total area of the lake, the waterbody is spread across 9.1 acres and the land area covers 6.9 acres. An anglers club was functioning till the 1940s in the lake, whose members visited the small island in the midst of the waterbody for [[fishing]].<ref name="HyacinthRobbingLakeOfLife">{{cite news
| last = Lakshmi
| first = K.
| title = Hyacinth robbing Chetpet lake of life
| location = Chennai
| date = 30 April 2009
| url = http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043059710300.htm
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090503091818/http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/30/stories/2009043059710300.htm
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 May 2009
| newspaper = [[The Hindu]]
| access-date = 13 Nov 2011}}</ref>

Although not used for drinking purposes, the lake was a source of [[groundwater recharge]] for the surrounding areas. As the water quality is not [[Saline water|saline]], the lake has a few varieties of fishes such as [[rohu]], [[catla]] and [[mrigal]]. Breeding is monitored to assess the water quality.

==History==
In 1934, the lake was taken over by the Department of Fisheries to conduct research. In the following decade, a hydro-biological research station was set up to conduct studies in fisheries. Fishing as a sporting activity began at the lake with the formation of Madras Anglers Club in 1962. In the dry summer months of 2019, about 4,500 cubic metres of silt was dredged. These were used to strengthen the bund.<ref name="Hindu_LakeBustlingAgain">{{cite news
| last = Madhavan
| first = D.
| title = Chetpet lake bustling once again with sports activities
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages = 6 (DownTown)
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 25 October 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chetpet-lake-bustling-once-again-with-sports-activities/article29786689.ece
| access-date = 28 October 2019}}</ref>

==The lake today==
In recent years, the lake has been heavily encroached upon, particularly near the [[Chetpet railway station]]. There have been many plans to rejuvenate Chetpet lake since the mid-1990s, including developing a boat club, an aquarium, seafood stall and fish court besides a walkway around the waterbody. The last attempt to save the lake was in 2005, when the state environment department identified it along with 12 other lakes of Greater Chennai area for an eco-restoration project. The CPR Environmental Education Centre conducted a detailed survey, and based on that, the state government appointed the Tamil Nadu Urban Infrastructure Finance Services Limited to prepare a project report.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Janardhanan
| first = Arun
| title = Last lake in the heart of the Chennai may die soon, a victim of official inaction
| location = Chennai
| date = 9 November 2011
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-09/chennai/30377547_1_chetpet-lake-fisheries-department-eco-restoration-project
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103112345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-09/chennai/30377547_1_chetpet-lake-fisheries-department-eco-restoration-project
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 13 Nov 2011}}</ref> The State government had sanctioned {{INR}} 4 million to clean the overgrown [[water hyacinth]] and desilt the lake in 2007–2008.<ref name="HyacinthRobbingLakeOfLife"/>

==Developments==
In May 2012, the Chennai Corporation Council adopted a resolution to construct a 1,475-m-long stormwater drain from the lake to the [[Cooum river]] at a cost of {{INR}} 22.9 million to carry excess water during monsoon. The drain would pass through New Bhoopathy Nagar, [[Pachaiyappa's College]] play ground and Venkatachalapathy Street. This is to prevent flooding in the [[Kilpauk Medical College]] area.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Ramakrishnan
| first = Deepa H.
| title = Chetpet lake may become tourist attraction
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 11 May 2012
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/article3405557.ece
| access-date = 11 May 2012}}</ref>
[[File:Map of Chetpet Lake.png|thumb|Map of Chetpet Lake and Eco Park]]
A building to house a stall of the Fisheries Development Corporation is also coming up by the side of the lake at a cost of {{INR}} 60 million. The three-storey building will comprise two fish heads, facing north and west, joined by a fin and a tail. The heads will be made of light-weight material. The building will accommodate the offices of the Tamil Nadu Fisheries Development Corporation, Tamil Nadu State Apex Fisheries Cooperative Federation and the chief engineer of the fisheries department.<ref>{{cite news
| last = John
| first = Ekatha Ann
| title = Giant fish to rise near Chetpet Lake
| location = Chennai
| date = 15 September 2012
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/chennai/33862671_1_giant-fish-chetpet-lake-fisheries-department
| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130103104707/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-09-15/chennai/33862671_1_giant-fish-chetpet-lake-fisheries-department
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 3 January 2013
| newspaper = [[The Times of India]]
| access-date = 17 Sep 2012}}</ref>

In April 2013, Chief Minister [[J. Jayalalithaa]] announced developing the lake with facilities for angling, water sports, boating and open-air auditoriums at a cost of {{INR}} 420 million. The lake shore will have an eco park with 1.5-km long track for walkers and joggers and children's play area, in addition to a seafood restaurant<ref>{{cite news
| title = Tamil Nadu plans to introduce sport-fishing, boating on Chennai's Chetpet lake
| newspaper = Business Line
| location = Chennai
| publisher = The Hindu
| date = 5 April 2013
| url = http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/jayalalithaa-announces-water-sports-eco-park-at-chetput/article4584919.ece
| access-date = 6 Apr 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Lifeline for Chetpet Lake
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 6 April 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/lifeline-for-chetpet-lake/article4585628.ece
| access-date = 6 Apr 2013}}</ref> and multilevel parking space to accommodate 200 cars. The eco-park is dotted with 30 stone sculptures.<ref name="Hindu_LakeBustlingAgain"/> Other facilities include acupressure walkway, elevation aquarium, 3D film show, and a virtual reality centre on marine life.<ref name="Hindu_LakeBustlingAgain"/> Parts of the project include an elevated link between [[Chetpet railway station]] and the eco park, infrastructure connecting [[Poonamallee High Road]] with the park, and construction of a box culvert beneath the railway tracks to connect the lake with [[Cooum River]] near Spur Tank Road. The park is being planned in a 15-acre area adjoining the lake.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Lopez
| first = Aloysius Xavier
| title = Chetpet lake eco-restoration all set to take off
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| date = 10 December 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/chetpet-lake-ecorestoration-all-set-to-take-off/article5441203.ece
| access-date = 22 Dec 2013}}</ref> The foundation stone for the park was laid in June 2014.<ref>{{cite news| title =சேத்துப்பட்டு ஏரியில் 42 கோடியில் பசுமைப் பூங்கா: ஜெயலலிதா அடிக்கல் நாட்டினார்| newspaper =Maalai Malar| location =Chennai| language =ta| date =28 June 2014| url =http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/06/28135149/chetpet-lake-42-crore-green-pa.html| access-date =10 Aug 2014| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140812210143/http://www.maalaimalar.com/2014/06/28135149/chetpet-lake-42-crore-green-pa.html| archive-date =12 August 2014}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Chetput Pond1.JPG|The lake on 16/02/2008
File:Chetput Pond.jpg|16/2/2008
File:Pond at Chetput1.JPG|16/2/2008
File:View of Chetpet Lake on December 20th 2024.jpg|Chetpet Lake in 2024
</gallery>

==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
*[[Water management in Chennai]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Chennai Topics}}
{{Hydrography of Chennai}}

[[Category:Lakes of Chennai]]
[[Category:Tourist attractions in Chennai]]
[[Category:Sports venues in Chennai]]
[[Category:Boathouses in Chennai]]
[[Category:Lakes of Tamil Nadu]]

Cho Ramaswamy

2026-03-24T05:13:36Z

MavisLandale6: expanded content

{{short description|Indian actor}}
{{COI|date=January 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| office = [[Member of Parliament, Rajya Sabha]]
| term_start = {{Start date|1999|11|16|df=yes}}
| term_end = {{End date|2005|11|15|df=yes}}
| constituency = Nominated
| president = {{Unbulleted_list|[[K. R. Narayanan]] (1997 – 2002)|[[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] (2002 – 2007)}}
| primeminister = [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]

| office1 = Founder & Author of ''[[Thuglak]]''
| term_start1 = {{Start date|1970|01|14|df=yes}}
| term_end1 = {{End date|2016|12|07|df=yes}}
| successor1 = [[Swaminathan Gurumurthy]]
| predecessor1 = ''Position established''
| name = Cho Ramaswamy
| birth_name = Srinivasa Iyer Ramaswamy
| birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|10|05}}<ref name="Birth" >{{Cite web|last=Geetha|first=V.|title=Cho Ramaswamy (1934-2016): Writer and editor who was a relentless critic of power and its misdeeds|url=http://scroll.in/article/813251/cho-ramaswamy-1934-2016-writer-and-editor-who-was-a-relentless-critic-of-power-and-its-misdeeds|access-date=2021-12-08|website=Scroll.in|date=7 December 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref>
| birth_place = [[Mylapore]], [[Madras Presidency]], [[British India]] (present day [[Chennai district|Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India)
| nationality = [[Indian people|Indian]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2016|12|07|1934|10|05}}
| death_place = [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], India
| occupation = {{hlist|Actor|political satirist|journalist|lawyer|editor|director|screen writer}}
| spouse = {{Marriage|Soundaramba Ramaswamy|1966}}
| children = 2
| relatives = [[Ramya Krishnan]] (niece)
| module = {{infobox writer
| embed = yes
| notablework = ''[[Thuglak]]''
}}
| awards = [[Padma Bhushan]] (2017)
}}

{{Indian name|Ramaswamy|Srinivasa Iyer}}'''Srinivasa Iyer Ramaswamy''', better known as '''Cho Ramaswamy''' (5 October 1934<ref name="Birth"/> – 7 December 2016), was an Indian actor, comedian, editor, political commentator,<ref>{{Cite news |last=The Week |title=Political Satirist |work=Malayala Manorama |pages=91}}</ref> satirist, playwright, film director and lawyer from [[Tamil Nadu]]. He was a popular comedian in the 1960s and 1970s, and had acted with all the top stars in that period.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.veethi.com/india-people/cho_ramaswamy-profile-100-22.htm|title=Cho Ramaswamy|website=veethi.com|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Srinivasa Ramaswamy was fondly addressed and remembered as Cho. He was born in a family of lawyers<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cho Ramaswamy: The man who defied many and yet defined many|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/07/cho-ramaswamy-the-man-who-defied-many-and-yet-defined-many-1546538.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161208122017/http://www.newindianexpress.com/states/tamil-nadu/2016/dec/07/cho-ramaswamy-the-man-who-defied-many-and-yet-defined-many-1546538.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2016|access-date=2022-01-15|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref>

== Family ==
The elder son of R. Srinivasa Iyer and Rajammal, Cho had a younger brother, who was also an actor. Cho died on 7 December 2016.<ref>{{cite news|author=Geetha Venkataramanan|url=http://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/theatre/Actor-Neelu-on-his-60-year-old-bond-with-Cho/article16778091.ece|title=Actor Neelu on his 60-year old bond with Cho|work=The Hindu|date=8 December 2016|access-date=11 May 2018}}</ref>
He has two children Sriram Ramaswamy and Sindhuja. He did his schooling from P. S. High School. His niece is actress [[Ramya Krishnan]]. The name 'Cho' was the name of the character he played in a Tamil play written by Bhageerathan titled ''Thenmozhiyaal''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/cho-ramaswamy-dead-jayalalithaa-narendra-modi-thuglak-356154-2016-12-07|title=Jayalalithaa's friend, Modi's 'Rajguru': Who was Cho Ramaswamy?|date=7 December 2016|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=2019-09-23}}</ref>

== Film career ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=January 2018}}

=== Films ===
Cho made his debut in 1963 with ''Paar Magale Paar'' as a comedian. From 1963 to 2005 he acted in 180 Tamil films and directed 5 films. He also wrote and directed 20 plays.<ref>{{cite web|author=Karthika Raveendran|url=http://www.bollywoodlife.com/news-gossip/rajinikanth-sivakumar-suriya-karthi-pay-homage-to-late-journalist-actor-cho-ramaswamy|title=Rajinikanth, Sivakumar, Suriya, Karthi pay homage to late Journalist-actor Cho Ramaswamy|date=7 December 2016|publisher=Bollywoodlife.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref>

He also wrote and acted in 27 Television serials. He wrote 10 books. Apart from being an actor, he was both the screenplay and story writer of films such as ''Thenmazhai'', ''Ninaivil Nindraval'', ''Bommalattam'', ''[[Aayiram Poi]]'' and ''Panam Paththum Seyyum'', all of which proved to be box office hits.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

Cho played the role of a bike mechanic in the play ''Petralthan Pillaiya'', written by Pattu of the United Amateur Artistes (UAA), which became a huge success. When the play was later adapted into a film by director [[A. Bhimsingh]], [[Sivaji Ganesan]] persuaded Cho to play the same role in the film too, leading to Cho's entry into the film world.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} Cho and Jayalalithaa have worked together in 19 films and also had been part of the same drama troupe.

==== Frequent collaborations ====
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2019}}
Cho as an actor has been pitted against other actors across generations. His comic timing against T. S. Balaiah in ''Manam Oru Kurangu'', or with M. R. Radha, or many times with actors like V. K. Ramaswamy, Nagesh, Manorama and Sachu in many films brought out the best in him.

Cho and Manorama were paired together in 20 films, which included ''Malligaip poo, Annaiyum pithavum, Dharisanam, Anbait thedi, Ninaivil Nindraval, [[Nirai Kudam]], Therottam, [[Aayiram Poi]], Mohammed Bin Tughlaq, Bommalattam, Pugundha Veedu, Vilayaattu Pillai, Kanavan, Rojavin Raja'' and ''Velum Mayilum Thunai'' and were pitted in a non-couple role in ''Suryagandhi'', ''Delhi Mappilai'' and ''Naadagame Ulagam''.

Cho acted alongside Nagesh in ''Thenmazhai'', ''Ninaivil Nindraval'', ''Ulagam Ivvalavudhaan'' and ''Bommalattam'' among others. He was paired opposite Sachu in films like ''Deva Sankalpam'', ''Galaataa Kalyanam'' and ''Delhi Mappilai''.

Cho has acted with the MGR–Jayalalitha combo in films like ''Oli Villaku, Kanavan, [[Kumari Kottam]], Mattukara Velan, Aadimai Penn, [[Engal Thangam]], [[Thedi Vantha Mapillai]], En Annan'' and ''Neerum Nerupum''. Cho has acted with MGR in many films like ''Petralthaan Pillaiya, Sangey Muzhangu, Rickshawkaaran'' and ''Thalaivan''. Cho has acted with Jayalalitha in other films like ''Bommalaattam, Galaattaak kalyanam, Suryagandhi, Vandhaale Maharaasi'' and ''Anbai Thedi''.

Cho has acted with Sivakumar in films like ''Shanmugapriya, Onne Onnu Kanne Kannu, Thaip Paasam, Uravu Solla Oruvan, Aan Pillai Singam, Yaarukkum Vetkamillai, Chinna Kuyil Padudhu, Sattai Illatha Pambaram'' and ''Kanna Thorakiran Samy''. Among these, ''Yaarukkum Vetkamillai'' was directed by Cho in 1976.

== Journalism ==
He was the founder and editor of the Tamil magazine ''[[Thuglak]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thuglak.com/thuglak/onlinestore.php|title=Thuglak|access-date=28 January 2018}}</ref>
Politicians such as [[J. B. Kripalani]], [[Indira Gandhi]], [[Karunanidhi]], [[Chandra Shekhar]], [[G. K. Moopanar]], [[M. G. Ramachandran]], [[Jayalalithaa]], [[Ramakrishna Hegde]], [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]], and [[L. K. Advani]], [[Sonia Gandhi]], [[Manmohan Singh]] and [[P. Chidambaram]] were targets of his editorial attacks. In his last years, he predicted that [[Narendra Modi]] would "win laurels for India" in the future,<ref>{{cite web|title=Narendra Modi will win laurels for India in the future – Shri Cho Ramaswamy|website = [[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QYQ7I5x0ceI |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211214/QYQ7I5x0ceI |archive-date=2021-12-14 |url-status=live|date=1 November 2013}}{{cbignore}}</ref> and also praised [[Jayalalithaa]] for her administration of Tamil Nadu.

Cho enjoyed challenging [[MG Ramachandran]] (MGR) and his politics, while Karunanidhi stayed his target. The [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK), in his opinion, was populist and lacked ideology. When Jayalalithaa got into power and followed in MGR's path, however, the absence of ideology of the party was no longer an issue for him.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cho-ramaswamy-articulated-the-anxieties-of-conservative-middle-class-brahmins/articleshow/55915938.cms|title = Cho Ramaswamy articulated the anxieties of conservative, middle-class Brahmins|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

On 25 January 2017, the Government of India announced a [[posthumous award|posthumous]] [[Padma Bhushan]] award for his contribution towards Literature & Education – Journalism.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|title=PadmaAwards-2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129231739/http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|archive-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>

== Politics ==
Cho has been described as a right-wing public intellectual in tributes.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/cho-ramaswamy-articulated-the-anxieties-of-conservative-middle-class-brahmins/articleshow/55915938.cms|title = Cho Ramaswamy articulated the anxieties of conservative, middle-class Brahmins|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>

Cho was publicly opposed to Sri Lankan Tamil militants, particularly the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam|Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE)]], at a time when Sri lanka's ethnic crisis was at its peak and almost all political parties in Tamil Nadu highlighted the issue of the [[Sri Lankan Tamils]].<ref name=":0" />

The rise of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP) and [[Hindutva]] wave made Cho their sympathiser. He started involving in direct politics as a mediator. In 1999, he was instrumental in bringing the [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (DMK) together in an alliance with BJP.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2016-12-07|title=Cho Ramaswamy: Remembering the C(onservative) H(indutva) O(racle)|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/cho-ramaswamy-remembering-the-conservative-hindutva-oracle-1320489.html|access-date=2021-12-08|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Veeraraghav|first=T. M.|date=2019-11-30|title=Art of Political Alliance: How Men Like Cho Ramaswamy Mastered It|url=https://www.thequint.com/voices/opinion/bjp-political-alliance-cho-ramaswamy-tamil-nadu|access-date=2021-12-08|website=TheQuint|language=en}}</ref> He was successful in bringing [[G. K. Moopanar]], of the [[Tamil Maanila Congress]] and Karunanidhi together in the 1996 elections, and getting Rajnikanth to publicly support the alliance to defeat [[Jayalalithaa]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />

Post 2004, he became soft towards Jayalalithaa and spent all his energy in opposing the DMK and promoting BJP.<ref name=":1" /> Later on, in 2011, he convinced [[Vijayakanth]] to partner with the [[All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] (AIADMK).<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Remembering Cho Ramaswamy, the Statesman-Satirist Who Knew No Fear|url=https://thewire.in/politics/cho-ramaswamy|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The Wire}}</ref> Cho was an ardent supporter of Narendra Modi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-07|title=Cho Ramaswamy, a prolific writer who spared neither friend nor foe - An obituary|url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/cho-ramaswamy-prolific-writer-who-spared-neither-friend-nor-foe-obituary-53953|access-date=2021-12-08|website=The News Minute|language=en}}</ref> Cho had campaigned extensively for Prime Minister [[Narendra Modi]] during the [[2014 Indian general election]]; Modi described Ramaswamy as "Rajguru", and called himself his "fan".<ref>{{Cite web|last=December 7|first=India Today Web Desk|title=Jayalalithaa's friend, Modi's 'Rajguru': Who was Cho Ramaswamy?|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/cho-ramaswamy-dead-jayalalithaa-narendra-modi-thuglak-356154-2016-12-07|url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-08|website=India Today|date=7 December 2016 |language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923065628/https://www.indiatoday.in/fyi/story/cho-ramaswamy-dead-jayalalithaa-narendra-modi-thuglak-356154-2016-12-07 |archive-date=23 September 2019 }}</ref>

He was nominated to the [[Rajya Sabha]] by the [[President of India]], [[K. R. Narayanan]]. In the Rajya Sabha 12 [[Member of Parliament|MPs]] are nominated by the President of India from amongst persons who have special knowledge or practical experience in the fields of literature, science, art or social service. He served as a Rajya Sabha [[Member of Parliament|MP]] from November 1999 to November 2005.<ref>[http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Biodata.asp?no=224 Biodata]; accessed 28 January 2018.{{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030514124124/http://164.100.24.167:8080/members/website/Biodata.asp?no=224|date=14 May 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndtv.com/india-news/he-introduced-me-as-merchant-of-death-pm-modi-on-cho-ramaswamy-1634964|title=He Introduced Me As 'Merchant of Death': PM Modi on Cho Ramaswamy|publisher=Ndtv.com |access-date=2016-12-08}}</ref>

He remained the [[Sangh Parivar]]'s political man in Chennai.<ref name="Birth"/>

== Partial filmography ==
=== As actor ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Film !! Role
!Notes
|-
|rowspan="1" |1963 || ''[[Paar Magaley Paar]]''||
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1966 || ''[[Marakka Mudiyumaa?]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Thenmazhai]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="6" |1967 || ''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (1967 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Manam Oru Kurangu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Penn Endraal Penn]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Naan Yaar Theriyuma]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Karpooram]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aalayam (film)|Aalayam]]'' ||
|Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan="10" |1968 || ''[[Galatta Kalyanam]]''|| Vittal
|
|-
| ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Neelagiri Express]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kuzhanthaikkaga]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Delhi Mapillai]]'' || Chinna Thambi
|
|-
| ''[[Lakshmi Kalyanam (1968 film)|Lakshmi Kalyanam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kannan En Kadhalan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oli Vilakku]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kanavan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Siritha Mugam]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="8" |1969 || ''[[Nirai Kudam]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Aayiram Poi]]'' || Muthu
|
|-
| ''[[Ulagam Ivvalavuthaan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Adimai Penn]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Aindhu Laksham]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kanni penn|Kanni Penn]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Magizham Poo]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Annaiyum Pithavum]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="9" |1970 || ''[[En Annan]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Maattukara Velan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Engal Thangam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Enga Mama]]'' || Gnanam
|
|-
| ''[[Thedi Vandha Mappillai]]'' || Karpagam
|
|-
| ''[[Dharisanam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nadu Iravil]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vilayattu Pillai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Snegithi]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="9" |1971 || ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1971 film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Therottam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Neerum Neruppum]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rickshawkaran]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Oru Thaai Makkal]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kumari Kottam]]'' || Babu
|
|-
| ''[[Arunodhayam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Soodhattam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Yanai Valartha Vanambadi Magan]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="7" |1972 || ''[[Thavapudhalavan]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Unakkum Enakkum]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Mr.Sampath]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Puguntha Veedu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thaaikku Oru Pillai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Sange Muzhangu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Deiva Sankalpam]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="16" |1973 || ''[[Vandhale Magarasi]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Suryakanthi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Gauravam (1973 film)|Gauravam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pon Vanndu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vakkuruthi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ganga Gowri (1973 film)|Ganga Gowri]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Manitharil Maanikkam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kasi Yathirai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Ponnunjal (film)|Ponnunjal]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Shanmugapriya]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Vayadi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Veettukku Vandha Marumagal]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Malligai Poo]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[School Master (1973 film)|School Master]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Nalla Mudivu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Anbu Sagodharargal]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="11" |1974 || ''[[Thanga Pathakkam]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Orey Saatchi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Anbai Thedi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Idhayam Parkkirathu]]'' ||
|Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Roshakkaari]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Devi Sri Karmariamman]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Kalyanamam Kalyanam (film)|Kalyanamam Kalyanam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Onne Onnu Kanne Kannu]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pillai Selvam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thai Pasam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Magalukkaga]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="11" |1975 || ''[[Aan Pillai Singam]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Sonthankal Vaazhga]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Andharangam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Cinema Paithiyam]]'' ||
|Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Unga Veettu Kalyaanam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Avandhan Manidhan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Thai Veettu Seethanam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Uravu Solla Oruvan]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Yarukkum Vetkamillai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Pinchu Manam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Melnaattu Marumagal]]'' ||
|Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan="5" |1976 || ''[[Unmaye Un Vilai Enna]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Mayor Meenakshi]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Rojavin Raja]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Avan Oru Sarithiram]]'' ||
|Guest appearance
|-
| ''[[Perum Pugazhum]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |1977 || ''[[Thanikudithanam]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Balappareetchai]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Unnai Sutrum Ulagam]]'' ||
|Guest appearance
|-
|rowspan="2" |1978 || ''[[Sakka Podu Podu Raja (1978 film)|Sakka Podu Podu Raja]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Annapoorani]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="3" |1979 || ''[[Aarilirunthu Arubathu Varai]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Nadagame Ulagam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Velum Mayilum Thunai]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="1" |1981 || ''[[Kadavulin Theerppu]]''||
|
|-
|rowspan="1" |1983 || ''[[Adutha Varisu]]''||
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1984 || ''[[Naan Mahaan Alla (1984 film)|Naan Mahaan Alla]]''|| A. R. Chandran/Reddy
|
|-
| ''[[Saattai Illatha Pambaram]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="2" |1985 || ''[[Navgraha Nayagi]]''||
|
|-
| ''[[Puthiya Theerpu]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="1" |1986 || ''[[Kanna Thorakkanum Saami]]''||
|
|-
|rowspan="5" |1987 || ''[[Chinna Kuyil Paaduthu]]''||
|
|-
|''[[Kani Nilam]]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Manithan (1987 film)|''Manithan'']]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Anand (1987 film)|''Anand'']]'' ||
|
|-
| ''[[Paruva Ragam]]'' ||
|
|-
|rowspan="1" |1988 || ''[[Guru Sishyan (1988 film)|''Guru Sishyan'']]''||
|
|-
|rowspan="1" |1990 || ''[[Adhisaya Piravi]]''||
|
|-
|rowspan="1" |1990 || ''[[Ulagam Pirandhadhu Enakkaga]]''||
|
|-
|rowspan="1" |1998 || ''[[Kadhala Kadhala]]''||
|
|}

=== Direction ===
# ''[[Muhammad bin Tughluq (1971 film)|Muhammad bin Tughluq]]'' (1971)
# ''[[Mr. Sampath (1972 film)|Mr. Sampath]]'' (1972)
# ''[[Yarukkum Vetkam Illai]]'' (1975)
# ''[[Unmaiye Un Vilai Enna?|Unmaiye Un Vilai Enna]] (1976)''
# ''Sambo Siva Samboo'' (1977)

=== Screenplay ===
# ''[[Thenmazhai]]'' (1966)
# ''[[Ninaivil Nindraval (1967 film)|Ninaivil Nindraval]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Manam Oru Kurangu]]'' (1967)
# ''[[Neelagiri Express]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Bommalattam (1968 film)|Bommalattam]]'' (1968)
# ''[[Aayiram Poi]]'' (1969)
# ''[[Nirai Kudam]]'' (1969)

=== Story and dialogues ===
# ''[[Kani Nilam]]'' (1987)

== Other works ==
=== Plays ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="background:#000;"
! Year !! Play !! Role !!class=unsortable| Notes
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Kalyani''|| || debut drama
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Wait and See''|| ||directed by KB
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Why Not''|| ||directed by KB
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''What For''|| ||directed by KB
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Muhammad bin Tughluq''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Yaarukkum Vetkamillai''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Saathiram Sonnadhillai''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Nermai Urangum Neram''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Iraivan Irandhuvittana?''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Enru Thaniyum Inda Sudandira Thaagam?''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Judgement Reserved''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Quo Vadis''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Unmayae Unn Villai Ennae?''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Saraswathiyin Selvan''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Unmai Urangum Neram''|| ||
|-
|rowspan="1" | || ''Madras by Night''|| ||
|}

=== Bibliography ===
# ''Hindu Maha Samudram'' Vol – I, II, III, IV, V, and VI (Latest)
# ''Mahabaratham Pesugirathu''
# ''Valmiki Ramayanam''
# ''Verukathagada Bramaniyam''
# ''Nane Raja''

=== Television ===
# ''[[Engey Brahmanan]]''?
# ''Verukatthakkatha Brahmaneeyam''?
# ''[[Sambavami Yuge Yuge]]''
# ''Vande Mataram''
# ''Ivargalai Therindhu Kollungal''
# ''Washington Il Nallathambi''
# ''Sarakar Pugunda Veedu''
# ''Koovam Nadikaraiyinile''
# ''Adhigaprasangam''
# ''Yaro Ivar Yaro''?
# ''[[Saadhal Ellaiyel Kaadhal]]''
# ''Mydear BrahmaDeva''
# ''India Enge Pogiradhu''?
# ''Kamarajarai Sandhitthen''
# ''Puratchi Geethai''
# ''Sattam Thalai Guniyattum''
# ''Enge Pogirai''?
# ''Embak Kana Onru Kandaen''
# ''Saraswathiyin Selvan''
# ''Manam Oru Kurangu''
# ''En Koodathu''?
# ''Eravil Chennai''
# ''Uravugal Ellaiyadi Pappa''
# ''Edarkaga''?
# ''Thiraiyulagathai Thirumbi Parkiraen''
# ''Unmayae Unn Villai Ennae''?
# ''[[Janatha Nagar Colony]]''

== Satire ==
Following [[Sanjay Gandhi]]'s death in an air crash, Cho released stamps in memory of Capt. Subhash Saxena, the pilot of the aircraft, who also died in the air crash. The postal departments failed to realise that these stamps were not official and mistakenly delivered mail that had them affixed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/india-news-satires-doughty-donkey/302647|title=Cho's 'Thuglak' -- 50 Years of Poking Fun at Power, Donkey Style | Outlook Magazine}}</ref>

== Illness and death ==
Cho was hospitalized in January 2015 and was in and out of hospital due to illness. He died of a cardiac arrest at 3:58 AM on 7 December 2016, aged 82, at [[Apollo Hospital]] in [[Chennai]], where he was receiving treatment for respiratory problems. He was survived by his wife, Soundaramba Ramaswamy,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Srinivasa-Iyer-Ramaswamy-passes-away-aged-82/articleshow/55845380.cms|title=Srinivasa Iyer Ramaswamy passes away, aged 82|last=Ramaswamy|first=Srinivasa Iyer|newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref> son Rajivakshan alias Sriram, and daughter Sindhu.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-passes-away/article16771236.ece?homepage=true Obituary], thehindu.com; accessed 28 January 2018.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/cho-ramaswamy-watched-jayalalithaas-final-journey-before-he-breathed-his-last-3143632.html|title=Cho Ramaswamy watched Jayalalithaa's final journey before he breathed his last — Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=7 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/cho-ramaswamy-watched-jayalalithaas-final-journey-before-he-breathed-his-last-3143632.html|title=Cho Ramaswamy watched Jayalalithaa's final journey before he breathed his last|date=7 December 2016|publisher=Firstpost.com|access-date=8 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/Cho-Ramaswamy-passes-away/article16771236.ece|title=Cho Ramaswamy passes away|last=Ramaswamy|first=Cho|date=7 December 2016|website=The Hindu|publisher=The Hindu India|access-date=7 December 2016}}</ref>

His death happened a day after [[J. Jayalalithaa|Jayalalithaa]] had died. [[Rajinikanth]] disclosed later that Jayalalithaa had always wished that Cho should live as long as she lived. He quoted: "As it turns out, he was alive till then and even few hours after that."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/modi-pays-tributes-to-cho-ramaswamy/article17040268.ece|title=Modi pays tributes to 'Cho' Ramaswamy|first=Dennis S.|last=Jesudasan|date=14 January 2017|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>

[[K. Veeramani]], leader of the [[Dravidar Kazhagam]] and a self-confessed atheist, in his tributes to Cho, said he was a unique journalist with independent views.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/cho-ramaswamy-fearless-critic-who-was-a-friend-to-all/article9416277.ece|title = Cho Ramaswamy: Fearless critic who was a friend to all| date=7 December 2016 }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|id=1167164}}
* [https://archive.org/details/BadriSeshadriChoRamaswamyonIndianPresidentialcandidate_andnowthePresident_Mrs.Pratibh/ Audio of Cho Ramaswamy on Mrs Pratibha Patil, prior to the Indian Presidential elections where Mrs Patil was a candidate] (in Tamil), 13 July 2007.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040804035143/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/02/stories/2004060200430100.htm Profile], thehindu.com, 2 June 2004.
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/2004/20040711/spectrum/main2.htm Profile], TribuneIndia.com, 11 July 2004.
* [http://www.rediff.com/freedom/18cho.htm Profile], Rediff.com; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927143629/http://www.harmonyindia.org/hportal/VirtualPageView.jsp?page_id=954 Virtual Page], HarmonyIndia.org; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [http://www.tribuneindia.com/1999/99nov22/nation.htm#14 Profile], tribuneindia.com; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/pm-modi-meets-ailing-journalist-cho-ramaswamy/ PM Visit], indianexpress.com; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/jayalalithaa-calls-on-cho-ramaswamy/article7587022.ece CM Visit], thehindu.com; accessed 28 January 2018.
* [http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Srinivasa-Iyer-Ramaswamy-passes-away-aged-82/articleshow/55845380.cms Obituary], indiatimes.com; accessed 28 January 2018.

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 2010–19}}
{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ramaswamy, Cho}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2016 deaths]]
[[Category:Tamil comedians]]
[[Category:Politicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Tamil dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Indian theatre directors]]
[[Category:Indian male stage actors]]
[[Category:Indian male journalists]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Indian male comedians]]
[[Category:Indian male dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male actors]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Male actors from Chennai]]
[[Category:Indian satirists]]
[[Category:Tamil screenwriters]]
[[Category:Tamil film directors]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Screenwriters from Chennai]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian male writers]]
[[Category:Tamil television writers]]

Pangil Ahmed Kutty Musliyar

2026-03-23T19:15:36Z

MavisLandale6:

{{Short description|Indian Islamic scholar}}
{{More citations needed|date= July 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Pangil Ahmed Kutty
| honorific_suffix = Musliyar
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = 1887/1888 (1305 AH)
| birth_place = [[Malabar District]], [[British India]]
| death_date = 20 November 1946
| death_place = [[British India]]
| other_names =
| known_for = Islamic scholar<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Ulama: Timeline |url=http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_19.xhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113181345/http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_19.xhtml |archive-date=2014-11-13 |website=Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Ulama }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Ulama: First Mushavara |url=http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_2.xhtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113174542/http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_2.xhtml |archive-date=2014-11-13 |website=Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Ulama }}</ref>
}}
{{Islam}}
'''Pangil Ahmed Kutty''' (1887/1888–1946), title '''Musliyar,''' was an Islamic scholar from [[Pang, Malappuram|Pangu]] in [[Malabar District]], [[Madras Presidency]] in [[Presidencies and provinces of British India|British India]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kannanthalli |first=Sayed Fakhruddin Hasani |date=14 August 2020 |title=Pangil Ustad: Punarvayana Thedunna Jeevithippadukal |work=Suprabhaatham |url=https://suprabhaatham.com/pangil-ustad-lifestyle-that-seek-re-reading/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=Samasthayum Mappila-swathwavum |work=Madhyamam |url=https://www.madhyamam.com/opinion/articles/2016/feb/07/176548}}</ref>

Ahmed Kutty was born to Nur ud-Din and Pazhedathu Vayottil Thithu in [[Malabar District]].<ref name=":0" /> After the initial religious education in Kerala, he joined the [[Al-Bakiyat-us-Salihat College|al-Baqiyat]] at [[Vellore]] for higher studies.<ref name=":0" />

He co-founded the Samastha Kerala Jamiyyathul Ulama, the principal [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]-[[Shafi‘i|Shafi'i]] scholarly body in northern [[Kerala]], in 1926.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Karma Bhumiyil |url=http://samastha.info/samstha/articles.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130805153522/http://samastha.info/samstha/articles.html |archive-date=2013-08-05 |website=Samastha Kerala Islam Matha Vidhyabyasa Board}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=History of Samastha Kerala Jam-iyyathul Ulama |url=http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_19.xhtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141113181345/http://samastha.wapka.mobi/site_19.xhtml |archive-date=13 November 2014 |website=Samastha Kerala Jem-iyyathul Ulama}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Shafi'i scholars}}
{{Islamic Theology}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian Islamic religious leaders]]
[[Category:1946 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Muslim scholars of Islam]]
[[Category:Kerala Sunni-Shafi'i scholars]]
[[Category:1888 births]]
[[Category:Malayali people]]
[[Category:Shafi'is]]
[[Category:Islam in Kerala]]
[[Category:Indian Sunni Muslim scholars of Islam]]

{{India-reli-bio-stub}}

Gurudeva (film)

2026-03-18T13:39:52Z

MavisLandale6: updated details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Gurudeva Guru
| image =
| caption =
| director = B. Jaffer
| writer = B. Jaffer Y Venkateswaralu (Telugu dialogues)
| producer = K. Kaliyamurthy
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Jai Akash]]
*[[Pranathi]]
*[[Nasser]]
*[[Ilavarasu]]
*[[Vijayakumar]]
*[[Riyaz Khan]]
}}
| cinematography = [[R. Madhi]]
| editing = R. R. Eshwar '''Editing supervision:''' [[V. T. Vijayan]]
| music = [[Sabesh–Murali]]
| studio = Sriselva Muthukumara Movies
| released = {{Film date|2005|04|01|Tamil|2005|06|30|Telugu|df=y}}
| country = India
| language = Tamil Telugu
}}
'''''Gurudeva''''' is a 2005 Indian [[romantic drama film]] directed by Jaffer. The music by [[Sabesh–Murali]] and produced by K. Kaliyamurthy. The film stars [[Jai Akash]], along with [[Pranathi]], [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]], and [[Riyaz Khan]]. The film was shot simultaneously in [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]] as '''''Guru'''''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 October 2004 |title=Press Meet – Guru |url=http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-guru.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622085014/http://www.idlebrain.com/news/functions/pressmeet-guru.html |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=[[Idlebrain.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 July 2005 |title=Jai Akash |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/html/tamil-cinema-interview-jaiakash.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219111642/http://www.behindwoods.com/features/Interviews/Interview4/html/tamil-cinema-interview-jaiakash.html |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref> This film was released on 1 April 2005 under the banner of Sriselva Muthukumara Movies. Jai Akash acting was very good and was appreciated by the critics.The film received very good response from the audience and did well at the box office till Super Star Rajinikanth's Chandramukhi released.

== Plot ==

The movie is about a street rowdy's love for a rich heiress. Guru is a street rowdy who hangs out in a mechanic shop owned by Mari, a handicapped man who is the advisor to Guru. They lead a happy life. Deva falls in love with him. Later they both decide to marry.

== Cast ==
{| class="wikitable" style="width:50%;"
! Actor (Tamil) !! Actor (Telugu) !! Role
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Jai Akash]] || style="text-align:center;" |Guru
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Pranathi]] || style="text-align:center;" |Deva
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Dhamu]] || rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Srinivasa Reddy]] || rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | Guru's friends
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Muthukaalai]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Vaiyapuri]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Chitram Srinu]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| Karthik Sabesh || style="text-align:center;"| Babloo
|-
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Ilavarasu]] || style="text-align:center;"| [[Gautam Raju]] || style="text-align:center;"| Police officer
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Pandu (actor)|Pandu]] || style="text-align:center;" |
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Madhan Bob]] || style="text-align:center;" | Doctor
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"| [[Omakuchi Narasimhan]] || style="text-align:center;" |
|}
;Tamil version
{{cast listing|
* [[Nassar (actor)|Nassar]] as Maari
*[[Vijayakumar (Tamil actor)|Vijayakumar]] as Sundar
*[[Riyaz Khan]] as Deva's unwanted suitor<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mannath |first=Malini |date=9 April 2005 |title=Gurudeva |url=http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/04gurudeva.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014121055/http://www.chennaionline.com/film/Moviereviews/2005/04gurudeva.asp |archive-date=14 October 2006 |access-date=22 February 2022 |website=Chennai Online}}</ref>
* [[Dhamu]] as Poonai
* [[Chelladurai]]
* [[Kovai Senthil]] as Priest
* [[Devadarshini]] as Deva's friend
}}

== Production ==
During the making of the Telugu version, an intimate scene was filmed between Jai Akash and Pranathi in the presence of the assistant director. Since the assistant director was unsatisfied with the shot, the shot was taken eight times. Jai Akash said that the scene was filmed enough times, and he slapped the assistant director after the assistant director did not agree.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2005 |title=Bad boy Jai Akash |url=http://www.behindwoods.com/News/17-2-05/jaiakash_bad.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220622085014/http://www.behindwoods.com/News/17-2-05/jaiakash_bad.htm |archive-date=22 June 2022 |access-date=22 June 2022 |website=Behindwoods}}</ref>

== Soundtrack ==
Music by [[Sabesh–Murali]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gurudeva (2005) |url=https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/gurudeva-songs-T0000866 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220234024/https://www.raaga.com/tamil/album/gurudeva-songs-T0000866 |archive-date=20 February 2022 |access-date=20 February 2022 |website=[[Raaga.com]]}}</ref> The audio was released on 31 January 2005 at AVM Studios.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2005 |title=Cassette Release Function of the film 'Gurudeva'- with photos |url=http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/01022005-6.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204062844/http://www.cinesouth.com/masala/hotnews/new/01022005-6.shtml |archive-date=4 February 2005 |access-date=24 July 2024 |website=Cinesouth}}</ref>

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| title1 = Aanandham Aanandham
| length1 =
| lyrics1 =
| extra1 = [[Tippu (singer)|Tippu]], [[Mathangi Jagdish|Mathangi]]
| title2 = Saiva Karuvadu
| length2 =
| lyrics2 =
| extra2 = [[Sabesh–Murali|Sabesh]], [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Srilekha Parthasarathy]]
| title3 = Azhage Azhage
| length3 =
| lyrics3 =
| extra3 = [[Srinivas (singer)|Srinivas]], [[Anuradha Sriram]]
| title4 = Silenta Sirichu
| length4 =
| lyrics4 =
| extra4 = [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]], [[Pop Shalini]]
| title5 = Manakudhada
| length5 =
| lyrics5 =
| extra5 = Tippu
}}

== Release and reception ==
The film was scheduled to release on 14 February, but was delayed.<ref>{{Cite news |date=7 January 2005 |title=Lined up for Feb.14 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/lined-up-for-feb14/article28578336.ece |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925091550/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/lined-up-for-feb14/article28578336.ece |archive-date=25 September 2020 |access-date=15 October 2020 |work=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> A critic from ''[[Sify]]'' opined that "There is nothing new in the way if presentation and music director Sabesh Murali rehashes old ?gana? songs of Deva".<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2005 |title=Guru Deva |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/guru-deva-review-tamil-pclvIwgchefca.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221220/https://www.sify.com/movies/guru-deva-review-tamil-pclvIwgchefca.html |archive-date=19 February 2022 |access-date=19 February 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref> ''Bizhat'' wrote "There is nothing new in the way if presentation and music director Sabesh Murali rehashes old ‘gana’ songs of Deva. Debutant director Jaffer seems to have been remote controlled by the hero who tries to ape Ajit style of ‘dadagiri’ and dialogue delivery. Paranathi tries hard to look glamorous though she is an average looker. Perhaps Jai Akash will get a better story next time!".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guru Deva |url=http://movies.bizhat.com/review_guru_deva.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060327082404/http://movies.bizhat.com/review_guru_deva.php |archive-date=27 March 2006 |access-date=15 May 2022 |website=BizHat.com}}</ref> The film released alongside the low budget films ''[[Girivalam (film)|Girivalam]]'' and ''[[Thaka Thimi Tha]]'' and did not fare well at the box office.<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2005 |title=Chennai weekend box-office (Apr 01-03) |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice/Chennaiweekendbox-office(Apr01-03)-plupk5jajcebe.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128184400/https://www.sify.com/movies/boxoffice/Chennaiweekendbox-office(Apr01-03)-plupk5jajcebe.html |archive-date=28 January 2021 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

The film was released in Telugu as ''Guru'' in June 2005. Since the Telugu version failed due to lack of publicity, Jai Akash went to the Telugu producer Muppa Ankanna Rao's house and threatened him. Akash was subsequently sent to jail and released after a compromise was made.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2005 |title=Jai Akash arrested! |url=http://www.sify.com/movies/jai-akash-arrested-news-telugu-kkfv2odbhhj.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120912220752/http://www.sify.com/movies/jai-akash-arrested-news-telugu-kkfv2odbhhj.html |archive-date=12 September 2012 |access-date=21 February 2022 |website=[[Sify]]}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title}}

[[Category:2005 Indian films]]
[[Category:2005 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:2005 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:2005 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Indian multilingual films]]
[[Category:Indian romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language Indian films]]
[[Category:Tamil-language romantic drama films]]

Sati Anasuya (1957 film)

2026-03-06T06:01:13Z

MavisLandale6: minor enhanced structure to improve readability also and corrected details

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{upscaled images|date=July 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Sati Anasuya
| image = Sati Anasuya (1957 film).jpg
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| writer = [[Samudrala Jr.|Samudrala Jr]] {{small|(dialogues)}}
| producer = Sundarlal Nehata
| director = K. B. Nagabhushanam
| starring = [[N. T. Rama Rao]] [[Anjali Devi]] [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]]
| music = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cinematography = [[Kamal Ghosh]]
| editing = N. K. Gopal
| based_on = Life of ''[[Anasuya]]''
| studio = Rajyasri Productions
| released = {{Film date|df=y|1957|10|27}}
| runtime = 142 minutes
| country = India
| language = Telugu
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Sati Anasuya''''' is a 1957 [[Telugu language|Telugu]]-language [[Hindu mythological film]], based on the life of ''[[Anasuya]]'', produced by Sundarlal Nehata under the Rajyasri Productions banner and directed by K. B. Nagabhushanam. It stars [[N. T. Rama Rao]], [[Anjali Devi]], and [[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]], with music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].

This film was dubbed into Tamil under the same title and released in 1958.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958.asp|title=Sadhanaigal Padaitha Thamizh Thiraipada Varalaru|trans-title=History of Landmark Tamil Films|publisher=Sivakami Publishers|author=Film News Anandan|author-link=Film News Anandan|date= 23 October 2004|location=Chennai|language=Tamil|url-status=usurped|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20170817000751/http://www.lakshmansruthi.com/cineprofiles/1958.asp|archivedate=17 August 2017}}</ref> Udhayakumar wrote the dialogues and Ku. Sa. Krishnamoorthy penned the lyrics. T. M. Ibrahim scored music for this Tamil version.

== Plot ==
The film begins with Sage [[Atri]]'s dedicated wife [[Anasuya]], who advocates for the worship of her husband. Sivananda, the chieftain of Chitrakuta, irks her with his insistence to worship only the lord. Meanwhile, [[Ganga (goddess)|Ganga]] flies to [[Lakshmi]], [[Parvati]], & [[Saraswati]] to remove the impurities but in vain. Accordingly, on the guidance of [[Narada]], she proceeds to Anasuya and frees that jealous ''Tri Matas''. Parallelly, Sivananda's son Sukhananda endears a girl named Narmada, but tragically, the spouse's death is sure in her horoscope. The grief-stricken Narmada wants to land in heaven alive when, to chagrin, Anasuya, Sivananda stalls Narmada to her, and she triumphs but holds on there. Now, Anasuya advises her to knit one whom she sees next sunrise. Here, enraged ''Tri Matas'' present ugly leprosy patient Kaushika before Narmada to avenge Anasuya. Yet, she splices him and serves him with adoration. She cannot face the music and moves for pilgrimage by placing Kaushika in a cart. Amid, ''Tri Matas'' create many hurdles, but Narmada does not yield.

Frustrated ''Tri Matas'' sends Nagaraja to bite Atri, but Anasuya turns it into a garland. After that, they send Manmadha to molest, but Anasuya recognizes and curses him to become blind. Next, famine arises in the Chitrakuta area when Sivananda denounces Anasuya. So, to relieve drought, Anasuya prays to Ganga and monsoon arises. In that rage, Sivananda sets fire to Ashram, who loses his eyesight and recoups it by bowing his head down. Narmada & Kaushika reach Badri, where Kaushika kicks a sage, Mandavya, out of hunger, who curses him to die at sunrise. Hence, furious Narmada bars the sunrise when the universe standstill. In that difficulty, Narmada takes back her word, but the blessings of Atri & Anasuya rejuvenate Kaushika as handsome. As a final attempt, ''Tri Matas'' send the divine trinity [[Brahma]], [[Vishnu]], & [[Shiva|Siva]] to test Anasuya. Anasuya provides hospitality to those who order her to feed them naked. Nevertheless, she fulfills their wish by transforming them into babies. Discerning it, ''Tri Matas'' rushes to Anasuya and pleads with her to return her husband, and she does so. Impressed, the divine trinity gives a boon to her that 3 of them will be born as their son. Finally, the movie ends with the trinity merging and forming into three-headed [[Dattatreya]].

== Cast ==
{{Cast listing|
*[[N. T. Rama Rao]] as Kaushikudu
*[[Anjali Devi]] as [[Anasuya]]
*[[Jamuna (actress)|Jamuna]] as Narmada
*[[Kanta Rao]] as [[Lord Vishnu]]
*[[Gummadi (actor)|Gummmadi]] as [[Atri]] Mahamuni
*[[Relangi (actor)|Relangi]] as Sukhanand
*[[Rajanala Kaleswara Rao|Rajanala]] as [[Indra]]
*[[Padmanabham (actor)|Padmanabham]] as [[Narada]] Maharshi
*[[Mukkamala (actor)|Mukkamala]] as Sivanandudu
*Amarnath as [[Lord Shiva]]
*K. V. S. Sarma as Kaushika (on curse)
*A. V. Subba Rao as Mandavyamuni
*Seshagiri as [[Lord Brahma]]
*N. Rajanraju as [[Kamadeva|Manmadha]]
*Suryakala as [[Goddess Parvathi]]
*Mohana as [[Goddess Lakshmi]]
*Satyavathi as [[Goddess Saraswati]]
*C. Varalakshmi as Dubbakka
*Chandra Kumari as [[Goddess Ganga]]
*Ragini as [[Rambha (apsara)|Rambha]]
*[[ Kusalakumari ]] as [[Rati]]
}}

== Soundtrack ==
{{Infobox album
| name = Sati Anasuya
| type = film
| artist = [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 1957
| recorded =
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = Soundtrack
| length =
| label =
| producer = Ghantasala
| prev_title =
| prev_year =
| next_title =
| next_year =
}}

Music composed by [[Ghantasala (musician)|Ghantasala]].
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!S. No.!!Song title !! Singers !! Lyrics !! Length
|-
| 1 || "Aayi Aayi Aayi Aapadalu Kaayi" || Ghantasala || || 02:08
|-
| 2 || "Ide Nyayama Ide Dharmama" || Ghantasala, Madhavapeddi Satyam & J. V. Raghavulu || || 03:28
|-
| 3 || "Maa Roopa Nava Shobana" || M. L. Vasanthakumari || || 03:55
|-
| 4 || "Ooge Radigo" || P. Leela || || 02:55
|-
| 5 || "Jayaho Jayaho Bharata Janani" || Ghantasala || ||
|-
| 6 || "Enthentha Dooram" || Madhavapeddi Satyam & K. Rani || || 02:28
|-
| 7 || "Udayinchunoyi Nee Jeevitana" || Ghantasala || || 04:05
|-
| 8 || "Kadilindi Ganga Bhavani" || Ghantasala & M. S. Rama Rao || || 03:15
|-
| 9 || "O Sakha Oho Sakha Neevedano" || Ghantasala & Jikki || || 03:45
|-
| 10 || "Oh Jagadaadhaara" || P. Leela || || 02:57
|-
| 11 || "Jaya Jaya Deva Hare" || Ghantasala || || 02:52
|-
| 12 || "Vinumoyi O Naruda Nijam" || Ghantasala || ||
|}

== Reception ==
Malhar of ''Zaminryot'' criticized the movie as poorly made and termed it as a "sugar coated pill". He reviewed the story and the characterization as bad. He wrote positively about the performance by the main cast.<ref>{{Cite news|date=8 November 1957|title=రాజశ్రివారి 'సతీ అనసూయ' నటనావిశిష్టతగల చిత్రం|trans-title=Rajasri's 'Sati Anasuya' is a film with acting uniqueness|page=9|work=Zaminryot|url=http://www.zaminryot.com/pdf/1957/Nov/8-NOV-1957.pdf|access-date=7 August 2021}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|tt0246216}}
*{{youTube|3NEWKGK4mYQ|Tamil version of the song Maa Roopa}}

[[Category:Hindu mythological films]]
[[Category:Hindu devotional films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Ghantasala (musician)]]
[[Category:1957 Tamil-language films]]
[[Category:1957 Telugu-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by T. M. Ibrahim]]

Kaul Manacha

2026-03-04T09:43:44Z

MavisLandale6: starting basic details needs work

{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2024}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Kaul Manacha
| image =
| caption =
| native_name =
| director = Bheemrao Mude
| writer =
| screenplay =
| producer = Rajesh Patil
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Rajesh Shringarpure]]
*[[Sameer Dharmadhikari]]
*[[Amruta Patki]]
}}
| cinematography = Nitin Ghag
| editing = Santosh Yadav
| music = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| studio =
| distributor =
| released = {{Film date|df=y|2016|10|21}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget =
| gross =
}}

'''''Kaul Manacha''''' is an Indian [[Marathi language|Marathi]]-language film directed by Bheemrao Mude and produced by Rajesh Patil. The film stars [[Rajesh Shringarpure]], [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]] and [[Amruta Patki]]. Music by [[Rohan-Rohan]]. The film was released on 21 October 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2016 |title=कौल मनाचा चित्रपटाचा प्रीमिअर |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/premiere-kaul-mana-movie/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210181312/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/premiere-kaul-mana-movie/ |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website= [[Lokmat]] |language=Marathi}}</ref>

== Synopsis ==
Cinephile school-kid Raj is obsessed with films and his female classmate Ritika; initially, everyone brushes him off, but chaos ensues when his obsessions begin to seep into his real life.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2016 |title=चांगल्या विषयाची साधारण मांडणी...! |url=https://www.lokmat.com/reviews/marathi-cinema/good-general-layout/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210173147/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.lokmat.com/reviews/marathi-cinema/good-general-layout/ |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website= [[Lokmat]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Cast ==
* [[Rajesh Shringarpure]]
* [[Sameer Dharmadhikari]]
* [[Amruta Patki]]
* Girija Prabhu
* Ashutosh Gaikwad
* Ninand Tambde
* [[Vijay Chavan]]
* Jaywant Wadkar
* [[Kamlesh Sawant]]
* Shweta Pendse
* Varsha Dandale
* Mausami Tondwalkar
* Vinit Bhonde

== Production ==
===Filming===
Muhurat shot and formal launch was done on 6 November 2015 in [[Mumbai]],<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2015 |title=सोनाली बेंद्रेच्या हस्ते 'कौल मनाचा' चित्रपटाचा मुहूर्त |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/sonali-bendre-gives-mahurat-clap-to-kaul-manacha-1158060/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210144508/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/sonali-bendre-gives-mahurat-clap-to-kaul-manacha-1158060/ |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> India. [[Principal photography]] began that day, as informed by the makers. On 23 February 2016, entire shooting of the film has been wrapped up.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2016 |title= मराठीत बालचित्रपटांची मांदियाळी |url=https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/cinematography-marathi/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210145000/https://www.lokmat.com/marathi-cinema/cinematography-marathi/ |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website= [[Lokmat]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== Soundtrack==
{{Infobox album
| name = Kaul Manacha
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Rohan-Rohan]]
| cover =
| alt =
| released = 2016<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2016 |title=Kaul Manacha: Music launch |url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/kaul-manacha-music-launch/articleshow/54557362.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210180354/https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/events/mumbai/kaul-manacha-music-launch/articleshow/54557362.cms |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref>
| recorded = 2016
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 12:16
| language = Marathi
| label =
| producer =
| prev_title =
| prev_year = 2015
| year = 2017
| next_title =
| next_year = 2016
| misc = {{external music video| header = Official audio
|{{YouTube|LF0rcDe6224| Kaul Manacha – Full Album}}
}}
}}

{{Track listing
| headline = Track listing
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| total_length = 12:16
| title1 = TikTok
| extra1 = Prajakta Shukre, Rohan Pradhan
| length1 = 3:42
| title2 = Man Manjiri
| extra2 = [[Armaan Malik]], [[Shreya Ghoshal]]
| length2 = 4:44
| title3 = Kaul Niyatishi
| extra3 = [[Adarsh Shinde]]
| length3 = 4:30
}}

== Reception ==
=== Critical reception ===
Kaul Manacha film received positive reviews from critics. Shalaka Nalawade of [[The Times of India]] gave the film a rating of 3.5/5 and wrote "It gives you a social message, but does not come across as preachy, and that’s where its strength lies. A decent entertainer this one".<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2017 |title=KAUL MANACHA MOVIE REVIEW |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/kaul-manacha/movie-review/55051081.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210171217/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/marathi/movie-reviews/kaul-manacha/movie-review/55051081.cms?from=mdr |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website= [[The Times of India]] |language=English
}}</ref> Soumitra Pote of [[Maharashtra Times]] gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote "This was a topic with a good storyline. If a little more work had been done on the characters, their behavior, it would have felt more relatable".<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2016 |title=कौल मनाचा: प्रामाणिक प्रयत्नांचा कौल! |url=https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaul-manacha-marathi-movie/moviereview/54964990.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210172420/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://maharashtratimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/kaul-manacha-marathi-movie/moviereview/54964990.cms |archive-date=10 December 2022 |access-date=10 December 2022 |website= [[Maharashtra Times]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref> Raju Chinchankar of [[Lokmat]] gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote "Had the story received a stronger treatment, its impact would have been heightened".<ref name="auto"/> Reshma Raikwar of [[Loksatta]] wrote "There are a lot of things that have been gathered in the film, if only a few things that were left out had been caught correctly, this would have been the best film!".<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2016 |title=चित्ररंग : थोडा है, थोडे की जरूरत है! |url=https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/kaul-manacha-marathi-movie-review-1324000/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221211035037/http://web.archive.org/screenshot/https://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan/kaul-manacha-marathi-movie-review-1324000/ |archive-date=11 December 2022 |access-date=11 December 2022 |website= [[Loksatta]] |language=Marathi
}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb title|tt6181856}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|m/kaul_manacha}}

[[Category:2016 films]]
[[Category:2016 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rohan-Rohan]]
[[Category:Marathi-language romantic comedy films]]

Cycle (2018 film)

2026-03-04T09:41:48Z

MavisLandale6: Put up a post

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Cycle (Marathi Film)
| image =
| caption =
| director = Prakash Kunte
| producer = Sangram Surve Amar Pandit
| screenplay = Aditi Moghe
| story = Aditi Moghe
| based_on =
| starring = [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] [[Bhalchandra Kadam]] [[Priyadarshan Jadhav]]
| music = Aditya Bedekar
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio = Happy Mind Entertainment Pvt. Ltd.
| released = {{Film date|2018}}
| runtime =
| country = India
| language = Marathi
| budget = 2.5 Crore
| gross =
| distributor =
}}
'''''Cycle''''' ({{langx|mr|सायकल}}) is a 2018 [[Marathi movies|Marathi film]] directed by Prakash Kunte.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmipop.com/upcoming-movies/marathi-language/comedy-genre |title=New Upcoming Marathi; Comedy Movies, Coming Soon |language=en-US |access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref> The film is produced by Sangram Surve and Amar Pandit and written by Aditi Moghe. The original soundtrack has been composed by Aditya Bedekar.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=http://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20161229/3022932.html |title=New Marathi film 'Cycle' wins 'Best Film' award in KIFF |website=news.webindia123.com |access-date=2017-03-10}}</ref>

==Synopsis==
Keshav is a well-known astrologer who lives with his father, wife and daughter. Keshav's grandfather had obtained a yellow bicycle from an Englishman and had bequeathed it to his grandson prior to his death. Keshav is possessive of his cycle, and the only one who he lets ride it is his daughter. One day, his daughter wonders whether the cycle might get bored of being locked up every night and fly away. Another night, Keshav leaves his cycle outside his house in a rush to attend a play. Two thieves who had looted a nearby mansion, steal his cycle to escape quickly. Keshav's distress renders him unable to give any astrological advice. He sets out in search of his cycle.

As the thieves pass through nearby villages, people instantly recognize the yellow cycle as Keshav's. The thieves pretend to be Keshav's paternal cousins to deflect probing questions. Keshav's reputation as a helpful person gets them free tea from a vendor, a feast in a home and an invitation to be chief guests in a school event. When the thieves lose their bag of stolen goods, they fear that stealing from a person as trusted as Keshav has brought them bad luck. They leave the cycle in a village with a letter to Keshav detailing their interactions with the people he had helped. Meanwhile, Keshav's own journey brings him to a man who has lost his house but has retained an optimistic outlook, taking strength from Keshav's previously given astrological advice. Keshav reflects on his own attachment to his cycle. When he finds it in the next village, he gives it away. He returns home to find his friends and family claiming to have found his bicycle nearby. He rubs the cycle and finds fresh paint on his fingers. He then smiles, gesturing to his daughter that the cycle has flown away.

==Cast==
* [[Hrishikesh Joshi]] as Keshav, an astrologer
* [[Bhalchandra Kadam]] as Gajya, a thief / Vitthal, Keshav's cousin (Fake)
* [[Priyadarshan Jadhav]] as Mangya, a thief / Tukaram "Tukya", Keshav's cousin (Fake)
* Deepti Lele as Jayashree, Keshav's wife
* Vidhyadhar Joshi as Savkar
* [[Abhijeet Chavan]] as Shyam, Keshav's friend who owns a small restaurant but aspires to become an actor
* Baby Mythili Patwardhan as Mrunmayi, Keshav's daughter
* Manoj Kolhatkar as Keshav's father

== Reception ==
It was one of the three Marathi films sold at the [[Cannes Film Market]] in 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://abpmajha.abplive.in/movies/three-marathi-films-selected-for-cannes-film-festival-390174 |title=कान्स चित्रपट महोत्सवासाठी तीन मराठी सिनेमांची निवड |date=2017-04-08 |work=ABP Majha |access-date=2017-04-09 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.india.com/marathi/entertainment/dashkriya-cycle-and-take-care-good-night-in-cannes-film-festival/ |title=Dashkriya, Cycle and Take care good night in Cannes film festival {{!}} ‘सायकल’ निघाली ‘कान्स’ला, ‘दशक्रिया’, ‘टेक केअर गुड नाईट’चाही समावेश |last=Chavare |first=Annasaheb |website=India.com |language=en |access-date=2017-04-09 |archive-date=9 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170409133608/http://www.india.com/marathi/entertainment/dashkriya-cycle-and-take-care-good-night-in-cannes-film-festival/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.loksatta.com/manoranjan-news/dashkriya-cycle-take-care-good-night-cannes-film-festival-1448955/ |title=राज्य सरकारतर्फे कान्स साठी तीन मराठी चित्रपटांची निवड |date=2017-04-08 |work=Loksatta |access-date=2017-04-09 |language=mr-IN}}</ref> It won best film, best director and best screenplay awards at the fifth Kolhapur International Film festival.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhusari |first1=Piyush |title=Level of Kolhapur international film festival needs to be pushed, says dist collector |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolhapur/level-of-kiff-needs-to-be-pushed-says-dist-collector/articleshow/56244660.cms |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=The Times of India |date=30 December 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=New Marathi film 'Cycle' wins 'Best Film' award in KIFF |url=https://www.uniindia.com/new-marathi-film-cycle-wins-best-film-award-in-kiff/other/news/733694.html |access-date=29 November 2023 |agency=United News of India |date=29 December 2016}}</ref> It also won the [[National Film Award for Best Costume Design]].<ref name="64thaward">{{cite press_release|title=64th National Film Awards|url=http://www.dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|format=PDF|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|access-date=7 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606051143/http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/NFA64PressNote2016.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{IMDb title|6627630}}

[[Category:2018 Marathi-language films]]
[[Category:Films scored by Rohan-Rohan]]

Vijay 69

2026-03-02T05:31:28Z

MavisLandale6: new basic article w/ infobox.

{{short description|Indian drama film}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Vijay 69
| image = Vijay 69 poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Official release poster
| native_name = 
| director = Akshay Roy
| writer = Akshay Roy '''Additional Dialogues''': [[Abbas Tyrewala]]
| screenplay =
| story =
| based_on = 
| producer = [[Maneesh Sharma]]
| starring = {{plainlist|
*[[Anupam Kher]]
*[[Chunky Pandey]]
*Mihir Ahuja
}}
| narrator =
| cinematography = Sahil Bhardwaj
| editing = Manas Mittal
| music = [[Gaurav Chatterji]]
| studio = [[YRF Entertainment]]
| distributor = [[Netflix]]
| released = {{Film date|df=yes|2024|11|8}}
| runtime = 112 minutes<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/release/vijay-69-q29sbgvjdglvbjpwwc0xmdi1odq2 |title=''Vijay 69'' (12) |website=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=7 November 2024 |access-date=5 February 2025}}</ref>
| country = India
| language = Hindi
| budget =
| gross =
}}
'''''Vijay 69''''' is a 2024 Indian [[Hindi]]-language [[Comedy drama|comedy-drama]] film written and directed by Akshay Roy. Produced by [[YRF Entertainment]], the film stars [[Anupam Kher]] in the titular role alongside [[Chunky Pandey]] and Mihir Ahuja. It was released on 8 November 2024 on [[Netflix]] and received mixed-to-positive reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vijay-69-anupam-kher-film-to-release-on-netflix-on-november-8-2616562-2024-10-14|title=Vijay 69: Anupam Kher's film to release on Netflix on November 8|date=14 October 2024|website=India Today|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-date=9 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209072554/https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/vijay-69-anupam-kher-film-to-release-on-netflix-on-november-8-2616562-2024-10-14|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Plot ==
Vijay Mathews, a 69-year-old retired swimming coach living in [[Delhi]], leads a [[Asociality|quiet, isolated life]] after [[Widow|the death of his wife]]. His routine becomes increasingly [[Sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]] and his only regular companion is his longtime friend Prakash, who teases him about growing complacent in [[old age]].

While sorting his late wife’s possessions, Vijay finds her [[Diary|journal]] containing a list of hopes she imagined for him, including a challenge to complete a [[Triathlon|triathlon]]. Moved by her faith in him, Vijay resolves to honour her memory by attempting the event despite his advancing years and declining health.

Vijay begins a cautious training regimen: short [[Jogging|jogs]], [[Swimming lessons|swimming practice]] and [[Cycle sport|cycling]], but soon confronts the realities of [[ageing]]: [[Shortness of breath|breathlessness]], [[Arthralgia|joint pain]] and recurring injuries. His efforts draw scepticism and mockery from some neighbours, while Prakash offers wry support. Seeking professional help, he approaches Kabir, a young [[personal trainer]] at a local gym, who is at first dismissive but ultimately agrees to train him.

The training is arduous and punctuated by setbacks: an old knee injury flares, Vijay collapses from [[Fatigue|exhaustion]], and his family urges him to abandon the attempt on medical grounds. With Kabir’s adjusted programme and emotional support from Prakash, Vijay persists, overcoming moments of doubt and experiencing gradual physical improvement.

On race day he faces the standard triathlon sequence: a 1.5-kilometre swim, a 40-kilometre cycle and a 10-kilometre run. He is competing as the oldest entrant. He endures a [[panic]] during the swim after a collision, severe knee pain on the cycle, and a gruelling final run, but is spurred on by supporters at the roadside and memories of his wife.

Vijay completes the course to widespread admiration and is recognised as the oldest finisher. The achievement restores his sense of purpose and brings emotional closure; Kabir learns the value of perseverance and Prakash publicly celebrates Vijay’s transformation, with the film emphasising that age need not bar one from pursuing long-held aspirations.

== Cast ==
{{cast listing|
*[[Anupam Kher]] as Vijay Matthews
*[[Chunky Pandey]] as Fali
*Mihir Ahuja as Aditya
*[[Guddi Maruti]] as Parminder Bakshi
*[[Ekavali Khanna]] as Anna Matthews, Vijay's wife
*[[Vrajesh Hirjee]] as Coach Vishwas
*[[Kunal Vijaykar]] as Kishore
*[[Sulagna Panigrahi]] as Deeksha, Vijay's daughter
*[[Ravish Desai]] as Abhimanyu, Deeksha's husband
*Dharmendra Gohil as Akash, Aditya's father
*[[Anirban Bhattacharyya]] as Doctor
*[[Ketika Sharma]] as Malti
*[[Ashwin Mushran]] as Jaag
*[[Pawan Chopra]]
*Adrija Sinha as Ruhi
*Vivek Sagar as Jiten Mukhi
*Paritosh Sand as Ranjit Kumar
*Abhhay Joshi as Sunil Saxena
*[[Saanand Verma]] as Corrupt journalist
}}

== Reception ==
{{Rotten Tomatoes prose|60|6.6|10|consensus=}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vijay 69 |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vijay_69_2 |access-date=2025-02-10 |website=Rotten Tomatoes |language=en}}</ref>

Dehaval Roy of ''[[The Times of India]]'' rated the film 3/5 and wrote, "Despite [its] flaws, ''Vijay 69'' is still a family-friendly entertainer that is worth watching once, especially if you’re in the mood for a light, feel-good story with a touch of comedy".<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2024 |title=Vijay 69 Review : An entertaining underdog story that struggles with substance |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/vijay-69/ottmoviereview/115072905.cms |work=The Times of India |access-date=28 January 2025 |archive-date=27 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250127225919/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/english/movie-reviews/vijay-69/ottmoviereview/115072905.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[The Hindu]]'' wrote "With little to reflect upon, it feels like an advertisement to promote triathlon, the new fad among fitness enthusiasts in all age groups".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Anuj |date=8 November 2024 |title='Vijay 69' movie review: Anupam Kher takes a dip in the channel of mediocrity |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-69-movie-review-anupam-kher-takes-a-dip-in-the-channel-of-mediocrity/article68844856.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 January 2025 |archive-date=9 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209072554/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/vijay-69-movie-review-anupam-kher-takes-a-dip-in-the-channel-of-mediocrity/article68844856.ece |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Firstpost]]'' wrote "No doubt, ''Vijay 69'' is predictable to the core, but it does bring a smile to our face especially when we see our aging parents giving up on life".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-vijay-69-movie-review-not-just-anupam-kher-chunky-panday-too-has-smashed-it-with-his-comeback-13833358.html|title=Netflix's Vijay 69 Movie Review: Not only Anupam Kher, but Chunky Panday too has smashed it with his comeback|date=8 November 2024|website=Firstpost|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-date=9 February 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250209072555/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/netflixs-vijay-69-movie-review-not-just-anupam-kher-chunky-panday-too-has-smashed-it-with-his-comeback-13833358.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Rishabh Suri of the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' wrote, "''Vijay 69'' is one of those films which people start watching with great interest, then lose it, scroll through their phones, watch a couple of scenes, go about some chores around the house, come back to watch the climax, and the end".<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 November 2024 |title=Vijay 69 review: Anupam Kher has to work doubly hard to salvage a boring film about loneliness and lofty ambitions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-69-review-anupam-kher-has-to-work-doubly-hard-to-salvage-a-boring-film-about-loneliness-and-lofty-ambitions-101731054246134.html |work=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=2 December 2024 |access-date=28 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241202231930/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/vijay-69-review-anupam-kher-has-to-work-doubly-hard-to-salvage-a-boring-film-about-loneliness-and-lofty-ambitions-101731054246134.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Filmfare]]'' rated the film 3.5/5 and wrote, "The film will leave you with a smile on your face and a renewed belief in the power of perseverance, making it a truly heartwarming experience".<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2024 |title=Vijay 69 Movie Review: Triumph of spirit |url=https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/vijay-69-movie-review-triumph-of-spirit-69536.html |website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=28 January 2025 |archive-date=3 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203094041/https://www.filmfare.com/reviews/bollywood-movies/vijay-69-movie-review-triumph-of-spirit-69536.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A critic from ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the film 3/5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, ''VIJAY 69'' is a light-hearted inspirational tale that works due to the relatability factor, Anupam Kher's marvellous performance and an emotional climax".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movie/vijay-69/critic-review/vijay-69-movie-review/vijay-69-is-a-light-hearted-tale-that-works-due-to-the-relatability-performance-and-climax/|title=Vijay 69 Movie Review: VIJAY 69 is a light-hearted tale that works due to the relatability, performance and climax.|date=8 November 2024|website=Bollywood Hungama|access-date=28 January 2025|archive-date=20 January 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250120034420/https://www.bollywoodhungama.com/amp/movie/vijay-69/critic-review/vijay-69-movie-review/vijay-69-is-a-light-hearted-tale-that-works-due-to-the-relatability-performance-and-climax/|url-status=live}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb title|27671792}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes | vijay_69_2 }}

[[Category:Indian drama films]]
[[Category:2024 Hindi-language films]]

Anitha Karthikeyan

2026-03-01T18:33:46Z

MavisLandale6:

{{short description|Indian playback singer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2025}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anitha Karthikeyan
| image = Anitha_Karthikeyan.jpg
| caption =
| image_size =
| birth_name =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = Chennai, [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]
| instrument = Voice
| genre =
| occupation = [[Playback singer]]
| years_active = 1997 – current
| website =
}}
'''Anitha Karthikeyan''' is an Indian [[Playback singer]].<ref>{{cite news |title='தமிழா தமிழா நாளை நம் நாளே' 65 பாடகர்கள் சேர்ந்து பாடிய ஒன்றிணைவோம் ஆல்பம் |url=https://tamil.indianexpress.com/entertainment/thamizha-thamizha-song-ar-rahman-together-as-one-65-singers-5-languages-one-nation-one-song-214871/ |access-date=13 July 2023 |publisher=tamil.indianexpress |date=15 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=ஒரு புத்தாக்க முயற்சியாக தமிழர் பண்பாட்டை பறைசாற்றும் 'கட்டில்' |url=https://www.tamilmurasu.com.sg/lifestyle/story20230322-126581 |access-date=15 July 2023 |agency=tamilmurasu.com.sg |publisher=tamilmurasu.com.sg |date=22 March 2023}}</ref> She has sung more than 500 film songs mostly in south Indian languages including [[Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]], [[Malayalam]] and [[Kannada]]. It was the song "Mannavane Mannavane" from the 2015 Tamil movie ''[[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]'' which "has brought her to the limelight."<ref name="auto">{{cite news |last1=KADHIR |first1=PREETHA |title=Winning the numbers game |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/anitha-tells-about-her-experience-of-singing-for-sridevi-in-puli/article7645720.ece |access-date=13 July 2023 |publisher=thehindu.com |date=12 September 2015}}</ref> In the beginning, she sang more melodious and classical based tune songs, she later became known for fast track hit numbers.<ref name="auto3">{{cite news |last1=CR |first1=Sharanya |title=Your debut might be easy, but survival matters |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/music/your-debut-might-be-easy-but-survival-matters/articleshow/47732206.cms |access-date=13 July 2023 |publisher=times of india |date=13 January 2017}}</ref> In 2010, she won the Vijay Music award in the popular mass song category for the song "Vaada Vaada Paiya" from Tamil film ''[[Kacheri Arambam]]''.<ref name="auto1">{{cite news |last1=Sanjeevi |first1=Kaviya |title=Always on song |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/education/edex/2014/dec/21/always-on-song-696804.html |access-date=13 July 2023 |publisher=newindianexpress.com |date=21 December 2014}}</ref> She is also known for singing [[Jingle]]s for [[Television advertisement|TV commercials]].<ref name="auto3"/> Besides, she has sung title track for different [[Serial (radio and television)|TV Serials]] including the "Achuvellam Pacharasi Mavilakku" for ''[[Kula Deivam (TV series)]]''.<ref name="auto1"/> She has performed in numerous live [[concert]]s in India and abroad including in [[Ilaiyaraaja]]’s [[orchestra]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=Indian musician Ilaiyaraaja to perform in Dubai |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/entertainment/indian-musician-ilaiyaraaja-to-perform-in-dubai?_refresh=true |access-date=13 July 2023 |publisher=khaleejtimes.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=South Indian legend Ilaiyaraaja will perform live in Dubai |url=https://gulfnews.com/entertainment/south-indian/south-indian-legend-ilaiyaraaja-will-perform-live-in-dubai-1.91471773 |access-date=13 July 2023 |publisher=gulfnews.com |date=24 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Quebec Tamils celebrate NSSC Mega Blast Sports Festival |url=https://www.tamilguardian.com/content/quebec-tamils-celebrate-nssc-mega-blast-sports-festival |access-date=15 July 2023 |publisher=tamilguardian.com |date=15 July 2018}}</ref>

== Early life and education==
Anitha Karthikeyan was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. She began her school education at the Saraswathi Vidyalaya School, Chennai.<ref name="auto3"/> Simultaneously, she learned [[Classical music|western music lessons]] and [[Hindustani classical music]]. She continued her higher education at [[Ethiraj College for Women]], Chennai where she completed her BSc in [[computer science]] in 2003. She later graduated with MSc in [[information technology]] from M.O.P Vaishnav College for Women, Chennai in 2005.<ref name="auto1"/> Since her childhood she was participating in different musical competitions.<ref name="auto3"/> However, it was during her studies at Ethiraj College, she developed her singing skills.<ref name="auto3"/>

== Singing career ==
After completing her higher education, she started her professional career as a [[Software engineering|software engineer]] in Chennai. When the Vijay TV's Super Singer Season 1 was announced in 2006, she became one of its [[Airtel Super Singer 1|contestants]].<ref name="auto"/> She won the title "[[Super Singer (Tamil reality show)|Viewer's Choice super singer]]" which introduced her to the music world, and changed her career as a playback singer.<ref name="auto1"/> In 2007, she made her debut in the movie ''[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]]'' by [[D. Imman]], the music director.<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto3"/> Under his [[musical composition]], she sang various genres. She soon started singing under the compositions of different music directors in Tamil, Telugu and Kannada. She got a chance to meet music director Ilaiyaraaja when she became a part of [[Backing vocalist|backing vocals]] during one of his musical compositions for a Kannada movie. She later rendered classical hits in the Telugu movie ''[[Sri Rama Rajyam]]'' under the musical composition of laiyaraaja.<ref name="auto1"/> She has sung 25 songs for Ilaiyaraaja alone.<ref name="auto"/>
Some of Anitha's popular songs include "Putham Puthu Kaalai" (''[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]''), "Kattikida" (''[[Kakki Sattai (soundtrack)|Kaaki Sattai]]''), "Idhedho Bagunde" (''[[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]]''), "Loveaa" (''[[Uttama Villain (soundtrack)|Uttama Villain]]''), "Senga Soola Kara" (''[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]''), "Shokku Sundari" (''[[Ainthaam Padai]]'') and "Amma Wake Me Up" (''[[Vathikuchi]]'').<ref name="auto"/><ref name="auto1"/><ref name="auto3"/>

==Discography==
The discography of Anitha Karthikeyan includes<ref>{{cite web |title=Anitha Karthikeyan |url=https://www.jiosaavn.com/artist/anitha-karthikeyan-/APFjQf9Ivdc_ |website=jiosaavn.com |access-date=13 July 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Anitha Karthikeyan |url=https://music.apple.com/us/artist/anitha-karthikeyan/692477372 |website=music.apple.com |access-date=15 July 2023}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year!!Film!!Language!!Songs!!Music director!!Co-singers
|-
| rowspan="3" |2007|| rowspan="2" |[[Marudhamalai (film)|Marudhamalai]] || rowspan="7" |Tamil|| Marudhamalai || rowspan="2" | [[D. Imman]] || D. Imman
|-
| Marudhamalai II|| [[Madhu Balakrishnan]]
|-
|[[Puli Varudhu]]|| Oru Murai || [[Srikanth Deva]] || Madhu Balakrishnan
|-
| rowspan="2" |2009||[[Odipolama]]|| Vaalu Paiyane||D. Imman|| [[Ranjith (singer)|Ranjith]]
|-
|[[Kannukulle]]|| Vaanambaadigal|| Ilaiyaraaja || Priya, Surmukhi Raman
|-
| rowspan="6" |2010||[[Kacheri Arambam]]|| Vaada Vaada||D. Imman|| M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Watta Bottles
|-
| [[Thottupaar]] || Seema Sirikki||Srikanth Deva|| [[Jassie Gift]]
|-
| [[Suryakaanti]] ||Kannada|| Swalpa Soundu|| rowspan="2" |Ilaiyaraaja|| Ilaiyaraja, Roshini, megha, Suvvi, Reshma, Neha
|-
| [[Gaayam 2]] ||Telugu|| Masaka Venaka||
|-
| [[Swayamvara (2010 film)|Swayamvara]] || rowspan="2" |Kannada|| Milky Baby|| rowspan="2" | [[Manikanth Kadri]] || Balu Thangachan, Sindhuja Rajaram
|-
|[[Prithvi (2010 film)|Prithvi]]|| Haagella Nee Nodabeda || Haricharan
|-
| rowspan="12" |2011||[[Vaagai Sooda Vaa]]|| rowspan="2" |Tamil|| Senga Soola Kaara||[[Ghibran]]||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sri Rama Rajyam]] || Mangalam Ramunaku||[[Ilaiyaraaja]] || [[Chinmayi Sripaada|Chinmayi]]
|-
|Telugu|| Mangalam Ramunaku|| rowspan="2" | Ilaiyaraaja|| Keertana S K
|-
|[[Ponnar Shankar (film)|Ponnar Shankar]]||Tamil|| Annanmar Kathai|| Madhu Balakrishnan, Hemambika
|-
|[[Mr. Perfect (film)|Mr. Perfect]]||Telugu||Dhol Dhol Dhol Bhaaje (Ghallu Ghallu Mani)||[[Devi Sri Prasad]]||M. L. R. Karthikeyan
|-
|[[Azhagarsamiyin Kuthirai]]|| rowspan="8" |Tamil|| Adiye Ivale||Ilaiyaraaja|| [[Naresh Iyer]]
|-
|[[Thambikottai]]|| Noorandu Vazhga||D. Imman|| Thanjai Selvi, Snehan, Lenin Bharathi, Hemambika, Murugan, Iyyappan, Master Regan, Senthildass Velayutham
|-
|[[Mankatha (soundtrack)|Mankatha]]|| Vilaiyaadu Mankatha|| [[Yuvan Shankar Raja]] || [[Suchitra]], [[Premgi Amaren]], Ranjith, Yuvan Shankar Raja
|-
|[[Puli Vesham]]|| Top Glass||Srikanth Deva|| [[Surmukhi Raman]], M. L. R. Karthikeyan, Srikanth Deva
|-
|Konjam Sirippu Konjam Kobam|| Valaivugalale||Sunil Xavier||
|-
|Oththigai|| Machakkari||[[John Peter (music director)|John Peter]]|| [[Vijay Prakash]]
|-
| [[Vellore Maavattam]] || Kannala Parkurathum|| [[Sundar C. Babu]] ||
|-
| rowspan="10" |2012|| [[Kalakalappu]] || Ava Thirumbipaarthu|| [[Vijay Ebenezer]] || [[Karthik (singer)|Karthik]]
|-
| [[Crazy Loka]] ||Kannada|| Naavu Aaramagiddare|| Manikanth Kadri || [[Benny Dayal]], Janani
|-
| [[Saattai]] ||Tamil|| Adi Raangi|| D. Imman|| Santhosh Hariharan
|-
| [[Prasad (2012 film)|Prasad]] ||Kannada|| Ondu Aramane|| Ilaiyaraaja || Ilaiyaraaja, Rita, Surmukhi Raman
|-
| [[Kandathum Kanathathum]] || rowspan="4" |Tamil|| Asukku Buskku Aasai Dosai Appala Vadai ||Charlie V A||
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Sengathu Bhoomiyilae]] || Oram Po Oram Po|| rowspan="2" |Ilaiyaraaja|| [[R. Prasanna]], [[Priya Himesh]], [[Haricharan]]
|-
| Sikkikichu Sikkichu|| R.Prasanna, Priya, Haricharan
|-
| [[Pandi Oliperukki Nilayam]] || Kettukodi Urumimelam (remix)|| Kavi Periya Thambi|| M. L. R. Karthikeyan
|-
| [[Daruvu]] ||Telugu|| Athiri Chirabara|| [[Vijay Antony]] || [[Hemachandra (singer)|Hemachandra]]
|-
| Kazhugu (2012 film) |Kazhugu ||Tamil|| Vaadi Vaadi||Yuvan Shankar Raja|| [[SuVi|Suvi Suresh]], [[Pushpavanam Kuppusamy]]
|-
| rowspan="8" |2013|| [[Mirchi (film)|Mirchi]] || rowspan="2" |Telugu|| Idhedho Bagundey || [[Devi Sri Prasad]] || Vijay Prakash
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Gundello Godari]] || Ekkadundhi Naa Kod|| rowspan="2" | Ilaiyaraaja || [[Mano (singer)|Mano]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |Tamil|| Enga Irukku En Kozhi|| Mano
|-
| [[Sillunu Oru Sandhippu]] || Adi Aathi|| [[F. S. Faizal]]|| Aalap Raju
|-
| [[Iddarammayilatho]] ||Telugu|| Violin Song (girl just)|| rowspan="2" | Devi Sri Prasad ||
|-
|[[Alex Pandian]]|| rowspan="3" |Tamil|| Naalu Pakkam|| Devi Sri Prasad
|-
| [[Karuppampatti]] || Kannamma Chinna Ponnamma||Kannan|| Thilaga, Suchitra, Priya
|-
|[[Vathikuchi]]|| Amma Wake Me Up||Ghibran|| Shruthi Ravi, [[Shabir Sulthan]]
|-
| rowspan="6" |2014|| [[Namo Bhootatma]] ||Kannada|| Paravasam Paravasam||[[Emil Mohammed|Farhaan Roshan]]|| Al Rufian
|-
| [[Pulivaal]] || rowspan="18" |Tamil|| Kichu Kichu||[[N. R. Raghunanthan]]|| Haricharan
|-
| Jamaai || Sengaal naaraai||Dhina||
|-
| [[Kaadu (2014 film)|Kaadu]] || Oororam (Female Version)||[[K (composer)|K]]||
|-
|[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]||Putham Puthu Kaalai|| Ilaiyaraaja||
|-
| [[Bramman]]||En Uyirin Uyiraga|| rowspan="2" |DeviSri Prasad || Devi Sri Prasad
|-
| rowspan="9" |2015|| [[Puli (2015 film)|Puli]]||Mannavanae Mannavanae|| [[Sooraj Santhosh]], Chinmayee, M. L. R. Karthikeyan
|-
| rowspan="2" | Ore Oru Raja Mokka Raja||Adidaa Mela Thaalam|| rowspan="2" | || [[Sreerama Chandra]]
|-
|Poovellam Kettuppar||
|-
| ''[[Touring Talkies (2015 film)|Touring Talkies]]'' ||Nenju Porukuthilayae|| Ilaiyaraaja|| [[Sharreth]]
|-
| [[Kakki Sattai (soundtrack)|Kaaki Sattai]]||Kattikida||[[Anirudh Ravichander]]|| [[M. M. Manasi]], [[Anthony Daasan]]
|-
|[[Thilagar]]||Oorellam Vettu Satham||[[Kannan (composer)|Kannan]] || [[Mukesh Mohamed]]
|-
|[[Uttama Villain (soundtrack)|Uttama Villain]]||Loveaa Loveaa|| Ghibran|| Nivas, Kamal Hassan, Sharanya Gopinath
|-
| [[India Pakistan]] ||Vaadi Kutty Lady||Dheena Devarajan ||Nivas
|-
| [[Chandi Veeran]] ||Kothaani kannala||S. N. Arunagiri||
|-
| rowspan="3" |2016|| [[Kidaari]]||Thalakaalu Puriyalaiyae||[[Darbuka Siva]]|| Velmurugan
|-
| [[Adra Machan Visilu]]||Thalaivan Purantha Naalu||N. R. Raghunanthan || [[Diwakar]]
|-
| [[Oyee]]||Mudinja Oru Kai Paaru|| Ilaiyaraaja||R.Prasanna
|-
| rowspan="3" |2017|| [[Kadamban]]||Saama Kodaangi|| Yuvan Shankar Raja|| [[Velmurugan]], Jayamoorthy
|-
| [[Juliet Lover of Idiot]]||Telugu||Neekai Vechey|| [[Ratheesh Vega]] ||
|-
| [[Enga Amma Rani]]|| rowspan="3" |Tamil||Amma Endru|| Ilaiyaraaja|| [[Aalap Raju]]
|-
| rowspan="7" |2018|| [[Nagesh Thiraiyarangam]] || Vaadi Vaadi || Srikanth Deva || [[Gana Bala]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Prema Baraha]] || Rama Rama|| rowspan="2" | Jassie Gift|| Haricharan
|-
|Kannada|| Rama Rama|| Haricharan
|-
| [[Music School (film)|Music School]] ||Hindi|| IIT to MIT My Song Will Go|| rowspan="2" | Ilaiyaraaja|| RS Rakthaksh, K Vasudevan
|-
| [[Appa (2016 film)|Appa]] || rowspan="8" |Tamil|| Nettru Vitta Neril || [[Rita Thyagarajan]]
|-
| [[Semma Botha Aagathey]] || Itemkaaran|| Yuvan Shankar Raja|| Ranjith
|-
| [[Seemathurai]] || Karuvalan Kaattukku|| [[Jose Franklin]]|| Sathyaprakash
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019|| [[Sivappu Manjal Pachai]]|| Raakaachi Rangamma|| Siddhu Kumar||
|-
| [[Thorati]]|| Potta Kaadellam|| Ved Shankar and Jithin K. Roshan|| [[Manikka Vinayagam]], [[Chinnaponnu]], Gowtham Bharadwa
|-
|2020||Gillidaa|| Balley Balley||DeviSri Prasad|| [[S. N. Surendar]]
|-
|2022||[[Idam Porul Yaeval ]]|| Eerakkaathae||Yuvan Shankar Raja|| [[Senthildass Velayutham]]
|-
|2023||Maranthen Mannithen|| Engu Irukku En Kozhi ||Ilaiyaraaja|| Mano
|}

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://gaana.com/artist/anitha-karthikeyan-11/tamil-songs/gaana.com, Anitha's Songs]

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karthikeyan, Anitha}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Tamil-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Tamil Nadu]]
[[Category:Singers from Chennai]]
[[Category:Kannada-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Malayalam-language playback singers]]
[[Category:Indian women playback singers]]
[[Category:Telugu-language playback singers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Mrinal Sen

2026-02-26T06:23:38Z

MavisLandale6: add citations as per guidelines and added references

{{Short description|Indian film director (1923–2018)}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Mrinal Sen
| image = Mrinal-sen.jpg
| honorific_suffix = [[Member of Parliament|MP]]
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1923|5|14|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Faridpur, Bangladesh|Faridpur]], [[Bengal Presidency]], British India
| death_date = {{death date and age|2018|12|30|1923|5|14|df=y}}<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-01-03 |title=Mrinal Sen, One of India's Leading Directors, Dies at 95 (Published 2019) |work=The New York Times |language=en |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/obituaries/mrinal-sen-dead.html |access-date=2023-08-13 |last1=Genzlinger |first1=Neil}}</ref>
| death_place = [[Bhawanipore]], [[Kolkata]], West Bengal, India
| alma_mater = [[University of Calcutta]]
| occupation = Director
| years_active = 1955–2002
| works = [[#Filmography|Filmography]]
| spouse = {{marriage|Gita Sen|1952|2017|reason=died}}
| awards = {{plainlist|
* [[Padma Bhushan]] (1983)
* [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] (1985)
* [[Order of Friendship]] (2000)
* [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]] (2003)
}}
| module = {{infobox officeholder|embed=yes
|office1 = 6th President of [[Film and Television Institute of India]]
| term_start1 = 9 April 1984
| term_end1 = 30 September 1986
| predecessor1 = [[Shyam Benegal]]
| successor1 = [[Adoor Gopalakrishnan]]
| office = [[Member of Parliament (India)|Member of Parliament]], [[Rajya Sabha]] (nominated)
| term_start = 27 August 1997
| term_end = 26 August 2003
}}
}}

'''Mrinal Sen''' ({{IPA|en|mrɪˈnɑːl}} {{IPA|bn|/mriːˈnal/}}; 14 May 1923 – 30 December 2018) was an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his work primarily in [[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali]], and a few [[Hindi cinema|Hindi]] and [[Telugu cinema|Telugu]] language films. Regarded as one of the finest Indian filmmakers, along with his contemporaries [[Satyajit Ray]], [[Ritwik Ghatak]], and [[Tapan Sinha]], Sen played a major role in India's [[parallel cinema]] movement, which offered a realistic, socially aware counterpoint to splashy [[Bollywood]] films, as well as in the country's New Wave cinema.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=rediff>{{cite web |url=http://us.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/02mrinal.htm |title=Memories from Mrinalda |date=1 February 2005 |work=Rediff |publisher=Rediff.com |access-date=27 January 2010 |archive-date=18 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100918004355/http://us.rediff.com/movies/2005/feb/02mrinal.htm |url-status=live}}</ref> He also served as the President of [[Film and Television Institute of India|FTII]] from 1984 to 1986.

Sen received various national and international honors including eighteen Indian [[National Film Awards]]. The Government of India honored him with the [[Padma Bhushan]], and the Government of France honored him with the [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]], while Russian Government honored him with the [[Order of Friendship]]. Sen was also awarded the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the highest award for filmmakers in India.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/mrinal-sen |title=Mrinal SEN - Festival de Cannes 2021 |website=festival-cannes.com |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628172955/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/mrinal-sen |url-status=live}}</ref>

He was one of the few Indian filmmakers to have won awards at the big three film festivals viz., [[Cannes Film Festival|Cannes]], [[Venice Film Festival|Venice]] and the [[Berlin Film Festival|Berlinale]].<ref name=rediff/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/mrinal-sen |title=Mrinal SEN - Festival de Cannes 2021 |website=festival-cannes.com |access-date=25 February 2022 |archive-date=28 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210628172955/https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/artist/mrinal-sen |url-status=live}}</ref> Sen was a self described "private [[Marxist]]".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/entertainment/mrinal-sen-accidental-filmmaker1502720904.html#:~:text=While%20studying%20in%20college%2C%20Mrinal,called%20himself%20a%20'private%20Marxist'&text=Mrinal%20Sen%20has%20often%20been%20called%20the%20%E2%80%9Caccidental%20filmmaker%E2%80%9D. |title=Mrinal Sen — the 'accidental filmmaker' |author=Tuhina Mondol |date=31 December 2018 |work=[[The Statesman (India)|The Statesman]] |access-date=27 January 2020}}</ref>

==Early life==
Mrinal was born into a Hindu family in [[Faridpur District|Faridpur district, East Bengal]]—now [[Bangladesh]]. His father, Dineshchandra Sen, was a lawyer who supported Indian freedom fighters.<ref name=":0" /> His mother was Saraju Sen.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bergan |first=Ronald |date=2019-01-07 |title=Mrinal Sen obituary |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/07/mrinal-sen-obituary |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240710224001/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2019/jan/07/mrinal-sen-obituary |archive-date=July 10, 2024 |access-date=2025-04-04 |work=[[The Guardian]] |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

In the early 1940s, Mrinal moved to [[Kolkata]] to study physics at [[Scottish Church College]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |last=Genzlinger |first=Neil |date=2019-01-03 |title=Mrinal Sen, One of India's Leading Directors, Dies at 95 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/obituaries/mrinal-sen-dead.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813112943/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/03/obituaries/mrinal-sen-dead.html |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |access-date=2025-04-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Like many middle-class students of the time, he was drawn to student politics, public theatre, and the struggle to find work. After [[Partition of India|Partition in 1947]], his family settled in Kolkata permanently.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=মুখোপাধ্যায় |first=সঞ্জয় |date=January 17, 2019 |title=সময়ের আয়না ও মৃণাল সেন |journal=[[Desh (magazine)|Desh]] |issue=6 |pages=22–23}}</ref>

A voracious reader, he spent hours at the [[National Library of India]] (then the Imperial Library), reading books amid the political unrest of the time. In the evenings, he worked as a private tutor. One day, he came across [[Rudolf Arnheim]]'s ''Film as Art'', followed by Vladimir Nilsen's ''The Cinema as a Graphic Art''—books that profoundly influenced his journey into filmmaking.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Devarsi |title=One Hundred Years of Mrinal Sen |url=https://jacobin.com/2023/06/mrinal-sen-india-filmmaker-politics-communism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250111024630/https://jacobin.com/2023/06/mrinal-sen-india-filmmaker-politics-communism |archive-date=January 11, 2025 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

He became involved with the [[Indian People's Theatre Association|Indian People's Theatre Association]] (IPTA), backed by the Communist Party of India.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Obituaries |first=Telegraph |date=2019-03-11 |title=Mrinal Sen, film director whose work was fuelled by his radical politics – obituary |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/obituaries/2019/03/11/mrinal-sen-film-director-whose-work-fuelled-radical-politics/ |access-date=2025-04-04 |work=The Telegraph |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235}}</ref> He and his friends—[[Ritwik Ghatak]], [[Salil Chowdhury]], [[Tapan Sinha]], and occasionally [[Bijon Bhattacharya|Bijan Bhattacharya]]—spent hours in ''[[Adda (South Asian)|adda]]'', a Bengali tradition of intense, freewheeling discussions on art, politics, and life. Their favorite meeting place was a restaurant near [[Basusree Cinema, Kolkata|Basusree Cinema hall]], where, in 1955, they first watched Satyajit Ray's ''[[Pather Panchali]]''.<ref name=":0" />

Around this time, Mrinal met Geeta Shome (née Sen), whom he married in 1953. As a token of his affection, the first gift he gave her was ''[[Notes from the Gallows]]'' by [[Julius Fučík (journalist)|Julius Fučík]].<ref name=":0" />

==Influence==
Mrinal Sen directed ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]'' (''Mr. Shome'', 1969), which initiated the "New Wave Cinema Movement" in India.<ref name=newcinema>{{cite book |title=The New Indian Cinema |last=Vasudev |first=Aruna |year=1986 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=0-333-90928-3}}</ref>

===Film craft, social context and its political influence===
The films that he made next were essentially political, and earned him the reputation as a [[Marxist]] artist.<ref name=thorval>{{cite book |title=Cinemas of India |last=Thorval |first=Yves |year=2000 |publisher=Macmillan India |isbn=0-333-93410-5 |pages=280–282}}</ref> This was also the time of large-scale political unrest throughout India. Particularly in and around Calcutta, this period underwent what is now known as the [[Naxalite]] movement. This phase was immediately followed by a series of films where he shifted his focus, and instead of looking for enemies outside, he looked for the enemy within his own middle-class society. This was arguably his most creative phase.

===Depiction of Kolkata===
In many Mrinal Sen movies from ''Punascha'' (1961) to ''Mahaprithivi'' (1992), Kolkata features prominently. He has shown Kolkata as a character and as an inspiration. He has woven the people, value system, class differences, and the roads of the city into his movies and coming-of-age for Kolkata, it is his El Dorado.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Mousumi |date=2018-12-31 |title=Mrinal Sen the Unpredictable Maverick |url=https://www.thequint.com/entertainment/indian-cinema/mrinal-sen-unpredictable-maverick |access-date=2023-08-13 |website=TheQuint |language=en}}</ref>

==Recognition==

In 1982, he was a member of the jury at the [[32nd Berlin International Film Festival]].<ref name="berlinale 1982">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1982/04_jury_1982/04_Jury_1982.html |title=Berlinale 1982: Juries |access-date=2 September 2010 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=23 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023125209/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1982/04_jury_1982/04_Jury_1982.html |url-status=live}}</ref> In 1983 he was a member of the jury at the [[13th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1983">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1983 |title=13th Moscow International Film Festival (1983) |access-date=28 January 2013 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131107141111/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1983 |archive-date=7 November 2013}}</ref> In 1997, Sen became a member of the jury at the [[20th Moscow International Film Festival]].<ref name="Moscow1997">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1997 |title=20th Moscow International Film Festival (1997) |access-date=22 March 2013 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130322163106/http://moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1997 |archive-date=22 March 2013}}</ref>
On 24 July 2012, Sen was not invited to the function organised by [[Government of West Bengal]] to felicitate film personalities from the state. As per reports, his political views are believed to be the reason for his omission from the function.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/article3679675.ece |title=Omission of Mrinal Sen from West Bengal film awards triggers controversy |date=25 July 2012 |access-date=25 July 2012 |archive-date=27 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727041644/http://www.thehindu.com/news/article3679675.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Death==
Sen had age-related ailments for many years. He died on 30 December 2018 at the age of 95 at his home in [[Bhowanipore|Bhawanipore]], Kolkata.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://zeenews.india.com/people/bengali-filmmaker-mrinal-sen-dies-at-95-2166800.html |title=Bengali filmmaker Mrinal Sen dies at 95 |date=30 December 2018 |access-date=30 December 2018 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101143352/http://zeenews.india.com/people/bengali-filmmaker-mrinal-sen-dies-at-95-2166800.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The cause was a heart attack.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/mrinal-sen-dead-5515743/ |title=Mrinal Sen, legendary filmmaker and Phalke awardee, passes away at 95 |date=30 December 2018 |work=The Indian Express |access-date=30 December 2018 |archive-date=1 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101143406/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/entertainment-others/mrinal-sen-dead-5515743/ |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Awards==
===National Film Awards===
[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film|Best Feature Film]]
* 1969: ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]''
* 1974: ''[[Chorus (1974 film)|Chorus]]''
* 1976: ''[[Mrigayaa]]''
* 1980: ''[[Akaler Sandhane]]''

[[National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film|Second Best Feature Film]]
* 1972: ''[[Calcutta 71]]''
* 1980: ''[[Kharij]]''

[[National Film Award for Best Direction|Best Direction]]
* 1969: ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]''
* 1979: ''[[Ek Din Pratidin]]''
* 1980: ''[[Akaler Sandhane]]''
* 1984: ''[[Khandhar]]''

[[National Film Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
* 1974: ''[[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]]''
* 1983: ''[[Akaler Sandhane]]''
* 1984: ''[[Kharij]]''

[[National Film Award – Special Mention (feature film)|Special Mention]]
* 1978: ''Parashuram''

===Best Regional Film Awards===
[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali|Best Feature Film in Bengali]]
* 1961: ''Punascha''
* 1965: ''[[Akash Kusum]]''
* 1993: ''[[Antareen]]''

[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu|Best Feature Film in Telugu]]
* 1977: ''[[Oka Oori Katha]]''

===[[Filmfare Awards]]===
:{{Awards|[[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Movie|Critics Award for Best Film]]|1976|[[Mrigayaa]]}} {{Awards|[[Filmfare Best Screenplay Award|Best Screenplay]]|1984|[[Khandhar]]}} {{Awards|Best Director - Bengali|1982|[[Akaler Shandhaney]]}} {{Awards|Filmfare Lifetime Achievement Award|2017|[[Cinema of West Bengal|Bengali Cinema]]}}

===International awards===
:[[4th International Film Festival of India]] - Jury Prize - [[Bhuvan Shome]] - 1969<ref>{{cite web |url=https://pickle.co.in/markets/iffi-a-trip-down-the-memory-lane/ |title=4th IFFI |date=23 November 2019 |access-date=16 September 2022 |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920163530/https://pickle.co.in/markets/iffi-a-trip-down-the-memory-lane/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
:{{Awards|[[Moscow International Film Festival]] - Silver Prize|1975|[[Chorus (1974 film)|Chorus]]<ref name="Moscow1975">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975 |title=9th Moscow International Film Festival (1975) |access-date=5 January 2013 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116194905/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1975 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>|1979|[[Parasuram (1979 film)|Parashuram]]<ref name="Moscow1979">{{cite web |url=http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1979 |title=11th Moscow International Film Festival (1979) |access-date=19 January 2013 |work=MIFF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116210417/http://www.moscowfilmfestival.ru/miff34/eng/archives/?year=1979 |archive-date=16 January 2013}}</ref>}}

:{{Awards|[[Karlovy Vary International Film Festival]] - Special Jury Prize|1977|[[Oka Oori Katha]]}}

:'''[[Berlin International Film Festival]]''' {{Awards|Interfilm Award|1979|Parashuram|||1981|[[Akaler Sandhane]]}} {{Awards|[[Jury Grand Prix|Grand Jury Prize]]<ref name="berlinale">{{cite web |url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1981/03_preistr_ger_1981/03_Preistraeger_1981.html |title=Berlinale 1981: Prize Winners |access-date=22 August 2010 |work=berlinale.de |archive-date=12 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012044531/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1981/03_preistr_ger_1981/03_Preistraeger_1981.html |url-status=live}}</ref>|[[31st Berlin International Film Festival|1981]]|[[Akaler Sandhane]]}}

:{{Awards|[[Cannes Film Festival]] - [[Jury Prize (Cannes Film Festival)|Jury Prize]]|1983|[[Kharij]]}}

:{{Awards|[[Valladolid International Film Festival]] - [[Seminci|Golden Spike]]|1983|[[Kharij]]}}

:{{Awards|[[Chicago International Film Festival]] - Gold Hugo|1984|[[Khandhar]]}}

:{{Awards|[[Montreal World Film Festival]] - Special Prize of the Jury|1984|[[Khandhar]]}}

:{{Awards|[[Venice Film Festival]] - OCIC Award - Honorable Mention|1989|[[Ek Din Achanak]]}}

:{{Awards|[[Cairo International Film Festival]] - Silver Pyramid for Best Director|2002|Aamar Bhuban}}

==State and institutional honors==
* In 1979, he was awarded the Nehru Soviet Land Award by the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]] for his contribution to world cinema.
* In 1981, the [[Government of India]] awarded Sen with the [[Padma Bhushan]].<ref name="Padma Awards">{{cite web |url=http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |title=Padma Awards |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India |year=2015 |access-date=21 July 2015 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015193758/http://mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/LST-PDAWD-2013.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
* In 1985, President [[François Mitterrand]], the [[President of France]], awarded him the Commandeur de [[Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] (Commander of the Order of Arts and Letters)<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&q=%22Ordre%20des%20Arts%20et%20des%20Lettres%22%20Mrinal&pg=PA1518 |title=The International Who's Who 2004 |isbn=9781857432176 |access-date=17 June 2022 |archive-date=17 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617033025/https://books.google.com/books?id=sR4Ch1dMe8IC&pg=PA1518&q=%22Ordre%20des%20Arts%20et%20des%20Lettres%22%20Mrinal |url-status=live |last1=Publications |first1=Europa |date=27 October 2023 |publisher=Psychology Press}}</ref>
* In 1993, he was awarded an honorary D.Litt. by the [[University of Burdwan]].
* In 1996, he was awarded an honorary D.Litt. by [[Jadavpur University]].
* In 1999, he was awarded an honorary D.Litt. by [[Rabindra Bharati University]].<ref name=Stellar>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stellarpublishers.com/authors.html |title=Stellar Publishers |access-date=26 October 2013 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029195305/http://www.stellarpublishers.com/authors.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
* Between 1998 and 2003, he was made an Honorary Member of the [[Indian Parliament]] in the [[Rajya Sabha]].
* In 2000, President [[Vladimir Putin]] of the [[Russian Federation]] honored him with the [[Order of Friendship]].
* In 2005, the [[Dadasaheb Phalke Award]], the highest honor given to an Indian filmmaker, was awarded to him by the [[Government of India]] for the year [[51st National Film Awards|2003]].<ref name="51stawardPDF">{{cite web |url=http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |title=51st National Film Awards |publisher=[[Directorate of Film Festivals]] |access-date=15 March 2012 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234942/http://dff.nic.in/2011/51st_nff_2004.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref>
* In 2009, he was awarded an honorary D. Litt., by the [[University of Calcutta]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Convocation |url=http://www.caluniv.ac.in/convocation-2012/hony_degrees.htm |publisher=[[University of Calcutta]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528004638/http://caluniv.ac.in/convocation-2012/hony_degrees.htm |archive-date=28 May 2012}}</ref>
* In 2017, he was inducted as a member of the [[Academy Award|Oscar]] Academy<ref>{{cite web |title=Academy invites record 774 new members; 39 percent female, 30 percent people color |work=The Hollywood Reporter |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/academy-invites-record-774-new-members-39-percent-female-30-percent-people-color-1017318 |date=29 June 2017 |access-date=29 June 2017 |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629145440/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/academy-invites-record-774-new-members-39-percent-female-30-percent-people-color-1017318 |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Filmography==
* ''[[Raat Bhore]]'' (''The Dawn'') (1955)
* ''[[Neel Akasher Neechey]]'' (''Under the Blue Sky'') (1959)
* ''[[Baishe Shravana]]'' (''Wedding Day'') (1960)
* ''Punascha'' (''Over Again'') (1961)
* ''Abasheshe'' (''And at Last'') (1963)
* ''[[Protinidhi (film)|Pratinidhi]]'' (''The Representative'') (1964)
* ''[[Akash Kusum]]'' (''Up in the Clouds'') (1965)
* ''[[Matira Manisha]]'' (''Man of the Soil'') (''[[Cinema of Odisha|Odia film]]'') (1966)
* ''[[Bhuvan Shome]]'' (''Mr. Bhuvan Shome'') (1969)
* ''[[Ichhapuran]]'' (1970)
* ''[[Interview (1971 film)|Interview]]'' (1971)
* ''[[Ek Adhuri Kahani]]'' (''An Unfinished Story'') (1971)
* ''[[Calcutta 71]]'' (1972)
* ''[[Padatik (1973 film)|Padatik]]'' (''The Guerilla Fighter'') (1973)
* ''[[Chorus (1974 film)|Chorus]]'' (1974)
* ''[[Mrigayaa|Mrigaya]]'' (''The Royal Hunt'') (1976)
* ''[[Oka Oori Katha]]'' (''The Outsiders'') (1977)
* ''[[Parashuram (1979 film)|Parashuram]]'' (''The Man with the Axe'') (1978)
* ''[[Ek Din Pratidin]]'' (''And Quiet Rolls the Dawn'') (1979)
* ''[[Akaler Shandhaney]]'' (''In Search of Famine'') (1980)
* ''Chalchitra'' (''The Kaleidoscope'') (1981)
* ''[[Kharij]]'' (''The Case Is Closed'') (1982)
* ''[[Khandhar]]'' (''The Ruins'') (1983)
* ''[[Genesis (1986 film)|Genesis]]'' (1986)
* ''[[Kabhi Door Kabhi Paas]]'' (1986–87) (12 short films made for television broadcast)
* ''[[Ek Din Achanak]]'' (''Suddenly, One Day'') (1989)
* ''[[Mahaprithibi]]'' (''World Within, World Without'') (1991)
* ''[[Antareen]]'' (''The Confined'') (1993)
* ''[[Amar Bhuvan]]'' (''This, My Land'') (2002)

==See also==
* [[Nabyendu Chatterjee]]
* [[Sekhar Das]]
* [[Anjan Dutt]]
* [[Aniruddha Roy Chowdhury]]
* [[Nandita Das]]

== References ==
===Notes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* {{IMDb name|0784019}}
* {{official website|http://mrinalsen.org/|Mrinal Sen – official website}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mrinal-Sen Mrinal Sen] at the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''

{{Navboxes
| title = Awards for Mrinal Sen
| list =
{{Dadasaheb Phalke Award}}
{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1980–89}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestDirection}}
{{NationalFilmAwardBestScreenplay}}
{{National Film Award Special Mention feature film}}
{{IFFI Silver Peacock - Special Jury Award and Special Mention|state=collapsed}}
{{FilmfareAwardBestScreenplay}}
}}
{{Mrinal Sen}}
{{Bengal famine of 1943}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sen, Mrinal}}
[[Category:1923 births]]
[[Category:People from Faridpur]]
[[Category:2018 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian autobiographers]]
[[Category:Bengali film directors]]
[[Category:Bengali Hindus]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Indian documentary filmmakers]]
[[Category:Film directors from Kolkata]]
[[Category:Scottish Church College alumni]]
[[Category:University of Calcutta alumni]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts]]
[[Category:Indian memoirists]]
[[Category:Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipients]]
[[Category:Commandeurs of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]]
[[Category:Nominated members of the Rajya Sabha]]
[[Category:Kalakar Awards winners]]
[[Category:Best Director National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian people]]
[[Category:Best Original Screenplay National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Special Mention (feature film) National Film Award winners]]
[[Category:Producers who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:Directors who won the Best Feature Film National Film Award]]
[[Category:People from the Bengal Presidency]]

Ilmenite

2026-02-16T22:43:30Z

MavisLandale6: minor changes

{{Short description|Titanium-iron(II) oxide mineral}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Ilmenite
| category = [[Oxide mineral]]
| boxwidth =
| boxbgcolor =
| image = Ilmenite-155036.jpg
| imagesize =
| caption = Ilmenite from Miass, Ilmen Mts, Chelyabinsk Oblast', Southern Urals, Urals Region, Russia. 4.5 x 4.3 x 1.5 cm
| formula = Iron(II) titanium oxide, {{Chem2|Fe^{II}TiO3}}
| IMAsymbol = Ilm<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Warr|first=L.N.|date=2021|title=IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|volume=85|issue=3|pages=291–320|doi=10.1180/mgm.2021.43|bibcode=2021MinM...85..291W|s2cid=235729616|doi-access=free}}</ref>
| strunz = 4.CB.05
| dana = 04.03.05.01
| system = [[Trigonal]]
| class = Rhombohedral ({{overline|3}}) [[H-M symbol]]: ({{overline|3}})
| symmetry = ''R''{{overline|3}} (no. 148)
| unit cell = a = 5.08854(7) c = 14.0924(3) [Å]: Z = 6
| color = Iron-black; gray with a brownish tint in reflected light
| habit = Granular to massive and lamellar exsolutions in hematite or magnetite
| twinning = {0001} simple, {10{{overline|1}}1} lamellar
| cleavage = Absent; parting on {0001} and {10{{overline|1}}1}
| fracture = [[Conchoidal fracture|Conchoidal]] to subconchoidal
| tenacity = Brittle
| mohs = 5–6
| luster = Metallic to submetallic
| refractive =
| opticalprop = Uniaxial (–)
| birefringence = Strong; O: pinkish brown, E: dark brown (bireflectance)
| pleochroism =
| streak = Black
| gravity = 4.70–4.79
| density =
| melt =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility =
| diaphaneity = Opaque
| other = Weakly magnetic; [[Liquidus and solidus|Liquidus]] = 1710°C ([[peritectic]]) <ref>Eriksen et al. (2007). "Equilibrium between Liquid Fe-Ti-O Slags and Metallic Iron." Steel Research International. Vol 78. No. 9. {{doi|10.1002/srin.200706268}}</ref>
| references = <ref>{{cite web |last1=Barthelmy |first1=David |title=Ilmenite Mineral Data |url=https://webmineral.com/data/Ilmenite.shtml |website=Mineralogy Database |publisher=Webmineral.com |access-date=12 February 2022 |date=2014}}</ref><ref name="HBM">{{cite book |editor-first1=John W. |editor-last1=Anthony |editor-first2=Richard A. |editor-last2=Bideaux |editor-first3=Kenneth W. |editor-last3=Bladh |editor-first4=Monte C. |editor-last4=Nichols |title=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=Mineralogical Society of America |location=Chantilly, VA, USA |url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/ilmenite.pdf |access-date=12 February 2022 |chapter=Ilmenite}}</ref><ref name="Mindat">{{mindat|id=2013|name=Ilmenite}}</ref>
}}

'''Ilmenite''' is a titanium-iron(II) [[oxide mineral]] with the idealized formula {{Chem2|FeTiO3}}. It is a weakly magnetic black or steel-gray solid. Ilmenite is the most important [[ore]] of [[titanium]]<ref>Heinz Sibum, Volker Günther, Oskar Roidl, Fathi Habashi, Hans Uwe Wolf, "Titanium, Titanium Alloys, and Titanium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. {{doi|10.1002/14356007.a27_095}}</ref> and the main source of [[titanium dioxide]], which is used as white [[pigment]] in paints, printing inks,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sanbohk.com/uploadfiles/2014-2/2014211105416156.pdf|title=Sachtleben RDI-S|access-date=2018-12-25|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130335/http://www.sanbohk.com/uploadfiles/2014-2/2014211105416156.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> fabrics, plastics, paper, sunscreen, food and cosmetics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mineralcommodities.com/products/|title=Products|website=Mineral Commodities Ltd|access-date=2016-08-08}}</ref>

== Structure and properties ==
Ilmenite is a heavy (specific gravity 4.7), moderately hard ([[Mohs hardness]] 5.6 to 6), opaque black mineral with a submetallic luster.<ref name="KleinHurlbut1993" /> It is almost always massive, with thick tabular crystals being quite rare. It shows no discernible cleavage, breaking instead with a conchoidal to uneven fracture.<ref name="Sinkankas1964" />

Ilmenite crystallizes in the [[trigonal]] system with space group ''R''{{overline|3}}.<ref name="Nesse2000">{{cite book |last1=Nesse |first1=William D. |title=Introduction to mineralogy |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=9780195106916 |pages=366–367}}</ref><ref name="HBM" /> The ilmenite [[crystal structure]] consists of an ordered derivative of the [[corundum]] structure; in corundum all cations are identical but in ilmenite Fe2+ and Ti4+ ions occupy alternating layers perpendicular to the trigonal c axis.

Pure ilmenite is [[paramagnetic]] (showing only very weak attraction to a magnet), but ilmenite forms [[solid solution]]s with [[hematite]] that are weakly [[ferromagnetic]] and so are noticeably attracted to a magnet. Natural deposits of ilmenite usually contain intergrown or exsolved [[magnetite]] that also contribute to its ferromagnetism.<ref name="KleinHurlbut1993">{{cite book |last1=Klein |first1=Cornelis |last2=Hurlbut |first2=Cornelius S. Jr. |title=Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana) |date=1993 |publisher=Wiley |location=New York |isbn=047157452X |edition=21st |pages=380–381}}</ref>

Ilmenite is distinguished from hematite by its less intensely black color and duller appearance and its black [[Streak (mineralogy)|streak]], and from magnetite by its weaker magnetism.<ref name="Sinkankas1964">{{cite book |last1=Sinkankas |first1=John |title=Mineralogy for amateurs. |date=1964 |publisher=Van Nostrand |location=Princeton, N.J. |isbn=0442276249 |pages=328–329}}</ref><ref name="KleinHurlbut1993" />

<gallery>
Image:Ilmenite.GIF|Crystal structure of ilmenite
File:Ilmenite-65675.jpg|Ilmenite from Froland, Aust-Agder, Norway; 4.1 × 4.1 × 3.8 cm
File:Ilmenite and hematite under normal light.jpg|Ilmenite and hematite under normal light
File:Ilmenite and hematite under polarized light.jpg|Ilmenite and hematite under polarized light
</gallery>

== Discovery ==
In 1791, [[William Gregor]] discovered a deposit of black sand in a stream that runs through the valley just south of the village of [[Manaccan]] ([[Cornwall]]), and identified for the first time titanium as one of the constituents of the main mineral in the sand.<ref>Gregor, William (1791) "Beobachtungen und Versuche über den Menakanit, einen in Cornwall gefundenen magnetischen Sand" (Observations and experiments regarding menaccanite [i.e., ilmenite], a magnetic sand found in Cornwall), ''Chemische Annalen'' …, '''1''', [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFAyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA40 pp. 40–54], [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFAyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA103 103–119.]</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|last1=Emsley|first1=John|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2001|location=Oxford, England, UK|isbn=978-0-19-850340-8 |chapter=Titanium |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j-Xu07p3cKwC|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Woodford |first1=Chris|author1-link=Chris Woodford (author) |title=Titanium |date=2003 |publisher=Benchmark Books |location=New York |isbn=9780761414612 |page=7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84W_FvfskTsC&dq=history+of+titanium&pg=PA4 |access-date=22 February 2022}}</ref> Gregor named this mineral '''''manaccanite'''''.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Habashi |first1=Fathi |title=Historical Introduction to Refractory Metals |journal=Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review |date=January 2001 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=25–53 |doi=10.1080/08827509808962488|bibcode=2001MPEMR..22...25H |s2cid=100370649 }}</ref> The same mineral was found in the [[Ilmensky Mountains]], near [[Miass]], [[Russia]], and named ''ilmenite''.<ref name="Sinkankas1964" />

== Mineral chemistry ==
Pure ilmenite has the composition {{chem2|FeTiO3}}. However, ilmenite most often contains appreciable quantities of magnesium and manganese and up to 6 [[wt%]] of hematite, {{chem2|Fe2O3}}, substituting for {{chem2|FeTiO3}} in the crystal structure. Thus the complete chemical formula can be expressed as {{chem2|(Fe,Mg,Mn,Ti)O3}}.<ref name="KleinHurlbut1993" /> Ilmenite forms a solid solution with [[geikielite]] ({{Chem|Mg||Ti||O|3}}) and [[pyrophanite]] ({{Chem|Mn||Ti||O|3}}) which are magnesian and manganiferous end-members of the solid solution series.<ref name="HBM" />

Although ilmenite is typically close to the ideal {{Chem|Fe||Ti||O|3}} composition, with minor mole percentages of Mn and Mg,<ref name="HBM" /> the ilmenites of [[kimberlite]]s usually contain substantial amounts of geikielite molecules,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wyatt |first1=Bruce A. |last2=Baumgartner |first2=Mike |last3=Anckar |first3=Eva |last4=Grutter |first4=Herman |title=Compositional classification of "kimberlitic" and "non-kimberlitic" ilmenite |journal=Lithos |date=September 2004 |volume=77 |issue=1–4 |pages=819–840 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2004.04.025|bibcode=2004Litho..77..819W |s2cid=140539776 }}</ref> and in some highly differentiated [[felsic]] rocks ilmenites may contain significant amounts of pyrophanite molecules.<ref name="SasakiEtal2003">{{cite journal |last1=Sasaki |first1=Kazuhiro |last2=Nakashima |first2=Kazuo |last3=Kanisawa |first3=Satoshi |title= Pyrophanite and high Mn ilmenite discovered in the Cretaceous Tono pluton, NE Japan|journal=Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie - Monatshefte |date=15 July 2003 |volume=2003 |issue=7 |pages=302–320 |doi=10.1127/0028-3649/2003/2003-0302}}</ref>

At temperatures above {{convert|950|C||sp=us}}, there is a complete solid solution between ilmenite and hematite. There is a [[miscibility gap]] at lower temperatures, resulting in a coexistence of these two minerals in rocks but no solid solution.<ref name="KleinHurlbut1993" /> This coexistence may result in exsolution lamellae in cooled ilmenites with more iron in the system than can be homogeneously accommodated in the crystal lattice.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weibel |first1=Rikke |last2=Friis |first2=Henrik |title=Heavy Minerals in Use |chapter=Chapter 10 Alteration of Opaque Heavy Minerals as a Reflection of the Geochemical Conditions in Depositional and Diagenetic Environments |series=Developments in Sedimentology |date=2007 |volume=58 |pages=277–303 |doi=10.1016/S0070-4571(07)58010-6|bibcode=2007DevS...58..277W |isbn=9780444517531 }}</ref> Ilmenite containing 6 to 13 percent {{chem2|Fe2O3}} is sometimes described as ''ferrian ilmenite''.<ref name="BuddingtonLindsley1964">{{cite journal |last1=Buddington |first1=A. F. |last2=Lindsley |first2=D. H. |title=Iron-Titanium Oxide Minerals and Synthetic Equivalents |journal=Journal of Petrology |date=1 January 1964 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=310–357 |doi=10.1093/petrology/5.2.310}}</ref><ref name="MurphyFrick2006">{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=P. |last2=Frick |first2=L. |year=2006 |chapter=Titanium |title=Industrial minerals & rocks: commodities, markets, and uses |editor-last1=Kogel |editor-first1=J. |publisher=SME |pages=987–1003 |isbn=9780873352338 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C&q=Titanium |access-date=21 February 2022}}</ref>

Ilmenite [[Metasomatism|alters]] or [[Weathering|weathers]] to form the pseudo-mineral [[leucoxene]], a fine-grained yellowish to grayish or brownish material<ref name="KleinHurlbut1993" /><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Mücke |first1=A. |last2=Bhadra Chaudhuri |first2=J.N. |title=The continuous alteration of ilmenite through pseudorutile to leucoxene |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |date=February 1991 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25–44 |doi=10.1016/0169-1368(91)90030-B|bibcode=1991OGRv....6...25M }}</ref> enriched to 70% or more of {{chem2|TiO2}}.<ref name="MurphyFrick2006" /> Leucoxene is an important source of titanium in [[heavy mineral sands ore deposits]].<ref name="VanGosenEtal2014">{{cite journal |last1=Van Gosen |first1=Bradley S. |last2=Fey |first2=David L. |last3=Shah |first3=Anjana K. |last4=Verplanck |first4=Philip L. |last5=Hoefen |first5=Todd M. |title=Deposit model for heavy-mineral sands in coastal environments |journal=U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Report |series=Scientific Investigations Report |date=2014 |volume=201--5070-L |page=13 |doi=10.3133/sir20105070L|doi-access=free |bibcode=2014usgs.rept...13V }}</ref>

== Paragenesis ==
Ilmenite is a common accessory mineral found in [[metamorphic rock|metamorphic]] and [[igneous rock]]s.<ref name="HBM" /> It is found in large concentrations in [[layered intrusion]]s where it forms as part of a [[cumulate rock|cumulate]] layer within the intrusion. Ilmenite generally occurs in these cumulates together with [[orthopyroxene]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=J.R. |last2=Robins |first2=B. |last3=Nielsen |first3=F.M. |last4=Duchesne |first4=J.C. |last5=Vander Auwera |first5=J. |title=Layered Intrusions |chapter=The Bjerkreim-Sokndal Layered Intrusion, Southwest Norway |journal=Developments in Petrology |date=1996 |volume=15 |pages=231–255 |doi=10.1016/S0167-2894(96)80009-1|bibcode=1996DevPe..15..231W |hdl=2268/550 |isbn=9780444817686 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> or in combination with [[plagioclase]] and [[apatite]] (''[[nelsonite]]'').<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Charlier |first1=Bernard |last2=Sakoma |first2=Emmanuel |last3=Sauvé |first3=Martin |last4=Stanaway |first4=Kerry |last5=Auwera |first5=Jacqueline Vander |last6=Duchesne |first6=Jean-Clair |title=The Grader layered intrusion (Havre-Saint-Pierre Anorthosite, Quebec) and genesis of nelsonite and other Fe–Ti–P ores |journal=Lithos |date=March 2008 |volume=101 |issue=3–4 |pages=359–378 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2007.08.004|bibcode=2008Litho.101..359C |hdl=2268/1893 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

[[Magnesium|Magnesian]] ilmenite is formed in kimberlites as part of the MARID association of minerals ([[mica]]-[[amphibole]]-[[rutile]]-ilmenite-[[diopside]]) assemblage of [[Biotite|glimmerite]] [[xenolith]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dawson |first1=J.Barry |last2=Smith |first2=Joseph V. |title=The MARID (mica-amphibole-rutile-ilmenite-diopside) suite of xenoliths in kimberlite |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |date=February 1977 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=309–323 |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(77)90239-3|bibcode=1977GeCoA..41..309D |doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Manganese|Manganiferous]] ilmenite is found in [[granite|granitic]] rocks<ref name="SasakiEtal2003" /> and also in [[carbonatite]] intrusions where it may also contain anomalously high amounts of [[niobium]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cordeiro |first1=Pedro F.O. |last2=Brod |first2=José A. |last3=Dantas |first3=Elton L. |last4=Barbosa |first4=Elisa S.R. |title=Mineral chemistry, isotope geochemistry and petrogenesis of niobium-rich rocks from the Catalão I carbonatite-phoscorite complex, Central Brazil |journal=Lithos |date=August 2010 |volume=118 |issue=3–4 |pages=223–237 |doi=10.1016/j.lithos.2010.04.007|bibcode=2010Litho.118..223C }}</ref>

Many [[mafic]] igneous rocks contain grains of intergrown magnetite and ilmenite, formed by the [[oxidation]] of [[ulvospinel]].<ref name="BuddingtonLindsley1964" />

== Processing and consumption ==
[[File:Tellnes.jpg|thumb|300px|Tellnes opencast ilmenite mine, [[Sokndal]], Norway]]

Most ilmenite is mined for [[titanium dioxide]] production.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mineralcommodities.com/products/industry-fundamentals/|title=Industry Fundamentals|website=Mineral Commodities Ltd|access-date=2016-08-08|archive-date=2016-10-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007145819/http://www.mineralcommodities.com/products/industry-fundamentals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ilmenite and titanium dioxide are used in the production of [[titanium]] metal.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kroll|first=W|title=The production of ductile titanium|journal= Transactions of the Electrochemical Society|volume=78|pages=35–47|doi=10.1149/1.3071290|year=1940}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Seki|first=Ichiro|title=Reduction of titanium dioxide to metallic titanium by nitridization and thermal decomposition|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/matertrans/58/3/58_MK201601/_pdf|journal=Materials Transactions|volume=58|issue= 3|pages=361–366|doi=10.2320/matertrans.MK201601|year=2017|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Titanium dioxide is most used as a white [[pigment]], and the major consuming industries for TiO2 pigments are paints and surface coatings, plastics, and paper and paperboard. Per capita consumption of TiO2 in China is about 1.1 kilograms per year, compared with 2.7 kilograms for Western Europe and the United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ihsmarkit.com/products/titanium-dioxide-chemical-economics-handbook.html|title=Titanium Dioxide Chemical Economics Handbook |work=IHS Markit }}</ref>

[[File:Estimated world production of titanium concentrate by mineral source in metric tons, 2015–2019.png|thumb|Estimated world production of titanium concentrate by mineral source in metric tons, 2015–2019. Titanium concentrate is mainly obtained from the processing of ilmenite mineral, followed by titaniferous slags and natural rutile.]]

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element on Earth and represents about 0.6 percent of the Earth's crust. Ilmenite is commonly processed to obtain a titanium concentrate, which is called "synthetic rutile" if it contains more than 90 percent TiO2, or more generally "titaniferous slags" if it has a lower TiO2 content. More than 80 percent of the estimated global production of titanium concentrate is obtained from the processing of ilmenite, while 13 percent is obtained from titaniferous slags and 5 percent from rutile.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Patent Landscape Report |url=https://www.wipo.int/publications/en/details.jsp?id=4651&plang=EN |access-date=2023-10-19 |website=[[WIPO]] |doi=10.34667/tind.47029 |language=en |author1=World Intellectual Property Organization. |series=Patent Landscape Reports |date=2023 }}</ref>

Ilmenite can be converted into pigment-grade titanium dioxide via either the sulfate process or the [[chloride process]].<ref name="Ullmann">{{Ullmann|author=Völz, Hans G. |display-authors=etal |title=Pigments, Inorganic|year=2006|doi=10.1002/14356007.a20_243.pub2}}</ref> Ilmenite can also be improved and purified to titanium dioxide in the form of rutile using the [[Becher process]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Welham |first1=N.J. |title=A parametric study of the mechanically activated carbothermic reduction of ilmenite |journal=Minerals Engineering |date=December 1996 |volume=9 |issue=12 |pages=1189–1200 |doi=10.1016/S0892-6875(96)00115-X|bibcode=1996MiEng...9.1189W }}</ref>

Ilmenite ores can also be converted to liquid [[iron]] and a titanium-rich slag using a smelting process.<ref>{{citation| url = https://www.saimm.co.za/Journal/v108n01p035.pdf | title = Ilmenite smelting: the basics| first = P.C. |last = Pistorius | journal = The Journal of the South African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy | volume = 108 | date = Jan 2008 }}</ref>

Steelmakers use ilmenite ore as a flux to line the [[blast furnace]] hearth refractory.<ref name="RTFT Products">{{cite web|title=Rio Tinto, Fer et Titane - Products|url=http://www.rtft.com/ENC/index_ourproducts.asp|publisher=Rio Tinto Group|access-date=19 Aug 2012|archive-date=6 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150506221657/http://www.rtft.com/ENC/index_ourproducts.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Ilmenite can be used to produce [[ferrotitanium]] via an [[aluminothermic]] reduction.<ref name="FerroAlloy">{{cite book |title=Handbook of Ferroalloys: Theory and Technology |publisher=Elsevier |editor-last1=Gasik |editor-first1=Michael |year=2013 |location=London |pages=429 |isbn=978-0-08-097753-9}}</ref>

== Feedstock production ==
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 .5em 1em;"
|+Various ilmenite feedstock grades.<ref>{{citation|last=Hayes|year=2011|first=Tony|title=Titanium Dioxide: A Shining Future Ahead|url=http://argex.ca/documents/Euro_Pacific_Canada_Titanium_Dioxide_August2011.pdf|publisher=Euro Pacific Canada|access-date=16 Aug 2012|page=5}}{{dead link|date=August 2018}}</ref>
|-
! Feedstock || {{Chem|Ti||O|2}} Content || Process
|-
! || (%) ||
|-
| Ore || <55 || Sulfate
|-
| Ore || >55 || Chloride
|-
| Ore || <50 || Smelting (slag)
|-
| Synthetic rutile || 88–95 || Chloride
|-
| Chloride slag || 85–95 || Chloride
|-
| Sulfate slag || 80 || Sulfate
|}
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; clear:right; margin:0 0 .5em 1em;"
|+Estimated contained {{Chem|Ti||O|2}}. production{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=5}}<ref>USGS 2012 Survey, p. 174</ref> (Metric tpa x 1,000, ilmenite & rutile)
|-
! Year || 2011 || 2012–13
|-
! Country || USGS || Projected
|-
| [[Australia]] || 1,300 || 247
|-
| [[South Africa]] || 1,161 || 190
|-
| [[Mozambique]] || 516 || 250
|-
| [[Canada]]|| 700||
|-
| [[India]] || 574||
|-
| [[China]] || 500||
|-
| [[Vietnam]] || 490||
|-
| [[Ukraine]] || 357||
|-
| [[Senegal]] || - || 330
|-
| [[Norway]] || 300||
|-
| [[United States]] || 300||
|-
| [[Madagascar]] || 288||
|-
| [[Kenya]] || - || 246
|-
| [[Sri Lanka]] || 62 ||
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]] || 60||
|-
| [[Brazil]] || 48||
|-
| Other countries || 37||
|-
| Total world || ~6,700 || ~1,250
|}

Most ilmenite is recovered from heavy mineral sands ore deposits, where the mineral is concentrated as a [[placer deposit]] and weathering reduces its iron content, increasing the percentage of titanium. However, ilmenite can also be recovered from "hard rock" titanium ore sources, such as [[ultramafic to mafic layered intrusions]] or [[anorthosite]] [[massif]]s. The ilmenite in layered intrusions is sometimes abundant, but it contains considerable intergrowths of magnetite that reduce its ore grade. Ilmenite from anorthosite massifs often contains large amounts of calcium or magnesium that render it unsuitable for the chloride process.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murphy |first1=Philip |last2=Frick |first2=Louise |title=Industrial minerals & rocks: commodities, markets, and uses |date=2006 |publisher=Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration |location=Littleton, Colo. |isbn=9780873352338 |pages=990–991 |edition=7th |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zNicdkuulE4C |access-date=23 February 2022 |chapter=Titanium |editor-first1=James M. |editor-last1=Barker |editor-first2=Jessica Elzea |editor-last2=Kogel |editor-first3=Nikhil C. |editor-last3=Trivedi |editor-first4=Stanley T. |editor-last4=Krukowski}}</ref>

The proven reserves of ilmenite and rutile ores are estimated to be between 423 and 600 million tonnes of titanium dioxide. The largest ilmenite deposits are in South Africa, India, the United States, Canada, Norway, Australia, Ukraine, Russia and Kazakhstan. Additional deposits are found in Bangladesh, Chile, Mexico and New Zealand.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Güther |first1=V. |last2=Sibum |first2=H. |last3=Roidl |first3=O. |last4=Habashi |first4=F. |last5=Wolf |first5=H |year= 2005 |chapter=Titanium, Titanium Alloys, and Titanium Compounds |title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry |publisher=Wiley InterScience |isbn=978-3-527-30673-2}}</ref>

Australia was the world's largest ilmenite ore producer in 2011, with about 1.3 million tonnes of production, followed by South Africa, Canada, Mozambique, India, China, Vietnam, Ukraine, Norway, Madagascar and the United States.

The top four ilmenite and rutile feedstock producers in 2010 were [[Rio Tinto Group]], [[Iluka Resources]], Exxaro and [[Kenmare Resources]], which collectively accounted for more than 60% of the world's supplies.{{sfn|Hayes|2011|p=3}}

The world's two largest [[Open cast mining|open cast]] ilmenite mines are:
* The [[Tellnes mine]] located in [[Sokndal]], [[Norway]], and run by Titania AS (owned by Kronos Worldwide Inc.) with 0.55 Mtpa capacity and 57 Mt contained {{Chem|Ti||O|2}} reserves.
* The Rio Tinto Group's Lac Tio mine located near [[Havre Saint-Pierre]], Quebec, in [[Canada]] with a 3 Mtpa capacity and 52 Mt reserves.<ref name="Lac Tio Page">{{cite web|title=Lac Tio Mine|url=https://www.infomine.com/minesite/minesite.asp?site=lactio|publisher=InfoMine|access-date=16 Aug 2012}}</ref>

Major mineral sands-based ilmenite mining operations include:
* [[Richards Bay Minerals]] in [[South Africa]], majority-owned by the Rio Tinto Group.
* [[Kenmare Resources]]' Moma mine in [[Mozambique]].
* Iluka Resources' mining operations in Australia, including Murray Basin, [[Eneabba, Western Australia|Eneabba]] and [[Capel, Western Australia|Capel]].
* The Kerala Minerals & Metals Ltd (KMML), [[Indian Rare Earths Limited|Indian Rare Earths]] (IRE), VV Mineral mines in India.
* TiZir Ltd.'s Grande Cote mine in [[Senegal]]<ref name="MDL Website">{{cite web|title=TiZir Limited|url=http://www.mineraldeposits.com.au/tizir/|publisher=Mineral Deposits Limited|access-date=16 Aug 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818182108/http://www.mineraldeposits.com.au/tizir/|archive-date=2012-08-18}}</ref>
* [[QIT Madagascar Minerals]] mine, majority-owned by the Rio Tinto Group, which began production in 2009 and is expected to produce 0.75 Mtpa of ilmenite, potentially expanding to 2 Mtpa in future phases.

Attractive major potential ilmenite deposits include:
* The Karhujupukka magnetite-ilmenite deposit in Kolari, northern [[Finland]], with around 5 Mt reserves and ore containing about 6.2% titanium.
* The Balla Balla magnetite-iron-titanium-vanadium ore deposit in the [[Pilbara]] of [[Western Australia]], which contains 456 million tonnes of [[cumulate rocks|cumulate]] ore horizon grading 45% {{Chem|Fe}}, 13.7% {{Chem|Ti||O|2}} and 0.64% {{Chem|V|2|O|5}}, one of the richest magnetite-ilmenite ore bodies in Australia<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/aimr/commodity/vanadium.html |title = Vanadium – AIMR 2011 – Australian Mines Atlas}}</ref>
* The Coburn, WIM 50, Douglas, [[Pooncarie]] mineral sands deposits in [[Australia]].
* The Magpie titano-magnetite (iron-titanium-vanadium-chrome) deposits in eastern [[Quebec]] of [[Canada]] with about 1 billion tonnes containing about 43% Fe, 12% TiO2, 0.4% V2O5, and 2.2% Cr2O3.
* The Longnose deposit in Northeast Minnesota is considered to be "the largest and richest ilmenite deposit in North America."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/05/26/titanium-range-breakthrough-could-lead-to-new-kind-of-mining-in-ne-minn-|title=Titanium Range? Breakthrough could lead to new kind of mining in NE Minn.|last=Kraker|first=Dan|access-date=2017-05-31}}</ref>

[[File:Worldwide mining of the titanium-containing minerals ilmenite and rutile.png|thumb|Worldwide mining of the titanium-containing minerals ilmenite and rutile in thousand tonnes of TiO2 equivalent by country, in 2020.]]

In 2020, [[China]] had by far the highest titanium mining activity. About 35 percent of the world's ilmenite is mined in China, representing 33 percent of total titanium mineral mining (including ilmenite and rutile). [[South Africa]] and [[Mozambique]] are also important contributors, representing 13 percent and 12 percent of worldwide ilmenite mining, respectively. [[Australia]] represents 6 percent of the total ilmenite mining and 31 percent of rutile mining. [[Sierra Leone]] and [[Ukraine]] are also big contributors to rutile mining.<ref name=":0" />

China is the biggest producer of titanium dioxide, followed by the United States and Germany. China is also a leader in titanium metal production, but Japan, the Russian Federation, and Kazakhstan have emerged as significant contributors to this field.

== Patenting activities ==
[[File:Relevant patent families describing titanium dioxide production from ilmenite, 2002–2021.png|thumb|
Patent activity on titanium dioxide production from ilmenite has increased since 2012.]]
[[Patent]]ing activity related to titanium dioxide production from ilmenite is rapidly increasing.<ref name=":0" /> Between 2002 and 2022, there have been 459 [[Patent family|patent families]] that describe the production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite, and this number is growing rapidly. The majority of these patents describe pre-treatment processes, such as smelting and magnetic separation, to increase the titanium concentration in low-grade ores, resulting in titanium concentrates or slags. Other patents describe processes for obtaining titanium dioxide, either through a direct hydrometallurgical process or via two industrially exploited processes: the sulfate process and the chloride process.

Acid leaching might be used either as a pre-treatment or as part of a hydrometallurgical process to directly obtain titanium dioxide or synthetic rutile (>90 percent titanium dioxide, TiO2). The sulfate process represents 40 percent of the world's titanium dioxide production and is protected in 23 percent of patent families. The chloride process is only mentioned in 8 percent of patent families, although it provides 60 percent of the worldwide industrial production of titanium dioxide.<ref name=":0" /> 

Key contributors to patents on the production of titanium dioxide are companies from China, Australia and the United States, reflecting the major contribution of these countries to industrial production. Chinese companies [[Pangang Group Vanadium Titanium & Resources|Pangang]] and [[Lomon Billions]] Groups are the main contributors and hold diversified [[patent portfolio]]s covering both pre-treatment and the processes leading to a final product.

In comparison, patenting activity related to titanium metal production from ilmenite remains stable.<ref name=":0" /> Between 2002 and 2022, there have been 92 patent families that describe the production of titanium metal from ilmenite, and this number has remained relatively steady. These patents describe the production of titanium metal starting from mineral ores, such as ilmenite, and from titanium dioxide (TiO2) and [[titanium tetrachloride]] (TiCl4), a chemical obtained as an intermediate in the chloride process. The starting materials are purified, if necessary, and then converted to titanium metal through a chemical reduction process using a reducing agent. Processes mainly differ regarding the reducing agent used to transform the starting material into titanium metal: magnesium is the most frequently cited reducing agent and the most exploited in industrial production. 

Key players in the field are Japanese companies, in particular [[Toho Titanium Company Limited|Toho Titanium]] and [[Osaka Titanium Technologies]], both focusing on reduction using magnesium. Pangang also contributes to titanium metal production and holds patents describing reduction by molten salt electrolysis.<ref name=":0" />

== Lunar ilmenite ==
Ilmenite has been found in [[Moon rock|lunar samples]], particularly in high-Ti [[lunar mare]] [[basalt]]s common from [[Apollo 11]] and [[Apollo 17]] sites, and on average, constitutes up to 5% of lunar meteorites.<ref>Korotev, Randy. 2005 "Lunar geochemistry as told by lunar meteorites." Geochemistry. Vol 65. Pages 297–346. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemer.2005.07.001</ref> Ilmenite has been targeted for [[In situ resource utilization|ISRU]] [[water]] and [[oxygen]] extraction due to a simplistic reduction reaction which occurs with CO and H2 buffers.<ref>Schluter & Cowley. "Review of techniques for in-situ oxygen extraction on the moon." Planetary and Space Science. Vol 181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pss.2019.104753</ref><ref>Perreault & Patience. "Ilmenite–CO reduction kinetics." Fuel. Vol 165, 166–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.066</ref><ref>Muscatello, Tony. 2017. "Oxygen Extraction from Minerals" Presentation, NASA KSC Applied Chem lab. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20170001458/downloads/20170001458.pdf</ref> The [[European Space Agency]]'s [[VMMO]] mission, expected to launch in 2028, intends to map the distribution of ilmenite on the Moon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VMMO |url=https://www.esa.int/Enabling_Support/Space_Engineering_Technology/Technology_CubeSats/VMMO |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=www.esa.int |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gao |first=Yang |date=2019-08-29 |title=Building a moon base is a huge task – here are the tiny satellites that will pave the way |url=http://theconversation.com/building-a-moon-base-is-a-huge-task-here-are-the-tiny-satellites-that-will-pave-the-way-121581 |access-date=2025-08-26 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref>

== Sources ==
{{Free-content attribution
| title = Production of titanium and titanium dioxide from ilmenite and related applications
| publisher = WIPO
| documentURL = https://www.wipo.int/edocs/pubdocs/en/wipo-pub-1077-23-en-patent-landscape-report-ilmenite.pdf
| license = CC-BY
}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Titanium minerals}}
{{Titanium compounds}}
{{Ores}}
{{iron compounds}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Iron(II) minerals]]
[[Category:Titanium minerals]]
[[Category:Oxide minerals]]
[[Category:Ilmenite group]]
[[Category:Trigonal minerals]]
[[Category:Minerals in space group 148]]
[[Category:Magnetic minerals]]

Soma Ghosh

2026-02-12T02:48:17Z

MavisLandale6: new first data v1.

{{Short description|Indian performer (born 1962)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Soma Ghosh
| image = The President, Shri Pranab Mukherjee presenting the Padma Shri Award to Dr. Soma Ghosh, at a Civil Investiture Ceremony, at Rashtrapati Bhavan, in New Delhi on April 12, 2016.jpg
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1962|04|20}}
| caption = Ghosh receiving her award in 2016
| birth_place = [[Varanasi]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| education =
| occupation = {{hlist|Singer|performer}}
| employer =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]] (2016)
}}
'''Dr Soma Ghosh''' ({{IPA|bn|ʃoma ɡʱoʃ}}; born 20 April 1962) is an Indian singer of [[Hindustani classical music]].<ref>{{Cite news |last=Murthy |first=Neeraja |date=2017-01-06 |title=Soma Ghosh's tryst with classical music |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/music/%E2%80%98No-short-cuts-in-music%E2%80%99/article16997858.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> In 2016, she was awarded [[Padma Shri]] by the [[Government of India|Indian Government]] for her contribution in arts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Service |first=Tribune News |title=An evening dedicated to Benaras |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/chandigarh/an-evening-dedicated-to-benaras-315895 |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Early life and education ==
Ghosh was born and brought up in [[Benaras]]. Her parents are Archana Chakravarty and Shri Manmohan Chakravarty. She did her graduation in literature from [[Benaras Hindu University]]. She did her higher education in music with a master's degree and [[PhD]] in Hindustani Classical Music.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2016-04-14 |title='Award is nothing but guru's blessing': Soma Ghosh |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/award-is-nothing-but-gurus-blessing-soma-ghosh/article8476345.ece |access-date=2022-07-10 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> She is a prominent exponent of the [[Banaras Gharana]] of Hindustani Classical music, received learnings from her 'Guruma' (teacher) Smt. Bageshwari Devi, in her early life.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-04-22 |title='Bageshwari Devi added glory to Banaras gharana' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/bageshwari-devi-added-glory-to-banaras-gharana/articleshow/99683868.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-10-01 |title=In the company of legends |url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/friday-review/in-the-company-of-legends/article7711818.ece |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

== Career ==
Soma Ghosh is specialised in Benaras singing like [[Thumri]], [[Tappa]], [[Hori (music)|Hori]], [[Chaiti]], [[Kajari]], [[Dadra]] and [[Ghazal]]. She is the [[brand ambassador]] of [[Beti Bachao Beti Padhao]] Initiative. She is also a founder of the NGO called Madhu Murchhana.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Naidu |first=Sitara Suresh |date=2019-07-16 |title=Lofty khayal |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/music/160719/lofty-khayal.html |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Deccan Chronicle |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian Oil felicitates Soma Ghosh on Women's Day |url=https://www.freepressjournal.in/business/indian-oil-felicitates-soma-ghosh-on-womens-day |access-date=2022-07-10 |website=Free Press Journal |language=en}}</ref> Dr. Soma Ghosh, widely recognized for her connection with [[Ustad Bismillah Khan]], was [[adopted]] by the [[maestro]] after recognizing her musical talent.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-08-21 |title=A digital music concert on the death anniversary of Ustad Bismillah Khan |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/music-events/a-digital-music-concert-on-the-death-anniversary-of-ustad-bismillah-khan/articleshow/77660049.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref> They performed together in various [[concert]]s, including at the [[Parliament of India]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2003-07-23 |title=Ustad Bismillah Khan to perform in Parliament |url=https://zeenews.india.com/news/nation/ustad-bismillah-khan-to-perform-in-parliament_112590.html |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=Zee News |language=en}}</ref> Their `[[jugalbandi]]' titled `Ras Barse', was attended by the then [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam|Dr A. P. J Abdul Kalam sahab]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Power vacuum for Bismillah |url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/power-vacuum-for-bismillah/cid/805506}}</ref>

== Albums ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Albums
!Song
!Singer
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Year of Release
!Released By
|-
|Bhagwan Mere Bhagwan
|[https://open.spotify.com/track/0VMN02F8BaWmZRP2EaAC1X?si=a6390b9a6e5541fb Bhagwan Mere Bhagwan]
|Soma Ghosh, [[Madhushree]], [[Anup Jalota]], [[Sudesh Bhosale]] & [[Satyam Anandjee]]
|[[Satyam Anandjee]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Satyam Anandjee on Apple Music |url=https://music.apple.com/in/artist/satyam-anandjee/1260933887 |access-date=2022-07-14 |website=Apple Music |language=en-GB}}</ref>
|Sukhnidhan Mishra
|2021
|
|-
|Krishna Bhajan
|
# Bata De More Shyam
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2022
|Sanskar TV Music
|-
|Mohabbat Hai Toh Hai
|5 ghazals
|Soma Ghosh
|
|Shayara Dipti Mishra
|2019
|
|-
|Adi Shankaracharya
|5 stotras
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2018
|Sanskar Music
|-
|Shiva Rocks
|Shiv Stotras and Stutis
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2014
|Sanskar TV Music
|-
|Intezaar
|Thumri, Dadra & Tappa
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2013
|Saregama
|-
|Ganapati Ashta Vinayak Vandana
|Shree Ganesh Stuti
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2012
|Sanskar TV Music
|-
|Reflections of Raga
|Chhota Khayal
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2011
|Saregama
|-
|He’ Shiva
|Shiva Stotra & Stutis
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2011
|Sanskar TV Music
|-
|Devi
|Devi Stotras
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2010
|Saregama
|-
|Ras Barse again
|Jugalbandi Concert with Ustad Bismallah Khan
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2010
|Times Music
|-
|Uski dulhan sajaungi
|Ghazals of legendary shayara Parveen Shakir
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2009
|Murchhana Audio & World Wide Records
|-
|Ishq
|Ghazals of legendary shayara Parveen Shakir
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2009
|Murchhana Audio & World Wide Records
|-
|Holi Ke Rang
|Rang Darungi
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2007
|Times Music
|-
|Hori
|Traditional ‘Hori’ songs
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2007
|Times Music
|-
|Kajari
|Bheegi Jaoon Main
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2007
|Times Music
|-
|Whispers of Jasmine
|Recital of poems
|Soma Ghosh
|
|Dr A P J Abdul Kalam
|2006
|N.A.Classical
|-
|Aradhana
|Rendition of bhajans
|Soma Ghosh
|
|Ustad Bismillah Khan Sahab
|2003
|Times Music
|-
|Ras Barse
|Jugalbandi Concert with Ustad Bismallah Khan
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2001
|Times Music
|-
|Hori
|Recital of poems
|Soma Ghosh
|
|Kaviyatri Maya Govind
|1999
|Sagarika
|-
|Khayal
|Ragas Lalit and Kalawati
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|1997
|Sagarika
|-
|Kal Ke Kalakar Series
|Chhota Khayal
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|1993
|[[Saregama|His Master's Voice]]
|-
!Singles
!Song
!Singer
!Composer
!Lyricist
!Year of Release
!Released By
|-
|1.
|Tan Dhoya Kyun Mann Nahi Dhoya re
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2022
|Sanskar TV Music
|-
|2.
|Manjhi Song
|Soma Ghosh
|Rajeev Mahavir
|Smt. Ankita Khatri
|2019
|T-Series
|-
|3.
|Chaand Tanha
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2015
|World Wide Records
|-
|4.
|Shree Ganesh Stotra
|Soma Ghosh
|
|
|2012
|World Wide Records
|}

== Awards ==
*[[Padma Shri]] in 2016<ref name=":1" />
* Big Star IMA Award for best [[Ghazal]] track of the year 2010-11 for "Faasle Aise Bhi Honge".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-15 |title=Dr. Soma Ghosh presents ghazal show |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/news-archive/web/dr-soma-ghosh-presents-ghazal-show/ |access-date=2024-07-03 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

== Books ==
Dr. Soma Ghosh, a [[protégé]] of [[Bharat Ratna]] [[Bismillah Khan|Ustad Bismillah Khan]], launched her book "Baba & Me," providing insights into the life of the legendary [[shehnai]] maestro.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-11-17 |title=Singer Dr. Soma Ghosh, protege of late Ustad Bismillah Khan, launches her book 'Baba & Me', sharing insights into the life of the legendary musician |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/singer-dr-soma-ghosh-protege-of-late-ustad-bismillah-khan-launches-her-book-baba-me-sharing-insights-into-the-life-of-the-legendary-musician/articleshow/105290633.cms |access-date=2024-07-03 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ghosh, Soma}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in arts]]
[[Category:Musicians from Varanasi]]
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:21st-century Bengali people]]

JSK Satish Kumar

2026-02-07T22:58:37Z

MavisLandale6: starting basic bio from scratch

{{Short description|Tamil producer and actor}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox person
| name = JSK Satish Kumar
| image = Bramma G., Shri J. Satish Kumar and the Director of “AN AMERICAN IN MADRAS” (Non-Feature), Shri Karan Bali at a press conference, at the 45th International Film Festival of India (IFFI-2014), in Panaji, Goa.jpg
| caption = JSK Satish Kumar (second from left), at [[International Film Festival of India|IFFI]] [[45th International Film Festival of India|2014]]
| birth_place =
| occupation = {{Hlist|Producer|actor}}
| yearsactive = 2007{{ndash}}present
}}
'''JSK Satish Kumar''' is a National award-winning producer and actor who works in Tamil-language films.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/tamil/2019/nov/21/on-a-signing-spree-2064670.html|title=Producer-turned-actor: J Satish Kumar of JSK Film Corporation is now on a signing spree|newspaper=The New Indian Express|date=21 November 2019|first=Gopinath|last=Rajendran|accessdate=17 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/one-films-loss-shouldnt-affect-another-film-j-satish-kumar/articleshow/70642544.cms|title=One film's loss shouldn't affect another film: J Satish Kumar - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/280617/double-delight-for-jsatish-kumar.html|title=Double delight for J Satish Kumar|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=28 June 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref>

== Career ==
JSK Satish Kumar has produced several films under his banner [[JSK Film Corporation]] notably including ''[[Thanga Meengal]]'', ''[[Idharkuthane Aasaipattai Balakumara]]'', ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'' and ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]''.<ref name="D">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/kollywood/091119/j-satish-kumar-turns-a-baddie-opposite-arun-vijay.html|title=J Satish Kumar turns a baddie opposite Arun Vijay|first=Anupama|last=Subramanian|date=9 November 2019|website=Deccan Chronicle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/tamil/movies/news/producer-j-sathish-kumar-hits-out-against-vijay-sethupathi/articleshow/63440816.cms|title=Producer J Sathish Kumar hits out against Vijay Sethupathi - Times of India|website=The Times of India}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/cinema/producer-j-satish-kumar-talks-about-his-upcoming-film-taramani/article8659798.ece|title=Small films, big heart|first=Sudhir|last=Srinivasan|newspaper=The Hindu |date=28 May 2016|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He also distributes films under the same banner such as ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''.<ref name="D" /> He made his debut as an actor with ''Taramani'' portraying a supporting role before he made a cameo appearance in ''[[Peranbu]]''.<ref name="C">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/interviews/2019/nov/20/j-satish-kumar-an-actor-in-production-15615.html|title=J Satish Kumar, an actor in the making|website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref> He has played an important role in ''[[Agni Siragugal]]'' starring Arun Vijay, Vijay Antony, Akshara Hasan and will reportedly feature throughout much of the film.<ref name="C" /><ref name="D" /> He also starred in both the Tamil and Telugu remakes of ''[[Kavaludaari]]'', titled ''[[Kabadadaari]]'' and ''[[Kapatadhaari]]'', respectively.<ref name="C" /><ref name="D" /> JSK Satish Kumar has acted in film ''[[Friendship (2020 film)|Friendship]]'' as a villain character, starring with [[Harbhajan Singh]], [[Arjun Sarja|Arjun]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/india/dt-next/20200614/282050509307583|title=JSK Corporation to produce three new films|work=dtNext|date=14 June 2020}}</ref> He also acted as antagonist in a film ''Yarukkum Anjel'' starring [[Bindu Madhavi]] and directed by Ranjith Jayakodi.<ref name="D" />

== Filmography ==

=== As an actor ===
*''All films are in Tamil, unless otherwise noted.''
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year
! Film
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2017 || ''[[Taramani (film)|Taramani]]'' || Assistant Commissioner of Police || Also producer
|-
| 2018 || ''[[Peranbu]]'' || || Cameo appearance
|-
| rowspan="3"|2021 || ''[[Kabadadaari]]'' ||Suresh ||
|-
| ''[[Kapatadhaari]]'' ||Ranga Rao ||Telugu film
|-
| ''[[Friendship (2021 film)|Friendship]]'' || ||
|-
| 2023 || ''[[Aneethi]]'' || ||
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Vaazhai]]'' || Trader ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Fire (2025 film)|Fire]]'' || Inspector Saravanan ||Also director<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kumar |first=Akshay |date=2025-01-17 |title=JSK Satish Kumar's Fire gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jan/17/jsk-satish-kumars-fire-gets-a-release-date |access-date=2025-01-17 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== As a producer and distributor ===
{{main|JSK Film Corporation}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;"
! Year !! Film !! Notes
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Rush Hour 3]]'' || Dubbed version; Tamil Nadu only
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Live Free or Die Hard]]'' || Dubbed version; Tamil Nadu only
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Nothing but Life|Ananda Punnagai]]'' || Dubbed version; Tamil Nadu only
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Rambo (2008 film)|Rambo]]'' || Dubbed version; Tamil Nadu only
|-
| 2008 || ''[[The Forbidden Kingdom]]'' || Dubbed version; Tamil Nadu only
|-
| 2012|| ''[[Aarohanam (2012 film)|Aarohanam]]''
|
|-
|2012
|''[[Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom]]''
|
|-
|2013|| ''[[Paradesi (2013 film)|Paradesi]]''||
|-
|2013|| ''[[Madha Yaanai Koottam]]''||
|-
|2014
|''[[Rummy (2014 film)|Rummy]]''
|
|-
|2014|| ''[[Oru Kanniyum Moonu Kalavaanikalum]]''||
|-
| 2014 || ''[[Megha (2014 film)|Megha]]'' ||
|-
|2015
|''[[Naalu Policeum Nalla Irundha Oorum]]''
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Sivappu Enakku Pidikkum]]''
|
|-
|2017
|''[[Puriyatha Puthir]]''
|
|-
|2020
|''[[Mummy (2016 film)|Mummy - Save Me]]''
| Dubbed version; Tamil Nadu only
|-
|}

== Awards and nominations ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Year
!Award
!Category
! Work
!Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref.
|-
| 2013 || [[61st National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] || ''[[Thanga Meengal]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite press release|title=61st National Film Awards Announced|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=104863|format=PDF|publisher=Press Information Bureau (PIB), India|date=16 April 2014}}</ref>
|-
| 2014
| [[62nd National Film Awards]]
|[[National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil]] || ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]''
| {{won}}
|style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite press release|title=62nd National Film Awards|url=http://dff.nic.in/writereaddata/62nd%20National%20Film%20Awards%202014%20-%20Press%20Release.pdf|publisher=Directorate of Film Festivals|date=24 March 2015}}</ref>
|-
|2013
|Filmfare Awards
|Best Film || ''[[Thanga Meengal]]'' || {{won}} ||
|-
|2015
|Vikitan Awards
|Best Producer || ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'' || {{won}} ||
|-
|2013
|Behind Woods Award
|Best Producer || ''[[Thanga Meengal]]'' || {{won}} ||
|-
|2014
|Pondichery State Award
|Best Producer || ''[[Thanga Meengal]]'' || {{won}} ||
|-
|2015
|Pondichery State Award
|Best Producer || ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'' || {{won}} ||
|-
|2014, 2015
|Chennai Film International Award
|Best Producer || ''[[Thanga Meengal]]'' & ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'' || {{won}} ||
|-
|2014, 2015
|Tamil Nadu State Award
|Best Producer || ''[[Thanga Meengal]]'' & ''[[Kuttram Kadithal]]'' || {{won}} ||
|-
|2015
|Vijay Awards
|Best Producer || ''[[Thanga Meengal]]'' || {{won}} ||
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|6836452}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumar, J. Satish}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian film producers]]
[[Category:Tamil film producers]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Male actors in Tamil cinema]]

Nagpur III Assembly constituency

2026-02-03T06:05:37Z

MavisLandale6: Put Up First Article Needs Work

{{Infobox Indian constituency
| name = Nagpur III
| type= SLA
| state = Maharashtra
| established = 1961 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1961 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| abolished = 1967 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eci.gov.in/146-archive-delimitation-orders |title= Archive Delimitation Orders - DPACO 1967 |access-date=31 January 2026 |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]}}</ref>
| electors = 89,458
| mla = D. P. Meshram
| party = {{Party index link|Republican Party of India}}
| constituency_no =
| latest_election_year = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]]
| district =
| loksabha_cons =
| reservation =SC
}}
Nagpur III Assembly constituency was an assembly constituency in the [[India]] [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[Maharashtra]].
== Members of the Legislative Assembly ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Election
! Member
! colspan=2|Party
|-
|-
| [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election|1962]] || D. P. Meshram || {{Full party name with color|Republican Party of India}}
|-
| [[1965 elections in India#Maharashtra|1965 By-election]] || Premnath Rishi Wasnik || {{Full party name with color|Indian National Congress}}
|}

== Election results ==
===Assembly By-election 1965===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1965 elections in India#Maharashtra|1965 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly by-election]] : Nagpur III<ref>{{cite web |url=https://old.eci.gov.in/files/file/2511-details-of-bye-elections-from-1952-to-1995/ |title=Details of Bye Elections from 1952 to 1995 |access-date=21 December 2025 |website=old.eci.gov.in |publisher=[[Election Commission of India]] }}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=Premnath Rishi Wasnik |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 22,357 |percentage = |change=}}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=B.U.Wahane |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 20,251 |percentage = |change=}}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,106 |percentage = |change= }}
{{Election box gain with party link |winner = Indian National Congress |loser = Republican Party of India |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
===Assembly Election 1962===
{{Election box begin|title = [[1962 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election]] : Nagpur III<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Election Commission of India]]|title=Statistical Report on General Election, 1962 to the Legislative Assembly of Maharashtra |url=http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117085627/http://eci.nic.in/eci_main/StatisticalReports/SE_1962/StatRep_Maharastra_1962.pdf|archive-date=17 January 2012|format=pdf}}</ref>}}
{{Election box winning candidate with party link |candidate=D. P. Meshram |party=Republican Party of India |votes = 22,353 |percentage = 36.62% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Panjabrao Hukum Shambhakar |party=Independent politician |votes = 19,428 |percentage = 31.83% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Premnath Rishi Wasnik |party=Indian National Congress |votes = 16,642 |percentage = 27.27% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box candidate with party link |candidate=Motiram Chandrabhan Chapke |party=Bharatiya Jana Sangh |votes = 2,286 |percentage = 3.75% |change= ''New'' }}
{{Election box margin of victory |votes = 2,925 |percentage = 4.79% |change= }}
{{Election box turnout |votes = 63,232 |percentage = 70.68% |change= }}{{Election box total valid |votes= 61,035}}
{{Election box registered electors |reg. electors = 89,458|ref = |change= }}
{{Election box new seat win |winner = Republican Party of India |loser = |swing= }}
{{Election box end}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Assembly constituencies of Maharashtra}}
[[Category:Former assembly constituencies of Maharashtra]]
{{coord missing|Maharashtra}}
{{Maharashtra-geo-stub}}

Arun Narang

2026-02-01T11:20:40Z

MavisLandale6: minor cleanup

{{Short description|Indian politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
'''Arun Narang''' is a [[Aam Aadmi Party]] politician from [[Punjab, India|Punjab]]. From 2017–2022 he represented [[Abohar Assembly constituency]] in the [[Punjab Legislative Assembly]] as a member of the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. He lost his bid for re-election in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]].

==Member of Legislative Assembly==
He was elected as [[Member of Legislative Assembly (India)|Member of Legislative Assembly]] in [[2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] from [[Abohar Assembly constituency]] as candidate of [[Bharatiya Janata Party]].<ref>[http://myneta.info/punjab2017/candidate.php?candidate_id=223 My Neta]</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Abohar sanitation workers call off strike |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/punjab/abohar-sanitation-workers-call-off-strike-831220 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=11 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Service |first1=Tribune News |title=Disqualify 7 Cong MLAs: SAD-BJP |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/disqualify-7-cong-mlas-sad-bjp/831198.html |date=12 September 2019 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=SAD-BJP demands disqualification of 7 Cong MLAs for accepting office of profit |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2019/state-editions/sad-bjp-demands-disqualification-of-7-cong-mlas-for-accepting-office-of-profit.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=The Pioneer |date=12 September 2019 |language=en}}</ref> His five year term of MLA ended in 2022 and he lost his re-election bid.
===Farm laws===
Narang supports BJP's [[2020 Indian agriculture acts]] (commonly known as the farm laws). [[2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest]] was launched to protest against the implementation of the new laws. In November 2020, he was gheraoed by the protesting farmers in Lambi Assembly segment in Muktsar district and forced to sit on the road.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Pioneer |first1=The |title='Too late to benefit BJP in Punjab' |url=https://www.dailypioneer.com/2021/page1/---too-late-to-benefit-bjp-in-punjab---.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=The Pioneer |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Tribune Lambi ">{{cite news |title=BJP MLA Arun Narang speaks against farm laws, backtracks |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/of-terror-media%E2%80%A6and-jobs-178641 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=1 December 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
===Assault case in Malout===
On March 27, 2021, Narang was visiting [[Malout]] town in [[Muktsar district]] of Punjab for a press conference to explain the benefits of the farm laws to the farmers. On his arrival to the [[BJP]] office, the protesting farmers angry with the farm laws threw black ink at him.<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP MLA Arun Narang thrashed, stripped; Capt Amarinder promises action |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/punjab/bjp-mla-arun-narang-thrashed-stripped-capt-amarinder-promises-action-231483 |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=Tribuneindia News Service |date=28 March 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Police official escorted Narang to a local shop, but upon returning from it, the protestors allegedly thrashed Narang, tore his clothes and stripped him naked. He was later escorted by the police to a safe place. [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] condemned the attack on MLA. Samyukta Kisan Morcha appealed to all protestors to remain peaceful. An [[First Information Report|FIR]] has been registered against 250–300 unknown protestors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-mla-thrashed-clothes-torn-by-protesting-farmers-in-punjabs-muktsar-punjab-7248481/|title=BJP MLA thrashed, clothes torn by protesting farmers in Punjab's Muktsar.|accessdate=28 March 2021|publisher= [[The Indian Express]] Website|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210327191201/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-mla-thrashed-clothes-torn-by-protesting-farmers-in-punjabs-muktsar-punjab-7248481/ |archive-date=27 March 2021 }}</ref>

===2022 Assembly election===
He contested in the [[2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election]] for re-election as BJP candidate. Narang won only 16.18% of the total number of votes polled and came on third position behind Sandeep Jakhar of [[Indian National Congress]] and Kuldeep Kumar alias Deep Kamboj of the [[Aam Aadmi Party]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Abohar elects opposition party candidate fourth time in a row |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/chandigarh-news/abohar-elects-opposition-party-candidate-fourth-time-in-a-row-101647029676618.html |access-date=27 July 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=12 March 2022 |language=en}}</ref>

==Political positions==
Narang joined the [[Aam Aadmi Party]] in 2023.<ref>https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/former-bjp-mla-arun-narang-joins-aap-punjab-cm-inducts-him-4407967</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Narang, Arun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Punjab]]
[[Category:Aam Aadmi Party politicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Punjab, India MLAs 2017–2022]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:People from Fazilka district]]

{{PunjabIN-AAP-politician-stub}}

Om Prakash Upadhyaya

2026-01-26T07:33:05Z

MavisLandale6: added info

{{Short description|Indian ayurvedic physician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2025}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Om Prakash Upadhyaya
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_date = 02 June 1951
| birth_place = Maandal, [[Bhilwara district|Bhilwara]], [[Rajasthan]], India
| death_date =
| death_place =
| restingplace =
| restingplacecoordinates =
| othername =
| occupation = [[Ayurveda]] practitioner
| yearsactive =
| spouse = Bhanwari devi
| domesticpartner =
| children =
| parents =
| website =
| awards = [[Padma Shri]]
}}

'''Om Prakash Upadhyaya''' is an Indian [[Ayurveda]] practitioner and the vice chancellor of [[Guru Ravidas Ayurved University]].<ref name="VC">{{cite web | url=http://www.davayurveda.com/affiliations.php | title=VC | publisher=davayurveda.com | date=2014 | access-date=5 November 2014 | archive-date=7 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007232138/http://www.davayurveda.com/affiliations.php | url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[Government of India]] honoured him, in 2014, with the award of [[Padma Shri]], the fourth highest civilian award, for his contributions to the fields of medicine.<ref name="Padma 2014">{{cite web | url=http://www.pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=102735 | title=Padma 2014 | publisher=Press Information Bureau, Government of India | date=25 January 2014 | access-date=28 October 2014}}</ref>

==Biography==
Born in Maandal in the [[Bhilwara district]] of Rajasthan, India, Professor Om Prakash Upadhyaya chose academics in [[Ayurveda]] as his career.<ref name="Spot News">{{cite web | url=http://spotnewsindia.com/2014/01/28/vc-ayurvedic-university-dr-om-prakash-upadhyay-padam-shree-award/ | title=Spot News | publisher=Spot News | date=2014 | access-date=5 November 2014 | archive-date=5 November 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141105191845/http://spotnewsindia.com/2014/01/28/vc-ayurvedic-university-dr-om-prakash-upadhyay-padam-shree-award/ | url-status=dead }}</ref> He was the Professor and the Head of the Department at the [[National Institute of Ayurveda]], Jaipur before he was appointed as the Vice Chancellor of [[Guru Ravidas Ayurved University]], Hoshiarpur in July 2011.<ref name="Spot News" />

{{portal|India}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

{{Authority control}}

{{Padma Shri Award Recipients in Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Upadhyaya, Om Prakash}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Shri in medicine]]
[[Category:People from Bhilwara district]]
[[Category:Ayurvedacharyas]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian medical doctors]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from Rajasthan]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{India-med-bio-stub}}

Justice for the Judge

2026-01-14T23:00:55Z

MavisLandale6: starting new pg w/ refs

{{Short description|Autobiography of Ranjan Gogoi}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2019}}
{{Infobox book
| name = Justice for the Judge
| image = File:Justice for the Judge.jpg
| caption = First edition
| author = [[Ranjan Gogoi]]
| country = [[India]]
| language = English
| subject = Autobiography Memoir
| publisher = [[Rupa Publications]] (India)<ref name="publisher">{{cite web|title=Justice for the Judge|url=https://rupapublications.co.in/books/justice-for-the-judge-an-autobiography/|website=Rupa Publications|publisher=Rupa Publications|accessdate=8 December 2021}}</ref>
| release_date = 8 December 2021
| media_type = [[E-book]], Print ([[Hardcover]])
| pages = 264 pp.
| isbn = 9789355201881
}}

'''''Justice for the Judge: An Autobiography''''' is an [[auto-biography]] of [[Ranjan Gogoi]], the 46th [[Chief Justice of India]] of the [[Supreme Court of India]], and a [[Members of Rajya Sabha|Member of Rajya Sabha]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=JUSTICE FOR THE JUDGE: AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY {{!}} Rupa Publications |url=https://rupapublications.co.in/books/justice-for-the-judge-an-autobiography/ |access-date=2022-03-11 |website=rupapublications.co.in |language=en-US}}</ref> The book has been published by [[Rupa Publications]], India and came out on 8 December 2021. The cover was released on the day before the release of the book, which was released at an event in [[New Delhi]] attended by his colleague and successor Chief Justice [[Sharad Arvind Bobde]].<ref>{{Cite magazine |author=Nalini Sharma |date=December 8, 2021 |title=Former CJI Ranjan Gogoi's autobiography releases today - What to expect {{!}} Exclusive |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/law/story/supreme-court-former-cji-ranjan-gogoi-autobiography-justice-for-the-judge-details-exclusive-1885245-2021-12-07 |access-date=2022-03-11 |magazine=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

== References ==
<references />

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://rupapublications.co.in/books/justice-for-the-judge-an-autobiography/}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Indian autobiographies]]
[[Category:2021 non-fiction books]]
[[Category:English-language non-fiction books]]
[[Category:Rupa Publications books]]

{{India-book-stub}}

Amitoj

2026-01-13T22:00:32Z

MavisLandale6: starting basic stub initial version

{{Short description|Punjabi poet}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2026}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2026}}
{{distinguish|Amitoj Mann}}
{{Infobox writer
| name = Amitoj
| native_name = {{lang|pa|ਅਮਿਤੋਜ}}
| native_name_lang = pa
| pseudonym = {{ubl|Kanwal Shamim|Krishan Kanwal Sareen}}
| birth_name = Krishan Kumar
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1947|06|3}}
| birth_place = [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]], [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]], [[India]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2005|8|28|1947|06|3}}
| death_place = [[Jalandhar]], Punjab, India
| alma_mater = [[Panjab University, Chandigarh]]
| relatives =
| spouse = Amritpal Kaur
| children = 2
| occupation = [[Poet]]
| movement =
}}

'''Amitoj''' ({{langx|pa|ਅਮਿਤੋਜ}}; born '''Krishan Kumar'''; 3 June 1947 – 28 August 2005) and later known as '''Kanwal Shamim''' and '''Krishan Kanwal Sareen''',<ref>{{cite web |author=Patar, Amitoj |url=http://www.seerat.ca/april2011/article01.php |title=Amitoj and I have known each other since 62-63. Back then, he wasn't even Amitoj. Sometimes he would become Krishna Kanwal. Sometimes Kanwal Shamim. I named him Amitoj |work=[[Surjit Patar]] |date=April 2011 |access-date= }}</ref> was an [[Indian people|Indian]] poet, from the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] region.<ref name="Haashiye de Haasil"/>{{rp|95}}

== Early life ==
He was born in Akhara village, near Bholath, in the [[Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur]] district of the [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]] region in [[India]]. His parents name were Charan Das and Janaki Devi.<ref name="Haashiye de Haasil">{{cite book |title=Haashiye de Haasil |publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University, Patiala |year=2013 }}</ref>{{rp|95}} He met poet [[Surjit Patar]] in 1962 while studying at Government College, Kapurthala. He studied at Evening College while working in life insurance and worked as a journalist in the newspaper ''Nawan Zamana'' for 18 months. Amitoj graduated with a [[Master of Arts]] and a [[Doctorate of Philosophy|PhD]] from [[Punjab University, Chandigarh]].

== Career ==
Following his studies, Amitoj taught at Panjab University in the Department of Bhai Vir Singh Studies in Comparative Literature and later at the Department of Indian Theatre.<ref name=obit/>

During the 1980s, he was also known for his literary style in the Jalandhar Doordarshan program "''Kach Di Mundran''". Amitoj's only book of poems, ''Khali Tarkash'', was published in 1998 at the initiative of Surjit Patar, and many of his works are yet to be published.

During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, Amitoj wrote a poem called ''Roshanara'' as a tribute to a Dhaka University student who was crushed by a Pakistani tank. This poem was released by UNI across the country and was widely appreciated.<ref name=obit/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-01-10/edit-page/28133230_1_roshanara-courtyard-white-dove |title=Roshanara!/ It is hard to imagine/ that you would defrost/ the milk of your breasts/ turn it into blood/ and embrace/ a rolling tank/ How could i ever imagine so? {{!}} Amitoj, Roshanara (Punjabi) |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=2010-01-10 |access-date= }}</ref> He wrote many beautiful poems like ''Lahore De Naam Khat'', ''Buddha Bould'', ''Khali Tarkash'',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amitoj |url=https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/21830292.Amitoj |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=www.goodreads.com}}</ref> and ''Greeting Card''. The Punjabi version of [[Bertolt Brecht|Bertolt Brecht's]] play ''[[The Caucasian Chalk Circle]]'', Parai Kukh, became very popular due to Amitoj's songs.<ref name=obit/>

He died in the Civil Hospital in [[Jalandhar]] on 28 August 2005; and was cremated.<ref name=obit>{{cite news |author=Dutt, Nirupama |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050829/punjab1.htm |title=Obituary: Amitoj’s poems live after him |work=The Tribune, Chandigarh |date=29 August 2005 |access-date=11 January 2026 }}</ref>

== Published works ==
* {{cite book |author= |title=Khali Tarkash |lang=pa |year=1998 |publisher=Opinion Makers |location=Ludhiana, Punjab |isbn=978-9380906881 |url=https://www.amazon.com.au/Khali-Tarkash/dp/9380906889 |via=Amazon.com }}


== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=https://paash.wordpress.com/2008/09/08/amitojs-poem-about-his-last-meeting-with-paash/ |title=Amitoj’s poem about his last meeting with Paash |work=Paash |date=2008-09-08 |access-date=2026-01-11 }}

[[Category:1947 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian poets]]
[[Category:Punjabi-language poets]]
[[Category:Panjab University alumni]]

10th Cavalry Brigade (British Indian Army)

2026-01-10T07:22:10Z

MavisLandale6: page updated

{{For|a similarly numbered formation in existence at the same time|10th Indian Cavalry Brigade}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2013}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade 2nd (2nd South Midland) Mounted Brigade 6th Mounted Brigade 10th Cavalry Brigade
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1908–1921
|country={{flagcountry|UKGBI}}
|allegiance=[[British Crown]]
|branch={{army|United Kingdom|23px}} {{army|British India|23px}}
|type=[[Yeomanry]], [[Cavalry]]
|role=
|size=[[Brigade]]
|command_structure=[[2nd Mounted Division]] [[Imperial Mounted Division]] [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]] [[4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|4th Cavalry Division]]
|garrison=[[Oxford]]
|garrison_label=HQ (peacetime)
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|colors_label=
|march=
|mascot=
|equipment=
|equipment_label=
|battles=[[First World War]]
*[[Gallipoli 1915]]
*[[Sinai and Palestine Campaign|Egypt and Palestine 1916–18]]
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
|battle_honours_label=
|disbanded=
|flying_hours=
|website=

|commander1=
|commander1_label=
|commander2=
|commander2_label=
|commander3=
|commander3_label=
|commander4=
|commander4_label=
|notable_commanders=[[Wilfrith Gerald Key Green]]

|identification_symbol=
|identification_symbol_label=
|identification_symbol_2=
|identification_symbol_2_label=
|identification_symbol_3=
|identification_symbol_3_label=
|identification_symbol_4=
|identification_symbol_4_label=
}}
The '''2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade''' (later numbered as the '''6th Mounted Brigade''') was a [[yeomanry]] [[brigade]] of the [[British Army]], formed as part of the [[Territorial Force]] in 1908.

It served dismounted in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]] before being remounted to serve in the [[Sinai and Palestine Campaign]] in the [[First World War]].

In April 1918, it was merged with elements of the [[5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade]] to form '''10th Cavalry Brigade'''. It remained in Palestine after the end of the war on occupation duties.

==Formation==
{{2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade}}
Under the terms of the [[Territorial and Reserve Forces Act 1907]] (7 Edw.7, c.9), the brigade was formed in 1908 as part of the [[Territorial Force]]. It consisted of three [[yeomanry]] regiments, a [[horse artillery]] [[Artillery battery|battery]] and ammunition column, a transport and supply column and a [[field ambulance]].<ref name=Westlake15>{{harvnb|Westlake|1992|p=15}}</ref>

As the name suggests, the units were drawn from the southern part of the [[The Midlands, England|English Midlands]], predominantly [[Berkshire]], [[Buckinghamshire]] and [[Oxfordshire]].<ref name=Conrad>{{cite web|url = https://marksrussianmilitaryhistory.info/BRIT14.html|title = The British Army, 1914|last1 = Conrad|first1 = Mark|year = 1996|accessdate = 21 February 2013}}</ref>

==First World War==
===2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade===
The brigade was embodied on 4 August 1914 upon the outbreak of the [[First World War]]. Initially, it concentrated in [[Berkshire]]<ref name=Rinaldi59>{{harvnb|Rinaldi|2008|p=59}}</ref> and on 5 August 1914 joined the [[1st Mounted Division]]. On 2 September it was transferred to the [[2nd Mounted Division]] and in mid November 1914 it moved with its division to [[Norfolk]] on coastal defence duties.<ref name=Rinaldi36>{{harvnb|Rinaldi|2008|p=36}}</ref>

On 19 September 1914, the [[Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars]] was posted to the [[British Expeditionary Force (World War I)|BEF]], joining the [[4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom)|4th Cavalry Brigade]].<ref name=LLT_QOOH>{{cite web|publisher=The Long, Long Trail|accessdate=26 March 2013|last=Baker|first=Chris|title=The Oxfordshire Yeomanry|url=http://www.1914-1918.net/ox.htm}}</ref> The [[Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry]] joined in the same month to replace them.<ref name=LLT_QODY>{{cite web|publisher=The Long, Long Trail|accessdate=26 March 2013|last=Baker|first=Chris|title=The Dorset Yeomanry |url=http://www.1914-1918.net/dorsetyeo.htm}}</ref>

====Egypt====
In April 1915, the 2nd Mounted Division moved to [[Egypt]] arriving at [[Alexandria]] between 19 and 21 April<ref name=WestlakeGal>{{harvnb|Westlake|1996|pp=250,251,255,256}}</ref> and was posted to [[Cairo]] by the middle of May.<ref name=Becke16>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=16}}</ref> In May 1915 the brigade was designated '''2nd (2nd South Midland) Mounted Brigade'''.<ref name=Becke14/>

It was dismounted in August 1915 and took part in the [[Gallipoli Campaign]].<ref name=James35>{{harvnb|James|1978|p=35}}</ref> Each regiment left a [[Squadron (army)|squadron]] [[Headquarters#Military|headquarters]] and two [[troop]]s (about 100 officers and men) in Egypt to look after the horses.<ref name=James34>{{harvnb|James|1978|p=34}}</ref>

====Gallipoli====
The brigade landed at "A" Beach, [[Landing at Suvla Bay|Suvla Bay]] on 18 August and moved into [[Military camp|bivouacs]] at Lala Baba on 20 August. On 21 August it advanced to Chocolate Hill via Salt Lake and Hetman Chair and took part in the attack on Scimitar Hill.<ref name=WestlakeGal/>

Due to losses during the [[Battle of Scimitar Hill]] and [[Wastage (military)|wastage]] during August 1915, the [[2nd Mounted Division]] had to be reorganised. On 4 September 1915, the [[1st Composite Mounted Brigade]] was formed from the [[1st South Midland Mounted Brigade|1st (1st South Midland)]], 2nd (2nd South Midland) and [[Yeomanry Mounted Brigade|5th (Yeomanry) Mounted Brigade]]s.<ref name=Becke17>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=17}}</ref> The brigade formed a battalion sized unit '''2nd South Midland Regiment'''.<ref name=Becke13>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=13}}</ref> The brigade embarked for [[Mudros]] on 31 October and returned to Egypt in December 1915 where it was reformed and remounted.<ref name=Becke17/>

===6th Mounted Brigade===
{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:whitesmoke; color:black; width:25em; max-width: 50%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |
'''6th Mounted Brigade''' Organisation, July 1917<ref name=Becke32>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=32}}</ref>
*[[Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry|Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars]]
*[[Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry]]
*[[Berkshire Yeomanry]]
*17th Machine Gun Squadron
*6th Mounted Brigade Signal Troop
*2/South Midland Cavalry [[Field Ambulance]], [[Royal Army Medical Corps|RAMC]]
*4/1st North Midland Mobile Veterinary Section
|}
The brigade left the 2nd Mounted Division on 17 January 1916 and was sent to the Western Frontier of Egypt as an independent formation.<ref name=Becke14>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=14}}</ref> On 31 March 1916, the remaining Mounted Brigades were numbered in a single sequence. As a consequence, the 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade was redesignated as '''6th Mounted Brigade'''.<ref name=James36>{{harvnb|James|1978|p=36}}</ref>

The brigade served with the [[Western Frontier Force]] from January to October 1916.<ref name=Perry55/> It joined the newly formed [[Imperial Mounted Division]] in January 1917 and took part in the [[First Battle of Gaza|First]] and [[Second Battle of Gaza|Second]] Battles of Gaza.<ref name=Perry56>{{harvnb|Perry|1992|p=56}}</ref> The 17th Machine Gun Squadron was formed on 12 January 1917.<ref name=Perry55>{{harvnb|Perry|1992|p=55}}</ref>

The complete brigade was transferred to the newly formed [[Yeomanry Mounted Division]] on 27 June 1917, joining it at el Maraqeb.<ref name=Becke33>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=33}}</ref> From 31 October it took part in the [[Third Battle of Gaza]], including the [[Battle of Beersheba (1917)|Battle of Beersheba]] and the Capture of the Sheria Position. It took part in the [[Battle of Mughar Ridge]] on 13 and 14 November and the [[Battle of Nebi Samwil]] from 17 to 24 November. From 27 to 29 November, it withstood the Turkish counter-attacks during the [[Battle of Jerusalem (1917)|Capture of Jerusalem]].<ref name=Becke34>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=34}}</ref>

===10th Cavalry Brigade===
{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:whitesmoke; color:black; width:25em; max-width: 50%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |
'''10th Cavalry Brigade''' Organisation, September 1918<ref name=Perry22>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=22}}</ref>
*[[Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry]]
*[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]]
*[[38th King George's Own Central India Horse]]
*17th Machine Gun [[Squadron (army)|Squadron]]
*10th Cavalry Brigade Signal Troop
*10th Combined Cavalry [[Field Ambulance]], [[Royal Army Medical Corps|RAMC]]
*10th Mobile Veterinary Section
|}
In March 1918, the [[1st Indian Cavalry Division]] was broken up in France. The British units (notably [[6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons]], [[17th Lancers]], [[1/1st Queen's Own Yorkshire Dragoons]] and [[A Battery, Royal Horse Artillery|A]], [[Q Battery, Royal Horse Artillery|Q]] and [[U Battery, Royal Horse Artillery|U Batteries]] [[Royal Horse Artillery|RHA]]) remained in France and the Indian elements were sent to Egypt.<ref name=Perry16>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=16}}</ref>

By an [[Egyptian Expeditionary Force]] GHQ Order of 12 April 1918, the mounted troops of the EEF were reorganised when the Indian Army units arrived in [[Theater (warfare)|theatre]]. On 24 April 1918, the Yeomanry Mounted Division was ''indianized''{{efn|British divisions were converted to the [[British Indian Army]] standard whereby brigades only retained one British regiment or battalion and most support units were Indian (artillery excepted).}} and its title was changed to 1st Mounted Division,<ref name=Becke24>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=24}}</ref> the third distinct division to bear this title.{{efn|See [[1st Mounted Division]] and [[3rd Mounted Division]].}}

On 24 April 1918, the 6th Mounted Brigade was merged with elements of the [[5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade]]:<ref name=Becke33/>
*the [[Queen's Own Dorset Yeomanry]] remained with the brigade
*the [[Royal Buckinghamshire Yeomanry|Royal Buckinghamshire Hussars]] and the [[Berkshire Yeomanry]] left the brigade on 4 April and were merged to form C Battalion, [[Machine Gun Corps]]. It was posted to France, arriving on 28 June
*[[2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse)]] joined from 5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade
*[[38th King George's Own Central India Horse]] joined from 5th (Mhow) Cavalry Brigade
*17th Machine Gun Squadron remained with the brigade
*6th Mounted Brigade Signal Troop remained with the brigade
*on 11 May, 2/South Midland Cavalry Field Ambulance merged with Mhow Cavalry Field Ambulance to form 6th Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance
*on 11 May, 4/1st North Midland Mobile Veterinary Section merged with Mhow Mobile Veterinary Section to form 6th Mobile Veterinary Section
On 22 July 1918, the 1st Mounted Division was renumbered as the [[4th Cavalry Division (British Indian Army)|4th Cavalry Division]] and the brigade as '''10th Cavalry Brigade'''.<ref name=Perry22/> The sub units (Signal Troop, Combined Cavalry Field Ambulance and Mobile Veterinary Section) were renumbered on the same date.<ref name=Becke33/>

The brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division for the rest of the war, taking part in the [[Battle of Megiddo (1918)|Battle of Megiddo]] and the [[Capture of Damascus (1918)|Capture of Damascus]].<ref name=Perry24>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=24}}</ref>

After the [[Armistice of Mudros]], the brigade remained with 4th Cavalry Division in Palestine as part of the occupation forces. However, demobilization began immediately and by May 1919 most of the British units had been repatriated. The division was finally broken up in 1921.<ref name=Perry24/>

==Commanders==
The 2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade<ref name=Becke1011>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|pp=10,11}}</ref> / 6th Mounted Brigade<ref name=Becke31>{{harvnb|Becke|1936|p=31}}</ref> / 10th Cavalry Brigade<ref name=Perry21>{{harvnb|Perry|1993|p=21}}</ref> had the following commanders:
{| class="wikitable"
! From !! Rank !! Name
|-
| 1 April 1912 || [[Colonel]] || rowspan=2 | [[Thomas Pakenham, 5th Earl of Longford|Earl of Longford]] (killed 21 August 1915)
|-
| 5 August 1914 || [[Brigadier-General]]
|-
| 23 August 1915|| Colonel || C.A. Grenfell (acting, sick 26 August 1915)
|-
| 26 August 1915|| [[Lieutenant-Colonel]] || E.T. Troyte-Bullock (acting, until 4 September 1915){{efn|Brigade was absorbed in [[1st Composite Mounted Brigade]] 4 September to 1 December 1915.}}
|-
| 1 December 1915 || Brigadier-General || [[Thomas Andrew Wight-Boycott|T.A. Wight-Boycott]] (died 30 March 1916)
|-
| by April 1916|| Brigadier-General || [[Thomas Brand, 3rd Viscount Hampden|the Viscount Hampden]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eefinww1.weebly.com/oob-april-16.html|title=Order of Battle: April 1916|website=Egyptian Expeditionary Force in WW1|access-date=22 July 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 17 July 1916 || Brigadier-General || [[Thomas Morton Stanhope Pitt|T.M.S. Pitt]]
|-
| 28 September 1917 || Lieutenant-Colonel || A.M. Pirie (acting)
|-
| 1 October 1917 || Lieutenant-Colonel || [[Randolf Baker|Sir R.L. Baker]] (acting)
|-
| 12 October 1917 || Brigadier-General || [[Charles Godwin|C.A.C Godwin]], [[Distinguished Service Order|DSO]], [[British Indian Army|IA]]<ref name=NZMR>{{cite web | url=http://www.nzmr.org/dmc_1917.html | title=Commanders of the Desert Mounted Corps | accessdate=3 January 2016 | publisher=NZMR Association }}</ref>
|-
| 7 November 1917 || Lieutenant-Colonel || Hon. F.H. Cripps (acting)
|-
| 9 November 1917 || Brigadier-General || C.A.C. Godwin, DSO, IA
|-
| 30 December 1917 || Lieutenant-Colonel || Hon. F.H. Cripps (acting)
|-
| 7 January 1918 || Brigadier-General || C.A.C. Godwin, DSO, IA
|-
| 31 March 1918 || Lieutenant-Colonel || G.K.M. Mason (acting)
|-
| 22 April 1918 || Brigadier-General || C.A.C. Godwin, DSO, IA
|-
| 17 July 1918 || Brigadier-General || [[Richard Howard-Vyse|R.G.H. Howard-Vyse]]
|-
| 21 September 1918 || Brigadier-General || [[Wilfrith Gerald Key Green|W.G.K. Green]], DSO, IA<ref name=NZMR/>
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|United Kingdom}}
* [[2/2nd South Midland Mounted Brigade]] for the 2nd Line formation
* [[10th Indian Cavalry Brigade]] existed at the same time but was unrelated other than having the same number
* [[British yeomanry during the First World War]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book
| last = Becke | first = Major A.F.
| year = 1936
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2A. The Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56)
| publisher = His Majesty's Stationery Office
| location = London
| isbn = 1-871167-12-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last = James | first = Brigadier E.A.
| year = 1978
| title = British Regiments 1914–18
| publisher = Samson Books Limited
| location = London
| isbn = 0-906304-03-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Perry | first = F.W.
| year = 1992
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5A. The Divisions of Australia, Canada and New Zealand and those in East Africa
| publisher = Ray Westlake Military Books
| location = Newport
| isbn = 1-871167-25-6
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Perry | first = F.W.
| year = 1993
| title = Order of Battle of Divisions Part 5B. Indian Army Divisions
| publisher = Ray Westlake Military Books
| location = Newport
| isbn = 1-871167-23-X
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Rinaldi | first = Richard A
| year = 2008
| title = Order of Battle of the British Army 1914
| publisher = Ravi Rikhye
| isbn = 978-0-97760728-0
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Westlake | first = Ray
| year = 1992
| title = British Territorial Units 1914–18
| publisher = Osprey Publishing
| isbn = 978-1-85532-168-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Westlake | first = Ray
| year = 1996
| title = British Regiments at Gallipoli
| publisher = Leo Cooper
| location = Barnsley
| isbn = 0-85052-511-X
}}

[[Category:Brigades of India in World War I|CB10]]
[[Category:Cavalry brigades of the British Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1908]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1921]]

Kota Neelima

2025-12-30T22:27:25Z

MavisLandale6: starting new post from scratch

{{Short description|Indian author, artist, and politician}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=August 2018}}
{{Infobox writer
|name = Kota Neelima
|image =
|caption =
|birth_place = United [[Andhra Pradesh]]
| occupation = Politician, Author, Researcher, Political Commentator, Artist
|language = [[English language|English]]
|nationality = Indian
|education = {{ubl|[[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]|[[University of Delhi]]|[[Johns Hopkins University]]}}
|genre = [[Non-fiction]], [[Fiction]], [[Political commentary|Commentary]]
|notableworks = ''[[Widows of Vidarbha: Making of Shadows|Widows of Vidarbha]]'' ''Shoes Of The Dead''
|spouse = [[Pawan Khera]]<ref name="f642">{{cite web | title=Pawan Khera Latest News, Updates in Hindi | website=आज तक | date=21 February 2023 | url=https://www.aajtak.in/topic/pawan-khera | language=hi | access-date=13 August 2024}}</ref>
|children =
|website = {{URL|https://www.kotaneelima.com/}}
}}

'''Kota Neelima''' is an Indian politician, author, researcher, political commentator and artist. Her writing, art, and academic work include a focus on the themes of rural distress, gender, [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmer suicides]], and the peripheries of democratic societies. She is the author of the nonfiction book ''[[Widows of Vidarbha: Making of Shadows]]'' and several novels about rural farmers in India, including ''Shoes Of The Dead''.

==Early life and education==
Neelima was born to the journalist and author, Late Shri K.V.S. Rama Sarma, and Uma Sarma in United [[Andhra Pradesh]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Senior journalist passes away|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-newdelhi/Senior-journalist-passes-away/article15364356.ece|newspaper=The Hindu|date=20 December 2008}}</ref> She obtained a PhD in political science from [[University of Delhi]], and a Master of Arts in international relations from the [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]], Delhi.<ref name="D’Souza 2019"/> Neelima has also been a Senior Research Fellow, South Asia Studies at the [[Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies]] (SAIS), [[Johns Hopkins University]], [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] DC.<ref name="Jayan 2018"/> She also studied at the Academy of Fine Arts and Literature led by [[Arpana Caur]].<ref name="Kapoor 2018">{{cite news |last1=Kapoor |first1=Aekta |title=It's Near Impossible to Write the Woman's Whole Truth, Says Kota Neelima |url=https://eshe.in/2018/02/12/kota-neelima-widows-of-vidarbha/ |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=eShe |date=February 12, 2018}}</ref>

==Research and writing==
Neelima has written books on the poor and women in India in both genres of fiction and non-fiction. Her novels ''Riverstones'' and ''Moneylender'' are based on rural farmers in India,<ref name="TIE 2009">{{cite news |last1=Express News Service |title=Kota Neelima's new novel released in city |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/kota-neelimas-new-novel-released-in-city/ |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=October 7, 2009}}</ref> and her novel ''Shoes of the Dead'' includes a focus on [[Farmers' suicides in India|farmer suicides]].<ref>Reviews of ''Shoes of the Dead''
*{{cite news|last=Balantrapu |first=Mihir |title=Gritty realities|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/gritty-realities/article4985467.ece|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=3 August 2013|access-date=18 September 2021}}
*{{cite news |last1=Narayan |first1=Manjula |title=Review: Shoes Of The Dead |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-shoes-of-the-dead/story-YfNb9c7EXZcC5JXnIFxUoL.html |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=Hindustan Times |date=26 April 2013 |language=en}}</ref> In 2016, filmmaker [[Vetrimaaran]] optioned ''Shoes of The Dead'' to be adapted into a film.<ref name="Srinivasan 2016">{{cite news |last1=Srinivasan |first1=Latha |title=Meet Neelima Kota - the author who writes about farmer suicides in India |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/interview-vetrimaaran-s-film-will-bring-about-positive-change-says-the-shoes-of-the-dead-author-neelima-kota-2197226 |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[Zee News#Newspaper|DNA]] |date=April 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Neelima Kota is confident that Vetrimaaran will do justice to her book|agency=IANS|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/regional-cinema/story/shoe-of-the-dead-neelima-kota-is-confident-that-vetrimaaran-will-do-justice-to-her-book-314007-2016-03-19|newspaper=[[India Today]]|date=19 March 2016|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> Her novel ''The Honest Season'' is a political thriller with a female journalist as the lead character.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Honest Season review: An engrossing political thriller that moves at a good pace|last=Dubey |first=Divya |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/an-engrossing-political-thriller/story-tiV1KB8nCapvydpAbvA3RN.html|newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=21 May 2016|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref>

Her non-fiction book ''[[Widows of Vidarbha: Making of Shadows]]'' is about the life of widows after the suicides of their farmer husbands due to agriculture distress in [[Vidarbha]] region of Maharashtra.<ref name="Jayan 2018">{{cite news|last=Jayan |first=TV |title=Unseen victims of farm distress|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/books/kota-neelima-book-review-widows-of-vidarbha-making-of-shadows/article23349489.ece|newspaper=[[Business Line|The Hindu Business Line]]|date=25 March 2018|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> In a review for the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'', Manjula Narayan writes, "The writing is taut, often ironic, and devoid of unnecessary adjectives and stylistic flourishes. Instead, the author allows the women to speak, putting down the nuances of each of their stories, almost editing herself out. The result is a book that's filled with stark pain, one that's almost unbearably honest."<ref name="Narayan 2018">{{cite news |last1=Narayan |first1=Manjula |title=Review: Widows of Vidarbha by Kota Neelima |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/review-widows-of-vidarbha-by-kota-neelima/story-TSxMikncXssEvcJ6dc22zN.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=April 27, 2018}}</ref> Her non-fiction works also include two books on spirituality. One of them, ''Tirupati: A Guide to Life'' has been translated to [[Hindi]], [[Telugu language|Telugu]] and [[Tamil language|Tamil]] languages.

As a journalist, Neelima covered politics as a principal correspondent for ''[[The Indian Express]]'' and was the Political Editor of ''[[The Sunday Guardian]]''.<ref name="Jayan 2018"/> Neelima writes in ''[[Economic and Political Weekly]]'', ''[[The Huffington Post]]'' India,<ref>{{cite news|title=Author profile at Huffington Post India|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.in/bloggers/kota-neelima/|newspaper=The Huffington Post|date=13 February 2017}}</ref> ''[[The Quint]]'', ''[[The Wire]]'',<ref name="D’Souza 2019">{{cite news |last1=D’Souza |first1=Ornella |title=Thorns in the fields of women farmers |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/thesundaystandard/2019/aug/25/thorns-in-the-fields-of-women-farmers-2023842.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=August 25, 2019}}</ref> ''[[Zee News#Newspaper|DNA]]'',<ref>{{cite news|title=Author profile at DNA|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/authors/kota-neelima|date=7 March 2018}}</ref> and ''[[Hindustan Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Misra |first1=Manjima |title=How Is The Agrarian Distress In Maharashtra Affecting Women |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2019/11/08/agrarian-distress-maharashtra-affecting-women/ |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=Feminism In India |date=November 8, 2019}}</ref> Her research organization, Institute of Perception Studies (IPS), maps rural distress and advocates for solutions,<ref name="Parasa 2021">{{cite news |last1=Parasa |first1=Rajeswari |title=How Hakku Initiative has been checking Hyderabad's monsoon preparedness |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/how-hakku-initiative-has-been-checking-hyderabads-monsoon-preparedness-152479 |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The News Minute]] |date=July 16, 2021}}</ref> and is also the founder of Rate The Debate, a campaign about media reforms.<ref name="Quint 2020">{{cite news |date=December 31, 2021 |title=Meet the unsung heroes of TS, AP who made a difference in 2021 |work=<nowiki>[[News Meter]</nowiki> |url=https://newsmeter.in/must-read/laila-to-blb-meet-the-unsung-heroes-of-ts-ap-who-made-a-difference-in-2021-688870 |access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> She is also heading Hakku Initiative, Hyderabad, which is a campaign-based and solution-oriented initiative, some of its campaigns are 'Is Hyderabad Monsoon Ready?.<ref name="Quint 2020" />', Citizen Safety and Wine Shops', Sanitation Warriors of Hyderabad, Wall Against Citizens, Paddy Farmers of Telangana, Close Drain Save Lifes, Citizen Referendum on Wine Shops in Hyderabad.<ref name="New Indian Express 2022">{{cite news |date=February 19, 2022 |title=Citizens win fight against wine shop permit room in Hyderabad|work=<nowiki>[[New Indian Express]</nowiki> |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/hyderabad/2022/feb/19/citizens-win-fight-against-wine-shop-permit-room-in-hyderabad-2421208.html|access-date=8 October 2022}}</ref> Her academic articles are on distress, farmer suicides and reforms on electoral system in India, such as 'Right to Recall'.<ref>{{cite news|title=Right to Recall reform experience in Madhya Pradesh|url=https://www.epw.in/journal/2017/13/commentary/%E2%80%98right-recall%E2%80%99-reform-experience-madhya-pradesh.html|magazine=Economic and Political Weekly|date=1 April 2017}}</ref> She also speaks at academic institutions on topics including agricultural crisis and gender. Her initiative StudioAdda conducts periodic outreach events like art and photography shows, and discussions on social, economic and political conditions of India.

Neelima also participates in literary festivals and discussions, including the [[Jaipur Literary Festival]],<ref>{{cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Poulomi|title=India's invisible widows: Its time for a separate kind of feminism in rural India|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/books/india-s-invisible-widows-it-s-time-for-a-separate-kind-of-feminism-in-rural-india/story-bxf68b9E6RhClcGxFkWcyL.html|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=27 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chatterjee|first=Rituparna |title=Apologise or we won't allow to participate in Jaipur Lit Fest, Karni Sena Threatens Author Kota Neelima |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/2018/01/24/apologise-or-we-wont-allow-you-to-participate-in-jaipur-lit-a-fest-karni-sena-threatens-author-kota-neelima_a_23341854/|newspaper=Huffpost|date=24 January 2018}}</ref> Apeejay Kolkata Literary Festival, [[Dehradun Literature Festival]], Odisha Literary Festival,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/odisha/2018/sep/29/eastern-indias-biggest-literary-show-from-today-1878624.html|title=Eastern India's biggest literary show from today|date=2018-09-29|work=The New Indian Express|access-date=2018-01-18|language=en-IN}}</ref> Times LitFest,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/timeslitfest/delhi/speakers |title=Times LitFest Speakers|date=2018-09-29|work=The Times of India|access-date=2021-09-16|language=en-IN}}</ref> OotyLitFest <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://ootylitfest.in/2021-WEB/index.html|title=Ooty Lit Festival, 2021|date=2021-09-29|work=OotyLitFest|access-date=2022-10-08|language=en-IN|archive-date=7 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221007204655/http://ootylitfest.in/2021-WEB/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Times LitFest,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/timeslitfest/delhi/speakers |title=Times LitFest Speakers|date=2018-09-29|work=The Times of India|access-date=2019-08-03|language=en-IN}}</ref> Delhi Literary Festival and a workshop organsied by Pune University on the issues rural farm widows.

==Publications==
===Non-fiction books===
* ''Tirupati: A Guide to Life'', Penguin (2012)
* ''Tirumala: Sacred Foods of God'', Roli Publications (2017)
* ''[[Widows of Vidarbha|Widows of Vidarbha: Making of Shadows]]'', Oxford University Press, (2018)

===Fiction books===
* ''Riverstones'', Penguin (Reprint/2016)
* ''Death of a Moneylender'', Penguin (Reprint/2016)
* ''Shoes of the Dead'', Rupa Publications (2013)
* ''The Honest Season'', Penguin (2015)

===Chapter in edited books===
*"Tirupati: The God for a Modern Age" in ''Travelling In, Travelling Out: A Book of Unexpected Journeys'' Edited by [[Namita Gokhale]] (2014)

===Articles===
* Widows of Farmer Suicide Victims in Vidarbha, ''Economic and Political Weekly'', Vol.53, Issue No. 26-27, 30 June 2018, pp. 24–31.
* 'Right to Recall' Reform Experience in Madhya Pradesh, ''Economic and Political Weekly'', Vol.LII, No. 13, 1 April 2017, pp. 24–26.

==Painting and photography==
Neelima is also a painter whose work often incorporates [[Charcoal (art)|charcoal]] sketching before paint.<ref>{{cite news|last=Ranjan |first=Dhriti Gandhi |title=Art and reconciliation|url=https://www.theweek.in/leisure/society/2018/04/22/art-reconciliation-kota-neelima.html|newspaper=[[The Week (Indian magazine)|The Week]]|date=22 April 2018|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> In 2017, in her exhibition ''Remains of Ayodhya, Places of Worship'',<ref name="Thiyyadi 2017">{{cite news |last1=Thiyyadi |first1=Sreevalsan |title=Thicket Of Flowery Trees Is The Idol |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/thicket-of-flowery-trees-is-the-idol/297661 |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]] |date=January 17, 2017}}</ref> she reflected on [[Ayodhya]] and related themes of freedom and harmony.<ref name="TSG 2017">{{cite news |last1=Correspondent |title=Reimagining Ayodhya as a bastion of peace and freedom |url=https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/art/7878-reimagining-ayodhya-bastion-peace-and-freedom |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The Sunday Guardian]] |date=January 7, 2017}}</ref> In 2018, Swati Rai wrote for ''[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]]'', "As an artist, her paintings abound in minimalism, which is a clear and consistent element in her art."<ref name="Rai 2018">{{cite news |last1=Rai |first1=Swati |title=What the moon says |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/arts/what-the-moon-says-597594 |access-date=19 September 2021 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)|The Tribune]] |date=June 3, 2018}}</ref> Her 2018 exhibition ''Metaphors of the Moon'' was influenced by her work on her book ''[[Widows of Vidarbha: Making of Shadows]]'', which documented the lives of widows after the suicides of their farmer husbands.<ref name="R 2018">{{cite news |last1=R |first1=Shilpa |title=Kota Neelima's latest expo explores the lives of widows of Vidarbha farmers |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/art/many-shades-of-moon/article23912021.ece |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=May 17, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Raghuvanshi |first=Alka |title=Metaphors of the nature to the fore|url=https://www.asianage.com/life/art/310518/metaphors-of-nature-to-the-fore.html|newspaper=[[The Asian Age]]|date=31 May 2018|access-date=18 September 2021}}</ref> In a review of the exhibit, Shilpa R writes, "The concept of negotiating and documenting the absence in and around us has been a recurring motif in the author-painter's oeuvre. [...] As is her wont, Neelima has always turned to the creative medium to draw attention to what she felt was left unsaid in the written word."<ref name="R 2018"/>

In 2019, sales proceeds from her ninth solo exhibition, a photography exhibit titled ''The Nature of Things: Death and Dualism in Indian Villages'' that is part of her research for [[Azim Premji University]], Bengaluru,<ref name="D’Souza 2019"/> were donated to farmers' widows.<ref name="IANS 2019"/>

Her works have been featured at the [[Lalit Kala Akademi]]<ref name="IANS 2018">{{cite news |title=Farmers' widows inspire Kota Neelima's art |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/farmers-widows-inspire-kota-neelima-s-art-118051800358_1.html |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=Business Standard |agency=IANS |date=May 18, 2018}}</ref> and the [[India Habitat Centre]] in Delhi, and in art shows in [[Mumbai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Kolkata]], among other cities in India.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Manifest Absence|url=https://www.nehrucentre.org.uk/events/exhibition-4/|newspaper=Nehru Centre|date=10 September 2018}}</ref> Her works have also been featured at several international exhibitions, including [[Nehru Centre, London|The Nehru Centre, London]], Museum, and [[China]] Art Museum, National Museum of Fine Arts, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan.<ref>{{cite news|title=Indian Contemporary Arts Exhibition in Bishkek|url=https://indembbishkek.gov.in/news_view.php?nid=65|date=18-23 October 2016}}</ref> Her works are part of the permanent collection in Museum of Sacred Arts, [[Belgium]].<ref name="IANS 2019">{{cite news |title=Reflections of farmers' suicides, widows in Kota Neelima's paintings |url=https://www.thequint.com/news/hot-news/reflections-of-farmers-suicides-widows-in-kota-neelima-s-paintings#read-more |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The Quint]] |agency=IANS |date=September 12, 2019}}</ref>

==Political career==
Neelima has served as General Secretary, [[Telangana Pradesh Congress Committee]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Telangana Congress plans 'guarantee card' for Dharani glitches |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2023/jan/05/telangana-congress-plans-guarantee-card-for-dharani-glitches-2534804.html |access-date=19 February 2023 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=January 5, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Pulipaka |first1=Balu |title=Nearly a million farmers losing out on MSP in Telangana |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/nation/in-other-news/151222/nearly-a-million-farmers-losing-out-on-msp-in-state.html |access-date=19 February 2023 |work=[[Deccan Chronicle]] |date=December 16, 2022}}</ref> In 2023, she was the [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] candidate from Sanathnagar for the Telangana Assembly.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Janyala |first1=Sreenivas |title=Telangana Congress first list, the key takeaways: Party bets on experience, all three Lok Sabha MPs in fray |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/telangana-congress-first-list-key-takeaways-lok-sabha-mps-in-fray-8983859/ |access-date=8 January 2024 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=15 October 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Dr. Kota Neelima Election Results 2023: News, Votes, Results of Telangana Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/elections/telangana-assembly-election-candidates-list-2023/dr-kota-neelima-54062-2 |access-date=6 March 2024 |work=[[NDTV]] |language=en}}</ref>

==Honors and awards==
* Exceptional Women of Excellence, Women Economic Forum (WEF) 2019<ref>{{cite web |title=Women Economic Forums Awards |url=https://wefawards.in/cat.php?cat=66&awardid=4 |publisher=Women Economic Forum. |access-date=18 September 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918205343/https://wefawards.in/cat.php?cat=66&awardid=4 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wef.org.in/wef-2019-program-details/|title=Women Economic Forum|date=2019-04-11|work=WEF|access-date=2019-04-11|language=en-IN}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Neelima is married to [[Indian National Congress|Congress Party]] spokesperson [[Pawan Khera]].<ref name="PTI 2020">{{cite news |title=Congress leaders' families move SC for intervention in Sudarshan TV case |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/congress-leaders-families-move-sc-for-intervention-in-sudarshan-tv-case-6609024/ |access-date=18 September 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]] |agency=PTI |date=September 24, 2020}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of Indian writers]]
* [[List of Indian women writers]]
* [[List of Indian women artists]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|https://www.kotaneelima.com/}}
* [https://scroll.in/article/778184/how-to-engineer-a-communal-riot-when-fiction-can-tell-the-truth ''The Honest Season'' excerpt] (''[[Scroll.in]]'', 2015)

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Neelima, Kota}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women artists]]
[[Category:English-language Indian writers]]
[[Category:Writers from Delhi]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian journalists]]
[[Category:Indian novelists]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru University alumni]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian artists]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian women politicians]]

Barfi! (soundtrack)

2025-12-25T06:25:30Z

MavisLandale6: starting new entry initial version...

{{EngvarB|date = January 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox album
| name = Barfi!
| type = Soundtrack
| artist = [[Pritam]]
| cover = Barfi! (soundtrack).jpg
| alt =
| caption = Soundtrack cover
| released = 9 August 2012
| recorded = 2012
| venue =
| studio =
| genre = [[Film soundtrack|Feature film soundtrack]]
| length = 38:52
| language = [[Hindi]]
| label = [[Sony Music India]]
| producer = Pritam
| prev_title = [[Cocktail (2012 film)|Cocktail]]
| prev_year = 2012
| next_title = [[Rush (2012 film)|Rush]]
| next_year = 2012
}}

'''''Barfi!''''' is the [[soundtrack album]] for the 2012 [[Hindi]] film of the [[Barfi!|same name]]. The music and original score is composed by [[Pritam]] and featured lyrics written by [[Swanand Kirkire]], Ashish Pandit, [[Neelesh Misra]] and [[Sayeed Quadri]]. The film is directed by [[Anurag Basu]] and produced by [[Ronnie Screwvala]] and [[Siddharth Roy Kapur]] under [[UTV Motion Pictures]], starring [[Ranbir Kapoor]], [[Priyanka Chopra]], and [[Ileana D'Cruz]] in the lead roles. The film marks Pritam's third collaboration with Basu after [[Gangster (2006 film)|''Gangster'']] (2006) and ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'' (2007). The album was under-development, when the film was in [[post-production]] stage and was completed only by early-August 2012. All the tracks in the film expresses the feelings of Kapoor's character.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-12|title='Barfi!' songs express Ranbir's character's feelings|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/barfi-songs-express-ranbirs-characters-feelings-497806.html|access-date=2022-01-07|website=News18|language=en}}</ref>

The original soundtrack consisted of ten tunes (six original songs and four alternative renditions of the tracks), also including a promotional single which was not included in the film. It was released on 9 August 2012 by the [[Sony Music India]] label and received highly positive reviews from critics and audiences.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-09-15|title=Anupama Chopra's review: Barfi|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/movie-reviews/anupama-chopra-s-review-barfi/story-8rCfZkjHqQrOIiNKDvycJM.html|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> Due to its critical and commercial reception, the album was hailed by music critics as "one of the best Bollywood albums of the year and decade".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Nair|first=Vipin|date=2019-12-30|title=Bollywood music: A decade of highs and lows|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/bollywood-music-a-decade-of-highs-and-lows/article30435226.ece|access-date=2022-01-07|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> It was a recipient of several awards and nominations, including two [[Filmfare Awards]], four [[IIFA Awards]], three [[Screen Awards]], an [[Asian Film Award]], a [[The Times of India Group|Times of India Film Award]] and a [[Producers Guild Film Awards|Producers Guild Film Award]].

== Production ==
The soundtrack album consisted of ten tunes – six original songs and four alternative tunes composed for three original tracks: "Ala Barfi", "Aashiyan" and "[[Phir Le Aya Dil]]"; the versions consisted of a [[reprise]]d, redux and solo rendition. The soundtrack was influenced by Brazilian [[Bossa nova]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Holla, Anand|title=On Record – Yum this Barfi!|url=http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=36&sectid=edid=&edlabel=PMIR&mydateHid=30-08-2012&pubname=Mirror+-+Pune&edname=&articleid=Ar03601&publabel=MM|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411234359/http://mobilepaper.timesofindia.com/mobile.aspx?article=yes&pageid=36&sectid=edid=&edlabel=PMIR&mydateHid=30-08-2012&pubname=Mirror+-+Pune&edname=&articleid=Ar03601&publabel=MM|archive-date=11 April 2013|access-date=11 April 2013|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> One of the lead actors, [[Priyanka Chopra]] was supposed to sing a track for the film, but her contract with [[Universal Music]] prevented her from taking the offer.<ref>{{cite web|date=7 August 2012|title=Why did Priyanka Chopra refuse to sing for 'Barfi!'?|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-did-priyanka-chopra-refuse-to-sing-for-barfi-627094|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150914222118/http://movies.ndtv.com/bollywood/why-did-priyanka-chopra-refuse-to-sing-for-barfi-627094|archive-date=14 September 2015|access-date=7 August 2012|publisher=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> The album consisted of minimalistic use of instruments in the songs and score (mostly [[cello]]s and [[violin]]s),<ref>{{Cite web|title=Review: Don't miss 'Barfi!'s magic for anything|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-don-t-miss-barfi-s-magic-for-anything-1740598|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-07|website=DNA India|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216221344/http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-don-t-miss-barfi-s-magic-for-anything-1740598 |archive-date=16 December 2017 }}</ref> due to the setting and treatment of the storyline.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2012-08-03|title=Barfi!: Welcome back, Pritam Chakraborty|url=https://www.news18.com/news/music/barfi-welcome-back-pritam-chakraborty-500720.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-07|website=News18|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111120044/https://www.news18.com/news/music/barfi-welcome-back-pritam-chakraborty-500720.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 }}</ref> The soundtrack was conceptualised, when the film was under post-production stage and was ready by early-August 2012. The film only featured few lip-synced songs as they are placed according to the situation and the characters: Barfi ([[Ranbir Kapoor]]) and Jhilmil (Chopra) were deaf and mute.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chopra|first=Anupama|date=2017-10-16|title=Pritam Interview On His Process Of Creating Music|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/interviews/bollywood-interview/pritam-interview-with-anupama-chopra/|website=[[Film Companion]]|language=en-US}}</ref>

The titular track "Ala Barfi" is a fun-filled number which explores the theme of the film.<ref>{{Cite web|title=5 reasons why we still love Barfi!|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/5-reasons-why-we-still-love-barfi-15568.html|access-date=2022-01-07|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-04|title=From Barfi, Jalebi Bai to Garam Chai Bollywood Songs Inspired by Street Food|url=https://www.pinkvilla.com/lifestyle/food-travel/barfi-jalebi-bai-garam-chai-bollywood-songs-inspired-street-food-554429|access-date=2022-01-07|website=PINKVILLA|language=en}}</ref> Kapoor recommended [[Mohit Chauhan]] to sing the title track of the film, after he received praise for the singing in the [[A. R. Rahman]]-composition "[[Sadda Haq (song)|Sadda Haq]]" for ''[[Rockstar (2011 film)|Rockstar]]'' (2011), which was a chartbuster. He further stated that "Mohit babajee (Mohit Chauhan) has sung the title song ''Ala Barfi'' and I am very happy. A singer generally doesn't get the credit for the importance he brings to the career of an actor [...] But if you look at late singers Mohd Rafi, Mukeshji and Kishore Kumar, they used to add a lot to an actor's career."{{Citation needed|date=November 2024}}

The [[ghazal]] track "[[Phir Le Aya Dil]]" consisted of three versions sung individually by [[Rekha Bhardwaj]], [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]], based on the moods of the characters.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Gaekwad|first=Manish|title=What has changed in the emotional landscape of the happy-sad song in Hindi film music?|url=https://scroll.in/reel/812745/what-has-changed-in-the-emotional-landscape-of-the-happy-sad-song-in-hindi-film-music|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Scroll.in|date=30 July 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> Manish Gaekwad of ''[[Scroll.in]]'' opined that "The songs are not categorised as happy or sad. Instead, for an age in which songs are remixed, reprised and reduxed, each of the versions has a distinctly new flavour. The ghazal blurs the line between the two polarised states of mind, finding a meeting point to coexist as one. It makes us happy and sad, both at the same time."<ref name=":1" /> The musical theme composed for the film, by Pritam, is inspired from the background score from the French film ''[[Amélie]]'' (2001).<ref>{{cite web|date=27 September 2013|title='Barfi': The thin line between inspiration and plagiarism|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/barfi-the-thin-line-between-inspiration-and-plagiarism/295549-8-66.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120022248/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/barfi-the-thin-line-between-inspiration-and-plagiarism/295549-8-66.html|archive-date=20 November 2012|access-date=28 December 2012|publisher=[[CNN-IBN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-07-07|title=Barfi's soundtrack is just like French film, Amelie, in the trailer|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/barfis-soundtrack-is-just-like-french-film-amelie-in-the-trailer-370965.html|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref>

== Marketing ==
The songs "Ala Barfi", "Main Kya Karoon" and "Kyon" were launched earlier prior to the official album release.<ref name=":0" /> On 9 August 2012, [[UTV Motion Pictures]], the film's production company, released the audio under the exclusive license from [[Sony Music India]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Pritam|author-link=Pritam|date=2012-08-09|title=Barfi! (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://music.apple.com/in/album/barfi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/554640982|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-07|publisher=iTunes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200305134231/https://music.apple.com/in/album/barfi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack/554640982 |archive-date=5 March 2020 }}</ref> The songs were made available to streaming on the digital platforms and were released through audio CDs, few days later.<ref name=":5">{{Citation|title=Pritam – Barfi! (2012, CD)|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/6999411-Pritam-Barfi|language=en|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref> In an attempt to promote the music album, the musical team led by Pritam and the cast and crew, hosted [[Concert|mini-concerts]] across India.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Barfi!: The team of 'Brafi!' to start music concerts - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/barfi-the-team-of-brafi-to-start-music-concerts/articleshow/16278520.cms|access-date=2022-01-07|website=The Times of India|date=6 September 2012 |language=en}}</ref> The event that started from 31 August 2012 at [[Mumbai]], continued to be held on [[Kolkata]], [[Bangalore]] and [[Delhi]] during 1, 3 and 5 September.<ref name=":2" />

The soundtrack album also contains a song titled "Fatafati", sung by [[Pritam Chakraborty]], [[Arijit Singh]] and [[Nakash Aziz]], which was not used in the film, but the song was released as a promotional single on [[YouTube]] on 10 September 2012 with a video which contains some behind-the-scenes footage and the additional vocals are sung by Ranbir Kapoor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 11, 2012|title=Barfi mania: Ranbir Kapoor turns singer with Fatafati!|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/movies/bollywood/story/ranbir-kapoor-sings-barfi-115716-2012-09-11|access-date=2022-01-07|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2012-09-13|title=Barfi: What the f*** is 'Fatafati'?|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/barfi-what-the-f-is-fatafati-507249.html|access-date=2022-01-07|website=News18|language=en}}</ref> The song also has some [[Bengali language|Bengali]] lyrics written by [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Barfi Blast: Ranbir Kapoor sings for the first time|work=Bollywood.com|url=http://www.bollywood.com/barfi-blast-ranbir-kapoor-sings-first-time|url-status=dead|access-date=11 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106042755/http://www.bollywood.com/barfi-blast-ranbir-kapoor-sings-first-time|archive-date=6 November 2012}}</ref> ''[[News18]]''-based critic had stated that the shooting of "Fatafati" reminds of the viral Tamil song "[[Why This Kolaveri Di]]".<ref name=":3" />

== Track listing ==
{{track listing
| headline =
| title5 = Aashiyan
| lyrics2 = Ashish Pandit
| length2 = 4:30
| title4 = Kyon
| extra4 = [[Papon (Assamese singer)|Papon]], [[Sunidhi Chauhan]]
| lyrics6 = Swanand Kirkire
| extra_column = Singer(s)
| length4 = 4:26
| title3 = [[Phir Le Aya Dil]]
| extra3 = [[Rekha Bhardwaj]]
| lyrics3 = [[Sayeed Quadri]]
| lyrics4 = [[Neelesh Misra]]
| extra5 = [[Shreya Ghoshal]], [[Nikhil Paul George]]
| lyrics5 = Swanand Kirkire
| length5 = 3:56
| title6 = Saawali Si Raat
| extra6 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| title1 = Ala Barfi
| extra1 = [[Mohit Chauhan]]
| lyrics1 = [[Swanand Kirkire]]
| length1 = 5:19
| title2 = Main Kya Karoon
| extra2 = [[Nikhil Paul George]]
| length3 = 5:05
| lyrics10 = Swanand Kirkire
| title7 = Ala Barfi
| lyrics8 = Sayeed Quadri
| length8 = 4:45
| lyrics9 = Sayeed Quadri
| title9 = [[Phir Le Aya Dil]]
| extra9 = [[Shafqat Amanat Ali]]
| length6 = 5:08
| note9 = Redux
| length9 = 5:03
| title10 = Aashiyan
| note10 = Solo
| length10 = 4:08
| extra10 = Nikhil Paul George
| title11 = Fataafati
| extra11 = [[Arijit Singh]], [[Nakash Aziz]], [[Pritam Chakraborty]], [[Ranbir Kapoor]]
| lyrics11 = [[Amitabh Bhattacharya]]
| length11 = 3:46
| extra7 = Swanand Kirkire
| lyrics7 = Swanand Kirkire
| length7 = 5:41
| title8 = [[Phir Le Aya Dil]]
| note8 = Reprise
| extra8 = [[Arijit Singh]]
| note7 = Reprise
}}

== Release history ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
! scope="col" |Region
! scope="col" |Date
! scope="col" |Format(s)
! scope="col" |Version
!Catalogue code
! scope="col" |Label
! scope="col" |{{abbr|Ref.|References}}
|-
! scope="row" |Worldwide
|9 August 2012
|{{hlist|3=[[Music download|Digital download]]|4=[[streaming media|streaming]]}}
|Standard
|N/A
| rowspan="4" |[[Sony Music India]]
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":4" />
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |India
|23 August 2012
| rowspan="2" |[[Compact disc|CD]]
|Standard
| rowspan="2" |88725 47438 2
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":5" />
|-
|7 January 2013
|Repress
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Citation|title=Pritam – Barfi! (2013, CD)|date=July 2013 |url=https://www.discogs.com/release/19090675-Pritam-Barfi|language=en|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" |United Kingdom
|17 December 2012
|[[Phonograph record|Vinyl]]
|Standard
|DADC000379
| style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Citation|title=Pritam – Barfi! (2012, Vinyl)|url=https://www.discogs.com/release/10076319-Pritam-Barfi|language=en|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref>
|}

== Reception ==

=== Critical review ===
''Barfi!''{{'}}s soundtrack received positive reviews by critics. ''[[Hindustan Times]]''-based critic rated the album 4.5 out of 5 stars and stated that "the soundtrack is a joyride sans flaws". It further wrote "Pritam has given many hits, but like his tunes in ''[[Life in a... Metro]]'', this one will be remembered for breaking the monotony in his sound. There are no foot-tapping numbers or remixes here, but the simplicity that makes this album a winner."<ref>{{cite web|date=10 August 2012|title=Music Review: Barfi! music is simple, flawless|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Music-Review-Barfi-music-is-simple-flawless/Article1-920575.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216134358/http://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/music-review-barfi-music-is-simple-flawless/article1-920575.aspx|archive-date=16 December 2014|access-date=11 April 2013|work=[[Hindustan Times]]}}</ref> Joginder Tuteja of ''[[Bollywood Hungama]]'' rated the album 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated "''Barfi!''{{'}}s soundtrack is quite good and is easily one of the best quality creations by Pritam. He has totally reinvented himself with this album which defies Bollywood norms and boasts of a sound of its own. However the biggest challenge lies in the fact that the album has hit the stands really late in the day. What further distinguishes the album from other 'ready to serve' chartbuster scores is the fact that it carries its own distinct (and very good) sound that requires time to grow and register itself with the audience."<ref>{{cite web|author=Tuteja, Joginder|date=19 August 2012|title=Barfi! Music Review|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/547829|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908052734/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/musiccriticreview/id/547829|archive-date=8 September 2012|access-date=3 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>

''[[Indiatimes]]''-based critic Anand Vaishnav wrote "Like Kapoor's ''Rockstar'', ''Barfi'' too is a high-quality album. But while ''Rockstar's'' music wowed us with its complexity and layered sound, ''Barfi''<nowiki/>'s strength lies in its subtlety and simplicity [...] And though initially, the music may come across as a bit inaccessible, in terms of its sound and flavor; every song feels like it's a part of the story."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-13|title=Barfi Music Review|url=https://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/music-review-barfi-37352.html|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-07|website=IndiaTimes|language=en-IN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824154329/http://www.indiatimes.com/bollywood/music-review-barfi-37352.html |archive-date=24 August 2012 }}</ref> Jaspreet Pandohar, in his review for [[BBC]], stated with a verdict: "The creative arrangements and beautiful lyrics make for a standout soundtrack which is an easy listening fit for both world cinema and music-loving audiences".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandohar|first=Jaspreet|title=BBC - Music - Review of Pritam Chakraborty - Barfi!|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/reviews/3r5c/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-07|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121115015725/http://www.bbc.co.uk:80/music/reviews/3r5c |archive-date=15 November 2012 }}</ref> Karthik Srinivasan of ''Milliblog'' said "Much like his earlier combo with Anurag Basu in Life in a Metro, Pritam delivers a whopper, again!"<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-10|title=Barfi (Music review), Hindi – Pritam by Milliblog!|url=https://milliblog.com/2012/08/21/barfi-music-review-hindi-pritam/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718064747/http://milliblog.com/2012/08/21/barfi-music-review-hindi-pritam/ |archive-date=18 July 2017 }}</ref> Vipin Nair of ''Music Aloud'' gave 9/10 to the album saying it as "the best soundtrack of Pritam, who has been in good form this year".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-11|title=Barfi – Music Review|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2012/08/22/barfi-music-review/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Music Aloud|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331191113/http://www.musicaloud.com/2012/08/22/barfi-music-review/ |archive-date=31 March 2014 }}</ref>

=== Commercial response ===
The commercial response to the album led to feature in several year-end and decade-end lists regarding the "Best Bollywood Albums". In 2017, [[Film Companion]] listed the album in the 57th position regarding the ''Top 100 Bollywood Albums'',<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nair|first=Vipin|date=2017-11-07|title=Top 100 Bollywood Albums|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/music/top-100-bollywood-albums/|website=[[Film Companion]]|language=en-US}}</ref> and also listed in the 6th position, in the ''10 Best Hindi Film Albums of the Decade''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ghosh|first=Sankhayan|date=2019-12-16|title=The 10 Best Hindi Film Albums of the Decade|url=https://www.filmcompanion.in/features/bollywood-features/the-10-best-hindi-film-albums-of-the-decade/|website=[[Film Companion]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Akshay Manwani of ''[[Firstpost]]'' too hailed it as one of the Best Hindi Film Albums of the Decade; calling it as a "delectable treat", he further wrote " Music composer Pritam, though, merits the biggest pat on the back as he imbues every composition in ''Barfi!'' with feeling, a quality sorely lacking in so many contemporary film albums".<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-22|title=Best Hindi film albums of this decade, from Gully Boy, AR Rahman's Rockstar to Amit Trivedi's Manmarziyaan|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/bollywood/best-hindi-film-albums-of-this-decade-from-ar-rahmans-rockstar-to-amit-trivedis-manmarziyaan-7807911.html|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Firstpost|language=en}}</ref> On the special edition released on [[World Music Day]] (21 June 2021), Devesh Sharma of ''[[Filmfare]]'' who wrote for the column, titled "World Music Day Special: Best Bollywood albums of last decade" included ''Barfi!'' as one of the list.<ref>{{Cite web|title=World Music Day Special: Best Bollywood albums of last decade|url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/world-music-day-special-best-bollywood-albums-of-last-decade-41678.html|access-date=2022-01-07|website=filmfare.com|language=en}}</ref> Tatsam Mukherjee's column for ''[[HuffPost|Huffington Post]]'' about "Top 20 Bollywood Albums Since 2000" (ranked in non-chronological order) listed the album.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-12|title=The 20 Best Hindi Film Albums Since 2000, Ranked|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/the-top-20-hindi-film-albums-since-2000-ranked_in_5f5ced54c5b6b485080127c7|access-date=2022-01-07|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref>

"Main Kya Karoon" was listed in the ''Top 10 Bollywood Songs of 2012'', by ''[[The Times of India]]''.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Top 10 Bollywood songs of 2012 - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/music/news/top-10-bollywood-songs-of-2012/articleshow/17663583.cms|access-date=2022-01-07|website=The Times of India|date=18 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> "Ala Barfi" was listed in [[India Today]]'s Chartbusters 2012, where it was featured in one among the 25 Bollywood songs.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chartbusters of 2012|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/yearender-2012/photo/best-songs-of-2012-bollywood-368910-2012-12-18|access-date=2022-01-07|website=India Today|date=18 December 2012 |language=en}}</ref> All the tracks in ''Barfi!'' were featured in the Top 100 Bollywood Songs of the Decade by ''Mumbai Live''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Top 100 Bollywood Songs of the Decade (2010-2019)|url=https://www.mumbailive.com/en/music-dance/best-songs-from-bollywood-movies-music-composers-of-hindi-films-from-2010-to-2019-43179|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Mumbai Live|date=21 December 2019 |language=en}}</ref> "Aashiyan" and "Kyon" from the album, were listed as one among the Best of Hindi Film Music in 2012 (in #2 and #13), by ''Milliblog'', which further included the album in the second-most position.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-16|title=Milliblog Annual Music round-up 2012 by Milliblog!|url=https://milliblog.com/2012/12/16/milliblog-annual-music-round-up-2012/|access-date=2022-01-07}}</ref> Four of the tracks from the album were featured in ''Music Aloud Playback – Top 25 of 2012'' in Hindi film music.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-12-26|title=Music Aloud Playback – Top 25 of 2012|url=https://www.musicaloud.com/2012/12/26/music-aloud-playback-top-25-of-2012/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Music Aloud}}</ref> The album in its entirety topped the first position in [[iTunes]] upon its release.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barfi! (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)|url=https://www.top-charts.com/r/barfi-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-pritam|access-date=2022-01-07|website=www.top-charts.com|language=en}}</ref> A report from Ormax Media, had included the album along with ''[[Ae Dil Hai Mushkil]]'' and ''[[Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani]]'' among the Top 10 Best Bollywood Albums of the decade.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-31|title=Music Composer Pritam Gets 3 Albums Listed In The Top 10 Best Of The Decade|url=https://www.koimoi.com/bollywood-news/music-composer-pritam-3-albums-in-the-top-10-best-music-albums-of-the-decade/|access-date=2022-01-07|website=Koimoi|language=en-US}}</ref>{{Efn|Both films had [[Ranbir Kapoor]] playing the leading role}}

== Accolades ==
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
! scope="col" |Award{{efn|Awards, festivals and organisations are in alphabetical order.}}
! scope="col" |Date of ceremony{{efn|Date is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.}}
! scope="col" |Category
! scope="col" |Recipient(s) and nominee(s)
! scope="col" |Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Awards]]{{efn|Also known as Star Guild Awards.<ref>{{cite web|title=Watch: Was Salman Khan joking or just being rude? |url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/watch-was-salman-khan-joking-or-being-plain-rude-599590.html |publisher=[[CNN-IBN]] |access-date=3 January 2015 |date=29 March 2013 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150805233527/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/watch-was-salman-khan-joking-or-being-plain-rude-599590.html |archive-date= 5 August 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Tata Elxsi Bags Awards |url=http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/tata-elxsi-bags-awards/ |publisher=Box Office India |date=2 April 2013 |access-date=15 June 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221008/http://www.boxofficeindia.co.in/tata-elxsi-bags-awards/ |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}</ref>}}
| rowspan="5" |16 February 2013
|[[Star Guild Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref name="apsaranom">{{cite web|title=8th Apsara Awards Nominations|url=http://apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305015516/http://apsaraawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_nominees.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=9 February 2013|publisher=[[Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award]]}}</ref> <ref name="apsara">{{cite web|title=8th Apsara Awards Winners|url=http://starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930223430/http://www.starguildawards.org/8th_apsara_awards_winners.html|archive-date=30 September 2015|access-date=4 June 2015|publisher=Apsara Film & Television Producers Guild Award}}</ref>
|-
|[[Producers Guild Film Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|{{sort|Quadri|[[Sayeed Quadri]]}} (for song "Phir Le Aya Dil")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Star Guild Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|{{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Sound Mixing
|{{sort|Changmai|Debajit Changmai}}
| {{won}}
|-
! scope="row" |[[Asian Film Awards]]
|[[7th Asian Film Awards|18 March 2013]]
|Best Composer
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{won}}
| style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|date=19 March 2013|title=Asian Film Awards: Nawazuddin wins Best Supporting Actor|url=http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/asian-film-awards-nawazuddin-wins-best-supporting-actor-597632.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220190908/http://www.ibnlive.com/news/india/asian-film-awards-nawazuddin-wins-best-supporting-actor-597632.html|archive-date=20 December 2015|access-date=4 June 2015|publisher=CNN-IBN}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[BIG Star Entertainment Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |31 December 2012
|Most Entertaining Music
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite episode|title=Big Star Entertainment Awards 2012|series=Big Star Entertainment Awards|network=[[STAR India]]|date=31 December 2012}}</ref>
|-
|Most Entertaining Singer – Male
|{{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="5" scope="row" |[[Filmfare Awards]]
| rowspan="5" |[[58th Filmfare Awards|20 January 2013]]
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="2" |{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{won}}
| rowspan="5" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|date=13 January 2013|title=58th Idea Filmfare Awards nominations are here!|url=http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227075057/http://www.filmfare.com/news/58th-idea-filmfare-awards-nominations-are-here-2123.html|archive-date=27 December 2014|access-date=13 January 2013|work=[[Filmfare]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=20 January 2013|title=Winners of 58th Idea Filmfare Awards 2012|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123055038/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4432|archive-date=23 January 2013|access-date=21 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
| {{won}}
|-
|[[Filmfare Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|{{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} (for song "Aashiyaan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Filmfare Award for Best Male Playback Singer|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|{{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="10" scope="row" |[[IIFA Awards]]
| rowspan="10" |[[14th IIFA Awards|6 July 2013]]
|[[IIFA Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
|{{won}}
| rowspan="10" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|date=22 April 2013|title=Nominations for IIFA Awards 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425044822/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4899|archive-date=25 April 2013|access-date=8 May 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=7 July 2013|title=Winners of IIFA Awards 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5202|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610224625/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5202|archive-date=10 June 2015|access-date=10 June 2015|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|title=IIFA 2013 Technical Awards Winners|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5020/IIFA%202013%20Technical%20Awards%20Winners|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826143745/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5020/IIFA%202013%20Technical%20Awards%20Winners|archive-date=26 August 2013|access-date=21 May 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|{{sort|Quadri|[[Sayeed Quadri]]}} (for song "Phir Le Aya Dil (Reprise)")
|{{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} (for song "Aashiyan (Solo)" & "Ala Barfi")
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|{{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon" & "Aashiyan")
|{{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[IIFA Award for Best Female Playback|Best Female Playback Singer]]
|{{sort|Bhardwaj|[[Rekha Bhardwaj]]}} (for song "Phir Le Aya Dil")
|{{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "Aashiyan (Duet)")
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best Sound Design
|{{sort|Koyeri|[[Shajith Koyeri]]}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Sound Recording|Best Sound Recording]]
|{{sort|Pillai|[[Eric Pillai]]}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|Best Mixing
|{{sort|Changmai|Debajit Changmai}}
|{{Won}}
|-
|[[IIFA Award for Best Background Score|Best Background Score]]
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
|{{Won}}
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" |[[Mirchi Music Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |[[5th Mirchi Music Awards|7 February 2013]]
|Album of the Year
|''[[Barfi!]]''
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|date=7 February 2013|title=Mirchi Music Awards Hindi 2012 nominations|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/music/news-and-interviews/Mirchi-Music-Awards-Hindi-2012-nominations/articleshow/18381838.cms|access-date=8 February 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |Music Composer of the Year
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}} (for song "Phir Le Aya Dil")
| {{nom}}
|-
|Lyricist of the Year
|{{sort|Misra|[[Neelesh Misra]]}} (for song "Kyon")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="3" |Upcoming Male Vocalist of the Year
|{{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Aashiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Singh|[[Arijit Singh]]}} (for the song "Phir Le Aya Dil")
| {{nom}}
|-
|Technical Programmer and Arranger of the Year
|{{sort|Satya|Jim Satya}}, [[DJ Phukan]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Technical Background Score of the Year
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="9" scope="row" |[[Screen Awards]]
| rowspan="9" |[[19th Screen Awards|12 January 2013]]
|[[Screen Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
| rowspan="3" |{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{won}}
| rowspan="9" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|date=2 January 2013|title=Nominations: 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130105020213/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4359|archive-date=5 January 2013|access-date=4 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> <ref name="sa">{{cite web|date=12 January 2013|title=Winner's of 19th Annual Colors Screen Awards|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4403|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925111241/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4403|archive-date=25 September 2013|access-date=13 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|date=18 January 2013|title=Screen Awards 2013: Hall of Fame|work=[[The Indian Express]]|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/screen-awards-2013-hall-of-fame/1060726/|access-date=10 June 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Background Music|Best Background Music]]
| {{won}}
|-
|Most Popular Music
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Screen Award for Best Male Playback|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|{{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|{{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} (for song "Aashiyaan")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Story|Best Story]]
| rowspan="2" |{{sort|Basu|[[Anurag Basu]]}}, Tani Basu
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Screen Award for Best Screenplay|Best Screenplay]]
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Sound Design
|{{sort|Koyeri|[[Shajith Koyeri]]}}
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="2" scope="row" |[[Stardust Awards]]
| rowspan="2" |26 January 2013
| rowspan="2" |New Musical Sensation Singer – Male
|{{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Main Kya Karoon")
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|date=21 January 2013|title=Nominations for Stardust Awards 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4437|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123203049/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/celebrities/features/type/view/id/4437|archive-date=23 January 2013|access-date=22 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=28 January 2013|title=Winners of Stardust Awards 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4467|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130131004218/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4467|archive-date=31 January 2013|access-date=28 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Angaraag Mahanta|Papon]] (for song "Kyon")
| {{nom}}
|-
! rowspan="6" scope="row" |[[The Times of India Group|Times of India Film Awards]]
| rowspan="6" |6 April 2013
|Best Music Director
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="6" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|date=8 February 2013|title=TOIFA 2013 nominations|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408020918/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/category/media-center/articles-in/toifaarticle/18398495.cms|archive-date=8 April 2015|access-date=9 February 2013|work=The Times of India}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|date=8 April 2013|title=TOIFA 2013 Winners: Barfi! Wins Top Honors|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-2013-winners-barfi-wins-top-honors-70811.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610180643/http://www.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/toifa-2013-winners-barfi-wins-top-honors-70811.html|archive-date=10 June 2015|access-date=4 June 2015|publisher=[[Times Internet]]}}</ref>
|-
|Best Lyricist
|{{sort|Kirkire|[[Swanand Kirkire]]}} (for song "Aashiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
| rowspan="2" |Best Playback Singer – Male
|{{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|-
|{{sort|Paul George|[[Nikhil Paul George]]}} (for song "Aashiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Playback Singer – Female
|{{sort|Ghoshal|[[Shreya Ghoshal]]}} (for song "Aashiyan")
| {{nom}}
|-
|Best Background Score
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{won}}
|-
! rowspan="3" scope="row" |[[Zee Cine Awards]]
| rowspan="3" |[[2013 Zee Cine Awards|7 January 2013]]
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Music Director|Best Music Director]]
|{{sort|Chakraborty|[[Pritam Chakraborty]]}}
| {{nom}}
| rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{cite web|date=29 December 2012|title=Nominations for Zee Cine Awards 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4349|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102135744/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4349|archive-date=2 January 2013|access-date=4 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> <ref name="zca">{{cite web|title=Winners of Zee Cine Awards 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4376/Winners+of+Zee+Cine+Awards+2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227090929/http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/4376/Winners%2Bof%2BZee%2BCine%2BAwards%2B2013|archive-date=27 December 2013|access-date=14 January 2013|website=[[Bollywood Hungama]]}}</ref> <ref>{{cite episode|title=Zee Cine Awards 2013|series=Zee Cine Awards|network=[[Zee Entertainment Enterprises]]|date=7 January 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Lyricist|Best Lyricist]]
|{{sort|Misra|[[Neelesh Misra]]}} (for song "Kyon")
| {{nom}}
|-
|[[Zee Cine Award for Best Playback Singer – Male|Best Male Playback Singer]]
|{{sort|Chauhan|[[Mohit Chauhan]]}} (for song "Ala Barfi")
| {{nom}}
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2082197/soundtrack/ ''Barfi'' (soundtrack)] at [[IMDb]]
{{authority control}}
[[Category:2012 soundtrack albums]]
[[Category:Hindi film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Sony Music India soundtracks]]
[[Category:Romance film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Comedy film soundtracks]]
[[Category:Drama film soundtracks]]
[[Category:2010s film soundtrack albums]]

Prem Lata Sharma

2025-12-17T17:22:16Z

MavisLandale6: quick improve page to improve readability additionally and updated info as per guidelines

{{short description|Indian musicologist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2021}}
{{Use Indian English|date=November 2015}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2012}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2012}}
}}
'''Prem Lata Sharma''' (10 May 1927 – 5 December 1998) was an Indian musicologist.

== Life ==

Prem Lata Sharma was born on 10 May 1927, in [[Nakodar]], District Jalandhar, East Panjab. She was the only child of her parents, Pandita Lalchand sharma, Srimati, Mayadevi. Both of them were devoted [[Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava]]s and they brought up their only child, Premlata, in a serene and pious atmosphere. She received her primary and secondary training at home in Delhi along with training in vocal music and sitar. She passed her High School Examination from Panjab University in 1938 at the age of eleven. For the next two years she studied at the [[University of Delhi]] in 1940. Then she joined the Indraprastha Girls' college for two years and graduated from Delhi University in 1942.

After this, she spent seven years studying religious literature, especially that of the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavas in Bengali and Samkrta, in which her father was also deeply interested. He resigned his job in the Railways and made himself free to look after the interest of his daughter in her studies. Vraj Bhūmi was found to be a better place for intensive study of Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇavism and so the family shifted from Delhi to Mathura in 1947. At Mathura, Premlata Sharma studied and became proficient in three important languages – Braj Bhāṣā, Avadhi and Maithili which were all assets for her later academic studies. She also continued her higher studies in Samskrta and Hindi Literature, while taking regular training in Music which had been a hobby with her since her childhood. This enabled her to pass the Inter Examination in Vocal Music of the Academy of Hindustani Music, Lucknow in 1949.

Considering the aptitude, qualities and potentialities of his daughter, Pandita Lalchand Sharma decided that she should continue her higher studies at Banaras Hindu University (BHU), where a College of Music and Fine Arts had started functioning in 1949–50 with Pandita Omkar Nath Thakur as its Principal. Premlata Sharma was admitted to this college in the first batch of students. She was also admitted to the Women's College Hostel. Pandita Omkarnatha Thakur who knew Pandita Lalchand Sharma very well, agreed to be her local guardian.

Soon after coming to the university she got herself admitted as a casual student in the Central Hindu College and started attending the M. A. classes in Hindi. She had already completed the course and was going to appear in the University Examinations as a private candidate in Arts subjects. So she appeared in the M.A. Hindi Examination in March 1950 and passed the same.
In July 1950, she joined the M.A. Classes in Samskrta as a casual student and obtained the M.A. (Samskrta) degree in March 1951.

In July 1951, she got herself registered as a PhD student in Samskrta under Dr. P.L. Vaidya who was then the Head of the Department of Samskrta in the Central Hindu College at the BHU. The subject of her research was: Special study of Rasashastra and Gaudeeya Vaishanava Darshana. For her thesis on "Studies in Bhakti Rasa based on śrī Rūpa Gōsvāmi' she was awarded the PhD degree in 1954.

She passed the Shastracarya degree examinations in Sahitya in 1955; the Saṅgītalaṅkāra examination in Vocal Music in 1955.

She also learnt Marathi, Gujarati and some other languages during this period. She could read, write and speak fluently in Hindi, Samskrta, English, Bengali, Gujarati, Braja Bhāṣā and Avadhi. Panjabi was her mother tongue. She knew a little of Oriyā, Asāmi and Telugu too.

She had also attended classes in the Samskrta Mahavidyalaya of the BHU and in the traditional method studied 'Samskrta Poetics' from Pandita Mahadeva Sastri and Darśana from Pandita Ramachandra Dikshitar.

She acquainted herself with various other aspects of Darsana from Pandita Gopinatha Kaviraj and Pandita Brahmadatta Jijñāsu.

She also studied the Samskṛta texts on Music with Pandita Omkarnatha Thakur.

Her professional career commenced in August 1955 when she was appointed as a lecturer in the College of Music and Fine Arts in BHU and she taught the Theory of Music for the undergraduate and Post graduate students.

Professor Alain Danielou was head of the Research Section, the third wing of the college along with the Vocal and Instrumental section. And when he left, Dr Sharma was given charge of the section and she became its head as part of the Reader's post to which she was appointed in 1957. In 1966, a separate department of musicology was created and she became its head and the Research Section became a part of it. In 1981, she was appointed as a professor of the department of Musicology.

In 1985, she went on deputation from BHU to serve as the Vice-Chancellor of the Indira Kala Sangita Vishvavidyalaya, Khairagarh and served there until 1988. Meanwhile, at the age of 60 years, she retired from the services of the BHU on 31 May 1987.

In her academic career she initiated serious studies in the textual tradition of Indian Music, especially of Samskrta texts. She also emphasized the study of primary sources for research. The courses that were introduced by her since 1957 were PhD, M Phil. and Master of Musicology. A Diploma course in Music Appreciation attracted students from other disciplines.

She supervised the research work of many a doctoral students. Many senior International scholars sought her guidance for their research studies on Indian music. Apart from the various universities and institutions in the country, academic presentations took her to other countries like USA, The Netherlands and Russia.

Her study of Bharata's Nāṭyaśāstra inspired her to initially reconstruct the Pūrvaraṅga, the preliminary part preceding the main drama. Later this was part of the three Samskrta dramas she directed, namely, Vikramōrvaśīyam and Mālavikāgnimitram of Kālidāsa and Uttararāmacaritam of Bhavabhūti. For her creations in this area, she founded an institution named 'Abhinaya Bhāratī' and a trust 'Bharata Nidhi' for promoting the performing arts.

She was associated with the documentation and revival of many performing arts like the Kūṭiyāṭṭam, and Dhrupada. She was an editor of the 'Dhrupada Annual', brought out by the Vidya Mandir Trust of the Maharaja of Banaras.

She also served as the vice-chairman of the Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi and also an academic advisor to the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts, New Delhi, and the Sangeet Research Academy, Kalkatta.

For the Sangeet Natak Akademi she organised three seminars, Śārṅgadēva and his Saṅgītaratnākara', 'Matanga and his work Bṛhaddēśī' and 'Rasa in the Arts' and the papers presented for the first two have been published in book form.

== Publications ==
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Publications: (Links provided wherever free download is available.)'''
|-
|
|-
|Rasavilāsa (a late work on Samskṛta Poetics), 1952
|-
|
|-
|Saṅgītarāja of Mahārāṇa Kumbha, vol.I, ed. by Dr. Premlata Sharma, pub. by Hindu Vishvavidyalaya Sanskrit Publication Board, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1963.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2046</nowiki>

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2047</nowiki>

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2048</nowiki>
|-
|
|-
|Saṅgītarāja- Vādyaratnakōśa‚ of Rāṇā Kumbha edited by Dr. Premlata Sharma, printed and unpublished.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/825</nowiki>
|-
|
|-
|Saṅgītarāja- Rasaratnakōśa‚ of Rāṇā Kumbha edited. by Dr. Premlata Sharma, printed and unpublished.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/824</nowiki>
|-
|
|-
|Sahasarasa, Nāyaka Bakṣū kē Dhrupadōn kā Saṅgraha, Transliterated and Edited by Premlata Sharma, Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, 1972

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/3301</nowiki>
|-
|
|-
|Ēkalinġamāhātmya – (a pauraṇika genealogy of the Mevara dynasty), 1976
|-
|
|-
|Bṛhaddēśī of Mataṅgamuni, edited by Prem Lata Sharma, assisted by Anil Behari Beohar, Kalamula Sastra Series, Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts and Motilal Banarsidass, New Delhi.

Vol.I Kalamulasastra Series no.8 1992

Vol.II Kalamulasastra Series no.10, 1994
|-
|
|-
|Saṅgītaratnākara of Śārṅgadēva, Vol.I, Chapter I - translated in English by Dr. R.K.Shringy and Dr. Prem Lata Sharma pub. by Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 1978.
|-
|
|-
|Saṅgītaratnākara of Śārṅgadēva, Vol.II, Chapters II-IV - Sanskrit Text and English Translation with comments and Notes, English Translation by Dr. R.K.Shringy under the supervision of Dr. Prem Lata Sharma pub. by Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt. Ltd., Delhi, 1989.
|-
|
|-
|Japasūtram, from Bengali to Hindi, vol. 1 (1966) & 2 (1992).
|-
|
|-
|Rasa Siddhānta, National Publishing House, New Delhi, 110002

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/3298</nowiki>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Edited works (Links provided wherever free download is available.)'''
|-
|Nāda Rūpa (Journal) vol. 1, edited by Prem Lata Sharma, College of Music and Fine Arts, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1961.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/1652</nowiki>
|-
|
|-
|Nāda Rūpa (Journal) vol. 2, Chief Editor: B R Deodhar, (Prem Lata Sharma, Member Editorial Board), College of Music and Fine Arts, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 1963.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/1652</nowiki>
|-
|
|-
|Citrakāvyakautukam
|-
|
|-
|Bhāratīya Saṅgīta kā Itihāsa, of Ṭhakur Jaideva Singh edited by Premlata Sharma, Sangeet Research Academy, Kalkatta, 1994
|-
|
|-
|Thirty Songs from The Panjab and Kāshmīr, of Ratan Devī and Ananda K Coomaraswamy edited by Prem Lata Sharma, Indira Gandhi National Centre For the Arts, Sterling Publishers Private Limited, New Delhi, 1994
|-
|
|-
|Indian Music, of Ṭhakur Jaideva Singh and edited by. Premlata Sharma, Sangeet Research Academy, Kalkatta, 1995
|-
|
|-
|Nāṭya Kalpadruma, 1998
|-
|
|-
|'Śārṅgadēva and His Saṅgītaratnākara: Proceedings of the Seminar Varanasi, 1994' edited by, Prem Lata Sharma, Sangeet Nataka Akademi, Delhi, 1998.
|-
|
|-
|Mataṅga and his work Bṛhaddēśī, Proceedings of the Seminar at Hampi, 1995, edited by, Prem Lata Sharma, Sangeet Natak Akademi, Delhi, 2001.
|-
|
|-
|Indian Music Journal

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2106</nowiki>
|-
|
|-
|Dhrupad Annual (Journal)

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2105</nowiki>
|}
{| class="wikitable"
| colspan="2" |'''List of articles by Prof. Prem Lata Sharma in the publication -'''

'''Indian Aesthetics and Musicology (The Art and Science of Indian Music), Volume 1, Compiled articles of Prof. (Miss) Premlata Sharma, Edited by Dr. km. Urmila Sharma, Āmnāya-Prakāśana, Bharata-Nidhi, Varanasi, 2000'''

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/3305</nowiki>
|-
| colspan="2" |
|-
|01
|European Aesthetics of Music and traditional Indian Saṅgīta Śāstra
|-
|02
|Unique and unrivalled characteristics of the Art and Science of Indian Music
|-
|03
|Levels of Aesthetic Experience in Music
|-
|04
|Rasa Theory and Indian Music
|-
|05
|The Ancient Grṃa system and its distortion in the medieval times
|-
|06
|The Concept of Sthāya in Indian Saṅgīta Śāstra (Part 1)

(Part 2) - A Glossary of Sthāyas
|-
|07
|Prabandhas or Compositional Patterns of Hindustani Music
|-
|08
|Gāndharva
|-
|09
|History and origin of Ṭhumarī with special reference to Gharānās and styles
|-
|10
|The Ṭhumarī
|-
|11
|Gamaka: A study (on the textual and performance traditions in Vocal Music – Hindustani and Karnatak)
|-
|12
|Traditional view of Drama

(Music and dance as an integral part thereof)
|-
|13-

14
|Śāstra and Prayoga: Contemporary Tāla practice vis-à-vis Śāstic Tradition; with special reference to Hindustani Music

Part -1

Part -2
|-
|15
|Bṛhaddēśī of Mataṅga
|-
|16
|Śrīkaṇṭha's Rasakaumudī
|-
|17
|Rasakaumudī of Śrīkaṇṭha
|-
|18
|Mānasōllāsa or Abhilaṣitārtha Cintāmaṇi
|-
|19
|Nānyadēva's Bharata Bhāṣya
|-
|20
|Rāga Kalpadruma
|-
|21
|Sahasarasa of Nayaka Bakhshoo
|-
|22
|North-South distinction: A Survey
|-
|23
|Bridging the Gulf
|-
|24
|Indian Teachers in Rochester
|-
|25
|The Music Teacher
|-
|26
|Musical Instruments (Indian approach)
|-
|27
|Musical Crativity: Its affinity with other Arts and its uniqueness.
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|
|'''Research Papers and Articles of Prem Lata Sharma'''

'''(Links provided wherever free download is available)'''
|-
|01
|Ākāśa and Sound: With Special Reference to Music, published in the book "Concepts of Space: Ancient and Modern', Indira Gandhi National Centre For the Arts & Abhinav Publications,

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2127</nowiki>
|-
|02
|Review of Available Music Literature of University Level and Future Requirements, Paper presented at a Seminar on 'Music

Education in India at the University Level' held at the Faculty or Performing Arts, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2085</nowiki>
|-
|03
|A Historical Note on Music Research in India, paper presented at a seminar on 'Curriculum Development and Design for Evalation of Post-Graduate Studies in Music" at the College of Indian Music, Dance & Dramatics, Vadodara, held from 31 October to 2 November 1977

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2162</nowiki>
|-
|04
|Paramparā in Indian Music with Special Reference to Pt. Omkarnath Thakur in Hindustani Music – paper presented at a seminar.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2533</nowiki>
|-
|05
|Parallel Concepts in Sanskrit Poetics and Saṅgītaśāstra – a paper presented at as seminar.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2126</nowiki>
|-
|06
|History and Origin of Ṭhumarī with special reference to Gharānā and Styles – an article published Prajñā, Journal of the Banaras Hindu University, March 1963.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2128</nowiki>
|-
|07
|harmonium aur light classical music (Hindi) – a paper presented at a Seminar on Harmonium held at the All India Radio, Delhi.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2125</nowiki>
|-
|08
|svatantra bhārata mēṃ sāṃskrtika punarjāgaraṇa - saṅgīta kē kṣētra mēṃ (Hindi) - paper presented at seminar.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2146</nowiki>
|-
|09
|rāga-rāgiṇī citraṇa paramparā (Hindi)– article published in Nāda Rūpa Research Journal of the College of Music & Fine Arts, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi. January 1963.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2147</nowiki>
|-
|10
|saṅgīta mēṃ nibaddha aur anibaddha (Hindi) – article published in ?

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2150</nowiki>
|-
|11
|Key Note Address (Hindi) delivered at the Ninth Akhila Bhāratīya Saṅgīta Śikṣaka Sammēlana conducted by the Akhila Bhāratīya Gāndharva Mahāvidyālaya Maṇḍala, 1976.

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2148</nowiki>
|-
|12
|prabandha kā śāstrīya adhyayana: ēka saṅkṣipta digdarśana, published in the book 'Bhāvaraṅga Lahari' Pt. 1 of Balwantarai Bhatta, Varanasi, 1964.
|}
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Books and Articles on Prem Lata Sharma'''
|-
|Vividha Viṣaya Viduṣī Dr. Prem Lata Sharma: Vyaktitva ēvaṃ kṛtitva (Hindi), by Archana Dixit. Author publisher, Varanasi, 2002.
|-
|
|-
|Scholar, Teacher, Colleague, Friend, May 1999 by Harold S Powers

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2220</nowiki>
|-
|
|-
|Prem Lata Sharma: A Great Scholar and Activist, by N Ramanathan

<nowiki>http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/2357</nowiki>
|-
|
|}

== References ==
# {{cite book |author=Prem Lata Sharma |title=Indian Aesthetics and Musicology: The Art and Science of Indian Music |volume=1, Compiled articles of Prof. (Miss) Premlata Sharma |editor=Km. Urmila Sharma |publisher=Āmnāya-Prakāśana |location=Varanasi |year=2000 |url=http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/3305}}
# {{cite book |author=Prem Lata Sharma |title=Prēma-Rasāyana ēveṃ Saṅgīta-Mīmāmsā - The Alchemy of Love & Wisdom' Expressed through the Holistic Life and Works of Prof. Prem Lata Sharma |editor=Urmila Sharma |publisher=Radha Publications |location=New Delhi |year=2002|url=http://musicresearchlibrary.net/omeka/items/show/3304}}

{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=3963852
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020222043742/http://thehindu.com/thehindu/br/2001/12/11/stories/2001121100130400.htm Legendary savant in music]

{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sharma, Prem Lata}}
[[Category:Indian musicologists]]
[[Category:Singers from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Educators from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Scholars from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Banaras Hindu University alumni]]
[[Category:Academic staff of Banaras Hindu University]]
[[Category:Heads of universities and colleges in India]]
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:People from Jalandhar district]]
[[Category:1998 deaths]]
[[Category:Indian women musicologists]]
[[Category:Indian women classical singers]]
[[Category:Women musicians from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:Women educators from Punjab, India]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educational theorists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women singers]]
[[Category:20th-century musicologists]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian translators]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:People from Punjab Province (British India)]]

First Kumaraswamy ministry

2025-12-10T04:35:35Z

MavisLandale6: Content refined and expanded

{{Short description|Government of Karnataka, India (2006–07)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}

{{Infobox government cabinet
|cabinet_type=Ministry
|total_number=
|previous=[[Dharam Singh ministry]]
|outgoing_formation=
|incoming_formation=
|advice_and_consent2=
|advice_and_consent1=
|budget=
|legislature_term=1 year 8 months
|last_election=[[2008 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2008]] ''(After [[First Yediyurappa ministry]])''
|election=[[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004]]
|opposition_leader=[[Dharam Singh]]
|opposition_party=[[Indian National Congress|INC]]
|opposition_cabinet=
|legislature_status=[[Coalition government|Coalition]]
|political_parties=[[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]]
|former_members_number=
|cabinet_number=25th
|members_number=
|state_head=[[T. N. Chaturvedi]] (21 August 2002 – 20 August 2007) [[Rameshwar Thakur]] (21 August 2007 – 24 June 2009)
|government_head_history=
|deputy_government_head=[[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
|government_head=[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
|date_dissolved=9 October 2007
|date_formed=3 February 2006
|caption=[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Hon'ble Chief Minister of Karnataka]]
|image_size=150px
|image=H. D. Kumaraswamy.jpg
|incumbent=
|flag_border=true
|flag=
|jurisdiction=the [[State of Karnataka]]
|successor=[[First Yediyurappa ministry]]}}

'''H. D. Kumaraswamy ministry''' was the Council of Ministers in [[Karnataka]], a state in [[South India]] headed by [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] that was formed after the [[Dharam Singh ministry]] fell short of majority.

In the [[Government of Karnataka|government]] headed by [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]], the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] was from [[Janata Dal (Secular)|JD(S)]] while [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister]] was from [[BJP]]. Apart from the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|CM]] & [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka|Deputy CM]], there were other ministers in the government.

== Tenure of the Government ==
After the [[2004 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election|2004 assembly elections]], BJP emerged as the single largest party with 79 seats, followed by the [[Indian National Congress|INC]] with 65 seats and JD(S) with 58 seats. JD(S) extended the support to [[Indian National Congress|INC]] to form the [[Government of Karnataka|government]]. Governor [[T. N. Chaturvedi]] invited the alliance to form the government. Known for his adaptability and friendly nature, [[Dharam Singh]] of the Congress was the unanimous choice of both parties to head the government.<ref name="Dharam3">{{cite news|date=24 May 2004|title=Dharam Singh chosen leader of CLP|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Dharam-Singh-chosen-leader-of-CLP/articleshow/696201.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103065155/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-05-24/india/28342365_1_clp-meeting-congress-legislature-party-leader|archive-date=3 January 2013}}</ref> He was sworn in as [[Chief Minister]] on 28 May 2004<ref name="Dharam5">{{cite news|date=29 May 2004|title=Dharam Singh, Siddaramaiah sworn in|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|url=http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/29/stories/2004052908340100.htm|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312154650/http://www.hindu.com/2004/05/29/stories/2004052908340100.htm|archive-date=12 March 2007}}</ref> with the support of JD(S). JD(S) MLA [[Siddaramaiah]] was sworn in as the [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister]], along with [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] [[Dharam Singh]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 23, 2006|first=Stephen|last=David|title=Karnataka CM Dharam Singh rides crest of victory wave as Cong wins panchayat polls|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/indiascope/story/20060123-karnataka-cm-dharam-singh-rides-crest-of-victory-wave-as-cong-wins-panchayat-polls-786097-2006-01-23|access-date=2021-08-09|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> On 18 January 2006, Forty-two [[Member of Legislative Assembly|MLAs]] of Janata Dal (Secular) under Kumaraswamy's leadership left the coalition and the government collapsed. [[Chief Minister of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] [[Dharam Singh]] was asked to prove majority on 25 January 2006.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dharam Singh asked to prove majority by Jan 25|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jan/18jds1.htm|access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> He resigned since he did not have enough numbers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka: How the coalition unravelled|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jan/18kar.htm|access-date=2021-08-09|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> On 28 January 2006, Karnataka Governor [[T. N. Chaturvedi]] invited Kumaraswamy to form the government in the state after the resignation of the Congress Government led by Dharam Singh.

[[H. D. Kumaraswamy]] was sworn in as the [[Chief Minister of Karnataka]] on 3 February 2006, along with [[B. S. Yediyurappa]] of the BJP who took oath as [[Deputy Chief Minister of Karnataka]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2010-09-23|title=The Hindu : Front Page : Kumaraswamy to be sworn in today|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/03/stories/2006020311620100.htm|access-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923155937/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/03/stories/2006020311620100.htm|archive-date=23 September 2010}}</ref> The first expansion of the cabinet took place on 18 February 2006 where 20 Ministers were inducted — 11 from the BJP and 9 from the JD(S).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2006-05-23|title=The Hindu : Front Page : Jayakumar, Shettar among 20 new Ministers sworn in|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/18/stories/2006021820630100.htm|access-date=2021-08-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060523101417/http://www.hindu.com/2006/02/18/stories/2006021820630100.htm|archive-date=23 May 2006}}</ref> The cabinet was further expanded on 21 June 2006 with the induction of 8 ministers, 4 each from both the parties.<ref>{{Cite web|title=K'taka cabinet expanded: 8 inducted|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jun/21ktaka.htm|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Rediff|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Karnataka: CM allots portfolios to 8 new ministers|url=https://www.rediff.com/news/2006/jun/23ktaka.htm|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.rediff.com}}</ref> The cabinet was reshuffled on 25 January 2007 wherein three ministers from JD(S) and two from the BJP were sworn in.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-01-29|title=Portfolios allotted for 5 new K'taka Ministers|url=https://www.oneindia.com/2007/01/29/portfolios-allotted-for-5-new-ktaka-ministers-1170090372.html|access-date=2021-08-10|website=www.oneindia.com|language=en}}</ref>

On 27 September 2007, Kumaraswamy said that he would leave office on 3 October as part of a power-sharing agreement between the Janata Dal (Secular) and the [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] (BJP), despite the calls of some legislators in the JD(S) for him to remain in office for the time being, due to complications in arranging the transfer of power.<ref>[http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200709271901.htm "Kumaraswamy says he will quit on Oct. 3"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023351/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200709271901.htm|date=21 April 2008}}, PTI (''The Hindu''), 27 September 2007.</ref> However, on 4 October 2007, he refused to transfer power to the BJP.<ref>{{Cite news|author=M, Anil Kumar|date=17 October 2011|title=October effect haunts BS Yeddyurappa|newspaper=The Times of India|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/bangalore/October-effect-haunts-BS-Yeddyurappa/articleshow/10382241.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019224154/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-17/bangalore/30289329_1_bs-yeddyurappa-yeddyurappa-government-bjp-mlas|archive-date=19 October 2011}}</ref> Finally, on 8 October 2007, he tendered his resignation to Governor [[Rameshwar Thakur]], and the state was put under President's rule two days later.<ref>{{Cite news|date=9 October 2007|title=Karnataka under President Rule|newspaper=Financial Express|url=http://www.financialexpress.com/news/karnataka-under-president-rule/226455/0|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413151858/http://www.financialexpress.com/news/karnataka-under-president-rule/226455/0|archive-date=13 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=January 2006|url=https://rulers.org/2006-01.html|access-date=2021-08-09|website=rulers.org}}</ref>

== Council of Ministers ==

Source:<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-05-30|title=HDK's Council of Ministers 2006|url=https://www.karnataka.com/govt/ministers-hdk-2006/|access-date=2021-08-10|website=Karnataka.com|language=en-US}}</ref>

{{Cabinet table start|hiderefcol=y}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of chief ministers of Karnataka|Chief Minister]] Home Department Department Personnel and Administrative Reforms Cabinet Affairs Intelligence Urban Development Other departments not allocated to any Minister
| minister1 = [[H. D. Kumaraswamy]]
| minister1_termstart = 3 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = [[List of deputy chief ministers of Karnataka|Deputy Chief Minister]] Minister of Finance Minister of Excise
| minister1 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| minister1_termstart = 3 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Primary & Secondary Education
| minister1 = [[Basavaraj Horatti]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Major & Medium Irrigation from Water Resources
| minister1 = [[K. S. Eshwarappa]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Forest Minister of Ecology & Environment
| minister1 = C. Chennigappa
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Revenue
| minister1 = [[Jagadish Shettar]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Housing
| minister1 = D. T. Jayakumar
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Higher Education
| minister1 = [[D. H. Shankaramurthy]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Transport
| minister1 = [[N. Chaluvaraya Swamy]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Planning & Statistics Minister of Lottery & Small Savings Minister of Science & Technology
| minister1 = [[Ramachandra Gowda]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Labour Minister of Minority Welfare
| minister1 = Iqbal Ansari
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Medical Education
| minister1 = [[V. S. Acharya]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agricultural Marketing
| minister1 = [[Sharanabassappa Darshanapur]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rural Development & Panchayat Raj
| minister1 = [[C. M. Udasi]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Youth Services & Sports
| minister1 = Alkod Hanumanthappa
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs
| minister1 = [[Govind Karjol]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Agriculture
| minister1 = [[Bandeppa Kashempur]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Independent (politician)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Health & Family Welfare
| minister1 = [[R. Ashoka]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Social Welfare
| minister1 = [[Balachandra Jarkiholi]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Tourism
| minister1 = [[B. Sriramulu]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Ports & Inland Transport Minister of Muzrai
| minister1 = [[B. Nagaraja Shetty]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Law & Parliamentary Affairs
| minister1 = [[Basavaraj Horatti]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 21 June 2006
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
| minister2 = [[M. P. Prakash]]
| minister2_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister2_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister2_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Home Affairs
| minister1 = [[M. P. Prakash]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Public Works Department Minister of Energy
| minister1 = [[H. D. Revanna]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Women & Child Development
| minister1 = [[H. K. Kumaraswamy]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Hak & Wakf
| minister1 = Iqbal Ansari
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 21 June 2006
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
| minister2 = [[B. Z. Zameer Ahmed Khan]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 June 2006
| minister2_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister2_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Small Scale Industries
| minister1 = [[Katta Subramanya Naidu]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 21 June 2006
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2 = [[Shivanand Naik]]
| minister2_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister2_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Minister of Sugarcane Development & Directorate
| minister1 = [[S. A. Ravindranath]]
| minister1_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Animal Husbandry
| minister1 = [[V. S. Acharya]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 21 June 2006
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2 = [[Revu Naik Belamgi]]
| minister2_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister2_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Horticulture
| minister1 = [[B. Nagaraja Shetty]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 21 June 2006
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2 = [[Shashikanth Akkappa Naik]]
| minister2_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister2_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Large & Medium Industries
| minister1 = [[B. S. Yediyurappa]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 21 June 2006
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2 = [[Katta Subramanya Naidu]]
| minister2_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister2_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Kannada & Culture
| minister1 = [[H. S. Mahadeva Prasad]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2007
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Municipal Administration
| minister1 = Alangur Srinivas
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2007
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Co-operation
| minister1 = [[GT Devegowda]]
| minister1_termstart = 29 January 2007
| minister1_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister1_party = Janata Dal (Secular)
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Sericulture
| minister1 = [[Katta Subramanya Naidu]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 21 June 2006
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2 = [[Ramachandra Gowda]]
| minister2_termstart = 21 June 2006
| minister2_termend = 25 January 2007
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister3 = S. Shivanna
| minister3_termstart = 25 January 2007
| minister3_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister3_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
{{Cabinet table minister
| title = Minister of Textiles
| minister1 = [[B. Sriramulu]]
| minister1_termstart = 18 February 2006
| minister1_termend = 29 January 2007
| minister1_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
| minister2 = [[Appu Pattanshetty]]
| minister2_termstart = 29 January 2007
| minister2_termend = 8 October 2007
| minister2_party = Bharatiya Janata Party
}}
|}
If the office of a Minister is vacant for any length of time, it automatically comes under the charge of the Chief Minister.

== See also ==

* [[Karnataka Legislative Assembly]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://karnatakavarthe.org/en/council-of-ministers/ Council of Ministers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305030920/http://karnatakavarthe.org/en/council-of-ministers/ |date=5 March 2016 }}

{{Karnataka Cabinets}}

[[Category:Indian ministries established in 2006|K]]
[[Category:2006 establishments in Karnataka]]
[[Category:Karnataka ministries|Kumaraswamy 01]]
[[Category:Janata Dal (Secular) ministries]]
[[Category:2007 disestablishments in India]]
[[Category:Indian ministries disestablished in 2007|K]]

Indian National Congress campaign for the 2024 Indian general election

2025-12-03T15:01:15Z

MavisLandale6:

{{Short description|INC Campaign for 2024 Indian lower house election}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}
{{infobox
| above =
| image =
| label1 = Campaign
| data1 = [[2024 Indian general election]]
| label2 = Affiliation
| data2 = [[Indian National Congress]]
| label3 = Alliance
| data3 = [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]]
| label4 = Key people
| data4 = [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] (Party President) [[Sonia Gandhi]] (CPP Chairperson) [[Rahul Gandhi]] [[Priyanka Gandhi]]
| label5 = Slogan
| data5 = "Judega Bharat, Jeetega India"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-03 |title=INDIA aims to counter BJP's social media influence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/mumbai-news/opposition-coalition-launches-judega-bharat-jeetega-india-campaign-to-counter-bjp-s-social-media-influence-101693680796198.html |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> India will unite, India will win "Nyay Ka Haq Milne Tak"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-01-06 |title=Congress unveils logo and slogan for Rahul Gandhi's 'Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra' |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/politics/congress-unveils-logo-and-slogan-for-rahul-gandhi-bharat-jodo-nyay-yatra-18733251.htm |access-date=2024-03-05 |website=CNBCTV18 |language=en}}</ref> Until we get our right to justice "Haath Badlega Halaat"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-16 |title=Last chance to save democracy, Constitution: Congress after EC announces Lok Sabha election schedule |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/last-chance-to-save-democracy-constitution-congress-after-ec-announces-lok-sabha-election-schedule-2939824 |access-date=2024-03-28 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref> The Hand will change the situation "Mere Vikaas ka do Hisaab"<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-07 |title=Congress started Mere Vikaas ka do Hisaab campaign|url=https://www.livehindustan.com/uttarakhand/dehradun/story-congress-started-a-campaign-to-account-for-my-development-9643534.html|access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Live Hindustan |language=hi}}</ref> Give accounts of my development
| label6 = Issue
| data6 = [[2024 Indian general election#Unemployment|Unemployment]]
[[Democratic backsliding in Asia by country#India|Democratic backsliding]] 
[[2023–2024 Manipur violence|Manipur riots]] 
[[Electoral Bond#Data released by the Election Commission of India|Electoral bonds controversy]] 
[[Hindenburg Research#Adani Group report|Adani Group issue]] 
[[2024 Indian farmers' protest|Farmers' protest]]
| label7 = Website
| data7 = {{URL|www.inc.in}}
}}

The [[Indian National Congress]] is known as the ''Grand Old Party'' of [[India]]. The party had ruled [[India]] for most of its post independence period for nearly 54 years. The party led coalition [[United Progressive Alliance]] is in opposition bench in [[16th Lok Sabha]] and [[17th Lok Sabha]] against the [[National Democratic Alliance]]. The party contestested the elections unsuccessfully with the promise of upholding [[Nyuntam Aay Yojana|Nyay]] (justice), [[secularism]], [[federalism]], [[Pluralism (political theory)|pluralism]], [[democracy]] and [[constitutionalism]].

== Prelude ==

* 24 May 2022 - [[Indian National Congress]] President [[Sonia Gandhi]] constituted the '''Political Affairs Group''', '''Task Force-2024''' and '''Central Planning Group''' which will be presided over by her, for the upcoming [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{cite news |date=24 May 2022 |title=With eye on 2024 elections, Congress Prez Sonia Gandhi announces task force |newspaper=Business Standard India |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/with-focus-on-2024-elections-congress-announces-in-house-panels-122052400615_1.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=Congress Gets New Ammo for 2024 Battle – Task Force, Strategist. But is there a Change Within? |url=https://www.news18.com/news/politics/congress-gets-new-ammo-for-battle-2024-a-strategist-task-force-groups-but-is-there-a-change-within-5235787.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=24 May 2022 |title=Gandhi siblings, their loyalists & some G-23 'rebels' in 3 new Congress panels set up for 2024 |url=https://theprint.in/politics/gandhi-siblings-their-loyalists-some-g-23-rebels-in-3-new-congress-panels-set-up-for-2024/969025/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Old wine, new bottle: Congress seniors to handle strategy for 2024 polls |date=25 May 2022 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2022/may/25/old-wine-new-bottle-congress-seniors-to-handle-strategy-for-2024-polls-2457611.html}}</ref>
* 7 Sept 2022 - [[Bharat Jodo Yatra]] by [[Rahul Gandhi]] commenced at [[Kanyakumari]].
* 19 Oct 2022 - [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] elected as the president of [[Indian National Congress]] in a democratic election conducted among 9900 party workers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-10-19 |title=Mallikarjun Kharge wins Congress presidential election with over 7,800 votes |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-president-poll-mallikarjun-kharge-set-to-be-partys-new-chief-polls-over-7000-votes/article66030419.ece |access-date=2023-08-23 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
* 30 Jan 2023 - [[Bharat Jodo Yatra]] ends at [[Srinagar]] after traversing nearly 4000 km.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-01-30 |title=Bharat Jodo Yatra: Rahul Gandhi's unity march ends in Kashmir |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-64449569 |access-date=2023-08-23}}</ref>
* 24 Mar 2023 - [[Disqualification of Rahul Gandhi]].
* 13 May 2023 - [[Indian National Congress]] registers a thumping victory against [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] in [[2023 Karnataka Legislative Assembly election]].
* 18 July 2023 - [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] announced formally in [[Bangalore]].
* 7 Aug 2023 - [[Rahul Gandhi]] reinstated as [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha]] following [[Supreme Court of India]] staying conviction against him by [[Surat]] court.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-07 |title=Rahul Gandhi reinstated as Wayanad MP after Supreme Court relief in defamation case, to attend Parliament |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-reinstated-as-wayanad-mp-after-supreme-courts-relief-in-defamation-case-101691384095573.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* 20 Aug 2023 - [[Mallikarjun Kharge]] reconstitutes Congress Working Committee.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-08-20 |title=Congress reconstitutes CWC members, adds Shashi Tharoor, Sachin Pilot |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/congress-constitutes-cwc-members-adds-shashi-tharoor-sachin-pilot-see-full-list-here-11692520058763.html |access-date=2023-08-23 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>
* 3 Dec 2023 - Congress suffers defeats in the [[Hindi heartland]] states of [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Rajasthan]] and [[Chhattisgarh]]. It wins the elections in [[Telangana]].
* 27 Dec 2023 - Rahul Gandhi begins the [[Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra]] from Manipur.
* 16 Mar 2024 - Rahul Gandhi ends the Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra from Mumbai with the INDIA Alliance party leaders.
* 05 Apr 2024 - The party released its full manifesto titled "Nyay Patra" .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Congress promises ' ₹1 lakh for poor Indian family' in 'Nyay Patra' |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/congress-releases-manifesto-for-lok-sabha-polls-2024-with-nyay-theme-11712296628943.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

== Campaign ==
The Congress campaign was launched from [[Nagpur]] at a huge rally in which over 1 million people were expected to attend in [[Nagpur]], [[Maharashtra]] on 28 December 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mohan |first=Archis |date=15 December 2023 |title=Congress to launch 2024 Lok Sabha election campaign from Nagpur on Dec 28 |url=https://www.business-standard.com/politics/congress-to-hold-grand-rally-in-nagpur-on-dec-28-to-mark-foundation-day-123121501139_1.html |access-date=16 December 2023}}</ref> This rally also marked the 138th Congress Foundation Day and was being held to energise the party cadre for the [[2024 Indian general election]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Congress organises massive rally in Nagpur on Dec 28, over 10 lakh to attend |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/congress-organises-massive-rally-in-nagpur-10-lakh-people-expected-to-attend-event-on-december-28-11702634914717.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Party workers from all over the state were called to join the rally.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-15 |title=Congress organises massive rally in Nagpur on Dec 28, over 10 lakh to attend |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/congress-organises-massive-rally-in-nagpur-10-lakh-people-expected-to-attend-event-on-december-28-11702634914717.html |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-13 |title=Rahul to visit Maharashtra by end of Dec as Cong gets serious about state |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/rahul-visit-maharashtra-end-of-dec-cong-serious-state-9067112/ |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

The [[Indian National Developmental Inclusive Alliance]] jointly held a rally at [[Shivaji Park]] in [[Mumbai]] on 17 March, a day after the end of [[Rahul Gandhi]]'s [[Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra]]. The rally was attended by Gandhi, [[Shiv Sena (UBT)|SS(UBT)]] president [[Uddhav Thackeray]], [[Nationalist Congress Party (Sharadchandra Pawar)|NCP(SP)]] leader [[Sharad Pawar]], [[Rashtriya Janata Dal|RJD]] leader [[Tejashwi Yadav]], and [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam|DMK]] leader and [[Tamil Nadu]] chief minister [[M. K. Stalin]], among many others.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title=Mumbai rally LIVE Updates: PM Modi is just an actor, says Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/lok-sabha-election-news-live-rahul-gandhi-narendra-modi-bjp-congress-india-alliance-march-17-101710638741589.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> At the rally, Gandhi said that he was compelled to launch his yatra due to rising inflation and unemployment in the nation.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-17 |title='Ab ki baar, BJP tadipar': Who said what at INDIA bloc's Mumbai rally |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/ab-ki-baar-bjp-tadipar-who-said-what-at-india-blocs-mumbai-rally-101710691185896.html |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>

=== Caste census and Reservation ===
[[Rahul Gandhi]] has promised to conduct a nationwide caste census and remove the 50% cap on reservation if his party is elected to power. The 50% cap on reservation refers to the maximum amount of government jobs and educational seats that can be reserved for members of lower castes.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-05 |title=Rahul Gandhi vows removal of 50% cap on reservation if INDIA bloc voted to power |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/rahul-gandhi-promises-caste-census-removal-of-50-cap-on-reservation-if-india-bloc-voted-to-power-11707139371344.html |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='INDIA bloc will remove 50% cap on reservations if voted to power': Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/india-bloc-lok-sabha-elections-reservations-cap-rahul-gandhi-caste-census-2498054-2024-02-05 |access-date=2024-02-24 |website=India Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra ===
On 27 December 2023, the Congress Party announced its sequel to the Bharat Jodo Yatra, known as ''Bharat Nyay Yatra,'' later renamed to ''[[Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra]]'' ("India Justice and Unity March").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bharat Nyay Yatra: Key points about Congress's Manipur-Mumbai yatra ahead of LS polls |url=https://www.theweek.in/news/india/2023/12/27/bharat-nyay-yatra-key-points-congresss-mumbai-manipur-lok-sabha-polls.html |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Week |language=en}}</ref> The march started on 14 January 2024 from [[Manipur]] and end on 20 March in [[Mumbai]]. It covered 6,700 kilometres across 15 states. Unlike the Bharat Jodo Yatra, which focused on campaigning against [[Communalism (South Asia)|communalism]] and divisive politics, the Nyay Yatra focused on livelihood issues such as inflation and unemployment.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Rahul Gandhi Yatra 2.0: In longer distance, shorter time, from Manipur to Mumbai, Congress leader to cover several vital LS states |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/rahul-gandhi-bharat-nyay-yatra-manipur-mumbai-congress-9084583/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-16 |title=Eyeing 2024 polls, Rahul Gandhi gets set for Yatra 2.0 with focus on jobs, price rise |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/2024-polls-rahul-gandhi-yatra-2-0-focus-jobs-price-rise-9071057/ |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Like the Bharat Jodo Yatra, the Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra was also led by Rahul Gandhi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-27 |title=Rahul Gandhi to embark on 'Manipur to Mumbai' Bharat Nyay Yatra from Jan 14; all you need to know |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/politics/story/rahul-gandhi-to-embark-on-manipur-to-mumbai-bharat-nyay-yatra-from-jan-14-all-you-need-to-know-410904-2023-12-27 |access-date=2023-12-27 |website=Business Today |language=en}}</ref>

=== Crowdfunding ===
The Congress started a [[crowdfunding]] campaign known as ''Donate for Desh'' (Donate for [the] Country) ahead of the general elections. It formally launched the campaign's digital version on 18 December 2023 at a dedicated website (https://donateinc.net). It claimed to be inspired from [[Mahatma Gandhi]]'s Tilak Swaraj Fund (1920–21). The physical version of the campaign, which be done via door-to-door collection drives, will be launched on 28 December.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joy |first=Shemin |title=Congress chief Mallikarjun Kharge launches 'Donate for Desh' campaign in New Delhi, gives Rs 1.38L to party |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/delhi/congress-launches-donate-for-desh-crowdfunding-campaign-in-new-delhi-2815272 |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2023-12-16 |title=Congress announces crowdfunding campaign ahead of Lok Sabha polls |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-announces-crowdfunding-campaign-ahead-of-lok-sabha-polls/article67644793.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2023-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231216122900/https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-announces-crowdfunding-campaign-ahead-of-lok-sabha-polls/article67644793.ece |archive-date=16 December 2023 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref>

The campaign received ₹1.45 crore ([[US$]]175,000) on its first day, with the top 5 states in amount of donations being Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and Karnataka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-12-19 |title=Donate for Desh: Congress raises around ₹1.5 crore through crowdfunding |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/donate-for-desh-congress-raises-around-rs-1-5-crore-in-just-one-day-through-crowdfunding-says-ajay-maken-11702964985150.html |access-date=2023-12-19 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref>

By the end of 2023, the campaign received around ₹9 crore ([[US$]]1.08 million), with 30% of the funds being collected from Telangana and Maharashtra alone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Donate for Desh |url=https://donateinc.net/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229053141/https://donateinc.net/ |archive-date=29 December 2023 |access-date=28 December 2023 |website=Donate for Desh}}</ref>{{Primary source inline|date=December 2023}}

The campaign had collected about ₹20 crore ([[US$]]2.4 million) according to the party when on 28 January, it rebranded its crowdfunding campaign to ''Donate for Nyay'' (Donate for Justice), in line with Rahul Gandhi's ongoing [[Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-01-27 |title=Congress launches crowdfunding campaign for Bharat Jodo Nyay Yatra |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/congress-launches-crowdfunding-campaign-for-bharat-jodo-nyay-yatra/article67784121.ece |url-access=subscription |access-date=2024-02-12 |work=The Hindu |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> The ensuing crowdfunding campaign collected 4 crores in 4 days.<ref>{{Cite web |author=Bharatjodonyayyatra |date=2024-02-05 |title=Donate For Nyay, Raises ₹4 Crores in 4 Days |url=https://medium.com/@bharatjodonyayyatra123/donate-for-nyay-raises-4-crores-in-4-days-bharatjodonyayyatra-3ed8a43a1d22 |access-date=2024-02-12 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref>

== Manifesto ==
The Congress released their groups specific [[manifesto]] promises for the general election in the month of March.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-06 |title=Rahul Gandhi to launch 'youth manifesto' of Congress party for Lok Sabha polls today |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/rahul-gandhi-to-launch-youth-manifesto-of-congress-party-for-lok-sabha-polls-today-1503276448.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240306075331/https://www.thestatesman.com/india/rahul-gandhi-to-launch-youth-manifesto-of-congress-party-for-lok-sabha-polls-today-1503276448.html |archive-date=6 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Statesman |language=en}}</ref> The manifesto focuses on five major segments of population and promises for them:

* Youth Manifesto: formal employment for a year to under 25 graduate students, filling of 30 lakh government job vacancies, transparency in government job recruitment, ₹5,000 crore (US$605,000) fund for startups, standardisation of the government recruitment exam process, and social security for gig workers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-07 |title=30 lakh govt jobs, Rs 5,000cr fund for startups: Congress unveils youth-centric manifesto |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lok-sabha-polls-congress-vows-30-lakh-govt-jobs-laws-on-paper-leaks-in-youth-manifesto/articleshow/108296814.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307104204/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/lok-sabha-polls-congress-vows-30-lakh-govt-jobs-laws-on-paper-leaks-in-youth-manifesto/articleshow/108296814.cms |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-07 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-07 |title=Assured job, freedom from paper leaks: Rahul Gandhi's 2024 LS poll promises |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/rahul-gandhi-promises-jobs-for-youth-social-security-for-gig-workers-ahead-of-lok-sabha-2024-polls-11709807882343.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307130555/https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/rahul-gandhi-promises-jobs-for-youth-social-security-for-gig-workers-ahead-of-lok-sabha-2024-polls-11709807882343.html |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |author=C G, Manoj |date=2024-03-07 |title='Our apprenticeship promise is like MNREGA. We will make it a legal right ... a world first': Congress manifesto panel member |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-lok-sabha-elections-manifesto-rahul-gandhi-9201644/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240307145132/https://indianexpress.com/article/political-pulse/congress-lok-sabha-elections-manifesto-rahul-gandhi-9201644/ |archive-date=7 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-07 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
* Women Manifesto: ₹1 lakh in financial assistance to women from poor families, 50% of new government job recruitments to women, double central government's contribution to the salary of [[anganwadi]], [[Accredited Social Health Activist|ASHA]], and [[Midday Meal Scheme|midday meal workers]], legal assistance in every [[Panchayati raj|panchayat]], and at least one hostel for working women in district headquarters.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-13 |title=₹1 lakh cash transfer, 50% quota in jobs: Congress's 5 big poll promises for women voters |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/1-lakh-cash-transfer-50-quota-in-jobs-congresss-5-big-poll-promises-for-women-voters-101710316559876.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328060740/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/1-lakh-cash-transfer-50-quota-in-jobs-congresss-5-big-poll-promises-for-women-voters-101710316559876.html |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bose |first=Mrityunjay |title=Congress unveils guarantees for women ahead of 2024 Lok Sabha elections |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/congress-unveils-guarantees-for-women-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-elections-2934482 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328061220/https://www.deccanherald.com/elections/india/congress-unveils-guarantees-for-women-ahead-of-2024-lok-sabha-elections-2934482 |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-13 |website=Deccan Herald |language=en}}</ref>
* Farmers Manifesto: legal guarantee on [[Minimum support price (India)|MSP]] for farmers, waiving off of farmers' loans, an import-export policy favourable to them, removal of [[Goods and Services Tax (India)|GST]] from agricultural commodities, and payments directly into farmers' bank accounts within 30 days in case of crop loss.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-14 |title=Rahul Gandhi announces Congress' 5 big poll promises to farmers: MSP, agriculture loan waiver... |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-announces-congress-5-big-poll-promises-to-farmers-msp-agriculture-loan-waiver-101710413734047.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328061221/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/rahul-gandhi-announces-congress-5-big-poll-promises-to-farmers-msp-agriculture-loan-waiver-101710413734047.html |archive-date=28 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-18 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref>
* Labourers Manifesto: Universal healthcare coverage for workers, increasing national minimum wage to ₹400 ([[US$]]4.8) per day from the current ₹172 ([[US$]]2.1) per day, an urban employment guarantee law similar to [[Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, 2005|MGNREGA]] in the rural areas, life and accident insurance for informal sector workers.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-16 |title=Lok Sabha polls: Congress unveils 5 guarantees each for 'Shramik Nyay' and 'Hissedari Nyay, promises caste census |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/congress-unveils-5-guarantees-each-for-shramik-nyay-and-hissedari-nyay-promises-caste-census/articleshow/108543704.cms |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-03-27 |title=Congress pledges national minimum wage at Rs 400 a day if voted to office |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/cong-pledges-national-minimum-wage-at-rs-400-a-day-if-voted-to-office/articleshow/108800238.cms |access-date=2024-03-31 |work=The Times of India |issn=0971-8257}}</ref>

* Caste census: The Congress party declared that, if it wins the election, it will conduct a comprehensive census called to survey the population, socio-economic conditions, and representation in governance institutions. It also promised to bring in legislation to eliminate the 50% cap on reservations for SC, ST, and backward classes and to protect tribal forest rights.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-09 |title=Congress sets its poll line, bats for caste census |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rahul-gandhi-says-cwc-unanimously-supports-idea-of-nationwide-caste-census-8974891/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329150424/https://indianexpress.com/article/india/rahul-gandhi-says-cwc-unanimously-supports-idea-of-nationwide-caste-census-8974891/ |archive-date=29 March 2024 |access-date=2024-03-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>

* Wealth re-distribution: Rahul Gandhi made a pledge to "redistribute wealth." According to him, poverty and socioeconomic inequality would vanish. Gandhi declared that his party would carry out an institutional and financial census to determine the country's wealthiest citizens if the Congress (together with the allied parties) achieved power. He added that the Congress Party would then use data from the caste census to allocate wealth to the underprivileged castes and "minorities" proportional to their population.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2024-04-08 |title=Congress' Rahul Gandhi vows a survey to redistribute the wealth of Indians |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/congress-rahul-gandhi-vows-a-survey-to-redistribute-the-wealth-of-indians/articleshow/109121033.cms?from=mdr |access-date=2024-04-09 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409090408/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/congress-rahul-gandhi-vows-a-survey-to-redistribute-the-wealth-of-indians/articleshow/109121033.cms?from=mdr |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Congress to conduct wealth redistribution survey if voted to power: Rahul Gandhi |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/congress-rahul-gandhi-financial-survey-wealth-redistribution-telangana-manifesto-lok-sabha-polls-2524343-2024-04-07 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=India Today |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409050820/https://www.indiatoday.in/elections/story/congress-rahul-gandhi-financial-survey-wealth-redistribution-telangana-manifesto-lok-sabha-polls-2524343-2024-04-07 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-07 |title=Rahul Gandhi's another big poll promise: 'Congress will conduct wealth redistribution survey if voted to power' |url=https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/rahul-gandhis-another-big-poll-promise-congress-will-conduct-wealth-redistribution-survey-if-voted-to-power-424606-2024-04-07 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=Business Today |language=en |archive-date=9 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409090408/https://www.businesstoday.in/india/story/rahul-gandhis-another-big-poll-promise-congress-will-conduct-wealth-redistribution-survey-if-voted-to-power-424606-2024-04-07 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The complete manifesto titled ''Nyay Patra'' ({{langx|hi|न्याय पत्र |translation=Justice Paper}}) was released on 5th April 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian National Congress 2024 Manifesto |url=https://inc.in/media/manifesto |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=Indian National Congress |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-05 |title=Congress promises ' ₹1 lakh for poor Indian family' in 'Nyay Patra' |url=https://www.livemint.com/politics/news/congress-releases-manifesto-for-lok-sabha-polls-2024-with-nyay-theme-11712296628943.html |access-date=2024-04-06 |website=mint |language=en}}</ref> Some salient points in the manifesto are (apart from above promises released earlier) :

* After wide consultations, the manifesto promises to bring a law to recognize civil unions between couples belonging to the [[LGBT|LGBTQIA+ community]].
* The manifesto promises to implement the [[Third Gehlot ministry|Rajasthan Model]] of cashless insurance up to 25 lakhs for [[Universal health care|universal healthcare]].
* The manifesto promised to waive off student education loans as a one-time measure outstanding as on 15 March 2024.
* The manifesto promised that one day in a week will be devoted to discuss the agenda suggested by the opposition benches in each [[Parliament of India|House of Parliament]].
* The manifest promised not to interfere with personal choices of food and dress, to love and marry, and to travel and reside in any part of India. All laws and rules that interfere unreasonably with personal freedoms will be repealed.
* The manifesto promised to de-criminalise the offence of defamation and provide, by law, a speedy remedy by way of civil damages.
* The manifesto rejected the 'One Nation One Election' idea.
* The manifesto promised to establish National Judicial Commission (NJC). The NJC will be responsible for the selection and appointment of judges of the High Courts and the Supreme Court.
* The manifesto promised to amend the Constitution to create two divisions in the Supreme Court: a Constitutional Court and a Court of Appeal. The Constitutional Court consisting of the seven seniormost judges will hear and decide cases involving the interpretation of the Constitution and other cases of legal significance or national importance. The Court of Appeal will be the final court of appeal that will, sitting in Benches of three judges each, hear appeals from the High Court and National Tribunals.
* The manifesto promised to eliminate the “Angel tax” and all other exploitative tax schemes that inhibit investment in new micro, small companies and innovative start-ups.

== Committees ==

===Task Force 2024===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# [[P. Chidambaram]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://inc.in/aicc-committees/task-force-2024 | title=Indian National Congress }}</ref>
# [[Mukul Wasnik]]
# [[Jairam Ramesh]]
# [[K. C. Venugopal]]
# [[Ajay Maken]]
# [[Priyanka Gandhi]]
# [[Randeep Surjewala]]
# [[Sunil Kanugolu]]
# Aryan Abhay Verma
}}

===National Alliance Committee===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# [[Ashok Gehlot]] - ''Member''
# [[Bhupesh Baghel]] - ''Member''
# [[Mukul Wasnik]] - '''''Convenor'''''<ref>{{cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/elections/lok-sabha/india/congress-forms-5-member-committee-to-look-after-alliances-for-2024-lok-sabha-elections/articleshow/106122422.cms?from=mdr | title=Congress forms 5-member committee to look after alliances for 2024 Lok Sabha elections | newspaper=The Economic Times | date=19 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://inc.in/media/press-releases/press-release-regarding-constitution-of-national-alliance-committee | title=Indian National Congress }}</ref>
# [[Salman Khurshid]] - ''Member''
# [[Mohan Prakash]] - ''Member''
}}

===Manifesto Committee===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# [[P. Chidambaram]] - '''''Chairman'''''<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lok-sabha-election-2024-congress-forms-manifesto-committee-check-key-issues-in-focus-11703300306824.html | title=Congress forms manifesto committee; check key issues in focus | date=23 December 2023 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://inc.in/aicc-committees/aicc-manifesto-committee-2024 | title=Indian National Congress }}</ref>
# [[T. S. Singh Deo]] - ''Convenor''
# [[Siddaramaiah]] - ''Member''
# [[Priyanka Gandhi]] - ''Member''
# [[Anand Sharma]] - ''Member''
# [[Jairam Ramesh]] - ''Member''
# [[Shashi Tharoor]] - ''Member''
# [[Gaikhangam]] - ''Member''
# [[Gaurav Gogoi]] - ''Member''
# Praveen Chakravarty - ''Member''
# [[Imran Pratapgarhi]] - ''Member''
# K. Raju - ''Member''
# [[Omkar Singh Markam]] - ''Member''
# [[Ranjeet Ranjan]] - ''Member''
# [[Jignesh Mevani]] - ''Member''
# [[Gurdeep Singh Sappal]] - ''Member''
# Amitabh Dubey - ''Member''
<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/lok-sabha/fact-checking-the-muslim-league-manifesto-claim-against-congress/article68110423.ece | title=Fact-checking the ‘Muslim League Manifesto’ claim against Congress | date=27 April 2024}}</ref>}}

===Publicity Committee===
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# [[Ajay Maken]], Treasurer AICC - '''''Convenor'''''
# [[K. C. Venugopal]], General Secretary Organisation AICC
# [[Jairam Ramesh]], General Secretary Communication AICC
# [[Gurdeep Singh Sappal]], Incharge Administration AICC
# Pawan Khera, Chairperson Media and Publicity Department AICC
# [[Supriya Shrinate]], Chairperson Social Media Department AICC
# Special Invitee ''(as required, to be included after their respective approval)''
}}

===Central War Room===
'''Organisational War-Room'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# Sasikanth Senthil S. - '''''Chairman'''''
# Gokul Butail - ''Vice Chairman''
# Naveen Sharma - ''Vice Chairman''
# Varun Santosh - ''Vice Chairman''
# Arvind Kumar - ''Vice Chairman''
}}

'''Communication War-Room'''
{{columns-list|colwidth=20em|
# Vaibhav Walia - '''''Chairman'''''
}}

== See also ==
* [[2024 Indian general election]]
* [[Rahul Gandhi]]
* [[Mallikarjun Kharge]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{Official website|www.inc.in}}

{{Indian general election, 2024|state=collapsed }}

[[Category:2024 Indian general election]]
[[Category:Indian National Congress campaigns]]
[[Category:Indian general election campaigns]]

Nimisha Sajayan

2025-12-01T14:12:58Z

MavisLandale6:

{{short description|Indian actress}}
{{Indian name|Nimisha|Sajayan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Nimisha Sajayan
| image = Nimisha Sajayan (cropped).jpg
| caption = Nimisha Sajayan in 2018
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Mumbai]], Maharashtra, India
| years_active = 2017{{Endash}}present
| occupation = Actress
}}

'''Nimisha Sajayan''' is an Indian actress who primarily works in [[Malayalam cinema|Malayalam]] films, apart from [[Tamil cinema|Tamil]] and [[Hindi]] films. Nimisha made her acting debut with the film ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' directed by [[Dileesh Pothan]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/25/newbie-nimisha-sajayan-is-the-lead-lady-in-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-1608688.html |title=Newbie Nimisha Sajayan is the lead lady in Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum |first1=Meera |last1=Suresh |date=25 May 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |archive-date=29 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629045536/http://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/25/newbie-nimisha-sajayan-is-the-lead-lady-in-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-1608688.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> She won the [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress]] in 2018 for her performance in ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' and ''[[Chola (film)|Chola]]''.<ref>{{cite news |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2019: The full winners list |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-complete-winners-list-5858096/}}</ref> She is also a recipient of three [[Filmfare Award South|Filmfare]] Awards.

==Early and personal life==
Nimisha was born in [[Mumbai]], [[Maharashtra]], India to Late Sajayan,<ref> {{cite news
| title = Actor Nimisha Sajayan’s father, Sajayan Nair, passes away
| url = https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/news/actor-nimisha-sajayan-father-sajayan-nair-passes-away-1.10278768
| work = Mathrubhumi Online
| publisher = Mathrubhumi Online
| date = 23 January 2025
| access-date = 26 February 2025
| language = en
}} </ref> an engineer, and Bindhu Sajayan. Her family is from Kerala.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/decor/2018/11/12/nimisha-sajayan-reminisces-her-sweet-childhood-home.html |title=Nimisha Sajayan reminisces about her childhood home |publisher=On Manorama |date=12 November 2018 |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-date=12 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112105515/https://english.manoramaonline.com/lifestyle/decor/2018/11/12/nimisha-sajayan-reminisces-her-sweet-childhood-home.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

She completed her schooling at Carmel Convent School, Mumbai and graduated from KJ Somaiya College, Mumbai.<ref>{{cite news |title=Mumbai girl Nimisha Sajayan bags honours at Kerala State Film Awards |url=https://mediaeyenews.com/index.php/media/detailmedia/Mumbai-girl-Nimisha-Sajayan-bags-honours-at-Kerala-State-Film-Awards-- |work=Media Eye News |access-date=20 March 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903092204/https://mediaeyenews.com/index.php/media/detailmedia/Mumbai-girl-Nimisha-Sajayan-bags-honours-at-Kerala-State-Film-Awards-- |url-status=live}}</ref>

==Acting career==
Nimisha started her acting career with the film ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'', directed by [[Dileesh Pothan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jul/19/sreeja-of-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-is-one-of-us-1630439.html |title=Sreeja of Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum is one of us |date=19 July 2017 |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |agency=Express News Service |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903093838/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/jul/19/sreeja-of-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-is-one-of-us-1630439.html |url-status=live}}</ref> She then played the lead role in editor [[B. Ajithkumar|B. Ajithk]] and [[Rajeev Ravi]]'s ''[[Eeda]]''.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |title=Nimisha Sajayan plays a college student in 'Eeda' |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-plays-a-college-student-in-eeda/articleshow/59562600.cms |access-date=12 November 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 July 2017 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107060348/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-plays-a-college-student-in-eeda/articleshow/59562600.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Soman |first1=Deepa |title=Shane Nigam – Nimisha Sajayan film 'Eeda' poster shows their interesting chemistry in the film! |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-nimisha-sajayan-film-eeda-poster-shows-their-interesting-chemistry-in-the-film/articleshow/60957875.cms |access-date=12 November 2017 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=6 October 2017 |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107065316/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/shane-nigam-nimisha-sajayan-film-eeda-poster-shows-their-interesting-chemistry-in-the-film/articleshow/60957875.cms |url-status=live}}</ref> She won the [[49th Kerala State Film Awards|49th Kerala State Film Award for Best actress]] in 2019 for the movies ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' directed by [[Madhupal]] and ''[[Chola (film)|Chola]]'' directed by [[Sanal Kumar Sasidharan]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nimisha-sajayan-who-bagged-the-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actress-says-she-cant-wait-for-more-good-roles/article26721507.ece |title=I am trying to break stereotypes in portrayal of women, says Nimisha Sajayan |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=3 April 2019 |last1=George |first1=Vijay |url-access=subscription |access-date=18 January 2021 |archive-date=3 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903094907/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nimisha-sajayan-who-bagged-the-kerala-state-film-award-for-best-actress-says-she-cant-wait-for-more-good-roles/article26721507.ece |url-status=live}}</ref> ''Chola'' premiered at several international film festivals.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Chola to be screened at Geneva International Film festival |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/chola-to-be-screened-at-geneva-international-film-festival/articleshow/71578294.cms |access-date=16 July 2021 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=14 October 2019 |language=en |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716081202/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/chola-to-be-screened-at-geneva-international-film-festival/articleshow/71578294.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>

In 2021, she acted in ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''. The film as well as her performance were well received.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 January 2021 |title=The Great Indian Kitchen review: Powerful film on patriarchy and men-governed traditions |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-great-indian-kitchen-review-powerful-film-on-patriarchy-101610792874537.html |access-date=16 July 2021 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=12 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210712114018/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/the-great-indian-kitchen-review-powerful-film-on-patriarchy-101610792874537.html |url-status=live}}</ref> The same year, she played lead roles in ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'' and ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]''. In 2022 she was a part of ''[[Oru Thekkan Thallu Case]]'', ''[[Innale Vare]]'' and ''[[Heaven (2022 film)|Heaven]]''. Her upcoming films are ''[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]'' and ''Chera''. She made her [[Tamil language|Tamil]] debut through [[A. L. Vijay|A. L. Vijay's]] ''[[Mission: Chapter 1 - Achcham Enbathu Illaiyae]]'' film but her first release in Tamil was ''[[Chithha]]'' in 2023.

==Filmography==
=== Films ===
{{Pending films key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Nimisha Sajayan film credits and roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2017
| ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' || Sreeja || rowspan="13" | Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/25/newbie-nimisha-sajayan-is-the-lead-lady-in-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-1608688.html |title=Newbie Nimisha Sajayan is the lead lady in Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum |website=The New Indian Express |date=25 May 2017 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428124029/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/may/25/newbie-nimisha-sajayan-is-the-lead-lady-in-thondimuthalum-driksakshiyum-1608688.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2018 || ''[[Eeda (film)|Eeda]]'' || Aishwarya || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-plays-a-college-student-in-eeda/articleshow/59562600.cms |title=Nimisha Sajayan plays a college student in 'Eeda' |website=The Times of India |date=13 July 2017 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=22 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200322021104/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-plays-a-college-student-in-eeda/articleshow/59562600.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Mangalyam Thanthunanena]]'' || Clara || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban-and-nimisha-sajayan-in-mangalyam-thanthunanena-news-malayalam-sghmctbjjgfde.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180607100452/http://www.sify.com/movies/kunchacko-boban-and-nimisha-sajayan-in-mangalyam-thanthunanena-news-malayalam-sghmctbjjgfde.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 June 2018 |title=Kunchacko Boban and Nimisha Sajayan in Mangalyam Thanthunanena |website=[[Sify]] |date=17 June 2018 |access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/nov/15/kunchacko-and-nimisha--are-a-couple-in-their-next-1702221.html |title=Kunchacko and Nimisha  are a couple in their next |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=16 November 2017 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230428054032/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2017/nov/15/kunchacko-and-nimisha--are-a-couple-in-their-next-1702221.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' || Hanna Elizabeth || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-in-the-court-room-the-judge-told-me-in-jest-that-he-will-cane-me/articleshow/66665047.cms |title=Nimisha Sajayan: In the court room, the judge told me in jest that he will cane me |website=The Times of India |date=17 November 2018 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428124029/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-in-the-court-room-the-judge-told-me-in-jest-that-he-will-cane-me/articleshow/66665047.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Watch: Actor Nimisha Sajayan makes parottas on the sets of her new film |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-actor-nimisha-sajayan-makes-parottas-sets-her-new-film-76749 |access-date=22 February 2018 |publisher=The News Minute |date=20 February 2018 |archive-date=15 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215132312/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/watch-actor-nimisha-sajayan-makes-parottas-sets-her-new-film-76749 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="3" | 2019 || ''[[Nalpathiyonnu (41)]]'' || Bhagyasooyam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/091119/nalpathiyonnu-movie-review-of-faith-and-its-social-manifest.html |title=Nalpathiyonnu movie review: Of faith and its social manifest |website=Deccan Chronicle |date=9 November 2019 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428124029/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/091119/nalpathiyonnu-movie-review-of-faith-and-its-social-manifest.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chola (film)|Chola]]'' || Janaki || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/nimisha-sajayan-starrer-chola-to-be-screened-at-venice-film-festival-1.4003163 |title=Nimisha Sajayan starrer Chola to be screened at Venice Film Festival |website=[[Mathrubhumi]] |date=31 July 2019 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428124029/https://english.mathrubhumi.com/movies-music/movie-news/nimisha-sajayan-starrer-chola-to-be-screened-at-venice-film-festival-1.4003163 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Stand Up (2019 film)|Stand Up]]'' || Keerthi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-rajisha-vijayan-movie-stand-up-to-release-in-november/articleshow/71373506.cms |title=Nimisha Sajayan-Rajisha Vijayan movie Stand Up to release in November |website=The Times of India |date=30 September 2019 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428230643/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-rajisha-vijayan-movie-stand-up-to-release-in-november/articleshow/71373506.cms |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/04/09/nimisha-sajayan-rajisha-in-vidhu-vinecent-movie-stand-up.html |title=Nimisha, Rajisha roped in for Vidhu Vincent's 'Stand Up' |website=OnManorama |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=15 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115031557/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2019/04/09/nimisha-sajayan-rajisha-in-vidhu-vinecent-movie-stand-up.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2021 || ''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]'' || Sreedevi Hareesh || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/the-great-indian-kitchen-streaming-on-amazon-prime-video-7256822/ |title=Malayalam film The Great Indian Kitchen streaming on Amazon Prime Video, director says, 'only because of great audience' |website=The Indian Express |date=4 April 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428124029/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/the-great-indian-kitchen-streaming-on-amazon-prime-video-7256822/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Suraj, Nimisha Film 'The Great Indian Kitchen' to release on January 15 |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/jan/12/suraj-nimisha-film-the-great-indian-kitchen-to-release-on-january-15-2248732.html |website=The New Indian Express |date=12 January 2021 |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122050936/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/jan/12/suraj-nimisha-film-the-great-indian-kitchen-to-release-on-january-15-2248732.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[One (2021 film)|One]]'' || Lathika || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-joins-mammootty-starrer-one/articleshow/71839468.cms |title=Nimisha Sajayan joins Mammootty starrer 'One'? |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |date=31 October 2019 |access-date=3 December 2021 |archive-date=3 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203085349/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayan-joins-mammootty-starrer-one/articleshow/71839468.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Nayattu (2021 film)|Nayattu]]'' || [[Civil Police Officer (Kerala)|WCPO]] Sunitha || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2021/apr/09/nayattu-movie-reviewa-powerful-blood-boiling-thriller-23860.html |title=Nayattu Movie Review: A powerful, blood-boiling thriller |website=Cinema Express |date=9 April 2021 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428124030/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/reviews/malayalam/2021/apr/09/nayattu-movie-reviewa-powerful-blood-boiling-thriller-23860.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nagarajan |first=Saraswathy |date=31 October 2020 |title=Nimisha Sajayan to work with Adil Hussain in 'Footprints on Water' |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nimisha-sajayan-to-work-with-adil-hussain-in-footprints-on-water/article32990851.ece |website=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=16 May 2021 |archive-date=23 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210723124236/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/nimisha-sajayan-to-work-with-adil-hussain-in-footprints-on-water/article32990851.ece |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Malik (film)|Malik]]'' || Rosline || ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nimisha-sajayans-look-malik-out-120657 |title=Nimisha Sajayan's look from 'Malik' out |website=[[The News Minute]] |date=19 March 2020 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=28 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210428125534/https://www.thenewsminute.com/article/nimisha-sajayans-look-malik-out-120657 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="4" | 2022 || ''[[Innale Vare]]'' || Anjali || ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/19/asif-ali-nimisha-sajayan-film-goes-on-floors-24047.html |title=Asif Ali-Nimisha Sajayan film goes on floors |work=[[Cinema Express]] |date=19 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203085613/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/stories/news/2021/apr/19/asif-ali-nimisha-sajayan-film-goes-on-floors-24047.html |archive-date=3 December 2021}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Heaven (2022 film)|Heaven]]'' || Defense councilor || Cameo ||<ref>{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wHwnnn9jew |title=Heaven {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Suraj Venjaramoodu, Nimisha Sajayan, Sudev Nair {{!}} Now Streaming |publisher=Disney+ Hotstar Tamil |date=20 August 2022 |via=YouTube |access-date=22 August 2022 |archive-date=22 August 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822031435/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5wHwnnn9jew&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| ''Hawa Hawai'' || Jyoti || Marathi || ||
|-
| ''[[Oru Thekkan Thallu Case]]'' || Vasanthi || rowspan="2" | Malayalam || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/Jul/14/biju-menon-nimisha-sajayan-to-lead-oru-thekkan-thallu-case-2330147.html |title=Biju Menon, Nimisha Sajayan to play the lead role in the film Oru Thekkan Thallu Case |work=[[The New Indian Express]] |date=14 July 2021 |agency=Express News Service |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=19 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719004641/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2021/jul/14/biju-menon-nimisha-sajayan-to-lead-oru-thekkan-thallu-case-2330147.amp |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="5" | 2023 || ''[[Thuramukham (2023 film)|Thuramukham]]'' || Umani || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Thuramukham set for OTT release soon |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/04/thuramukham-set-for-ott-release-soon-41931.html |date=4 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |language=en |access-date=21 April 2023 |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421200818/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/apr/04/thuramukham-set-for-ott-release-soon-41931.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Footprints on Water'' || Meera || [[Indian English]] || ||<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZO7-56FQYk |title=Footprints on Water {{!}} Official Trailer {{!}} Adil Hussain {{!}} Antonio Aakeel{{!}} Nimisha Sajayan {{!}} Lena Kumar |publisher=The Production Headquarters (TPHQ UK) |date=15 May 2023 |via=YouTube |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=20 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620214105/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_ZO7-56FQYk |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mohaan-nadaars-footprints-on-water-bags-top-honours-at-international-film-festivals-12716452.html |title=Mohaan Nadaar's Footprints on Water bags top honours at international film festivals |date=9 June 2020 |work=Firstpost |quote=[...] Adil Hussain and Nimisha Sajayan were nominated for Best Actor and Best Actress respectively, at NYIFF. |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=14 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614065214/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/mohaan-nadaars-footprints-on-water-bags-top-honours-at-international-film-festivals-12716452.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Chithha]]'' || Shakthi|| rowspan="2" |[[Tamil language|Tamil]]|| ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-06 |title=Chithha teaser: Siddharth promises a heart-wrenching relationship drama |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/chithha-teaser-siddharth-promises-a-heart-wrenching-relationship-drama-8927906/ |access-date=2023-09-27 |website=The Indian Express |language=en |archive-date=27 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230927192507/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/tamil/chithha-teaser-siddharth-promises-a-heart-wrenching-relationship-drama-8927906/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Jigarthanda DoubleX]]'' || Malaiyarasi || ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-11-10 |title=Jigarthanda Double X Twitter reviews are in: Raghava Lawrence and Karthik Subbaraj film termed 'bad, bold and mad' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jigarthanda-double-x-movie-review-twitter-karthik-subbaraj-raghava-lawrence-101699606474632.html |access-date=2023-11-10 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en |archive-date=10 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110110709/https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/tamil-cinema/jigarthanda-double-x-movie-review-twitter-karthik-subbaraj-raghava-lawrence-101699606474632.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Adrishya Jalakangal]]'' || Miranda || Malayalam || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tovino Thomas' Adrishya Jalakangal trailer is here |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/09/tovino-thomas-adrishya-jalakangal-trailer-is-here-49391.html |access-date=2023-11-25 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=9 November 2023 |language=en |archive-date=12 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112005833/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2023/nov/09/tovino-thomas-adrishya-jalakangal-trailer-is-here-49391.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2024 || ''[[Mission: Chapter 1]]'' || Nancy Kurian || Tamil || ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=Anushka's next with director Vijay to go on floors in February |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/16/anushkas-next-with-director-vijay-to-go-on-floors-in-february-36704.html |access-date=21 April 2023 |website=[[Cinema Express]] |date=16 November 2022 |language=en |archive-date=21 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421200818/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2022/nov/16/anushkas-next-with-director-vijay-to-go-on-floors-in-february-36704.html |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=24 December 2023 |title=Arun Vijay's Mission Chapter 1 gets a release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/24/arun-vijays-mission-chapter-1-gets-a-release-date-50673.amp |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240110173122/https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2023/dec/24/arun-vijays-mission-chapter-1-gets-a-release-date-50673.amp |archive-date=10 January 2024 |access-date=19 January 2024 |website=[[Cinema Express]]}}</ref>
|-
| ''[[Lantrani]]'' || Manasi Gangopandhey || rowspan="2" | Hindi || ||<ref>{{Cite news |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/hindi/movie-reviews/lantrani/ottmoviereview/107533020.cms |title=Lantrani Review: This satirical anthology by national award winning directors hits the bulls eye |date=9 February 2024 |first1=Ronak |last1=Kotecha |accessdate=18 February 2024}}</ref>
|-
|rowspan="2" |2025 || ''[[Crazxy]]'' || Bobby || Voice role ||<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-in/entertainment/southcinema/sohum-shah-does-the-unthinkable-changes-climax-of-crazxy-a-week-after-release-here-s-why/ar-AA1AlSyT |access-date=2025-03-09 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref>
|-
|''[[DNA (2025 film)|DNA]]'' || Dhivya Anand || Tamil ||
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Atharvaa-Nimisha Sajayan's DNA gets release date |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/tamil/news/2025/Jun/05/atharvaa-nimisha-sajayans-dna-gets-release-date |access-date=2025-06-05 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

=== Short films ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Nimisha Sajayan short film credits and roles
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2017 || ''Nethram''|| Rape victim || ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.inspirereel.com/nethram-this-wont-stop-till-you-stop-sharing |title=NETHRAM — This won't stop Till You Stop Sharing {{!}} Inspire Reel Media and Entertainment |date=3 December 2017 |publisher=Inspire Reel |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=26 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426194053/https://www.inspirereel.com/nethram-this-wont-stop-till-you-stop-sharing/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 2020 ||''Ghar Se'' || Wife || Hindi short film ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/29/nimisha-sajayan-ghar-se-hindi-short-film.html |title=Ghar Se: Nimisha Sajayan-starrer short film is poignant and powerful |website=[[OnManorama]] |date=29 June 2020 |access-date=23 July 2021 |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921165832/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2020/06/29/nimisha-sajayan-ghar-se-hindi-short-film.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| ''Draupadi'' || Mother || Photo Story ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayans-photo-story-droupadi-is-intense/articleshow/61688373.cms |title=Nimisha Sajayan's photo story Droupadi is intense |date=17 November 2017 |newspaper=[[The Times of India]] |first1=Asha |last1=Prakash |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=18 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518113413/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/malayalam/movies/news/nimisha-sajayans-photo-story-droupadi-is-intense/articleshow/61688373.cms |url-status=live}}</ref>
|}

=== Television ===
{{pending series key}}
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders sortable"
|+ List of Nimisha Sajayan television credits and roles
|-
! scope="col" | Year
! scope="col" | Title
! scope="col" | Role
! scope="col" | Language
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | {{refh}}
|-
| 2024 || ''[[Poacher (TV series)|Poacher]]'' || Mala Yogi || Malayalam || TV series on [[Prime Video]] || style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alia Bhatt Boards Prime Video Wildlife Crime Drama 'Poacher' as Executive Producer (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2024/global/asia/alia-bhatt-boards-prime-video-poacher-producer-1235898085/ |access-date=2024-02-06 |website=Variety|date=6 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Dabba Cartel]]'' || Mala || Hindi || TV series on [[Netflix]] || style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/dabba-cartel-announcement-shabana-azmi-jyotika-cook-up-a-racket/article67899065.ece/ |title='Dabba Cartel' announcement: Shabana Azmi, Jyotika cook up a racket |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=29 February 2024}}</ref>
|}

== Awards and nominations ==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ List of Nimisha Sajayan's awards and nominations
|-
! scope="col" | Award
! scope="col" | Year{{efn|name=years|Refers to the year in which the ceremony was held.}}
! scope="col" | Category
! scope="col" | Work
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Result
! scope="col" class="unsortable"| {{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}}
|-
|[[Kerala State Film Awards]] || rowspan="2" | 2019 || [[Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' ''[[Chola (film)|Chola]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-winners-list/ |title=Kerala State Film Awards 2019: Winners list |website=The Indian Express |date=27 February 2019 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=27 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227182207/https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/malayalam/kerala-state-film-awards-2019-winners-list/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kerala Film Critics Association Awards]] || [[Kerala Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress|Best Actress]] || ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/09/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-1962020.html |title=Kerala Film Critics Awards announced |work=The New Indian Express |date=9 April 2019 |access-date=29 January 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122090907/https://www.newindianexpress.com/entertainment/malayalam/2019/apr/09/kerala-film-critics-awards-announced-1962020.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]] || rowspan="4" | 2018 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress (Malayalam)]] || rowspan="4" |''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' || {{nom}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |title=Nominations for the 65th Jio Filmfare Awards (South) 2018 |website=Filmfare |date=4 June 2018 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=30 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830181056/https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-65th-jio-filmfare-awards-south-2018_-28652.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|rowspan="2"| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] ||[[SIIMA Award for Best Female Debut – Malayalam|Best Female Debut – Malayalam]] ||{{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/09/15/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list.html |title=SIIMA Awards: Here are the winners from Malayalam |website=Malayala Manorama |date=15 September 2018 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915122255/https://english.manoramaonline.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/09/15/siima-awards-malayalam-winners-list.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[SIIMA Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress – Malayalam]] || {{nom}}||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-leads-with-nine-nods-followed-by-vikram-vedha-4976241.html |title=SIIMA Awards 2018 nominations |website=Firstpost |date=16 August 2018 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918090208/https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/siima-awards-2018-nominations-vijays-mersal-leads-with-nine-nods-followed-by-vikram-vedha-4976241.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
| rowspan="3"| [[Asianet Film Awards]]|| Best Actress || {{nom}} ||
|-
|rowspan="2"| 2019 || Best Star Couple (shared with [[Shane Nigam]]) || ''[[Eeda]]'' || {{won}} ||
|-
| Best Character Actress || ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]''|| {{nom}} ||
|-
|rowspan="2" | [[Filmfare Awards South]]|| rowspan="2"|2019 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam|Best Actress]] || rowspan="2"|[[Eeda]]|| {{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/features/nominations-for-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-37931.html|title=Nominations for the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress - Malayalam|Best Actress (Critics) ]] || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.filmfare.com/news/bollywood/winners-of-the-66th-filmfare-awards-south-2019_-38163.html |title=Winners of the 66th Filmfare Awards (South) 2019|website=[[Filmfare]] |access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vanitha Film Awards]] || 2018 || Best Newcomer Actress || ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]''||{{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2018/02/25/vanita-film-awards-2018-live-updates.html |title=വനിത ഫിലിം അവാര്‍ഡ് 2018: ഫഹദ് മികച്ച നടൻ, മഞ്ജു വാരിയർ, പാർവതി മികച്ച നടിമാർ |trans-title=Women's Film Award 2018: Fahadh Best Actor, Manju Warrier and Parvathy Best Actress |language=Malayalam |website=Malayala Manorama |date=27 February 2018 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=5 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605202740/https://www.manoramaonline.com/news/latest-news/2018/02/25/vanita-film-awards-2018-live-updates.html |url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|rowspan=2|[[Indian Film Festival of Melbourne|IFFM Awards]]||rowspan=2|2021||Best Performance Female (Feature)||rowspan=2|''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]''|| {{nom}} ||<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriyas-soorarai-pottru-vidya-balans-sherni-lead-nominations-at-iffm-awards-2021/article35739503.ece/ |title=Nimisha Sajayan in the race for Best Actress in IFFM 2021 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |date=5 August 2021 |agency=[[Press Trust of India|PTI]] |access-date=20 August 2021 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805153916/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/suriyas-soorarai-pottru-vidya-balans-sherni-lead-nominations-at-iffm-awards-2021/article35739503.ece/amp/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|Honourable Mention for Best Actress (Feature)|| {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/iffm-2021-awards-check-out-the-complete-winners-list-702598 |title=IFFM 2021 Awards: Check Out The Complete Winners List |first1=Ravali |last1=Hymavati |newspaper=[[The Hans India]] |date=20 August 2021 |access-date=20 June 2023 |archive-date=27 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230427100636/https://www.thehansindia.com/cinema/bollywood/iffm-2021-awards-check-out-the-complete-winners-list-702598 |url-status=live}}</ref>

|-
|rowspan=2| Movie Street Film Excellence Awards || 2018 || Best Debutant Actor – Female || ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/05/fahadh-manju-aishwarya-corner-movie-street-film-excellence-awards.html |title=Fahadh, Manju, Aishwarya corner Movie Street film excellence awards |website=Malayala Manorama |date=5 February 2018 |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=11 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411002623/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2018/02/05/fahadh-manju-aishwarya-corner-movie-street-film-excellence-awards.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |2019 || Best Actor (Female) || ''[[Oru Kuprasidha Payyan]]''||{{won}} ||

|-
| Toronto International South Asian Film Awards || Best Debut Actress || ''[[Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://tisfa.ca/winners-2019/ |title=Winners TISFA 2019 |website=Toronto International South Asian Film Awards |access-date=28 April 2021 |archive-date=26 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200526185120/http://tisfa.ca/winners-2019/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[South Indian International Movie Awards]]|| rowspan="2" | 2021 || Best Actress || rowspan="2" | ''[[Chola]]'' || {{nom}} ||
|-
| Best Actress – (Critics) || {{won}} ||
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]] || rowspan="2" | 2022 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam|Best Actress (Malayalam)]] || rowspan="2" |''[[The Great Indian Kitchen]]'' || {{won}} ||<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 October 2022 |title=Filmfare Awards South: From Nimisha Sajayan to Allu Arjun. Read which actors won what |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/11/filmfare-awards-south-malayalam-tamil-telugu-kannada-stars-announced.html |access-date=11 October 2022 |website=Onmanorama |language=en |archive-date=11 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011070903/https://www.onmanorama.com/entertainment/entertainment-news/2022/10/11/filmfare-awards-south-malayalam-tamil-telugu-kannada-stars-announced.html |url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| [[South Indian International Movie Awards]] || Critics Choice Awards || {{won}} ||
|-
|-
| [[Filmfare Awards South]]|| rowspan="2"|2024 || [[Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil|Best Actress]] || rowspan="2"|[[Chithha]]|| {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/entertainment/telugu-cinema/filmfare-awards-south-2024-full-winners-list-nanis-dasara-siddharths-chithha-win-big-101722757273293.html |title=Filmfare Awards South 2024 full winners list: Nani's Dasara, Siddharth's Chithha win big |website=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=7 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards]] ||Best Actress || {{won}} ||<ref>{{cite web |url=https://awards.vikatan.com/cinema-awards/?pfrom=sub-menu-header|title=Ananda Vikatan Cinema Awards 2023|website=[[Ananda Vikatan]] |access-date=12 August 2024}}</ref>
|-
|}

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|9016782}}

{{SIIMA Award for Best Female Débutante | state=autocollapse}}
{{Kerala State Award for Best Actress}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam}}
{{Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress – Malayalam}}
{{Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Tamil}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sajayan, Nimasha}}
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses in Marathi cinema]]
[[Category:Actresses from Kollam]]
[[Category:Actresses from Mumbai]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Indian female taekwondo practitioners]]
[[Category:Actresses in Tamil cinema]]

Lepidopygopsis

2025-11-09T03:58:56Z

MavisLandale6: Put Up New Info W/ Refs

{{Short description|Monotypic genus of fish}}
{{Speciesbox
| status = EN
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Raghavan, R. |name-list-style=& |author2=Ali, A. |date=2011 |title=''Lepidopygopsis typus'' |article-number=e.T172507A6905893 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2011-1.RLTS.T172507A6905893.en |access-date=18 November 2021}}</ref>
| taxon = Lepidopygopsis typus
| display_parents = 2
| parent_authority = [[B. Sundara Raj|B. S. Raj]], 1941<ref name = "Cof family">{{Cof family|family=Torinae|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref>
| authority = B. S. Raj, 1941<ref name = "Cof genus"/>
}}
'''''Lepidopygopsis''''' is a [[monospecific genus]] of freshwater [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]] belonging to the [[Family (biology)|family]] [[Cyprinidae]], which includes the [[carp]]s, [[Barb (fish)|barbs]] and related fishes. The only species in the genus is the '''peninsular hill trout''' ('''''Lepidopygopsis typus'''''),<ref name = "Cof genus">{{Cof genus|genus=Lepidopygopsis|access-date=16 January 2025}}</ref> a species [[Endemism|endemic]] to India, where it is restricted to the [[Periyar River]] and lake system in [[Kerala]].<ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase|Lepidopygopsis|typus|month=October|year=2024}}</ref>

The [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] classifies this as an [[Endangered species (IUCN status)|endangered species]], stating that it is threatened by invasive fish species, pollution and a dam.<ref name = iucn/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q3595164}}

[[Category:Torinae]]
[[Category:Cyprinid fish of Asia]]
[[Category:Fish of India]]
[[Category:Taxa named by B. Sundara Raj]]
[[Category:Fish described in 1941]]
[[Category:Monotypic fish genera]]

{{Cyprinidae-stub}}

John Crimmin

2025-10-11T14:54:53Z

MavisLandale6: add citations after review per standard format

{{Short description|Recipient of the Victoria Cross (1859–1945)}}
{{for|the American diplomat|John Hugh Crimmins}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2009}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Infobox military person
|name= John Crimmin
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1859|3|19|df=yes}}
|death_date= {{Death date and age|1945|2|20|1859|3|19|df=yes}}
|birth_place= Kilballyowen, [[Bruff]], County Limerick, Ireland
|death_place= [[Wells, Somerset|Wells]], Somerset, England
|placeofburial= Wells Cemetery, [[Somerset]]
|image= John Crimmin (1859–1945).png
|image_size=
|caption=
|nickname=
|allegiance= {{UK}}
|serviceyears=
|rank= [[Colonel]]
|branch=[[Indian Army]]
|commands=
|unit= Bombay Medical Service, [[Indian Army]]
|battles=[[Karen-Ni Expedition, Burma]]
|awards= [[File:UK Victoria Cross ribbon bar.svg|30px]] [[Victoria Cross]]
|laterwork=
}}

[[Colonel]] '''John Crimmin''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|VC|CB|CIE|VD}} (19 March 1859 – 20 February 1945) was an [[Irish people|Irish]] recipient of the [[Victoria Cross]], the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] forces. He also served as the Hon. Physician to H.M. The King.

==Biography==
John Crimmin was born on 19 March 1859.<ref name=VCandDSO>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UIosmy8NRwQC&pg=PA104&ci=83%2C745%2C412%2C461 |title=The V.C. and D.S.O. |volume=I |editor1-first=O'Moore |editor1-last=Creagh |editor1-link=O'Moore Creagh |editor2-first=E. M. |editor2-last=Humphris |publisher=The Standard Art Book Company |place=London |page=104 |date=1924 |access-date=2025-03-19 |via=Google Books}}</ref> He was 29 years old, and a [[surgeon]] in the [[Bombay Medical Service]], [[Indian Army]] during the [[Karen-Ni Expedition, Burma]]<ref name="RAMC">{{cite journal | url=http://www.ramcjournal.com/2009/jun09/starling.pdf | title=The Medical Victoria Crosses | author=Starling, PH | journal=RAMC Journal | date=June 2009 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120729134523/http://www.ramcjournal.com/2009/jun09/starling.pdf | archivedate=2012-07-29 }}</ref> when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC.

{{blockquote|On 1 January 1889, in the action near [[Loikaw|Lwekaw]], Eastern Karenni, [[Myanmar|Burma (now Myanmar)]], a lieutenant and four men charged into a large body of the enemy and two men were wounded. Surgeon John Crimmin attended one of them under enemy fire and he then joined the firing line and helped in driving the enemy from small clumps of trees where they had taken shelter. Later while Surgeon Crimmin was attending a wounded man several of the enemy rushed out at him. He thrust his sword through one of them, attacked a second and a third dropped from the fire of a [[sepoy]]. The remainder fled.<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=25975 |date=17 September 1889 |page=4989}}</ref>}}

He continued to serve in the Bombay Medical Service, where he was listed as Health officer at the Port of Bombay in 1902.<ref>Hart's army list, 1903</ref> He was appointed a Companion of the [[Order of the Indian Empire]] (CIE) in the [[1901 New Year Honours]].<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27261 |date=1 January 1901 |page=2}}</ref> He was promoted to [[Lieutenant colonel (United Kingdom)|lieutenant colonel]] on 30 September 1902,<ref>{{London Gazette |issue=27516 |date=16 January 1903 |page=313}}</ref> and achieved the rank of [[Colonel (United Kingdom)|colonel]] on 1 October 1913.<ref name=VCandDSO/>

He died at Woodbury House, [[Wells, Somerset]], 20 February 1945.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*''[[The Register of the Victoria Cross]]'' (1981, 1988 and 1997)
*{{cite journal|first=Brian D. H.|last=Clarke|title=A register of awards to Irish-born officers and men|journal=[[The Irish Sword]]|volume=XVI |issue=64|pages=185–287|year=1986}}
*''[[Ireland's VCs]]'' (Dept of Economic Development, 1995)
*''[[Monuments to Courage]]'' (David Harvey, 1999)
*''[[Irish Winners of the Victoria Cross]]'' (Richard Doherty & David Truesdale, 2000)

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20041028141928/http://www.homeusers.prestel.co.uk/stewart/somerset.htm Location of grave and VC medal] (Somerset)
*[http://www.barmy.co.uk/ramc/crimmon.htm Colonel J. Crimmin]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Crimmin, John}}
[[Category:1859 births]]
[[Category:1945 deaths]]
[[Category:Burials in Somerset]]
[[Category:Irish recipients of the Victoria Cross]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire]]
[[Category:Companions of the Order of the Bath]]
[[Category:19th-century Irish medical doctors]]
[[Category:Irish soldiers in the British Indian Army]]
[[Category:Military personnel from County Limerick]]
[[Category:Indian Medical Service officers]]
[[Category:Medical doctors from County Limerick]]
[[Category:People from Bruff]]
[[Category:British colonels]]

Patang Hotel

2025-09-29T23:19:23Z

MavisLandale6: updated page

{{Short description|Hotel in Gujarat}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2022}}
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2022}}

{{Infobox restaurant
| embed =
| name = Patang Hotel
| title = 
| logo =
| logo_width =
| logo_alt =
| image = PatangHotel.JPG
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Gujarat
| map_size =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| slogan =
| established = 1984<ref name=":1" />
| closed = 1990s, 2001-07, 2019-23
| current_owner = Dharmadev Group
| previous_owner =
| head_chef = Ajay Chopra
| chef =
| pastry_chef =
| food_type =
| dress_code =
| rating =
| street_address = [[Nehru Bridge]]
| city = [[Ahmedabad]]
| state = [[Gujarat]]
| postcode = 380009
| country = [[India]]
| coordinates = {{coord|23|01|35.0|N|72|34|19.8|E|display=inline,title}}
| seating_capacity = 110
| reservations = Yes
| other_label = Height
| other_information = {{convert|221|ft}}
| website = {{URL|https://patanghotel.com/}}
}}
'''Patang Hotel''', officially '''Neelkanth Patang – The Revolving Restaurant''', is a [[revolving restaurant]] located at [[Nehru Bridge]] corner on [[Ashram Road]] in [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]], India.<ref name=":4" /> Built in 1980–1984, {{convert|221|ft}} above the ground, it is considered as the landmark of Ahmedabad.

== History ==
The restaurant is named ''[[Patang]]'', literally a "[[fighter kite]]" in Gujarati language. It was designed by an architect [[Hasmukh Patel (architect)|Hasmukh Patel]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasmukh C. Patel: A Pioneer Of Modern Indian Architecture Passed Away|url=https://worldarchitecture.org/articles-links/cmhzz/hasmukh_c_patel_a_pioneer_of_modern_indian_architecture_passed_away.html|access-date=2020-08-05|website=World Architecture Community|language=en|archive-date=5 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805100546/https://worldarchitecture.org/articles-links/cmhzz/hasmukh_c_patel_a_pioneer_of_modern_indian_architecture_passed_away.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Catherine Desai, Bimal Patel|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V35QvgAACAAJ|title=The Architecture of Hasmukh C. Patel: Selected Projects 1963-2003|publisher=Mapin Publishing|year=2017|isbn=9781935677659|location=|pages=}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018-01-21|title=Architect who designed 'Patang' dies|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-architect-who-designed-patang-dies-2577113|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629140950/https://www.dnaindia.com/ahmedabad/report-architect-who-designed-patang-dies-2577113|archive-date=2018-06-29|access-date=2020-05-30|website=DNA India|language=en}}</ref> The restaurant and the adjoining Chinubhai Centre, a commercial complex, were built in 1980–1984 at a cost of approximately {{INRConvert|1.25|c|year=1984}}.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Chinubhai Centre And Patang Hotel {{!}} HCP|url=https://www.hcp.co.in/project/chinubhai-centre-and-patang-hotel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524065452/https://www.hcp.co.in/project/chinubhai-centre-and-patang-hotel|archive-date=2020-05-24|access-date=2020-05-30|website=www.hcp.co.in}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2007-03-15|title='Patang' sold, set to soar again|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Patang-sold-set-to-soar-again/articleshow/1764728.cms|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507145241/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Patang-sold-set-to-soar-again/articleshow/1764728.cms|archive-date=2020-05-07|access-date=2020-05-30|website=The Times of India|language=en|agency=TNN}}</ref>

It was closed in 1990s and also in early 2000s following [[2001 Gujarat earthquake|2001 Bhuj earthquake]]. It was purchased by Dharmadev Group and operated from 2007 to 2019. It was closed from 2019 to 2023 due to [[COVID-19 pandemic]] and renovation which cost {{INRconvert|12|c}}. It was reopened on 24 October 2023 with new interiors and exteriors. Another terrace and garden restaurants were built at the additional cost of {{INRconvert|10|c}}.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2023-10-25 |title=Ahmedabad’s iconic Patang Hotel starts revolving after revamp |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/ahmedabad/ahmedabads-iconic-patang-hotel-starts-revolving-after-revamp-8998104/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=DeshGujarat |date=2023-10-24 |title=Patang Hotel reopens after four years of Covid and renovation break |url=https://deshgujarat.com/2023/10/24/patang-hotel-reopens-after-four-years-of-covid-and-renovation-break/ |access-date=2023-10-26 |website=DeshGujarat |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" />

== Architecture and services ==
The design was inspired by ''[[Chabutro|Chabutaro]]'', a traditional tower-like structure where the birds are fed.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> According the 2018 [[Limca Book of Records|Limca book of Records]], it was the first revolving restaurant at {{convert|221|ft}} above the ground level in India.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=Desai |first=Nikita |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5VsaBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA19 |title=A Different Freedom: Kite Flying in Western India |publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing |year=2010 |isbn=9781443823104 |location= |pages=19}}</ref> It completes a 360 degree revolution in 90 minutes.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> It is located near the [[Sabarmati Riverfront]] on the bank of [[Sabarmati River]] which enables the view of old and new city of Ahmedabad for the visitors.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c79aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT148|title=Limca Book of Records: India at Her Best|publisher=Hachette UK|year=2018|isbn=9789351952404|location=|pages=}}</ref> It has a garden restaurant at base as well as revolving and terrace restaurants at the top.<ref name=":4" />

It has a capacity of 110 people.<ref name=":4" /> It is a [[Buffet#Restaurant buffets|buffet restaurant]] serving vegetarian dishes of [[Indian cuisine|Indian]], [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] and [[Chinese cuisine|Chinese]] origin. It is also considered as a tourist attraction.<ref>{{Cite magazine|author=Jhumari Nigam-Misra |date=27 May 2010|title=Toothsome tales|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20100524-toothsome-tales-742899-2010-05-27|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805111327/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/supplement/story/20100524-toothsome-tales-742899-2010-05-27|archive-date=2020-08-05|access-date=2020-08-05|magazine=India Today|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Restaurants :: Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation|url=https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/portal/jsp/Static_pages/must_visit_for_tourists.jsp|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200805114024/https://ahmedabadcity.gov.in/portal/jsp/Static_pages/must_visit_for_tourists.jsp|archive-date=2020-08-05|access-date=2020-08-05|website=ahmedabadcity.gov.in}}</ref><ref name=":5" />

Despite being one of the most iconic hotels of Ahmedabad, it is often criticized for its poor service and below par food quality.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Ahmedabad riverfront.JPG|Patang visible from Sabarmati river
File:Ahmedabad Riverfront.JPG|Patang visible from Sabarmati Riverfront
</gallery>

==See also==
* [[List of revolving restaurants]]
{{commons category}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Ahmedabad topics}}

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Ahmedabad]]
[[Category:Revolving restaurants]]
[[Category:Restaurants in India]]

Nimtita Zamindar Bari

2025-09-29T01:16:45Z

MavisLandale6: made new pg.

{{Short description|Zamindari palace of Nimtita}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2024}}
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2024}}
{{infobox family
|image= File:Nimitita Rajbari ruined front facade 05.jpg
|image_caption= Nimitita Zamindar Bari: Ruined front facade
|country=[[India]]
|founder=Babu Goursundar Choudhury and Babu Dwarakanath Choudhury
}}
{{Zamindars of Bengal}}

'''Nimtita zamindar Bari''', often called '''Nimtita Rajbari''', is an erstwhile [[zamindari]] palace which used to be the official residence of the [[zamindar]] family of [[Nimtita]] in [[British India]]. The [[Nimtita]] village of [[Murshidabad district]] houses this palace which is situated on the bank of [[Hooghly River|Ganges]].<ref name="auto1">{{cite web | url = https://www.getbengal.com/details/the-grand-dilapidated-nimtita-palace-where-satyajit-ray-shot-jalshaghar | title = The grand dilapidated Nimtita Palace where Satyjit Ray shot Jalshaghar | publisher = Get Bengal | accessdate = 7 July 2021}}</ref>

==History==
In the years between 1866 and 1867, two cousins, Goursundar Choudhury and Dwarakanath Choudhury, acquired substantial land holdings to form the [[nimtita|Nimtita Estate]].<ref name="auto1"/> Besides, Zamindar Mahendra Narayan Roy of this is the family which patronized noted painter [[Kshitindranath Mazumdar]] for joining [[Government College of Art and Craft]] (then Government Art School) in [[Calcutta]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sekh |first=Tanjima Kar |date=2019-05-31 |title=Kshitindranath Majumdar: The Saint Artist |url=https://www.theheritagelab.in/kshitindranath-majumdar/ |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=The Heritage Lab |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Murshidabad People - Kshitindra Nath Majumdar |url=https://murshidabad.net/people/kshitindranath-majumdar.htm |access-date=2024-01-04 |website=murshidabad.net}}</ref> Also this family founded the Nimtita G.D. Institution (a Higher Secondary school) in [[Nimtita]] in 1913.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://schools.org.in/murshidabad/19072210902/nimtita-g-d-institution.html | title = Nimtita G.D. Institution | publisher = Schools.org | accessdate = 7 July 2021}}</ref>

==In culture and social life of Nimtita==
Every year, the family put on a proscenium stage show called Jatra-pala for two weeks during [[Holi]]. Talk of the community and even as far as Murshidabad would revolve around the magnificence and wealth portrayed during the yearly [[Durga Puja]] celebration. The brothers were fond of [[theatre]]. The whole cast of Star Theatre in Calcutta was invited to perform at the wedding of Gnyanendranath, son of Dwarakanath.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Current condition==
Although the Rajbari continued to exist, the Zamindari system was abolished in 1955. After the estate failed, things began to deteriorate. Situated on a landmass of almost 200 kathas (14 acres), the palace has suffered the loss of its theatre, as well as a significant portion of its courtyard, gardens, and the guest homes that surrounded it, housing the zamindar's guests. The Durga puja of this family still gets celebrated without the trace of opulence.<ref name="auto1"/> The Nimtita zamindar bari was designated as a heritage site by the West Bengal Heritage Commission in June 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=হেরিটেজ মর্যাদা নিমতিতা রাজবাড়ির |url=https://eisamay.com/west-bengal-news/bahrampur-news/murshidabad-news-heritage-status-of-nimtita-rajbari-decided-by-west-bengal-heritage-commission/articleshow/91998917.cms |access-date=2024-05-28 |website=Eisamay |language=bn}}</ref>

==In popular culture and literature==
The 1958 film ''[[Jalshaghar]]'' starring [[Chhabi Biswas]], one of the greatest works of [[Satyajit Ray]] was shot in this palace in 1957. The script was based on a short story by [[Tarashankar Bandopadhyay]] who was inspired to write the short story about a man who defied social change. Even though he watched the vast river devour his holdings, he persisted.<ref name="auto1"/>

Ray had also selected the Nimtita zamindari palace as his shooting spot for his 1960 film ''[[Devi (1960 film)|Devi]]'' and 1961 film ''[[Teen Kanya|Samapti]]''.<ref name="auto1"/>

Nalinikanta Sarkar has mentioned about the Choudhuries of Nimtita in his book 'Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane'. The Choudhuries of [[Nimtita]] were close allies of the [[Jagtai Choudhury Bari|Choudhuries of Jagtai]].<ref>"Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali)">{{cite book|last=|first=|title=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane: Nalinikanta Sarkar (in Bengali)|year=1960|publisher=Aasaa-Jaoyar Majhkhane|location=Kolkata|isbn=|page=55}}[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.298740/page/n61/mode/2up]</ref>
==In political campaign==
The palace became [[Renuka Ray]]'s headquarters for her election campaign.

==Gallery==
<gallery widths="200px" heights="150px">
File:Nimitita Rajbari ruined front facade 08.jpg
File:Decorative elements on Nimitita Rajbari ruined front facade 09.jpg
File:Nimitita Rajbari ruined interiors 01.jpg
</gallery>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Zamindar, Nimtita}}

{{Bengal Nobility}}
{{Nobility of the Raj}}
[[Category:Zamindari estates]]
[[Category:Bengali zamindars]]

V. Raghavan

2025-09-26T18:20:11Z

MavisLandale6:

{{Short description|Carnatic musician (1908–1979)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}}
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}}
{{Infobox person
| name = V. Raghavan
| image = 
| alt = 
| caption =
| birth_name = Venkataraman Raghavan
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1908|08|22}}
| birth_place = [[Tiruvarur, Tamil Nadu]], India
| death_date = 1979
| death_place =
| other_names =
| occupation = Sanskrit scholar and musicologist
| years_active =
| known_for =
| notable_works = Translation of [[Bhoja]]'s ''Śṛṅgāra-prakāśa'' Translations of [[Rabindranath Tagore]]'s plays
| alma_mater = [[University of Madras]]
| spouse = Sarada Raghavan
| children = 4, including [[Nandini Ramani]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sampath |first1=Janani |title=For the Love of the Language of Sanskrit |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/May/27/for-the-love-of-the-language-of-sanskrit-766120.html |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 May 2015 |language=en}}</ref>
}}
'''Venkataraman Raghavan''' (1908–1979) was a Sanskrit scholar and musicologist. He was the recipient of numerous awards, including the [[Padma Bhushan]] and the [[Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit]], and authored over 120 books and 1200 articles.<ref name=cent/>

==Early life and education==
V. Raghavan was born on 22 August 1908, in [[Tiruvarur]] in the [[Thanjavur|Tanjore]] District of south India (Tamil Nadu). He lost his parents, father Venkataraman and mother Meenakshi, when he was only seven years old, on account of which Kamalamba, his mother's elder sister, took charge of the family and raised him and his three brothers and two sisters. During these days, V. Raghavan came under the tutelage of Pandit Sengalipuram Appaswamy Shastrigal and attended the Board High School in Tiruvarur.<ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drvraghavancentre.com/raghavadarshanam/|title=About V. Raghavan}}</ref>

He graduated from the [[Presidency College, Madras]] in 1930 with 3 College Prizes and 5 University Medals. He received his M.A. in Sanskrit Language and Literature with Comparative Philology and four schools of Indian Philosophy under Mahamahopadhyaya Prof. S. Kuppuswamy Sastri. He specialised in [[Alankara|Alamkara]] and [[Natya Shastra|Natya Sastras]] and Sanskrit Aesthetics and earned his doctorate in 1934–1935 with Profs. S. Levi, F.W. Thomas and A.B. Keith as examiners. He also studied Sanskrit on the traditional lines and won medals and prizes for Sanskrit speaking and writing.<ref name="auto3"/>

==Academic career==
After a brief tenure as the superintendent of the [[Thanjavur]] Maharaja Serfoji's [[Saraswathi Mahal Library]], Raghavan joined the [[University of Madras|Madras University]] in 1934 as a Ph.D. assistant and in 1935 as a lecturer. Rising to the rank of professor and head of the Department of Sanskrit, he held the latter position until his retirement in 1968.<ref name="jstor"/>

Proficient in reading and deciphering palm-leaf manuscripts in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and Pali, Raghavan discovered, edited, and published numerous previously unpublished works during his long tenure at the University of Madras. Starting in 1935 and until his retirement from the university, he cataloged the discovered manuscripts in a publication series called the ''New [[Catalogus Catalogorum]]''. For this endeavor, he gathered information on manuscripts in libraries, research institutions, monasteries, and private collections in India and abroad.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New catalogus catalogorum : an alphabetical register of Sanskrit and allied works and authors|oclc=10393298 }}</ref>

From 1953 to 1954, he toured Europe in search of Indian manuscripts in libraries, museums, and research institutions, discovering and cataloging about 20,000 previously uncatalogued manuscripts and an equal number of cataloged manuscripts. In addition, he surveyed Sanskrit and Indological studies in European universities and other institutions. He was invited to the USSR twice and to countries of East and Southeast Asia, Australia, Mauritius, Mexico, and Nepal, where he continued cataloging manuscripts, among other activities such as lecturing.<ref name="jstor">{{Cite journal | jstor=23331132 | title=Dr. V. Raghavan: A Tribute | last1=Anjaneyulu | first1=D. | journal=Indian Literature | year=1979 | volume=22 | issue=5 | pages=12–19 }}</ref>

In 1936, he contributed to the ''Journal of Oriental Research'', submitting the first comprehensive study of the Number of Rasas, i.e., Rasa, Aucitya, and Dhvani.<ref>{{cite web| url=https://libraries.indiana.edu/dr-v-raghavan-collection | title=Dr. V. Raghavan Collection | date=12 January 2016 }}</ref> The first edition of ''Number of Rasas'' was published by the [[Adyar Library]] and Research Centre, [[Chennai]], in 1940.<ref name="archivedlink">{{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/SriMuthuswamyDikshitaCharitamMahakavyamV.Raghav | title=Sri Muthuswamy Dikshita Charitam Mahakavyam V. Raghav }}</ref>

Raghavan was among the founders of the Kuppuswami Sastri Research Institute and served as its secretary and journal editor until his death. He was the secretary (1951–1959) and the general president (1961) of the All-India Oriental Conference.<ref name="archivedlink"/> He was a founding member of the Sanskrit Commission of the Government of India, the chairman of the Central Sanskrit Institute, president of the International Association of Sanskrit Studies, and the chairman of the organising committee of the International Ramayan Conference under the [[Sahitya Akademi]] (1974). In the same year, he became the president of the Second World Sanskrit Conference at the [[University of Turin]], Italy.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.veethi.com/india-people/v._raghavan-profile-2473-25.htm | title=V. Raghavan }}</ref>

He was a founding member of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]], and the founding editor of ''Samskrita Pratibha'', a journal of the Sahitya Akademi (1958–1979).

In 1931, he paid frequent visits to [[Tanjore]] villages with K.V. Ramachandran to highlight the traditional Natakas of the Bhagavata's at Merattur, Sulamangalam. He presented a paper in the [[Madras Music Academy]]'s annual conference session on "Some Names in Early Sangita Literature" in 1932.

Early in his career, he wrote reviews for the renowned magazines ''Sound & Shadow'' and ''Triveni'' on [[Carnatic music]], [[Bharatanatya]], and [[Harikatha]] performances.<ref name="jstor"/> He also wrote film scripts for [[Puranas]], epics, and Sanskrit classics and played an active role in producing dialogue, general advice, and scenario for three films, ''[[Sita Kalyanam (1934 Tamil film)|Sita Kalyanam (1934)]]'', ''[[Chandrasena (1935 film)|Chandrasena (1935)]]'' and ''[[Jalaja (1938 film)|Jalaja (1938)]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dhvaniohio.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Remembering_V_Raghavan.pdf |title=Remembering V. Raghavan}}</ref>

==Sanskrit==
V. Raghavan authored numerous articles and books on Carnatic music, Bharatanatyam, and aesthetics in English, Tamil, and Sanskrit.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/08/24/stories/2007082452560600.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071021050957/http://hindu.com/2007/08/24/stories/2007082452560600.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=21 October 2007|title=Assortment of commentaries on classical music released|date=24 August 2007|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|access-date=23 January 2010}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/society/history-and-culture/living-hyderabad-sringaramanjari-sanskrit-treatise-where-oceans-of-culture-meet/article24853166.ece|title='Sringaramanjari': Where oceans of culture meet|date=3 September 2018|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref> He was known both for his command of primary texts in Sanskrit and for making them accessible to scholars, students, and Sanskrit-loving public through his articles and commentaries.<ref name=cent/>

In 1963, he published a fully edited and translated [[Bhoja]]'s ''Śṛṅgāra-prakāśa'', a treatise in 36 chapters dealing with poetics and [[dramaturgy]], and the largest known work in Sanskrit poetics.<ref name=gbcomp/> For this work and his commentary, he won the [[Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit]] in 1966. He was awarded the prestigious [[Jawaharlal Nehru Fellowship]] in 1969.<ref>{{cite web| title = Official list of Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows (1969-present)|work = [[Jawaharlal Nehru Memorial Fund]] | url = http://www.jnmf.in/flist.html }}</ref> It was later published as volume 53 of the [[Harvard Oriental Series]] in 1998. Part 2 of ''Śṛṅgāra-prakāśa'', was published by the Harvard Oriental Series as volume 54 in 2023.

He translated into Sanskrit [[Rabindranath Tagore]] first drama, ''[[Valmiki Pratibha]]'', which deals with the transformation of [[Valmiki]] from a bandit into a poet and Natir Puja, The Dancing Girl's Worship, a drama that was made into a movie directed by Tagore himself.<ref name=nint/>

He discovered and edited an ancient Sanskrit play, ''Udatta Raghavam'' by Mayuraja.<ref name=cent/>

He founded an organisation, ''Samskrita Ranga'' in 1958, that deals with Sanskrit theatre and has enacted Sanskrit plays.<ref name=nint/>

Raghavan translated many well-known Stotras along with notes. His collection of select verses and Stotras titled ''Prayers, Praises and Psalms'' was published in 1938 with a foreword by [[Mahatma Gandhi]] who referred to the succinct English translation of the Stotras by Raghavan. Other condensed editions that Raghavan wrote include ''Śrīmad Bhāgavata'' and ''Mahābhārata''.<ref name="auto3"/>

In 1948, Raghavan curated and published a detailed [[diary]] kept by [[Ananda Ranga Pillai]], the Dubash (an Interpreter in Colonial India) of Puducherry, which dealt with the historical account of the cultural lives of people in the early part of the 18th-century [[Madras Presidency]] and the French Administrators of [[Puducherry (union territory)|Puducherry]].<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=23340934|title=Diaries of the Natives from Pondicherry and the Prose Development of Popular Tamil in the Eighteenth Century|author=Stephen, S. Jeyaseela|year=2006|journal=Indian Literature|volume=50|issue=2 (232)|pages=144–155}}</ref><ref name="auto3"/>

Among Raghavan's works in English written for the general readers is ''The Indian Heritage'', a selected and translated anthology of Sanskrit literature, published by the Indian Institute of World Culture, Bengalūru (1956).<ref name="auto2">{{Citation |jstor=i40170431|title=Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute}}</ref> With a foreword written by the President of India, Rajendra Prasad, this work was chosen by the UNESCO as one of the best in the Collection of Representative Works in the Indian Series.<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto2"/>

==Music and dance==
As a musicologist, he specialised in [[Carnatic music]]. He was the secretary of the [[Madras Music Academy]] from 1944 until his death. A "Dr. V. Raghavan Research Centre" has since been named after him. He has also composed several songs including "Candrashekharam Ashraye" on Jagadguru Shri [[Chandrasekharendra Saraswati]] Swamy and [[Maithreem Bhajata]], which were later rendered by the famous Carnatic musician Smt.[[M. S. Subbulakshmi]].<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.drvraghavancentre.com/raghavadarshanam/|title=Raghavadarshanam – Dr. V. Raghavan Centre}}</ref>

Among Raghavan's major works of on dance and drama are the critical edition of ''Nṛtta Ratnāvalī'' of Jayasenapati (1254 A.D.) and ''Śṛṅgāra Mañjarī'' by Saint Akbar Shah (17th century),<ref name="auto"/> and the ''Nātakalaksanaratnakośa'' of ''Sāgaranandin'', a 13th century treatise on the Hindu theater translated by [[Myles Dillon]] (Irish historian, philologist, and celticist) and Murray Fowler (Indologist and Linguist, University of Wisconsin), with introduction and notes by Raghavan. Raghavan also published comparative notes on concordance with ''Nāṭya Śāstra'' and its commentary ''Abhinavabhārati''. His paper on Bharatanatyam, which he presented at the first dance seminar at the Sangeet Natak Akademi, New Delhi, in 1958, covered both the textual and practical aspects of the art.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/dance/evolution-of-bharatanatyam/article32034579.ece|title=Evolution of Bharatanatyam|date=9 July 2020|via=www.thehindu.com}}</ref><ref name="auto1"/>

==Awards and honors==
Raghavan was a recipient of numerous awards, including the [[Padma Bhushan]] ([[List of Padma Bhushan award recipients (1960–1969)|in 1962]]), bestowed by the Republic of India, and Fellow of the [[Sahitya Akademi]] (National Academy of Letters) and the [[Sangeet Natak Akademi]] (National Academy of Music, Dance, and Theatre).<ref name="auto1"/> He was a Jawaharlal Nehru Fellow (1968–1972).<ref name="auto1"/> He received the Honorary Degree of Doctor of Literature, Vidyā Vācaspati, from the [[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya|Sanskrit University, Varanasi]], a recipient of P.V. Kane Gold Medal from the [[Asiatic Society]], Mumbai, and an Honorary Member of the [[:fr:École française d'Extrême-Orient|École française d'Extrême-Orient]] (the French School of the Far East), Paris, and the [[Austrian Academy of Sciences]], Vienna.<ref name="auto1"/>

Among the many honors that Raghavan received, he cherished most the titles of Kavi Kokila for his epic-poetry on the Carnatic music composer Muthuswami Dikshitar titled, ''Śrī Muttuswāmi Dīkṣita Charita Mahākāvyam'', and ''Sakala-Kalā-Kalāpa'', for his multi-faceted scholarship, both honors bestowed by His Holiness Sri [[Chandrashekarendra Saraswati]], the 68th Sankaracharya of the Kanchi Kamakoti Peeta.<ref name="auto1"/>

==Legacy==
On his birth centenary, celebrations were held in August 2008.<ref name=cent/> A book ''Smriti Kusumanjali'' was released, compiling tributes to him on his 60th birthday from personalities including then-president [[Dr. S. Radhakrishnan]] and vice-president [[V. V. Giri]].<ref name=cent/> V. Raghavan advised and supervised 22 Ph.D., M.Litt., and non-degree students in their research and publications. He remained a life-long mentor for his students from all over the world.<ref name="jstor"/> V. Raghavan and Sarada Raghavan's had two sons and two daughters who are continuing Raghavan's legacy of scholarship and service through contributions of their own to the society, the sciences, and the arts.<ref>{{Cite journal|jstor=23331132|title=Dr. V. Raghavan: A Tribute|author=Anjaneyulu, D.|year=1979|journal=Indian Literature|volume=22|issue=5|pages=12–19}}</ref>

{{cquote|No work on Indian aesthetics is complete without its quoting Dr. Raghavan.
| author = [[Kapila Vatsyayan]]<ref name=cent/>
}}

==References==
{{Portal|India|Music}}
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=nint>{{Cite web|url=http://www.narthaki.com/info/intervw/intrv109s.html|title=Interview – Nandini Ramani: Sanskrit is a vibrant and glorious language – Lalitha Venkat|website=www.narthaki.com}}</ref>

<ref name=cent>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/24/stories/2008082454700500.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827062316/http://www.hindu.com/2008/08/24/stories/2008082454700500.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=27 August 2008|title=Kapila Vatsyayan wants scholars to emulate Dr. Raghavan|newspaper=[[The Hindu]]|date=24 August 2008}}</ref>
<ref name=gbcomp>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JkOAEdIsdUsC&pg=PA331|title=A Companion to Sanskrit Literature: Spanning a Period of over Three Thousand Years, Containing Brief Accounts of Authors, Works, Characters, Technical Terms, Geographical Names, Myths, Legends and Several Appendices|isbn=9788120800632|last1=Banerji|first1=Sures Chandra|year=1989 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sruti.com/2009/sruti_magazine_nov_2009.php#special Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123072719/http://sruti.com/2009/sruti_magazine_nov_2009.php#special |date=23 November 2009 }} in Sruti magazine.
* [http://www.musicacademymadras.in/research_centre.php The Music Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090803102340/http://www.musicacademymadras.in/research_centre.php |date=3 August 2009 }}
* [http://www.columbuscarnaticmusic.org/pdf/Remembering_V_Raghavan.pdf "A Colossus Remembered"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725185812/http://www.columbuscarnaticmusic.org/pdf/Remembering_V_Raghavan.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}

{{PadmaBhushanAwardRecipients 1960–69}}
{{SahityaAkademiFellowship}}
{{SangeetNatakAkademiFellowship}}
{{Sahitya Akademi Award for Sanskrit}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Raghavan, V.}}
[[Category:Carnatic musicians]]
[[Category:Indian Sanskrit scholars]]
[[Category:Musicians from Chennai]]
[[Category:1979 deaths]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sahitya Akademi Award in Sanskrit]]
[[Category:1908 births]]
[[Category:20th-century Indian musicians]]
[[Category:Jawaharlal Nehru Fellows]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Padma Bhushan in literature & education]]
[[Category:Translators of Rabindranath Tagore]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship]]

Rosin Jolly

2025-09-03T16:33:54Z

MavisLandale6: made new article

{{Short description|Indian Malayalam actress and TV presenter}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Use Indian English|date=September 2019}}
{{BLP sources|date=January 2019}}
{{Infobox person
| name = Rosin Jolly
| image =
| birth_date =
| birth_place = [[Muvattupuzha]], India
| spouse = Sunil Thomas
| occupation = {{hlist|Actress}}
| years active = 2011–present
}}

'''Rosin Jolly''' is a [[television presenter]] and an [[actress]] in [[Malayalam cinema]].

==Early life==
Jolly is from Kerala. She was born in [[Muvattupuzha]] in the [[Ernakulam district]] of the Indian state of [[Kerala]]. She completed secondary and college degrees in [[Bengaluru]] and is settled there.<ref name="Bio-Personal Life-Cinetrooth">{{cite web |title=Rosin Jolly - Film Actress, Television Anchor |url=http://cinetrooth.in/2016/01/28/rosin-jolly-actress-profile-and-biography/ |website=cinetrooth.in |accessdate=3 November 2018}}</ref>

==Career==
Rosin Jolly started her as a dancer and a Television Host in 2011. She anchored shows such as ''Wedding Bells'', ''Priyasakhi'', ''Love in Canopy'', SIIMA film Awards 2014 and Atham Pathu Ruchi.<ref name="Married-ibtimes.co.in">{{cite web |title=Rosin Jolly gets married to Sunil Thomas |url=https://www.ibtimes.co.in/rosin-jolly-gets-married-sunil-thomas-photo-665715 |website=ibtimes.co.in |date=4 February 2016 |accessdate=3 November 2018}}</ref>

She acted in two films in 2012 and five films during 2013. In addition to her movie roles, Jolly was a contestant on ''Malayalee House'',<ref name="Malayalee House-Times of India">{{cite news |title=Rosin Jolly |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/most-desirable-women/rosin-jolly/articleshow/61805477.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |date=26 November 2017 |accessdate=3 November 2018}}</ref> a [[reality show]] that aired on [[Surya TV]] in 2013.She has also acted in many TV advertisements like [[Zee Kannada]], [[Kanyaka (magazine)|Kanyaka Magazine]], [[Kaumudy TV]], [[Britannia Industries|Britannia]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] [[Urban Company]] and [[Asian Paints]]. ''Thamarakannan'', ''Sreeramajapam'', ''Sree Bhadrakali'', and ''Indian Brazuca'' are her popular albums.{{Reference required|date=November 2024}}

==Television==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Year
!Program
! Channel
! Role
|-
|2013||''[[Malayalee House]]''||[[Surya TV]]||Contestant
|-
|2013||''Sreekandan Nair Show''||[[Surya TV]]||Participant
|-
|2013-2014||''Champions''||[[Surya TV]]||Host
|-
|2014||''[[South Indian International Movie Awards]]''||[[Surya TV]]||Host/Performer
|-
|2014||''Love n Canopy''||Kairali We||Host
|-
|2014||''Priyasakhi''||[[Surya TV]]||Host
|-
|2014||''Atham Pathu Ruchi''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Host
|-
|2014-2015||''Wedding Bells''||[[Kaumudy TV]]||Host
|-
|2015||''D2 - [[D 4 Dance]]''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Celebrity performer
|-
|2015||''Smart Show''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||Participant
|-
|2015||''[[Onnum Onnum Moonu]]''||[[Mazhavil Manorama]]||Guest
|-
|2016-2018||''Swayamvaram''||[[Kaumudy TV]]||Host
|-
|2017||''Dare the Fear''||[[Asianet (TV channel)|Asianet]]||Contestant
|-
|2018||''A Day with Boby Chemmanur ''||[[Kaumudy TV]]||Host
|-
|2019||''Annie's Kitchen''||[[Amrita TV]]||Guest
|-
|2020||''Ramu Kariat Film Awards''||[[Flowers (TV channel)|Flowers TV]]||Performer
|-
|2024- 2025||''Valsalyam''||[[Zee Keralam]]||Madhuri
|-
|||''Seethayanam''||Zee Keralam||Urmila
|}

==Filmography==

{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Year!! Title !! Role(s) !! class="unsortable" | Notes
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2011 || ''[[Bangkok Summer]]'' || Mariya ||
|-
| ''Track'' || Aishwarya ||
|-
| ''Steps'' || - ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2012|| ''[[Hero (2012 film)|Hero]]'' || Antony's friend ||
|-
| ''Suzhal'' || Kaveri || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan=5 | 2013 || ''[[Annum Innum Ennum]]'' || Daisy ||
|-
| ''[[Ms. Lekha Tharoor Kanunnathu]]'' || Veni ||
|-
| ''[[Entry (film)|Entry]]'' || Sona ||
|-
| ''One'' || Rosin ||
|-
| ''Kallapetty'' || Kanimozhi || Tamil film
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2015 || ''Aval Vannathinu Shesham'' || Leena ||
|-
| ''Mayapuri 3D'' || Adhi's mother ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2016|| ''[[Marubhoomiyile Aana]]'' || Malar ||
|-
| ''[[Swarna Kaduva]]''|| Mollykutty ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 2017|| ''Gemini''|| Nancy ||
|-
| ''Gandhinagaril Unniyarcha''||Rani ||
|-
| rowspan=3 | 2018 || ''[[Pattinapakkam]]''|| Malini || Tamil film
|-
| ''[[Vikadakumaran]]''|| Aishwarya Nair ||
|-
| ''[[Kamuki]]''|| Lakshmi ||
|-
| 2022 || ''[[Paappan]]'' || Ravi Varman's wife ||
|-
| 2025 || ''[[Mr & Mrs Bachelor]]'' || Aiswarya ||<ref>{{Cite web |last=Features |first=C. E. |date=2024-08-14 |title=Mr & Mrs Bachelor teaser: Indrajith and Anaswara's film promises to be road trip comedy |url=https://www.cinemaexpress.com/malayalam/news/2024/Aug/14/mr-mrs-bachelor-teaser-indrajith-and-anaswaras-film-promises-to-be-road-trip-comedy |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Cinema Express |language=en}}</ref>
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{IMDb name|5300968}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jolly, Rosin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:21st-century Indian actresses]]
[[Category:Indian film actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses in Malayalam cinema]]
[[Category:Indian television actresses]]
[[Category:Female models from Kerala]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

Institute of Seismological Research

2025-08-12T14:29:19Z

MavisLandale6: starting initial details from scratch

{{Short description|Earthquake research centre in Gandhinagar, India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2023}}
{{Use Indian English|date=January 2023}}
{{Infobox institute
| name = Institute of Seismological Research
| image =
| image_size =
| image_upright =
| image_alt =
| caption =
| latin_name =
| motto =
| mottoeng =
| parent =
| founder =
| established = 2003
| mission =
| focus =
| president =
| chairman =
| head_label = Director-General
| head = Sumer Chopra
| faculty =
| adjunct_faculty =
| staff =
| key_people =
| budget =
| endowment =
| debt =
| num_members =
| subsidiaries =
| owner =
| slogan =
| former_name =
| location = [[Gandhinagar]], [[Gujarat]], [[India]]
| coordinates = {{Coord|23|09|34.085|N|72|40|4.606|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}
| website = {{URL|https://isr.gujarat.gov.in/}}
| dissolved =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Institute of Seismological Research''' (ISR) is an [[Earthquake engineering|earthquake engineering and research]] center in [[Gandhinagar]], [[India]]. In the aftermath of [[Gujarat earthquake|2001 Gujarat earthquake]], the institute was established by the Department of Science and Technology of [[Government of Gujarat]] in 2003.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Patel|first1=Shirish|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cALgCgAAQBAJ&dq=Institute+of+Seismological+Research+Gandhinagar&pg=PA234|title=Recovering from Earthquakes: Response, Reconstruction and Impact Mitigation in India|last2=Revi|first2=Aromar|date=2012-07-26|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-51808-9|language=en}}</ref>

== History ==
In 2003, Dr. J. G. Negi formulated the framework for ''Institute of Seismological Research (ISR)'' and established the centre with the funding from [[Asian Development Bank]]''.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mutter|first=John C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GY5BgAAQBAJ&dq=Institute+of+Seismological+Research+Gandhinagar&pg=PA80|title=The Disaster Profiteers: How Natural Disasters Make the Rich Richer and the Poor Even Poorer|date=2015-08-11|publisher=St. Martin's Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4668-7941-6|language=en}}</ref> He resigned in 2004 due to differences arising between him and the state government.<ref>{{Cite web|agency=TNN|date=7 Oct 2004|title=Gujarat's babus have 'trader's mentality' {{!}} Ahmedabad News - Times of India|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/gujarats-babus-have-traders-mentality/articleshow/876209.cms|access-date=2021-10-22|website=The Times of India|language=en}}</ref> Later, Prof. Naveenchandra N. Srivastava was deputed by [[Gujarat government]] to lead the institute''.''<ref>{{Cite book|last=N|first=Srivastava, Naveenchandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VWJaDwAAQBAJ&dq=Institute+of+Seismological+Research+Gandhinagar&pg=PA295|title=Emerging Trends in Open Source Geographic Information Systems|date=2018-05-25|publisher=IGI Global|isbn=978-1-5225-5040-2|language=en}}</ref> Formal research activities were commenced in 2006.{{fact|date=January 2023}}

ISR is the nodal agency in the western state of [[Gujarat]] to deploy and maintain a sub-network of 22 broadband seismograph stations and 40 strong-motion accelerographs.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Sharma|first1=M. L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o7BhDwAAQBAJ&dq=Institute+of+Seismological+Research+Gandhinagar&pg=PA44|title=Advances in Indian Earthquake Engineering and Seismology: Contributions in Honour of Jai Krishna|last2=Shrikhande|first2=Manish|last3=Wason|first3=H. R.|date=2018-06-22|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-3-319-76855-7|language=en}}</ref> The sub-network is the part of the larger network called ''Indian National Strong-Motion Instrumentation Network,'' operated by Department of Earthquake Engineering, [[Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee]].<ref name=":0" />

== See also ==

* [[National Centre for Seismology]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Gandhinagar]]
[[Category:Earthquake engineering]]
[[Category:Engineering research institutes]]
[[Category:Seismological observatories, organisations and projects]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Gujarat]]

{{Gujarat-university-stub}}

Tirukkural translations into Arabic

2025-07-15T05:30:46Z

MavisLandale6: new the data basic info

{{Translation sidebar}}As of 2024, there were at least five translations of the [[Tirukkural]] available in [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. The Kural text is the first, and so far the only, Tamil work to be translated directly into Arabic. It is also the first Tamil work to be released in the Arabian soil.

==History of translations==

The first translation of the Kural text was made by Muhammad Yousuf Kokan, the then professor and head of the Department of Arabic, [[Persian language|Persian]] and [[Urdu]] of Jamalia Arabic College, [[Chennai]].<ref name="Polilan2019">{{cite book |editor1= Polilan|editor2=K. Gunathogai|editor3=Lena Kumar|editor4=Tagadur Sampath|editor5=Mutthamizh|editor6=G. Picchai Vallinayagam|editor7=D. Anbunidhi|editor8=K. V. Neduncheraladhan|title=Tiruvalluvar 2050 |url= |year=2019 |edition=1|publisher=Periyar Enthusiasts Group |location=Chennai|access-date= |language=Tamil|isbn= |page=685}}</ref> He made the prose translation from an English translation of the original work<ref name="TH_SaudisCelebrateTK"/> and published it around 1976 and 1980 under the title "Sacred Verses" (الابيات المقدسة), which is almost a literal translation of the word ''Tirukkural''. The word ''Kural'' actually means "couplet" and not "verse".

The second Arabic translation, and the first by a native speaker, was completed by Amar Hasan from [[Syria]] in 2015.<ref name="Polilan2019"/> The work is not a literal translation and maintains the original verse form completed in full for all the 1330 couplets of the Kural text.<ref name="AmarHasan_Arabic_2015">{{cite web
| url = http://dar-alfarabi.com/product/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3/
| title = تروكرل المثنوي المقدس
| last =
| first =
| date = 2015
| website = الفارابي
| publisher = دار الفارابي
| access-date = 24 December 2016
| quote = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Thirukkural now in Arabic
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 25 March 2013
| url = http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/thirukkural-now-in-arabic/article4545807.ece
| accessdate = 18 Nov 2017}}</ref> Meanwhile in 2014, [[Central Institute of Classical Tamil]] in [[Chennai]] published a complete translation by Basheer Ahmed Jamali.<ref name="ValaiTamilPub">{{cite book|last1=Parthasarathy|first1=Sa.|last2=Ashraf|first2=N.V.K.|last3=Rajendiran|first3=C.|last4=Thangavelu|first4=Elangovan|last5=Duraisamy|first5=Senthilselvan|last6=Selvan|first6=Ajey Kumar|title=Thirukkural Translations in World Languages|year=2023|url=https://www.eStore.ValaiTamil.com |publisher=ValaiTamil Publications|location= Chennai}}</ref>{{Rp|pp=32–33}} There is also another translation by Mahmood Fat-hi Sa’d Khalifa, which was published by an Egyptian publisher.<ref name="ValaiTamilPub"/>{{Rp|p=33}}

In 2014, K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair made a partial translations of about 50 couplets, including the chapters on Glory of Rain (couplets 11 to 20), Speaking Pleasantly (couplets 91 to 100), Learning (couplets 391 to 400), Embracing the Kin (couplets 521 to 530), and In Praise of Love (couplets 1121 to 1130), which were published in his book on translating Tamil poetry into Arabic with special reference to Thirukkural, published in 2017.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Badsha
| first = M. O.
| title = The essence of Thirukkural in Arabic
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| date = 28 November 2019
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-essence-of-thirukkural-in-arabic/article30105709.ece
| accessdate = 10 December 2019}}</ref>

A. Jahir Hussain, an assistant professor in the Department of Arabic, Persian and Urdu at the [[University of Madras]], made a complete translation, who presented it at the Kuwait International Book Fair on 30 November 2019.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} In March 2015, the translation was presented at the four-day Arab International Poet's Conference organised by Society for Culture and Art, affiliated to Saudi Ministry of Culture, held at [[Dammam]] city in [[Saudi Arabia]] after being vetted by the Ministry of Culture.<ref name="TH_SaudisCelebrateTK">{{cite news
| last = Kolappan
| first = B.
| title = Saudis celebrate wisdom of Tirukkural
| newspaper = The Hindu
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Kasturi & Sons
| date = 17 June 2015
| url = https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/chennai/saudis-celebrate-wisdom-of-tirukkural/article7323809.ece
| access-date = 9 September 2020}}</ref><ref name="NIE_TKNowInArabic">{{cite news
| last =
| first =
| title = Thirukkural Now in Arabic
| newspaper = The New Indian Express
| location = Chennai
| pages =
| language =
| publisher = Express Publications
| date = 15 June 2015
| url = https://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/chennai/2015/jun/15/thirukkural-now-in-arabic-769363.html
| access-date = 9 September 2020}}</ref> Beginning in 2011 as a Tamil Nadu state government project and completed in 2013, the translation was published by the [[International Institute of Tamil Studies]] and officially released on 4 September 2020.<ref name="NIE_TKNowInArabic"/> Unlike Kokan, Hussain made his translation directly from the Tamil original of the Kural text, drawing on [[Mu. Varadarajan]]'s commentary.<ref name="TH_SaudisCelebrateTK"/>

In 2024, K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair, associate professor of Arabic at The New College in [[Chennai]], made an Arabic translation of the Kural, namely Al-Abyath Al-Baariza: Thirukkural (الأبيات البارزة :تيركورل). Published by the Shams Publishing Inc. in London, it contains 300 pages with a critical introduction of Thirukkural and Thiruvalluvar in 18 pages. This is a complete translation made from the original Tamil source.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vol. 2 No. 1 (2025): Jurnal Bahasa Arab
|journal=Jurnal Bahasa Arab |url=https://ejournal.bumilingua.or.id/index.php/jba/issue/view/3 |access-date=2025-07-04 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Zubair |url=https://www.morebooks.shop/shop-ui/shop/product/9786203913392 |title=الأبيات البارزة : تِيرُكّورَلْ |publisher=Shams Publishing |year=2024 |isbn=9786203913392}}</ref>

In 2022, as part of its Ancient Tamil Classics in Translations series, the [[Central Institute of Classical Tamil]] (CICT) in Chennai released its Arabic translation of the Kural by Basheer Ahmad.

==Translations==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!style="text-align:center; width:25%;" rowspan="2"|Translation
!colspan="2"|Chapter 26, ترك اللحم
|-
!''Kural'' 254 (Couplet 26:4)
!''Kural'' 258 (Couplet 26:8)
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Muhammad Yousuf Kokan, 1976'' || ذبح الحيوانات يدل على قسوة قلب الذابح ولكن أكل اللحم يدل على ظلم وجور آكله || إن الذين حرروا أنفسهم من الوهم والجهل لن يأكلوا لحما فصل من جسم الحيوان
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''Amar Hasan, 2015''|| ||
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|''K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair, 2024''|| ما هو اللطف، وما هو النقيض منه؟ إن القتل هو هذا، وعدم القتل هو ذاك؛ فأكل اللحوم الميتة لا يمكن أبدًا أن يكمل هدفًا مشرفًا. || الأرواح التي تدرك الرؤية النقية والخالية من الشغف، لا تأكل أجساد المخلوقات الحية.
|}

==Published translations==
* K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair. (2024). ''Al-Abyath Al-Baariza: Thirukkural'' (الأبيات البارزة :تيركورل). London: Shams Publishing Inc. ISBN 978-620-3-91339-2 (300 pages).

==See also==
{{Portal|Tamils|India|Saudi Arabia|Literature|Poetry}}
* [[Tirukkural translations]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tirukkural|state=collapsed}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}

https://www.morebooks.shop/shop-ui/shop/product/9786203913392

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/fXg00DpLrr0?si=XO6tkyesOXi_-cqk

[[Category:Tirukkural translations by language|Arabic]]
[[Category:Translations into Arabic]]